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Text File | 1990-02-12 | 36.1 KB | 801 lines

@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@ @@@@@@ @@@@@ @@@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@ @@@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@@ @@@@@ @@ @@ @@@@ @@ @@ @@ @@@ @@ @@@@ @@ @@ @@ @@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@ @@ @@ @@@@@ @@ @@ @@ @@ @@ @@@@@ @@ @@ @@@@@@@@ @@ @@ @@ @@@ @@ @@ @@@@ @@ @@ @@@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@ @@@@@@ @@@@@ @@ @@@@@@ @@@@@@ ╔SSUE #5 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ═ARCH 7, 1993 @@@@@@@@ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ┼DITOR'S ╬OTES: BY ├RAIG ╘AYLOR ╔T SEEMS THAT EACH ISSUE OF ├= ╚ACKING HAS ALWAYS BEGAN WITH A "╙ORRY, ╔T'S LATE BUT HERE IT IS MESSAGE." - ╫ELL, THIS ONE WILL START OUT AGAIN LIKE THAT - ╘HIS ISSUE WAS ORIGINALLY SCHEDULED TO BE OUT THE MIDDLE OF ╩ANUARY BUT DUE TO SEVERAL DELAYS IN OBTAINING ARTICLES AND MY DELAYING TRYING TO DEBUG THE MULTI-TASKING SOURCE CODE IT'S BEEN HELD UP UNTIL NOW. ═Y APOLOGIES TO THE AUTHORS WHO HAVE HAD THEIR ARTICLES INTO ME ON TIME - SCHOOL IS COMING FIRST FOR ME AND HAVING TO DO A LOT OF CODING FOR SEVERAL CLASSES WAS THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO THE DELAYS. ╬OW, AFTER THE APOLOGIES ARE OUT OF THE WAY - ╠ET'S TAKE A LOOK AT WHAT HAS HAPPENED SINCE LAST TIME ╔ WROTE. - ╥╒╬ MAGAZINE IS NO LONGER WITH US. ┴S ONE OF THE LAST HOLD-OUTS ╔ WAS EXPECTING ╥╒╬ MAGAZINE TO KEEP ON PRINTING UNTIL THE ├OMMODORE 64/128'S REALLY DID DIE OUT BUT APPARENTLY THE PUBLISHERS DECIDED IT WOULDN'T BE SO. ╘HIS LEAVES THE ╘WIN ├ITIES MAGAZINE AS THE ONLY ╒╙ MAGAZINE IN PUBLICATION FOR THE ├OMMODORE (6502 BASED) COMPUTERS THAT ╔ AM AWARE OF. ╙PEAKING OF ╘WIN ├ITIES (NOT SURE IF HE'S COMBINING THE 64/128 OR JUST COMING OUT WITH SEPERATE ╘WIN ├ITIES MAGAZINES) DOES ANYBODY KNOW OR HAVE ANY INFORMATION ON WHEN THE NEXT ISSUE WILL BE OUT? ╧R HAS MY LASTEST ISSUE JUST NOT BEEN SENT OUT? ┴S ╔ WAS WRITING THIS ╔ GOT THE LATEST ISSUE OF ╘WIN ├ITIES WHICH HAS EXPANDED TO ├=64 COVERAGE ALSO. ╘HE NEW ISSUE LOOKS VERY NICE, ABOUT 53 PAGES OF SO OF GOOD DECENT MATERIAL. ╔'D RECOMMEND GET A SUBSCRIPTION FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE LOOKING TO STILL HEAR ABOUT NEW ├OMMODORE PRODUCTS. ╔'D LIKE TO GET PEOPLE'S REACTIONS ON THE DEMISE OF ╥╒╬ AND WHAT WILL PEOPLE WILL THINK WILL PROBABLY BE THE MAIN SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR ├= OWNERS. ┴ LOT OF PEOPLE READING THIS MAGAZINE ARE ON THE COMP.SYS.CBM NEWSGROUP BUT ╔'M WONDERING ABOUT INDIVIDUALS WHO DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO SUCH A NEWSGROUP AND DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET. ╠ET ME KNOW WHAT YOU THINK - HOPEFULLY THROUGH A FRIEND W/ ACCESS TO THE INTERNET. ╙ORT OF A CATCH-22 ╔ GUESS. - ┴ ═AIL-╙ERVER HAS BEEN SETUP TO AUTOMATE SENDING ISSUE REQUESTS. ╘HE FULL DETAILS OF HOW TO USE THE ═AIL-╙ERVER IS IN A DOCUMENTATION FILE CONTAINED WITHIN BUT THIS MAIL-SERVER (WHOSE SOURCE CODE IS AVAILABLE FOR ANYONE WHO WISHES TO SEE IT WRITTEN IN ╓┴╪ ─├╠ CODE) ALSO ALLOWS FILE REQUESTS WHICH WILL BE UUENCODED AND SENT TO YOU. ╔ AM TRYING TO HAVE ALL OF THE PROGRAMS IN EACH ISSUE AVAILABLE VIA REQUEST AS FOR SOME PEOPLE IT IS A MINOR PAIN TRYING TO EXTRACT AND COMPILE THE PROGRAMS CONTAINED WITHIN. - ╔ SAW A NOTE RECENTLY THAT THE SPEED-UP BOARD WORK WAS STILL BEING DONE. ─OES ANYBODY KNOW ANYTHING FURTHER ABOUT THIS? ╔'M INTERESTED IN THIS AND HOW IT WOULD BE CARRIED OUT / DONE BUT ASIDE FROM AN OCCASIONAL POST HERE AND THERE ABOUT IT ╔ ACTUALLY HEAR VERY LITTLE. - ╘HERE IS ALSO WORK ON AN ┴NSI ├ COMPILER BEING DONE. ╥ECENTLY A GROUP OF PEOPLE (ABOUT 9 CURRENTLY) ARE WORKING ON A ├ COMPILER FOR THE ├=64 AND ├=128 WHICH WILL EVENTUALLY SUPPORT THE FULL ┴╬╙╔ ├ LIBRARY. ┴ LARGE LIST OF EXTENSIONS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AND THE COMPILER WILL PROBABLY BE RELEASED AS EITHER SHAREWARE OR POSSIBLY, PUBLIC DOMAIN. ┴CK! - ╘HIS MAGAZINE KEEPS GROWING. ╘HE LAST ISSUE WAS APPROX. SOMEWHERE AROUND 3000 LINES, THIS ONE IS JUST A TAD OVER 6000. ╔'M SURE THAT WE'RE NOT SUFFERING THE QUALITY JUST BECAUSE OF THE QUANTITY. :-) ┬E SURE TO TAKE A LOOK AT THE PREVIOUS BACK ISSUES AVAILABLE VIA THE ═AIL-╙ERVER AND DON'T BE AFRAID TO SUGGEST COMMENTS OR SUGGESTIONS. ╫HILE USUALLY THE AUTHORS ARE TOO BUSY TO TAKE IDEAS FOR NEW PROGRAMS WE ALWAYS WELCOME TO HEAR HOW USEFUL YOU FIND CERTAIN PROGRAMS INCLUDED HEREIN ETC. ┴LSO ╔ AM LOOKING FOR ARTICLES ON ANY TYPE OF SOFTWARE PROJECT, HARDWARE PROJECT OR GENERAL THEORY ARTICLES THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO SUBMIT. ╩UST LEAVE ME A MESSAGE VIA EMAIL AT "DUCK@PEMBVAX1.PEMBROKE.EDU". ╬OTE ALSO THAT ╔'VE JUST SIGNED UP FOR A ╟┼╬╔┼ ACCOUNT AND CAN BE REACHED THERE VIA ├.╘┴┘╠╧╥37 ONCE MY ACCOUNT IS APPROVED. ============================================================================= ╨LEASE NOTE THAT THIS ISSUE AND PRIOR ONES ARE AVAILABLE VIA ANONYMOUS ╞╘╨ FROM CCOSUN.CALTECH.EDU UNDER PUB/RKNOP/HACKING.MAG IN ADDITION TO THE MAILSERVER WHICH IS DOCUMENTED IN THIS ISSUE. ============================================================================= ╬╧╘╔├┼: ╨ERMISSION IS GRANTED TO RE-DISTRIBUTE THIS "NET-MAGAZINE", IN WHOLE, FREELY FOR NON-PROFIT USE. ╚OWEVER, PLEASE CONTACT INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS FOR PERMISSION TO PUBLISH OR RE-DISTRIBUTE ARTICLES SEPERATELY. ┴ CHARGE OF NO GREATER THAN 5 ╒╙. ─OLLARS OR EQUIVLENT MAY BE CHARGED FOR LIBRARY SERVICE / DISKETTE COSTS FOR THIS "NET-MAGAZINE." ============================================================================= ╔N THIS ╔SSUE: ═AIL-╙ERVER ─OCUMENTATION ╘HIS ARTICLES DESCRIBES HOW TO ACCESS THE MAIL-SERVER FOR ├OMMODORE ╚ACKING AND INCLUDES A LIST OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FILES AND BACK-ISSUES. ╙TRETCHING ╙PRITES ╔T'S POSSIBLE TO EXPAND SPRITES TO MORE THAN TWICE THEIR ORIGINAL SIZE, BUT THERE IS NO NEED TO EXPAND ALL OF THEM EQUALLY. ╘HIS ARTICLE EXAMINS HOW TO EXPAND THEM 2,3, OR MORE MULTIPLES OF THEIR ORIGINAL SIZE. ╥OB ╚UBBARD'S ═USIC: ─ISASSEMBLED, ├OMMENTED AND ┼XPLAINED ╘HIS ARTICLE WRITTEN BY ┴NTHONY ═C╙WEENEY, PRESENTS THE VALUABLE SOURCE TO ╥OB ╚UBBARD'S FIRST MUSIC ROUTINE. ╘HIS ROUTINE WAS USED IN ╥OB'S FIRST 20 OR 30 MUSICS, INCLUDING SUCH CLASSICS AS ╘HING ON A ╙PRING (╟REMLIN ╟RAPHICS), ├OMMANDO (┼LITE), ╘HRUST (╞IREBIRD), ╔NTERNATIONAL ╦ARATE (╙YSTEM 3), AND ╨ROTEUS (ALSO KNOWN AS ╫ARHAWK, BY ╞IREBIRD). ┌╨═3 AND ┌├├╨ ┼NHANCEMENTS FOR ├╨/═ ╨LUS FROM ╙IMEON ├RAN ┴LTHOUGH ALL THE ARTICLES TO DATE IN ├= ╚ACKING HAVE FOCUSED ON 6510/ 8502 PROGRAMMING, THERE HAVE BEEN SOME INTERESTING DEVELOPMENTS ON THE ┌80 FRONT. ├128 ├╨/═ USERS SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE BENEFITS OF A NEW SET OF ENHANCEMENTS TO THE OPERATING SYSTEM THAT OFFERS INREASED SPEED AND FLEXIBILITY AS WELL AS NEW FEATURES. ╔F THAT ISN'T ENOUGH, THIS PACKAGE WILL ALSO RUN ┌├╨╥ 3.3 UTILITIES AND APPLICATIONS THAT WON'T RUN UNDER STANDARD ├╨/═ ╨LUS. ═ULTI-╘ASKING ON THE ├=128 - ╨ART 1 ╘HIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE RUDIMENTS OF ═ULTI-╘ASKING AND ALSO DETAILS THE SYSTEM CALLS IN THE ═ULTI-╘ASKING PACKAGE TO BE RELEASED IN THE NEXT ISSUE OF ├= ╚ACKING. ╠╔╘╘╠┼ ╥┼─ ╫╥╔╘┼╥: ═╙-─╧╙ FILE READER/WRITER FOR THE ├128 AND 1571/81. ╘HIS ARTICLE IS AN EXTENSION ON ╠ITTLE ╥ED ╥EADER WHICH WAS PRESENTED IN THE LAST ISSUE AND ALLOWS FOR READING AND WRITING OF ═╙-─OS DISKETTES FROM AND TO 1571/81 DRIVES. ============================================================================= ═AIL-╙ERVER ─OCUMENTATION BY ├RAIG ╘AYLOR (DUCK@PEMBVAX1.PEMBROKE.EDU) ╫HAT IS A MAIL-SERVER? ┴ MAILSERVER IS AN AUTOMATED JOB THAT WILL SCAN MY MAIL FILE FOR MESSAGES WITH A SUBJECT LINE OF "═┴╔╠╙┼╥╓" AND WILL THEN AUTOMATICALLY CARRY OUT CERTAIN OPERATIONS WITHIN THE BODY OF THE MAIL MESSAGE. ╘HIS MAKES IT EASIER ON ME AND YOU. ┼ASIER FOR ME SO THAT ╔ DON'T HAVE TO DEAL WITH 50+ MESSAGES EACH MONTH ASKING FOR FILES TO BE SENT OUT AND ALSO INSURES THAT YOUR FILES THAT YOU REQUESTED WILL BE SENT WITHIN 24 HOURS. ╔N ADDITION IT ALLOWS FILES TO BE MORE EASILY SENT AND ACCESSED IN CASE YOU ARE NOT ABLE TO EXTRACT THE SOURCE FILES FROM ├= ╚ACKING. ╔F YOU HAVE ╞╘╨ ACCESS PLEASE SEE THE ┼DITOR'S ╬OTES AT THE START FOR INFORMATION ON ╥. ╦NOP'S ╞╘╨ SITE AND HOW TO ACCESS IT AS YOU MAY FIND USING THAT SOMEWHAT QUICKER TO USE. ╚OW TO USE THE MAIL-SERVER / ╫HAT IT IS. ╘HIS MAIL-SERVER IS INTENDED TO HELP ME KEEP TRACK / MORE EASILY UPDATE MY MAILING LIST OF INDIVIDUALS WHO WISH TO SUB-SCRIBE OR GET BACK-ISSUES OF ├= ╚ACKING MAILED TO THEM. ╘O USE IT SIMPLY SEND A MESSAGE TO "DUCK@PEMBVAX1.PEMBROKE.EDU" (ME) WITH A SUBJECT LINE OF "═┴╔╠╙┼╥╓" AND THEN WITH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING COMMANDS IN THE BODY OF THE MAIL MESSAGE: ├URRENTLY THE FOLLOWING COMMANDS ARE SUPPORTED: HELP - SENDS CURRENT DOCUMENTATION F FILE LIST SEND ISS<NUMBER>. - SENDS ISSUE # (1-4 CURRENTLY). ╥EMEMBER THE PERIOD!! SUBSCRIBE - SUBSCRIBE TO THE MAILING LIST AUTOMATICALLY *SUBSCRIBE CATALOG - SUBSCRIBES TO A LIST THAT WILL BE SENT OUT EVERYTIME THE CATALOG CHANGES. CATALOG - SHOW LIST OF AVAILABLE SOURCE /UUENCODED BINARIES PSEND NAME - SEND UUENCODED BINARY. ├OMMANDS NO LONGER SUPPORTED: STATUS - RETURNS THE CURRENT COMMANDS (THIS LIST) (USE THE HELP FILE) ╨LEASE NOTE THAT THE MAILSERVER IS ONLY RUN AT 2:00 ┴═ ┼╙╘. ├ATALOG ╠IST - ╠AST UPDATE ╞EBRUARY 27, 1993. ISS1. - ├= ╚ACKING, ╔SSUE #1 ISS2. - ├= ╚ACKING, ╔SSUE #2 ISS3. - ├= ╚ACKING, ╔SSUE #3 ISS4. - ├= ╚ACKING, ╔SSUE #4 ISS5. - ├= ╚ACKING, ╔SSUE #5 CONTENTS.LIS - ├ONTENT ╠ISTING OF ╔SSUES #1-4 MAILSERV.012493 - ╓┴╪/─├╠ ═AILSERVER .SHARE FILE *INVASION1.SFX - ╙PACE ╔NVASION ╙OURCE (╙TARTING WITH ╔SSUE 4) *BMOVER.SFX - ╟EOS 128 ┬ANKING WITH ┬ANKS 2F3 (╔SSUE #2) *VDC-BG.SFX - ╒SE OF 64╦ ╓─├ ╥┴═ IN ╟EOS (╔SSUE #3) *C64.ZIP - ├64 ┼MULATOR FOR ╔┬═ *LRR.SFX - ╠ITTLE ╥ED ╥EADER (FROM ├= ╚ACKING #4) -- ╘EMPORARY ╞ILES -> ╧R FILES THAT WILL BE DELETED AS NEEDED FOR SPACE *ZEDV075.SFX - ┌ED-128 ╘EXT ┼DITOR *RAMDOSII.SFX - ╥┼╒ ─OS FOR THE ├=128 ┴LLOWS > 512K ╥┼╒. ╬╧╘┼: ╞ILES MARKED WITH "*" SHOULD BE REQUESTED VIA ╨╙┼╬─ - THEY WILL BE SENT TO YOU IN UUENCODED FORM. ╘HEY MAY _NOT_ BE REQUESTED VIA ╙┼╬─. ============================================================================= ╘HE ─EMO ├ORNER: ╙TRETCHING ╙PRITES BY ╨ASI '┴LBERT' ╧JALA (PO87553@CS.TUT.FI) ╫RITTEN: 16-═AY-91 ╘RANSLATION/╥EVISION 01-╩UN-92, ─EC-92 (┴LL TIMINGS ARE IN ╨┴╠, PRINCIPLES WILL APPLY TO ╬╘╙├ TOO) ┘OU MIGHT HAVE HEARD THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO EXPAND SPRITES TO MORE THAN TWICE THEIR ORIGINAL SIZE. ╔MAGINE A SPRITE SCROLLER WITH 6-TIMES EXPANDED SPRITES. ╚OWEVER, THERE IS NO NEED TO EXPAND ALL OF THEM EQUALLY. ╒SING THIS TECHNIQUE, IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE EASY SINUS EFFECTS AND CONSTANTLY EXPANDING AND SHRINKING LETTERS. ╘HE ╓╔├ (VIDEO INTERFACE CONTROLLER) MAY BE FOOLED IN MANY THINGS. ╧NE OF THEM IS THE VERTICAL EXPANSION OF SPRITES. ╔F YOU CLEAR THE EXPAND FLAG AND THEN SET IT BACK STRAIGHT AWAY, ╓╔├ WILL THINK IT HAS ONLY DISPLAYED THE FIRST ONE OF THE EXPANDED LINES. ╔F WE DO THE TRICK AGAIN, ╓╔├ WILL CONTINUE TO DISPLAY THE SAME DATA AGAIN AND AGAIN. ┬UT WHY DOES ╓╔├ BEHAVE LIKE THIS ? _╠OGIC GATES WILL TELL THE TRUTH_ ╔T IS NOT REALLY A BUG, BUT A FEATURE. ╘HE HARDWARE DESIGN TO IMPLEMENT THE VERTICAL ENLARGEMENT WAS JUST AS SIMPLE AS POSSIBLE. ╘HOSE, WHO DO NOT CARE ABOUT HARDWARE SHOULD SKIP THIS PART... ╘HE WHOLE Y-ENLARGEMENT IS HANDLED WITH FIVE SIMPLE LOGICAL PORTS. ┼ACH SPRITE HAS AN ASSOCIATED ╙ET-╥ESET FLIP-FLOP TO TELL WHETHER TO JUMP TO THE NEXT SPRITE LINE (ADD THREE BYTES TO THE DATA COUNTER) OR NOT. ╠ET'S CALL THE STATE OF THE FLIP-FLOP ╤ AND THE INPUTS ╥ (RESET) AND ╙ (SET). ╘HE FUNCTION OF A ╙╥ FLIP-FLOP IS QUITE SIMPLE: IF ╥ IS ONE, ╤ GOES TO ZERO, IF ╙ IS ONE, ╤ GOES TO ONE. ╧THERWISE THE STATE OF THE FLIP-FLOP DOES NOT CHANGE. ╔N THIS CASE THE FLIP-FLOP IS ╙ET, IF EITHER THE ┘-ENLARGEMENT BIT IS ZERO OR THE STATE OF THE FLIP-FLOP IS ZERO AT THE END OF A SCAN LINE. ╘HE FLIP-FLOP IS RESET, IF BOTH THE STATE AND THE ┘-ENLARGEMENT ARE ONES AT THE END OF THE LINE. ╫HEN YOU CLEAR THE BIT IN THE VERTICAL EXPANSION REGISTER, THE FLIP-FLOP WILL BE SET REGARDLESS OF THE ELECTRON BEAM POSITION ON THE SCAN LINE. ╔F YOU SET THE BIT AGAIN BEFORE THE END OF THE LINE, THE FLIP-FLOP WILL BE CLEARED AND ╓╔├ WILL BE DISPLAYING THE SAME SPRITE LINE AGAIN. ╔N OTHER WORDS, ╓╔├ WILL THINK THAT IT IS STARTING TO DISPLAY THE SECOND LINE OF THE EXPANDED SPRITE ROW. ╘HIS WAY ANY OF THE LINES IN ANY OF THE SPRITES MAY BE STRETCHED AS WANTED. .---- ├URRENT FLIPFLOP STATE (IF ONE, ENABLES ADD TO SPRITE POINTER) | .---- ┘-EXPANSION BIT. | | .--- ┼ND OF LINE PULSE (BRIEFLY ONE AT END OF LINE) | | | .--- ╬EXT STATE (╫HAT STATE WILL BECOME UNDER THESE CONDITIONS) | | | | 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 NO CHANGE 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 ├LEAR $─017 -> FLIP-FLOP IS SET 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 NO CHANGE ╙ET $─017 -> FLIP-FLOP RESETS AT THE END OF LINE 1 1 1 0 ╙O, SIMPLY, AT ANY TIME, IF VERTICAL EXPAND IS ZERO, THE ADD ENABLE IS SET TO ONE. ┴T THE END OF THE LINE - BEFORE ADDING - THE STATE IS CLEARED IF VERTICAL EXPAND IS ONE. _┼VEN ODDER ?