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1993-05-29
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So Much for Motherhood, Apple Pie and Reuse
Rebecca Joos
Motorola, Inc.
6501 William Cannon Drive
Austin, Texas 78735
Tel: (512) 891-3617, fax: (512) 891-3798
Email: beckyj@oakhill.sps.mot.com
Abstract
Although software development has vastly improved over the years, it is
still plagued by high costs and long development times. This is a
result of requirements and specifications becoming more and more
complex and often changing during the long development period. One
solution to this dilemma is software reuse.
There are two major reasons for reusing software: increased productivity
and improved quality. Systems developed with reusable software components
should (1) cost less basically due to a shortened development time, and (2)
contain fewer defects because the software is composed of proven, accurate
components. In general everyone agrees that software reuse is a good idea
(just like motherhood and apple pie), but beyond that there is little if
any effort to implement software reuse. How to get over this
obstacle/inertia is the second phase of implementing a reuse program in an
organization. Motorola is now in this phase. This paper discusses the
current activities for a Motorola reuse program including two pilots that
are in progress.
Keywords: Reuse, practice, pilot project
Workshop Goals: Learning; networking; advance state of theory.
Working Groups: Reuse process models; reuse maturity models; reuse terminology
standards.
1 Background
Phase 1 - Motherhood, Apple Pie and Reuse
Motorola is composed largely of hardware engineers - superb hardware
engineers that in the past have had little use or regard for software -
after all it is the hardware that has made Motorola a fortune 100 company.
However, as with many other industries in the United States changes have
taken place and new attitudes and business concerns have emerged. Software
is now one of Motorola's prime concerns and this has opened the door for
software reuse. But this door did not just swing open to welcome software
engineering and software engineers. It was a forced, organized effort that
has taken more than 3 years. However, Motorola is now going through a great
metamorphosis and hopes to emerge a premier software company and employer.
The author is the principal subject matter expert in software reuse for
Motorola, chairperson for the internal reuse working group and an IEEE
working group on software reuse process. Last year's WISR paper
discussed the initial steps that Motorola took to introduce software
reuse, "the sales pitch." Selling software reuse is not difficult;
basically everyone agrees with the idea (like motherhood and apple
pie); however, implementing software reuse as a part of the software
development process is not as easy. This paper shares the efforts of
the current reuse movement in Motorola - that of endorsement and
culture change in management.
2 Position
Phase 2 - Culture Change
Software reuse has become a problem of culture and way of doing
business that has not been readily adopted by the middle management of
Motorola. The grass roots effort that was the initial driving force of
software reuse has come to a point where it is no longer effective.
Realizing this senior management has been put upon to accept the
responsibility for initiating reuse. This position paper
discusses the steps that are being taken to foster reuse in Motorola
revealing some of the problems and solutions for integrating an
advanced software engineering idea in a predominantly hardware
environment. As a part of the indoctrination, pilot projects are being
conducted to prove the value of software reuse as well as developing a
template process for software reuse. These pilots are also discussed
in this paper. The projects are being conducted in completely
different ways and the results are markedly different.
2.1 Senior Executive Program
The CEO took the initiative to get the upper management more involved
with advancing the state of the practice in software at Motorola. With
the help of internal and external software experts the Senior Executive
Program (SEP) committee drafted a list of actions items that needed to
be addressed by Motorola. Each item is championed by 1 or more senior
executives. For the most part, volunteers were easy to find for the
topics. However, not so with software reuse because the only thing
that the executives understood about reuse is that it is very difficult
to do for software. However, two brave senior managers were drafted
for the position. They immediately turned to the Reuse Working Group
(RWG) who have been actively pursuing software reuse in Motorola for 3
and one-half years.
The primary problem that the RWG encountered is that software reuse is
more a problem of culture than technology. The software engineers
readily adopt software reuse technology but they need substantial
management support since developing reusable software is significantly
more time consuming and schedules usually do not allow for this.
