ftp.cs.arizona.edu/ftp.cs.arizona.edu.tar/ftp.cs.arizona.edu/bib/spacetime.bib

Text File | 1996-01-25 | 103KB | 2,918 lines

@Comment(BIBTEMPLATE .)
@Comment(BIBREFERENCES stdalphabetic)
@Comment{BIBSEPARATORS ",;"}


@book        ( ALLEN90,
key    =    "Allen et al." ,
author    =    "Allen, K.~M.~S. and Green, S.~W. and Zubrow
(eds.), E.~B.~W." ,
editor    =    "Allen, K.~M.~S. and Green, S.~W. and Zubrow, E.~B.
W." ,
title    =    "Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology" ,
publisher=    "Taylor and Francis" ,
address    =    "London" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 15:03:51 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( ALTAHA90,
key    =    "Al-Taha \& Barrera" ,
title    =    "Temporal Data and GIS: An Overview" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '90" ,
author    =    "Al-Taha, K.~K. and Barrera, R." ,
year    =    "1990" ,
month    =    "nov" ,
abstract=    "Temporal information is essential to many
problems: The prediction of the future behavior of a system, the
planning based on our knowledge about the past, the observation of the
rules that cause the changes in the system of interest, and the data
analysis based on previous observations and elucidation of the causes
of the current state of affairs. The concept of time appears in many
fields such as philosophy, psychology, linguistics, artificial
intelligence (AI), and database management systems (DBMS's). We
restricted our discussion to consider only two points of view, those
of AI and DBMS's. This paper describe and compares the various
approaches for temporal reasoning, and summarizes the differences
between the theoretical and the implementations issues. It also
demonstrates the kind of temporal propositions and discusses their
differences. Lastly, we present our view of future research in
temporal GIS and DBMS. " ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 26 14:13:06 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@techreport    ( ALTAHA90A,
key    =    "Al-Taha \& Barrera" ,
author    =    "Al-Taha, K. and Barrera, R." ,
title    =    "Temporal Databases: Their Applicability to the
ISDS" ,
institution=    "University of Maine" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
abstract=    " The Integrated Service Delivery System (ISDS) is
a full time delivery system for equipment under DEC maintenance
contracts. A service cycle starts at the customer site as a call for
service. The Customer Support center receives the message and after
diagnosis will recommend a service action to be carried out. The
foundation of the analysis is the accuracy of the historic maintenance
record of the equipment that need the service. That means, the
temporal data is vital for such a process. The recommendation is
approved at the call handling and management center and passed to the
service delivery unit which will actually do the service. At the call
handling center, the service approval is bound to the validity of the
equipment maintenance contract at the time of the call for service was
placed. This check dictates to keep both valid time for contract
checking, and transaction time for call placement checking. The call
for service is based on transaction time, while contracting is based
on valid or real-world time. Since the service and contract ing are
indivisible in ISDS, both valid time and transaction time should be
supported in its databases. Databases that can handle both. " ,
bibdate    =    "Sun Nov 22 23:19:15 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( ALTAHA91,
key    =    "Al-Taha \& Frank" ,
author    =    "Al-Taha, K.~K. and Frank, A." ,
title    =    "Temporal GIS Keeps Data Current" ,
booktitle=    "1991--1992 International GIS Sourcebook" ,
publisher=    "GIS-World" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
pages    =    "382--388" ,
abstract=    " A GIS is not just a collection of maps stored in
a computer, but a database that should correctly model a particular
region of the world.~Since the world is changing continuously, GIS
applications require that the data collection to be updated. Every GIS
is, by definition, a database that manages spatial data and includes
facilities to update its data so it continues to reflect the current
situation. But only a GIS that includes time and space in its model of
reality is often called a temporal GIS, which contains the current
information and keeps the data that describe the previous states and
when they were applicable. A temporal GIS must answer
when-and-where-questions, such as: what were the boundaries of New
York City in June, 1908? Where were the forest areas in New England in
1880, or which properties owned John Doe in Baltimore from August 1981
to June 1988. When GISs include time, they can really demonstrate the
enormous advantage of a database that models reality compared to a
conventional collection of printed maps. " ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 13:14:36 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( ALTAHA92,
key    =    "Al-Taha" ,
author    =    "Al-Taha, K.~K." ,
title    =    "Temporal Reasoning in Cadastral Systems" ,
school    =    "University of Maine" ,
month    =    "dec" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Oct 23 11:29:13 1992" ,
owner    =    "leoso" ,
)

@article    ( ALTAHA93B,
key    =    "Al-Taha et al." ,
author    =    "Al-Taha, K.~K. and Snodgrass, R.~T. and Soo, M.~D." ,
title    =    "Bibliography on Spatiotemporal Databases" ,
journal    =    "sigmod" ,
publisher=    "acm" ,
volume    =    "22" ,
number    =    "1" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
pages    =    "59--67" ,
bibdate    =    "Sun Oct 25 21:02:02 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@article    ( ALTAHA94A,
key    =    "Al-Taha et al." ,
author    =    "Al-Taha, K.K. and Snodgrass, R.~T. and Soo, M.~D." ,
title    =    "Bibliography on Spatiotemporal Databases" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "8" ,
number    =    "1" ,
month    =    "January-February" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
pages    =    "95--103" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Sep 12 10:57:17 1994" ,
owner    =    "bib" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( ARMENAKIS92,
key    =    "Armenakis" ,
author    =    "Armenakis, C." ,
title    =    "Estimation and Organization of Spatio-Temporal
Data" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on GIS '92" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:01:15 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( ARMSTRONG88,
key    =    "Armstrong" ,
author    =    "Armstrong, M." ,
title    =    "Temporality in Spatial Databases" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '88" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "880--889" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:13:45 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@techreport    ( BARRERA90,
key    =    "Barrera \& Al-Taha" ,
author    =    "Barrera, R. and Al-Taha, K.~K." ,
title    =    "Models in Temporal Knowledge Representation and
Temporal DBMS" ,
type    =    "NGCIA Technical Report" ,
number    =    "90-8" ,
institution=    "University of Maine" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
abstract=    "The concept of time arises in various fields of
interest, such as philosophy, psychology, linguistics, artificial
intelligence (AI), and database management systems (DBMS). For the
wide range of areas concerned about time, the framework of a research
discipline emerged is often called temporal reasoning. Temporal
information is essential to most applications for many reasons: future
predictio n and planning, observing rules that cause changes in the
world, and analysis and explanation of the present state of the world.
We describe three models for temp oral reasoning applying time-based
approach, namely, the interval-based, the point- based , and the mixed
models, and present their advantages over models based on the
change-based approach. We also present a survey of the literature in
tempora l database management systems DBMS presented from the early
1970Us to 1988, and discuss data models, temporal attributes, temporal
query languages, and physical concepts in DBMS. Finally, we compare
the temporal reasoning models with the DBMS models and present the
major differences in the two fields of interest." ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 26 14:17:02 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( BARRERA90A,
key    =    "Barrera et al." ,
author    =    "Barrera, R. and Frank, A. and Al-Taha, K." ,
title    =    "Temporal Relations in GIS: A Workshop" ,
booktitle=    "Temporal GIS Workshop" ,
organization=    "University of Maine" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
abstract=    "A workshop on temporal relations in Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) was held on October 12-13, 1990, at the
University of Maine. The meeting was sponsored by the National Center
for Geographical Information and Analysis (NCGIA) and gathered
seventeen specialists from the fields of GIS and computer science. The
goals were the discussion of of users' requirements of temporal GIS
and identification of the research issues posed by these requirements.
Some results are: - The detection of two paradigms of users'
requirements: one that necessitates a continuous model of time, in
which evolution is based on equations, and another described by a
discrete model in which events are related by mathematical logic. -
The need for including exploratory mechanisms appropriate for searches
in large data sets. - The appropriateness of including views that
reflect a user's need e.g., temporal/spatial aggregation, and rules to
construct the views and to enforce consistency. - The need for the
manipulation of inexact or approximate information, including
provisions for approximate queries, for assessing the quality of data
(i.e., its fitness for use), and for evaluating the error propagation
to derived data. - The necessity of closer communication between GIS
specialists and computer scientists." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 27 08:28:54 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@article    ( BARRERA91,
key    =    "Barrera et al." ,
author    =    "Barrera, R. and Frank, A. and Al-Taha, K.~K." ,
title    =    "Temporal Relations in Geographic Information
Systems: A Workshop at the University of Maine" ,
journal    =    "sigmod" ,
publisher=    "ACM" ,
volume    =    "20" ,
number    =    "3" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "85--91" ,
abstract=    "A workshop on temporal relations in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) was held on October 12-13, 1990, at the
University of Maine. The meeting, sponsored by the National Center for
Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), gathered specialists on
Geography, GIS, and Computer Science to discuss users' requirements of
temporal GIS and to identify the corresponding research issues" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Apr  1 15:20:41 1991" ,
owner    =    "curtis" ,
)

