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1992-10-29
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==========================================
ICD ST Disk CLEANUP Program
Copyright ╜ 1992 by ICD, Inc.
1220 Rock St.
Rockford, IL 61101
(815) 968-2228
==========================================
MANUAL
------
Read this entire document before running CLEANUP ST. You may wish
to make a printed copy for reference.
Copyright Notice and Disclaimer
-------------------------------
This software and documentation is copyrighted material. All rights
reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work
(beyond that permitted by sections 107 and 108 of the United States
Copyright Act) without permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
CLEANUP ST is NOT public domain software and may NOT be distributed
by you in any form. Violators will be subject to prosecution.
In no event will ICD, Inc. be liable for any damages whatsoever
(including without limitation, damages for loss of business profits,
business interruption, loss of business information, or the like)
arising out of the use of, interruption in the use of, or inability
to use this software, even if ICD Inc. has been advised of any
possibility or likelihood of such damages.
Hardware and Software Requirements
----------------------------------
CLEANUP ST requires the ICD ST Host Adapter in your system. Hard,
floppy, and RAM disk problems can be diagnosed and corrected.
CLEANUP ST works only on TOS (GEM) and PC-DITTO partitions. It will
not process Magic SAC, Spectre 128, or other foreign directory
structures.
CLEANUP also requires that you have installed ICDBOOT.PRG (ICDBOOT.SYS)
version 3.20 or later. The latest version is included in the AUTO folder
of the CLEANUP diskette. Copy it to the root directory of your boot
hard drive, trash the old ICDBOOT.SYS and rename the new ICDBOOT.PRG
as ICDBOOT.SYS. Or HDUTIL.PRG version 2.0 will do this for you...just
select the Boot button.
Purpose
-------
Disk structures tend to become corrupted to a certain degree over
a period of time. CLEANUP ST shows any defects and allows you to
recover from most faults. Possible causes of corruption include:
poor software, power surges and power failures, and hardware problems
such as deterioration of the magnetic coating on the disk platter or
a faulty disk controller or DMA chip. Failing to reboot after a
program bombs, or pressing RESET while a program is writing to the
disk, are two other common causes of damage. A final cause, and often
the most difficult to prove and eliminate, are the infamous 'virus'
programs. CLEANUP ST is designed to detect and enable correction of
every disk fault that we could conceive of. However, it is not a
virus detector. It can only detect some of the possible symptoms
of a viral infection.
CAUTIONARY Note
---------------
This program has a test mode. Generally, when you run the program
for the first time, select this mode. The program acts normally
except that NO permanent changes are made on your disk. Doing this
allows you to note any cross links and other possible defects. Then
you can examine the files in question to decide which (if any) you
want to keep. Then rerun CLEANUP ST again to permanently correct
the defects. NEVER put cross linked files in the trashcan!
Once you have cleaned up all partitions for the first time, it will
usually not be necessary to use test mode. Just run CLEANUP ST
periodically to make sure your partitions are OK.
Running CLEANUP
---------------
Double click on the program name or icon. At the initial screen, press
the left mouse button or any key to avoid the delay. The main menu will
appear next. The primary options here are: Cleanup (select and check
disk structures), Mapping (select special options for bad sector checking
and mapping), and Hard Disk (save or restore Partition and Boot sectors).
You can also select Auto Mode, Print Mode, and Test Mode.
You can traverse the main and secondary menus as desired. Generally
select Exit to get out of a secondary menu back to the main menu, and
Continue to go forward with the program.
Using DESKTOP.ACC
-----------------
If you have ICD's DESKTOP.ACC installed in your system, you can
access it through version 3.17 and later of CLEANUP. DESKTOP.ACC
is our accessory which performs the following actions:
1 - Allows you to name/rename hard drive partitions.
2 - Places hard drive partition names in GEM desktop icons.
3 - Allows you to enable/disable partitions at will (make
them visible or invisible to the booter and other
programs).
4 - Allows you to modify the logical order in which the system
sees the drives (drive swapping).
5 - Allows you to permanently save a new logical swap order.
6 - Lets you enable or disable write verify and write cache,
temporarily. (Read caching and write verify must have
been enabled in ICDBOOT with HDUTIL's "Config" option).
7 - Updates any open GEM desktop windows affected by drive
swapping or toggling.
