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                      THE NOVEL IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA


         Dates of Publication of Some Important Fictional Works
                                      and
          Dates of Importance in History, Invention and Literature

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                               1800 - 1899

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1760 -1820  King George III presides over England.
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1800    Charles Brockden Brown publishes ARTHUR MERVYN, part II.

        The Library of Congress founded in American with Thomas Jefferson's
        library becoming the cornerstone of the collection.

1801    Charles Brockden Brown's style changes.  He publishes two domestic
        novels: CLARA HOWARD and JANE TALBOT.

1803    The United States makes the Louisiana Purchase.

1804    Napoleon is made Emperor of France.

        Richard Trevithick makes the steam locomotive.

1807    The slave trade abolished within the British Empire. Abolition of
        serfdom in Prussia.

        Isaac de Rivez secures a patent for a gas-driven automobile.

        Robert Fulton introduces the long-distance steamboat.

1808    Sir Walter Scott's MARMION, an early romantic novel.

1810    Porter's SCOTTISH CHIEFS.

1812    The cylinder printing press invented.  The TIMES of London begins
        publication using it.

        Canned food introduced by Bryan Doukin.

1812-1815  The United States and Britain at war.

1813    Jane Austen's PRIDE AND PREJUDICE, a masterpiece praised variously
        as a domestic novel, a realistic work and a novel of manners.

1814    Sir Walter Scott writes WAVERLY and begins the vogue of the
        historical novel.

1815    Napoleon defeated at Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena.

        The Congress of Vienna.

1816    Invention of the stethoscope by Rene Theophile Hyancinthe Laennee.

1817    Mary Shelley's FRANKENSTEIN appears.  According to the author, the
        book shows some American influence based on her reading of Charles
        Brockden Brown's WIELAND (1798).

        Anthony A. Plankston introduces the dental plate.

1819    Dental amalgam for fillings introduced by Charles Bell.

        The United States purchases Florida from Spain.

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1820-1830  George IV rules.
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1820    Scott's most enduring tale IVANHOE appears.  It is a romantic tale
        which takes place against an historical backdrop.

        The Missouri Compromise brings a temporary solution to the problem
        of slavery in new territories of the United States.

1821    Michael Faraday invents the electric motor and generator, keeping
        Britain in the forefront of technology.

        James Fenimore Cooper publishes THE SPY, a story about the American
        Revolution.

        Greek war of independence.

1822    J-N. Niepce of France produces the first photographic image.

1823    The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed by the U. S.

1824    Conquest of Burma and Assam begun by Britain.

1825    The first passenger steam railway begins service at Stockton and
        Darlington in England.

1826    James Fenimore Cooper published THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS.

1827    THE PRARIE, another of Cooper's novels, published.

1828    Nathaniel Hawthorne published his first novel FANSHAWE.  Later he
        considered it such an embarrassment that he tried to retrieve and
        burn all copies of it.

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1830-1837  William IV reigns.
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1832    The Reform Bill.

1833    Charles Babbage invents the differential calculating machine.

1834    Bulwer-Lytton's LAST DAYS OF POMPEII paints a picture of life in
        the ancient city destroyed by an erupting volcano.

        George Bancroft's HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, volume I.

        In the United States, the first mechanical reaper is patented.

1835    William Gilmore Simms published two of his best novels, THE
        PARTISAN and THE YEMASSEE.

        Samuel Colt makes the revolver.

1836    Charles Dickens bursts on the scene with the PICKWICK PAPERS.

        In Prussia, the invention of the needle-gun makes breech loading
        possible.

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1837-1901  Queen Victoria occupies the throne.
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1837    Dickens publishes OLIVER TWIST.

        William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone create the electric
        telegraph.

        The electric motor is invented by Thomas Davenport.

1838    Samuel F. B. Morse introduces Morse Code and demonstrates his
        telegraph for President Van Buren.

        Steam ships first run between the United States and England.

1840    Dickens' OLD CURIOSITY SHOP appears.

        James Fenimore Cooper publishes the PATHFINDER.

        The first postage stamp is used in Britain.

        Britain annexes New Zealand.

1841    James Fenimore Cooper brings out THE DEERSLAYER.

        Birth of romantic novelist W. H. Hudson.

        James Wilmot Griswold publishes the first edition of the
        influential anthology POETS AND POETRY OF AMERICA.