@inbook        ( BASOGLU78,
key    =    "Basoglu et al." ,
author    =    "Basoglu, U. and Morrison, J." ,
title    =    "The Efficient Hierarchical Data Structure for the
U.S. Historical Boundary File" ,
booktitle=    "G. Dutton (ed.), Harvard Papers on GIS" ,
publisher=    "Addison-Wesley" ,
address    =    "Reading, MA" ,
year    =    "1978" ,
volume    =    "4" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:10:08 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( BELL90,
key    =    "Bell et al." ,
author    =    "Bell, S.~B.~M. and Chadwick, R.~A. and Coopert, A.
P.~R. and Mason, D.~C. and O'Connell, M. and Young, P.~A.~V." ,
title    =    "Handling Four Dimensional Geo-Coded Data" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "918--927" ,
abstract=    "This paper describes the research to develop GIS
techniques for 4-dimensional spatially-referenced data, to develop
appropriate data structures, and to develop a computational testbed
for investigating, evaluating, and demonstrating these techniques." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:46:02 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( BELLER91A,
key    =    "Beller" ,
author    =    "Beller, A." ,
title    =    "Spatial/Temporal Events in a GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '91" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "766--775" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:18:50 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( BELLER91B,
key    =    "Beller et al." ,
author    =    "Beller, A. and Giblin, T. and Litz, L.~K. and
Schimel, D." ,
title    =    "A Temporal GIS Prototype for Global Change
Research" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '91" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "752--765" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:20:34 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@article    ( BERRY64,
key    =    "Berry" ,
author    =    "Berry, B.~J.~L." ,
title    =    "Approaches to Regional Analysis: A Synthesis" ,
journal    =    "Annals of the Association of American Geographers" ,
volume    =    "54" ,
number    =    "1" ,
year    =    "1964" ,
pages    =    "2--11" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 15:09:02 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( BIMBO95,
key    =    "Bimbo et al" ,
author    =    "Bimbo, A.~D. and Vicario, E. and Zingoni, D." ,
title    =    "Symbolic Description and Visual Querying of Image
Sequences Using Spatio-Temporal Logic" ,
journal    =    "tkde" ,
publisher=    "IEEE Computer Society" ,
volume    =    "7" ,
number    =    "4" ,
month    =    "aug" ,
year    =    "1995" ,
pages    =    "609--622" ,
abstract=    "The emergence of advanced multimedia applications
is emphasizing the relevance of retrieval by contents within databases
of images and image sequences. Matching the inherent visuality of the
information stored in such databases, visual specification by example
provides an effective and natural way to express content-oriented
queries. To support this querying approach, the system must be able to
interpret example scenes reproducing the contents of images and
sequences to be retrieved, and to match them against the actual
contents of the database. In the accomplishment of this task, to avoid
a direct access to raw image data, the system must be provided with an
appropriate description language supporting the representation of the
con- tents of pictorial data. An original language for the symbolic
representation of the contents of image sequences is presented. This
language, referred to as Spatio-temporal Logic, comprises a framework
for the qualitative representation of the contents of image sequences,
which allows for treatment and operation of content structures at a
higher level than pixels or image features. Organization and operation
principles of a prototype system exploiting Spatio-temporal Logic to
support querying by example through visual iconic interaction are
expounded. Index Terms: Image sequence retrieval, visual querying by
example, image sequence symbolic description, symbolic projection,
spatial logic, temporal logic." ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Sep  8 13:49:01 1995" ,
owner    =    "jeff" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( BURROUGH88,
key    =    "Burrough et al." ,
author    =    "Burrough, B.~J.~L. and Van Deursen, W. and
Heuvelink, G. " ,
title    =    "Linking Spatial Process Models and GIS: A Marriage
of Convenience or a Blossoming Partnership" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '88" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
month    =    "dec" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "598--607" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 15:23:36 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( CHARLTON90,
key    =    "Charlton et al." ,
author    =    "Charlton, M.~E. and Openshaw, S. and Wymer, C." ,
title    =    "Some Experiments with an Adaptive Data Structure
in the Analysis of Space-Time Data" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "1030--1039" ,
abstract=    "The paper describes a data structure for
multidimensional spatial data retrieval, the KDB-tree. The performance
of this data structure is optimised using a genetic algorithm. This
structure is most likely to be useful in the spatial analysis of large
space-time databases." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:48:41 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( CHENG92,
key    =    "Cheng \& Gadia" ,
author    =    "Cheng, T.~S. and Gadia, S.~K." ,
title    =    "A Seamless Object-Oriented Model for
Spatio-Temporal Databases" ,
type    =    "Technical Report" ,
number    =    "TR-92-41" ,
institution=    "Computer Science Department, Iowa State University" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 00:53:51 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( CHENG92A,
key    =    "Cheng et al." ,
author    =    "Cheng, T. S. and Gadia, S. K. and Nair, S." ,
title    =    "Relational and Object-Oriented Parametric
Databases" ,
type    =    "Technical Report" ,
number    =    "TR-92-42" ,
institution=    "Computer Science Department, Iowa State University" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 00:56:04 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( CHENG94,
key    =    "Cheng \& Gadia" ,
author    =    "Cheng, Tsz S. and Gadia, Shashi K." ,
title    =    "A Pattern Matching Language for Spatio-Temporal
Databases" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Conference on Information and
Knowledge Management" ,
address    =    "Gaithersburg, Maryland" ,
volume    =    "3" ,
month    =    "nov" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec  1 10:49:09 1994" ,
owner    =    "kevin" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( CHRISMAN83,
key    =    "Chrisman" ,
author    =    "Chrisman, N. " ,
title    =    "The Role of Quality Information in the Long-Term
Functioning of a Geographic Information System" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of Auto-Carto 6" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1983" ,
pages    =    "303--321" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 10 13:43:53 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( CHRISMAN84,
key    =    "Chrisman" ,
author    =    "Chrisman, N. " ,
title    =    "The Role of Quality Information in the Long-Term
Functioning of a Geographic Information System" ,
journal    =    "Cartographica" ,
volume    =    "21" ,
number    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1984" ,
pages    =    "79--87" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 10 13:46:18 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( CHRISMAN93,
key    =    "Chrisman" ,
author    =    "Chrisman, N.~R." ,
title    =    "Beyond Spatio-temporal Data Models: A Model of GIS
as a Technology Embedded in Historical Context" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings AUTO-CARTO 11" ,
organization=    "Department of Geography DP 10, University of
Washington" ,
address    =    "Seattle, WA" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
pages    =    "23--32" ,
abstract=    "Most of the discussion of time in GIS fits into
the general topic of developing a useful model of geographic data.
Data models, at their most abstract level, describe objects,
relationships, and a system of constraints or axioms. So far, most GIS
research posits universal axioms with a strong geometric basis. Time
is usually spatialized. Models of GIS should develop to include more
than the data, since an operating GIS must be connected to its context
in social, economic and administrative life. While time might be
reasonably represented as an axis in data space, as a technology, GIS
develops in a complex, multi-thread system of events. Understanding
the historical nature of the participants in the GIS can help sort out
the diversity of data models and the inability to develop common
understandings. The logic of historical time, with its multiple
threads, provides a rich source of axiomatic structure for a more
comprehensive model of GIS. A few starting axioms are offered." ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Nov 30 17:28:48 1993" ,
owner    =    "daisyc" ,
)

@article    ( CHU94,
key    =    "Chu et al." ,
author    =    "Cu, Wesley W. and Ieong, Ion T. and Taira, Ricky
K." ,
title    =    "A Semantic Modeling Approach for Image Retrieval
by Content" ,
journal    =    "VLDB Journal" ,
volume    =    "3" ,
number    =    "4" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
pages    =    "445--478" ,
keywords=    "Medical databases; image databses; multimedia
databases; spatial query processing; temporal evolutionary query
processing" ,
abstract=    "We introduce a semantic data model to capture the
hierarchical, spatial, temporal, and evolutionary semantics of images
in pictorial databases. This model mimics the user's conceptual view
of the image content, providing the framework and guidlines for
preprocessing to extract image features. Based on the model
constructs, a spatial evolutionary query language (SEQL), which
provides direct image object manipulation capabilities, is presented.
With semantic information captured in the model, spatial evolutionary
queries are answered efficiently. Using an object-oriented platform, a
prototype medical-image management system was implemented at UCLA to
demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec  1 11:54:05 1994" ,
owner    =    "kevin" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( CLARAMUNT95,
key    =    "Claramunt \& Theriault" ,
author    =    "Claramunt, C. and Theriault, M." ,
title    =    "Managing Time in GIS: An Event-Oriented Approach" ,
booktitle=    "Recent Advances in Temporal Databases" ,
organization=    "Proceedings of the International Workshop on
Temporal Databases" ,
publisher=    "Springer Verlag" ,
address    =    "Zurich, Switzerland" ,
editor    =    "Clifford, S. and Tuzhilin, A." ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1995" ,
pages    =    "23--42" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Dec 22 12:47:00 1995" ,
abstract=    "Time integration within GIS requires a
comprehensive analysis of spatio-temporal phenomena. This paper
presents a conceptual model of time and space suitable for geographic
applications. A topological temporal framework for representine
entity-based events and processes is proposed. An event-oriented
model, extended from the versioning concept, describes different
evolution levels. The temporal operations possible with this
architecture are defined in terms of time- and event-based queries.
Performance and some implementation issues are also discussed." ,
owner    =    "jeff" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( DAVIS89,
key    =    "Davis \& Williams" ,
author    =    "Davis, B. and Williams, R." ,
title    =    "The Five Dimensions of GIS" ,
booktitle=    "ACSM/ASPRS" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "382--388" ,
abstract=    "GIS technology and methodology are evolving to
highly sophisticated levels and paradigms dealing with the use and
applications of there advances are more changing, also. Data
structures are one of the more important components undergoing
transformation. In existing standard GIS, data sets are composed of
the two-dimensional x-y spatial (localization) values and one
attribute value (commonly called the z-value). However, as true 3-D
operations become possible (as opposed to pseudo-volumetric display),
the z-value that once was the data magnitude will represent the true
Earth elevation, with the characterization datum super-imposed. It
will be necessary to redesignate the data attribute value--the
suggested term is A-Value. Additionally animated GIS coupled with
sophisticated spatial trend analysis, is making Time a true data
attribute, i.e., a single display incorporating several periods of
time which must be tagged to X-Y-Z-A data rather than as simple map
annotation. This data dimension should be termed the T-Value.
Therefore, near future GIS will employ five distinct dimensions of
data: X,Y,Z, spatial locations, a Datum measure, and T time. New
operational and data structure paradigms will emerge to standardize
nomenclature and procedures. Discussion of these pending changes and
their significance to the dynamic field of GIS are presented." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 13:21:56 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( DUTTA91,
key    =    "Dutta" ,
author    =    "Dutta, S." ,
title    =    "Topological Constraints: A Representational
Framework for Approximate Spatial and Temporal Reasoning" ,
booktitle=    "Advances in Spatial Databases---Second Symposium
SSD '91" ,
publisher=    "Springer-Verlag" ,
address    =    "New York" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
series    =    "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" ,
volume    =    "525" ,
pages    =    "161--180" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 17:55:59 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@book        ( EASTERFIELD90,
key    =    "Easterfield et al." ,
author    =    "Easterfield, M. and Newell, R. and Theriault, D." ,
title    =    "Management of Time and Space" ,
publisher=    " " ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 12:06:34 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( EASTERFIELD91,
key    =    "Easterfield et al." ,
author    =    "Easterfield, M. and Newell, R. G. and Theriault,
D." ,
title    =    "Modelling Spatial and Temporal Information" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of EGIS '91" ,
volume    =    "1" ,
month    =    "apr" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "294--304" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 17 12:48:16 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( EGENHOFER92A,
key    =    "Egenhofer \& Al-Taha" ,
author    =    "Egenhofer, M. and Al-Taha, K." ,
title    =    "Reasoning about Gradual Changes of Topological
Relationships" ,
booktitle=    "A. U. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini (eds.),
Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space" ,
publisher=    "Springer-Verlag" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
series    =    "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" ,
volume    =    "639" ,
pages    =    "169--219" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 17:58:39 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( FLEWELLING92,
key    =    "Flewelling et al." ,
author    =    "Flewelling, D. and Frank, A. and Egenhofer, M." ,
title    =    "Constructing Geological Cross Sections with a
Chronology of Geological Events" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 18:04:48 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@book        ( FRANK92,
key    =    "Frank et al." ,
author    =    "Frank, A. U. and Campari, I. and Formentini
(eds.), U." ,
title    =    "Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning
in Geographic Space" ,
publisher=    "Springer-Verlag" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
series    =    "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" ,
volume    =    "639" ,
isbn    =    "0-387-55966-3" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Oct 23 11:53:09 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( GABBAY91,
key    =    "Gabbay \& McBrien" ,
author    =    "Gabbay, D. and McBrien, P." ,
title    =    "Temporal Logic and Historical Databases" ,
booktitle=    "vldb" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "423--430" ,
abstract=    "We review attempts at defining a general extension
to the relational algebra to include temporal semantics, and defining
two temporal operators to achieve a temporal relational algebra with a
close correspondence to temporal logic using since and until. We then
demonstrate how this temporal relational algebra may to a limited
extent be encoded in standard relational algebras, and in turn show
how an extended temporal SQL may be encoded in standard SQL." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:25:46 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@techreport    ( GADIA92C,
key    =    "Gadia et al." ,
author    =    "Gadia, S. K. and Chopra, V. and Tim, U. S." ,
title    =    "Seamless SQL-Like Query of Spatiotemporal Data and
a Case Study in Agricultural Environment Management" ,
number    =    "TR-92-21" ,
institution=    "Computer Science Department, Iowa State University" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:11:09 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@techreport    ( GADIA92D,
key    =    "Gadia et al." ,
author    =    "Gadia, S. K. and Chopra, V. and Nair, S. and Tim,
U. S." ,
title    =    "An SQL-Like Seamless Query Language and
Optimization of Spatio-Temporal Data" ,
type    =    "Technical Report" ,
number    =    "TR-92-40" ,
institution=    "Computer Science Department, Iowa State University" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 00:52:14 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( GADIA92E,
key    =    "Gadia \& Chopra" ,
author    =    "Gadia, S. K. and Chopra, V." ,
title    =    "A Relational Model and SQL-Like Language For
Seamless Query of Temporal Data" ,
type    =    "Technical Report" ,
number    =    "TR-92-05" ,
institution=    "Computer Science Department, Iowa State University" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 01:05:22 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( GADIA93,
key    =    "Gadia \& Nair" ,
author    =    "Gadia, S. K. and Nair, S." ,
title    =    "Temporal Databases: A Prelude to Parametric Data" ,
booktitle=    "A. Tansel, J. Clifford, S. K. Gadia, S. Jajodia,
A. Segev, and R.~T. Snodgrass (eds.), Temporal Databases: Theory,
Design, and Implementation" ,
publisher=    "Benjamin/Cummings" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 01:03:03 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( GADIA93A,
key    =    "Gadia \& Chopra" ,
author    =    "Gadia, S. K. and Chopra, V." ,
title    =    "A Relational Model and SQL-Like Query Language for
Seamless Query of Temporal Data" ,
booktitle=    "Advanced Database Concepts and Research Issues (to
appear)" ,
publisher=    "Springer-Verlag" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
series    =    "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 15:51:34 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( GADIA93D,
key    =    "Gadia et al." ,
author    =    "Gadia, S. and Chopra, V. and Tim, U. S." ,
title    =    "An SQL-like Seamless Query Language for
Spatio-temporal Data" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the International Workshop on an
Infrastructure for Temporal Databases" ,
editor    =    "R.~T.~Snodgrass" ,
month    =    "jun" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Nov  2 19:10:32 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( GADIA93E,
key    =    "Shashi K. Gadia" ,
author    =    "Shashi K. Gadia" ,
title    =    "Seamless Integration of Spatial, Temporal, Belief
and Ordinary Data" ,
journal    =    "SIGMOD Record" ,
publisher=    "ACM" ,
volume    =    "22" ,
number    =    "1" ,
month    =    mar ,
year    =    "1993" ,
pages    =    "15-20" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Dec 30 00:00:00 1995" ,
owner    =    "akumar" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( GILLESPIE81,
key    =    "Gillespie \& Davis" ,
author    =    "Gillespie, R. and Davis, W. A." ,
title    =    "Tree Data Structures for Graphics and Image
Processing" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Canadian
Man-Computer Communications Society (CMCCS '81 / ACCHO '81)" ,
month    =    "jun" ,
year    =    "1981" ,
pages    =    "155--162" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 15:26:15 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( GOLD93,
key    =    "Gold" ,
author    =    "Gold, C. M." ,
title    =    "An Outline of an Event-Driven Spatial Data
Structure for Managing Time-Varying Maps" ,
booktitle=    "Canadian Conference on GIS" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
pages    =    "880--888" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Jan 10 13:51:58 1996" ,
owner    =    "jeff" ,
)

