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1991-05-08
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What Is Kana?
A Brief Introduction to the Japanese Writing System
History
Before the fourth century, the Japanese had no form of written
communication. As exposure to Chinese culture and language began and
increased, the Japanese gradually adopted the written symbols of the Chinese
to suit their own purposes. The Japanese used the Chinese characters
phonetically to represent spoken Japanese words, often ignoring their original
(Chinese) meanings. These characters borrowed from the Chinese are known as
"kanji." A Japanese word was represented by one or more of these characters
each of which often consisted of many strokes (lines). The result was a
rather challenging and involved writing system.
During the ninth and tenth centuries, two phonetic alphabets came into
existence. The first was developed by the women of the Heian period. Women,
at this time, were uneducated in the use of kanji so they gradually introduced
about fifty cursively-styled symbols to represent phonetic sounds. These
symbols, derived from simple kanji, encompassed the entire Japanese syllabary.
Originally known as "onna-de" or "ladies hand," this syllabary came into
standard use known as "hiragana."
A short time later, a second syllabic alphabet was introduced. This
syllabary was developed by Buddhist students who needed a phonetic shorthand
for the purpose of taking notes. Known as "katakana," this alphabet
encompasses the same phonetic sounds as hiragana but uses different, more
angular, characters for each sound. Katakana was used only by students of
science and learning (men) for some time. Eventually, both hiragana and
katakana came into common use in addition to the use of kanji.
Present-Day
Today, the Japanese writing system is still rather challenging and
involved. It still consists of three "alphabets," kanji, hiragana, and
katakana. Kanji includes several thousand ideographs which are used to
construct the 70,000 compounds that are in current use. The number of
commonly used kanji has been substantially pared down in this century,
however. The Japanese Ministry of Education has delineated (only) 1,850
characters which everybody should know. The typical Japanese child has
learned about half of these by the time he completes sixth grade. Hiragana
and katakana both consist of approximately fifty characters each, representing
over seventy phonetic sounds (with the addition of diacritical marks). In
addition, Japanese can also be written in "romaji" (Roman letters). This is
usually done for the convenience of foreigners.
In general, kanji is used as the basis for most words. Hiragana is
ordinarily used for inflections (somewhat like suffixes) and for
relating words together in a sentence (somewhat like prepositions). Some
words, however, are written entirely in hiragana. Presently, katakana is
primarily used for representing words of foreign origin.
For example, if one wanted to say "the dog ate a steak," the appropriate
sentence in romaji would be "inu wa suteeki o tabeta." If written in
Japanese, inu (dog) would be written in kanji as well as tabe (the base of
"eat"); suteeki (steak) would be written in katakana; and wa (subject-marker),
o (direct-object marker) and ta (past tense verb suffix) would be written in
hiragana.
The obvious question at this point is "Why use kanji at all?" After all,
all of the Japanese phonemes can easily be represented by hiragana or
katakana, or even romaji. Besides tradition, there is one practical reason
for not dispensing with kanji. This is because Japanese contains a great many
homophones, that is, words that sound alike. A simple example is the word,
"ki," which has twelve completely different meanings (in addition to the
nuances within each of the twelve). While phonetically, all of the twelve
sound identical, they are all represented by different kanji characters.
Hence, when written in kanji, distinguishing the meaning is a relatively
simple matter.
Simple Pronunciation Guidelines
The English language can produce more sounds then those found in Japanese,
hence pronouncing Japanese is relatively straightforward with a few
exceptions. Probably the most difficult component for the beginner is caused
by the fact that Japanese is first learned using Roman letters or romaji.
Hence, the student must unlearn English pronunciations in addition to learning
the correct Japanese.
The five basic vowel sounds, written as "a i u e o" are pronounced like
the vowel sounds of the phrase, "ah we soon get old". In addition
combinations of these produce a few others. For example, to get the long a in
"take" the combination of ei or ee is used. Similarly, ai sounds like the
long i sound of "bike."
Japanese contains most, but not all, of the consonants found in English.
The main difference in this regard is that all Japanese syllables end in vowel
sounds (with the exception of n). This results in the addition of vowel
sounds to the end of foreign words which end in consonant sounds. Consonants
that are not contained in Japanese include th, v and l. th, v, and l sounds
are usually translated to t's, b's and r's, respectively. This should help
explain why the Japanese often mispronounce certain English words.
Although not complete, these simple guidelines should allow one to
correctly pronounce most Japanese words. For example, Toyota, correctly
pronounced, sounds like "toe-yo-ta," not "toy-yo-ta."
Pronunciation
Here are some actual examples of words the Japanese have incorporated:
steak = suteeki restaurant = resutoran cider = saida
data = deeta table = teeburu date = deeto
theme = teemu apron = apuron class = kurasu
Finland = fuinrando Pythagores = pitagorasu boxer = bokusaa
lever = rebaa vermouth = berumotto Mexico = mekishiko
liver = rebaa silhouette = shiruutto love = rabu
In many cases, it is rather difficult to determine the original word,
especially when the original word contained l's or v's. If they contain both,
then one could have a difficult time indeed. Who would think that when a
Japanese person says "rebaa," he actually meant "lever" or "liver"?
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