A button marked "ICD Desktop" will appear at the upper left hand
corner of the main dialog. This feature will make it easier to use
CLEANUP on partitions which were disabled at run time.
Cleaning Up Your Drives
-----------------------
At the Select Drive(s) menu, click on one or more drives. (Drives not on
line will not be selectable). Note that as you select each drive, the
Mode options currently in effect (button selected) will apply to that
drive only. To clear previous options and apply the current ones,
deselect and then reselect the drive.
To learn more about the various modes, see the Modes section below.
If this seems confusing, note that you could perform the following
sequences of actions:
1 - Go to Select Drives, select drive C and Exit.
2 - Select Test Mode, go to Select Drives, select drive D and Exit.
3 - Deselect Test Mode, select Auto Mode, go to Select Drives,
select drive E, and Exit.
4 - Go to Mapping menu, select Enter Mode, Exit, go to Select
Drives, select drive F, and Continue.
Drive C would be tested in totally normal fashion; drive D would be
checked in Test Mode, drive E in Auto Mode, drive F in Auto/Enter
mode. You don't have to get "fancy" like this, but it is nice to be
able to.
Continuing the CLEANUP
----------------------
The program will display a window showing the Disk Structure statistics
for the current drive. When through examining it, click on Continue.
This window is not shown in Auto Mode. If the boot sector is a
bad sector, normally the partition would not even be detected by the
program. However, you may get a message saying the Boot sector is
bad or corrupted and to try to Restore it. If this is not possible,
your disk is not useable and you should try reformatting.
Next the File Allocation Tables (FATs) are examined. Two copies of
the FAT are kept on the disk; they are compared. Possible faults
here include:
1 - One or both FATs have invalid clusters. (These are clusters
greater than the number of data clusters on the disk). If
the number of invalid clusters in each table is not equal,
the program will use the FAT with the least defects. If
both FATs have the same number of invalid clusters, you will
be asked to choose which one to use.
2 - Neither FAT has any invalid clusters, but they are not identical.
You will be asked to choose one.
3 - Unreassignable bad sector in FAT. This is a FATAL error as
it makes the disk unuseable, and reformatting may be the only
way to make it useful again.
Next the directory is mapped. Each branch of the directory tree is
traced to its end. Possible problems here include:
1 - File names with an unusual number of invalid characters, or
embedded spaces, linefeeds, or carriage returns.. You will be
given the oportunity to rename these.
2 - Main directory has an unreassignable bad sector. This is a
FATAL error; the the disk is not useable and reformatting is
the only possible way to reclaim it.
3 - A subdirectory has a bad sector. The program will attempt
to recover the data. Valid data will be moved to a good
region of the disk. You will be informed of the results.
(If there is no free space, the directory will be truncated).
4 - Invalid subdirectory. If a directory entry's status byte was
changed to make it appear to be a subdirectory (folder) then
an unusual number of bad file names are likely to be detected,
You will then be asked if you want to change the status of
the particular entry to make it a normal file. If you choose
Yes, the directory will be completely remapped.
5 - Bad file attribute byte. The file attribute byte determines
whether the system sees the item as a file or folder. In addition,
other attributes such as archive, hidden, system, and read only
are set here. Some bits are undefined and therefore illegal.
The file name and path are displayed, along with the bad
attributes, and you will be asked to select the proper attributes.
You will not be allowed to select illegal combinations of
attributes.
After the directory is mapped, a window with the File Structure
statistics is displayed for your information. Click on Continue
when finished examining this. This window is not displayed in
Auto Mode.
Next, CLEANUP ST examines the allocation chain of all files and
subdirectories. Possible problems found here include:
1 - Files with invalid allocation chains. This means that one of
the clusters in the allocation chain of the file does not
exist. You will be given the file name and the opportunity
to delete the file. You may also be given the option to
truncate the file to valid clusters if the file in question
is not binary code (files with extensions of .PRG, .TOS, .TTP,
or .O) and the invalid cluster is not the file's first cluster
You would probably want to truncate text files and delete
other kinds.
2 - Cross linked files. This means that two or more files are
claiming the same sectors, or a file is linked to itself.
If two or more files claim the same sector, only one of them
can be valid. All files will be displayed and you will be
given the opportunity to delete one or more.
3 - Files whose file size (in the directory entry) does not match
the number of clusters allocated in its FAT chain. If the
file has too many clusters, you will be asked if you want to
delete or truncate the file. If the file has too few clusters,
yet its allocation chain is valid, you will be asked if you
wish to adjust the filesize in the corresponding directory
entry.
