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MANUAL.MNC
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
NAME
minicom - friendly serial communication program
SYNOPSIS
minicom [-soml] [-c on|off] [-a on|off]
[-t term] [configuration]
DESCRIPTION
minicom is a communication program which somewhat resem-
bles the shareware program TELIX but is free with source
code and runs under most unices. Features include dialing
directory with auto-redial, support for UUCP-style lock
files on serial devices, a seperate script language inter-
preter, capture to file, multiple users with individual
configurations, and more.
COMMAND-LINE
-s Setup. This is allowed for root only. When this
option is used, minicom does not initialize, but puts
you directly into the configuration menu. This is
very handy if minicom refuses to start up because
your system has changed, or for the first time you
run minicom. For most systems, reasonable defaults
are already compiled in.
-o Do not initialize. Minicom will skip the initializa-
tion code. This option is handy if you quitted from
minicom without resetting, and then want to restart a
session. It is potentially dangerous though: no check
for lock files etc. is made, so a normal user could
interfere with things like uucp... Maybe this will be
taken out later. For now it is assumed, that users
who are given access to a modem are responsible
enough for their actions.
-m Override command-key with the Meta or ALT key. This
can also be configured in one of minicom's menus, but
if you use different terminals all the time, of which
some don't have a Meta or ALT key, it's handy to set
the default command key to Ctrl-A and use this option
when you have a keyboard supporting Meta or ALT keys.
-l Literal translation of characters with the high bit
set. With this flag on, minicom will not try to
translate the IBM line characters to ASCII, but
passes them straight trough. Many PC-unix clones will
display them correctly without translation (Linux in
a special mode, Coherent and Minix).
-a Attribute usage. Some terminals, notably televideo's,
have a rotten attribute handling (serial instead of
parallel). By default, minicom uses '-a on', but if
you are using such a terminal you can (must!) supply
the option '-a off'. The trailing 'on' or 'off' is
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
needed.
-t Terminal type. With this flag, you can override the
environment TERM variable. This is handy for use in
the MINICOM environment variable; one can create a
special termcap entry for use with minicom on the
console, that initializes the screen to raw mode so
that in conjunction with the -l flag, the IBM line
characters are displayed untranslated.
-c Color usage. Some terminals (such as the Linux con-
sole) support color with the standard ANSI escape
sequences. Because there is apparently no termcap
support for color, these escape sequences are hard-
coded into minicom. Therefore this option is off by
default. You can turn it on with '-c on'. This, and
the '-m' option, are good candidates to put into the
MINICOM environment variable.
When minicom starts, it first searches the MINICOM
environment variable for command-line arguments,
which can be over-ridden on the command line. Thus,
if you have done
MINICOM='-m -c on'
export MINICOM
or the equivalent, and start minicom, minicom will
assume that your terminal has a Meta or <ALT> key and
that color is supported. If you then log in from a
terminal without color support, and you have set
MINICOM in your startup (.profile or equivalent)
file, and don't want to re-set your environment vari-
able, you can type 'minicom -c off' and run without
color support for that session.
configuration
The configuration argument is more interesting. Nor-
mally, minicom gets its defaults from a file called
"minirc.dfl". If you however give an argument to
minicom, it will try to get its defaults from a file
called "minirc.configuration". So it is possible to
create multiple configuration files, for different
ports, different users etc. Most sensible is to use
device names, such as tty1, tty64, sio2 etc. If a
user creates his own configuration file, it will show
up in his home directory as '.minirc.dfl'.
USE
Minicom is windows-based. To popup a window with the func-
tion you want, press Control-A (from now on, we will use
C-A to mean Control-A), and then the function key (a-z or
A-Z). By pressing C-A first and then 'z', a help screen
comes up with a short summary of all commands. This escape
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
key can be altered when minicom is configured (-s option
or C-A O), but we'll stick to Control-A for now.
For every menu the next keys can be used:
UP arrow-up or 'k'
DOWN arrow-down or 'j'
LEFT arrow-left or 'h'
RIGHT arrow-right or 'l'
CHOOSE Enter
CANCEL ESCape.
The screen is divided into two portions: the upper 24
lines are the terminal-emulator screen. In this window,
ANSI or VT100 escape sequences are interpreted. If MINIX
emulation is chosen, this window will be 25 lines long (if
possible). If there is a line left at the bottom, a sta-
tus line is placed there. If this is not possible the
status line will be showed every time you press C-A.
Possible commands are listed next, in alphabetical order.
C-A Pressing C-A a second time will just send a C-A to
the remote system. If you have changed your "escape
character" to something other than C-A, this works
analogously for that character.
A Toggle 'Add Linefeed' on/off. If it is on, a linefeed
is added before every carriage return displayed on
the screen.
B Gives you a scroll back buffer. You can scroll up
with u, down with d, a page up with b, a page down
with f, and if you have them the arrow and page
up/page down keys can also be used.
