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- The Cygwin Project FAQ 20.2 for Release B20.1
-
- What is it?
- ***********
-
- The Cygwin tools are ports of the popular GNU development tools for
- Windows NT, 95, and 98. They run thanks to the Cygwin library which
- provides the UNIX system calls and environment these programs expect.
-
- With these tools installed, it is possible to write Win32 console or
- GUI applications that make use of the standard Microsoft Win32 API
- and/or the Cygwin API. As a result, it is possible to easily port many
- significant Unix programs without the need for extensive changes to the
- source code. This includes configuring and building most of the
- available GNU software (including the packages included with the Cygwin
- development tools themselves). Even if the development tools are of
- little to no use to you, you may have interest in the many standard
- Unix utilities provided with the package. They can be used both from
- the bash shell (provided) or from the standard Windows command shell.
-
- Is it free software?
- ====================
-
- Yes. Parts are GNU software (gcc, gas, ld, etc...), parts are
- covered by the standard Berkeley license, some of it is public domain,
- some of it was written by Cygnus and placed under the GPL. None of it
- is shareware. You don't have to pay anyone to use it but you should be
- sure to read the copyright section of the FAQ more more information on
- how the GNU General Public License may affect your use of these tools.
-
- In particular, if you intend to port a commercial (non-GPL'd)
- application using Cygwin, you will need the commercial license to Cygwin
- that comes with the supported native Win32 GNUPro product. The price
- for five users is $7495, which includes the GNUPro Toolkit, Mission
- Critical Support for one year, and a commercially licensed version of
- the Cygwin library. For more information about the commercial-use
- license, please contact info@cygnus.com. All other questions should be
- sent to the project mailing list gnu-win32@cygnus.com.
-
- A brief history of the project
- ==============================
-
- The first thing done was to enhance the development tools (gcc, gdb,
- gas, et al) so that they could generate/interpret Win32 native object
- files.
-
- The next task was to port the tools to Win NT/95. We could have done
- this by rewriting large portions of the source to work within the
- context of the Win32 API. But this would have meant spending a huge
- amount of time on each and every tool. Instead, we took a substantially
- different approach by writing a shared library (cygwin.dll) that adds
- the necessary unix-like functionality missing from the Win32 API (fork,
- spawn, signals, select, sockets, etc.). We call this new interface the
- Cygwin API. Once written, it was possible to build working Win32 tools
- using unix-hosted cross-compilers, linking against this library.
-
- From this point, we pursued the goal of producing native tools
- capable of rebuilding themselves under Windows 95 and NT (this is often
- called self-hosting). Since neither OS ships with standard UNIX user
- tools (fileutils, textutils, bash, etc...), we had to get the GNU
- equivalents working with the Cygwin API. Most of these tools were
- previously only built natively so we had to modify their configure
- scripts to be compatible with cross-compilation. Other than the
- configuration changes, very few source-level changes had to be made.
- Running bash with the development tools and user tools in place,
- Windows 95 and NT look like a flavor of UNIX from the perspective of the
- GNU configure mechanism. Self hosting was achieved as of the beta 17.1
- release.
-
- After adding Windows 98 support to Cygwin in mid-1998, we added
- support for the native Microsoft libraries in the compiler which allows
- compilation of executables that do not use Cygwin. This is important to
- those people who want to use the tools to develop Win32 applications
- that do not need the UNIX emulation layer.
-
- Cygwin Resources on the Internet
- ********************************
-
- FTP Sites
- =========
-
- The primary ftp site is
- `ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/'. There are
- also several mirrors:
-
- * North America:
- * Alberta: `ftp://ftp.reversion.ca/pub/mirrors/cygwin/'
-
- * Arizona: `ftp://ftp.ninemoons.com/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * California:
- `ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/'
-
- * California:
- `ftp://ftp.yggdrasil.com/mirrors/site/ftp.cygnus.com/pub/gnu-win32/'
-
- * California (secondary):
- `ftp://sourceware.cygnus.com/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * Kansas: `ftp://ftp.the-b.org/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * Tennessee: `ftp://sunsite.utk.edu/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * Central America:
- * Costa Rica: `ftp://sunsite.ulatina.ac.cr/gnu-win32/'
-
- * South America:
- * Brazil: `ftp://ftp.unicamp.br/pub/gnu/=EXTRA=/cygnus/cygwin/'
-
- * Africa:
- * South Africa:
- `ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/sites/sourceware.cygnus.com/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * Asia:
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.aist.go.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.etl.go.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.asahi-net.or.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.crl.go.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.astem.or.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.jah.ne.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.saitama-u.ac.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.nacsis.ac.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.exp.fujixerox.co.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.so-net.ne.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ring.ip-kyoto.ad.jp/archives/pc/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://sysg.kek.jp/cygnus/cygwin/'
-
- * Japan: `ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/gnu/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Korea: `ftp://cair-archive.kaist.ac.kr/pub/gnu/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Australasia:
- * Australia: `ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * Europe:
- * Austria: `ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/gnu/cygwin/'
-
- * Czech Republic:
- `ftp://sunsite.ms.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/sourceware.cygnus.com/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * Denmark: `ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * Germany:
- `ftp://ftp.franken.de/pub/win32/develop/gnuwin32/cygwin32/mirrors/cygnus/'
-
- * Greece: `ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/pc/cygwin/'
-
- * Hungary: `ftp://ftp.szrmkk.hu/pub/gnu-win32/ftp.cygnus.com/'
-
- * Poland: `ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/cygnus/cygwin/'
-
- * Slovenia: `ftp://sunsite.fri.uni-lj.si/pub/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Spain: `ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/gnu-win32/'
-
- * Sweden: `ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/cygwin/'
-
- * Switzerland: `ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/cygwin/'
-
- * UK:
- `ftp://sunsite.org.uk/Mirrors/sourceware.cygnus.com/pub/cygwin/'
-
- * UK:
- `ftp://ftp.ccp14.dl.ac.uk/ccp14/ftp-mirror/programming/cygnus-gnu-win32/pub/gnu-win32/'
-
- The Cygwin Project WWW Site
- ===========================
-
- The main WWW page for the Cygwin project is
- `http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/'.
-
- A page containing tool-specific information is
- `http://www.cygnus.com/pubs/gnupro/'.
-
- Links to additional documentation are accessible from the main web
- page.
-
- Installation Instructions
- *************************
-
- Contents
- ========
-
- The following packages are included in the full release:
-
- Development tools: binutils, bison, byacc, dejagnu, diff, expect,
- flex, gas, gcc, gdb, itcl, ld, libstdc++, make, patch, tcl, tix, tk
-
- User tools: ash, bash, bzip2, diff, fileutils, findutils, gawk,
- grep, gzip, m4, sed, shellutils, tar, textutils, time
-
- The user tools release only contains the user tools.
-
- Full source code is available for these tools. It is split into
- these two units.
-
- Installing the binary release:
- ==============================
-
- Important! Be sure to remove any older versions of the Cygwin tools
- from your PATH environment variable so you do not execute them by
- mistake.
-
- Connect to one of the ftp servers listed above and cd to the
- directory containing the latest release. On our primary server, that
- would be:
-
- `ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/latest/'.
-
- If you want the development tools and the programs necessary to run
- the GNU configure mechanism, you should download the full binary release
- called `full.exe'. If you only care about the user tools listed above,
- download `user.exe' instead.
-
- If you have an unreliable connection, download the appropriate
- binary in smaller chunks instead. For the split cdk installer, get the
- files in the `full-split' subdirectory. Once downloaded, combine the
- split files at the command prompt by doing a:
-
- copy /b xaa + xab + xac + ... + xak + xal full.exe
- del xa*.*
-
- A similar process can be used for the user tools.
-
- Once you have an install executable on your system, run it. If a
- previous version of the software is detected, it will offer to
- uninstall it for you.
-
- Next it will ask you to choose an install location. The default is
- `<system-drive>:\cygnus\cygwin-b20'. Feel free to choose another
- location if you would prefer.
-
- Finally, it will ask you for the name of the Program Files folder
- shortcut to add. By default, the installer will create a `Cygwin B20'
- entry in a folder called `Cygnus Solutions'. When this step is
- completed, it will install the tools and exit.
-
- At this point, you should be able to look under the start menu and
- select "Cygwin B20". This will pop up a bash shell with all special
- environment variables set up for you. If you are running Windows 95 or
- 98 and are faced with the error message "Out of environment space", you
- need to increase the amount of environment space in your config.sys and
- try again. Adding the line `shell=C:\command.com /e:4096 /p' should do
- the trick if `C:' is your system drive letter.
-
- There are two remaining thing you should do from this prompt.
- First, you need to type `mkdir -p /tmp' to ensure that a directory for
- temporary files exists for programs that expect to find one there.
-
- Second, if you are installing the full distribution (`full.exe'),
- various programs will need to be able to find `/bin/sh'. You should
- `mkdir -p /bin' and put a copy of `sh.exe' there, removing the older
- version, if present. You can use the `mount' utility to select which
- drive letter is mounted as `/'. See the Frequently Asked Questions
- (FAQ) file for more information on `mount'.
-
- If you should ever want to uninstall the tools, you may do so via
- the "Add/Remove Programs" control panel.
-
- Installing the source code
- ==========================
-
- Before downloading the source code corresponding to the release, you
- should install the latest release of the tools (either the full release
- or just the user tools).
-
- Create the directory that will house the source code. `cd' there.
-
- Connect to one of the ftp servers listed above and cd to the
- directory containing the latest release. On our primary server, that
- would be:
-
- `ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/latest/'.
-
- If you want the user tools source code, `cd' into the
- `user-src-split' subdirectory. Download the files there. If you want
- the development tools sources, `cd' into the `dev-src-split'
- subdirectory. Download the files there.
-
- Back in the Windows command shell, for the user tools source:
-
- copy /b xba + xbb + xbc + xbd + xbe + xbf + xbg user-src.tar.bz2
- del xb*.*
- bunzip2 user-src.tar.bz2
- tar xvf user-src.tar
-
- For the development tools source:
-
- copy /b xca + xcb + xcc + xcd + ... + xck + xcl dev-src.tar.bz2
- del xc*.*
- bunzip2 dev-src.tar.bz2
- tar xvf dev-src.tar
-
- Both expand into a directory called `src'.
-
- And you should be done...
-
- Upgrading to B20.1
- ==================
-
- If you downloaded the original B20.0 release, you should definitely
- at least upgrade the Cygwin library to the version present in B20.1.
- To do this, download the file
- `ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/cygwin-b20/cygwin1-20.1.dll.bz2',
- decompress it with bunzip2, and then install the dll, replacing the
- file cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/bin/cygwin1.dll in your original
- installation of 20.0.
-
- There are some additional patches in a few of the other tools
- (including a gcc change that makes -mno-cygwin find the correct header
- files). In addition, the tools have been built with a compiled-in path
- of /cygnus/cygwin-b20/ which will make some tools such as bison find
- their library files without help from environment variables. To
- install the full 20.1 release, you will need to download the correct
- installer from scratch. It will offer to uninstall the existing
- release and replace it with 20.1 (You should choose to uninstall b20 and
- proceed).
-
- We have diff files on the ftp site that can be used to upgrade the
- original B20.0 sources. 20.0-20.1-dev-src.diff.bz2 upgrades the
- development tools sources. 20.0-20.1-user-src.diff.bz2 upgrades the
- user tools sources. They come compressed so you'll need to bunzip2 them
- before proceeding. As an example, if the development tools are in the
- directory called "src" and the patch is in the directory above it, apply
- the patch as follows:
-
- cd src
- patch -p1 -E < ../20.0-20.1-dev-src.diff
-
- What Unix API calls are supported by Cygwin?
- ********************************************
-
- This is the beginning of documentation listing the calls supported
- by the Cygwin library.
-
- All POSIX.1/1996 and ANSI C calls are listed in this file. Note that
- while almost all POSIX.1/1990 calls are included in Cygwin, most
- POSIX.1/1996 calls are not (yet at least!). Additional Unix
- compatibility calls and extended libc/libm calls are provided by Cygwin
- but may or may not be listed yet.
-
- To see if a function is implemented but not listed here, check for
- the presence of the call in the file winsup/cygwin.din in the sources.
- In addition, you may want to read the source code corresponding to the
- call to verify that it is not a stub. Finally, libc/libm functions
- (including extended calls not listed here) may be documented in the
- newlib texinfo documentation.
-
- Calls are implemented on both Windows 95 and NT unless otherwise
- noted. Included are references to relevant standards, if any. Calls
- starting with "cygwin_" are Cygwin-specific calls.
