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1992-11-01
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NORTHROP B-2 STEALTH BOMBER
Written and modelled by Tim Vasquez, CIS 71611,2267
The B-2 Stealth Bomber was developed as early as 1978 under a contract
by the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Systems Division under intense
secrecy. It's purpose was to penetrate enemy territory to carry out
heavy bombing without detection.
The veil of secrecy was lifted in 1988 when the prototype was rolled
out at U.S.A.F. Plant 42 in Palmdale, CA. It made its first flight on
July 17, 1989. Since then, the plane has undergone extensive flight and
avionics testing at Edwards AFB, California.
The 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman AFB, Missouri, will take delivery of
the first B-2 shipment, while another B-2 base has yet to be decided on.
The depot facility for B-2 maintenance will be at Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, at
the Oklahoma Air Logistics Center.
HANDLING
The B-2 is essentially one huge lifting surface. With over 5,000 square
feet of wing area, it might be imagined that the airplane has tremendous
maneuverability. But to retain the stealth characteristics of plane, it
has to have modest engines -- in this case, four 19,000 pound (thrust)
turbojet engines. For a heavy jet, 19,000 pounds of thrust is rather
wimpy, and it gives the plane the power equivalent of a Boeing 707
airliner. And this is almost how it behaves when it takes off fully loaded,
bound for its target!
Thanks to its fly-by-wire (digital computer) handling, the B-2's
unique stability problems are solved. The aerodynamic layout gives the
plane a very responsive character, too. It's a great plane at low altitudes,
giving performance similar to that of fighter aircraft.
The B-2 is not supersonic. Its cruising speed is around that of a typical
airliner, about .8M (mach), or around 500 knots TAS. It's range is 6,600
nm (7,600 miles) when fully loaded for high-altitude bomb dropping, or
4,500 nm (5,182 miles) if it has to descend to drop bombs. With one aerial
refuelling, the plane's range is extended to over 10,000 nm (11,515 miles).
The following listing describes actual performance characteristics of
the Northrop B-2, painstakingly modelled into the FS4 simulation aircraft.
-------------------------------------
TAKEOFF CHARACTERISTICS, Northrop B-2
-------------------------------------
The simulation file contains a B-2 at the takeoff weight of 371,000
pounds (dry weight of 105000 lbs and fuel and armaments weight of 266000 lbs).
At these values, the following performance data is valid.
NOTE: The B-2 does not use manual flap settings, so the flap selector will
have no effect.
V1, takeoff decision speed...... 132 kts
Vr, rotation speed.............. 140 kts
V2, liftoff speed............... 147 kts
Takeoff run..................... 8,000 feet
Takeoff
-Apply max power
-Rotate at Vr, aircraft lifts off at V2
-Gear up on positive rate of climb
Climbout (below 10,000 feet)
-Maintain pitch of +10 deg, adjust power/pitch to maintain
gradual acceleration
-Reduce pitch with altitude to allow acceleration/consistent rate of climb
-------------------------------------
LANDING CHARACTERISTICS, Northrop B-2
-------------------------------------
The simulation file contains a fully-loaded B-2 at a weight of 371,000
pounds. For a normal landing, its weight should be modified within FS4/ASD
to reduce the fuel from 266,000 to about 50,000 pounds.
Also, note that the B-2 spoilers are always set to -45/+45 degrees
for approach and landing to retard the lift developed by the wings. In FS4,
set your spoilers to ON to initiate this landing configuration.
NOTE: The B-2 does not use manual flap settings, so the flap selector has
no effect.
FULLY LOADED (105000 lbs dry weight, 266000 lbs fuel/armament)
Vref............................ 131 knots
Approach speed.................. 140 knots
Landing run..................... 3,500 feet
-Gear down at 225 knots or less
-Spoilers to landing position
-Optimum power setting 66%
-Maintain +2 deg pitch and final approach speed of 140 kts
-Aim short of threshold
-Flare, hold zero rate of climb over runway (real B-2's ground effect
causes flare automatically)
-Cut power
-Touchdown
NORMAL LANDING (105000 lbs dry weight, 50000 lbs fuel/armament)
Vref........................... 108 knots
Approach speed................. 121 knots
-Gear down at 225 knots or less
-Spoilers to landing position
-Optimum power setting 48%
-Maintain -2 deg pitch and final approach speed of 121 knots
-Aim short of threshold
-Flare, hold zero rate of climb over runway (real B-2's ground effect
causes flare automatically)
-Cut power
-Touchdown