C Clears the screen.
D Dial a number, or go to the dialing directory.
E Toggle local echo on and off (if your version of
minicom supports it).
F A break signal is sent to the modem.
G Run script (Go). Runs a login script.
H Hangup.
I Toggle the type of escape sequence that the cursor
keys send between normal and applications mode. (See
also the comment about the status line below).
J Jump to a shell. On return, the whole screen will be
redrawn.
K Clears the screen, runs kermit and redraws the screen
upon return.
L Turn Capture file on off. If turned on, all output
sent to the screen will be captured in the file too.
M Sends the modem initialization string.
O Configure minicom. Puts you in the configuration
menu.
P Communication Parameters. Allows you to change the
baudrate, parity and number of bits.
Q Exit minicom without resetting the modem.
R Recieve files. Choose from various protocols
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
(external).
S Send files. Ditto.
T Choose Terminal emulation: Minix-Ansi(color)-vt100.
W Toggle linewrap on/off.
X Exit minicom, reset modem.
Z Pop up the help screen.
DIALING DIRECTORY
By pressing C-A D the program asks:
"Number to dial: (enter for dialing directory) " _
You can now directly enter a number to dial, or press
<enter>. If you enter the phone (not dialing directory)
number to dial, it will be dialed, and if you press
<enter> then the dialing directory will be drawn. You can
add, delete or edit entries. By choosing "dial" the phone
number of the highlighted entry will be dialed. While the
modem is dialing, you can press any key to cancel dialing.
Your dialing directory will be saved into a the file
".dialdir" in your home directory. You can scroll up and
down with the arrow keys, but you can also scroll complete
pages by pressing the PageUp or PageDown key. If you
don't have those, use Control-B (Backward) and Control-F
(Forward).
The "edit" menu speaks for itself, but I will discuss it
briefly here.
A - Name The name for this entry
B - Number
and its telephone number.
C - Dial string #
Which specific dial string you want to use to
connect. There are three different dial strings
(prefixes and suffixes) that can be configured
in the Modem and dialing menu.
D - Local echo
can be on or off for this system (if your ver-
sion of minicom supports it).
E - Script
The script that must be executed after a succes-
full connection is made (see the manual for run-
script)
F - Username
The username that is passed to the runscript
program. It is passed in the environment string
"$LOGIN".
G - Password
The password is passed as "$PASS".
H - Terminal Emulation
Use MINIX, ANSI or VT100 emulation.
I - Line settings
Baudrate, bits and parity to use for this con-
nection.
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
CONFIGURATION
By pressing C-A O you will be thrown into the setup menu.
Most settings there can be changed by everyone, but some
are restricted to root only. Those priviliged settings are
marked with a star (*) here.
Filenames and paths
This menu defines your default directories.
A - upload
where the uploaded files go to.
B - download
Yup, you guessed it.
C - script
Where you keep your login scripts.
D - Script program
Which program to use as the script interpreter.
Defaults to the program "runscript", but if you
want to use something else (eg, /bin/sh or
"expect") it is possible. Stdin and stdout are
connected to the modem, stderr to the screen.
If the path is relative (ie, does not start with a
slash) then it's relative to your home directory,
except for the script interpreter.
E - Kermit program
Where to find the executable for kermit, and it's
options. Some simple macro's can be used on the
command line: '%l' is expanded to the complete
filename of the dial out-device, and '%b' is
expanded to the current baudrate.
File Transfer Protocols
Protocols defined here will show up when C-A s/r is
pressed. "Name" is the name that will show up in the
menu. "Program" is the path to the protocol. "NeedName"
defines if the program needs an argument, eg. a file to
be transmitted. Up/Down defines if this entry should
show up in the upload or the download menu. Fullscr
defines if the program should run full screen, or that
minicom will only show it's stderr in a window.
Finally, IO-Red defines if minicom should attach the
program's standard in and output to the modem port or
not. The old sz and rz are not full screen, and have
IO-Red set. However, there are curses based versions of
at least rz that do not want their stdin and stdout
redirected, and run full screen. All file transfer
protocols are run with the UID of the user, and not
with UID=root. '%l' and '%b' can be used on the command
line as with kermit.
Serial port setup
*A - Serial device
/dev/tty1 for most people, or maybe /dev/tty64 if
you use the VC package under minix. /dev/cua<n>
or /dev/modem under linux.
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
*B - Lock file location
This should be /usr/spool/uucp. If this directory
does not exist, minicom will not attempt to use
lockfiles.
*C - Callin program
If you have a uugetty or something on your serial
port, it could be that you want a program to be
run to switch the modem cq. port into
dialin/dialout mode. This is the program to get
into dialin mode.
*D - Callout program
And this to get into dialout mode.
E - Baud/Par/Bits
Default parameters at startup.
