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Variant Translators for Version 8 of Icon* Ralph E. Griswold Kenneth Walker TR 90-4a January 1, 1990; last revised February 17, 1990 Department of Computer Science The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 *This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants CCR-8713690 and CCR-8901573. Variant Translators for Version 8 of Icon 1.__Introduction A preprocessor, which translates text from source language A to source language B, A -> B is a popular and effective means of implementing A, given an implementation of B. B is referred to as the target language. Ratfor [1] is perhaps the best known and most widely used example of this technique, although there are many others. In some cases A is a variant of B. An example is Cg [2], a variant of C that includes a generator facility similar to Icon's [3]. Cg consists of C and some additional syntax that a prepro- cessor translates into standard C. A run-time system provides the necessary semantic support for generators. Note that the Cg preprocessor is a source-to-source translator: Cg -> C where Cg differs from C only in the addition of a few syntactic constructs. This can be viewed as an instance of a more general paradigm: A+ -> A The term ``translator'' is used here in the general sense, and includes both source-to-source translators, such as preproces- sors, and source-to-object translators, such as compilers. In practice, the application of a source-to-source translator (preprocessor) may be followed by the application of a source- to-object translator (compiler). The combination is, of course, also a translator. The term ``variant translator'' is used here to refer to a translator that differs in its action, in some respect, from a standard one for a language. The applications described in this report relate to source-to-source translators, although the term ``preprocessor'' is too restrictive to describe all of them. There are many uses for variant translators. Some of them are: - 1 - + the addition of syntactic constructions to produce a superset of a language, as in the case of Cg + the deletion of features in order to subset a language + the translation of one source language into another [4] + the addition of monitoring code, written in the target language + the insertion of termination code to output monitoring data + the insertion of initialization code to incorporate addi- tional run-time facilities + the insertion of code for debugging and checking purposes [5,6] Note that in several cases, the translations can be characterized by A -> A The input text and the output text may be different, but they are both in A. Both the input and the output of the variant transla- tor can be processed by a standard translator for the target language A. One way to implement a variant translator is to modify a stan- dard source-to-object translator, avoiding the preprocessor. This approach may or may not be easy, depending on the translator. In general, it involves modifying the code generator, which often is tricky and error prone. Furthermore, if the variant is an experi- ment, the effort involved may be prohibitive. The standard way to produce a variant translator is the one that is most often used for preprocessors in general, including ones that do not fit the variant translator paradigm - writing a stand-alone program in any convenient language. In the case of Ratfor, the preprocessor is written in Ratfor, providing the advantages of bootstrapping. This approach presents several problems. In the first place, writing a complete, efficient, and correct preprocessor is a sub- stantial undertaking. In experimental work, this effort may be unwarranted, and it is common to write the preprocessor in a high-level language, handling only the variant portion of the syntax, leaving the detection of errors to the final translator. Such preprocessors have the virtue of being easy to produce, but they often are slow, frequently unfaithful to the source language, and the failure to parse the input language completely may lead to mysterious results when errors are detected, out of context, by the final translator. - 2 - Modern tools such as Lex [7] and Yacc [8], that operate on grammatical specifications, have made the production of compilers (and hence translators in general) comparatively easy and have removed many of the sources of error that are commonly found in hand-tailored translators. Nonetheless, the construction of a translator for a large and complicated language is still a sub- stantial undertaking. If, however, a translator already exists for a language that is based on the use of such tools, it may be easy to produce a variant translator that is efficient and demonstrably correct by modifying grammatical specifications. The key is the use of these tools to produce a source-to-source translator, rather than producing a source-to-object translator. This technique was used in Cg. An existing Yacc specification for the C compiler was modified to generate C source code instead of object code. The idea is a simple one, but it has considerable utility and can be applied to a wide range of situations. This report describes a system that uses this approach for the construction of variant translators for Icon. This system presently runs only under UNIX systems with a large amount of memory. The reader should have a general knowledge of Icon, Yacc, C, and UNIX. 2.