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JITEN (JAPANESE-ENGLISH DICTIONARY) - Version 3.02
====================================================
© Philip Murray-Pearce 04.12.98
1. INTRODUCTION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Jiten provides an on-line dictionary for Japanese and English. It uses the
Edict EUC freeware Japanese/English Dictionary file coordinated by Jim Breen
of Monash University in Australia, which currently consists of around 64,000
entries. Words can be translated from Japanese to English and vice versa, word
entry being in Kanji/Kana, Hepburn Romaji, or English; alternative translations
are given where applicable.
2. CONTENTS OF THIS HELP FILE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. Introduction (above)
2. Contents of this help file (this section)
3. Hardware and other requirements
4. How to use Jiten
1. Using the dictionary 1. Loading
2. Program window
3. Finding the meaning of a word :
Setting search conditions
Entering a search word
Search results display
Search word not found
4. Browsing through the dictionary
2. Updating the dictionary
5. Dictionary abbreviations and EUC coding
1. Abbreviations used with English words in dictionary file
2. EUC codes for Japanese
6. Components of Jiten
7. Acknowledgements
8. Note on accuracy of Jiten
9. Copyright, Disclaimer, and Contact with author
3. HARDWARE AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Jiten was written on an Acorn RiscPC700 with ARM710 processor and RiscOS3 3.60.
The full program, consisting of the dictionary itself and a facility to update
the dictionary files, needs at least 4Mb RAM and 4Mb of hard drive free space.
It should work on any Acorn computer fulfilling these requirements.
(If you have a computer with less than 4Mb RAM and do not need to use the file
updating facility, the program can be made to run in just 640k RAM. Open the
Jiten application directory, rename the file !Run as !Run-F, and rename the
file !Run-J as !Run.)
Screen resolution should be 800x600 or higher, though it is just possible to use
640x480 if necessary, and at least 16 colours should be available.
The best desktop fonts to use for Jiten are either Homerton Medium (RiscPC only)
or System. The desktop should, if necessary, be set to use the Latin1 character
set (default on all Acorn computers in English-speaking countries) by using the
command *Alphabet Latin1 from the command line (see your computer's User
Guide).
4. HOW TO USE JITEN
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4.1 USING THE DICTIONARY
------------------------
4.1.1. LOADING
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
To load, double-click on the !Jiten icon.
To start Jiten, click on the program's icon bar icon.
4.1.2. PROGRAM WINDOW
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The Jiten program window consists of the following main parts :-
• Kanji/Kana area for displaying kanji and hiragana/katakana.
• EUC (Extended Unix Code) area for displaying the EUC codes corresponding to
the characters in the Kanji/Kana area.
• Romaji area for displaying the Hepburn Romaji equivalent of the
characters displayed in the Kana/Kanji area.
• English area with space to display up to three English meanings for the
Japanese word in the Kana/Kanji and Romaji areas.
• Writable (white) area in which to enter the word you want to find the
meaning of.
• A (beige) area showing a selection of kanji/kana characters.
• Various icons to control the operation of the program (see later).
4.1.3. FINDING THE MEANING OF A WORD
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SETTING SEARCH CONDITIONS
• Select Japanese->English or English->Japanese translation by clicking
on the appropriate circular icon at the top right of the program window
(the starting set up is English->Japanese).
If you are translating from Japanese to English, select the form of word
entry by clicking on the appropriate circular icon at the top right of the
program window, K for kanji/kana entry and R for romaji entry (the starting
set up is romaji).
• Choose whether you wish to search the dictionary file for all words or
phrases starting with the 'search word' or for only exact matches with
the search word. For the former, the 'Exact' box at the bottom right of
the program window should be empty and, for the latter, it should be
ticked; toggle between these two states by clicking on the box.
ENTERING A SEARCH WORD
• Enter the word to translate (the 'search word') in the white box and
press <Return>.
If you are entering in kanji/kana, romaji, or English, note that any number
of spaces at the start or end of an entry are ignored (this applies whether
or not 'Exact' has been selected).
