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- FOG
-
- Fog is a stratus cloud with its base on the ground. Appearing to the
- human eye as the lightest shade of gray, fog can develop when the air
- cools to its saturation point or dew point.
-
- One type of fog is advection fog. Advection fog can develop when
- warm air aloft moves over a cooler air mass on the ground. It can
- affect large areas, limiting visibility to below a half mile or less,
- creating travel hazards for both pilots and drivers.
-
- Another variety of advection fog is known as steam fog or Arctic sea
- smoke. It occurs when cold, dry air moves over a warmer, wet surface.
-
- Radiation fog forms when the ground cools and so does the air
- above it as heat radiates away from the earth. Often appearing in
- patches, this type of fog is generally visible in the early morning
- hours, blanketing rivers, ponds and the valleys of hills and
- mountains.
-
- MAMMATUS CLOUDS
-
- Unlike most clouds, which form in rising air, mammatus
- ( mammatocumulus ) clouds form in the cool, moisture-laden sinking
- air at the base of a cumulonimbus cloud. Latin for "breastlike,"
- these ominous looking clouds are usually associated with severe
- thunderstorms.
-
- VIRGA
-
- Virga is precipitation falling from a cloud that rapidly evaporates before
- it reaches the ground.
-
- Because the falling rain or snow has reached a level in the
- troposphere where the air is dry, evaporation occurs. When this
- happens, water droplets or flakes begin to shrink in size and appear
- to the eye as gray ribbons of precipitation falling below the cloud.
-
- LENTICULAR CLOUDS
-
- Generally forming from cirrocumulus, altocumulus or stratocumulus
- clouds on the leeward side of the high Rocky and Sierra Nevada
- Mountain Ranges, lenticular clouds are saucer-shaped in
- appearance. Rarely producing precipitation, these clouds are
- caused by a wave wind pattern created by the mountains, which
- produces the shape of this beautiful cloud form.
-
- Sometimes those beautiful shapes have confused sky watchers into
- thinking that they were seeing UFO's, when, in fact, all they were
- seeing were lenticular clouds.
-
- OROGRAPHIC LIFTING
-
- The yearly amount of rain or snowfall on one side of a mountain range
- can be dramatically different from the amount of precipitation that falls
- on its opposite side. In a wind flow pattern known as orographic
- lifting, moist air encounters the mountains, then is forced up the
- windward side of the range. As this moist air rises along the mountain
- slope, it begins to cool, condensation forms and rain or snow begins
- to fall.
-
- When the moist air that brought precipitation to the windward side of
- the range begins to move over the tops of the mountains, it descends
- down the leeward side, sinks and becomes warmer. Because warm
- air can hold more moisture than cold air, relative humidity levels drop,
- precipitation ends, and the clouds begin to dissipate.
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