__Overview_of_Variant_Translators_for_Icon The heart of the system for constructing variant translators for Icon consists of an ``identity translator''. The output of this identity translator differs from its input only in the arrangement of nonsemantic ``white space'' and in the insertion of semicolons between expressions, which are optional in some places in Icon programs. The identity translator uses the same Yacc grammar as the reg- ular Icon translator, but uses different semantic actions. These semantic actions are cast as macro definitions in the grammar, which are expanded before the grammar is translated by Yacc into a parser. One set of macros is supplied for the regular Icon translator and another set is supplied for the identity transla- tor. The macros used by the identity translator echo the input text, producing source-code output. In addition to the grammar, other code is shared between the two translators, insuring a high degree of consistency between the two systems. A variant translator is created by first creating an identity translator and then modifying it. There is a shell script for producing identity translators and associated support software to simply the process of making modifications. This support software allows macro definitions to be changed via specification files, minimizing the clerical work needed to vary the format of the output. There also is a provision for including user func- tions in the parser, so that more complicated operations can be - 3 - written in C. Finally, the grammar for the identity translator can be modified in order to make structural changes in the syn- tax. The following sections describe this system in more detail and include a number of examples of its use. 3.__The_Grammar_for_the_Icon_Identity_Translator The Icon grammar is listed in Appendix A. Many variant trans- lators can be constructed without modifying this grammar, and minor modifications can be made to it without a detailed knowledge of its structure. Knowledge of a few aspects of this grammar are important, however, to understanding the translation process. There are two types of semantic actions. The semantic action for a declaration outputs text. The semantic action for a com- ponent of a declaration, such as an identifier list or an expres- sion, assigns a string to the Yacc attribute for the component. Declarations are parsed by the production: decl : record {Recdcl($1);} ; | proc {Procdcl($1);} ; | global {Globdcl($1);} ; | link {Linkdcl($1);} ; The non-terminals record, proc, global, and link each produce a string and the corresponding macro Recdcl, Procdcl, Globdcl, or Linkdcl prints the string. Because the grammar is used for both the regular Icon transla- tor and the variant translator system, the macro calls must be more general than what is required for either one alone. Consider the production for global: global : GLOBAL {Global0($1);} idlist {Global1($1, $2, $3);} ; The macro Global0 is needed in the regular translator, but per- forms no operation in the identity translator. The macro Global1 does the work in the identity translator; it concatenates "global " with the string produced by idlist, and this new string becomes the result of this production. The macro Global1 is passed $1, $2, and $3 even though it only uses $3. This is done for general- ity. The rules and the definitions that construct and output strings are provided as part of the identity translator. When a variant translator is constructed, changes are necessary only in situations in which the input is not to be echoed in the output. Deletions from the standard syntax can be accomplished by changing macro definitions to produce error messages instead of - 4 - output text. It is generally better, however, to delete rules from the grammar, so that all syntactic errors in the input are handled in the same way, by Yacc. Modifications and additions to the standard grammar require a more thorough understanding of the structure of the grammar. 4.