If you are entering in English or romaji, note the following :-
a) it does not matter whether you enter words as lower-case, upper-case,
or any mixture of these.
b) any number of any of the characters - (hyphen), ~ (tilde),
" (quotation mark), ' (apostrophe), and ` (grave accent) at the start of
an entry are ignored.
c) the definite and indefinite articles 'the', 'a', and 'an' at the start of
an English entry are ignored.
d) the word 'to' used in making the infinitive of an English verb at the
start of an English entry is ignored.
You may use either of two methods to enter words in kanji/kana :-
a) Click over the appropriate characters in the beige area at the bottom of
the program window; as you do so, each character selected will appear in
the Kana/Kanji area at the top of the program window and its EUC code (of
two ASCII characters with values of 160 or greater) will appear in the
white box. (Use the blank character at either the top left or bottom right
of the beige area if you need to enter a space.)
Press <Return> to finish the entry.
The content of the beige area depends on the setting of the circular and
arrow icons below it. The four circular icons select a character set,
'Hira' (default) hiragana, 'Kata' katakana, 'Kanj' kanji, and 'Euro'
English/Greek/Russian. The 'Kanj' and 'Euro' sets each have more than one
'page' of display; the four arrow icons allow movement up or down
through these 'pages', one page at a time for the single arrows and ten
pages at a time for the double arrows.
[To the right of these icons, a box shows in three forms (character,
decimal, and hexadecimal) the value of the first part of the EUC code for
all the characters currently in the beige area.]
b) Type the EUC codes for the characters required directly into the white
box. (To represent a space in kanji/kana, press the spacebar twice.)
Press <Return> to finish the entry.
If your entry does not consist entirely of EUC codes (or spaces), Jiten
displays a warning box; simply click on 'OK' to continue and then find and
correct the error.
Clicking on the 'Clear' box to its right deletes the contents of the white
box.
SEARCH RESULTS DISPLAY
• Within a very short time, the Kana/Kanji, EUC, Romaji, and English areas will
contain the results of the search.
If no match to the search word is found in the dictionary file, the
message 'Word not found in dictionary' appears.
If you enter the English word 'be' as the search word when 'Exact'
searching is not selected, the message 'Please be more specific' appears;
in this case, enter a more precise phrase such as 'be afraid' or
'be sensible'. (This is because there are several hundred phrases starting
with 'be' and listing them all would be unwieldy.)
• Often there will be more than one possible translation of the search
word.
Up to three English meanings are shown at once for a given Kana/Kanji;
if more than three exist, these can be scrolled through by clicking on
the up and down arrows to the right of the English area (the green
number between the arrows indicates the position of the top displayed
meaning in the scroll list and the red number how many meanings there
are).
Different Kana/Kanji/Romaji matching an English word can be scrolled
through using the up/down arrows to the right of the Kana/Kanji and
Romaji areas. The single arrows scroll one item at a time and the double
arrows ten items at a time; the red number between the arrows shows how
many different Kana/Kanji/Romaji there are and the green number
indicates which one you are currently looking at.
SEARCH WORD NOT FOUND
• If you cannot get a match for your search word :-
a) try a synonym or British/American variants in English spelling
(the original Edict file was composed from various sources).
b) remember that very few proper names are included.
c) try again without 'Exact' selected.
d) ensure that your computer is using the (default) Latin1 alphabet.
4.1.4. BROWSING THROUGH THE DICTIONARY
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If you wish to browse through the entries in the dictionary, use the 'tape-
recorder' keys in the 'Browse' part of the program window. The right-pointing
arrows browse forwards and the left-point arrows backwards; the black single
arrows move to the next/previous item, the black double arrows move on/back
10 items, the orange double arrows move on/back 100 items, and the red double
arrows move on/back 1000 items.
Click the left or right mouse button on an arrow key to browse; holding the
mouse button down over the key automatically repeats the action of that key.
