home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
ARM Club 3
/
TheARMClub_PDCD3.iso
/
hensa
/
graphics
/
fractal_1
/
!Fractal
/
Help
/
Lyapunov
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1996-10-09
|
2KB
|
53 lines
Lyapunov
--------
This function is a development of the Verhulst equation (similar to the
Bifurcation algorithm) used to model population growth. The Lyapunov
exponent is the average of the population size over a series of iterations.
In the display the x and y axis represent different rates of growth. For
each pixel the Lyapunov exponent is calculated, using the x or y value each
iteration. Which value of x or y is chosen is set by the Sequence variable:
xyx - means use x, then y, then x, then repeat the sequence.
The algorithm used is as follows:
x=initial population, usually 0.5, but between 0 and 1
for i=1 TO initial_iteration_limit
R=x or y depending on sequence
x=R*x*(1-x)
next
L=0
for i=1 TO iteration-limit
R=x or y depending on sequence
x=R*x*(1-x)
r=R*(1-x-x)
L=L+LOG(ABS(r))
next
The value of L is used to set the screen colour. Solid areas tend to be
those where the value of x remains stable (negative L), whereas dotted areas
tend to be chaotic ones.
The data panel lets you set the values of the iteration limits, the initial
population and the sequence of x or y values. Note that the value of x and y
(ie. R) must lie within the range 0 to 4, with the range 3 to 4 usually
providing the best values.
To change the shape of the image use different x/y sequences - use the menu
to select different preset images as a starter. To see the image at its best
you will need to experiment with different palettes, such as the Lyapunov
ones. Full 256 colours helps a lot since it is difficult to get a good
palette using the RiscOS fixed palette. Interesting 3d effects are possible.
The image takes quite a while to generate even though fast integer maths is
used throughout. From the menu you can choose between 16 and 32 bit maths.
Use the latter for better image quality with some loss of speed. You will
find that the amount of zooming is fairly limited but in general this does
not matter since detailed close ups tend to repeat the overall picture.
You can use Lyapunov with 3d and Riemann sphere plotting methods.
For more information see the article "Leaping Into Lyapunov Space" by
A.K.Dewdney in the Scientific American Sept 1991 and Fractal Report 21 which
gives a simple BBC Basic version.