__Macro_Definitions The purpose of using macro calls in the semantic actions of the grammar is to separate the structure of the grammar from the format of the output and to allow the output format to be speci- fied without modification of the grammar. The macro definitions for declarations are all the same. For example the definition of Global for the identity translator is: #define Globdcl(x)if (!nocode) treeprt(x); treeinit() The variable nocode is set when an error is detected during pars- ing. This helps prevent the variant translator from generating a program with syntax errors. The reason for doing this is that the output of a variant translator is usually piped directly into the regular Icon translator. If syntax errors were propagated, two error messages would result: one from the variant translator and one from the Icon translator. The message from the variant trans- lator is the one that is wanted because it references the line number of the original source whereas the message from the Icon translator references the line number of the generated source. The function treeprt prints a string and the function treeinit reclaims storage. See the Section 5 for details of string representation. 4.1__Specifications_for_Macros The macro definitions for expressions produce strings, gen- erally resulting from the concatenation of strings produced by other rules. In order to simplify the definition of macros, a specification format is provided. Specifications are processed by a program that produces the actual definitions. For example, the macro While1 is used in the rule WHILE expr DO expr {While1($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; A specification for this macro to produce an identity translation is: While1(w,x,y,z) "while " x " do " z Tabs separate the components of the specification. The first com- ponent is the prototype for the macro call, which may include optional arguments enclosed in parentheses as illustrated by the - 5 - example above. The remaining components are the strings to be concatenated with the result being assigned to the Yacc pseudo- variable $$. Specification lines that begin with # or which are empty are treated as comments. A set of lines delineated by %{ and %} are copied unchanged. The ``braces'' %{ and %} must each occur alone on a separate line; these two delimiting lines are not copied. This feature allows the inclusion of actual macro definitions, as opposed to specifications, and the inclusion of C definitions. The standard macro definitions supplied for the identity transla- tor include examples of these features. These definitions are listed in Appendix B. Definitions can be changed by modifying the standard ones or by adding new definitions. In the case of duplicate definitions, the last one holds. Definitions can be provided in several files, so variant definitions can be provided in a separate file that is processed after the standard definitions. See Sec. 8. Definitions can be deleted by providing a specification that consists only of a prototype for the call. For example, the specification While1() deletes the definition for While1. This is a convenient way to insure a macro is undefined. It is usually used along with the copy feature to introduce macro definitions that cannot be gen- erated by the specification system. For example, the following specifications eliminate reclamation of storage, preserving strings between declarations. Globdcl() Linkdcl() Procdcl() Recdcl() %{ #define Globdcl(x)if (!nocode) treeprt(x); #define Linkdcl(x)if (!nocode) treeprt(x); #define Procdcl(x)if (!nocode) treeprt(x); #define Recdcl(x)if (!nocode) treeprt(x); %} 4.2__Macros_for_Icon_Operators As shown in Appendix A, there is a distinct macro name for each Icon operator. For example, Blim(x,y,z) is the macro for a limitation expression, expr1 \ expr2 Note that the parameter y is the operator symbol itself. To - 6 - avoid having to know the names of the macros for the operators, specifications allow the use of operator symbols in prototypes. The symbols are automatically replaced by the appropriate names. Thus \(x,y,z) can be used in a specification in place of Blim(x,y,z) Unary operators are similar. For example, Uqmark(x,y), which is the macro for ?expr, can be specified as ?(x,y). In this case the parameter x is the operator symbol. In most cases, all operators of the same kind are translated in the same way. Since Icon has many operators, a generic form of specification is provided to allow the definition of all opera- tors in a category to be given by a single specification. In a specification, a string of the form <type> indicates a category of operators. The categories are: <uop> unary operators, except as follows <ucs> control structures in unary operator format <bop> binary operators, except as follows <aop> assignment operators <bcs> control structures in binary operator format The category <ucs> consists only of |. The category <bcs> con- sists of ?, |, !, and \. For example, the specification for binary operators for iden- tity translations is <bop>(x,y,z) x " <bop> " z This specification results in the definition for every binary operator: +(x,y,z), -(x,y,z), and so on. In such a specification, every occurrence of <bop> is replaced by the corresponding opera- tor symbol. Note that blanks are necessary to separate the binary operator from its operands. Otherwise, i * *s would be translated into i**s which is equivalent to i ** s The division of operators into categories is based on their - 7 - semantic properties. For example, a preprocessor may translate all unary operators in the same way, but translate the repeated alternation control structure into a programmer-defined control operation [9]. 