@article    ( GROSSMAN92,
key    =    "Grossman \& Eberhardt" ,
author    =    "Grossman, W. D. and Eberhardt, S." ,
title    =    "Geographical Information Systems and Dynamic
Modeling: Potentials of a New Approach" ,
journal    =    "Annals of Regional Science" ,
volume    =    "26" ,
number    =    "1" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "53--66" ,
abstract=    "Classifies dynamic models and discusses their
potential application in a GIS context." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:51:21 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( GUESGEN89,
key    =    "Guesgen" ,
author    =    "Guesgen, H. W." ,
title    =    "Spatial Reasoning Based on Allen's Temporal Logic" ,
number    =    "89-049" ,
institution=    "International Computer Science Institute,
Berkeley, CA" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
month    =    "aug" ,
pages    =    "14" ,
abstract=    "There are a lot of approaches to spatial reasoning
which are more or less efficient. Nevertheless, they are not always
adequate from the cognitive point of view. What we want to suggest in
this paper is reasoning based on qualitative descriptions of spatial
relationships. We introduce a set of basic relations similar to the
one Allen suggested for temporal reasoning and we show how inferences
can be performed on this set. We start with one-dimensional
descriptions which we extend to more-dimensional ones in various ways.
A theoretical base is provided and the soundness of our approach is
proven. Although we do not claim our approach to be suitable in
general, it is an efficient and straight forward way in many
situations to handle spatial knowledge." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Apr  2 14:54:30 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( GUPTILL90,
key    =    "Guptill" ,
author    =    "Guptill, S. C." ,
title    =    "Multiple Representations of Geographic Entities
through Space and Time" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "859--868" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:55:59 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HACHEM93,
key    =    "Hachem et al." ,
author    =    "Hachem, N.~I. and Qiu, K. and Gennert, M. and
Ward, M." ,
title    =    "Managing Derived Data in the Gaea Scientific DBMS" ,
booktitle=    "vldb" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
pages    =    "12" ,
abstract=    "One important aspect of scientific data management
is metadata management. Metadata is information about data (e.g.,
content, source, processing applied, precision). One kind of metadata
which needs special attention is the data derivation information,
i.e., how data are generated. In our application domain of
geographical information systems (GIS) and global change research, we
view scientific objects according to three different extents: spatial,
temporal, and derivation. While the spatial and temporal extents have
been studied and formal semantics to those extents proposed,
derivation semantics have been ignored. This paper presents a
framework for capturing and managing scientific data derivation
histories as implemented in the Gaea scientific database management
system. We focus on how Gaea handles metadata and propose to extend
current semantic modeling and object-oriented technology with special
constructs: concepts, processes, and tasks. Concepts are used to
capture entity sets with imprecise definitions. A process captures the
derivation procedure of a specific scientific object class, while a
task is the instance representing the derivation of a scientific data
object. We believe that this framework, useful for GIS and global
change studies, generalizes well to other scientific fields. " ,
bibdate    =    "Sun Nov 28 12:22:58 1993" ,
owner    =    "daisyc" ,
)