Browsing takes place in dictionary order for the language and character set
chosen in the panel above the 'Browse' area; accordingly, browsing is in English
dictionary order if you have chosen 'Eng-Jap', romaji dictionary order for
'Jap-Eng' and 'R', and kanji/kana order for 'Jap-Eng' and 'K'.
4.2 UPDATING THE DICTIONARY
---------------------------
As mentioned in the Introduction above, Jiten uses the Edict EUC freeware
Japanese/English Dictionary file coordinated by Jim Breen of Monash University.
This file is currently at version V98-002 (26th June 1998) and is likely to be
updated from time to time in the future; updates will be available from Jim
Breen's website (see Acknowledgements below) and elsewhere on the Web.
If you wish to update your copy of Jiten to a later version of Edict :-
• Take a backup of Jiten. The updating procedure deletes the existing Edict
file and its three associated indexes. It is therefore wise to have a backup
of Jiten to return to if necessary.
• Load Jiten so that its icon appears on the icon bar (but do not open the
dictionary window).
• Check that your copy of the Edict file is named Edict and has a filetype
of Text . Check also that the first line of the Edict file contains the
words Edict and Breen in any order anywhere in it.
Jiten will not accept the file if these conditions are not met.
• Drag the Edict file to the Jiten icon.
• If you have dragged an invalid Edict file to the Jiten icon, Jiten will
abort the update and display a message indicating why the file is invalid.
• If Jiten accepts the Edict file as valid, the program displays a message
asking you to confirm whether you wish the update to proceed. Click on 'OK'
to continue with the update or on 'Cancel' to abort.
• Updating takes about 20 minutes (on a RiscPC700).
• Keep your backup of Jiten until you are happy that the new version is
working satisfactorily.
5. DICTIONARY ABBREVIATIONS AND EUC CODING
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5.1 ABBREVIATIONS USED WITH ENGLISH WORDS IN DICTIONARY FILE
------------------------------------------------------------
Certain English words in the dictionary file used by Jiten have
explanatory abbreviations following them in parentheses. These have the
following meanings :-
abbr abbreviation
adj adjective
adv adverb
an adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
a-no nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
arch archaism
aux auxiliary
aux v auxiliary verb
col colloquialism
fam familiar language
fem female term or language
gikun gikun (meaning) reading
gram grammatical
hon honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
hum humble (kenjougo) language
I Type I (godan) verb (currently only added to verbs where the
type is not implicit)
IV Type IV (irregular) verb, such as "gozaru".
id idiomatic expression
iK word containing irregular kanji usage
ik word containing irregular kana usage
io irregular okurigana usage
lit literal transcription/translation
MA martial arts term
male male term or language
m-sl manga slang
neg negative (in a negative sentence, or with negative verb)
neg v negative verb (when used with)
obs obsolete term
obsc obscure term
oK word containing out-dated kanji
ok out-dated or obsolete kana usage
pol polite (teineigo) language
pref prefix
qv quod vide
sl slang
suf suffix
uK word usually written using kanji alone
uk word usually written using kana alone
vi intransitive verb
vs noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
vt transitive verb
vulg vulgar expression or word
X rude or X-rated term
For gairaigo (loan words), the following codes indicate the country of
origin :-
ar Arabic
zh Chinese (Zhongwen)
de German (Deutsch)
en English
fr French
el Greek (Ellinika)
iw Hebrew (Iwrith)
ja Japanese
ko Korean
nl Dutch (Nederlands)
no Norwegian
pl Polish
ru Russian
sv Swedish
bo Tibetan (Bodskad)
eo Esperanto
es Spanish
in Indonesian
it Italian
lt Latin
pt Portugese
hi Hindi
ur Urdu
mn Mongolian
kl Inuit (formerly Eskimo)
ai Ainu
The following codes indicate Japanese regional dialect words :-
kyb Kyoto-ben
osb Osaka-ben
ksb Kansai-ben
ktb Kantou-ben
tsb Tosa-ben
5.2 EUC CODES FOR JAPANESE
--------------------------
This section is provided for those who may be interested in the EUC (Extended
Unix Code) system for representing Japanese characters used in the Edict file.