5.__String_Handling Strings are represented as binary trees in which the leaves contain pointers to C strings. The building of these trees can be thought of as doing string concatenation using lazy evaluation. The concatenation operation just creates a new root node with its two operands as subtrees. The real concatenation is only done when the strings are written out. Another view of this is that concatenation builds a list of strings with the list implemented as a binary tree. This view allows ``strings'' to be treated as a list of tokens. This approach is useful in more complicated situations where there is a need to distinguish more than just syntactic structures. For example, the head of the main procedure can be distinguished from the heads of other procedures by look- ing at the second string in the list for the procedure declara- tion. Strings come from three sources during translation: strings produced by the lexical analyzer, literal strings, and strings produced by semantic actions. The lexical analyzer produces nodes. The cases where the nodes that are produced by the lexi- cal analyzer are of interest occur where strings are recognized for identifiers and literals - the tokens IDENT, STRINGLIT, INTLIT, REALIT, and CSETLIT. These nodes contain pointers to the strings recognized. (The actual strings are stored in a string space and remain there throughout execution of the translator.) These nodes can be used directly as a tree (of one node) of strings. Other nodes produced by the lexical analyzer, for exam- ple those for operators, do not contain strings. However, all of these nodes contain line and column numbers referring to the location of the token in the source text. This line and column information can be useful in variant translators that need to produce output that contains position information from the input. A literal string must be coerced into a tree of one node. This is done with the C function q(s) This is handled automatically when macros are produced from specifications. For example, the specification Fail(x) "fail" is translated into the macro #define Fail(x) $$ = q("fail") - 8 - Most semantic actions concatenate two or more strings and pro- duce a string. They use the C function cat(n, t1,t2, ...,tn) which takes a variable number of arguments and returns a pointer to the concatenated result. The first argument is the number of strings to be concatenated. The other arguments are the strings in tree format. The result is also in tree format. As an example, the specification While1(w,x,y,z) "while " x " do " z produces the definition #define While1(w,x,y,z) $$ = cat(4,q("while "),x,q(" do "),z) Another function, item(t, n), returns the nth node in the ``list'' t. For example, the name of a procedure is contained in the second node in the list for the procedure declaration (see Appendix A). Thus, if the procedure heading list is the value of head, item(head, 2) produces the procedure name. There are three macros that produce values associated with a node. Str0() produces the string. For example, code conditional on the main procedure could be written as follows: if (strcmp(Str0(item(head,2)),"main") == 0) { . . . } As this example illustrates, semantic actions may be too com- plicated to be represented conveniently by macros. In such cases parser functions can be used. A file is provided for such func- tions. See Section 10 for an example. The macros Line and Col produce the source-file line number and column, respectively, of the place where the text for the node begins. The use of these attributes is illustrated in Sec- tion 10. In some sophisticated applications, variant translators may need other capabilities that are available in the translator sys- tem. For example, if a function produces a string, it may be necessary place this string in a place that survives the function call. The Icon translator has a string allocation facility that can be used for this purpose: the free space begins at strfree and putident(n) installs a string of length n there. The use of such facilities requires more knowledge of the translator system - 9 - than it is practical to provide here. Persons with special needs should study the translator in more detail. 6.