If one of the entries is left blank, it will not be
used. So if you don't care about locking, and don't
have a getty running on your modemline, entries B - D
should be left blank. Be warned! The callin and call-
out programs are run with the effective user id of
"root", eg 0!
Modem and Dialing
Here, the parameters for your modem are defined. I will
not explain this further because the defaults are for
generic Hayes modems, and should work always. This file
is not a Hayes tutorial :-) The only thing worth notic-
ing is that control characters can be sent by prefixing
them with a '^', in which '^^' means '^' itself. Some
options however, don't have much to do with the modem
but more with the behaviour of minicom itself:
M - Dial time
The number of seconds before minicom times out if
no connection is established.
N - Delay before redial
Minicom will redial if no connection was made, but
it first waits some time.
O - Number of tries
Maximum number of times that minicom attempts to
dial.
P - Autobaud detect
If this is on, minicom tries to match the dialed
party's speed.
Q - Drop DTR to hangup
Normally minicom hangs up by sending a Hayes-type
hangup sequence but if your Minix supports it, it
can also hangup by dropping the DTR line.
R - Modem has DCD line
If your modem, and your O/S both support the DCD
line (that goes 'high' when a connection is made)
minicom will use it.
Note that a special exception is made for this menu:
every user can change all parameters here, but they
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
will not be saved.
Screen and keyboard
A - Command key is
the 'Hot Key' that brings you into command mode.
If this is set to 'ALT' or 'meta key', you can
directly call commands by alt-key instead of
HotKey-key.
B - Backspace key sends
There still are some systems that want a VT100 to
send DEL instead of BS. With this option you can
enable that stupidity. (Eh, it's even on by
default...)
C - Status line is
Enabled or disabled. Some slow terminals (for
example, X-terminals) cause the status line to
jump "up and down" when scrolling, so you can turn
it off if desired. It will still be shown in com-
mand-mode.
Save setup as dfl
Save the parameters as the default for the next time
the program is started. Instead of dfl, any other
parameter name may appear, depending on which one was
used when the program was started.
Save setup as..
Save the parameters under a special name. Whenever
Minicom is started with this name as an argument, it
will use these parameters. This option is of course
priviliged to root.
Exit
Escape from this menu without saving. This can also be
done with ESC.
Exit from minicom
Only root will see this menu entry, if he/she started
minicom with the '-s' option. This way, it is possible
to change the configuration without actually running
minicom.
STATUS LINE
The status line has several indicators, that speak for
themselves. The mysterious APP or CUR indicator probably
needs explanation. The VT100 cursor keys can be in two
modes: applications mode and cursor mode. This is con-
trolled by an escape sequence. If you find that the cursor
keys do not work in, say, vi when you're logged in using
minicom then you can see with this indicator whether the
cursor keys are in applications or cursor mode. You can
toggle the two with the C-A I key. If the cursor keys then
work, it's probably an error in the remote system's term-
cap initialization strings (is).
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
SECURITY ISSUES
Since Minicom runs setuid root, you probably want to
restrict access to it. This is possible by using a config-
uration file in the same directory as the default files,
called "minicom.users". The syntax of this file is as fol-
lowing:
<username> <configuration> [configuration...]
To allow user 'miquels' to use the default configuration,
enter the following line into "minicom.users":
miquels dfl
If you want users to be able to use more than the default
configurations, just add the names of those configurations
behind the user name. If no configuration is given behind
the username, minicom assumes that the user has access to
all configurations.
MISC
If minicom is hung, kill it with SIGTERM . (This means
kill -15, or since sigterm is default, just plain "kill
<minicompid>". This will cause a graceful exit of minicom,
doing resets and everything.
Since a lot of escape sequences begin with ESC (Arrow up
is ESC [ A), Minicom does not know if the escape character
it gets is you pressing the escape key, or part of a
sequence.
An old version of Minicom, V1.2, solved this in a rather
crude way: to get the escape key, you had to press it
twice. Support for timing (with select) was already built
in to minicom (see file wkeys.c) and works great under
BSD, but alas, not under Minix. The same problem, but
worse, was with Televideo type terminals. Since they use a
lot of escape sequences that start with 'C-A', you had to
press 'C-A' twice when you want to pop up a window or
something...
As of release 1.3 this has bettered a little: now a 1-sec-
ond timeout is builtin, like in vi. And... surprise: a
special Minix and Linux-dependant hack :-) was added. Now,
minicom can separate the escape key and escape-sequences.
To see how dirty this was done, look into wkeys.c. But it
works like a charm!
AUTHORS
The author of minicom and the minicom manual is Miquel van
Smoorenburg (miquels@drinkel.nl.mugnet.org)
Most of this man page is copied, with corrections, from
the minicom manual, but some pieces and the corrections
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MINICOM(1) Linux Programmer's Manual MINICOM(1)
are by Michael K. Johnson (johnsonm@stolaf.edu).
Cohesive Systems 9 Oct 1993 9