@article    ( HASTING82,
key    =    "Hasting et al." ,
author    =    "Hasting, H. and Pekelney, R. and Monticciolo, R.
and Vun-Kannon, D. and Del-Monte, D." ,
title    =    "Time Scales, Persistence and Patchiness" ,
journal    =    "BioSystems" ,
volume    =    "15" ,
year    =    "1982" ,
pages    =    "281--289" ,
abstract=    "We consider competition in patch-dynamical and
more general diffusion-extinction models. These models identify three
time scales in ecology. We begin with a reformulation of Levin's 1978
basic model, using a geometric description of diffusion, As in Lecin's
model, diffusion drives short-term dynamics, and longer-term dynamic
depends upon a diffusion-extinction ratio; maximizing this ratio is
shown to be an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy. Over still longer
times, the effect of organisms upon their environments became
paramount. We use Mandelbrot's 1977 fractals to develop these models,
and thus relate persistence with relative patchiness. Finally, we
propose a numerical measure, the fractal exponent H, of successional
stage." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 13:50:55 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON90,
key    =    "Hazelton et al." ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J. and Leahy, F. J. and
Williamson, I. P." ,
title    =    "On the Design of Temporally Referenced 3-D
Geographical Information Systems: Development of Four-Dimensional GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '90" ,
pages    =    "357--372" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
abstract=    "The most general way of storing
temporally-referenced three-dimensional (3-D) data is in the form of
four-dimensional (4-D) objects in a 4-D space-time. This allows the
complete integration of space and time with all elements in the GIS's
domain. The temporal component of the data is stored in the geometry
of the space-time, and the spatial and temporal relationships between
the various objects in the database are represented by an extension of
conventional two-dimensional (2-D) GIS topology to the 4-D case.
Implementation considerations for this 4-D vector-based boundary
representation system are discussed." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 20:58:33 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON90A,
key    =    "Hazelton et al." ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J. and Leahy, F. J. and
Williamson, I. P." ,
title    =    "Incorporating Dynamic Modelling into GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the AURISA '90 / URPIS 18
Conference" ,
month    =    "nov" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "77--84" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:02:44 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( HAZELTON91,
key    =    "Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J." ,
title    =    "Integrating Time, Dynamic Modeling and
Geographical Information Systems: Development of Four-Dimensional GIS" ,
school    =    "The University of Melbourne" ,
address    =    "Department of Surveying and Land Information" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
abstract=    "This research studies the basic theoretical
material required to extend conventional Geographical Information
Systems (GIS) from their current 2-D and T2a5PDU form, to a 4-D form
that allows the combined use of 3-D spatial data and 1-D temporal
data. The 4-D GIS design treats all four components as dimensions of a
4-D space-time, and uses a discrete boundary representation model,
based on vectors, for the spatio-temporal database. This thesis
reviews GIS, modelling in general, dynamic modelling in particular,
and basic theories of space, time and space-time as a basis for the
development of the 4PD GIS. Analogous representations of reality are
drawn from other fields, such as quantum mechanics. A seven level
hierarchy of GIS software components is developed, within the five
component model of a TwholeU GIS. The 4-D GIS is designed to support
dynamic modelling operations within the GIS data structure. To this
end, a branching topology is developed for the 4-D data structure. In
order to support spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal topology,
point-set topological relations between all pairs of objects up to 4-D
(in all spaces up to 4PD) are explored and catalogued. For
construction of the 4-D objects in the database, a set of 3Pmanifold
Euler operators is developed. The basic software architecture of the
4-D GIS is set out, in accordance with the relevant parts of the seven
level hierarchy. Example C code for the basic data structure
declarations is included in an appendix. This is for a memory-based
data structure utilizing pointers; notes on modifications to make the
data structure file-based are included in the main text. A simple
spatio-temporal indexing scheme is developed, which allows the process
of ToverlayU to be deferred and restricted in extent, so as to
increase the efficiency of what will be a very large software and data
system. The research project has attempted to develop a GIS design
that can allow much better representation of reality in a computer,
rather than just representation of a map in a computer. It also
attempts to provide some initial links from the technology-oriented
domain of GIS to more general scientific disciplines, such as quantum
mechanics and information theory. Five TGrand Challenges in GISU are
advanced, primarily concerned with representing reality rather than
maps, and linking GIS to scientific discipline. The discussion is
developed so as to provide some response to those challenges." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:29:15 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON91A,
key    =    "Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J." ,
title    =    "Extending GIS to Include Dynamic Modelling" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Third Colloquium of the Spatial
Information Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand" ,
month    =    "may" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "73--82" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 15:28:42 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON91B,
key    =    "Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J." ,
title    =    "Using GIS with Non-Point-Source and Distributed
Models: The `How' and `Why' of an Information Opportunity" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the AURISA '91 Conference" ,
month    =    "nov" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "298--314" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 15:30:33 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( HAZELTON92,
key    =    "Hazelton et al." ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J. and Bennett, L. and Masel, J." ,
title    =    "Topological Structures for 4-Dimensional
Geographic Information Systems" ,
journal    =    "Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems" ,
volume    =    "16" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "227--237" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 18:07:28 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON92A,
key    =    "Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J." ,
title    =    "Beyond the 2-D Map: A New Metaphor for
Multi-Temporal 4-D GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '92" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "303--313" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 18:09:04 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON92B,
key    =    "Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J. and Pigot, S." ,
title    =    "Basic Concepts in 3-D and 4-D Geographic
Information Systems and Their Application in the Earth Sciences" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Conference on the Geological
Applications of Geographic Information Systems" ,
month    =    "jul" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "9--19" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 15:34:13 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON92C,
key    =    "Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J." ,
title    =    "Developments in Spatio-Temporal GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Geographical Information Sciences Research in
Victoria and Tasmania Conference" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 13:54:29 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HAZELTON92D,
key    =    "Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J." ,
title    =    "Time in GIS" ,
booktitle=    "The Monash University GIS Seminar Series" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 13:55:37 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( HAZELTON92E,
key    =    "Hazelton \& Bennett" ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J. and Bennett, L. M." ,
title    =    "Topological Relationships in Four-Dimensional
Geographical Information Systems" ,
institution=    "Department of Surveying and Land Information, The
University of Melbourne" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 13:59:49 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( HAZELTON93,
key    =    "Hazelton et al." ,
author    =    "Hazelton, N. W. J. and Leahy, F. J. and
Williamson, I. P." ,
title    =    "Integrating Dynamic Modelling and Geographical
Information Systems" ,
journal    =    "To appear in the Journal of URISA" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:04:28 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( HERRING91A,
key    =    "Herring" ,
author    =    "Herring, J. R." ,
title    =    "Using Spline Functions to Represent Distributed
Attributes" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of Auto-Carto 10" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "46--58" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:05:55 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( HINTZ90,
key    =    "Hintz \& Onsrud" ,
author    =    "Hintz, R. and Onsrud, H." ,
title    =    "A Methodology for Upgrading Real Property Boundary
Information in a GIS Using a Temporally Efficient Automated Survey
Measurement Management System" ,
institution=    "Department of Surveying Engineering, University of
Maine" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:32:04 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@mastersthesis    ( HUNTER86,
key    =    "Hunter" ,
author    =    "Hunter, G. J." ,
title    =    "Non-Current Data and Land Information Systems" ,
school    =    " Department of Surveying and Land Information, The
University of Melbourne" ,
year    =    "1986" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:09:16 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( HUNTER88,
key    =    "Hunter" ,
author    =    "Hunter, G." ,
title    =    "Non-Current Data and Geographical Information
Systems. A Case for Data Retention" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "281--286" ,
abstract=    "Geographical information systems (GIS) provide
rapid access to large volumes of current (up-to-date) data, but what
will be the fate of non-current (superceded) data created by
continuous updating within these systems? Could any of these latter
records be of value to GIS users, either now or in the future? The
variety of uses of non-current geographical data is investigated and
it is demonstrated that some types of data possess residual value
which merit their retention; long after they have ceased to be
current. GIS management should realise that non-current data often
remain useful for land management purposes and have untapped market
potential." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 27 08:39:15 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@article    ( HUNTER90,
key    =    "Hunter \& Williamson" ,
author    =    "Hunter, G. and Williamson, I." ,
title    =    "The Development of a Historical Digital Cadastral
Database" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
number    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "169--179" ,
volume    =    "4" ,
abstract=    "With an ever-increasing number of land information
systems being developed, there is a growing demand by users for
systems which support the use of temporal data for time-based studies.
System managers, however, may have difficulty responding to these
calls because of the lack of available research to guide them in their
task. This paper examines the simple method of storing and processing
temporal graphical data by the addition of time-encoding attributes to
data elements as required. To illustrate the technique, a historical
digital cadastral database has been created which allows users to
display and report on the cadastral parcellation of a region at any
time in the past. The method can also be widely applied to other data
to assist a broad range of space/time-related studies." ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 26 13:59:21 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@article    ( HUNTER92,
key    =    "Hunter" ,
author    =    "Hunter, G. J." ,
title    =    "Selection Criteria for Archiving Non-Current Data
in Land Information Systems" ,
journal    =    "CISM Journal ACSGC" ,
volume    =    "46" ,
number    =    "3" ,
month    =    "Autumn" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "255--264" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 15:16:21 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( ITAMI88,
key    =    "Itami" ,
author    =    "Itami, R. M." ,
title    =    "Cellular Automatons as a Framework for Dynamic
Simulations in Geographic Information Services" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '88" ,
month    =    "dec" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "590--597" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:11:19 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( JENSEN92F,
key    =    "Jensen et al." ,
author    =    "Jensen, C. S. and Snodgrass, R. T. and Soo, M. D." ,
title    =    "Extending Normal Forms to Temporal Relations" ,
type    =    "TR" ,
number    =    "92-17" ,
institution=    "uazcsd" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
month    =    "jul" ,
pages    =    "30" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jul 24 12:14:16 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( KAMPKE94,
key    =    "Kampke" ,
author    =    "Kampke, T." ,
title    =    "Storing and Retrieving Changes in a Sequence of
Polygons" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of GIS" ,
volume    =    "8" ,
number    =    "6" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
pages    =    "493--513" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Jan 10 13:06:00 1996" ,
owner    =    "jeff" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( KELMELIS91,
key    =    "Kelmelis" ,
author    =    "Kelmelis, J. A." ,
title    =    "Time and Space in Geographic Information: Toward a
Four-Dimensional Spatio-Temporal Data Model" ,
school    =    "Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State
University" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 20:53:20 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( KOLOVSON90B,
key    =    "Kolovson" ,
author    =    "Kolovson, C." ,
title    =    "Indexing Techniques for Multi-Dimensional Spatial
Data and Historical Data in Database Management Systems" ,
school    =    "University of California, Berkeley" ,
month    =    "nov" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
number    =    "Electronics Research Laboratory Technical Report
UCB/ERL M90/105" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Jul  8 10:47:45 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( KOLOVSON91A,
key    =    "Kolovson \& Stonebraker" ,
author    =    "Kolovson, C. and Stonebraker, M." ,
title    =    "Segment Indexes: Dynamic Indexing Techniques for
Multi-Dimensional Interval Data" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD 1991" ,
editor    =    "Clifford, J. and King, R." ,
month    =    "jun" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "138--147" ,
abstract=    "We propose new indexing techniques for interval
data in K >= 1 dimensions consisting of a set of extensions to a class
of database indexing structures. These techniques are useful for
improving index search performance for spatial data composed of
multi-dimensional intervals that have non-uniform length
distributions. Interval data collections having non-uniform length
distributions are likely to occur in practice, and may be typical of
historical data collections in which tuples represent intervals in the
time dimensions. We present these indexing techniques, illustrate how
they may be applied to the R-Tree index, and provide the results of
performance experiments." ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Dec 11 12:15:40 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( KOLOVSON93,
key    =    "Kolovson" ,
author    =    "Kolovson, C." ,
title    =    "Indexing for Historical Databases" ,
booktitle=    "A. Tansel, J. Clifford, S. K. Gadia, S. Jajodia,
A. Segev, and R. Snodgrass (eds.), Temporal Databases: Theory, Design,
and Implementation" ,
publisher=    "Benjamin/Cummings" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Dec 11 14:34:05 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( LANGRAN88,
key    =    "Langran \& Chrisman" ,
author    =    "Langran, G. and Chrisman, N." ,
title    =    "A Framework for Temporal Geographic Information" ,
journal    =    "Cartographica" ,
volume    =    "25" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "1--14" ,
abstract=    "This paper defines the critical components of
cartographic time and compares temporal and spatial topologies.
Because time is topologically similar to space, spatial data
structuring principles can be adapted to temporal data. We present
three conceptualizations to temporal geographic information and select
one as the most promising basis for a temporal geographic information
system. This conceptualization creates a spatial composite of all
geometric information (at all times), where object has an attribute
history distinct from that of its neighbors." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 27 08:50:25 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LANGRAN88A,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Temporal GIS Design Tradeoffs" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '88" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "890--899" ,
abstract=    "A fundamental problem of developing a temporal GIS
capability is the design data of structures for efficient storage and
processing of these voluminous multidimensional data. Since no single
data structure is optimal to all temporal GIS applications, we can
assume that neither will a single data structure be optimal to all
temporal GIS applications." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 13:55:59 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( LANGRAN89,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Time in Geographic Information Systems" ,
school    =    "University of Washington" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 26 14:19:42 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@article    ( LANGRAN89A,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "A Review of Temporal Database Research and Its Use
in GIS Applications" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems." ,
volume    =    "3" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "215--232" ,
abstract=    "A great deal of recent work in computer science
applies itself to temporal database design. Designers of geographical
information systems (GIS) can build on this work to create a temporal
GIS capability to trace geographical change and understand
geographical processes. This paper reviews temporal research in
information processing, contrasts various proposed temporal database
designs and summarizes the problems of adapting it to GIS
requirements." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 27 08:46:17 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LANGRAN89B,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Accessing Spatiotemporal Data in a Temporal GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of Auto-Carto 9" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "191--198" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 14:26:12 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( LANGRAN90,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Tracing Temporal Information in an Automated
Nautical Charting System" ,
journal    =    "Cartography and Geographic Information Systems" ,
volume    =    "17" ,
number    =    "4" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "291--299" ,
abstract=    "Nautical information is one example of spatial
data with a strong temporal component. This paper describes the
methods of temporal data representation to be used in a National Ocean
Service (NOS) Automated Nautical Charting System (ANCS II). The system
will be capable of tracing spatial changes over time and of tracing
cartographic and database procedures within the agency. The discussion
describes a method of spatiotemporal representation within traditional
geographic information systems (GIS) data structures, draws a
distinction between information-oriented and production-oriented
temporality, and identifies three fundamental elements of temporal
metadata." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:37:31 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@article    ( LANGRAN90A,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Temporal GIS Design Tradeoffs" ,
journal    =    "Journal of the Urban and Regional Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
number    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "16--25" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 14:27:32 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LANGRAN91C,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Issues in Implementing a Spatiotemporal System" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the International Cartographic
Conference" ,
address    =    "Bournemouth" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 13:26:11 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LANGRAN92A,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "States, Events, and Evidence: The Principal
Entities of A Temporal GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '92" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
volume    =    "1" ,
pages    =    "417--425" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:58:10 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
abstract=    "Most organizations with spatial data handling
requirements also have unmet requirements to handle temporal or
spatiotemporal data. Three major types of data would need to be
treated in a temporal GIS (TGIS): states, events, and evidence.
States are comprised of the features and attributes traditionally
considered as geographic information, although in a TGIS different
versions of features could be stored, viewed, and analyzed. Events are
the occurrences that cause one state to change to another, creating a
chain of versions for a given feature. And evidence is the source
documentation that notifies us that an event has occurred or that a
new state now exists. This discussion argues that the three data types
could be treated identically in a TGIS, since all have spatial extent
and all have attribute descriptors. The difficulty lies in describing
the interrelationships of specific states, events, and entities. This
paper suggests approaches for representing states, events, and
entities in a TGIS that is designed for maximum accountability. The
discussion uses examples taken from a hypothetical forest and
silvicultural database, which are in slide and viewgraph form. It has
not been customary to consider events and evidence as information on
par with states, yet organizations that must explicitly defend their
actions and analytical results have special incentives for such
careful record- keeping." ,
)