_ ╙OMETHING VERY WEIRD HAPPENS WHEN WE CLEAR THE EXPANSION BIT RIGHT WHEN ╓╔├ IS ADDING THREE TO THE SPRITE IMAGE COUNTERS. ╘HE VALUES IN THE COUNTERS WILL BE INCREASED ONLY BY TWO, AND THE DATA IS THEN READ FROM THE WRONG PLACE. ╬ORMALLY THE DISPLAY OF A SPRITE ENDS WHEN ╓╔├ HAS SHOWN ALL OF THE 21 LINES OF THE SPRITE (THE COUNTER WILL END UP TO $3F). ╔F THERE HAS BEEN A COUNTER MIXUP, $3F IS NOT REACHED AFTER 21 LINES AND ╓╔├ WILL GO ON COUNTING AND WILL DISPLAY THE SPRITE AGAIN, NOW NORMALLY. ╔F WE FOOL THE COUNTER ONLY ONCE, THE COUNTER VALUE $3F IS REACHED WHEN THE SPRITE IS DISPLAYED TWICE. _╞IDDLING_ ╔ DON'T THINK THE DISTORTED COUNTER EFFECT CAN BE USED FOR ANYTHING, BUT THERE IS MANY THINGS WHERE THE VARIABLE STRETCHING COULD BE USED. ╫HEN YOU OPEN THE BORDERS, YOU CAN BE SURE THAT THERE IS A CONSTANT AMOUNT OF TIME, IF YOU STRETCH THE SPRITES TO THE WHOLE LENGHT OF THE AREA. ┘OU MAY STRETCH ONLY THE FIRST AND LAST LINES, STRETCH THE OTHER LINES BY A CONSTANT OR USING A TABLE, OR USING A VARIABLE TABLE OR ANY OF THE COMBINATIONS POSSIBLE. _┴ RASTER ROUTINE IS A MUST_ ┬ECAUSE YOU HAVE TO ACCESS THE ╓╔├ REGISTERS ON EACH LINE DURING THE STRETCH, YOU NEED SOME KIND OF ROUTINE WHICH CAN DO OTHER KINDS OF TRICKS BESIDES THE STRETCH. ┘OU CAN OPEN THE SIDE BORDERS AND CHANGE THE BACKGROUND COLOR AND MAYBE YOU HAVE TO SHIFT THE SCREEN (AND THE BAD LINES WITH IT) DOWNWARDS. [╙EE PREVIOUS ├=╚ACKING ╔SSUES FOR TALK ABOUT RASTER INTERRUPTS.] ╠OOK AT THE DEMO PROGRAM. ╔N THE BEGINNING OF THE RASTER ROUTINE THERE IS FIRST SOME TIMING, THEN A LOOP THAT LASTS EXACTLY 46 CLOCK CYCLES. ╔T TAKES EXACTLY ONE SCAN LINE TO EXECUTE. ╔NSIDE THE LOOP WE FIRST DO THE NECASSARY MODIFICATIONS TO THE VERTICAL SCROLL REGISTER, THEN WE CHANGE THE BACKGROUND COLOR AND THEN WE OPEN THE SIDE BORDERS. ┴ND FINALLY WE HANDLE THE STRETCHING USING THE STRETCH DATA, WHERE A ZERO-BIT MEANS THAT THE CORRESPONDING SPRITE WILL BE STRETCHED. ┴ ONE-BIT MEANS THAT ╓╔├ IS ALLOWED TO GO TO THE NEXT LINE OF THE SPRITE DATA. _╙TRETCHING TAKES TIME_ ┬ESIDES SHOWING THE STRETCHED SPRITES WE NEED TIME TO GENERATE THE STRETCHING DATA, UNLESS OF COURSE, THE STRETCH IS CONSTANT. ╫E HAVE TO HAVE 20 ONE-BITS FOR EACH SPRITE IN OUR TABLE. ╔T IS NOT FEASIBLE TO DETERMINE THE STATE OF EACH BYTE IN THE TABLE, INSTEAD YOU CLEAR THE TABLE AND PLOT THE NEEDED BITS. ╘HE ROUTINE IS QUITE STRAIGHTFORWARD, BUT MANY OPTIMIZATIONS MAY BE APPLIED TO MAKE IT FASTER. ╞IRST WE LOAD ┘ WITH THE STRETCH OF THE FIRST LINE (THE Y-COORDINATE OF THE DATA). ╘HEN WE USE IT AS AN INDEX TO THE TABLE AND PLOT THE RIGHT BIT AND INCREASE ┘ WITH THE EXPANSION VALUE. ╘HEN WE DO IT AGAIN UNTIL WE HAVE ALL OF THE 20 BITS SCATTERED TO THE TABLE. ╘HE LAST SPRITE LINE WILL THEN STRETCH UNTIL WE STOP THE STRETCHING, BECAUSE THE LAST LINE IS NOT ALLOWED TO BE DRAWN. _╙PEED IS EVERYTHING_ ╘HE CALCULATION ITSELF IS EASY, BUT OPTIMIZING THE ROUTINE IS NOT. ╔F ALL OF THE SPRITES ARE STRETCHED EQUALLY (BY INTEGER AMOUNTS) AND FROM THE SAME POSITION, THE ROUTINE IS THE FASTEST POSSIBLE. ┘OU CAN ALSO HAVE VARIABLE AND SMOOTH STRETCH. ╙MOOTH STRETCH USES OTHER THAN INTEGER EXPANSION VALUES AND THUS ALSO NEEDS MORE PROCESSOR TIME. ╔F EACH SPRITE HAS TO BE STRETCHED INDIVIDUALLY, YOU NEED MUCH MORE TIME TO DO IT. ╘HE FASTEST ROUTINE ╔ HAVE EVER WRITTEN USES SOME SERIOUS SELFMODIFICATION TRICKS. ╘HERE ARE ALSO SOME OTHER TRICKS TO SPEED UP THE STRETCH, BUT THEY ARE ALL SECRET ONES.. :-) ╫ELL, WHAT THE H*CK, ╔ WILL INCLUDE IT ANYWAY. ┬Y THE TIME YOU READ THIS ╔ HAVE ALREADY MADE A FASTER ROUTINE.. ┘OU CAN SPEED UP THAT ROUTINE (BY 17%) BY UNROLLING THE INNER LOOP, BUT YOU HAVE TO USE A DIFFERENT ADDRESSING MODE FOR ╧╥┴ (ZERO-PAGE). ┘OU ALSO NEED TO PLACE SOME RESTRICTIONS TO THE TABLES USED.. ╔F YOU UNROLL BOTH LOOPS, YOU CAN GET ~25% FASTER ROUTINE THAN THE ╞ORE!