__Modifying_Lexical_Components_of_the_Translator The lexical analyzer for Icon is written in C rather than in Lex in order to make it easier to perform semicolon insertion and other complicated tasks that occur during lexical analysis. Specification files are used to build portions of the lexical analyzer, making it easy to modify. The three kinds of changes that are needed most often are the addition of new keywords, reserved words, and operators. The identity translator accepts any identifier as a keyword, leaving its resolution to subsequent processing by the Icon translator. Nothing need be done to add a new keyword except for processing it properly in the variant translator. The specification file tokens.txt contains a list of all reserved words and operator symbols. Each symbol has associated flags that indicate whether it can begin or end an expression. These flags are used for semicolon insertion. To add a new reserved word, insert it in proper alphabetical order in the list of reserved words in tokens.txt and give it a new token name. To add a new operator, insert it in the list of operators in tokens.txt (order there is not important) and give it a new token name. The new token names must be added to the grammar. See Appendix A. The addition of a new operator also requires modifying the specification of a finite-state automaton, optab.txt. Its struc- ture is straightforward. 7.__Modifying_Yacc Before building a variant translator, it may be necessary to modify Yacc, since the version of Yacc that normally is distri- buted with UNIX does not provide enough space to process Icon's grammar. To build a version of Yacc with more space, edit the Yacc source file dextern and change the definition of MEMSIZE in the HUGE section to #define MEMSIZE 22000 and use #define HUGE in files. Then rebuild Yacc. - 10 - 8.__Building_a_Variant_Translator The steps for setting up the directory structure for a variant translator are: + create a directory for the translator + make that directory the current directory + execute the shell script icon_vt supplied with Version 8 of Icon For example, if the variant translator is to be in the directory xtran and Icon is installed in /usr/icon/v8, the following com- mands will build the variant translator: mkdir xtran cd xtran /usr/icon/v8/icon_vt The shell script icon_vt creates a number of files in the new directory and in two sub-directories: itran and h. The files that comprise a variant translator are listed in Appendix C. Unless changes to the lexical analyzer are needed, at most three files need to be modified to produce a new translator: variant.defsvariant macro definitions (initially empty) variant.c parser functions (initially empty) itran/icon_g.cYacc grammar for Icon A non-empty variant.c usually requires #include files to provide needed declarations and definitions. See the example that fol- lows. The translator make file, itran/Makefile, is listed in Appen- dix D. The make file in the main translator directory just insures that the program define has be compiled and then does a make in the itran directory. Performing a make in the itran directory first combines variant.defs with the standard macro definitions (in ident.defs) and processes them to produce the definition file, itran/gdefs.h. The C preprocessor is then used to expand the macros in itran/icon_g.c using these definitions and the result, after some ``house keeping'', is put in itran/expanded.g. Next, Yacc uses the grammar in itran/expanded.g to build a new parser, parse.c. There are over 200 shift/reduce conflicts in the identity translator. All of these conflicts are resolved properly. More conflicts should be expected if addi- tions are made to the grammar. Reduce/reduce conflicts usually indicate errors in the grammar. Finally, all the components of the system are compiled, including variant.c, and linked to pro- duce vitran, the variant translator. Most of the errors that may occur in building a variant - 11 - translator are obvious and easily fixed. Erroneous changes to the grammar, however, may be harder to detect and fix. Error messages from Yacc or from compiling itran/parse.c refer to line numbers in itran/expanded.g. These errors must be related back to variant.defs or itran/icon_g.c by inspection of itran/expanded.g. 9.__Using_a_Variant_Translator The translator, vitran, takes an input file on the command line and translates it. The specification - in place of an input file indicates standard input. The output of vitran is written to standard output. For example, vitran pre.icn >post.icn translates the file pre.icn and produces the output in post.icn. The suffix .icn on the argument to vitran is optional; the exam- ple above can be written as: vitran pre >post.icn Assuming the variant translator produces Icon source language, post.icn can be translated into object code by icont post.icn where icont is the standard Icon command processor. Variant translators accept the same options for translation that the standard Icon translator does. For example, the option -s causes the translator to work silently. See the manual page for icont for details [10]. 