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HELP/GLOSSARY information for PolyDraw and PolyNet 22 Jun 97
Names of Polyhedra
Polyhedra were first studied by people like Plato and Archimedes, so they
have names based on ancient Greek words. The names are made up of several
parts, depending on whether they refer to 2 or 3D objects, and the number of
sides or faces.
Part of
word meaning example
poly- many a 'polygon' is a 2D figure
-gon a plane figure, 2D a 'polygon' has many sides
-hedron a 3D solid
-hedra more than one 3D solid
tetra- 4 faces a 'tetrahedron' is a 3D solid
penta- 5 sides or faces with 4 faces
hexa- 6 sides or faces
octa- 8 sides or faces
deca- 10 sides or faces rhombi - a 4 sided polygon, with all
dodeca- 12 sides or faces sides equal but not all angles
icosa- 20 sides or faces
triaconta-30 sides or faces delta - a triangle, or 3 sided polygon
??? 60 sides or faces which looks like the Greek letter D
Antiprism
a polyhedron made with two opposite faces identical regular polygons,
with n sides, and the other faces made up of 2n equilateral triangles
Duals
2 polyhedra are duals if the vertices of one can be put into a one-to-one
correspondence with the centres of the faces of the other.
Archimedean or semi-regular solids
13 polyhedra made from more than one kind of regular polygon,
with all vertices equal.
5 are made by truncating the Platonic solids
2 are 'quasi-regular' with only 2 kinds of faces, each one entirely
surrounded by the other
2 are made by truncating the quasi-regular ones
2 rhombi-***
1 snub cube
1 snub dodecahedron
Compound
polyhedron made by combining 2 or more Platonic solids with the same centre
Congruent
identically equal
Convex polygon
one with all the angles between its edges less than 180 degrees
Convex polyhedron
one with all its dihedral angles less than 180 degrees
Deltahedron
has faces made only from triangles, usually equilateral
Dihedral angle
internal angle between 2 faces which meet along a common edge
Edge of a polyhedron
line where two faces meet
Entantiomorphic
a polyhedron which can exist in two forms, left and right handed,
for example, the snub cube
Face of a polyhedron
one of the polygons making up the surface of the polyhedron
Johnson solids
all convex polyhedra with faces which are regular polygons, excluding
the Platonic and Archimeadean solids and the infinite sets of prisms
and antiprisms.
Kepler/Poinsot solids
similar to Platonic solids but with star polygons as faces.
compounds made from a regular polygon and its dual stuck together so that
their edges bisect at right angles.
They are the Stella Octangula, the great icosahedron and the 3 stellations
of the dodecahedron
Net - see Planar Net
Planar Net - a plane shape which can be folded into a polyhedron.
A given polyhedron may have several different nets.
Platonic solids
The five made from convex regular polygons of the same kind,
with all vertices identical and all dihedral angles equal
Polygon
a plane figure bounded by straight edges and vertices
Polyhedron
a set of polygons enclosing a portion of 3D space
Prism
a polyhedron made with two opposite faces identical regular polygons,
with n sides and the other faces n squares
Pyramid
a polyhedron with a base and triangular faces all connecting the base
to a single point above it. The base is usually a regular polygon.
Regular polygon
one with all sides the same length, and the internal angles between all
the sides equal
Regular polyhedron
As defined by Plato these are solids made from equal regular polygons.
This is not sufficient for a truly regular solid because all the deltahedra
(made from equilateral triangles) satisfy the condition.
In addition we must require all the vertices to be identical.
Star polygon
one with equal length sides, but some angles at their vertices are
greater than 180 degrees, so they are not convex
Stellation
a process of extending sides of polygons, (or planes of polyhedra)
until they intersect to form another polyhedron
Uniform polyhedron
one with all the faces regular polygons, and all the vertices identical,
that is, each vertex has same number of faces of the same kind arranged
in the same order.
Vertex - point on a polyhedron where at least 3 edges meet
Wenninger
A polyhedron described in the book 'Polyhedron Models' by M.J.Wenninger