-VERSION. _─EMO PROGRAM_ ╔ TRIED TO COLLECT ALL OF THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF STRETCHING AND RASTER ROUTINES TO THE DEMO PROGRAM. ╔ USE THE TERM "RASTER ROUTINE" WHEN THE EXECUTION IS TIGHTLY SYNCHRONIZED TO THE ELECTRON BEAM AND TO THE SCREEN DISPLAY. ╘HE PROGRAM MAY BE UNCLEAR IN PLACES, BUT ╔ WANTED TO KEEP IT AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE. ╘HE ROUTINE OPENS THE SIDE BORDERS, SCROLLS THE SCREEN VERTICALLY, CHANGES THE BACKGROUND COLOR AND STRETCHES THE SPRITES. ╘HE STRETCHER ROUTINE ALLOWS DIFFERENT Y-POSITION AND AMOUNT OF EXPANSION FOR EACH SPRITE. ╘HIS ROUTINE USES 1/8 FRACTIONS TO DO THE COUNTING, AND SO IT IS MUCH TOO SLOW TO USE IN A REAL DEMO. ╓╔├ REGISTERS ARE INITIALIZED FROM A TABLE, INSTEAD OF SETTING THEM SEPARATELY. ╔NTERRUPT POSITION IS ONE LINE ABOVE THE SPRITES. ╘HE PROGRAM DOES NOT OPEN THE TOP OR BOTTOM BORDERS. (╔ USUALLY USE A ╬═╔ TO OPEN THE VERTICAL BORDERS, SO THAT ╔ ONLY NEED TO USE ONE RASTER-╔╥╤ POSITION.) ╔ TRIED TO MAKE A ╬╘╙├ VERSION, BUT ╔ COULDN'T GET IT TO SYNCHRONIZE. ╘HERE ARE ALSO LESS CYCLES AVAILABLE SO YOU CAN'T STRETCH ALL OF THE SPRITES INDIVIDUALLY IN ╬╘╙├ (WITH THIS ROUTINE THAT IS..). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ╞AST-STRETCH FROM ═EGADEMO92 (PART: ╞ORE!) ╙╔╬╨╧╙ ╙TRETCH SINUS INDEX ╙╔╬╙╨┼┼─ ╙TRETCH SINUS INDEX SPEED ┘╙╔╬╨╧╙ ┘-SINUS INDEX ┘╙╔╬╙╨┼┼─ ┘-SINUS INDEX SPEED ═┴╙╦ ┬IT MASK FOR PASSESS (USUALLY $01,$02,$04,$08,$10..) ┘╙╔╬╒╙ ┘-SINUS TABLE ╙╘╥┼╘├╚ ╙PRITE LINE SIZES (╠╙┬ OF THE ADDRESS MUST BE 0) ╙╔┌┼╘ ╙PRITE SIZE/2 TABLE (╠╙┬ OF THE ADDRESS MUST BE 0) ─┴╘┴ ╙TRETCH DATA TABLE (CLEARED BEFORE THIS ROUTINE) [XX] MARKS SELFMODIFICATION. ╞OR EXAMPLE LOOP COUNTER, BIT MASK AND INDEX TO THE STRETCH AND SIZE DATA TABLES ARE STORED STRAIGHT IN THE CODE. 0B90 LDA #$06 ; ╬UMBER OF SPRITES-1 (HERE ╔ USED ONLY 7 SPRITES) 0B92 STA $0B96 0B95 LDX #$[FF] ; ╠OAD COUNTER 0B97 CLC ; ├LEAR CARRY FOR ADC 0B98 LDA ╙╔╬╨╧╙,X ; ╙TRETCH SINUS POSITION 0B9B STA $0BD1 ; ╙ET LOW BYTES OF INDICES 0B9E STA $0BB8 0BA1 ADC ╙╔╬╙╨┼┼─,X ; ┴DD STRETCH SINUS SPEED (CARRY IS NOT SET) 0BA4 AND #$7F ; ╘ABLE IS 128 BYTES (TWICE) 0BA6 STA ╙╔╬╨╧╙,X ; ╙AVE NEW SINUS POSITION 0BA9 LDA ┘╙╔╬╨╧╙,X ; ╟ET THE ┘ SINUS POSITION 0BAC ADC ┘╙╔╬╙╨┼┼─,X ; ┴DD ┘ SINUS SPEED 0BAF STA ┘╙╔╬╨╧╙,X ; ╙AVE NEW ┘ SINUS POSITION 0BB2 TAY ; ╨OSITION TO INDEX REGISTER 0BB3 LDA ┘╙╔╬╒╙,Y ; ╟ET ┘-POSITION FROM TABLE (CAN BE 256 BYTES LONG) 0BB6 SEC ; ADC EITHER SETS OR CLEARS CARRY, WE HAVE TO SET IT 0BB7 SBC ╙╔┌┼╘[1E] ; ╙UBTRACT SIZE OF THE SPRITE/2 TO GET THE SPRITE 0BBA CLC ; TO STRETCH FROM THE MIDDLE. 0BBB TAY ; ═AX╙IZE/2 < ┘-SINUS < ┴REA╚EIGHT-═AX╙IZE/2 0BBC LDA ═┴╙╦,X ; ╟ET THE ORA-MASK FOR THIS PASS 0BBF STA $0BCB ; ╙TORE MASK 0BC2 STA $0BDB 0BC5 LDX #$13 ; 19 LINES HERE + 1 AFTER 0BC7 LDA ─┴╘┴,Y ; ╠OAD & ORA-MASK & STORE 0BCA ORA #[$01] 0BCC STA ─┴╘┴,Y 0BCF TYA 0BD0 ADC ╙╘╥┼╘├╚[1E],X ; ┴DD THE STRETCH FROM THE TABLE (CARRY IS NOT SET) 0BD3 TAY 0BD4 DEX ; DECREASE COUNTER 0BD5 BNE $0BC7 ; ─O THE 19 LINES 0BD7 LDA ─┴╘┴,Y ; ╠OAD & ORA-MASK & STORE THE 20TH LINE 0BDA ORA #[$01] 0BDC STA ─┴╘┴,Y 0BDF DEC $0B96 ; ╬EXT SPRITE(S) 0BE2 BPL $0B95 0BE4 RTS ╘IMINGS: ------- CLEAR 128 BYTES: 514 + 12 CYCLES 8.16 LINES 7 PASSES : 3820 + 12 CYCLES 60.6 LINES = 8.66 LINES/PASS ╘HE UNROLLED CLEAR ROUTINE CONSISTS OF ONE LOAD (LDA #$00) AND 128 STORE INSTRUCTIONS (STA $NNNN). 