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Bifurcate
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1996-10-09
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Bifurcate
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!Fractal would not be complete without bifurcation diagrams, one of the
original manifestations of chaos. They were originally discovered from a
very simple equation to describe animal populations:
New Population = Growth Rate * Old Population * ( 1 - Old Population)
where population is a value between 0 and 1. With growth rates < 200% a
single line results, over 200% it splits (bifurcates) into 2, then 4, then
becomes chaotic. In the plot the x-axis is the growth rate, the y-axis is
the population.
Bifurcate plots points, the colours of which are set from the main Plot
Options dialogue box in the Effects menu. For best results set Initial
Colour=0 and Plot Type to 'Subtract' so that where multiple points are
plotted at the same pixel, the colour is decremented.
The data values for Bifurcate are:
Growth Rate: value at x0.
Pop. Size : value at y0.
Rate Range : add to x0 to give growth rate at far right.
Pop. Range : add to y0 to give population at top of screen.
Init Popn. : The inital value of the population used in the equation.
Max Gen. : Number of generations to calculate for each growth rate.
Min Gen. : Number of generations before plotting.
The Min Gen value is used as a low filter to let the population stabilise
before plotting, whilst the Max Gen is the total number of generations to
calculate before moving onto the next growth rate.
You can zoom in to examine the chaotic patterns, which often reveal detail.
Increase Max Gen as you zoom in to see the range of population values.
!Fractal switches from fast 32 bit to full floating point calculations as
you zoom in.
There are many formulae that lead to bifurcation diagrams. There are several
to choose from the menu - the 'R' in the equation is the growth rate.
Mitchel Feigenbaum discovered that the ratios of lengths of adjacent areas
of bifurcation were always 4.6692..., a constant that is now named afer him.