@unpublished    ( LANGRAN92B,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Issues of Implementing a Spatiotemporal System" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:56:22 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
abstract=    "The leap from an atemporal to temporal system
involves many design delemmas. This discussion describes
organizational and procedural decisions that will face those who
attempt to implement a spatiotemporal database. The focus here is on
issues surrounding how and why the system will be used rather than the
inner workings of software." ,
)

@article    ( LANGRAN92C,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Preparing for a Temporal Forest GIS" ,
journal    =    "COMPILER" ,
volume    =    "10" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "18--26" ,
keywords=    "h" ,
abstract=    "A desire to track silvicultural activites has
focused attention recently ontemporality in forest GIS. Three major
types of data describe change in a forest GIS: changes to the forest
state, the surveys and sources from which change becomes known, and
events that may or may not correlate directly to the changes. To
maintain all three types of temporal data in a GIS is to gradually
capture a valuable analytical resource. Over time, 'longitudinal' or
temporal data can be used to support forest monitoring, research, and
accountability of forest managers. The growing investigative area of
temporal GIS has produced a number of techniques that could lead to a
truly temporal forest GIS. This paper discusses those techniques and
proposes an approach through which foresters can move toward a
temporal GIS capability." ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Nov  3 10:28:46 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@book        ( LANGRAN92D,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Time in Geographic Information Systems" ,
publisher=    "Taylor and Francis" ,
address    =    "London" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
series    =    "Technical Issues in Geographic Information Systems
Series" ,
isbn    =    "0-74840-003-6" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 14:29:47 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LANGRAN92E,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Forest Monitoring Using Temporal GIS Techniques" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '92" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:07:23 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LANGRAN93,
key    =    "Langran" ,
author    =    "Langran, G." ,
title    =    "Manipulation and Analysis of Temporal Geographic
Information" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on GIS '93" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 21:04:38 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@book        ( LAWRENCE75,
key    =    "Lawrence" ,
author    =    "Lawrence, N." ,
title    =    "Temporal Passage and Spatial Metaphor" ,
publisher=    "Springer-Verlag" ,
year    =    "1975" ,
series    =    "The Study of Time II" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 15:04:51 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LESTER90,
key    =    "Lester" ,
author    =    "Lester, M." ,
title    =    "Tracking the Temporal Polygon: A Conceptual Model
of Multidimensional Time of Geographic Information Systems" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Temporal GIS Workshop" ,
month    =    "Oct" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
organization=    "University of Maine" ,
abstract=    "With improvements in technical ability to acquire
data and to analyze and present information, temporal measurement is
and increasingly significant component of geographic data quality. A
model of multidimensional time may provide a useful conceptual
structure for expressing temporal relationships of geographic
information. It portrays temporal information as being composed of
many dimensions: the context within which each datum has meaning to
the user of a GIS. Patterns that develop as temporal data are plotted
in multiple dimensions can both qualitatively and quantitatively
describe the temporal accuracy of a GIS database." ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 26 14:25:58 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( LI92,
key    =    "Li" ,
author    =    "Li, K.-J." ,
title    =    "Contributions on Hypermedia Systems: Modeling and
Indexing Spatiotemporal Objects (in French)" ,
number    =    "92-0052" ,
school    =    "National Institute of Applied Science" ,
address    =    "Lyon, France" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov  2 11:22:40 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@techreport    ( LI92A,
key    =    "Li et al." ,
author    =    "Li, K.-J. and Badji, N. and Laurini, R." ,
title    =    "Modeling Moving Objects in Spatiotemporal
Databases" ,
institution=    "Department of Information and Communication
Engineering, KAIST" ,
address    =    "Seoul, Korea" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "19" ,
abstract=    "In this paper, a modeling method for moving
objects in spatial databases is presented. The moving object is a kind
of spatio-temporal object, position of which changes according time.
Very few works have been done in the spatio-temporal databases area.
Furthermore its two aspects---spatial aspect and temporal
aspect---have been treated independently, although they are sometimes
inseparable. We thus propose a modeling method, called Trace Model,
considering these two aspects in a time. This model efficiently
represents the spatiotemporal aspect, by using the trace of moving
object. And in order to represent the trace of moving object, we
propose two physical representation methods based on the linear octree
and representative curve. These methods premit us to reduce the memory
size to store a large voulme of data and to manipulate and analyze
moving objects." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 10 12:49:10 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LI92B,
key    =    "Li et al." ,
author    =    "Li, K.-J. and Badji, N. and Laurini, R." ,
title    =    "Toward Spatiotemporal Databases: Modeling Moving
Objects (in French)" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on BDA" ,
address    =    "Tregastel, France" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov  2 11:24:37 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( LIN91,
key    =    "Lin \& Calkins" ,
author    =    "Lin, H. and Calkins, H. W." ,
title    =    "A Rationale for Spatiotemporal Intersection" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "204--213" ,
abstract=    " To quantitatively describe the movement and
transformation of materials and energy, spatiotemporal synthesis
methods should be developed to model the dynamic relationships between
different spatial phenomena. Spatiotemporal intersection (STIN) is
conceptually extended from the intersection of 2-D overlay. Temporal
interpolation and 3-D (x, y, t) intersection are the two major
components of STIN. The non-homogeneity of time dimension and space
dimension should be noted. STIN may improve analysis capability of GIS
in three aspects: dynamic measure, 3-D buffering and periodicity
analysis." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 22:00:45 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( LORENTZOS88A,
key    =    "Lorentzos \& Johnson" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A. and Johnson, R. G." ,
title    =    "An Extension of the Relational Model to Support
Generic Intervals" ,
booktitle=    "J. W. Schmidt, S. Ceri, and M. Missikoff (eds.),
Advances of Database Technology---EDBT '88" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "528--542" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
publisher=    "Springer-Verlag" ,
abstract=    "A consistent extension of the relational model is
defined, which allows the recording and manipulation of generic
intervals. Two new relational algebra operators are defined, which are
closed. The proposed model has a wide range of applications areas,
such as engineering, CAD, cartography, version modelling, temporal
databases, soil information systems, mathematics, the management of
spatial data and many others." ,
bibdate    =    "Tue May 24 16:05:20 1988" ,
owner    =    "stamr" ,
)

@article    ( LORENTZOS88B,
key    =    "Lorentzos \& Johnson" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A. and Johnson, R. G." ,
title    =    "Extending Relational Algebra to Manipulate
Temporal Data" ,
journal    =    "Information Systems" ,
volume    =    "13" ,
number    =    "3" ,
pages    =    "289--296" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Oct 24 08:41:51 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( LORENTZOS88C,
key    =    "Lorentzos" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A." ,
title    =    "A Formal Extension of the Relational Model for the
Representation and Manipulation of Generic Intervals" ,
school    =    "Birkbeck College, University of London" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
bibdate    =    "Tue May 24 16:19:09 1988" ,
owner    =    "stamr" ,
)

@article    ( LORENTZOS88D,
key    =    "Lorentzos \& Johnson" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. and Johnson, R." ,
title    =    "Requirements Specification for a Temporal
Extension to the Relational Model" ,
journal    =    "Database Engineering" ,
volume    =    "11" ,
number    =    "4" ,
year    =    "1988" ,
pages    =    "204--211" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 13:59:36 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( LORENTZOS89,
key    =    "Lorentzos \& Kollias" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A. and Kollias, V." ,
title    =    "The Handling of Depth and Time Intervals in
Soil-Information Systems" ,
journal    =    "Computers and Geosciences" ,
volume    =    "15" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "395--401" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Jan  2 09:34:12 1991" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@inbook        ( LORENTZOS93,
key    =    "Lorentzos" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A." ,
title    =    "The Interval Extended Relational Model and Its
Application to Valid Time Databases" ,
booktitle=    "Tansel, A., J. Clifford, S. Gadia, S. Jajodia, A.
Segev, and R. Snodgrass (eds.), Temporal Databases: Theory, Design,
and Implementation" ,
publisher=    "Benjamin/Cummings" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 14:37:02 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( LORENTZOS93A,
key    =    "Lorentzos" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A." ,
title    =    "DBMS Support for Time and Totally Ordered Compound
Data Types" ,
journal    =    "Information Systems" ,
volume    =    "to appear" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 14:39:56 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( LORENTZOS93B,
key    =    "Lorentzos" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A." ,
title    =    "Axiomatic Generalization of the Relational Model
to Support Valid Time Data" ,
type    =    "Internal Report" ,
institution=    "Informatics Laboratory, Agricultural University of
Athens" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 14:43:37 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( LORENTZOS94,
key    =    "Lorentzos" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A." ,
title    =    "DBMS Support for Non-Metric Measurement Systems" ,
journal    =    "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data
Engineering" ,
volume    =    "to appear" ,
month    =    "may" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
keywords=    "Data modeling; data type; composite number; time
unit; time duration; time point; temporal data; temporal database" ,
abstract=    "In existing DBMSs it is impossible to model only
primitive numeric data types and perform arithmetic between them. In
practice however, organizations need to store and manipulate more
complex numeric elements which could be interpreted as representing
quantities of a non-numeric measurement system, like that in which a
distance is expressed in feet and inches or that in which a weight is
expressed in quarters, stones, pounds and ounces. This implies that
users have to choose between two alternative options, either to
abandon the non-metric system and completely adapt their applications
to the limited capabilities of the DBMS or to write their own pieces
of code for the management of such more complex numeric data types.
The first approach is principally unacceptable and, at the same time,
there is a loss in the precision of arithmetic operations, since
quantities have to be expressed as real numbers. The second one is
tedious because distinct pieces of code have to be written for the
handling of different non-metric units. Furthermore, integrity
checking for these pieces of date has to be performed by application
programs rather than the DBMS. To overcome these problems, a new
generic data type is proposed, the composite number, whose support
automatically enables the use of any non-numeric measurement system.
Functions and operations are defined for the management of
composities. A syntax is also provided for their incorporation in a
database. since in practice time is usually expressed in many distinct
non-metric measurements units, whose choice depends on the particular
application, temporal databases is one of the many application areas
of the proposed formalisation." ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 14:41:28 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( LORENTZOS94A,
key    =    "Lorentzos" ,
author    =    "Lorentzos, N. A." ,
title    =    "DBMS Support for Non-Metric Measurement Systems" ,
journal    =    "tkde" ,
publisher=    "ieee" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
month    =    "dec" ,
volume    =    "6" ,
number    =    "6" ,
pages    =    "945--953" ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Jul 20 22:10:04 1993" ,
owner    =    "bib" ,
)