Japanese kana and kanji are all represented by pairs of ASCII characters in
the range 161-254.
¤ (164) indicates next character is hiragana
¥ (165) indicates next character is katakana
£ (163) indicates next character is romaji (alphanumeric and punctuation)
¡ (161) indicates next character is scientific / mathematical / dingbat
¢ (162) indicates next character is scientific / mathematical / dingbat
¦ (166) indicates next character is Greek alphabet / graphics
§ (167) indicates next character is Cyrillic alphabet
Character pairs starting otherwise are kanji
N.B. ¡¼ is a long vowel indicator in non-Japanese words
[The Kanji/Kana area of the Jiten main window can display any of the above.
The Romaji area, however, is limited to the Latin1 ASCII character set and so
can not display other characters (e.g. Greek or Cyrillic letters) which may
appear in the Kanji/Kana area. ]
The main symbols of Hiragana, Katakana, and Romaji are represented as below :-
Hiragana
-a ¤¡ a ¤¢ -i ¤£ i ¤¤ -u ¤¥ u ¤¦
-e ¤§ e ¤¨ -o ¤© o ¤ª
ka ¤« g ¤¬ ki ¤ gi ¤® ku ¤¯ gu ¤°
ke ¤± ge ¤² ko ¤³ go ¤´
sa ¤µ za ¤¶ shi ¤· zi ¤¸ su ¤¹ zu ¤º
se ¤» ze ¤¼ so ¤½ zo ¤¾
ta ¤¿ da ¤À chi ¤Á di ¤Â tsu ¤Ä du ¤Å
te ¤Æ de ¤Ç to ¤È do ¤É
na ¤Ê ni ¤Ë nu ¤Ì
ne ¤Í no ¤Î
ha ¤Ï ba ¤Ð pa ¤Ñ hi ¤Ò bi ¤Ó pi ¤Ô fu ¤Õ bu ¤Ö pu ¤×
he ¤Ø be ¤Ù pe ¤Ú ho ¤Û bo ¤Ü po ¤Ý
ma ¤Þ mi ¤ß mu ¤à
me ¤á mo ¤â
-ya ¤ã ya ¤ä -yu ¤å yu ¤æ
-yo ¤ç yo ¤è
ra ¤é ri ¤ê ru ¤ë
re ¤ì ro ¤í
-wa ¤î wa ¤ï wo ¤ò
n ¤ó
Katakana
-a ¥¡ a ¥¢ -i ¥£ i ¥¤ -u ¥¥ u ¥¦
-e ¥§ e ¥¨ -o ¥© o ¥ª
ka ¥« g ¥¬ ki ¥ gi ¥® ku ¥¯ gu ¥°
ke ¥± ge ¥² ko ¥³ go ¥´
sa ¥µ za ¥¶ shi ¥· zi ¥¸ su ¥¹ zu ¥º
se ¥» ze ¥¼ so ¥½ zo ¥¾
ta ¥¿ da ¥À chi ¥Á di ¥Â tsu ¥Ä du ¥Å
te ¥Æ de ¥Ç to ¥È do ¥É
na ¥Ê ni ¥Ë nu ¥Ì
ne ¥Í no ¥Î
ha ¥Ï ba ¥Ð pa ¥Ñ hi ¥Ò bi ¥Ó pi ¥Ô fu ¥Õ bu ¥Ö pu ¥×
he ¥Ø be ¥Ù pe ¥Ú ho ¥Û bo ¥Ü po ¥Ý
ma ¥Þ mi ¥ß mu ¥à
me ¥á mo ¥â
-ya ¥ã ya ¥ä -yu ¥å yu ¥æ
-yo ¥ç yo ¥è
ra ¥é ri ¥ê ru ¥ë
re ¥ì ro ¥í
-wa ¥î wa ¥ï wo ¥ò
n ¥ó
vu ¥ô
Romaji
! £¡ " £¢ # ££ ¥ £¤ % £¥ & £¦ ' £§ ( £¨ ) £©
* £ª + £« , £¬ - £ . £® / £¯ 0 £°
1 £± 2 £² 3 £³ 4 £´ 5 £µ 6 £¶ 7 £· 8 £¸ 9 £¹
: £º ; £» < £¼ = £½ > £¾ ? £¿ @ £À
A £Á B £Â C £Ã D £Ä E £Å F £Æ G £Ç H £È I £É
J £Ê K £Ë L £Ì M £Í N £Î O £Ï P £Ð Q £Ñ R £Ò
S £Ó T £Ô U £Õ V £Ö W £× X £Ø Y £Ù Z £Ú
[ £Û \ £Ü ] £Ý ^ £Þ _ £ß ` £à
a £á b £â c £ã d £ä e £å f £æ g £ç h £è i £é
j £ê k £ë l £ì m £í n £î o £ï p £ð q £ñ r £ò
s £ó t £ô u £õ v £ö w £÷ x £ø y £ù z £ú
{ £û | £ü } £ý ~ £þ
6. COMPONENTS OF JITEN
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A fully working copy of Jiten should contain the following files :-
!Boot
!Help (This file)
!Run
!Run-J (Alternative !Run file for computers with low memory)
!RunImage
!Sprites
Edict (Dictionary file)
Index-Engl (Index to English translations in Edict)
Index-Kanj (Index to Kanji/Kana in Edict)
Index-Roma (Index to Romaji equivalents of Kanji/Kana in Edict)