Next the FAT is examined for any remaining valid cluster chains
that are not claimed by a file. You will be given the opportunity
to create correlating files. These will be named ?UNKNOWN.1,
?UNKNOWN.2, etc., in the root (main) directory of the partition.
Remember that when you truncate a file with an invalid cluster
chain, there may be an unclaimed cluster chain left over which will
be found at this time. Generally you would choose to create these
files and examine them later...before (usually) deciding that they
are junk and discarding them.
Finally, CLEANUP ST checks your disk for bad sectors. Possible
problems here include:
1 - Bad sectors in Boot, FAT, or main directory sectors. All of
these sectors have been previously accessed and so any bad
sectors found should have been dealt with already. However,
it is possible to have intermittent or "flaky" bad sectors
which were read OK the first time and came up bad this time.
The solution is to abort and rerun CLEANUP, and hope that things
go better the next time.
Otherwise, these bad sectors are FATAL in that they make the
disk unuseable. Reformatting the disk is then the only way to
reclaim it, and that may not be effective if the media has
physical damage.
2 - File claiming a bad sector. The program will attempt to
recover the data and move it to a good area of the disk.
You will be informed of the results. Note that files of
type .PRG, .TOS, .TTP, and .O will be deleted as it is a
certainty that these files (binary code) will no longer be
good. The file will also be deleted if there is no free
space to move good data to.
If any bad sectors are found, you will have the option of getting a
list of them. You will also be asked if you want to map bad sectors
either in the FAT or through SCSI. Normally, respond Yes...this
removes the bad sectors from any further use.
This concludes the disk processing of CLEANUP ST. If any corrective
action taken has changed the FAT, you will be asked if it is OK to
rewrite it. Respond Yes to make changes permanent. If any bad
sectors were found and relinked, or any files deleted/truncated,
?UNKNOWN files created, etc., responding 'Yes' here is a MUST to
avoid more corruption.
Finally, if any defects were detected, you can choose to display a
complete report of them.
At the conclusion of running CLEANUP, you will be returned to the
main menu. At this time, you can change options, rerun CLEANUP,
or Quit.
Aborting the CLEANUP
--------------------
As long as no writes have been performed, a control-C keypress will
cause the program to stop its execution and return to the main menu.
You may have to press control-C several times to get the program's
attention, and there may be slight delays.
Other Contingencies
-------------------
A few rather obscure possibilities were not mentioned above. Most
of these relate to out of memory conditions which are not likely to
occur. You may get a message that your drive has a non-standard
structure. You can call ICD about this. However, it is most likely
that your boot sector has been corrupted; when this happens, you should
first try using the Restore function. If this fails, the only solution
is likely to be reformatting.
We have by no means covered EVERY possible message from CLEANUP. Most
are self-explanatory and do not demand decisions from the operator.
Remember, if you have any questions, CALL ICD and we will be glad to
help you.
Data Recovered from Bad Sectors
-------------------------------
CLEANUP ST attempts to recover data from bad sectors and informs you
whenever it is successful. Note that this data is almost always
highly corrupted; keep notes on which files are recovered and examine
them most carefully. Unless these are straight text files, it is
a very good idea to delete them!
Mapping Bad Sector Options
--------------------------
In this menu, you will be able to set the number of times each sector
is read while testing for bad sectors. This value will be between 1
and 999. Normally, each sector is read once. Choosing to read each
sector two or more times will drastically slow down the execution of
CLEANUP, but may be helpful to those who have a disk which seems to
exhibit intermittent bad sectors.
You will also be able to select various modes: BIOS/SCSI Checking Mode
for checking for bad sectors, FAT/SCSI Mapping Mode for mapping bad
sectors, Enter Mode for entering lists of known bad sectors, and Skip
Mode for skipping the bad sector test altogether. See the next section.
Choosing your Modes
-------------------
Modes are ways of performing the CLEANUP. As each drive is selected
in the Select Drives menu, the modes currently in effect will be
applied to it.
Auto Mode runs CLEANUP all the way through without requiring
any mouse clicks/keystrokes from the user as long as no errors are
found. The boxes of information about disk and file structure are
not displayed in automatic mode. To choose automatic mode, click on
the 'Auto' box when selecting which drive(s) to check.