@article    ( LOWELL94,
key    =    "Lowell" ,
author    =    "Lowell, Kim E." ,
title    =    "Probabilistic temporal GIS modelling involving
more than two map classes" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "8" ,
number    =    "1" ,
month    =    "jan" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
pages    =    "73--93" ,
abstract=    "The development of probability-based
spatial-temporal models for more than two classes is demonstrated
using discriminant function analysis. This represents a significant
departure from other probabilistic approaches which have largely been
confined to modelling the outcome of a single binary event. It also
represents a significant departure from conventional deterministic
overlay analysis. Procedures for calibrating and validating such
models are presented and discussed. The validation procedures
discussed implicate both aspatial consideration, i.e., the amount of
each cover type is estimated, and spatial factors, i.e., the location
of each cover type and the spatial dependance of model residuals
(spatial autocorrelation)." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec  1 12:25:51 1994" ,
owner    =    "kevin" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( MACDOUGALL91,
key    =    "MacDougall" ,
author    =    "MacDougall, E. B." ,
title    =    "Dynamic Statistical Visualization of Geographic
Information Systems" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '91" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "158--65" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:16:50 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( MACEACHREN93,
key    =    "MacEachren" ,
author    =    "MacEachren, A." ,
title    =    "Time as a Cartographic Variable" ,
booktitle=    "D. Unwin and H. Hearnshaw (eds.), Visualization in
Geographic Information Systems" ,
publisher=    "Belhaven Press" ,
address    =    "London" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 22:04:22 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( MACKANESS91,
key    =    "Mackaness \& Buttenfield" ,
author    =    "Mackaness, W. and Buttenfield, B." ,
title    =    "Incorporating Time into Geographic Process: A
Framework for Analyzing Process in GIS" ,
booktitle=    "15th Conference and 9th General Assembly of the
International Cartographic Association" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "565--574" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 12:50:22 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@unpublished    ( MADDUX90,
key    =    "Maddux" ,
author    =    "Maddux, R." ,
title    =    "Some Algebras and Algorithms for Reasoning about
Time and Space" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( MARK92,
key    =    "Mark" ,
author    =    "Mark, D." ,
title    =    "Spatiotemporal Relations and GIS: A Geographer's
View" ,
booktitle=    "GIS From Space to Territory: Theories and Methods
of Spatiotemporal Reasoning" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 14:35:03 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( MASON94,
key    =    "Mason et al." ,
author    =    "Mason, D. C. and O'Conaill, M. A. and Bell, S. B.
M." ,
title    =    "Handling Four-Dimensional Geo-referenced Data in
Environmental GIS" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of GIS" ,
volume    =    "8" ,
number    =    "2" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Nov 29 20:37:30 1994" ,
owner    =    "kevin" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( MCDONALD89,
key    =    "McDonald \& Pullan-Cuthbertson" ,
author    =    "McDonald, J. R. and Pullan-Cuthbertson, T. M." ,
title    =    "Time and Spatial Information Systems" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Inaugural Colloquium of the
Spatial Information Research Centre" ,
organization=    "University of Otago" ,
month    =    "nov" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "79--89" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:14:46 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( MILLER91,
key    =    "Miller" ,
author    =    "Miller, H." ,
title    =    "Modeling Accessibility Using Space-Time Prism
Concepts Within GIS" ,
school    =    "Department of Geography, Ohio State University" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 16 23:56:20 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( MILLER91A,
key    =    "Miller" ,
author    =    "Miller, H." ,
title    =    "Modelling Accessibility Using Space-Time Prism
Concepts within Geographical Information Systems" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "5" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "287--301" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 22:06:56 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( MONMONIER90,
key    =    "Monmonier" ,
author    =    "Monmonier, M." ,
title    =    "Strategies for the Visualization of Geographic
Time-Series Data" ,
journal    =    "Cartographica" ,
volume    =    "27" ,
number    =    "1" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "30--45" ,
abstract=    "Strategies for the visual display and analysis of
geographic time-series data may be spatial or nonspatial, single-view
or multiple-view, static or dynamic. Labels for place names or other
geographic metaphors can describes symbols on aspatial time-series
charts. Single-static-map strategies incorporate the temporal
dimension through techniques ranging from complex point symbols, or
temporal glyphs, to generalized trend-surface or flow-linkage maps
focusing on movement. The multiple-static-maps strategy juxtaposes two
or more maps for a simultaneous visual comparison of time units,
whereas the single-dynamic-map strategy either presents maps in a
temporal sequence or shows the evolution of a geographic pattern
through a temporally sequenced accretion of symbols. In contrast, the
multiple-dynamic-maps strategy provides programmed sequences of
multiple views or allows the viewer to interact with maps and
statistical diagrams representing different instants or periods of
time. Electronic graphics systems have added time to the
cartographer's list of visual variables. This paper addresses the
graphic portrayal of geographic time-series data. It explores a
variety of graphic strategies for the simultaneous symbolic
representation of time and space, and summarizeds these strategies in
a conceptual framework of protential use to cartographers,
geographers, and graphic designers. These strategies range from
statistical diagrams to maps to video animations to interactive
graphics systems with which the analyst might freely manipulate time
as a variable." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct  5 19:01:36 1992" ,
owner    =    "leoso" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( NEEDHAM89,
key    =    "Needham \& Vieux" ,
author    =    "Needham, S. and Vieux, B. E." ,
title    =    "A GIS for AgNPS Parameter Input and Mapping Output" ,
booktitle=    "ASAE Winter Meeting Paper Number 89-2673" ,
month    =    "dec" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:23:38 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( NEWELL90,
key    =    "Newell et al." ,
author    =    "Newell, R. G. and Theriault, D. and Easterfield,
M." ,
title    =    "Temporal GIS---Modelling the Evolution of Spatial
Data in Time" ,
booktitle=    "Functionality Conference" ,
organization=    "University of Leicester" ,
address    =    "U.K." ,
month    =    "mar" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
abstract=    "In this paper, the view is taken that it is
necessary for a GIS to manage both real world time and database time.
Both kinds of time are discussed and it is suggested that real world
time has similarities to other object attributes, but database time is
different in a number of aspects. The main thrust of the paper is on
the latter. The problem is exposed and solutions discussed based on
version management in a continuous database. The problem areas
embraces the management of alternatives, and the management of the
evolving states of a database." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:42:55 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@article    ( NEWELL90A,
key    =    "Newell \& Easterfield" ,
author    =    "Newell, R. G. and Easterfield, M." ,
title    =    "Version Management---The Problem of the Long
Transaction" ,
journal    =    "Mapping Awareness" ,
volume    =    "4" ,
number    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
abstract=    "Modern GIS systems must be able to handle very
large databases, accessed by many concurrent users. In the past, such
databases have been partitioned so that the individual pieces can be
accessed by only one user at a time. thereby avoiding conflicts.
Partitioned databases cause a number of serious problems, for example
the maintenance of topology across map sheet boundaries. A seamless
database is a much better approach, but this requires that new
solutions are needed to manage many users involved in long
transactions. This paper attempts to expose the problem area embraces
the management of alternatives, and management of the evolving states
of databases." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 14:01:27 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( NEWELL90B,
key    =    "Newell \& Easterfield" ,
author    =    "Newell, R. and Easterfield, M." ,
title    =    "Version Management- The Problem of the Long
Transaction" ,
type    =    "Technical Paper" ,
number    =    "4" ,
institution=    "Smallworld Systems" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Jan 10 13:09:37 1996" ,
owner    =    "jeff" ,
)

@article    ( NEWELL92,
key    =    "Newell et al." ,
author    =    "Newell, R. G., and Theriault, D. and Easterfield,
M." ,
title    =    "Temporal GIS---Modeling the Evolution of Spatial
Data in Time" ,
journal    =    "Computers and Geosciences" ,
volume    =    "18" ,
number    =    "4" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "427--433" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 17 12:53:13 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( ONSRUD89,
key    =    "Onsrud \& Hintz" ,
author    =    "Onsrud, H. J. and Hintz, R. J." ,
title    =    "Upgrading Boundary Information in a GIS Using an
Automated Survey Measurement Management System" ,
booktitle=    "Technical Papers, ACSM Annual Convention" ,
volume    =    "4" ,
pages    =    "275--384" ,
month    =    "apr" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Jan 12 14:56:53 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( OSBORNE89,
key    =    "Osborne \& Stoogenke" ,
author    =    "Osborne, S. and Stoogenke, M." ,
title    =    "Integration of a Temporal Element into a Natural
Resource Decision Support System" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '89" ,
month    =    "dec" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "221--227" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:25:19 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( PAPAGNO92,
key    =    "Papagno" ,
author    =    "Papagno, G." ,
title    =    "Seeing Time Contribution to the Discussion on
Space-Time Dynamic" ,
booktitle=    "Four Contributions to GIS Theory and Application" ,
editor    =    "Frank, A. U. and Campari, I. and Formentini, U." ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "29--46" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 14:08:33 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@book        ( PARKS80,
key    =    "Parks \& Thrift" ,
author    =    "Parks, D. and Thrift, N." ,
title    =    "Times, Spaces, and Places" ,
publisher=    "John Wiley and Sons" ,
address    =    "New York" ,
year    =    "1980" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 14:39:49 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( PEUQUET92,
key    =    "Peuquet" ,
author    =    "Peuquet, D. J." ,
title    =    "Toward the Representation and Analysis of
Spatiotemporal Processes in Geographic Information Systems" ,
institution=    "The Pennsylvania State University" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
abstract=    "Current geographic data representational
techniques are predominantly geared toward representation of static
situations. Cartography has traditionally focused on the visible
representation of a portion of the world at a specific point in time.
Although Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are intended to provide
an integrated and flexible tool for analyzing large volumes of data,
representations historically used in GIS are also geared toward a
similar static view. Efforts to enhance the temporal capabilities of
GIS have served to reveal many problems at a fundamental, conceptual
level. A representational framework that unifies temporal, as well as
spatial and object (i.e., feature-related) aspects is described. This
is an extension of the representational framework originally discussed
by Peuquet (1988) and incorporates concepts from Perceptual
Psychology, Artificial Intelligence and other fields. It is the goal
of this research to provide a drawing-together of many concepts and
ideas, many of which are well known on an individual basis, so that
not only can analytical tools be improved, but also to provide a more
common ground among various fields. The inclusion of time is shown to
be a natural and obvious extension of the original, Dual framework.
The new, Triad framework includes the definition of fundamental types
of temporal relationships within this context. Some potential
mechanisms for operationalizing the Triad framework are also
discussed. These mechanisms include conceptual graphs and
non-monotonic reasoning, which allow temporal as well as spatial
patterns and cause-and-effect associations to be expressed as
assertions, tested against observational data, and stored as
information." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 22:08:29 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( PEUQUET93,
key    =    "Peuquet" ,
author    =    "Peuquet, D." ,
title    =    "A Framework for the Representation of
Spatiotemporal Processes in Geographic Information Systems" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the International Workshop on an
Infrastructure for Temporal Databases" ,
editor    =    "R.~T.~Snodgrass" ,
month    =    "jun" ,
year    =    "1993" ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Nov  2 19:11:55 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( PIGOT92,
key    =    "Pigot \& Hazelton" ,
author    =    "Pigot, S. and Hazelton, B." ,
title    =    "The Fundamentals of a Topological Model for a
Four-Dimensional GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium
on Spatial Data Handling" ,
organization=    "IGU Commission on GIS" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
month    =    "aug" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "580-591" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 14:11:44 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@article    ( PRICE89,
key    =    "Price" ,
author    =    "Price, S." ,
title    =    "Modelling the Temporal Element in Land Information
Systems" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "3" ,
number    =    "3" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "233--243" ,
abstract=    "This paper considers the use of a modern
programming language (Modula-2) to develop a data model for a
lot-based land information system. The emphasis is on the importance
of maintaining the history of the lots, and a data model is developed
which incorporates the history of each lot." ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 26 14:01:43 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( QIU92,
key    =    "Qiu et al." ,
author    =    "Qiu, K and Hachem, N.I. and Ward, M.O. and
Gennert, M.A." ,
title    =    "Providing Temporal Support in Data Base Management
Systems for Global Change Research" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 6th International Working
Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management" ,
month    =    "jun" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "274--289" ,
abstract=    "Time is essential in modeling the constantly
changing world. However, conventional database systems represent the
real world with only a tenseless snapshot that is inadequate for many
applications where facts and data need to be interpreted in the
context of time. In this work we examine some of the issues applicable
to temporal modeling, including examples which illustrate the demands
imposed by database management systems for global change research. Th
main contribution of this paper is the proposal of a framework for
managing temporal information in scientific databases. The
characteristics of this model are: (1) Time is treated as a basic data
type and property. (2) Attribute stamping is adopted whereby the
granularity of time can be defined by the user. (3) Time is treated
explicitly in the query language. (4) A helical view of time is used
for measuring the distance between two time points, and (5) the
implications of temporal analysis are addressed." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jul  1 01:22:44 1993" ,
owner    =    "daisyc" ,
)