-
- ANSI C Library Functions
- ========================
-
- `' libc stdio (newlib/libc/stdio)
- `' clearerr: C 4.9.10.1
-
- `' fclose: C 4.9.5.1, P 8.2.3.2
-
- `' feof: C 4.9.10.2
-
- `' ferror: C 4.9.10.3
-
- `' fflush: C 4.9.5.2, P 8.2.3.4
-
- `' fgetc: C 4.9.7.1, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' fgetpos: C 4.9.9.1
-
- `' fgets: C 4.9.7.2, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' fopen: C 4.9.5.3, P 8.2.3.1
-
- `' fprintf: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' fputc: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' fputs: C 4.9.7.4, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' fread: C 4.9.8.1, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' freopen: C 4.9.5.4, P 8.2.3.3
-
- `' fscanf: C 4.9.6.2, P 8.2.3.7
-
- `' fseek: C 4.9.9.2, P 8.2.3.7
-
- `' fsetpos: C 4.9.9.3
-
- `' ftell: C 4.9.9.4, P 8.2.3.10
-
- `' fwrite: C 4.9.8.2, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' getc: C 4.9.7.5, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' getchar: C 4.9.7.6, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' gets: C 4.9.7.7, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' perror: C 4.9.10.4, P 8.2.3.8
-
- `' printf: C 4.9.6.3, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' putc: C 4.9.7.8, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' putchar: C 4.9.7.9, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' puts: C 4.9.7.10, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' remove: C 4.9.4.1, P 8.2.4
-
- `' rename: C 4.9.4.2, P 5.5.3.1
-
- `' rewind: C 4.9.9.5, P 8.2.3.7
-
- `' scanf: C 4.9.6.4, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' setbuf: C 4.9.5.5
-
- `' setvbuf: C 4.9.5.6
-
- `' sprintf: C 4.9.6.5
-
- `' sscanf: C 4.9.6.6
-
- `' tmpfile: C 4.9.4.3, P 8.2.3.9
-
- `' tmpnam: C 4.9.4.4, P 8.2.5
-
- `' vfprintf: C 4.9.6.7
-
- `' ungetc: C 4.9.7.11
-
- `' vprintf: C 4.9.6.8
-
- `' vsprintf: C 4.9.6.9
-
- `' libc string (newlib/libc/string)
- `' memchr: C 4.11.5.1
-
- `' memcmp: C 4.11.4.1
-
- `' memcpy: C 4.11.2.1
-
- `' memmove: C 4.11.2.2
-
- `' memset: C 4.11.6.1
-
- `' strcat: C 4.11.3.1
-
- `' strchr: C 4.11.5.2
-
- `' strcmp: C 4.11.4.2
-
- `' strcoll: C 4.11.4.3
-
- `' strcpy: C 4.11.2.3
-
- `' strcspn: C 4.11.5.3
-
- `' strerror: C 4.11.6.2
-
- `' strlen: C 4.11.6.3
-
- `' strncat: C 4.11.3.2
-
- `' strncmp: C 4.11.3.2
-
- `' strncpy: C 4.11.2.4
-
- `' strpbrk: C 4.11.5.4
-
- `' strrchr: C 4.11.5.5
-
- `' strspn: C 4.11.5.6
-
- `' strstr: C 4.11.5.7
-
- `' strtok: C 4.11.5.8
-
- `' strxfrm: C 4.11.4.5
-
- `' libc stdlib (newlib/libc/stdlib, environ.cc,
- newlib/libc/include/machine/setjmp.h newlib/libc/include/assert.h)
- `' abort: C 4.10.4.1, P 8.2.3.12
-
- `' abs: C 4.10.6.1
-
- `' assert: C 4.2.1.1
-
- `' atexit: C 4.10.4.2
-
- `' atof: C 4.10.1.1
-
- `' atoi: C 4.10.1.2
-
- `' atol: C 4.10.1.3
-
- `' bsearch: C 4.10.5.1
-
- `' calloc: C 4.10.3.1
-
- `' div: C 4.10.6.2
-
- `' exit: C 4.10.4.3, P 8.2.3.12
-
- `' free: C 4.10.3.2
-
- `' getenv: C 4.10.4.4, P 4.6.1.1
-
- `' labs: C 4.10.6.3
-
- `' ldiv: C 4.10.6.2
-
- `' longjmp: C 4.6.2.1
-
- `' malloc: C 4.10.3.3
-
- `' mblen: C 4.10.7.1
-
- `' mbstowcs: C 4.10.8.1
-
- `' mbtowc: C 4.10.7.2
-
- `' qsort: 4.10.5.2
-
- `' rand: C 4.10.2.1
-
- `' realloc: C 4.10.3.4
-
- `' setjmp: C 4.6.1.1
-
- `' srand: C 4.10.2.2
-
- `' strtod: C 4.10.1.4
-
- `' strtol: C 4.10.1.5
-
- `' strtoul: C 4.10.1.6
-
- `' system: C 4.10.4.5
-
- `' wcstombs: C 4.10.8.2
-
- `' wctomb: C 4.10.7.3
-
- `' libc time (times.cc, newlib/libc/time)
- `' asctime: C 4.12.3.1
-
- `' gmtime: C 4.12.3.3
-
- `' localtime: C 4.12.3.4, P 8.1.1
-
- `' time: C 4.12.2.4, P 4.5.1.1
-
- `' clock: C 4.12.2.1
-
- `' ctime: C 4.12.3.2
-
- `' difftime: C 4.12.2.2
-
- `' mktime: C 4.12.2.3, P 8.1.1
-
- `' strftime: C 4.11.6.2
-
- `' libc signals (signal.cc, newlib/libc/signal)
- `' raise: C 4.7.2.1
-
- `' signal: C 4.7.1.1
-
- `' libc ctype (newlib/libc/ctype)
- `' isalnum: C 4.3.1.1
-
- `' isalpha: C 4.3.1.2
-
- `' iscntrl: C 4.3.1.3
-
- `' isdigit: C 4.3.1.4
-
- `' isgraph: C 4.3.1.5
-
- `' islower: C 4.3.1.6
-
- `' isprint: C 4.3.1.7
-
- `' ispunct: C 4.3.1.8
-
- `' isspace: C 4.3.1.9
-
- `' isupper: C 4.3.1.10
-
- `' isxdigit: C 4.3.1.11
-
- `' tolower: C 4.3.2.1
-
- `' toupper: C 4.3.2.2
-
- `' libm math (newlib/libm/math)
- `' acos: C 4.5.2.1
-
- `' asin: C 4.5.2.2
-
- `' atan: C 4.5.2.3
-
- `' atan2: C 4.5.2.4
-
- `' ceil: C 4.5.6.1
-
- `' cos: C 4.5.2.5
-
- `' cosh: C 4.5.3.2
-
- `' exp: C 4.5.4.1
-
- `' fabs: C 4.5.6.2
-
- `' floor: C 4.5.6.3
-
- `' fmod: C 4.5.6.4
-
- `' frexp: C 4.5.4.2
-
- `' ldexp: C 4.5.4.3
-
- `' log: C 4.5.4.4
-
- `' log10: C 4.5.4.5
-
- `' modf: C 4.5.4.6
-
- `' pow: C 4.5.5.1
-
- `' sin: C 4.5.2.6
-
- `' sinh: C 4.5.3.2
-
- `' sqrt: C 4.5.5.2
-
- `' tan: C 4.5.2.7
-
- `' tanh: C 4.5.3.3
-
- `' libc misc (newlib/libc/locale, gcc/ginclude/stdarg.h)
- `' localeconv: C 4.4.2.1
-
- `' setlocale: C 4.4.1.1, P 8.1.2.1
-
- `' va_arg: C 4.8.1.2
-
- `' va_end: C 4.8.1.3
-
- `' va_start: C 4.8.1.1
-
- POSIX.1/96 Functions
- ====================
-
- `' Process Primitives (Section 3)
- `' fork: P 3.1.1.1
-
- `' execl: P 3.1.2.1
-
- `' execle: P 3.1.2.1
-
- `' execlp: P 3.1.2.1
-
- `' execv: P 3.1.2.1
-
- `' execve: P 3.1.2.1
-
- `' execvp: P 3.1.2.1
-
- `' pthread_atfork: P96 3.1.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' wait: P 3.2.1.1
-
- `' waitpid: P 3.2.1.1
-
- `' _exit: P 3.2.2.1
-
- `' kill: P 3.3.2.1
-
- `' sigemptyset: P 3.3.3.1
-
- `' sigfillset: P 3.3.3.1
-
- `' sigaddset: P 3.3.3.1
-
- `' sigdelset: P 3.3.3.1
-
- `' sigismember: P 3.3.3.1
-
- `' sigaction: P 3.3.4.1
-
- `' pthread_sigmask: P96 3.3.5.1
-
- `' sigprocmask: P 3.3.5.1
-
- `' sigpending: P 3.3.6.1
-
- `' sigsuspend: P 3.3.7.1
-
- `' sigwait: P96 3.3.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sigwaitinfo: P96 3.3.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sigtimedwait: P96 3.3.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sigqueue: P96 3.3.9.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_kill: P96 3.3.10.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' alarm: P 3.4.1.1
-
- `' pause: P 3.4.2.1
-
- `' sleep: P 3.4.3.1
-
- `' Process Environment (Section 4)
- `' getpid: P 4.1.1.1
-
- `' getppid: P 4.1.1.1
-
- `' getuid: P 4.2.1.1
-
- `' geteuid: P 4.2.1.1
-
- `' getgid: P 4.2.1.1
-
- `' getegid: P 4.2.1.1
-
- `' setuid: P 4.2.2.1 (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)
-
- `' setgid: P 4.2.2.1 (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)
-
- `' getgroups: P 4.2.3.1
-
- `' getlogin: P 4.2.4.1
-
- `' getlogin_r: P 4.2.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' getpgrp: P 4.3.1.1
-
- `' setsid: P 4.3.2.1
-
- `' setpgid: P 4.3.3.1
-
- `' uname: P 4.4.1.1
-
- `' time: C 4.12.2.4, P 4.5.1.1
-
- `' times: P 4.5.2.1
-
- `' getenv: C 4.10.4.4, P 4.6.1.1
-
- `' ctermid: P 4.7.1.1
-
- `' ttyname: P 4.7.2.1
-
- `' ttyname_r: P 4.7.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' isatty: P 4.7.2.1
-
- `' sysconf: P 4.8.1.1
-
- `' Files and Directories (Section 5)
- `' opendir: P 5.1.2.1
-
- `' readdir: P 5.1.2.1
-
- `' readdir_r: P96 5.1.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' rewinddir: P 5.1.2.1
-
- `' closedir: P 5.1.2.1
-
- `' chdir: P 5.2.1.1
-
- `' getcwd: P 5.2.2.1
-
- `' open: P 5.3.1.1
-
- `' creat: P 5.3.2.1
-
- `' umask: P 5.3.3.1
-
- `' link: P 5.3.4.1 (copy file in Win 95, and when link fails in
- NT)
-
- `' mkdir: P 5.4.1.1
-
- `' mkfifo: P 5.4.2.1 - unimplemented!!!
-
- `' unlink: P 5.5.1.1
-
- `' rmdir: P 5.5.2.1
-
- `' rename: C 4.9.4.2, P 5.5.3.1
-
- `' stat: P 5.6.2.1
-
- `' fstat: P 5.6.2.1
-
- `' access: P 5.6.3.1
-
- `' chmod: P 5.6.4.1
-
- `' fchmod: P96 5.6.4.1
-
- `' chown: P 5.6.5.1 (stub in Win 95; always returns zero)
-
- `' utime: P 5.6.6.1
-
- `' ftruncate: P96 5.6.7.1
-
- `' pathconf: P 5.7.1.1
-
- `' fpathconf: P 5.7.1.1
-
- `' Input and Output Primitives (Section 6)
- `' pipe: P 6.1.1.1
-
- `' dup: P 6.2.1.1
-
- `' dup2: P 6.2.1.1
-
- `' close: P 6.3.1.1
-
- `' read: P 6.4.1.1
-
- `' write: P 6.4.2.1
-
- `' fcntl: P 6.5.2.1 (note: fcntl(fd, F_GETLK,...) is not
- implemented (returns -1 with errno set to ENOSYS)).
-
- `' lseek: P 6.5.3.1 (note: only works correctly on binary files)
-
- `' fsync: P96 6.6.1.1
-
- `' fdatasync: P96 6.6.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' aio_read: P96 6.7.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' aio_write: P96 6.7.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' lio_listio: P96 6.7.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' aio_error: P96 6.7.5.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' aio_return: P96 6.7.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' aio_cancel: P96 6.7.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' aio_suspend: P96 6.7.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' aio_fsync: P96 6.7.9.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Device- and Class-Specific Functions (Section 7)
- `' cfgetispeed: P96 7.1.3.1
-
- `' cfgetospeed: P96 7.1.3.1
-
- `' cfsetispeed: P96 7.1.3.1
-
- `' cfsetospeed: P96 7.1.3.1
-
- `' tcdrain: P 7.2.2.1
-
- `' tcflow: P 7.2.2.1
-
- `' tcflush: P 7.2.2.1
-
- `' tcgetattr: P96 7.2.1.1
-
- `' tcgetpgrp: P 7.2.3.1
-
- `' tcsendbreak: P 7.2.2.1
-
- `' tcsetattr: P96 7.2.1.1
-
- `' tcsetpgrp: P 7.2.4.1
-
- `' Language-Specific Services for the C Programming Language
- (Section 8)
- `' abort: C 4.10.4.1, P 8.2.3.12
-
- `' asctime_r: P96 8.3.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' ctime_r: P96 8.3.5.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' exit: C 4.10.4.3, P 8.2.3.12
-
- `' fclose: C 4.9.5.1, P 8.2.3.2
-
- `' fdopen: P 8.2.2.1
-
- `' fflush: C 4.9.5.2, P 8.2.3.4
-
- `' fgetc: C 4.9.7.1, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' fgets: C 4.9.7.2, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' fileno: P 8.2.1.1
-
- `' flockfile: P96 8.2.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' fopen: C 4.9.5.3, P 8.2.3.1
-
- `' fprintf: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' fputc: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' fputs: C 4.9.7.4, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' fread: C 4.9.8.1, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' freopen: C 4.9.5.4, P 8.2.3.3
-
- `' fscanf: C 4.9.6.2, P 8.2.3.7
-
- `' fseek: C 4.9.9.2, P 8.2.3.7
-
- `' ftell: C 4.9.9.4, P 8.2.3.10
-
- `' ftrylockfile: P96 8.2.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' funlockfile: P96 8.2.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' fwrite: C 4.9.8.2, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' getc: C 4.9.7.5, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' getc_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' getchar: C 4.9.7.6, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' getchar_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' gets: C 4.9.7.7, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' gmtime_r: P96 8.3.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' localtime_r: P96 8.3.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' perror: C 4.9.10.4, P 8.2.3.8
-
- `' printf: C 4.9.6.3, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' putc: C 4.9.7.8, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' putc_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' putchar: C 4.9.7.9, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' putchar_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' puts: C 4.9.7.10, P 8.2.3.6
-
- `' rand_r: P96 8.3.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' remove: C 4.9.4.1, P 8.2.4
-
- `' rewind: C 4.9.9.5, P 8.2.3.7
-
- `' scanf: C 4.9.6.4, P 8.2.3.5
-
- `' setlocale: C 4.4.1.1, P 8.1.2.1
-
- `' siglongjmp: P 8.3.1.1
-
- `' sigsetjmp: P 8.3.1.1
-
- `' strtok_r: P96 8.3.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' tmpfile: C 4.9.4.3, P 8.2.3.9
-
- `' tmpnam: C 4.9.4.4, P 8.2.5
-
- `' tzset: P 8.3.2.1
-
- `' System Databases (Section 9)
- `' getgrgid: P 9.2.1.1
-
- `' getgrgid_r: P96 9.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' getgrnam: P 9.2.1.1
-
- `' getgrnam_r: P96 9.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' getpwnam: P 9.2.2.1
-
- `' getpwnam_r: P96 9.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' getpwuid: P 9.2.2.1
-
- `' getpwuid_r: P96 9.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Synchronization (Section 11)
- `' pthread_cond_broadcast: P96 11.4.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_cond_destroy: P96 11.4.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_cond_init: P96 11.4.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_cond_signal: P96 11.4.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_cond_timedwait: P96 11.4.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_cond_wait: P96 11.4.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_condattr_destroy: P96 11.4.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_condattr_getpshared: P96 11.4.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_condattr_init: P96 11.4.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_condattr_setpshared: P96 11.4.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutex_destroy: P96 11.3.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutex_init: P96 11.3.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutex_lock: P96 11.3.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutex_trylock: P96 11.3.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutex_unlock: P96 11.3.3.1 - unimplemente
-
- `' sem_close: P96 11.2.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_destroy: P96 11.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_getvalue: P96 11.2.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_init: P96 11.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_open: P96 11.2.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_post: P96 11.2.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_trywait: P96 11.2.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_unlink: P96 11.2.5.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sem_wait: P96 11.2.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Memory Management (Section 12)
- `' mlock: P96 12.1.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mlockall: P96 12.1.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mmap: P96 12.2.1.1
-
- `' mprotect: P96 12.2.3.1
-
- `' msync: P96 12.2.4.1
-
- `' munlock: P96 12.1.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' munlockall: P96 12.1.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' munmap: P96 12.2.2.1
-
- `' shm_open: P96 12.3.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' shm_unlink: P96 12.3.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Execution Scheduling (Section 13)
- `' pthread_attr_getinheritsched: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_getschedparam: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_getschedpolicy: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_getscope: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_setinheritsched: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_setschedparam: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_setschedpolicy: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_setscope: P96 13.5.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_getschedparam: P96 13.5.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutex_getprioceiling: P96 13.6.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutex_setprioceiling: P96 13.6.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling: P96 13.6.1.1 -
- unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol: P96 13.6.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling: P96 13.6.1.1 -
- unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol: P96 13.6.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_setschedparam: P96 13.5.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_get_priority_max: P96 13.3.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_get_priority_min: P96 13.3.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_getparam: P96 13.3.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_getscheduler: P96 13.3.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_rr_get_interval: P96 13.3.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_setparam: P96 13.3.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_setscheduler: P96 13.3.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' sched_yield: P96 13.3.5.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Clocks and Timers (Section 14)
- `' clock_getres: P96 14.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' clock_gettime: P96 14.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' clock_settime: P96 14.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' nanosleep: P96 14.2.5.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' timer_create: P96 14.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' timer_delete: P96 14.2.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' timer_getoverrun: P96 14.2.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' timer_gettime: P96 14.2.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' timer_settime: P96 14.2.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Message Passing (Section 15)
- `' mq_close: P96 15.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mq_getattr: P96 15.2.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mq_notify: P96 15.2.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mq_open: P96 15.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mq_receive: P96 15.2.5.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mq_send: P96 15.2.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mq_setattr: P96 15.2.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' mq_unlink: P96 15.2.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Thread Management (Section 16)
- `' pthread_attr_destroy: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_getdetachstate: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_getstackaddr: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_getstacksize: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_init: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_setdetachstate: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_setstackaddr: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_attr_setstacksize: P96 16.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_create: P96 16.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_detach: P96 16.2.4.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_equal: P96 16.2.7.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_exit: P96 16.2.5.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_join: P96 16.2.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_once: P96 16.2.8.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_self: P96 16.2.6.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Thread-Specific Data (Section 17)
- `' pthread_getspecific: P96 17.1.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_key_create: P96 17.1.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_key_delete: P96 17.1.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_setspecific: P96 17.1.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' Thread Cancellation (Section 18)
- `' pthread_cancel: P96 18.2.1.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_cleanup_pop: P96 18.2.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_cleanup_push: P96 18.2.3.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_setcancelstate: P96 18.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_setcanceltype: P96 18.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- `' pthread_testcancel: P96 18.2.2.1 - unimplemented
-
- Misc Functions
- ==============
-
- `' Networking (net.cc) (standardized by POSIX 1.g, which is probably
- still in draft?)
