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[12pt] article
Asset Library Open Architecture Framework --
Sharing Reusable Assets
James Solderitsch
John Thalhamer
Valley Forge Laboratories
Unisys Defense Systems Inc.
Paoli, PA 19301
E-mail: jjs@prc.unisys.com
john@prc.unisys.com
Reuse, along with software engineering environments and processes,
is one of the primary software
technical areas being addressed within the
STARS (Software Technology for Adaptable, Reliable Systems) program.
Under the envisioned paradigm called mega-programming
by DARPA/SISTO program director Barry Boehm,
applications will be built using a component based approach,
rather than constructing them a line at a time.
The chosen components will be reused
and/or constructed from existing systems, rather than created from scratch.
And the components used in the application construction
will be based on domain-specific architectures and open interface standards.
The STARS Asset
Library Open Architecture Framework (ALOAF) addresses the exchange of
reusable assets among diverse libraries, and the definition of an asset
library platform upon which portable reuse tools may be constructed.
0.3in
Keywords: library, architecture, software engineering environment,
standards, services, data model
* Introduction
A reuse-based approach to software engineering places the emphasis on the
reuse and integration of existing software components and systems, rather
than the creation of software components from scratch. To support this
approach, automated reuse libraries have been, and are being, created.
The concept of reuse of components is applicable to reuse libraries
themselves. Reuse libraries consist of a set of components that are
suitable candidates for reuse and sharing. These include the components
(or assets) stored within a library as well as the components that make up
an automated library system and reuse library tools.
The STARS (Software Technology for Adaptable, Reliable Systems) Asset
Library Open Architecture Framework (ALOAF) addresses the exchange of
reusable assets among diverse libraries, and the definition of an asset
library platform upon which portable reuse tools may be constructed. Asset
interchange and asset service interfaces are critical elements in achieving
a broader objective---asset libraries which interoperate to such an extent
that the boundaries between individual libraries become invisible to the
end user. In general terms, this is the STARS vision of ``seamless''
library interoperation.
* Why ALOAF
The ability to make effective use of previously
created assets, be they software components, design artifacts, textual
documents, etc., is viewed as a
critical factor in the reduction of application development and maintenance
costs, along with improved reliability.
Many efforts both within and external to the STARS program
have addressed
the development and establishment of asset libraries
(also referred to as reuse repositories, software depositories, ...).
Each of these reuse projects has its respective merits and unique
qualities. The ALOAF does not seek to stifle the creativity
nor inventiveness being exhibited in the development of new reuse methods,
environments, and tools.
Rather, the purpose of the ALOAF is to allow reuse projects to
benefit cooperatively from each other's work.
Examples of such cooperative benefit are:
[] Assets stored within one asset library may be interchanged
with a completely different asset library,
with descriptive asset information being exchanged as well.
This allows diverse, heterogeneous asset libraries to share assets,
enabling the construction of applications which may make use of the
best and newest components that are available.
[] A reuse tool created for one asset library system may be
easily ported to another asset library system when the reuse tool
and the asset library systems
conform to the ALOAF service model interface.
This allows asset library systems to be easily enhanced with
additional reuse-based tools.
Thus, reuse technology, methods, and assets as a whole may rapidly
expand and
facilitate a shift to reuse-based development and engineering.
The ALOAF focuses on the needs of STARS asset libraries, as well as
other DoD-related asset/reuse systems with which STARS asset libraries
will interoperate.
Past, current, and near-term anticipated work related to the asset library
systems of the STARS program serve as a primary basis for the ALOAF.
It is beyond the scope of the
initial work of the ALOAF to address and consider all reuse issues
associated with every existing and potential asset/reuse library.
In future work, the scope of the ALOAF will be broadened to encompass
additional relevant and appropriate asset/reuse libraries.
* STARS Reuse
Reuse, along with software engineering environments and processes,
is one of the primary software
technical areas being addressed within the STARS program.
The vision of the STARS program is that
``Software-intensive system development will evolve to a process-driven,
domain-specific reuse-based, technology-supported paradigm.''
The element of the STARS vision that explicitly applies to the ALOAF
is domain-specific reuse-based .
Under this envisioned paradigm,
applications will be built using a component based approach,
rather than constructing them a line at a time.
The chosen components will be reused
and/or constructed from existing systems, rather than created from scratch.
And the components used in the application construction
will be based on domain-specific architectures and open interface standards.
In order to support DoD needs, a key STARS technology objective is
the construction of engineering environments from commercially available
environment frameworks and tools. Asset library systems contain
elements of both reuse frameworks and reuse tools. The desire within STARS
is the construction of modular reuse tools and frameworks that conform
with an open architecture, hence the formulation of the asset library
open architecture framework. Environment assemblers may then pick
and choose from a variety of commercial-off-the-shelf
or company-proprietary tools and
systems that conform to the STARS ALOAF, with the knowledge that all of these
ALOAF-conformant
components will interoperate and be plug-compatible.
The resultant engineering environments are standards-driven and
standards-based systems, which are tailorable, adaptable, and reliable.
Other STARS, reuse-related activities include the
STARS Reuse Concept of Operations and STARS' participation
in the Reuse Library Interoperability Group (RIG).
The STARS Reuse Concept of Operations
articulates STARS concepts and
expectations with respect to reuse of software related assets across
system and software life cycles.
Specifically, the document communicates the joint STARS perspective on
such topics as
the reuse vision, the goals for reuse, and reuse processes.
The ALOAF concurs with and confirms these joint STARS perspectives put forth
within the Concept of Operations.
The purpose of the RIG is to facilitate the interoperability of
government-sponsored software reuse libraries .