1842    Britain annexes Hong Kong.

        Morse introduces underwater telegraph cable.

1843    Publication of Dickens' CHRISTMAS CAROL.

        Wordsworth made Poet Laureate of England.

1844    William M. Thackeray's BARRY LYNDON and Benjamin Disraeli's
        CONINGSBY published.

1845    Repeal of the Corn Laws and move toward free trade in Britain.

        Irish potato famine.  Hostility to Britain grows.  Emigration to
        the U. S. increases.

        The U. S. annexes Texas.

1845-1849  The British conquest of Punjab and Kashmir

1846    Herman Melville's first novel TYPEE published.

        The Mexican War begins.  The U. S. retains New Mexico and
        California after the war's end in 1848.

        Elias Howe's sewing machine introduced.

1847-1848  Thackeray's VANITY FAIR.

1847    Emily Bronte's WUTHERING HEIGHTS and sister Charlotte Bronte's JANE
        EYRE are published.

        Melville's OMOO sees print.

1849    Melville produces MARDI.

1849-1850  Dickens' DAVID COPPERFIELD.

1850    Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes his most famous novel THE SCARLET
        LETTER.

1851    Hawthorne publishes THE HOUSE OF THE SEVEN GABLES dedicating it to
        Herman Melville.  Melville publishes his masterpiece MOBY-DICK with
        a dedication to Hawthorne.

1852    HENRY ESMOND by Thackeray.

        BLITHEDALE ROMANCE by Hawthorne.

        Harriet Beecher Stowe produces UNCLE TOM'S CABIN.

1855    Anthony Trollope's THE WARDEN and Charles Kingsley's WESTWARD HO.

        Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen invents the burner bearing his
        name.

1856    The Bessemer process permits the mass production of steel.

1857    Trollope's BARCHESTER TOWERS continues the story begun in THE
        WARDEN.

1859    A TALE OF TWO CITIES by Dickens, Thackeray's THE VIRGINIANS, George
        Eliot's ADAM BEDE and George Meredith's ORDEAL OF RICHARD FEVERAL
        make this a banner year for the English novel.  Other famous works,
        though they were not novels, were published in this year too.  They
        included Darwin's ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES, Fitzgerald's translation
        of the RUBAIYAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM and John Stuart Mill's ON LIBERTY.

        Birth of Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes.


1860    George Eliot's MILL ON THE FLOSS and Wilkie Collins' mystery WOMAN
        IN WHITE both see publication.

        Pasteur propounds the germ theory of disease.

        Nathaniel Hawthorne's MARBLE FAUN.

1861    George Eliot's SILAS MARNER published.

        Emancipation of Russian serfs.

1861-1865  The American Civil War.

1863    Charles Kingsley's most famous work WATER BABIES appears.

        First underground railway opens in London.

1865    Lewis Carroll's ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND is published
        as is Dickens' OUR MUTUAL FRIEND.

1866    Cyrus West Field, Samuel Canning and Daniel Gooch lay the
        transatlantic cable.

1867    Poet Sidney Lanier's only novel TIGER-LILIES is published.  It
        shows pre-war romanticism mingled with post-war realism.  It is
        more a curiosity than a success.

        Russia sells Alaska to the U. S.

        Dominion of Canada established.

        Alfred Nobel creates dynamite.

1868    Wilkie Collins publishes another gripping mystery, THE
        MOONSTONE.

        Louisa May Alcott's LITTLE WOMEN.

1869    Mark Twain produces THE INNOCENTS ABROAD, a rewriting of his
        newspaper submissions while on a tour of Europe and the Mid-East.

        The Suez Canal opens.

        The first transcontinental railway completed in the U. S.

        Blackmore's LORNA DOONE.

1870    Declaration of papal infallibility.

        Franco-Prussian War.

1871    Edward Eggleston's THE HOOSIER SCHOOLMASTER.

        William Dean Howells publishes THEIR WEDDING JOURNEY.

1872    Samuel Butler's EREWHON appears.  The utopian novel takes its
        title from the word "nowhere" spelled backward.

        Mark Twain's ROUGHING IT, a novelistic treatment of his experiences
        in the Southwest, is published.

        George Eliot's classic MIDDLEMARCH is published.