@article    ( RAAFAT94,
key    =    "Raafat et al." ,
author    =    "Raafat, Hazem and Yang, Zhongsen and Gauthier,
David" ,
title    =    "Relational spatial topologies for historical
geographical information" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "8" ,
number    =    "2" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
pages    =    "163--173" ,
abstract=    "Research on time and data models for Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) has focused mainly in the representation of
temporal geographical entities and implementation of temporal
databases. Many temporal GIS database structures have been proposed
but most of them just provide principles, not the recipe for the
design. Owing to the manipulation of the large quantity of
geographical information and the slow response time, few
implementations exist. This paper presents a relational method of
storing and retrieving spatial and temporal topologies. Two-level
state topologies are proposed: a state topology for a set of
geographical entities and a state topology for a single geographical
entity. From a temporal perspective, these two-level state topologies
may also be viewed as two-level time topologies: a time topology for
all geographic entities in a GIS database and a time topology for a
single geographical entity. Based on these state and time topologies,
a detailed storage approach for historical geographical information is
provided. " ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Dec  3 18:16:02 1994" ,
owner    =    "kevin" ,
)

@techreport    ( RADIC87,
key    =    "Radic et al." ,
author    =    "Radic, U. and Jenssen , D. and McInnes, B." ,
title    =    "On the Surging Potential of Polar Ice Streams.
Antarctic Surges---A Clear and Present Danger?" ,
type    =    "Report" ,
number    =    "DOE/ER/60197-H1" ,
institution=    "US Department of Energy" ,
month    =    "jul" ,
year    =    "1987" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:28:24 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( RENNISON95,
key    =    "Rennison \& Strauss" ,
author    =    "Rennison and Strauss" ,
title    =    "The Millenium Project: Constructing a Dynamic 3D
Virtual Environment for Exploring Geographically, Temporally, and
Categorically Organized Historical Information" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of COSIT95" ,
address    =    "Semmering, Austria" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1995" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 13 12:54:59 1995" ,
owner    =    "jeff" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( RIDD91,
key    =    "Ridd" ,
author    =    "Ridd, M. R." ,
title    =    "Spatial and Temporal Scale Issues Related to the
Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings: Remote Sensing and Geographic
Information Systems, ACSM-ASPRS" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 15:43:47 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( RIS91,
key    =    "Ris" ,
author    =    "Ris, F." ,
title    =    "Toward a `Scientific GIS'" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '91" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "740-751" ,
abstract=    "Last year IBM's Federal Sector Division Boulder
Laboratory surveyed a number of environmental scientists to determine
their needs and desired in dealing with spatial data. We found a
consensus that a GIS could be of help but dissatisfaction with the
current GIS art. While there is not a clear demarcation between
Conventional GIS and Scientific GIS, we found distinctions in the uses
to which GIS would be put and in the relationship of GIS to other
computational components. This year we commenced a research program to
characterize the elements of a Scientific GIS with respect to
functionally, required interfaces with other data processing
environments, and architecture. We are testing these concepts through
the construction and evaluation of functional ( i.c.,
proof-of-concept) prototypes with particular attention to temporal
analysis and volumetric spatial analysis and validating our work
through collaborations with environmental scientists." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 14:13:17 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( ROBERTSON91,
key    =    "Robertson et al." ,
author    =    "Robertson, G. G. and MacKinlay, J. D. and Card, S.
K." ,
title    =    "Cone Trees: Animated 3D Visualizations of
Hierarchical Information" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the CHI '91 Conference" ,
editor    =    "Robertson et al." ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "189--194" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:30:53 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( ROMAN90,
key    =    "Roman" ,
author    =    "Roman, G. C." ,
title    =    "Formal Specification of Geographic Data Processing
Requirements" ,
journal    =    "tkde" ,
publisher=    "ieee" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
number    =    "4" ,
month    =    "dec" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "370--380" ,
keywords=    "Fuzzy logic; geographic data processing; knowledge
representation; positional logic; temporal logic" ,
abstract=    "This paper seeks to establish a formal foundation
for the specification of geographic data processing (GDP)
requirements. The emphasis is placed on modeling data and knowledge
requirements rather than processing needs. A subset of first-order
logic is proposed as the principal means for constructing
formalizations of the GDP requirements in a manner that is independent
of data representation. Requirements executability is achieved by
selecting a subset of logic compatible with the inference mechanisms
available in Prolog. GDP significant concepts such as time, space, and
accuracy have been added to the formalization without losing Prolog
implementability or separation of concerns. Rules of reasoning about
time, space, and accuracy (based on positional, temporal, and fuzzy
logic) may be compactly stated in a subset of second-order predicate
calculus and may be easily modified to meet the particular needs of a
specific application. Multiple views of data and knowledge may coexist
in the same formalization. The feasibility of the approach has been
established with the aid of a prototype implementation of the
formalism in Prolog. The implementation also provides the means for
graphical rendering of logical information on a high resolution color
display." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Mar  8 18:23:10 1993" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@book        ( ROSSIGNOL92,
key    =    "Rossignol \& Wandsnider" ,
author    =    "Rossignol, J. and Wandsnider, L. (Eds.)" ,
title    =    "Space, Time, and Archaeological Landscapes" ,
publisher=    "Plenum Press" ,
address    =    "New York" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 18:13:39 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( SALZBERG94,
key    =    "Salzberg" ,
author    =    "Salzberg, Betty" ,
title    =    "On Indexing Spatial and Temporal Data" ,
number    =    "1" ,
institution=    "Northeastern University" ,
address    =    "Boston MA 02115" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
month    =    "may" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Nov  9 03:43:09 1994" ,
owner    =    "kevin" ,
)

@phdthesis    ( SANDHU90,
key    =    "Sandhu" ,
author    =    "Sandhu, J." ,
title    =    "Combining Exploratory Data Analysis and Scientific
Visualization in the Study of Very Large Space-Time Data Sets" ,
school    =    "Department of Geography, Ohio State University" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 16 23:55:17 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( SCHNEIDER92,
key    =    "Schneider \& Kriegel" ,
author    =    "Schneider, R. and Kriegel, H.-P." ,
title    =    "Indexing the Spatiotemporal Monitoring of a
Polygonal Object" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
volume    =    "1" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "200--209" ,
address    =    "Charleston, SC" ,
abstract=    "In Geographic Information Systems spatial objects
may change their spatial location and/or shapes over time. Query
processing of such spatiotemporal objects consists of spatial query
conditions and temporal query conditions. Our study focuses on
representing the spatiotemporal monitoring of a polygonal object and
aims at developing an efficient data structure supporting queries and
operations that refer to both spatial and temporal monitoring. In this
paper, we present a first performance comparison which indicates that
spatial indexing offers a possibility of efficient query processing of
a spatiotemporal object." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 22:11:34 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( SCHUMM65,
key    =    "Schumm \& Lichty" ,
author    =    "Schumm, S. and Lichty, R." ,
title    =    "Time, Space, and Causality in Geomorphology" ,
journal    =    "American Journal of Science" ,
volume    =    "263" ,
number    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1965" ,
pages    =    "110--119" ,
abstract=    "The distinction between cause and effect in the
development of landforms is a function time and space (area) because
the factors that determine the character of landforms can be either
dependent or independent variables as the limits of time and space
change. During moderately long periods of time, for example, river
channel morphology is dependent on the geologic and climatic
environment, but during a shorter span of time, channel morphology is
an independent variable influencing the hydraulics of the channel.
During a long period of time a drainage system or its components can
be considered as an open system which is progresivly losing potential
energy and mass (erosion cycle), but over shorter spans of time
self-regulation is important, and components of the system may be
graded or in dynamic equilibrium. During an even shorter time span a
steady state may exist. Therefore, depending on the temporal and
spacial dimensions of the system under consideration, landforms can be
considered as either a stage in a cycle of erosion or as a system in
dynamic equilibrium." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 14:07:36 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@techreport    ( SHARPLEY90,
key    =    "Sharpley \& Williams" ,
author    =    "Sharpley, A. N. and Williams (eds.) , J. R." ,
title    =    "EPIC - Erosion / Productivity Impact Calculator.
Vol. 1 (Model Documentation) and Vol. 2 (User Manual)" ,
type    =    "Technical Bulletin No." ,
number    =    "1768" ,
institution=    "Agricultural Research Service, United States
Department of Agriculture" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:35:35 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( SMITH92,
key    =    "Smith" ,
author    =    "Smith, T." ,
title    =    "Towards a Logic-Based Language for Modeling and
Database Support for Spatio-Temporal Domains" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "592--601" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 10 13:32:00 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( SMYTH92,
key    =    "Smyth" ,
author    =    "Smyth, S." ,
title    =    "A Representational Framework for Route Planning in
Space and Time" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
volume    =    "2" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "692--701" ,
abstract=    "Geographic Information Systems (GIS) of the future
must certainly be based upon richer representational schemes than
today's commercial products. Many useful spatial and geographic
applications require a combination of spatial and temporal
representation, version management, inference mechanisms, user
interface management, and communications. The exact nature of these
elements, and how they might be used together in sophisticated future
GIS applications is, however, poorly understood. A research
environment for exploring these issues might separate architecture
from representation. Suppose there were a framework for integrating
applications consisting of standardized interfaces to a
spatial-temporal representation, to an inference mechanism, to a user
interface, and to communication services. Then a second, orthogonal
structure might formalize the relationship between abstract
representational theories and the concrete concerns of software
engineering. Spatial representation in such an environment should
encompass the usual elements of surveying and cartography, as well as
the mathematical details of capturing form and relationships in a
Euclidean three-space. Temporal representation should allow for time
recording and naming conventions as they exist in a multicultural
world, with alternative calendars. Versioning should allow for
alternative views of reality. This paper describes the conceptual
development of such an environment, the selection of multicultural
route planning as a prototypical application, and some early results." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 22:13:24 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inbook        ( SNODGRASS92B,
key    =    "Snodgrass" ,
author    =    "Snodgrass, R. T." ,
title    =    "Temporal Databases" ,
booktitle=    "A. U. Frank, I. Campari, and U. Formentini (eds.),
Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space" ,
series    =    "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" ,
publisher=    "Springer-Verlag" ,
month    =    "sep" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
bibdate    =    "Tue Jul 21 11:40:17 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
pages    =    "22--64" ,
volume    =    "639" ,
abstract=    "This paper summarizes the major concepts,
approaches, and implementation strategies that have been generated
over the last fifteen years of research into data base management
system support for time-varying information. We first examine the time
domain, its structure, dimensionality, indeterminacy, and
representation. We then discuss how facts may be associated with time,
and consider data modeling and representational issues. We survey the
many temporal query languages that have been proposed. Finally, we
examine the impact to each of the components of a DBMS of adding
temporal support, focusing on query optimization and evaluation." ,
)

