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perlmodlib
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NAME
perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing
ones
DESCRIPTION
THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
A number of modules are included the Perl distribution. These
are described below, and all end in .pm. You may also discover
files in the library directory that end in either .pl or .ph.
These are old libraries supplied so that old programs that use
them still run. The .pl files will all eventually be converted
into standard modules, and the .ph files made by h2ph will
probably end up as extension modules made by h2xs. (Some .ph
values may already be available through the POSIX module.) The
pl2pm file in the distribution may help in your conversion, but
it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from
bulletproof.
Pragmatic Modules
They work somewhat like pragmas in that they tend to affect the
compilation of your program, and thus will usually work well
only when used within a `use', or `no'. Most of these are
lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand any of these
by saying:
no integer;
no strict 'refs';
which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
Unlike the pragmas that effect the `$^H' hints variable, the
`use vars' and `use subs' declarations are not BLOCK-scoped.
They allow you to predeclare a variables or subroutines within a
particular *file* rather than just a block. Such declarations
are effective for the entire file for which they were declared.
You cannot rescind them with `no vars' or `no subs'.
The following pragmas are defined (and have their own
documentation).
use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3)
Defers `require MODULE' until someone calls one of
the specified subroutines (which must be exported by
MODULE). This pragma should be used with caution,
and only when necessary.
blib manipulate @INC at compile time to use MakeMaker's
uninstalled version of a package
diagnostics force verbose warning diagnostics
integer compute arithmetic in integer instead of double
less request less of something from the compiler
lib manipulate @INC at compile time
locale use or ignore current locale for builtin operations (see
the perllocale manpage)
ops restrict named opcodes when compiling or running Perl
code
overload overload basic Perl operations
re alter behaviour of regular expressions
sigtrap enable simple signal handling
strict restrict unsafe constructs
subs predeclare sub names
vmsish adopt certain VMS-specific behaviors
vars predeclare global variable names
Standard Modules
Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-
defined manner with respect to namespace pollution because they
use the Exporter module. See their own documentation for
details.
AnyDBM_File provide framework for multiple DBMs
AutoLoader load functions only on demand
AutoSplit split a package for autoloading
Benchmark benchmark running times of code
CPAN interface to Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
CPAN::FirstTime
create a CPAN configuration file
CPAN::Nox run CPAN while avoiding compiled extensions
Carp warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
Class::Struct
declare struct-like datatypes
Config access Perl configuration information
Cwd get pathname of current working directory
DB_File access to Berkeley DB
Devel::SelfStubber
generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
DirHandle supply object methods for directory handles
DynaLoader dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
English use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
variables
Env import environment variables
Exporter implements default import method for modules
ExtUtils::Embed
utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
ExtUtils::Install
install files from here to there
ExtUtils::Liblist
determine libraries to use and how to use them
ExtUtils::MM_OS2
methods to override Unix behaviour in
ExtUtils::MakeMaker
ExtUtils::MM_Unix
methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
ExtUtils::MM_VMS
methods to override Unix behaviour in
ExtUtils::MakeMaker
ExtUtils::MakeMaker
create an extension Makefile
ExtUtils::Manifest
utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
ExtUtils::Mksymlists
write linker options files for dynamic extension
ExtUtils::testlib
add blib/* directories to @INC
Fatal make errors in builtins or Perl functions fatal
Fcntl load the C Fcntl.h defines
File::Basename
split a pathname into pieces
File::CheckTree
run many filetest checks on a tree
File::Compare
compare files or filehandles
File::Copy copy files or filehandles
File::Find traverse a file tree
File::Path create or remove a series of directories
File::Spec portably perform operations on file names
File::Spec::Functions
function call interface to File::Spec module
File::stat by-name interface to Perl's builtin stat() functions
FileCache keep more files open than the system permits
FileHandle supply object methods for filehandles
FindBin locate directory of original Perl script
GDBM_File access to the gdbm library
Getopt::Long
extended processing of command line options
Getopt::Std process single-character switches with switch clustering
I18N::Collate
compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
locale
IO load various IO modules
IO::File supply object methods for filehandles
IO::Handle supply object methods for I/O handles
IO::Pipe supply object methods for pipes
IO::Seekable
supply seek based methods for I/O objects
IO::Select OO interface to the select system call
IO::Socket object interface to socket communications
IPC::Open2 open a process for both reading and writing
IPC::Open3 open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
Math::BigFloat
arbitrary length float math package
Math::BigInt
arbitrary size integer math package
Math::Complex
complex numbers and associated mathematical
functions
Math::Trig simple interface to parts of Math::Complex for those who
need trigonometric functions only for real numbers
NDBM_File tied access to ndbm files
Net::Ping Hello, anybody home?