As STARS is a member of the RIG, relevant portions of the ALOAF
will be put forward as suitable candidates for consensual
standardization within the RIG.
* Standards Activities
One aspect of an open system is the adherence to and conformance with
standards relevant to the technical application domain.
A goal of the Asset Library Open Architecture Framework is the
adoption of existing and/or emerging standards that are relevant to
asset library systems.
Standards activities that are relevant to the goals of the ALOAF
are currently being tracked and analyzed. Those standards activities
that have direct bearing or possible secondary effects on the goals
of the ALOAF will be seriously considered for adoption and incorporation
into the ALOAF. It is not the intent of the ALOAF to duplicate
or reinvent work that has already been completed or is in progress.
The specification and promulgation of new and emerging standards is just
as important as, if not more important than, the conformance to standards.
Reuse technology is one area in which there are
relatively few existing standards.
A primary purpose of the ALOAF is the development and shaping of
future reuse-based standards.
A role of the ALOAF is to serve as initiator and catalyst in building
and shaping consensus on reuse technology standards
among asset library developers.
* ALOAF Objectives
The primary objectives of the STARS ALOAF are to facilitate the interchange
of assets between asset libraries, and facilitate the construction of reuse
tools that are portable between asset libraries. The asset-interchange
objective focuses the STARS ALOAF upon the information needed to
systematically organize and describe assets stored within an asset library.
The ALOAF addresses the interchange of assets and their associated asset
descriptions and model information through the ALOAF Data Modeling and
Asset Interchange Specification. The portable-reuse-tools objective
focuses the STARS ALOAF upon the asset library services and standard
interfaces needed by reuse-based library tools. The ability to create
portable reuse-based library tools is addressed by the ALOAF Service Model
along with their ALOAF Programmatic Interfaces.
* Data Modeling Concepts and Asset Interchange Specification
An asset library can contain a large amount of data. This data may include
the library's assets, descriptions or related information about the assets,
as well as the organization of the assets and the manner in which the
organization is described. The ALOAF Data Modeling Concepts address all of
these constituent pieces of data via three layers: a data layer, a model
layer, and the meta-model layer. Data modeling is necessary in order to
specify a common asset interchange mechanism, as well as a uniform set of
services (the ALOAF Service Model) which operates upon the data.
The ALOAF Asset Interchange Specification supports the interchange of
assets and asset descriptions among diverse asset libraries. The emphases
within asset interchange are upon the exchange of the asset descriptions
and their organizational representation, and upon an open, non-restrictive
interchange mechanism.
The STARS ALOAF Asset Interchange Specification provides a standard
technique for representing library data models, a format for library data
models, and a format for asset library data. The Asset Interchange
Specification is not dependent upon any particular library data model and
may be used to represent the data models and data of a wide range of asset
libraries. The Asset Interchange Specification includes a Common Data
Model. The Common Data Model describes a basic data model that allows
asset libraries to interchange a common subset of asset descriptions. The
Common Data Model encompasses information that is typically maintained by
asset libraries.
* Service Model
The ALOAF Service Model describes a collection of services that asset
library implementors are encouraged to provide to support interoperability
among geographically dispersed, heterogeneous asset libraries and to
support portability of tools across libraries. The Service Model
categorizes framework services and describes the interrelationship between
categories and between individual services within and across category
boundaries. Individual services are described in terms of service protocol
descriptions that are independent of implementation language. The service
protocols consist of abstract functional interfaces and data exchange
specifications intended to meet requirements common to all language
bindings to the ALOAF services. STARS asset libraries will be required to
conform to the ALOAF. Conformance descriptions and criteria for asset
libraries will be specified as an extension of the ALOAF Service Model.
* Programmatic Interface
The ALOAF Programmatic Interface comprises a set of Ada package
specifications defining interfaces to the services described in the ALOAF
Service Model. In particular, the Ada specifications provide an Ada
instantiation of the implementation-language-independent service protocol
descriptions articulated in the Service Model. The Ada programmatic
interface is only one of many potential language-specific instantiations of
the service protocols and is provided by STARS as a recommended Ada
standard interface. However, ALOAF conformance is not predicated on
provision of ALOAF services through Ada interfaces.
* ALOAF Evolution
The ALOAF effort began in early 1991 with participation from all three STARS
Prime participants -- Boeing, IBM, and Unisys. The ALOAF is the result of the
cooperation and confluence of reuse efforts of the three Primes, their
subcontractors, and other STARS program participants.
The initial ALOAF addresses the reuse goals of STARS asset libraries with
both short term and long term solutions. The short term solutions drive
toward the immediate sharing of assets between the many diverse reuse
libraries that are coming on-line in increasing numbers. The long term
solutions strive for the far reaching goals of interoperable heterogeneous
asset libraries, able to share assets and asset descriptions, as well as
the portability of a broad and rich set of library tools which operate
within asset library systems.
alpha
About the Authors
John A. Thalhamer is manager of the Software Technology group at Valley
Forge Laboratories, Unisys Defense Systems. He has been actively involved in
the STARS program over the past four years as both a project leader and a
technical manager. He holds a M.S. in Computer Science from Cornell
University, and a B.S. in Computer Science from Penn State University. He is
a member of IEEE and the IEEE Computer Society.
Jim Solderitsch is technical lead for the portion of the Unisys STARS Reuse
task being performed at Valley Forge Laboratories, Unisys Defense Systems.
He previously served as chief programmer for the Reusability Library Framework
(RLF) project. Before coming to Unisys in 1986, he was an assistant professor
in the Mathematical Sciences department of Villanova University. He received
his Ph. D. in Mathematics in 1977. His current research interests include
knowledge-based approaches to software reuse and program generation
techniques. He is a member of the ACM.