KanjiFont (Data to convert EUC to Kanji/Kana display)
Menus
Sprites
Templates
Jiten may be supplied without the Edict, Index-Engl, Index-Kanj, and Index-Roma
files.
If this is the case, you will need to obtain a copy of Edict (on the Web from
Jim Breen's site at Monash University or elsewhere) and then follow the
procedure for updating Edict files described above under 'Updating the
Dictionary' (but ignoring the suggestions concerning backups).
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Jim Breen of Monash University in Australia
Website : http://www.dgs.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.html
FTP : ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/packages/nihongo/00Index.html
for his EDICT project.
The (unknown) author of KanjiFont (which allows the display of Japanese
characters on screen).
David Morfitt for his encouragement and suggestions.
8. NOTE ON ACCURACY OF JITEN
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is my hope that Jiten is accurate as an on-line dictionary. This,
however, I cannot check fully as my knowledge of Japanese is very limited.
(My interest in writing Jiten arose largely through my being a teacher at a
school in Purley, London with a number of Japanese pupils.) The original
EDICT project on which Jiten's dictionary file is based is, as far as I
know, accurate; any errors in Jiten are likely to be my own.
(If you find any errors in the actual EDICT file at the Monash University
website mentioned above, I'm sure that Jim Breen would be interested to
hear from you.)
9. COPYRIGHT, DISCLAIMER, AND CONTACT WITH AUTHOR
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
!Jiten is © Philip Murray-Pearce 1998 and is Freeware. This means you may
copy it freely as long as all files in this application are distributed
together without modification and without charge for distribution (other
than media costs and postage). You should not have had to pay for this program
(other than possibly a small charge for media and postage); however, if you find
it useful, you might like to make a small contribution to the World Wildlife
Fund or another animal welfare charity of your choice.
This software is supplied 'as is'. The author makes no claims as to its
reliability or suitability for any purpose. Use is at the user's risk; no
responsibility can be taken by the author for any failure of the program, or any
loss or damage caused directly or indirectly by it.
Please note that copyright in EDICT resides with Jim Breen of Monash
University; in essence, the copyright conditions allow for distribution
without charge.
If you have any suggestions for the improvement of Jiten, discover any bugs
in it, or simply would like to comment on its usefulness or otherwise,
please feel free to contact me, stating the program version number, at :-
Email : philip.murray-pearce@which.net