@techreport    ( STORY95,
key    =    "Story \& Worboys" ,
author    =    "Story, P. A. and Worboys, M. F. " ,
title    =    "An Object-Oriented Model of Time" ,
type    =    "TR" ,
number    =    "95-03" ,
institution=    "Dept of Computer Science, Keele University" ,
address    =    "Keele, Staffordshire, UK" ,
year    =    "1995" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Jan 10 13:32:51 1996" ,
owner    =    "jeff" ,
)

@inbook        ( THRIFT77,
key    =    "Thrift" ,
author    =    "Thrift, N." ,
title    =    "An Introduction to Time Geography" ,
booktitle=    "Concepts in Modern Geography" ,
publisher=    "Geo-Abstracts, Ltd." ,
address    =    "London" ,
year    =    "1977" ,
volume    =    "13" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Oct 23 14:15:35 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@article    ( VARMA90,
key    =    "Varma et al." ,
author    =    "Varma, H. and Boudreau, H. and Prime, W." ,
title    =    "A Data Structure for Spatio-Temporal Databases" ,
journal    =    "International Hydrographic Review" ,
publisher=    "Plenum Press" ,
volume    =    "67" ,
number    =    "1" ,
month    =    "jan" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
pages    =    "71--92" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 18:15:58 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( VASILIEV90,
key    =    "Vasiliev" ,
author    =    "Vasiliev, I." ,
title    =    "Examples of the Treatment of Times as a Variable
on Maps" ,
booktitle=    "Temporal GIS Workshop" ,
organization=    "University of Maine" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct  5 18:45:14 1992" ,
owner    =    "leoso" ,
)

@article    ( VIEUX91,
key    =    "Vieux" ,
author    =    "Vieux, B. E." ,
title    =    "Geographic Information Systems and Non-Point
Source Water Quality and Quantity Modelling" ,
journal    =    "Hydrological Processes" ,
volume    =    "5" ,
number    =    "7" ,
year    =    "1991" ,
pages    =    "101--113" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:37:51 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( VRANA89,
key    =    "Vrana" ,
author    =    "Vrana, R." ,
title    =    "Historical Data as an Explicit Component of Land
Information Systems" ,
journal    =    "International Journal of Geographical Information
Systems" ,
volume    =    "3" ,
number    =    "1" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "33--49" ,
abstract=    "A variety of geographical and land information
systems is increasingly employed to manage and analyse spatial
distributions and attributes. However, common to many applications are
temporal as well as spatial considerations: data are time as well
space-specific. Current spatial information systems acknowledge
temporal data but neglect to make explicit use of them for historical
analysis even procedures for decision making and for the evaluation of
data quality. Historical information is examined in the context of
three prototype land information systems. Though the primary focus of
these systems varies, common themes and problems are discussed. In
each case, managing historical information is complicated by changes
in the spatial units of analysis al well as in the attributes
associated with those units. Several important issues that follow from
the historical aspects of land data are identified and categorized in
this paper. Current research that addresses these concerns is cited." ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec 26 14:04:28 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@article    ( WEISMILLER77,
key    =    "Weismiller et al." ,
author    =    "Weismiller, R. A. and Kristof, S. J. and Scholz,
D. K. and Anuta, P. F. and Momin, S. A." ,
title    =    "Change Detection in Coastal Zone Environments" ,
journal    =    "Photogrametric Engineering and Remote Sensing" ,
volume    =    "43" ,
number    =    "12" ,
year    =    "1977" ,
pages    =    "1533--1539" ,
abstract=    "The paper describes how techniques were developed
and employed to analyse Landsat MSS temporal data for change detection
on the coast of Texas. These techniques were (a) Post-classification
change detection, based on comparison of independently-produced
spectral classifications; (b) delta data change detection, based upon
classification of a multispectral difference data set; (c)
spectral/temporal change classification, based on standard
pattern-recognition techniques applied to Landsat data for different
time periods; and (d) layered spectral/temporal classification." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan 14 01:52:03 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( WORBOYS90A,
key    =    "Worboys" ,
author    =    "Worboys, M. F." ,
title    =    "Reasoning About GIS Using Temporal and Dynamic
Logics" ,
booktitle=    "Temporal GIS Workshop" ,
organization=    "University of Maine" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
abstract=    "This paper is a tutorial introduction to temporal
logic in the context of spatio-temporal information systems. It begins
with a brief description of modal logic. The main part of the paper
discusses temporal and dynamic logics. It concludes by briefly
indicating possible applications of these logics to GIS." ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Jul  8 22:39:59 1992" ,
owner    =    "rts" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( WORBOYS90B,
key    =    "Worboys" ,
author    =    "Worboys, M. F." ,
title    =    "Temporal Logic" ,
booktitle=    "Temporal Relations Workshop" ,
organization=    "University of Maine" ,
month    =    "oct" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
abstract=    "The paper begins with a brief description of model
logic. Then follows a survey of common model logical systems,
especially temporal and dynamic systems. The paper discusses current
work on temporal databases and considers the special problems of data
with both a spatial and temporal reference." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Nov 23 15:27:05 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( WORBOYS90C,
key    =    "Worboys" ,
author    =    "Worboys, M. F." ,
title    =    "The Role of Modal Logics in the Description of
Knowledge in a Geographical Information System" ,
booktitle=    "Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic
Space" ,
organization=    "NATO ASI" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Wed Dec  2 15:31:52 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( WORBOYS92,
key    =    "Worboys" ,
author    =    "Worboys, M. F." ,
title    =    "A Model for Spatio-Temporal Information" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
publisher=    "IGU Commission on GIS" ,
month    =    "aug" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "602--611" ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 26 10:45:06 1992" ,
owner    =    "bassili" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( WORBOYS92A,
key    =    "Worboys" ,
author    =    "Worboys, M. F." ,
title    =    "Object-Oriented Models of Spatiotemporal
Information" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '92" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "825--834" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Jan  7 18:10:49 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( WORBOYS94,
key    =    "Worboys" ,
author    =    "Worboys, Michael F." ,
title    =    "A Unified Model for Spatial and Temporal
Information" ,
journal    =    "The Computer Journal" ,
volume    =    "37" ,
number    =    "1" ,
year    =    "1994" ,
pages    =    "27--34" ,
abstract=    "Many applications of spatial information require
not just spatial data handling but a unified approach to space and
time. This paper begins by motivating this requirement with some
examples, continues by identifying some of the key issues in this area
and then discusses a unified generic model for information which is
referenced to two spatial dimensions and two temporal dimensions
(database and event times)." ,
bibdate    =    "Mon Oct 24 10:26:56 1994" ,
owner    =    "kevin" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( XIAO89,
key    =    "Xiao et al." ,
author    =    "Xiao, Q. and Raafat, H. and Gauthier, D." ,
title    =    "A Temporal/Spatial Database Structure for Remotely
Sensed Image Data Management Within GIS" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of GIS/LIS '89" ,
year    =    "1989" ,
pages    =    "116--122" ,
abstract=    "A growing number of GIS have the capability
incorporate remotely sensed image data. The integration of remotely
sensed data within GIS raises the possibility of establishing a
database structure that can be used to store and retrieve image
histories in the management of those image data. The capability to do
temporal queries could allow detection of significant changes in land
use or environment conditions through use of multi-temporal remotely
sensed images within GIS. However, images present snapshots of spatial
data at a point in time and are represented in GIS as static entities.
Since current database structures tend to represent static views of
dynamic data, they are generally unsatisfactory for storing image
histories, as well as for analyzing the dynamics of earth surface
features. We review the concepts of valid time and effective time and
the structures of static database and historical database. A
temporal/spatial database structure is then presented that can store
and retrieve image histories and the differences among a remotely
sensed data obtained from the area over a period of time." ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 27 08:58:49 1990" ,
owner    =    "robyn" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( XU90,
key    =    "Xu et al." ,
author    =    "Xu, X. and Han, J. and Lu, W." ,
title    =    "RT-Tree: An Improved R-Tree Index Structure for
Spatiotemporal Databases" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
Spatial Data Handling" ,
year    =    "1990" ,
bibdate    =    "Thu Dec 10 13:53:20 1992" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@article    ( YAU83,
key    =    "Yau \& Srihari" ,
author    =    "Yau, M.-M. and Srihari, S. N." ,
title    =    "A Hierarchical Data Structure for Multidimensional
Digital Images" ,
journal    =    "cacm" ,
volume    =    "26" ,
number    =    "7" ,
year    =    "1983" ,
pages    =    "504--515" ,
bibdate    =    "Sat Jan  9 14:39:30 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@inproceedings    ( YEH92,
key    =    "Yeh, T." ,
author    =    "Yeh, T." ,
title    =    "Temporal Aspects of Geographical Databases" ,
booktitle=    "Proceedings of EGIS '92" ,
month    =    "mar" ,
year    =    "1992" ,
pages    =    "320--328" ,
bibdate    =    "Fri Jan  8 02:02:49 1993" ,
owner    =    "soo" ,
)

@Comment (BIBSETS
)