Together SEP and the RWG have devised a plan for initiating reuse and
are enlisting senior management support for the plan. Basically the
plan is the same as the initial plan developed by the RWG. The
technology portion of the plan is outlined in Figure 1. However, the
primary phases of initiating software reuse is education. In addition
to the training provided to the software engineers on how to develop
software with and for reuse, software managers (primarily middle
management) are being educated in managing software reuse. Although
this training is offered to managers by managers, it is not a "sales
pitch" or "pep talk." Implementation, scheduling, resources, risks,
what to expect, how to measure, and how to manage software reuse are
all topics presented to managers. Although the full impetus of the senior
management involvement has not been realized yet, it is obvious that the
current program has a substantially better chance of sustained success.
Figure 1: RWG Technology Plan
ACTION | 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 |
| |
Design | | collect and analyze metrics |
for Reuse | establish pilot programs | instigate company-wide use |
| | of design techniques |
| |
| |
Standards | establish initial standards| establish generalized design |
| | representation and continue |
| | to refine standards |
| participate in IEEE, DoD, and International Standards |
| activities |
| |
| |
Design | pilot design recovery | re-engineer recovered designs|
Recovery | | evaluate design recovery tools | |
| |
| |
Tools | evaluate, select, install: library management tool |
| configuration management tool|
| problem/action reporting tool|
| testing tool |
2.2 Pilot 1
The top management at one of Motorola's facilities has initiated software
reuse and is actively supporting and encouraging reuse throughout the
organization by a cash rewards incentive program. This program has more
than paid for itself. In one example, the reuse of a set of subroutines
saved an estimated $15,000 in engineering costs and the engineers involved
shared a bonus of $847. To encourage software engineers to share their
software components, there is an award of $100 for each (approved) item
added to the database of reusable software. And, each time a software
component is reused (i.e., a software component is retrieved from the
database), there is an additional award proportional to the savings. This
award is divided between the developer (40%) and the reuser (60%). The
amount of cash award is determined as follows:
Savings ($) Award (%) Max. Award (%)
250 - 500 12 60
501 - 1000 10 110
1001 - 2500 7.5 222
2501 - 50,000 5 2600
The amount of "Savings" resulting from the reuse is calculated
according to the savings of Staff-months as provided by the engineering
manager. This project has been very successful due predominantly to
the upper management support. The general manager has set a goal of
being the premier example of software reuse and is supporting the
efforts of his software engineers. There are approximately 150
software engineers at this facility. The group is also sharing its
ideas and reusable components with other groups in Motorola.
2.3 Pilot 2
This effort is a grass roots approach but the lead engineer (i.e., the
author) is an authority in software reuse. Projects are being
developed using reuse techniques in order to 1) gain the productivity
and quality advantages and 2) provide Motorola examples of software
reuse. The techniques and metrics used in this pilot will become a
template for other groups within the company that want to practice
software reuse. The projects are compiler and compiler tool test
suites. 85% reuse and 10:1 productivity savings have been
demonstrated. The primary reusable components are designs and
documentation. This effort is much slower because other activities
have a higher priority. More support is expected as more examples of
savings are produced. This group is also actively improving its SEI
level. Therefore reuse will have a higher priority in the near future.
3 Conclusion
It is recognized by those who are implementing the strategy that the
"grass roots" approach to software reuse is not sufficient if Motorola
expects to be a leader in software. However, middle management has yet
to recognize the necessary commitment required to implement a reuse
program. Therefore, the RWG is requesting more assistance from SEP and
the CEO to encourage participation from middle management.
In the meantime the "grass rooters" are continuing their small scale
reuse projects and the RWG is collecting data on Project 1 to help
establish a project model.
4 Biography
Rebecca (Becky) Joos is a Principal Staff Engineer at the Semiconductor
Products Sector of Motorola in Austin, Texas. She is the quality assurance
champion for the RISC Software Dept. and a test engineer. She is developing
a reuse program within the RISC division as well as chairing the Reuse
Working Group for Motorola. She received a Ph.D. in computer science from
Texas A&M University in 1989. Her dissertation is "A Software Development
Environment That Assists in the Use and Design of Reusable Modules".