- `' accept
-
- `' bind
-
- `' connect
-
- `' getdomainname
-
- `' gethostbyaddr
-
- `' gethostbyname
-
- `' getpeername
-
- `' getprotobyname
-
- `' getprotobynumber
-
- `' getservbyname
-
- `' getservbyport
-
- `' getsockname
-
- `' getsockopt
-
- `' herror
-
- `' htonl
-
- `' htons
-
- `' inet_addr
-
- `' inet_makeaddr
-
- `' inet_netof
-
- `' inet_ntoa
-
- `' listen
-
- `' ntohl
-
- `' ntohs
-
- `' rcmd
-
- `' recv
-
- `' recvfrom
-
- `' rexec
-
- `' rresvport
-
- `' send
-
- `' sendto
-
- `' setsockopt
-
- `' shutdown
-
- `' socket
-
- `' socketpair
-
- Of these networking calls, rexec, rcmd and rresvport are
- implemented in MS IP stack but may not be implemented in other
- vendors' stacks.
-
- `' Other
- `' chroot (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns -1)
-
- `' closelog
-
- `' cwait
-
- `' cygwin_conv_to_full_posix_path
-
- `' cygwin_conv_to_full_win32_path
-
- `' cygwin_conv_to_posix_path
-
- `' cygwin_conv_to_win32_path
-
- `' cygwin_posix_path_list_p
-
- `' cygwin_posix_to_win32_path_list
-
- `' cygwin_posix_to_win32_path_list_buf_size
-
- `' cygwin_split_path
-
- `' cygwin_win32_to_posix_path_list
-
- `' cygwin_win32_to_posix_path_list_buf_size
-
- `' cygwin_winpid_to_pid
-
- `' dlclose
-
- `' dlerror
-
- `' dlfork
-
- `' dlopen
-
- `' dlsym
-
- `' endgrent
-
- `' endhostent
-
- `' ffs
-
- `' fstatfs
-
- `' ftime
-
- `' get_osfhandle
-
- `' getdtablesize
-
- `' getgrent
-
- `' gethostname
-
- `' getitimer
-
- `' getmntent
-
- `' getpagesize
-
- `' getpgid
-
- `' getpwent
-
- `' gettimeofday: BSD
-
- `' grantpt
-
- `' initgroups (stub)
-
- `' ioctl
-
- `' killpg
-
- `' login
-
- `' logout
-
- `' lstat
-
- `' mknod (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns -1)
-
- `' memccpy
-
- `' nice
-
- `' openlog
-
- `' pclose
-
- `' popen
-
- `' ptsname
-
- `' putenv
-
- `' random
-
- `' readv
-
- `' realpath
-
- `' regfree
-
- `' rexec
-
- `' select
-
- `' setegid: SVR4 (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)
-
- `' endpwent
-
- `' setenv
-
- `' seterrno
-
- `' seteuid (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)
-
- `' sethostent
-
- `' setitimer
-
- `' setmntent
-
- `' setmode
-
- `' setpassent
-
- `' setpgrp
-
- `' setpwent
-
- `' settimeofday: BSD (stub, set ENOSYS, return -1)
-
- `' sexecl
-
- `' sexecle
-
- `' sexeclp
-
- `' sexeclpe
-
- `' sexeclpe
-
- `' sexecp
-
- `' sexecv
-
- `' sexecve
-
- `' sexecvpe
-
- `' sigpause
-
- `' spawnl (spawn calls are from Windows C library)
-
- `' spawnle
-
- `' spawnlp
-
- `' spawnlpe
-
- `' spawnv
-
- `' spawnve
-
- `' spawnvp
-
- `' spawnvpe
-
- `' srandom
-
- `' statfs
-
- `' strsignal
-
- `' strtosigno
-
- `' swab
-
- `' syslog
-
- `' timezone
-
- `' truncate (SVR4/4.3+BSD)
-
- `' ttyslot
-
- `' unlockpt
-
- `' unsetenv
-
- `' usleep
-
- `' utimes
-
- `' vfork: stub that calls fork
-
- `' vhangup (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns -1)
-
- `' wait3
-
- `' wait4
-
- `' wcscmp
-
- `' wcslen
-
- `' wprintf
-
- `' writev
-
- Question and Answers
- ********************
-
- Where can I get more information?
- =================================
-
- Where's the documentation?
- --------------------------
-
- There are links to quite a lot of it on the main Cygwin project WWW
- page: `http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/' Be sure to at least read
- the Release Notes on the main WWW page, if there are any.
-
- Tool-specific documentation is available at:
- `http://www.cygnus.com/pubs/gnupro/'
-
- How can I join the Cygwin mailing list?
- ---------------------------------------
-
- Send email to
-
- gnu-win32-request@cygnus.com
-
- with a message body of:
-
- subscribe gnu-win32 <your-email-address-here>
-
- where <your-email-address-here> is your email address.
-
- You can get off the mailing list by sending mail to
-
- gnu-win32-request@cygnus.com
-
- with a message body of:
-
- unsubscribe gnu-win32 <your-email-address-here>
-
- Note that because mail sometimes takes a day or two to get delivered
- to the list, there is often a lag of a day or two before you stop
- receiving messages after an unsubscribe request is made.
-
- There's an archive of the mailing list in
-
- `http://www.cygnus.com/ml/gnu-win32/'
-
- Why won't you/the mailing list answer my questions?
- ---------------------------------------------------
-
- Perhaps your question has an answer that's already in the FAQ.
- Perhaps nobody has time to answer your question. Perhaps nobody knows
- the answer...
-
- Installation and Setup
- ======================
-
- Why is the install of the tools failing?
- ----------------------------------------
-
- If you are getting an error message saying "The decompression of %s
- failed. There may not be enough free disk space in the TEMP
- directory.", read on.
-
- InstallShield has a bug where it fails with this message if there
- are more than a certain number of files in your TEMP directory. You
- can also get this message if you have files in your TEMP dir named the
- same thing InstallShield wishes to name its files (probably from past
- runs of other InstallShield install scripts) which it cannot, for some
- reason, write over. Perhaps this will be fixed in a future release of
- InstallShield.
-
- Until then, clearing out your TEMP directory entirely should do it.
- That will get rid of any files with conflicting names and solve the
- "too many files" problem as well.
-
- Help! I haven't created /tmp and tools are behaving strangely!
- --------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Many Unix tools (bash, byacc, etc.) expect that /tmp always exists.
- This is not guaranteed in Win32 land. You should create /tmp or "mount"
- the directory of your choice to /tmp to avoid this problem.
-
- Why does bash spew out "49054596: No such file or directory"?
- -------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Are you sure you created a /tmp? The bash shell will print a
- warning if it doesn't find a /tmp directory.
-
- How do I set /etc up?
- ---------------------
-
- If you want a valid /etc set up (so "ls -l" will display correct
- user information for example) and if you are running NT (preferably
- with an NTFS file system), you should just need to create the /etc
- directory on the filesystem mounted as / and then use mkpasswd and
- mkgroup to create /etc/passwd and /etc/group respectively. Since
- Windows 95/98's Win32 API is less complete, you're out of luck if
- you're running Windows 95/98.
-
- Bash says that it can't vfork (or just hangs). Why?
- ----------------------------------------------------
-
- Most often this is because it can't find itself in the path. Make
- sure that your path includes the directory where bash lives, before you
- start it.
-
- Also make sure you have a valid `/bin/sh.exe'. If you get errors
- like 'no such file or directory' when you're trying to run a shell
- script, which you know is there, then your problem is probably that bash
- can't find `/bin/sh'.
-
- How can I get bash to read my .bashrc file on startup?
- ------------------------------------------------------
-
- Your .bashrc is read from your home directory specified by the HOME
- environment variable. It uses c:\ if HOME is not set. So you need to
- set HOME correctly, or move your .bashrc to c:\.
-
- Can I use paths/filenames containing spaces in them?
- ----------------------------------------------------
-
- Cygwin does support spaces in filenames and paths. That said, some
- utilities that use the library may not, since files don't typically
- contain spaces in Unix. If you stumble into problems with this, you
- will need to either fix the utilities or stop using spaces in filenames
- used by Cygwin tools.
-
- Why can't I cd into a shortcut to a directory?
- ----------------------------------------------
-
- Cygwin does not follow MS Windows Explorer Shortcuts (*.lnk files)
- yet. It sees a shortcut as a regular file and this you cannot "cd"
- into it.
-
- Some people have suggested replacing the current symbolic link scheme
- with shortcuts. The major problem with this is that .LNK files would
- then be used to symlink Cygwin paths that may or may not be valid under
- native Win32 non-Cygwin applications such as Explorer.
-
- I'm having basic problems with find. Why?
- ------------------------------------------
-
- Make sure you are using the find that came with the Cygwin tools and
- that you aren't picking up the Win32 find command instead. You can
- verify that you are getting the right one by doing a "type find" in
- bash.
-
- Using Cygwin Releases
- =====================
-
- Why aren't man, groff, etc. included in the betas?
- --------------------------------------------------
-
- For obvious reasons, it isn't feasible for us to maintain and provide
- binary distributions of every tool ported to work with the Cygwin
- tools. Instead I think Cygnus should concentrate its efforts on the
- Cygwin library and the core development tools. It's likely that a man
- command will get added once we get it working to our satisfaction.
-
- Other tools that have been ported should have their changes added to
- the official releases so they can be compiled straight from normal
- sources for that tool. In cases where that isn't possible, someone
- else (possibly Cygnus if that made sense) could maintain the diffs and
- have them up for ftp. Maybe we could keep a list of such tools on the
- Cygwin Web site...
-
- Where can I find "less"?
- ------------------------
-
- The less pager binary is available for the first time in the 20.1
- release. You will get it if you upgrade. It is also available from
- various ftp locations on the Net. Search the mailing list archives for
- the details.
-
- Where can I find "more"?
- ------------------------
-
- If you are looking for the "more" pager, you should use the "less"
- pager instead. See the last question and answer for more information.
-
- Where can I find "which"?
- -------------------------
-
- While we don't include a which command, you can use the bash built
- in "type" command which does something fairly similar.
-
- How can I access other drives?
- ------------------------------
-
- The best way is to use the "mount" command to mount the drive letter
- so that you can refer to it with only single slashes:
-
- bash$ mkdir /c
- bash$ mount c:/ /c
- bash$ ls /c
- ....
-
- This is done with textual substitution whenever a file is opened.
- So if you're going to do `ls /c/bar' on a mount like the above the guts
- will turn that into `ls c:/bar'.
-
- Note that you only need to mount drives once. The mapping is kept
- in the registry so mounts stay valid pretty much indefinitely. You can
- only get rid of them with umount (or the registry editor).
-
- The '-b' option to mount mounts the mountpoint in binary mode where
- text and binary files are treated equivalently. This should only be
- necessary for badly ported Unix programs where binary flags are missing
- from open calls.
-
- Since the beta 16 release, we also support a special means of
- accessing other drive letters without using the `mount' command. This
- support may disappear in a future Cygwin release because of the
- collision between this scheme and UNC pathname support (one character
- machine names don't work currently).
-
- To do an "ls" on drive letter f:, do the following:
-
- bash$ ls //f/
-
- Note that you can also access UNC paths in the standard way.
- Because of the drive letter shortcut mentioned above, machine names in
- UNC paths must be more than one character long.
-
- What does "mount failed: Device or resource busy" mean?
- -------------------------------------------------------
-
- This usually means that you are trying to mount to a location
- already in use by mount. For example, if c: is mounted as '/' and you
- try to mount d: there as well, you will get this error message. First
- "umount" the old location, then "mount" the new one and you should have
- better luck.
