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- BASICS OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
- ===============================
- The characteristics of an organism are determined by pairs of genes known as
- ALLELES. There are alternative versions of the genes in most pairs,eg in the
- case of the trait,hair colour,there may be genes for brown hair and genes for
- blond hair.
-
- When both genes of a pair are identical the organism is said to be
- HOMOZYGOUS for that pair.
-
- When the genes of a pair are different the organism is said to be
- HETEROZYGOUS for that pair.
-
- Usually, when two different genes are present in a pair, one of them masks
- the effect of the other. The gene which is masked is said to be RECESSIVE
- and the masking gene is said to be DOMINANT. In some cases neither gene is
- dominant to the other and the effect is intermediate. This is known as
- co-dominance.
-
- The characteristics displayed by an organism is called the PHENOTYPE.
-
- The genetic constitution of the organism is called the GENOTYPE.
-
- When organisms reproduce,the eggs and sperms only carry one gene from each
- pair, so that following fertilization the offspring inherit one gene from
- each parent.
-
- The genes are located on structure called chromosomes (found in the nucleus
- of cells). The chromosomes usually occur in pairs (Homologous pairs) and the
- pairs of genes will be located one on each of a pair of chromosomes (at the
- same relative position). As there are many more genes than there are
- chromosomes genes for certain traits will be on the same chromosome and tend
- to be inherited together. These genes are said to be LINKED.
- One of the pairs of chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes. In the female
- these are similar and referred to as X chromosomes. In males one of the
- chromosomes is smaller and termed the Y chromosome. (ie females=XX males XY) The Y chromosome lacks many genes which are on the X chromosome so that a
- male will only have one member of such gene pairs. The males thus always
- exhibit the characteristics determined by these gene as there is no
- partnering gene to dominate them.These genes which are only present on the X
- chromosome are said to be SEX LINKED.
-
- Examples of Crosses:
- In garden peas there is a pair of genes controling height. The gene for tall
- is dominant to the gene for dwarf.
- Let the capital letter 'T' represent the gene for tall
- Let the small letter 't' represent the gene for dwarf
-
- Pure breeding plants will be homozygous ie TT (Tall) or tt (Dwarf)
-
- Consider crossing a pure breeding tall with a pure breeding dwarf
-
- Tall Dwarf
- P1 TT x tt
- | |
- Gametes T T (sex cell only carry one gene of a pair)
- \ /
- F1 Tt (All offspring are tall but carry gene 't')
-
- Now interbreed the F1 generation
-
- Tall Tall
- F1 Tt x Tt
- /\ /\
- Gametes T t T t (Half the sex cells carry gene for
- tall half gene for dwarf)
-
- Fusion of sex cells (FERTILIZATION) occurs randomly ie.
-
- Male gametes
- T t
- Female T TT Tt
- F2 gametes t Tt tt
-
- Three quarters ot the offspring are tall and one quarter dwarf 3:1 ratio.
- However, of the tall individuals, only one third will breed true 'TT', the
- others are similar to their parents 'Tt'.
- N.B The ratios are due to probability and will not always be exact.
-
- If these genes for size were co-dominant then the 'Tt' individuals would be
- medium height and the offspring ratio 1 Tall: 2 Medium: 1 Dwarf.
-
- What will happen if you cross 'Tt'Tall with a dwarf(tt)?
-
- Example of sex linkage:
- Haemophilia in humans is sex linked and the condition is recessive.
- Let H=Gene for normal blood clotting
- Let h=Gene for haemophilia
- Consider a haemophilic woman (rare) and a normal man
-
- h h H
- P1 X X x X Y (N.B No gene on Y chromosome)
- | / \
- h h H
- Gametes X X X Y
- | \ / | H h h
- F1 X X X Y
- Female Male
- Normal Haemophilic
-
- Find which traits in the program are sex linked and investigate the result
- of other crosses.
-
- For information on what happens when you are investigating 2 pairs of genes
- at the same time and the effect of autosomal linkage you will need to consult
- a text book as it would take up too much space here.
-
- The chi-squared test determines the probability that any deviation from an
- expected ratio is due to chance alone.
- The significance level is usually taken at 0.05 (5%) but for greater
- certainty it may be decreased to 0.01 (1%). This means that a probability
- over 0.05 indicates that the deviation from the expected could be due to
- chance alone whereas with a probability below 0.05 the deviation would only
- be due to chance 1 in every 20 occurrences, ie the deviation from the expected
- is significant.