Print Mode prints out errors only during the CLEANUP session. If no
errors are found, nothing is printed. If one or more errors is found,
a header showing the time, date, and drive is first shown. Then a
brief description of each problem is printed. In some cases your
response is also printed.
Test Mode "write protects" the target disk. In other words, CLEANUP
runs normally (or as much so as possible) but NO permanent changes
are made. It is usually wise to select this Mode when first running
CLEANUP on your disks. That way, you can make a note of any cross-
linked files on your disk, Quit CLEANUP, examine the files and decide
which (if any) to keep. Or, it may be that your disk is SO strangely
messed up that CLEANUP will get lost. We have tried to compensate for
any and all eventualities, and estimate that CLEANUP will handle in
excess of 99% of all possible structural defects. Nonetheless, we
are always prepared for surprises. This is the purpose of Test Mode.
(There are a few circumstances under which CLEANUP will run in a slightly
different fashion while in Test Mode...these involve changes in the
directory tree, mainly. There is no way to make the modes completely
compatible).
Enter Mode lets you enter up to 20 previously known bad sectors to be
mapped out. This won't be nearly as useful as letting CLEANUP find
bad sectors, but you might need the feature some day.
Skip Mode lets you skip the testing for bad sectors altogether. This
will speed program execution, but use this mode only if you are SURE
that you don't have newly-developed bad sectors!!!
There are two modes for testing for bad sectors: BIOS Mode and SCSI
Mode. BIOS tests through the input/output routines of the ST, which
do retries on bad sectors, and generally finds truly bad sectors only.
SCSI Mode operates directly through the hardware, and will usually be
both faster and more adept at finding marginal sectors. However, many
of these marginal sectors will be perfectly useable due to the error
correcting code in most hard disk controllers.
There are two modes for the mapping out (elimination) of bad sectors:
FAT Mode and SCSI Mode. FAT Mode places a special value in the File
Allocation Table meaning that the cluster containing a bad sector is
to be skipped under all circumstances. SCSI Mode actually substitutes
a good sector from an area of the disk reserved at physical format time.
Thus SCSI Mode makes bad sectors totally non-existent...and some ST
software (Magic Sac/Spectre 128) requires error-free partitions!
BUT...there is a catch. Some drives/controllers (SASI and Adaptec) do
not support sector reassignment. OR, your drive may not have been
formatted to allow sectors held in reserve for this event. OR, you
may have already used up all available reserved sectors! In this
case FAT Mode will be used. If you require error-free partitions,
your only options at this time are to back up files and physically
reformat the drive, or if this fails to get a new drive.
Running CLEANUP from a Configuration File
-----------------------------------------
Version 3.12 and later of CLEANUP will look for a file called
CLEANUP.CFG in the same folder. You can set up the configuration
as desired and CLEANUP will self-configure and run automatically.
Valid entries in the configuration file and their meaning are as
follows:
auto select auto mode
print select print mode
test select test mode
test scsi test for bad sectors through scsi, if
possible
map scsi map out bad sectors through scsi, if
possible
skip skip bad sector test
drives c[defghijklmnop] test drives listed and found on line
drives all test all drives presently logged by
ICDBOOT
go begin CLEANUP automatically, if at least
one drive listed is on line and escape was
not pressed
stop if at least one drive listed is on line,
then after CLEANUP, exit to GEM desktop if
no errors found and escape key not pressed
Here is a sample configuration file, created with an ordinary text
editor:
auto
print
skip
drives cdef
go
stop
We will test drives C,D,E, and F in Auto Mode, skipping the bad sector
test; the CLEANUP will begin automatically and will terminate to the
GEM desktop unless errors are found or the escape key is pressed at
some point.
When CLEANUP is running from file with "go" specified, a warning will
flash on the title screen. Pressing <Esc> at this time will abort
the automatic run.
When CLEANUP returns to the main menu, with "stop" specified, you will
have 20 seconds to press escape, if you haven't already done so. You
can also press control-C at any point during the CLEANUP and return
to the main menu. This too will prevent an automatic exit.
Saving and Restoring Partition and Boot Sectors
-----------------------------------------------
Version 2 of CLEANUP incorporates a new and useful feature. You can
back up the crucial Partition and Boot sectors on your hard drives to
special files on diskettes. Then, in the event that these sectors
get "blown away" by an ill-behaved program or worse, it will be possible
to restore them and (maybe) even get your files back!