-
- If you are trying to umount '/' and are getting this message, you may
- need to run `regedit.exe' and change the "native" key for the '/' mount
- in one of the mount points kept under HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Cygnus
- Solutions/CYGWIN.DLL setup/<version> where <version> is the latest
- registry version associated with the Cygwin library.
-
- How can I share files between Unix and Windows?
- -----------------------------------------------
-
- During development, we have both Unix boxes running Samba and
- NT/Windows 95/98 machines. We often build with cross-compilers under
- Unix and copy binaries and source to the Windows system or just toy
- with them directly off the Samba-mounted partition. On dual-boot
- NT/Windows 9x machines, we usually use the FAT filesystem so we can
- also access the files under Windows 9x.
-
- Are mixed-case filenames possible with Cygwin?
- ----------------------------------------------
-
- Several Unix programs expect to be able to use to filenames spelled
- the same way, but with different case. A prime example of this is
- perl's configuration script, which wants `Makefile' and `makefile'.
- WIN32 can't tell the difference between files with just different case,
- so the configuration fails.
-
- In releases prior to beta 16, mount had a special mixed case option
- which renamed files in such a way as to allow mixed case filenames. We
- chose to remove the support when we rewrote the path handling code for
- beta 16.
-
- What about DOS special filenames?
- ---------------------------------
-
- Files cannot be named com1, lpt1, or aux (to name a few); either as
- the root filename or as the extension part. If you do, you'll have
- trouble. Unix programs don't avoid these names which can make things
- interesting. E.g., the perl distribution has a file called `aux.sh'.
- The perl configuration tries to make sure that `aux.sh' is there, but
- an operation on a file with the magic letters 'aux' in it will hang.
-
- When it hangs, how do I get it back?
- ------------------------------------
-
- If something goes wrong and the tools hang on you for some reason
- (easy to do if you try and read a file called aux.sh), first try
- hitting ^C to return to bash or the cmd prompt.
-
- If you start up another shell, and applications don't run, it's a
- good bet that the hung process is still running somewhere. Use the Task
- Manager, pview, or a similar utility to kill the process.
-
- And, if all else fails, there's always the reset button/power switch.
- This should never be necessary under Windows NT.
-
- Why the weird directory structure?
- ----------------------------------
-
- Why are cpp.exe, cc1.exe, etc., not in the bin directory?
-
- Why more than one lib and include directory?
-
- H-i586-cygwin32\lib\gcc-lib\...\egcs-2.91.57\include
- x86-cygwin32\include
- x86-cygwin32\H-i586-cygwin32\i586-cygwin32\include
-
- This way multiple releases for different hosts and targets can all
- coexist in the same tree. H-i586-cygwin32 means hosted on
- i586-cygwin32, common files shared by all hosts are in the top level
- directories, target-specific files are in the
- H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32 directory, etc...
-
- If you had a server sharing files to a ppc NT machine and an x86 NT
- machine, you could have both an H-i586-cygwin32 and an
- H-powerpcle-cygwin32 directory without having to duplicate the top level
- files that are the same for both hosts. If you built and installed an
- i586-cygwin32 x mips-elf cross-compiler, you would have an
- H-i586-cygwin32/mips-elf with its target-specific files and some
- mips-elf- prefixed binaries in H-i586-cygwin32/bin.
-
- Normally we also have another higher level directory that identifies
- the release. Then multiple Cygwin releases can coexist with different
- dll versions, giving:
-
- cygnus/b19/H-i586-cygwin32
- cygnus/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32
- ...
-
- In any case, this does add complexity to the directory structure but
- it's worth it for people with more complex installations.
-
- How do anti-virus programs like Cygwin?
- ---------------------------------------
-
- One person reported that McAfee VirusScan for NT (and others?) is
- incompatible with Cygwin. This is because it tries to scan the newly
- loaded shared memory in the cygwin.dll, which can cause fork()s to
- fail, wreaking havoc on many of the tools.
-
- Why can't I run bash as a shell under NT Emacs?
- -----------------------------------------------
-
- Place the following code in your startup file and try again:
-
- (load "comint")
- (fset 'original-comint-exec-1 (symbol-function 'comint-exec-1))
- (defun comint-exec-1 (name buffer command switches)
- (let ((binary-process-input t)
- (binary-process-output nil))
- (original-comint-exec-1 name buffer command switches)))
-
- Where did the man/info pages go?
- --------------------------------
-
- In order to save space and download times, we have stopped providing
- the man/info files for the tools with the binary install since we are
- not yet providing a man page or info reader. Both types of
- documentation are available in a tar file available from the project ftp
- site. Or consult the online documentation over the WWW.
-
- Why can't B20's "cygcheck -s" find cpp?
- ---------------------------------------
-
- This is a confusingly worded warning that will be reworded in future
- versions. In fact, cygcheck should normally *not* find cpp; if it does,
- it may be a problem (e.g. it might pick up Borland's cpp, which would
- cause problems).
-
- Why do I get a message saying Out of Queue slots?
- -------------------------------------------------
-
- "Out of queue slots!" generally occurs when you're trying to remove
- many files that you do not have permission to remove (either because
- you don't have permission, they are opened exclusively, etc). What
- happens is Cygwin queues up these files with the supposition that it
- will be possible to delete these files in the future. Assuming that
- the permission of an affected file does change later on, the file will
- be deleted as requested. However, if too many requests come in to
- delete inaccessible files, the queue overflows and you get the message
- you're asking about. Usually you can remedy this with a quick chmod,
- close of a file, or other such thing. (Thanks to Larry Hall for this
- explanation).
-
- Why don't symlinks work on samba-mounted filesystems?
- -----------------------------------------------------
-
- Symlinks are marked with "system" file attribute. Samba does not
- support this attribute.
-
- Why does df report sizes incorrectly.
- -------------------------------------
-
- There is a bug in the Win32 API function GetFreeDiskSpace that makes
- it return incorrect values for disks larger than 2 GB in size. Perhaps
- that may be your problem?
-
- Has the screen program been ported yet?
- ---------------------------------------
-
- Screen requires either unix domain sockets or fifoes. Neither of
- them have been implemented in Cygwin yet.
-
- Cygwin API Questions
- ====================
-
- How does everything work?
- -------------------------
-
- There's a C library which provides a Unix-style API. The
- applications are linked with it and voila - they run on Windows.
-
- The aim is to add all the goop necessary to make your apps run on
- Windows into the C library. Then your apps should run on Unix and
- Windows with no changes at the source level.
-
- The C library is in a DLL, which makes basic applications quite
- small. And it allows relatively easy upgrades to the Win32/Unix
- translation layer, providing that dll changes stay backward-compatible.
-
- For a good overview of Cygwin, you may want to read the paper on
- Cygwin published by the Usenix Association in conjunction with the 2d
- Usenix NT Symposium in August 1998. It is available in html format on
- the project WWW site.
-
- Are development snapshots for the Cygwin library available?
- -----------------------------------------------------------
-
- Yes. They're made whenever anything interesting happens inside the
- Cygwin library (usually roughly on a weekly basis, depending on how much
- is going on). They are only intended for those people who wish to
- contribute code to the project. If you aren't going to be happy
- debugging problems in a buggy snapshot, avoid these and wait for a real
- release. The snapshots are available from ftp.cygnus.com in
- /pub/noer/winsup-snapshot/.
-
- How is the DOS/Unix CR/LF thing handled?
- ----------------------------------------
-
- Let's start with some background.
-
- In UNIX, a file is a file and what the file contains is whatever the
- program/programmer/user told it to put into it. In Windows, a file is
- also a file and what the file contains depends not only on the
- program/programmer/user but also the file processing mode.
-
- When processing in text mode, certain values of data are treated
- specially. A \n (new line) written to the file will prepend a \r
- (carriage return) so that if you `printf("Hello\n") you in fact get
- "Hello\r\n". Upon reading this combination, the \r is removed and the
- number of bytes returned by the read is 1 less than was actually read.
- This tends to confuse programs dependant on ftell() and fseek(). A
- Ctrl-Z encountered while reading a file sets the End Of File flags even
- though it truly isn't the end of file.
-
- One of Cygwin's goals is to make it possible to easily mix
- Cygwin-ported Unix programs with generic Windows programs. As a
- result, Cygwin opens files in text mode as is normal under Windows. In
- the accompanying tools, tools that deal with binaries (e.g. objdump)
- operate in unix binary mode and tools that deal with text files (e.g.
- bash) operate in text mode.
-
- Some people push the notion of globally setting the default
- processing mode to binary via mount point options or by setting the
- CYGWIN32 environment variable. But that creates a different problem.
- In binary mode, the program receives all of the data in the file,
- including a \r. Since the programs will no longer deal with these
- properly for you, you would have to remove the \r from the relevant
- text files, especially scripts and startup resource files. This is a
- porter "cop out", forcing the user to deal with the \r for the porter.
-
- It is rather easy for the porter to fix the source code by supplying
- the appropriate file processing mode switches to the open/fopen
- functions. Treat all text files as text and treat all binary files as
- binary. To be specific, you can select binary mode by adding
- `O_BINARY' to the second argument of an `open' call, or `"b"' to second
- argument of an `fopen' call. You can also call `setmode (fd,
- O_BINARY)'.
-
- Note that because the open/fopen switches are defined by ANSI, they
- exist under most flavors of Unix; open/fopen will just ignore the switch
- since they have no meaning to UNIX.
-
- Also note that `lseek' only works in binary mode.
-
- Explanation adapted from mailing list email by Earnie Boyd
- <earnie_boyd@yahoo.com>.
-
- Is the Cygwin library multi-thread-safe?
- ----------------------------------------
-
- Not yet but it soon will be.
-
- Cygwin is not multi-thread-safe because:
-
- 1) Newlib (out libc/libm) isn't reentrant (although it almost is).
- This would have to be fixed or we would have to switch to a libc/libm
- that is reentrant.
-
- 2) Cygwin locks shared memory areas (shared by multiple processes),
- but the per-process data is not locked. Thus, different threads in a
- multi-threaded application would have access to it and give rise to
- nasty race-conditions.
-
- The Mingw package (what you get when you invoke gcc with
- -mno-cygwin) is multi-thread-safe because that configuration doesn't
- use Cygwin or newlib. Instead, it uses Microsoft libraries which are
- multi-thread-safe for the most part. So as long as the programmer
- avoids Microsoft APIs that aren't multi-thread-safe (most are ok), they
- should be fine.
-
- Why is some functionality only supported in Windows NT?
- -------------------------------------------------------
-
- Windows 9x: n. 32 bit extensions and a graphical shell for a 16 bit
- patch to an 8 bit operating system originally coded for a 4 bit
- microprocessor, written by a 2 bit company that can't stand 1 bit of
- competition.
-
- But seriously, Windows 9x lacks most of the security-related calls
- and has several other deficiencies with respect to its version of the
- Win32 API. See the calls.texinfo document for more information as to
- what is not supported in Win 9x.
-
- How is fork() implemented?
- --------------------------
-
- Cygwin fork() essentially works like a non-copy on write version of
- fork() (like old Unix versions used to do). Because of this it can be
- a little slow. In most cases, you are better off using the spawn
- family of calls if possible.
-
- Here's how fork works as of beta 18:
-
- Parent initializes a space in the Cygwin process table for child.
- Parent creates child suspended using Win32 CreateProcess call, giving
- the same path it was invoked with itself. Parent calls setjmp to save
- its own context and then sets a pointer to this in the Cygwin shared
- memory area (shared among all Cygwin tasks). Parent fills in the
- childs .data and .bss subsections by copying from its own address space
- into the suspended child's address space. Parent then starts the
- child. Parent waits on mutex for child to get to safe point. Child
- starts and discovers if has been forked and then longjumps using the
- saved jump buffer. Child sets mutex parent is waiting on and then
- blocks on another mutex waiting for parent to fill in its stack and
- heap. Parent notices child is in safe area, copies stack and heap from
- itself into child, releases the mutex the child is waiting on and
- returns from the fork call. Child wakes from blocking on mutex,
- recreates any mmapped areas passed to it via shared area and then
- returns from fork itself.
-
- How does wildcarding (globbing) work?
- -------------------------------------
-
- If an application using CYGWIN.DLL starts up, and can't find the
- `PID' environment variable, it assumes that it has been started from
- the a DOS style command prompt. This is pretty safe, since the rest of
- the tools (including bash) set PID so that a new process knows what PID
- it has when it starts up.
-
- If the DLL thinks it has come from a DOS style prompt, it runs a
- `globber' over the arguments provided on the command line. This means
- that if you type `LS *.EXE' from DOS, it will do what you might expect.
-
- Beware: globbing uses `malloc'. If your application defines
- `malloc', that will get used. This may do horrible things to you.
-
- How do symbolic links work?
- ---------------------------
-
- CYGWIN.DLL generates link files with a magic header. When you open
- a file or directory that is a link to somewhere else, it opens the file
- or directory listed in the magic header. Because we don't want to have
- to open every referenced file to check symlink status, Cygwin marks
- symlinks with the system attribute. Files without the system attribute
- are not checked. Because remote samba filesystems do not support the
- system attribute, symlinks do not work on network drives.
-
- Why do some files, which are not executables have the 'x' type.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
-
- When working out the unix-style attribute bits on a file, the library
- has to fill out some information not provided by the WIN32 API.
-
- It guesses that files ending in .exe and .bat are executable, as are
- ones which have a "#!" as their first characters.
-
- How secure is Cygwin in a multi-user environment?
- -------------------------------------------------
-
- Cygwin is not secure in a multi-user environment. For example if
- you have a long running daemon such as "inetd" running as admin while
- ordinary users are logged in, or if you have a user logged in remotely
- while another user is logged into the console, one cygwin client can
- trick another into running code for it. In this way one user may gain
- the priveledge of another cygwin program running on the machine. This
- is because cygwin has shared state that is accessible by all processes.
-
- (Thanks to Tim Newsham (newsham@lava.net) for this explanation).
-
- How do the net-related functions work?
- --------------------------------------
-
- The network support in Cygwin is supposed to provide the Unix API,
- not the Winsock API.
-
- There are differences between the semantics of functions with the
- same name under the API.
-
- E.g., the select system call on Unix can wait on a standard file
- handles and handles to sockets. The select call in winsock can only
- wait on sockets. Because of this, cygwin.dll does a lot of nasty stuff
- behind the scenes, trying to persuade various winsock/win32 functions
- to do what a Unix select would do.
-
- If you are porting an application which already uses Winsock, then
- using the net support in Cygwin is wrong.
-
- But you can still use native Winsock, and use Cygwin. The functions
- which cygwin.dll exports are called 'cygwin_<name>'. There are a load
- of defines which map the standard Unix names to the names exported by
- the dll - check out include/netdb.h:
-
- ..etc..
- void cygwin_setprotoent (int);
- void cygwin_setservent (int);
- void cygwin_setrpcent (int);
- ..etc..