12 CYCLES ARE COUNTED FOR ╩╙╥/╥╘╙. ╙TRETCHING OF 8 SPRITES WOULD TAKE SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 80 LINES, WHICH IS ONE FOURTH OF THE TOTAL RASTER TIME. ─ISPLAYING A 128-LINE HIGH STRETCHER TAKES ABOUT 130 LINES (COUNTING SPRITE SETUP AND SYNCHRONIZATION), SCROLLER COUPLE OF LINES MORE. ╘OTAL 212 LINES LEAVES 100 LINES (6300 CYCLES) FREE FOR OTHER ACTIVITIES IN A ╨┴╠ SYSTEM. ╔N A ╬╘╙├ SYSTEM YOU WOULD HAVE ONLY 50 LINES LEFT. ┴ SIMPLE BASIC ROUTINE TO CREATE THE STRETCH DATA: ------------------------------------------------- A=0:FOR F=0 TO 127:A=A+╚EIGHT*(2+SIN(F*╨╔/64)):POKE ╘ABLE+F,A: POKE ╘ABLE+F+128,A:A=A-INT(A):NEXT F ╘HIS WILL ALSO HANDLE THE 'ROUNDING'. ┬ECAUSE OF THIS WE DON'T HAVE TO HANDLE FRACTIONS IN THE STRETCHER ROUTINE. ╘HE USE OF A TABLE ALSO GIVES THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE A SEPARATE SIZE FOR EACH SPRITE LINE. ╘HE TABLE DOES NOT NEED TO BE A SINUS, IT COULD HAVE TRIANGLE OR ANY OTHER 'WAVEFORM' AS LONG AS THE MINIMUM VALUE IN THE TABLE (SPRITE LINE SIZE) IS 1. ┴ BASIC ROUTINE TO DO THE SIZE/2 TABLE: -------------------------------------- A=0:FOR F=0 TO 19:A=A+PEEK(╘ABLE+F):NEXT F: REM GET THE SIZE IN POSITION 0 FOR F=0 TO 127:POKE ╙╘ABLE+F,A/2:A=A-PEEK(╘ABLE+F)+PEEK(╘ABLE+F+20):NEXT F -------------------------------------------------------------------------- _╙TRETCHER PROGRAM_ ┘╙├╥╧╠╠= $├╞00 ; ╓ERTICAL SCROLL TABLE (MOVES BAD LINES) ╙╘╥┼╘├╚= $├╞80 ; ╙TRETCH TABLE ├╧╠╧╥╙= $├┼80 ; ╘ABLE FOR BACKGROUND COLORS ┘├╧╧╥─= $0380 ; ╙PRITE Y-POSITIONS (EIGHT BYTES) ╚┼╔╟╚╘= $0388 ; ╙PRITE STRETCHES (EIGHT BYTES) ┘╨╧╙= 52 ; ╙PRITE Y-COORDINATE ╙╨╥├╧╠= 2 ; ╙PRITE COLORS *= $├000 ╙┼╔ ; ─ISABLE INTERRUPTS ╠─┴ #$7╞ ╙╘┴ $─├0─ ; ─ISABLE TIMER INTERRUPTS ╠─┴ #<╔╥╤ ; ╧UR OWN INTERRUPT HANDLER ╙╘┴ $0314 ╠─┴ #>╔╥╤ ╙╘┴ $0315 ╠─╪ #$3┼ ; ╫E CREATE A SPRITE TO CASSETTE BUFFER ╠╧╧╨ ╠─┴ ╙╨╥╔╘┼,╪ ╙╘┴ $0340,╪ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨ ╠─╪ #7 ╠╧╧╨2 ╠─┴ #$─ ; ╙ET THE SPRITE IMAGE POINTERS ╙╘┴ $07╞8,╪ ╠─┴ #╙╨╥├╧╠ ; ╙ET SPRITE COLORS ╙╘┴ $─027,╪ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨2 ╠─╪ #$26 ╠╧╧╨3 ╠─┴ ╓╔─┼╧,╪ ; ╔NIT ╓╔├ ╙╘┴ $─000,╪ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨3 ╠─╪ #$7╞ ; ├REATE THE Y-SCROLL TABLE ╠╧╧╨4 ╘╪┴ ; AND CLEAR THE COLOR TABLE ┴╬─ #$07 ╧╥┴ #$10 ; ╬ON-BLANK SCREEN ╙╘┴ ┘╙├╥╧╠╠,╪ ╠─┴ #$00 ╙╘┴ ├╧╠╧╥╙,╪ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨4 ╙╘┴ $3╞╞╞ ╠─╪ #23 ; ├REATE A COLOR TABLE ╠╧╧╨5 ╠─┴ ┬┴├╦,╪ ╙╘┴ ├╧╠╧╥╙+8,╪ ╙╘┴ ├╧╠╧╥╙+32,╪ ╙╘┴ ├╧╠╧╥╙+56,╪ ╙╘┴ ├╧╠╧╥╙+80,╪ ╙╘┴ ├╧╠╧╥╙+96,╪ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨5 ╩╙╥ ├╚┴╬╟┼ ; ╔NIT SPRITE SIZES AND Y-POSITIONS ├╠╔ ; ┼NABLE INTERRUPTS ╥╘╙ ╔╥╤ ╠─╪ #$01 ╠─┘ #$08 ; 'NORMAL' $─016 ╬╧╨ ; ╘IMING ╬╧╨ ╬╧╨ ┬╔╘ $┼┴ ; (┴DD ╬╧╨'S ETC. FOR ╬╘╙├) ╠╧╧╨6 ╠─┴ ┘╙├╥╧╠╠-1,╪ ; ═OVE THE SCREEN (BAD LINES) 5 ╙╘┴ $─011 4 ╠─┴ ├╧╠╧╥╙,╪ ; ╠OAD THE BACKGROUND COLOR 4 ─┼├ $─016 ; ╧PEN THE BORDER 6 ╙╘┴ $─021 ; ╙ET THE BACKGROUND COLOR 4 ╙╘┘ $─016 ; ╙CREEN TO NORMAL 4 ╠─┴ ╙╘╥┼╘├╚,╪ ; ╙TRETCH THE SPRITES 4 ╙╘┴ $─017 4 ┼╧╥ #$╞╞ 2 ╙╘┴ $─017 4 ; (┴DD ╬╧╨ FOR ╬╘╙├ +2) ╔╬╪ ; ╔NCREASE COUNTER 2 ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨6 ; ╠OOP 127 TIMES + 3 --- ╠─┴ #1 ; ┴CK THE RASTER INTERRUPT =46 ╙╘┴ $─019 +17(SPRITES) --- ╩╙╥ ─╧╙╘╥┼╘├╚ ; ╬EW STRETCH =63(WHOLE) ╩═╨ $┼┴31 ╙╨╥╔╘┼ ┬┘╘ 0,0,0,3,$╞┬,0,7,$7┼ ; ┴N ┼XAMPLE SPRITE ┬┘╘ 0,$35,$─╞,0,$1─,$77,0,$┬7 ┬┘╘ $5─,0,$┬─,$83,$7┼,$┼╞,1,$─┼ ┬┘╘ $┬┬,1,$78,$┴┼,3,$70,$┼┬,0 ┬┘╘ 0,$┬┴,3,$60,$┼┼,3,$─8,$╞┬ ┬┘╘ 2,$╞6,$╞┼,$83,$┬─,$9╞,$┬┴,0 ┬┘╘ $37,$┼┼,0,$3─,$╞┬,0,7,$7┼ ┬┘╘ 0,3,$─╞,0,0,0,0 ╓╔─┼╧ ┬┘╘ $┼8,┘╨╧╙,$20,┘╨╧╙,$50,┘╨╧╙,$80,┘╨╧╙,$┬0,┘╨╧╙ ┬┘╘ $┼0,┘╨╧╙,$10.