1873    Christopher Latham Sholes introduces the typewriter.  Within a few
        years, Mark Twain becomes the first American writer to submit
        manuscripts using this invention.

1875    William Dean Howells' A FOREGONE CONCLUSION.

1876    Mark Twain brings out TOM SAWYER.

        Henry James publishes RODERICK HUDSON.

        Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

1877    Henry James' THE AMERICAN.

1878    Thomas Hardy publishes RETURN OF THE NATIVE.

        Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph and William Crookes makes
        the cathode ray tube.

1879    George Meredith's THE EGOIST.

        William Dean Howells' THE LADY OF THE AROOSTOOK.

        Henry James publishes DAISY MILLER.

        With Joseph Wilson Swan, Edison makes the carbon filament
        light bulb.

        James Ritty makes the cash register.

1880    George Washington Cable publishes THE GRANDISSIMES, his best-known
        novel.


1881    Two James novels, THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY and WASHINGTON SQUARE
        appear.

        Cable publishes MADAME DELPHINE.

        Albert A. Michelson makes the interferometer.

1882    Mark Twain's THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER and William Dean Howells' A
        MODERN INSTANCE appear.

        First hydro-electric plant became operational in Wisconsin.

1883    Robert Louis Stevenson gives the public his children's classic
        TREASURE ISLAND.

        Twain's LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI tells of his days as a steamboat
        cub and pilot.

1884    Lewis Edson Waterman introduces the fountain pen.

1885    Mark Twain's HUCKLEBERRY FINN, the tale of an outcast growing to
        maturity, is published.

        William Dean Howells' THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM.

        W. H. Hudson's THE PURPLE LAND, an influential romance which Ernest
        Hemingway lambasted in the 1920's.

        Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach make the gas engine
        motorcycle.

1886    THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE by Thomas Hardy.

        Howells' INDIAN SUMMER and James' THE BOSTONIANS are published.

        Robert Louis Stevenson publishes DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE as well as
        the novel KIDNAPPED.

        Dunlop invents the pneumatic tire, something that would prove of
        great importance for the nascent automobile industry.

        Coca-Cola, the invention of John Pemberton, appears.

        George Westinghouse makes the railway air brake.

        Ottmar Mergenthaler makes the linotype machine.  Mergenthaler
        was in competition with a man named Paige to produce a mechanical
        typesetter.  Paige's work was funded by Mark Twain.  Mergenthaler's
        invention was simpler and more trouble free.  When Paige's machine
        failed, so did Mark Twain's fortunes.  He went bankrupt.

1888    Henry James puts ASPERN PAPERS into print.

1889    Mark Twain publishes A CONNECTICUT YANKEE IN KING ARTHUR'S COURT.

1891    Thomas Hardy produces TESS OF THE D'UBERVILLES.

        In the United States, the International Copyright Law protects
        foreign authors and publishers.

1893    Stephen Crane brings out MAGGIE: A GIRL OF THE STREETS.

        Crompton & Co., an English company, introduces the electric
        toaster.

1894    William Dean Howells publishes A TRAVELER FROM ALTRURIA.

        Mark Twain's PUDD'NHEAD WILSON.

        Guglielmo Marconi invents wireless telegraphy.

1895    H. G. Wells' influential science fiction novel THE TIME MACHINE is
        published during the same year that Joseph Conrad's first novel
        ALMAYER'S FOLLY appears.

        Stephen Crane's THE RED BADGE OF COURAGE.

        Rontgen discovers X-rays, Marconi invents "wireless telegraphy" in
        Italy and the first public showing of a motion picture takes place
        in France.

1896    Thomas Hardy's JUDE THE OBSCURE.

        Harold Frederic publishes THE DAMNATION OF THERON WARE.

1897    Conrad's THE NIGGER OF THE NARCISSUS and Rudyard Kipling's CAPTAINS
        COURAGEOUS are the year's most memorable novels.

        James' THE SPOILS OF POYNTON and WHAT MAISIE KNEW.

1898    H. G. Wells' WAR OF THE WORLDS appears.

        Thomas Nelson Page's RED ROCK.

        Pierre and Marie Curie find radioactivity and isolate radium.

        The Spanish-American War; the US annexes Guam, Puerto Rico and the
        Philippines.

1899    The Boer War begins.

        Naval Academy graduate Winston Churchill publishes RICHARD CARVEL.