- #ifndef __INSIDE_CYGWIN_NET__
- #define endprotoent cygwin_endprotoent
- #define endservent cygwin_endservent
- #define endrpcent cygwin_endrpcent
- ..etc..
-
- The idea is that you'll get the Unix->Cygwin mapping if you include
- the standard Unix header files. If you use this, you won't need to
- link with libwinsock.a - all the net stuff is inside the dll.
-
- The mywinsock.h file is a standard winsock.h which has been hacked to
- remove the bits which conflict with the standard Unix API, or are
- defined in other headers. E.g., in mywinsock.h, the definition of
- struct hostent is removed. This is because on a Unix box, it lives in
- netdb. It isn't a good idea to use it in your applications.
-
- As of the b19 release, this information may be slightly out of date.
-
- I don't want Unix sockets, how do I use normal Win32 winsock?
- -------------------------------------------------------------
-
- To use the vanilla Win32 winsock, you just need to #define
- Win32_Winsock and #include "windows.h" at the top of your source
- file(s). You'll also want to add -lwsock32 to the compiler's command
- line so you link against libwsock32.a.
-
- What version numbers are associated with Cygwin?
- ------------------------------------------------
-
- There is a cygwin.dll major version number that gets incremented
- every time we make a new Cygwin release available. This corresponds to
- the name of the release (e.g. beta 19's major number is "19"). There
- is also a cygwin.dll minor version number. If we release an update of
- the library for an existing release, the minor number would be
- incremented.
-
- There are also Cygwin API major and minor numbers. The major number
- tracks important non-backward-compatible interface changes to the API.
- An executable linked with an earlier major number will not be compatible
- with the latest DLL. The minor number tracks significant API additions
- or changes that will not break older executables but may be required by
- newly compiled ones.
-
- Then there is a shared memory region compatibity version number. It
- is incremented when incompatible changes are made to the shared memory
- region or to any named shared mutexes, semaphores, etc.
-
- Finally there is a mount point registry version number which keeps
- track of non-backwards-compatible changes to the registry mount table
- layout. This has been "B15.0" since the beta 15 release.
-
- Why isn't _timezone set correctly?
- ----------------------------------
-
- Did you explicitly call tzset() before checking the value of
- _timezone? If not, you must do so.
-
- Programming Questions
- =====================
-
- Why is gcc failing?
- -------------------
-
- If the error is "gcc: installation problem, cannot exec `cpp': No
- such file or directory", the GCC_EXEC_PREFIX environment variable
- hasn't been set correctly. The current release does not need
- GCC_EXEC_PREFIX set - it should be able to find cpp regardless of the
- install location. But if you have it set incorrectly, you may still
- see this message.
-
- Why can't bison find bison.simple or bison.hairy?
- -------------------------------------------------
-
- If you are getting a warning to this effect, you need to set the
- BISONLIB environment variable. The value should be the directory in
- which bison.simple and bison.hairy are installed. This will be the
- path leading up to and including the `share' directory of the top-level
- of the binary distributions. For example, on some systems, you would
- want to set it to `C:/cygnus/cygwin-b20/share'.
-
- Why is make behaving badly?
- ---------------------------
-
- Starting with the beta 19 release, make defaults to a win32 mode in
- which backslashes in filenames are permitted and cmd.exe/command.com is
- used as the sub-shell. In this mode, escape characters aren't allowed
- among other restrictions. For this reason, you must set the
- environment variable MAKE_MODE to UNIX to run make on ordinary Unix
- Makefiles. Here is the full scoop:
-
- MAKE_MODE selects between native Win32 make mode (the default) and a
- Unix mode where it behaves like a Unix make. The Unix mode does allow
- specifying Win32-style paths but only containing forward slashes as the
- path separator. The path list separator character is a colon in Unix
- mode.
-
- Win32 mode expects path separators to be either / or \. Thus no
- Unix-style \s as escape are allowed. Win32 mode also uses
- cmd.exe/command.com as the subshell which means "copy" and "del" (and
- other shell builtins) will work. The path list separator character is
- semi-colon in Win32 mode. People who want an nmake-like make might
- want to use this mode but no one should expect Unix Makefiles to
- compile in this mode. That is why the default b19 install sets
- MAKE_MODE to UNIX.
-
- Why the undefined reference to "WinMain@16"?
- --------------------------------------------
-
- Try adding an empty main() function to one of your sources.
-
- How do I use Win32 API calls?
- -----------------------------
-
- It's pretty simple actually. Cygwin tools require that you
- explicitly link the import libraries for whatever Win32 API functions
- that you are going to use, with the exception of kernel32, which is
- linked automatically (because the startup and/or built-in code uses it).
-
- For example, to use graphics functions (GDI) you must link with
- gdi32 like this:
-
- gcc -o foo.exe foo.o bar.o -lgdi32
-
- or (compiling and linking in one step):
-
- gcc -o foo.exe foo.c bar.c -lgdi32
-
- The following libraries are available for use in this way:
-
- advapi32 largeint ole32 scrnsave vfw32 cap lz32
- oleaut32 shell32 win32spl comctl32 mapi32 oledlg snmp
- winmm comdlg32 mfcuia32 olepro32 svrapi winserve ctl3d32
- mgmtapi opengl32 tapi32 winspool dlcapi mpr penwin32
- th32 winstrm gdi32 msacm32 pkpd32 thunk32 wow32 glaux
- nddeapi rasapi32 url wsock32 glu32 netapi32 rpcdce4
- user32 wst icmp odbc32 rpcndr uuid imm32 odbccp32
- rpcns4 vdmdbg kernel32 oldnames rpcrt4 version
-
- The regular setup allows you to use the option -mwindows on the
- command line to include a set of the basic libraries (and also make
- your program a GUI program instead of a console program), including
- user32, gdi32 and, IIRC, comdlg32.
-
- Note that you should never include -lkernel32 on your link line
- unless you are invoking ld directly. Do not include the same import
- library twice on your link line. Finally, it is a good idea to put
- import libraries last on your link line, or at least after all the
- object files and static libraries that reference them.
-
- The first two are related to problems the linker has (as of b18 at
- least) when import libraries are referenced twice. Tables get messed
- up and programs crash randomly. The last point has to do with the fact
- that gcc processes the files listed on the command line in sequence and
- will only resolve references to libraries if they are given after the
- file that makes the reference.
-
- How do I compile a Win32 executable that doesn't use Cygwin?
- ------------------------------------------------------------
-
- The -mno-cygwin flag to gcc makes gcc link against standard Microsoft
- DLLs instead of Cygwin. This is desirable for native Windows programs
- that don't need a UNIX emulation layer.
-
- How do I make the console window go away?
- -----------------------------------------
-
- The default during compilation is to produce a console application.
- It you are writing a GUI program, you should either compile with
- -mwindows as explained above, or add the string
- "-Wl,-subsystem,windows" to the GCC commandline.
-
- Why does make complain about a "missing separator"?
- ---------------------------------------------------
-
- This problem usually occurs as a result of someone editing a Makefile
- with a text editor that replaces tab characters with spaces. Command
- lines must start with tabs.
-
- Why can't we redistribute Microsoft's Win32 headers?
- ----------------------------------------------------
-
- Subsection 2.d.f of the `Microsoft Open Tools License agreement'
- looks like it says that can not "permit further redistribution of the
- Redistributables to their end users". We take this to mean that we can
- give them to you, but you can't give them to anyone else, which is
- something that Cygnus can't agree to. Fortunately, we have our own
- Win32 headers which are pretty complete.
-
- How do I link against .lib files?
- ---------------------------------
-
- 1. Build a C file with a function table. In that table you should
- put all functions you want to use. This is to force the linker to
- include all the object files from the .lib. Maybe there is an option to
- force LINK.EXE to include an object file. 2. Build a dummy 'LibMain'
- 3. Build a .def with all the exports you need 4. Link with your .lib
- using link.exe.
-
- or
-
- 1. Extract all the object files from the .lib using LIB.EXE 2. Build
- a dummy C file referencing all the functions you need. Either with a
- direct call or with an initialized function pointer. 3. Build a dummy
- LibMain 4. Link all the objects with this file+LibMain. 5. Write a
- .def. 6. Link.
-
- You can use these methods to use MSVC (and many other runtime libs)
- with Cygwin development tools.
-
- Note that this is a lot of work (half a day or so), but much less
- than rewriting the runtime library in question from specs...
-
- (thanks to Jacob Navia (root@jacob.remcomp.fr) for this explanation)
-
- How do I rebuild the tools on my NT box?
- ----------------------------------------
-
- Assuming that you have the src installed as /src, will build in the
- directory /obj, and want to install the tools in /install:
-
- bash
- cd /obj
- /src/configure --prefix=/install -v > configure.log 2>&1
- make > make.log 2>&1
- make install > install.log 2>&1
-
- How can I compile a powerpc NT toolchain?
- -----------------------------------------
-
- Unfortunately, this will be difficult. It hasn't been built for
- some time (late 1996) since Microsoft has dropped development of
- powerpc NT. Exception handling/signals support semantics/args have been
- changed for x86 and not updated for ppc so the ppc specific support
- would have to be rewritten. We don't know of any other
- incompatibilities. Please send us patches if you do this work!
-
- How can I compile an Alpha NT toolchain?
- ----------------------------------------
-
- We have not ported the tools to Alpha NT and do not have plans to do
- so at the present time. We would be happy to add support for Alpha NT
- if someone contributes the changes to us.
-
- How can I adjust the heap/stack size of an application?
- -------------------------------------------------------
-
- Pass heap/stack linker arguments to gcc. To create foo.exe with a
- heap size of 1024 and a stack size of 4096, you would invoke gcc as:
-
- `gcc -Wl,--heap,1024,--stack,4096 -o foo foo.c'
-
- How can I find out which dlls are needed by an executable?
- ----------------------------------------------------------
-
- objdump -p provides this information.
-
- How do I build a DLL?
- ---------------------
-
- There's documentation that explains the process on the main Cygwin
- project web page (http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/).
-
- How can I set a breakpoint at MainCRTStartup?
- ---------------------------------------------
-
- Set a breakpoint at *0x401000 in gdb and then run the program in
- question.
-
- How can I build a relocatable dll?
- ----------------------------------
-
- You must execute the following sequence of five commands, in this
- order:
-
- $(LD) -s --base-file BASEFILE --dll -o DLLNAME OBJS LIBS -e ENTRY
-
- $(DLLTOOL) --as=$(AS) --dllname DLLNAME --def DEFFILE \
- --base-file BASEFILE --output-exp EXPFILE
-
- $(LD) -s --base-file BASEFILE EXPFILE -dll -o DLLNAME OBJS LIBS -e ENTRY
-
- $(DLLTOOL) --as=$(AS) --dllname DLLNAME --def DEFFILE \
- --base-file BASEFILE --output-exp EXPFILE
-
- $(LD) EXPFILE --dll -o DLLNAME OBJS LIBS -e ENTRY
-
- In this example, $(LD) is the linker, ld.
-
- $(DLLTOOL) is dlltool.
-
- $(AS) is the assembler, as.
-
- DLLNAME is the name of the DLL you want to create, e.g., tcl80.dll.
-
- OBJS is the list of object files you want to put into the DLL.
-
- LIBS is the list of libraries you want to link the DLL against. For
- example, you may or may not want -lcygwin. You may want -lkernel32.
- Tcl links against -lcygwin -ladvapi32 -luser32 -lgdi32 -lcomdlg32
- -lkernel32.
-
- DEFFILE is the name of your definitions file. A simple DEFFILE would
- consist of "EXPORTS" followed by a list of all symbols which should be
- exported from the DLL. Each symbol should be on a line by itself.
- Other programs will only be able to access the listed symbols.
-
- BASEFILE is a temporary file that is used during this five stage
- process, e.g., tcl.base.
-
- EXPFILE is another temporary file, e.g., tcl.exp.
-
- ENTRY is the name of the function which you want to use as the entry
- point. This function should be defined using the WINAPI attribute, and
- should take three arguments: int WINAPI startup (HINSTANCE,
- DWORD, LPVOID)
-
- This means that the actual symbol name will have an appended @12, so
- if your entry point really is named `startup', the string you should
- use for ENTRY in the above examples would be `startup@12'.
-
- If your DLL calls any Cygwin API functions, the entry function will
- need to initialize the Cygwin impure pointer. You can do that by
- declaring a global variable `_impure_ptr', and then initializing it in
- the entry function. Be careful not to export the global variable
- `_impure_ptr' from your DLL; that is, do not put it in DEFFILE.
-
- /* This is a global variable. */
- struct _reent *_impure_ptr;
- extern struct _reent *__imp_reent_data;
-
- int entry (HINSTANT hinst, DWORD reason, LPVOID reserved)
- {
- _impure_ptr = __imp_reent_data;
- /* Whatever else you want to do. */
- }
-
- You may put an optional `-subsystem windows' on the $(LD) lines. The
- Tcl build does this, but I admit that I no longer remember whether this
- is important. Note that if you specify a -subsytem <x> flag to ld, the
- -e entry must come after the subsystem flag, since the subsystem flag
- sets a different default entry point.
-
- You may put an optional `-image-base BASEADDR' on the $(LD) lines.
- This will set the default image base. Programs using this DLL will
- start up a bit faster if each DLL occupies a different portion of the
- address space. Each DLL starts at the image base, and continues for
- whatever size it occupies.
-
- Now that you've built your DLL, you may want to build a library so
- that other programs can link against it. This is not required: you
- could always use the DLL via LoadLibrary. However, if you want to be
- able to link directly against the DLL, you need to create a library.
- Do that like this:
-
- $(DLLTOOL) -as=$(AS) -dllname DLLNAME -def DEFFILE -output-lib
- LIBFILE
-
- $(DLLTOOL), $(AS), DLLNAME, and DEFFILE are the same as above. Make
- sure you use the same DLLNAME and DEFFILE, or things won't work right.
-
- LIBFILE is the name of the library you want to create, e.g.,
- libtcl80.a. You can then link against that library using something
- like -ltcl80 in your linker command.
-
- How can I debug what's going on?
- --------------------------------
-
- You can debug your application using `gdb'. Make sure you compile
- it with the -g flag! If your application calls functions in MS dlls,
- gdb will complain about not being able to load debug information for
- them when you run your program. This is normal since these dlls don't
- contain debugging information (and even if they did, that debug info
- would not be compatible with gdb).
-
- Can I use a system trace mechanism instead?
- -------------------------------------------
-
- Yes. At the most basic level, you can set the `STRACE' environment
- variable to `1', and get a whole load of debug information on your
- screen whenever a Cygwin app runs. This is an especially useful tool
- to use when tracking bugs down inside the Cygwin library. `STRACE' can
- be set to different values to achieve different amounts of granularity.