Net::hostent
by-name interface to Perl's builtin gethost*()
functions
Net::netent by-name interface to Perl's builtin getnet*() functions
Net::protoent
by-name interface to Perl's builtin getproto*()
functions
Net::servent
by-name interface to Perl's builtin getserv*()
functions
Opcode disable named opcodes when compiling or running Perl
code
Pod::Text convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
POSIX interface to IEEE Standard 1003.1
SDBM_File tied access to sdbm files
Safe compile and execute code in restricted compartments
Search::Dict
search for key in dictionary file
SelectSaver save and restore selected file handle
SelfLoader load functions only on demand
Shell run shell commands transparently within Perl
Socket load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators
Symbol manipulate Perl symbols and their names
Sys::Hostname
try every conceivable way to get hostname
Sys::Syslog interface to the Unix syslog(3) calls
Term::Cap termcap interface
Term::Complete
word completion module
Term::ReadLine
interface to various `readline' packages
Test::Harness
run Perl standard test scripts with statistics
Text::Abbrev
create an abbreviation table from a list
Text::ParseWords
parse text into an array of tokens
Text::Soundex
implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as described
by Knuth
Text::Tabs expand and unexpand tabs per the Unix expand(1) and
unexpand(1)
Text::Wrap line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
Tie::Hash base class definitions for tied hashes
Tie::RefHash
base class definitions for tied hashes with
references as keys
Tie::Scalar base class definitions for tied scalars
Tie::SubstrHash
fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
Time::Local efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
Time::gmtime
by-name interface to Perl's builtin gmtime()
function
Time::localtime
by-name interface to Perl's builtin localtime()
function
Time::tm internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
UNIVERSAL base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
User::grent by-name interface to Perl's builtin getgr*() functions
User::pwent by-name interface to Perl's builtin getpw*() functions
To find out *all* the modules installed on your system,
including those without documentation or outside the standard
release, do this:
% find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print
They should all have their own documentation installed and
accessible via your system man(1) command. If that fails, try
the *perldoc* program.
Extension Modules
Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C) and
may be statically linked or in general are dynamically loaded
into Perl if and when you need them. Supported extension modules
include the Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX modules.
Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least,
not completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack
of time for adequate testing and configuration across the
multitude of platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are
encouraged to look for them in archie(1L), the Perl FAQ or Meta-
FAQ, the WWW page, and even with their authors before randomly
posting asking for their present condition and disposition.
CPAN
CPAN stands for the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. This is
a globally replicated collection of all known Perl materials,
including hundreds of unbundled modules. Here are the major
categories of modules:
*
Language Extensions and Documentation Tools
*
Development Support
*
Operating System Interfaces
*
Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication
*
Data Types and Data Type Utilities
*
Database Interfaces
*
User Interfaces
*
Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages
*
File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles)
*
String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching
*
Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing
*
Internationalization and Locale
*
Authentication, Security, and Encryption
*
World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME
*
Server and Daemon Utilities
*
Archiving and Compression
*
Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing
*
Mail and Usenet News
*
Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc)
*
File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities
*
Miscellaneous Modules
The registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the
following. You should try to choose one close to you:
*
Africa
South Africa ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftpza.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/
*
Asia
Armenia ftp://sunsite.aua.am/pub/CPAN/
China ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
Hong Kong ftp://ftp.hkstar.com/pub/CPAN/
Israel ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
Japan ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.lab.kdd.co.jp/lang/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/
Singapore ftp://ftp.nus.edu.sg/pub/unix/perl/CPAN/
South Korea ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/
Taiwan ftp://ftp.wownet.net/pub2/PERL/
ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/
Thailand ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
*
Australasia
Australia ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.labyrinth.net.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.sage-au.org.au/pub/compilers/perl/CPAN/
ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
New Zealand ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://sunsite.net.nz/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
*
Central America
Costa Rica ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/
*
Europe
Austria ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
Belgium ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
Bulgaria ftp://ftp.ntrl.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
Croatia ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/
Czech Republic ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/
ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/Languages/Perl/CPAN/
Denmark ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
Estonia ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
Finland ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
France ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/
Germany ftp://ftp.archive.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/programming/languages/script/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
Greece ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
Hungary ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
Ireland ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
Italy ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/
Netherlands ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
Norway ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
Poland ftp://ftp.man.szczecin.pl/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
Portugal ftp://ftp.ci.uminho.pt/pub/mirrors/cpan/
ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/
Romania ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/mirrors/perl-cpan/
ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/
Russia ftp://cpan.npi.msu.su/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
Slovakia ftp://ftp.entry.sk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
Slovenia ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
Spain ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/
ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
Sweden ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
Switzerland ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/
Turkey ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/
United Kingdom ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/
ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/
ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/perl-CPAN/
*
North America
Alberta ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/
California ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/
Colorado ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
Florida ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
Illinois ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
Indiana ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
Manitoba ftp://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
Massachusetts ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/
Mexico D.F. ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/
New York ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
North Carolina ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
Oklahoma ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
Ontario ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
Oregon ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/
Pennsylvania ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
Texas ftp://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
Utah ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/
Virginia ftp://ftp.perl.org/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/
Washington ftp://ftp.spu.edu/pub/CPAN/
*
South America
Brazil ftp://cpan.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/CPAN/
Chile ftp://ftp.ing.puc.cl/pub/unix/perl/CPAN/
ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/Lang/perl/CPAN/
For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, see
http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN or ftp://ftp.perl.com/perl/.
Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
(The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's
modules file, available at your nearest CPAN site.)
Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a
package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just
a namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that
can be used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that
expects, as its first argument, either the name of a package
(for "static" methods), or a reference to something (for
"virtual" methods).
A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the
same name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class
that can be called to fetch exported symbols. This module may
implement some of its methods by loading dynamic C or C++
objects, but that should be totally transparent to the user of
the module. Likewise, the module might set up an AUTOLOAD
function to slurp in subroutine definitions on demand, but this
is also transparent. Only the .pm file is required to exist. See
the perlsub manpage, the perltoot manpage, and the AutoLoader
manpage for details about the AUTOLOAD mechanism.
Guidelines for Module Creation
Do similar modules already exist in some form?
If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in
whole or by inheriting useful features into a new class. If
this is not practical try to get together with the module
authors to work on extending or enhancing the functionality
of the existing modules. A perfect example is the plethora
of packages in perl4 for dealing with command line options.
If you are writing a module to expand an already existing
set of modules, please coordinate with the author of the
package. It helps if you follow the same naming scheme and
module interaction scheme as the original author.
Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse.
Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless
to bless into the class name given as the first parameter of
the constructor, e.g.,:
sub new {
my $class = shift;
return bless {}, $class;
}
or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static
or a virtual method.
sub new {
my $self = shift;
my $class = ref($self) || $self;
return bless {}, $class;
}
Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added
later (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods
where appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more
flexible ones. Inherit methods from other modules if
appropriate.
Avoid class name tests like: `die "Invalid" unless ref $ref
eq 'FOO''. Generally you can delete the "`eq 'FOO''" part
with no harm at all. Let the objects look after themselves!
Generally, avoid hard-wired class names as far as possible.
Avoid `$r->Class::func()' where using `@ISA=qw(... Class
...)' and `$r->func()' would work (see the perlbot manpage
for more details).
Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't
be a burden to programs that don't use them. Add test
functions to the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit
or by saying:
eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller();
Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say
"`@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);'" your applications should
be able to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as
YOURCLASS. For example, does your application still work if
you change: `$obj = new YOURCLASS;' into: `$obj = new
SUBCLASS;' ?
Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It
makes it difficult for multiple other packages to use yours.
Keep state information in objects.
Always use -w. Try to `use strict;' (or `use strict
qw(...);'). Remember that you can add `no strict qw(...);'
to individual blocks of code that need less strictness.
Always use -w. Always use -w! Follow the guidelines in the
perlstyle(1) manual.
Some simple style guidelines
The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful
points.
Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people
evolve their style over several years as they learn what
helps them write and maintain good code. Here's one set of
assorted suggestions that seem to be widely used by
experienced developers:
Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to
read $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially
for non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule
that works consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS.
Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl
informally reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma'
modules like integer and strict. Other modules normally
begin with a capital letter and use mixed case with no
underscores (need to be short and portable).
You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the
scope or nature of a variable. For example:
$ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars)
$Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static
$no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables
Function and method names seem to work best as all
lowercase. e.g., `$obj->as_string()'.
You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable
or function should not be used outside the package that
defined it.
Select what to export.
Do NOT export method names!
Do NOT export anything else by default without a good
reason!
Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you
must export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT
and avoid short or common names to reduce the risk of name
clashes.
Generally anything not exported is still accessible from
outside the module using the ModuleName::item_name (or
`$blessed_ref->method') syntax. By convention you can use a
leading underscore on names to indicate informally that they
are 'internal' and not for public use.
(It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
`my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;'. But there's no way to
call that directly as a method, because a method must have a
name in the symbol table.)
As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object
oriented then export nothing. If it's just a collection of
functions then @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with
caution.
Select a name for the module.
This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete
as possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use
two or more whole words. Generally the name should reflect
what is special about what the module does rather than how
it does it. Please use nested module names to group
informally or categorize a module. There should be a very
good reason for a module not to have a nested name. Module
names should begin with a capital letter.
Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy
for anyone (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only
marginally better :-). Imagine someone trying to install
your module alongside many others. If in any doubt ask for
suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc.
If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes
it's good practice to use nested classes with a common
prefix as this will avoid namespace clashes. For example:
Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in
this list as a naming guide.