To back up these sectors, choose the Backup option, follow the directions,
and when finished put the disk away in a safe place! IF you ever find
that you cannot access your drive you can try the Restore option. If
you don't have a hardware problem, this will probably bring the disk
"back to life" although of course there is no guarantee that other
structural damage has not occurred. So if you ever need to Restore, be
sure to do a thorough CLEANUP afterwards.
Make sure you make new backups after changing the configuration of your
hard drive system (i.e. adding new drives or changing SCSI ID's on old
ones).
A third option has now been incorporated into CLEANUP. If you have
been unlucky enough to have your partition sector destroyed, and you
have no backup, or your backup has been corrupted, CLEANUP will attempt
to rebuild it for you. Select the Rebuild option; the program will
scan for on-line SCSI ID's and ask you to choose one or more. Then
it will ask you for the OK to try each LUN found under that ID. Once
you have selected 'Yes' CLEANUP will begin scanning for partitions;
this process may go very quickly if you have no non-GEM (i.e. Magic
Sac/Spectre 128, Minix, OS9, Hybrid Arts, etc.) partitions; if you
have one or more of these type of partitions, the scan WILL take a
long time. Additionally, the program is not able to differentiate
between various non-GEM types of partitions, and it is not able to
differentiate between two contiguous non-GEM partitions. Finally,
you must have at least one GEM partition in order for this option to
succeed.
Upon completion of the scan, a box will be displayed showing the
partitions found and their types -- either GEM or UNK (for any other
type). You are asked if it is OK to use these partitions; if you
think they look all right, select 'Yes' and a new partition sector
will be written. If you had hard drive auto-booting enabled from
one of these partitions, it will now be disabled. However, your
GEM partitions should now be accessible after exiting CLEANUP.
Note that this option will ONLY work on disks formatted with ICD's
own hard drive formatter. It will not work on disks formatted or
repartitioned using ANY other manufacturer's hard drive software.
If you had non-GEM partitions, the only way you may be able to recover
them is to use ICD's Hard Disk Formatter version 3.10 or later to
edit the non-GEM partition types (and perhaps sizes) and use the
'Rewrite Partition Sector Only' option. BE CAREFUL not to select
the 'Partition Entire Hard Disk' option; this would destroy all your
data.
Obviously the Rebuild option of CLEANUP should be used only as a
last resort. You are far better off to make backups of the partition
and boot sectors of all your hard drives and keep them on a floppy,
along with a copy of CLEANUP (obviously!) just in case that awful
day comes along when you find one or more of your hard disks is
inaccessible!
Cautionary Note
---------------
This software has been thoroughly tested by ICD, and has saved the
files of dozens of Hard Drive users. However, it's always possible
that you may find minor incompatibilities or bugs. Once again, we
have tried to anticipate every possible type of corruption...but
something new does come up from time to time. PLEASE notify ICD by
telephone (if possible) if you have any problems.
Remember that a faulty disk controller or disk drive can cause a
large number of problems...especially if bad sectors are reported on
an intermittent basis. Obviously, CLEANUP ST cannot compensate for
hardware problems.
Problems, Suggestions, and Updates
----------------------------------
This software has evolved in response to user requests and problems.
If you have suggestions (or problems), we want to hear about them!
Updates are periodically available. Update policy as of Version 1.9
is that updates may be obtained by sending in the original CLEANUP
disk with $10.
(Call 815-968-2228, ask for Howard Peters regarding any of the above).
Avoiding Future Corruption
--------------------------
REMEMBER TO MAKE FREQUENT BACKUPS OF YOUR WORK!!! This is your best
defense against disk corruption. ICD sells a very nice, very fast Tape
backup system which will back up 6.5 megabytes per minute. If you are
doing work which is worth money to you, we strongly recommend the purchase
and use of this system.
Avoid the temptation to add every desk accessory known to man to your
system. Add these things one at a time and test for several days
before going on to the next. The same caution applies to bootup
programs for your Auto folder. There are desk accessories and DOS
enhancements/replacements which are known to corrupt disks. Proceed
with care! Run CLEANUP ST often!
Be careful with public domain software. Some of these programs are
trojan horses or virus vectors. Everything may appear to be OK for
weeks or months. Then, without warning, your disk may be totally
fried! This is one more reason to purchase quality commercial
software from reputable companies and definitely avoid the use of
pirated programs.