- You can set it to `0x10' for information about syscalls or `0x800' for
- signal/process handling-related info, to name two. The strace
- mechanism is well documented in the Cygwin library sources in the file
- `winsup/include/sys/strace.h'.
-
- The linker complains that it can't find something.
- --------------------------------------------------
-
- A common error is to put the library on the command line before the
- thing that needs things from it.
-
- This is wrong `gcc -lstdc++ hello.cc'. This is right `gcc hello.cc
- -lstdc++'.
-
- I use a function I know is in the API, but I still get a link
- -------------------------------------------------------------
-
- error.
-
- The function probably isn't declared in the header files, or the
- UNICODE stuff for it isn't filled in.
-
- Can you make DLLs that are linked against libc ?
- ------------------------------------------------
-
- Yes.
-
- Where is malloc.h?
- ------------------
-
- Include stdlib.h instead of malloc.h.
-
- Can I use my own malloc?
- ------------------------
-
- If you define a function called `malloc' in your own code, and link
- with the DLL, the DLL *will* call your `malloc'. Needless to say, you
- will run into serious problems if your malloc is buggy.
-
- If you run any programs from the DOS command prompt, rather than
- from in bash, the DLL will try and expand the wildcards on the command
- line. This process uses `malloc' *before* your main line is started.
- If you have written your own `malloc' to need some initialization to
- occur after `main' is called, then this will surely break.
-
- Can I mix objects compiled with msvc++ and gcc?
- -----------------------------------------------
-
- Yes, this should work, as long as you are dealing with C object
- files. MSVC C++ uses a different mangling scheme than GNU C++, so you
- will have difficulties combining C++ objects.
-
- Can I use the gdb debugger to debug programs built by VC++?
- -----------------------------------------------------------
-
- No, not for full (high level source language) debugging. The
- Microsoft compilers generate a different type of debugging symbol
- information, which gdb does not understand.
-
- However, the low-level (assembly-type) symbols generated by
- Microsoft compilers are coff, which gdb DOES understand. Therefore you
- should at least be able to see all of your global symbols; you just
- won't have any information about data types, line numbers, local
- variables etc.
-
- Where can I find info on x86 assembly?
- --------------------------------------
-
- CPU reference manuals for Intel's current chips are available in
- downloadable PDF form on Intel's web site:
-
- `http://developer.intel.com/design/pro/manuals/'
-
- Shell scripts aren't running properly from my makefiles?
- --------------------------------------------------------
-
- You need to have . (dot) in your $PATH. You should NOT need to add
- /bin/sh in front of each and every shell script invoked in your
- Makefiles.
-
- What preprocessor do I need to know about?
- ------------------------------------------
-
- We use _WIN32 to signify access to the Win32 API and __CYGWIN__ for
- access to the Cygwin environment provided by the dll.
-
- We chose _WIN32 because this is what Microsoft defines in VC++ and
- we thought it would be a good idea for compatibility with VC++ code to
- follow their example. We use _MFC_VER to indicate code that should be
- compiled with VC++.
-
- Where can I get f77 and objc components for B20 EGCS 1.1?
- ---------------------------------------------------------
-
- B20-compatible versions of the f77 and objc components are available
- from `http://www.xraylith.wisc.edu/~khan/software/gnu-win32/'.
-
- How should I port my Unix GUI to Windows?
- -----------------------------------------
-
- There are two basic strategies for porting Unix GUIs to Windows.
-
- The first is to use a portable graphics library such as tcl/tk, X11,
- or V (and others?). Typically, you will end up with a GUI on Windows
- that requires some runtime support. With tcl/tk, you'll want to
- include the necessary library files and the tcl/tk DLLs. In the case
- of X11, you'll need everyone using your program to have an X11 server
- installed.
-
- The second method is to rewrite your GUI using Win32 API calls (or
- MFC with VC++). If your program is written in a fairly modular
- fashion, you may still want to use Cygwin if your program contains a
- lot of shared (non-GUI-related) code. That way you still gain some of
- the portability advantages inherent in using Cygwin.
-
- Why not use DJGPP ?
- -------------------
-
- DJGPP is a similar idea, but for DOS instead of Win32. DJGPP uses a
- "DOS extender" to provide a more reasonable operating interface for its
- applications. The Cygwin toolset doesn't have to do this since all of
- the applications are native WIN32. Applications compiled with the
- Cygwin tools can access the Win32 API functions, so you can write
- programs which use the Windows GUI.
-
- You can get more info on DJGPP by following
- `http://www.delorie.com/'.
-
- Known/potential Problems in the B20.1 Release
- *********************************************
-
- Windows 95 freezing up
- ======================
-
- While this problem may have been worse under B19, Control-c's in bash
- under Win 95 may still be able to lock up the Win 95 kernel, freezing
- your machine. This problem can be fixed if you are running the OSR2
- version of Win 95 by installing the USB patch available on OSR2 CDs or
- on MSDN subscription CDs. More information about OSR2 and the USB patch
- is available from `http://www.compuclinic.com/osr2faq/index.html'.
-
- Some programs can't deal with // pathname scheme in arguments
- =============================================================
-
- gcc and other tools aren't fully compatible with the current pathname
- scheme: it can't grok an argument of -I//d/foo which means it is vital
- that when attempting to configure/build UNIX packages, that only normal
- paths with single slashes are used.
-
- History
- *******
-
- Beta 20.1 Update (Nov 20 1998)
- ==============================
-
- This is a bug fix update to the Beta 20 release.
-
- The main change is an improved version of the Cygwin library although
- there are also a couple of other minor changes to the tools.
-
- Changes in specific tools:
- --------------------------
-
- The "-mno-cygwin" flag to gcc now include the correct headers. In
- 20.0, it included the Cygwin headers which was incorrect.
-
- The "-pipe" flag to gcc works correctly now.
-
- The cygcheck program now reassures users that not finding cpp is the
- correct behavior.
-
- The "-b" flag to md5sum can now be used to generate correct checksums
- of binary files.
-
- The libtermcap library has been added to the compiler tools sources.
- It is the new source of the termcap library and /etc/termcap file.
-
- The less pager (using libtermcap) has been added to the binary
- distribution.
-
- Changes in the Cygwin API (cygwin.dll):
- ---------------------------------------
-
- This version of Cygwin is backwards-compatible with the beta 20 and
- 19 releases. The library is now much more stable under Windows 9x and
- the bugs affecting configures under 9x (and NT to a lesser extent) have
- also been fixed.
-
- The bug that made it necessary to start the value of the CYGWIN
- environment variable with two leading spaces has been fixed.
-
- The serial support in the select call has been fixed.
-
- Handling of DLLs loaded by non-cygwin apps has been improved. Bugs
- in dlopen have been fixed.
-
- Passing _SC_CHILD_MAX to the sysconf function now yields CHILD_MAX
- (63) instead of _POSIX_CHILD_MAX (3).
-
- Several minor path bugs have been fixed. Including the one that
- caused "mkdir a/" to fail.
-
- The include file sys/sysmacros.h has been added. Added missing
- protos for wcslen and wcscmp to wchar.h.
-
- __P is now defined in include/sys/cdefs.h. To support that last
- change, the top-level Makefile.in now sets CC_FOR_TARGET and
- CXX_FOR_TARGET differently.
-
- Cygwin now exports the following newlib bessel functions: j1, jn, y1,
- yn.
-
- Several tty ioctl options have been added: TCGETA, TCSETA, TCSETAW,
- and TCSETAF.
-
- Several functions cope with NULL pointer references more gracefully.
-
- Problems with execution of relative paths via #! should be fixed.
-
- Release Beta 20 (Oct 30 1998)
- =============================
-
- This is a significant update to the Beta 19 release. In addition to
- an EGCS-based compiler and updated tools, this release includes a new
- version of the Cygwin library that contains many improvements and
- bugfixes over the last one.
-
- The project has a new name!
- ---------------------------
-
- Starting with this release, we are retiring the "GNU-Win32" name for
- the releases. We have also dropped the "32" from Cygwin32. This means
- that you should now refer to the tools as "the Cygwin toolset", the
- library as "the Cygwin library" or "the Cygwin DLL", and the library's
- interface as "the Cygwin API".
-
- Because of this name change, we have changed any aspects of the
- library that involved the name "Cygwin32". For example, the CYGWIN32
- environment variable is now the CYGWIN environment variable. API
- functions starting with cygwin32_ are still available under that form
- for backwards-compatibility as well as under the new cygwin_-prefixed
- names. The same goes for the change of preprocessor define from
- __CYGWIN32__ to __CYGWIN__. We will remove the old names in a future
- release so please take the minute or two that it will take to remove
- those "32"s. Thanks and I apologize for the hassle this may cause
- people. We would have changed the name to "Bob" but that name's already
- taken by Microsoft... :-)
-
- Why change it? For one thing, not all of the software included in
- the distributions is GNU software, including the Cygwin library itself.
- So calling the project "GNU-Win32" has always been a bit of a
- misnomer. In addition, we think that calling the tools the "Cygwin
- tools" that use the "Cygwin library" will be less confusing to people.
-
- Also notice that we are now on the spiffy new sourceware.cygnus.com
- web/ftp site. The old address will work for some unknown period of
- time (hopefully at least until we get all of the mirrors adjusted).
-
- Changes in specific tools:
- --------------------------
-
- The latest public EGCS release is now the basis for the compiler used
- in Cygwin distributions. As a result, EGCS 1.1 is the compiler in this
- release, with a few additional x86/Cygwin-related patches.
-
- Those of you who are more interested in native Windows development
- than in porting Unix programs will be glad to know that a new gcc flag
- "-mno-cygwin" will link in the latest Mingw32 libs and produce an
- executable that does not use Cygwin.
-
- All of the other development tools have been updated to their latest
- versions. The linker (ld) includes many important bug fixes. It is now
- possible to safely strip a DLL with a .reloc section. The windres
- resource compiler is significantly improved.
-
- Beta 20 also includes upgrades to a number of packages: ash-0.3.2-4,
- bash 2.02.1, grep-2.2, ncurses 4.2, and less 332. We have added bzip2
- 0.9.0 to the distribution. And you'll now find that the df utility has
- joined its other friends from the fileutils package.
-
- The sh executable is still ash from the Debian Linux distribution
- but no longer has the problematic quoting bug that was present in the
- Beta 19 release. Control-Cs in the bash shell no longer kill
- background tasks.
-
- Tcl/tk are upgraded to version 8.1a2 (with additional patches).
- Compatible versions of tix and itcl are included. These all include
- Cygwin-compatible configury files so you can do a Unix-style build of
- the Win32 ports of tcl/tk. expect has been upgraded to 5.26 with some
- additional Cygwin patches.
-
- In response to customer requests and feedback, Cygnus has developed a
- better graphical front end to GDB than GDBtk or WinGDB. This tcl-based
- GUI is shipping today to customers of the GNUPro Toolkit. The
- instrumentation changes to GDB and the tcl interpreter that was built
- into GDB are part of the GPL'd source base. But the tcl scripts are not
- being made available to the net at this time. For this reason, you will
- only find a command-line version of gdb in this Cygwin release.
-
- DJ Delorie has written a new "cygcheck" program that will print out
- useful information about how your Cygwin environment is set up, what
- DLLs a named executable is loading from where, etc. We hope this will
- make it easier to help diagnose common setup problems.
-
- The ps utility has been upgraded. It now has several options
- including shorter and longer output formats.
-
- Changes in the Cygwin API (cygwin.dll):
- ---------------------------------------
-
- This version of Cygwin is backwards-compatible with the beta 19
- release. You can use the new "cygwin1.dll" with your old B19-compiled
- executables if you move the old "cygwinb19.dll" out of the way and
- install a copy of "cygwin1.dll" as "cygwinb19.dll".
-
- Quite a lot of the Cygwin internals have been rewritten or modified
- to address various issues. If you have a question about specific
- changes, the winsup/ChangeLog file in the development tools sources
- lists all changes made to the DLL over the last three years. Following
- are a few highlights:
-
- We are now using a new versioning scheme for Cygwin. There is now a
- separate version number for the DLL, the API, the shared memory region
- interfaces, and the registry interface. This will hopefully make it
- easier for multiple Cygwin toolsets to coexist in one user environment.
-
- Windows 98 is now supported (it is like Windows 95 from Cygwin's
- perspective). We still recommend upgrading to Windows NT.
-
- While there is still a lot left to do in improving Cygwin's runtime
- performance, we have put some effort into this prior to the B20 release.
- Hopefully you will find that the latest version of Cygwin is faster than
- ever. In addition, we have plugged several nasty handle leaks
- associated with opening/closing files and with using ttys.
-
- The lseek call now uses WriteFile to fill gaps with zeros whenever a
- write is done past an EOF, rather than leaving "undefined" data as Win32
- specifies.
-
- Significant work has been done to improve the Cygwin header files.
-
- The Cygwin Support for Unix-style serial I/O is much improved.
-
- Path handling has had another round of fixes/rewrites. We no longer
- use NT Extended Attributes by default for storing Unix
- permissions/execute status because the file NT creates on FAT
- partitions is not scalable to thousands of files (everything slows to a
- crawl).
-
- Signal handling has also gotten a fair amount of attention.
- Unfortunately, there are still some problems combining itimers and
- Windows 9x.
-
- The number of ttys has been upped from 16 to 128.
-
- New API calls included in the DLL: sethostent, endhostent.
-
- As mentioned earlier, all cygwin32_-prefixed functions are now
- exported with a cygwin_ prefix instead. Please adjust your code to
- call the newly named functions.
-
- reads of `slow' devices are now correctly interrupted by signals,
- i.e. a read will receive an EINTR.
-
- Release Beta 19 (Feb 26 1998)
- =============================
-
- This is a major release. It includes a much-updated version of the
- Cygwin32 library. Because the Cygwin API has changed in incompatible
- ways, the dll has been renamed cygwinb19.dll to avoid invalidating
- previously built executables.
-
- Note that a B19-compiled application exec()ing a B18-compiled
- application will treat the B18-compiled executable as an ordinary Win32
- executable. This means that open file descriptors and some other
- internals will not be inheritted on exec() calls. The reason for this
- is that different shared memory areas are used by the different versions
- of the cygwin library. This may or may not be of importance to you
- depending on what you're doing.
-
- The Beta 19 release of the Cygwin32 library continues to be licensed
- under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
-
- The PE format definition used by the compiler tools now matches
- Microsoft's more closely. This should allow better interoperability
- with other vendors' development tools although more work probably
- remains to be done in this area. This change invalidates all previously
- built object (.o) and static library (.a) files so be sure to
- delete/rebuild old .o and .a files you are using!
-
- Finally, old symlinks are invalidated by this release. The "system"
- attribute is now used to mark symlinks which significantly speeds up
- fstat and other file related calls. Either recreate old ones or set
- their "system" attribute flag so they will be recognized properly.