10.__An_Example As an example of the construction of a variant translator, consider the problem of monitoring string concatenation in Icon programs, writing out the size of each string constructed by con- catenation. One way to do this, of course, is to modify Icon itself, adding the necessary monitoring code to the C function that performs concatenation. An alternative approach, which does not require changes to Icon itself, is to produce a variant translator that translates concatenation operations into calls of an Icon procedure, but leaves everything else unchanged: expr1 || expr2 -> Cat(expr1,expr2) The procedure Cat() might have the form: - 12 - procedure Cat(s1,s2) write(&errout,"concatenation: ",*s1 + *s2," characters") return s1 || s2 end Such a procedure could be added to a preprocessed program (Cat() is not preprocessed itself) in order to produce the desired information when the program is run. A single definition in variant.defs suffices: ||(x,y,z) "Cat(" x "," z ")" Note, however, that Icon also has an augmented assignment opera- tor for string concatenation: expr1 ||:= expr2 This operation can be handled by the definition ||:=(x,y,z) x " := ° no no it.eceexpr1expr1eprol eenene+ new new ut,tionstionstGE ketgggrs xgrmFFFwhiFThelwcuh Vh Vh._fhstam.lsszes ans ans rs: m whiwwhiww ofuw m m the maformcomcomc, ucZEy i (: m:: m::cto :havisIZEmpimoniununu ue syv8v8vctory ov the i ctha ` the i llyindindifile ieiFoe `rittrebple ple p…vioof theof theostttll ectoectoe and fAeFostahis bchis bchhowit at(swin- tt()le dle dlctirebrebrMSI, al, al, com ,panw __dp in p usu usu at( c e ite iten n nf,alynlpreed,n aAnAnA) ) ) r)an s clclcn i usu usu eveveandaSIion iion iiposutictory ocmpomhe cput co. Thetpicat new new xper (ixaxaxhamxvariaah/u/u/plxexexd bye ixe syv an so so . 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| expr2 SLASHASGN expr1 {Bslasha($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 MODASGN expr1 {Bmoda($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 CARETASGN expr1 {Bcareta($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGEQ expr1 {Baugeq($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGEQV expr1 {Baugeqv($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGGE expr1 {Baugge($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGGT expr1 {Bauggt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGLE expr1 {Baugle($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGLT expr1 {Bauglt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGNE expr1 {Baugne($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGNEQV expr1 {Baugneqv($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGSEQ expr1 {Baugseq($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGSGE expr1 {Baugsge($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGSGT expr1 {Baugsgt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGSLE expr1 {Baugsle($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGSLT expr1 {Baugslt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGSNE expr1 {Baugsne($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 SCANASGN expr1 {Baugques($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGAND expr1 {Baugamper($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 AUGACT expr1 {Baugact($1,$2,$3);} ; - 24 - expr2 : expr3 ; | expr2 TO expr3 {To0($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr2 TO expr3 BY expr3 {To1($1,$2,$3,$4,$5);} ; expr3 : expr4 ; | expr4 BAR expr3 {Alt($1,$2,$3);} ; expr4 : expr5 ; | expr4 LEXEQ expr5 {Bseq($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 LEXGE expr5 {Bsge($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 LEXGT expr5 {Bsgt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 LEXLE expr5 {Bsle($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 LEXLT expr5 {Bslt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 LEXNE expr5 {Bsne($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 NUMEQ expr5 {Beq($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 NUMGE expr5 {Bge($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 NUMGT expr5 {Bgt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 NUMLE expr5 {Ble($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 NUMLT expr5 {Blt($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 NUMNE expr5 {Bne($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 EQUIV expr5 {Beqv($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr4 NOTEQUIV expr5 {Bneqv($1,$2,$3);} ; expr5 : expr6 ; | expr5 CONCAT expr6 {Bcat($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr5 LCONCAT expr6 {Blcat($1,$2,$3);} ; expr6 : expr7 ; | expr6 PLUS expr7 {Bplus($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr6 