If adding a new module to a set, follow the original
author's standards for naming modules and the interface to
methods in those modules.
To be portable each component of a module name should be
limited to 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then
try to ensure each is unique in the first 8 characters.
Nested modules make this easier.
Have you got it right?
How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have
you picked an interface design that will cause problems
later? Have you picked the most appropriate name? Do you
have any questions?
The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful
suggestions, is to ask someone who knows.
Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about all the people who
develop modules and it's the best place to ask.
All you need to do is post a short summary of the module,
its purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main
methods is probably enough. (If you post the whole module it
might be ignored by busy people - generally the very people
you want to read it!)
Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module
will be ready - just say so in the message. It might be
worth inviting others to help you, they may be able to
complete it for you!
README and other Additional Files.
It's well known that software developers usually fully
document the software they write. If, however, the world is
in urgent need of your software and there is not enough time
to write the full documentation please at least provide a
README file containing:
*
A description of the module/package/extension etc.
*
A copyright notice - see below.
*
Prerequisites - what else you may need to have.
*
How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc.
*
How to install it.
*
Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities
*
Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future.
If the README file seems to be getting too large you may
wish to split out some of the sections into separate files:
INSTALL, Copying, ToDo etc.
Adding a Copyright Notice.
How you choose to license your work is a personal
decision. The general mechanism is to assert your
Copyright and then make a declaration of how others may
copy/use/modify your work.
Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of
licence: The GNU GPL and The Artistic Licence (see the
files README, Copying, and Artistic). Larry has good
reasons for NOT just using the GNU GPL.
My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry,
Perl, and the Perl community at large is to state
something simply like:
Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
This statement should at least appear in the README
file. You may also wish to include it in a Copying file
and your source files. Remember to include the other
words in addition to the Copyright.
Give the module a version/issue/release number.
To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker
modules you should store your module's version number in
a non-my package variable called $VERSION. This should
be a floating point number with at least two digits
after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, e.g, `$VERSION =
"0.01"'). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. See
Exporter.pm in Perl5.001m or later for details.
It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve
the number. Use the number in announcements and archive
file names when releasing the module (ModuleName-
1.02.tar.Z). See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for
details.
How to release and distribute a module.
It's good idea to post an announcement of the
availability of your module (or the module itself if
small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce Usenet newsgroup.
This will at least ensure very wide once-off
distribution.
If possible you should place the module into a major ftp
archive and include details of its location in your
announcement.
Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long
descriptive file name that includes the version number.
Most incoming directories will not be readable/listable,
i.e., you won't be able to see your file after uploading
it. Remember to send your email notification message as
soon as possible after uploading else your file may get
deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be
processed and/or check the file has been processed
before announcing its location.
FTP Archives for Perl Modules:
Follow the instructions and links on
http://franz.ww.tu-berlin.de/modulelist
or upload to one of these sites:
ftp://franz.ww.tu-berlin.de/incoming
ftp://ftp.cis.ufl.edu/incoming
and notify <upload@franz.ww.tu-berlin.de>.
By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server
to mirror your modules from your ftp or WWW site into
your own directory on CPAN!
Please remember to send me an updated entry for the
Module list!
Take care when changing a released module.
Always strive to remain compatible with previous
released versions. Otherwise try to add a mechanism to
revert to the old behaviour if people rely on it.
Document incompatible changes.
Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
There is no requirement to convert anything.
If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts
should continue to work with no problems. You may need to
make some minor changes (like escaping non-array @'s in
double quoted strings) but there is no need to convert a .pl
file into a Module for just that.
Consider the implications.
All Perl applications that make use of the script will need
to be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a
module. Is it worth it unless you plan to make other changes
at the same time?
Make the most of the opportunity.
If you are going to convert the script to a module you can
use the opportunity to redesign the interface. The
'Guidelines for Module Creation' above include many of the
issues you should consider.
The pl2pm utility will get you started.
This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and
write corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the
following:
*
Adds the standard Module prologue lines
*
Converts package specifiers from ' to ::
*
Converts die(...) to croak(...)
*
Several other minor changes
Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The
converted code will need careful checking, especially any
package statements. Don't delete the original .pl file till
the new .pm one works!
Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library.
Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused.
Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it
easy to reuse.
Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files.
Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces.
In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small
fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In
these cases the application could invoked as:
% perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ...
or
% perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher)
NOTE
Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as
you may have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or
Modula-17. Perl doesn't have an infatuation with enforced
privacy. It would prefer that you stayed out of its living room
because you weren't invited, not because it has a shotgun.
The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common
law, and part of which is "written". Part of the common law
contract is that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it
wasn't asked to. The written contract for the module (A.K.A.
documentation) may make other provisions. But then you know when
you `use RedefineTheWorld' that you're redefining the world and
willing to take the consequences.