-
- The new installer takes care of all environment variable settings
- automatically by installing a shortcut in program files that pulls up a
- bash prompt with all the correct environment variables set. As a
- result, the setup process should be much cleaner than in the last
- release.
-
- For those of you who end up moving the tools around, the batch file
- that sets up the default environment is called cygnus.bat and is
- installed in the root of the install directory. Because the tools have
- been compiled to install in /cygnus/b19, when installed in this
- location, the tools should "just work" if the bin directory is in your
- path (no special environment variables are needed). The only exception
- is MAKE_MODE which needs to be set if you want to get ordinary Unix-like
- make behavior - see the make notes below for more information.
-
- Changes in specific tools:
- --------------------------
-
- Ian Lance Taylor has written a resource compiler called "windres".
- It can be used to compile windows resources from a textual rc file into
- a COFF file. The sources are in the binutils subdirectory of the
- sources.
-
- We have upgraded many of the utilities. Beta 19 includes bash
- 2.01.1, fileutils 3.16, gawk 3.0.3, patch 2.5, shellutils 1.16, tar
- 1.12, textutils 1.22, and texinfo 3.11. Bash under Cygwin32 now
- includes working job control among other improvements.
-
- The sh executable is now ash 0.2 from the Debian Linux distribution.
- Using this more minimal shell as /bin/sh.exe speeds up configures
- significantly.
-
- Bison 1.25 has been added.
-
- Tcl/tk are upgraded to version 8.0. Compatible versions of tix and
- itcl have been added. These all include Cygwin32-compatible configury
- files so you can do a Unix-style build of the Win32 ports of tcl/tk.
-
- Expect 5.21.3 is included and basically works.
-
- The binaries have been compiled with i686 optimizations turned on
- which may result in a speed increase on Pentium-based systems although
- the tools should work on i386 and later chips.
-
- The linker (ld) has been enhanced - it will now add the idata3
- terminator automatically when linking dlls.
-
- kill now supports signal names in arguments. ps now shows process
- start time information.
-
- Although the default install of the tools should hide this detail,
- the make utility now defaults to a Win32 mode which uses
- cmd.exe/command.com as the subshell. This mode allows the use of
- backslashes in filenames. To build Unix programs, you need to set the
- MAKE_MODE environment variable to "UNIX". This way you will get the
- old behavior of using sh.exe as the subshell.
-
- Changes in the Cygwin32 API (cygwin.dll):
- -----------------------------------------
-
- The interface is now better defined. It contains libc, libm, and
- Unix compatability calls. It no longer contains exports for libgcc.a.
- This should result in a more stable interface. See the calls.texinfo
- document for interface documentation.
-
- There is now only one environment variable called CYGWIN32 that
- controls the overall behavior of the dll:
-
- set CYGWIN32=[no]title [no]strip_title [no]binmode [no]glob
- strace=mask:cache,file [no]tty
-
- So if you "set CYGWIN32=title tty", then you would get tty support
- (see below) and have the current running process listed in the title
- bar.
-
- B19 adds support for:
-
- * tty and pseudo-tty devices. For now, ttys default to off because
- taking over the console causes problems with using non-Cygwin console
- programs in a Cygwin console. To turn it on, set the environment
- variable CYGWIN32 to include "tty". * Hard links (requires NT on an
- NTFS filesystem). When not possible (on non-NTFS filesystems), link()
- will make a copy of the file in question as it has done in previous
- releases. * The SIGWINCH signal. If tty handling is enabled then the
- process will receive a SIGWINCH signal when the screen size changes. *
- Additional terminal escape sequences recognized: scroll region setting
- via <ESC>[n1;n2r and setting the console title using xterm escape
- sequence: <ESC>]2;new title^G .
-
- The following calls have been added:
-
- * ptsname, grantpt, unlockpt * login, logout, ttyslot, ctermid *
- cfgetispeed, cfgetospeed, cfsetispeed, cfsetospeed * setitimer,
- getitimer, ftime, tzset * wait3, wait4, pause, sigpause * getpgid,
- killpg, setegid (stub) * strlwr, strupr * sexecve, sexecl, sexecle,
- sexeclp, sexeclpe, sexecv, sexecp, sexecvpe * rcmd, rresvport, rexec *
- strsignal, strtosigno * dlopen, dlsym, dlclose, dlerror * inet_netof,
- inet_makeaddr * socketpair * fpathconf, realpath, chroot (stub) *
- initgroups (stub), getgroups * random, srandom
-
- The following calls have been removed:
-
- * ScreenCols, ScreenGetCursor, ScreenRows, ScreenSetCursor * getkey,
- kbhit * crypt (stub) * all libgcc.a exports
-
- The Winsock dll (wsock32.dll) is no longer implicitly linked into
- the Cygwin32 dll. Instead, it is explicitly loaded with LoadLibrary
- the first time a process calls a Cygwin32 networking function. This
- speeds up most processes significantly (configures by about 20%).
-
- The signal-related code has been rewritten from scratch. Ditto for
- most of the path handling code.
-
- The globbing and getopt code has been replaced with BSD-derived
- code. The regexp code has been replaced with Henry Spencer's PD
- implementation.
-
- Doug Lea's malloc is now being used as the default malloc exported by
- cygwin. This malloc balances speed and compactness very nicely but is
- more unforgiving when attempts are made to free already freed memory,
- i.e., a segmentation violation will occur.
-
- The bsearch call has been rewritten.
-
- Alt Gr-key behavior has been changed in this release. The left
- alt-key still produces ESC-key sequence. The right alt (Alt Gr)-key now
- produces characters according to national keyboard layouts.
-
- Processes no longer write their name in the title bar unless you
- include "title" in the CYGWIN32 environment variable (see above).
-
- Multiple cygwin.dlls no longer use the same memory space unless they
- are identical (built at the same time). This allows multiple dlls with
- incompatible shared memory usage to be run simultaneously. It also
- facilitates debugging a buggy cygwin.dll. By keeping only a single copy
- of the latest cygwin.dll on your system, you can be assured of having
- all cygwin processes exist in the same shared memory space.
-
- The slash mount no longer defaults to C:. It now defaults to the
- system drive letter (where the OS is installed).
-
- The standard dl* dynamic library loader functions are now available.
- Cygwin32 B19 now correctly copies data after a fork and automatically
- reloads any DLLs loaded in the parent process. In addition, dlls will
- now be correctly initialized when loaded and global constructors will
- be called. Global destructors will be called when the DLL is detached.
- Handles gotten from dlopen or dlsym in the parent will be accessible in
- a forked child. The LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable is used in
- the dlopen search.
-
- Include the file <cygwin32/cygwin_dll.h> in a cygwin32 created .dll
- and use the line DECLARE_CYGWIN_DLL(dll-entry-point) to produce .dlls
- that can be used with these functions.
-
- Release Beta 18 (May 6 1997)
- ============================
-
- This is a major release. The new cygwin.dll is still
- backwards-compatible with previously linked applications but contains
- significant changes.
-
- We have completely changed the installation process to make use of
- an InstallShield5-based installer. This should reduce the number of
- installation problems people have experienced in the past. However, it
- is still necessary to set environment variables by hand, as explained
- in the README.txt accompanying the distribution. (Future gnu-win32
- installers may include the capability to do this automatically).
-
- Changes in specific tools:
- --------------------------
-
- GCC compilation times have been improved by 20-30% by using spawn()
- instead of fork().
-
- GCC accepts both Win32 and POSIX paths/path lists in its environment
- variables (COMPILER_PATH, LIBRARY_PATH, C_INCLUDE_PATH,
- CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH, OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH)
-
- GDB comes with a tcl/tk-based GUI (gdbtk). You can still invoke the
- command line gdb by invoking it with "gdb -nw".
-
- Bash verifies that /tmp exists and is a directory upon startup. It
- complains if this isn't the case.
-
- Running gcc or ld with "-s" used to create invalid executables. The
- bug in bfd that was responsible for this has been fixed.
-
- The conflict between String.h and string.h (and other such pairs of
- header files) where you include one and get the other has been fixed.
-
- The top level install-sh script tries to install foo.exe if asked to
- install foo when foo's not present. This fixes many installs of Unix
- software.
-
- Dlltool has preliminary support for the IMPORT declaration in .def
- files when invoked with -I. Feel free to experiment with it but once
- this functionality is tested more extensively this flag may go away.
-
- Time is upgraded to version 1.7.
-
- Make is upgraded to version 3.75.
-
- Make accepts both Win32 and POSIX path lists in the VPATH variable.
-
- Changes in the Cygwin32 API (cygwin.dll):
- -----------------------------------------
-
- The following is now supported:
-
- * UNC paths * Reverse index escapes in console code * Blocking
- select()s on a combination of sockets/handles * Directory symlinks. *
- Reparenting of child processes.
-
- The following calls have been added:
-
- * mmap(), mprotect(), msync(), munmap(). fork() changed to support
- these. * fsync(), statfs(), fstatfs(). * getprotobynumber() and
- getservbyport(). * get_osfhandle(), cwait(). * spawnl(), spawnle(),
- spawnlp(), spawnlpe(), spawnv(), spawnve(), spawnvp(), spawnvpe(). *
- nice(). * sigpending(), sigsuspend() * Under NT only, chown(),
- getgrgid(), getgrnam(), endgrent(), getgrent(), setpwend(), getpwent(),
- endpwent(). Win95 still has these as stubs.
-
- Significantly better signals / exception handling support added.
- The kill signal works much better now (control-C works in bash).
-
- Shell scripts now run the shell specified after the #! instead of
- always defaulting to /bin/sh.
-
- Floating point registers are now properly initialized in the crt0.o.
-
- Opening non-disk files such as com ports no longer check to see if
- they are symlinks or executables.
-
- The console title now is set to the name of the running process.
-
- Winsock is now initialized upon app startup.
-
- Moved reent_data from private address space to cygwin.dll.
-
- The system() call now invokes spawnvp() instead of fork()/exec().
-
- Support for NT extended attributes has been added but is disabled
- for now because it slowed things down too much. We want to use them to
- remember info about symlink and executable status of files.
-
- Under NT only, utilities mkpasswd and mkgroup can generate a valid
- /etc/passwd and /etc/group.
-
- Earlier releases stored mount points in the registry under "Cygnus
- Support". This changed to "Cygnus Solutions" starting with beta 18.
- Either use a registry editor (regedit under NT) to rename the old entry
- or just redo your mount points and the cygwin.dll will automatically
- create the new one for you.
-
- Mount points can now be up to MAX_PATH in length instead of 30
- characters.
-
- Release Beta 17.1 (Dec 10 1996)
- ===============================
-
- A patch has been applied to make Win 95 configure work again.
-
- ld has been changed to make "a.exe" be the default executable name.
-
- Release Beta 17 (Dec 7 1996)
- ============================
-
- It is now possible to rebuild the tools natively under x86 NT when
- the full Cygnus Developers' Kit (CDK) and the User Tools are both
- installed correctly.
-
- While the cygwin.dll underwent substantial changes, none of them
- prevent you from using previously built applications The new dll is
- compatible with beta 16 to the best of our knowledge. Beta 14-built
- programs will continue to fail with the beta 17 dll - you will have to
- relink them before they will work.
-
- The winsup files that make up the Cygwin32 API are now under the GNU
- General Public License. See the accompanying press release for more
- information.
-
- Changes in specific tools:
- --------------------------
-
- Gcc now links by default against -lkernel32 and also against
- -luser32 -lgdi32 -lcomdlg32 when mwindows is set. Another major change
- is that when creating an executable, gcc will now create foo.exe when
- given a -o argument of foo.
-
- Dlltool has patches to make it better handle the -subsystem argument
- that allows choosing console vs. GUI among other options. ld has been
- changed to have a much larger stack reserve size. This is necessary
- when rebuilding the toolchain natively under NT.
-
- The C++ headers can now be found given a correctly set
- GCC_EXEC_PREFIX environment variable.
-
- New versions of fileutils and make are included. Findutils has been
- added.
-
- Changes in the Cygwin32 API (cygwin.dll):
- -----------------------------------------
-
- Scott Christley's headers and def files for the standard Win32 dlls
- have been integrated. Anything present only in the previous Cygnus
- headers has been added in the appropriate places. There are
- placeholder files with the standard Win32 header names that pull in our
- headers so programs that try to include specific headers should
- continue to work. Having more complete headers should make Win32
- native programming easier.
-
- Select has been rewritten from scratch. The new one can deal with
- all sockets, handles and sockets always ready, all handles. Handles
- and sockets with timeout not implemented yet. Select now does blocking
- and doesn't spin cpu.
-
- File handling has been largely rewritten: The fhandler array has
- been moved into local memory instead of shared memory. This makes a
- number of things behave better. Lots of changes to support this.
- There is now fairly complete ansi/vt100 console support. Some new file
- locking support has been added. Arrow keys are now supported.
-
- Process handling much improved.
-
- Significant serious bugs in fork() fixed.
-
- The system() call now works.
-
- unlink() now chmods read-only files to writable before attempting to
- delete a file. This fixes the outstanding problem where rm can't
- delete read-only files saying "out of queue slots" repeatedly.
-
- Text mode read has been rewritten.
-
- New syslog code allows logging to event log under NT, file under Win
- 95.
-
- Symlinks are enabled.
-
- readv() and writev() have been written and exported.
-
- For MS compatibility, we now export functions in the dll as _funcname
- in addition to funcname. I would suggest not making use of this fact
- unless you are building code that already accesses C library calls in
- this way.
-
- Almost all of the source code is now in C++ files.
-
- Release Beta 16 (Aug 30 1996)
- =============================
-
- Path handling has been completely rewritten. To refer to drive Q: in
- bash, you can now refer to //q/. Alternatively, type "mount Q: /q" to
- have drive Q: show up as /q.
-
- We now pass the Plum Hall positive C conformance tests on the i386
- under Windows 95 and NT 4.0b2.
-
- Fork was previously not accessible inside the dll. This is no
- longer the case which should allow us to add working system and popen
- calls.
-
- getdomainname works (it used to just return "cygnus.com") by getting
- information from registry.
-
- Fixed readdir bug that set errno improperly. This fixed the problem
- with diff not working across directories.
-
- Better error checking in signal functions. Initialize winsock in
- cygwin32_socket with checkinit call (fixes bug that required calling any
- function that did this first).
-
- New functions: sigaddset, sigismember, sigfillset, sigemptyset.
-
- Removed extra underscores present in sysdef files.
-
- There is a now a major and a minor version number associated with
- the cygwin.dll. The major number changes only when incompatible changes
- are made, the minor number changes when significant changes are made to
- the dll that don't require relinking of old apps.
-
- Changed value of HZ in include/sys/param.h to correct value of 1000.
- (Fixes bug people reported about "time sleep 5" returning 50).