DIFF expr7 {Bdiff($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr6 UNION expr7 {Bunion($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr6 MINUS expr7 {Bminus($1,$2,$3);} ; expr7 : expr8 ; | expr7 STAR expr8 {Bstar($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr7 INTER expr8 {Binter($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr7 SLASH expr8 {Bslash($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr7 MOD expr8 {Bmod($1,$2,$3);} ; expr8 : expr9 ; | expr9 CARET expr8 {Bcaret($1,$2,$3);} ; expr9 : expr10 ; | expr9 BACKSLASH expr10 {Blim($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr9 AT expr10 {Bact($1,$2,$3);}; | expr9 BANG expr10 {Apply($1,$2,$3);}; - 25 - expr10 : expr11 ; | AT expr10 {Uat($1,$2);} ; | NOT expr10 {Unot($1,$2);} ; | BAR expr10 {Ubar($1,$2);} ; | CONCAT expr10 {Uconcat($1,$2);} ; | LCONCAT expr10 {Ulconcat($1,$2);} ; | DOT expr10 {Udot($1,$2);} ; | BANG expr10 {Ubang($1,$2);} ; | DIFF expr10 {Udiff($1,$2);} ; | PLUS expr10 {Uplus($1,$2);} ; | STAR expr10 {Ustar($1,$2);} ; | SLASH expr10 {Uslash($1,$2);} ; | CARET expr10 {Ucaret($1,$2);} ; | INTER expr10 {Uinter($1,$2);} ; | TILDE expr10 {Utilde($1,$2);} ; | MINUS expr10 {Uminus($1,$2);} ; | NUMEQ expr10 {Unumeq($1,$2);} ; | NUMNE expr10 {Unumne($1,$2);} ; | LEXEQ expr10 {Ulexeq($1,$2);} ; | LEXNE expr10 {Ulexne($1,$2);} ; | EQUIV expr10 {Uequiv($1,$2);} ; | UNION expr10 {Uunion($1,$2);} ; | QMARK expr10 {Uqmark($1,$2);} ; | NOTEQUIV expr10 {Unotequiv($1,$2);} ; | BACKSLASH expr10 {Ubackslash($1,$2);} ; expr11 : literal ; | section ; | return ; | if ; | case ; | while ; | until ; | every ; | repeat ; | CREATE expr {Create($1,$2);} ; | IDENT {Var($1);} ; | NEXT {Next($1);} ; | BREAK nexpr {Break($1,$2);} ; | LPAREN exprlist RPAREN {Paren($1,$2,$3);} ; | LBRACE compound RBRACE {Brace($1,$2,$3);} ; | LBRACK exprlist RBRACK {Brack($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr11 LBRACK nexpr RBRACK {Subscript($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; | expr11 LBRACE RBRACE {Pdco0($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr11 LBRACE pdcolist RBRACE {Pdco1($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; | expr11 LPAREN exprlist RPAREN {Invoke($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; | expr11 DOT IDENT {Field($1,$2,$3);} ; | CONJUNC FAIL {Kfail($1,$2);} ; | CONJUNC IDENT {Keyword($1,$2);} ; while : WHILE expr {While0($1,$2);} ; | WHILE expr DO expr {While1($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; - 26 - until : UNTIL expr {Until0($1,$2);} ; | UNTIL expr DO expr {Until1($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; every : EVERY expr {Every0($1,$2);} ; | EVERY expr DO expr {Every1($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; repeat : REPEAT expr {Repeat($1,$2);} ; return : FAIL {Fail($1);} ; | RETURN nexpr {Return($1,$2);} ; | SUSPEND nexpr {Suspend0($1,$2);} ; | SUSPEND expr DO expr {Suspend1($1,$2,$3,$4);}; if : IF expr THEN expr {If0($1,$2,$3,$4);} ; | IF expr THEN expr ELSE expr {If1($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6);} ; case : CASE expr OF LBRACE caselist RBRACE {Case($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6);} ; caselist : cclause ; | caselist SEMICOL cclause {Caselist($1,$2,$3);} ; cclause : DEFAULT COLON expr {Cclause0($1,$2,$3);} ; | expr COLON expr {Cclause1($1,$2,$3);} ; exprlist : nexpr | exprlist COMMA nexpr {Exprlist($1,$2,$3);} ; pdcolist : nexpr { Pdcolist0($1); } ; | pdcolist COMMA nexpr { Pdcolist1($1,$2,$3); } ; literal : INTLIT {Iliter($1);} ; | REALLIT {Rliter($1);} ; | STRINGLIT {Sliter($1);} ; | CSETLIT {Cliter($1);} ; section : expr11 LBRACK expr sectop expr RBRACK {Section($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6);} ; - 27 - sectop : COLON {Colon($1);} ; | PCOLON {Pcolon($1);} ; | MCOLON {Mcolon($1);} ; compound : nexpr ; | nexpr SEMICOL compound {Compound($1,$2,$3);} ; program : error decls EOFX ; proc : prochead error procbody END ; expr : error ; %% - 28 - Appendix B - Specifications for the Identity Translator %{ nodeptr q(); nodeptr cat(); %} # Declaration Syntax # # declarations # %{ #define Globdcl(x) if (!nocode) treeprt(x); treeinit() #define Linkdcl(x) if (!nocode) treeprt(x); treeinit() #define Procdcl(x) if (!nocode) treeprt(x); treeinit() #define Recdcl(x) if (!nocode) treeprt(x); treeinit() %} # # syntax subsidiary to declarations # Arglist1() "" Arglist2(x) x Arglist3(x) x "[]" Global0(x) "" Global1(x,y,z) "global " z "\n" Initial1() "" Initial2(x,y,z) "initial " y ";\n" Link(x,y) "link " y "\n" Lnkfile1(x) x Lnkfile2(x) "\"" x "\"" Lnklist(x,y,z) x "," z Local(x) "local " Locals1() "" Locals2(w,x,y,z) w x y ";\n" Record1(x) "" Proc1(u,v,w,x,y,z) u ";\n" w x y "end\n" Record2(u,v,w,x,y,z) "record " w "(" y")\n" Procbody1() "" Procbody2(x,y,z) x ";\n" z Prochead1(x) "" Prochead2(u,v,w,x,y,z) "procedure " w "(" y")" Static(x) 