-
- Assorted exception handling fixes for both i386 and ppc processors.
-
- Assorted time-related fixes required for Cygnus Kerberos work. New
- time functions: gmtime, corelocaltime
-
- Assorted spawn and fork fixes.
-
- Pseudo-Unix process handling added - new ps and kill commands added
-
- Control-Z's are now handled as a valid EOF token in files opened as
- text. lseek now always operates in binary mode.
-
- Select revamped.
-
- Various other changes. For more detailed information, consult the
- file in the source code winsup/ChangeLog.
-
- Preprocessor define scheme changed. Apps should now use _WIN32
- instead of __WIN32__ to check for access to Win32 API and __CYGWIN32__
- to check for presence of the Cygwin32 environment.
-
- We are no longer including GNU findutils, GNU dbm, GNU bison, GNU
- less, ncurses, ftp, finger, rcl, cvtres, or V. This may or may not
- change in the future.
-
- You must relink old apps you built with prior releases with the new
- cygwin.dll.
-
- Release Beta 14 (April 10 1996)
- ===============================
-
- Some bugs have been fixed. GDBM and m4 are in the release. GCC now
- uses the standard install directories for cc1 etc.
-
- A port of V to gnu-win32 is included. You can now write graphics
- applications which will run on Unix or Windows unchanged. Some parts of
- V work on the PPC too.
-
- If you call any programs from the standard DOS shell, then the DLL
- will expand all the wildcards (glob) found in the arguments on the
- command line. So ls *.exe will do what you think it should, even if
- you're not in bash.
-
- ncurses and less are included. The DLL's emulation of a vt100 isn't
- complete, so ncurses doesn't do all that it should. Hence less is more
- or less useless. This can be fixed with a new DLL. (If you want to use
- something which uses curses, be sure to set your TERM and HOME
- envirionment variables)
-
- If you leave out main, then the libraries will try and call WinMain
- in the usual way.
-
- ^C works much better on Windows 95. It's still not quite right, but
- at least most times it quits what you're doing, and most times doesn't
- crash your machine.
-
- You can start more than one concurrent bash session.
-
- Some networking support has been added. Even though telnet.exe is
- provided, I know that it doesn't work, so please don't send me bug
- reports.
-
- You will have to relink your applications to go with the new DLL.
-
- The DLL is released in its own .zip file too, so you don't have to
- download a load of other stuff if you dont want to.
-
- Release Beta 13 (Feb 9 1996)
- ============================
-
- Files are opened in binary mode, unless the registry is fiddled with.
-
- The `cat >foo <<EOF bug is fixed.
-
- The symlink cookie has changed, so old links wont work any more.
-
- Two resource tools are provided (untested).
-
- More windows header files are provided. WxWindows almost compiles.
-
- You can get to a raw floppy with `/dev/fd0 or `/dev/fd1.
-
- You can have two filenames with the same name and different case in
- the same directory.
-
- Stat now fills in the st_nlink field for directories, so find works
- better.
-
- This version is much more stable than any previous version, and will
- stay running long enough to configure and build itself on my NT box.
-
- This version is also available in PowerPC versions. The PowerPC
- compiler doesn't do stack probing, so some applications won't work, or
- they'll only work on some input data - e.g. the demo "hello world" will
- compile, but gcc will crash compiling the dhrystone benchmark.
-
- There's a new registry variable "fmode=binary" which controls
- whether the tools always open files in binary mode (unless overridden
- with O_TEXT), or always open files in text mode (unless overridden with
- O_BINARY).
-
- Filesystems can be mounted with the mixed_case flag. This allows
- you to use filenames with the same spelling, but different case in the
- same directory.
-
- I haven't tested or even used some of the packages that I've
- provided. I compiled them, and then fixed the obvious "the file should
- have been opened in binary mode" problems.
-
- I've already had reports of some of it not working correctly on
- Windows 95. I don't have a simple to use Windows 95 configuration, but
- when I did try "it worked for me". This may be another manifestation
- of the bug which makes bash hang sometimes under NT.
-
- Release Beta 12 (Jan 3 1996)
- ============================
-
- You can call non- gnu-win32 applications from bash.
-
- You can mount other directories using the `mount' command.
-
- Minimal ANSI terminal emulation included.
-
- Packages split into smaller and more logical lumps.
-
- /d<name> mechanism gone.
-
- Initial support for the PowerPC added.
-
- Release Beta 11 (Jan 3 1996)
- ============================
-
- Something broke on the way to the ftp site.
-
- Release Beta 10 (Dec 5 1995)
- ============================
-
- You can pass environment variables around in bash.
-
- Lots more stuff provided precompiled.
-
- Diffs to standard FSF release provided.
-
- It self-hosts.
-
- It supports symbolic links.
-
- The directory layout has changed to be more unix like.
-
- The way that you get to non-c drives is new - i:\foo.cc is now
- /di/foo.cc
-
- Nasty bug found and fixed in fork.
-
- CPP will now search the directories you supply in env names.
-
- Release Beta 9
- ==============
-
- I've put all of libc and libm into a shared library, This
- drastically reduces the size of some binaries. e.g., ls goes from
- 82,949 bytes to 26,624. "Hello World" is 2564 bytes long. This is the
- first stage in greatly speeding up some of the stuff that's going on
- behind the curtain.
-
- Different processes communicate using shared memory.
-
- Some trivial use of the registry is made.
-
- DLLTOOL is now *much* faster.
-
- Some small problems have been fixed in the way that DLLs were layed
- out.
-
- Release Beta 8
- ==============
-
- GDB works.
-
- GCC now emits debug info which can make **huge** executables
- Fortunately, strip works too.
-
- More work has been done to make quoting work.
-
- Simple termios support added to newlib.
-
- Much nicer way of describing paths, eg //c/foo is c:\foo.
-
- Release Beta 7
- ==============
-
- Works again on Win 95 (which is why -6 wasn't advertised).
-
- Permissions are faked better.
-
- Source of demos available without having to ftp the entire win32
- binary tree.
-
- Release Beta 6
- ==============
-
- Can now generate DLLs, tiny demo included. tcl, byacc, fileutils,
- diff, make included.
-
- Release Beta 5
- ==============
-
- Bug preventing anything from running on recent versions of Win95
- fixed.
-
- vfork and exec oddities fixed.
-
- Import libraries are now really libraries and not just .o files.
-
- Debugging info stripped from images and libraries; it's just bloat
- until gdb works.
-
- I've filled in the four major import libraries.
-
- The win*.h files are now installed into <foo>/include rather that
- <foo>/include/sys, so more things will compile out of the box.
-
- Release Beta 4
- ==============
-
- PE support is fixed. Programs run on NT 3.1, NT 3.5, NT 3.51 and
- Windows 95.
-
- You can build GUI programs.
-
- .DEF files for three other DLL's started.
-
- New GUI demo program.
-
- C library distinguishes between text and binary files consequently
- the text files generated by the tools have the familiar ^M at the end
- of the line which DOS likes so much.
-
- Doug Evans of Cygnus has added a load of fancy support for execve,
- opendir and various other cool things.
-
- Exception handling is better.
-
- Release Beta 3
- ==============
-
- Was so long ago we don't remember.
-
- Who's behind the project?
- *************************
-
- I'm Geoffrey Noer (noer@cygnus.com). I've had Cygwin on the brain
- since mid-1996 when I became responsible for the project. As Cygwin
- maintainer, I produced the Net releases from beta 16 until present, made
- the development snapshots, worked with Net contributors to fix bugs,
- fixed some myself, etc... Thanks to the success of Cygwin and the
- increasing importance of Windows, I now share the responsibility for
- Cygwin with Chris Faylor and DJ Delorie under our manager, Eric Bachalo.
-
- Chris Faylor (cgf@cygnus.com) is behind many of the recent changes in
- Cygwin. Prior to joining Cygnus, he contributed significant fixes to
- the process control and environ code, reworked the strace mechanism, and
- rewrote the signal-related code from scratch as a Net contributor.
-
- DJ Delorie (dj@cygnus.com) has recently joined Cygnus and has been
- making himself useful since day one. He did some profiling of Cygwin,
- worked on the Dejagnu automated testing framework and ld/dlltool, wrote
- a good deal of the Cygwin Users' Guide, and authored the cygcheck
- utility.
-
- Please note that those of us here at Cygnus that work on Cygwin try
- to be as responsive as possible and deal with patches and questions as I
- get them, but realistically we don't have time to answer all of the
- email that is sent to the main mailing list. Making Net releases of the
- Win32 tools and helping people on the Net out is not our primary job
- function, so some email will have to go unanswered.
-
- Sergey Okhapkin (sos@prospect.com.ru) has been an invaluable Net
- contributor. He implemented the tty/pty support, has played a
- significant role in revamping signal and exception handling, and has
- made countless contributions throughout the library. He also provided
- binaries of the development snapshots to the Net after the beta 19
- release.
-
- Mumit Khan (khan@xraylith.wisc.edu) has been most helpful on the EGCS
- end of things, providing quite a large number of stabilizing patches to
- the compiler tools for the B20 release.
-
- Corinna Vinschen (corinna.vinschen@cityweb.de) has contributed
- several useful fixes to the path handling code, console support, and
- raw device support.
-
- Philippe Giacinti (giac@dalim.de) contributed the implementation of
- dlopen, dlclose, dlsym, dlfork, and dlerror in Cygwin.
-
- Steve Chamberlain (sac@transmeta.com) wrote the original
- implementation of Cygwin when he worked for Cygnus. He also produced
- all of the releases up to beta 14.
-
- Many other people at Cygnus have made important contributions to
- Cygwin. Tobin Brockett wrote the InstallShield-based installer for the
- beta 19 and 20 releases. Ian Lance Taylor did a much-needed rework of
- the path handling code for beta 18, and has made many assorted fixes
- throughout the code. Jeremy Allison made significant contributions in
- the area of file handling and process control, and rewrote select from
- scratch. Doug Evans rewrote the path-handling code in beta 16, among
- other things. Kim Knuttila and Michael Meissner put in many long hours
- working on the now-defunct PowerPC port. Jason Molenda and Mark Eichin
- have also made important contributions.
-
- Also many thanks to everyone using the tools for their many
- contributions in the form of advice, bug reports, and code fixes. Keep
- them coming!
-
- What are the copyrights ?
- *************************
-
- The general idea
- ================
-
- Most of the tools are covered by the GNU General Public License
- (GPL), although some are public domain, and others have a Berkeley-style
- copyright. To cover the GNU GPL `restrictions', the basic rule is if
- you give out any binaries, you must also make the source available.
- For the full details, be sure to read the text of the GNU GPL which
- follows.
-
- The Cygwin API library found in the winsup subdirectory of the
- source code is also covered by the GNU GPL. By default, all
- executables link against this library (and in the process include GPL'd
- Cygwin glue code). This means that unless you modify the tools so that
- compiled executables do not make use of the Cygwin library, your
- compiled programs will also have to be free software distributed under
- the GPL with source code available to all.
-
- Cygwin is currently available for commercial use as part of the
- Cygnus GNUPro Toolkit. Customers who purchase the GNUPro Toolkit with
- Mission Critical Support for a development team of five or more users
- get a commercial version of the Cygwin library. The price for five
- users is $7495, which includes the GNUPro Toolkit, Mission Critical
- Support for one year, and a commercially licensed version of the Cygwin
- library. Please contact info@cygnus.com for more information.
-
- GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
- ==========================
-
- GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
- Version 2, June 1991
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
- Preamble
-
- The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
- freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
- License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
- software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
- General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
- Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
- using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
- the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
- your programs, too.
-
- When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
- price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
- have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
- this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
- if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
- in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
-
- To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
- anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
- These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
- distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
-
- For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
- gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
- you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
- source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
- rights.
-
- We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
- (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
- distribute and/or modify the software.
-
- Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
- that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
- software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
- want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
- that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
- authors' reputations.
-
- Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
- patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
- program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
- program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
- patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
-
- The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
- modification follow.
-
- GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
- TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-
- 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
- a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
- under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
- refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
- means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
- that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
- either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
- language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
- the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
-
- Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
- covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
- running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
- is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
- Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
- Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
-
- 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
- source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
- conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
- copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
- notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
- and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
- along with the Program.
-
- You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
- you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
-
- 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
- of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
- distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
- above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
-
- a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
- stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
-
- b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
- whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
- part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
- parties under the terms of this License.
-
- c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
- when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
- interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
- announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
- notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
- a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
- these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
- License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
- does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
- the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
-
- These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
- identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
- and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
- themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
- sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
- distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
- on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
- this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
- entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
-
- Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
- your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
- exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
- collective works based on the Program.
-
- In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
- with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
- a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
- the scope of this License.
-
- 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
- under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
- Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
-
- a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
- source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
- 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
- b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
- years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
- cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
- machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
- distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
- customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
- c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
- to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
- allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
- received the program in object code or executable form with such
- an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
-
- The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
- making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
- code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
- associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
- control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
- special exception, the source code distributed need not include
- anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
- form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
- operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
- itself accompanies the executable.
-
- If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
- access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
- access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
- distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
- compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
-
- 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
- except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
- otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
- void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
- However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
- this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
- parties remain in full compliance.
-
- 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
- signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
- distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
- prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
- modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
- Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
- all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
- the Program or works based on it.
-
- 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
- Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
- original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
- these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
- restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
- You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
- this License.
-
- 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
- infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
- conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
- otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
- excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
- distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
- License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
- may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
- license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
- all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
- the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
- refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
-
- If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
- any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
- apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
- circumstances.
-
- It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
- patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
- such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
- integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
- implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
- generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
- through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
- system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
- to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
- impose that choice.
-
- This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
- be a consequence of the rest of this License.
-
- 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
- certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
- original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
- may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
- those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
- countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
- the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
-
- 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
- of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
- be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
- address new problems or concerns.
-
- Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
- specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
- later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
- either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
- Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
- this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
- Foundation.
-
- 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
- programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
- to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
- Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
- make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
- of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
- of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
-
- NO WARRANTY
-
- 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
- FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
- OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
- PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
- OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
- TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
- PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
- REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
-
- 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
- WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
- REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
- INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
- OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
- TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
- YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
- PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
- POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
-
- END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-
- Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
-
- If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
- possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
- free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
-
- To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
- to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
- convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
- the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
-
- <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
- Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
-
- This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
- (at your option) any later version.
-
- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- GNU General Public License for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
- Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
-
- Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
-
- If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
- when it starts in an interactive mode:
-
- Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
- Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
- This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
- under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
-
- The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
- parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
- be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
- mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
-
- You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
- school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
- necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
-
- Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
- `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
-
- <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
- Ty Coon, President of Vice
-
- This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
- proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
- consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
- library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
- Public License instead of this License.
-
-