┘╨╧╙,$40,┘╨╧╙,$├1,$18,┘╨╧╙-1,0,0 ┬┘╘ $╞╞,8,$╞╞,$15,1,1,$╞╞,$╞╞,$╞╞,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,10 ; ╔NIT VALUES FOR ╓╔├ - SPRITES, INTERRUPTS, COLORS ┬┴├╦ ┬┘╘ 0,$┬,$├,$╞,1,$╞,$├,$┬ ; ┼XAMPLE COLOR BARS ┬┘╘ 0,6,$┼,$─,1,$─,$┼,6 ┬┘╘ 0,9,2,$┴,1,$┴,2,9 ─╧╙╘╥┼╘├╚ ╠─╪ #31 ; ├LEAR THE TABLE ╠─┴ #0 ; (╒NROLLING WILL HELP THE SPEED, ╠╧╧╨7 ╙╘┴ ╙╘╥┼╘├╚,╪ ; BECAUSE ╙╘┴ NNNN,╪ IS 5 CYCLES ╙╘┴ ╙╘╥┼╘├╚+32,╪ ; AND ╙╘┴ NNNX IS ONLY 4 CYCLES.) ╙╘┴ ╙╘╥┼╘├╚+64,╪ ╙╘┴ ╙╘╥┼╘├╚+96,╪ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨7 ╙╘┴ ╥┼═┴╔╬─+1 ; ├LEAR THE REMAINDER ╠─┴ #7 ╙╘┴ ├╧╒╬╘┼╥+1 ; ╔NIT COUNTER FOR 8 LOOPS ╠─┴ #$80 ╙╘┴ ═┴╙╦+1 ; ╞IRST SPRITE 7, MASK IS $80 ├╧╒╬╘┼╥ ╠─╪ #$00 ; ╘HE ARGUMENT IS THE COUNTER ╠─┘ ┘├╧╧╥─,╪ ; Y-POSITION ╠─┴ ╚┼╔╟╚╘,╪ ; ╚EIGHT OF ONE LINE (5 BIT INTEGER PART) ╙╘┴ ┴──+1 ╠─╪ #20 ; ╚ANDLE 20 LINES ╠╧╧╨8 ╠─┴ ╙╘╥┼╘├╚+2,┘ ═┴╙╦ ╧╥┴ #$00 ╙╘┴ ╙╘╥┼╘├╚+2,┘ ; ╙ET A ONE-BIT ╙╘┘ ┘┴──+1 ╥┼═┴╔╬─ ╠─┴ #0 ┴╬─ #7 ; ╨REVIOUS REMAINDER ┴── ┴─├ #0 ; ADD TO THE HEIGHT ╙╘┴ ╥┼═┴╔╬─+1 ; ╙AVE THE NEW VALUE ╠╙╥ ╠╙╥ ╠╙╥ ├╠├ ; ╘AKE THE INTEGER PART ┘┴── ┴─├ #0 ╘┴┘ ; ╬EW VALUE TO Y-REGISTER ─┼╪ ┬╬┼ ╠╧╧╨8 ╠╙╥ ═┴╙╦+1 ; ╒SE NEW MASK ─┼├ ├╧╒╬╘┼╥+1 ; ╬EXT SPRITE ┬╨╠ ├╧╒╬╘┼╥ ├╚┴╬╟┼ ╠─┴ #$00 ┴╙╠ ; ╙PRITE HEIGHT CHANGES WITH 2X SPEED ┴╬─ #$3╞ ╘┴┘ ; 64 BYTES LONG TABLE ╔╬├ ├╚┴╬╟┼+1 ; ╔NCREASE THE COUNTER ╠─╪ #7 ; ─O EIGHT SPRITES ╠╧╧╨9 ╠─┴ ╙╔╬╒╙,┘ ╠╙╥ ╠╙╥ ├╠├ ; ╒SE THE SAME SINUS AS Y-DATA ┴─├ #8 ╙╘┴ ╚┼╔╟╚╘,╪ ; ╙PRITE HEIGHT WILL BE FROM 1 TO 3 LINES ╘┘┴ ┴─├ #10 ; ╬EXT SPRITE ENLARGEMENT WILL BE 10 ENTRIES ┴╬─ #$3╞ ; FROM THIS ╘┴┘ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨9 ╠─╪ #7 ╠─┴ ├╚┴╬╟┼+1 ┴╬─ #$3╞ ╘┴┘ ╠╧╧╨10 ╠─┴ ╙╔╬╒╙,┘ ; ┘-POSITION ╙╘┴ ┘├╧╧╥─,╪ ╘┘┴ ┴─├ #10 ; ╬EXT SPRITE POSITION IS 10 ENTRIES FROM THIS ONE ┴╬─ #$3╞ ╘┴┘ ─┼╪ ┬╨╠ ╠╧╧╨10 ╥╘╙ ╙╔╬╒╙ ┬┘╘ $20,$23,$26,$29,$2├,$2╞,$31,$34 ; ┴ PART OF A SINUS TABLE ┬┘╘ $36,$38,$3┴,$3├,$3─,$3┼,$3╞,$3╞ ┬┘╘ $3╞,$3╞,$3╞,$3┼,$3─,$3├,$3┴,$38 ┬┘╘ $36,$34,$31,$2╞,$2├,$29,$26,$23 ┬┘╘ $20,$1├,$19,$16,$13,$10,$┼,$┬ ┬┘╘ 9,7,5,3,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,3,5,7 ┬┘╘ 9,$┬,$┼,$10,$13,$16,$19,$1├ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ╙TRETCHING SPRITES DEMO PROGRAM BASIC LOADER (╨┴╠) 1 ╙=49152 2 ─┼╞╞╬╚(├)=├-48+7*(├>64) 3 ├╚=0:╥┼┴─┴$,┴:╨╥╔╬╘┴$:╔╞┴$="┼╬─"╘╚┼╬╨╥╔╬╘"<CLR>":╙┘╙49152:┼╬─ 4 ╞╧╥╞=0╘╧31:╤=╞╬╚(┴╙├(═╔─$(┴$,╞*2+1)))*16+╞╬╚(┴╙├(═╔─$(┴$,╞*2+2))) 5 ├╚=├╚+╤:╨╧╦┼╙,╤:╙=╙+1:╬┼╪╘:╔╞├╚=┴╘╚┼╬3 6 ╨╥╔╬╘"├╚┼├╦╙╒═ ┼╥╥╧╥":┼╬─ 100 ─┴╘┴ 78┴9648─1403┴9├08─1503┴23┼┬─96├09─4003├┴10╞7┴207┴90─9─╞807┴9029─, 3614 101 ─┴╘┴ 27─0├┴10╞3┴226┬──5├09─00─0├┴10╞7┴27╞8┼0──├8┴290709109─00├╞┴9009─, 3897 102 ─┴╘┴ 80├┼├┴10╞08─╞╞3╞┴217┬─╞├├09─88├┼9─┴0├┼9─┬8├┼9──0├┼9─┼0├┼├┴10┼┬20, 5281 103 ─┴╘┴ 67├15860┴201┴008┼┴┼┴┼┴24┼┴┬─╞╞├┼8─11─0┬─80├┼├┼16─08─21─08├16─0┬─, 4699 104 ─┴╘┴ 80├╞8─17─049╞╞8─17─0┼810┼0┼┼19─02014├14├31┼┴00000003╞┬00077┼0035, 3394 105 ─┴╘┴ ─╞001─7700┬75─00┬─837┼┼╞01─┼┬┬0178┴┼0370┼┬0000┬┴0360┼┼03─8╞┬02╞6, 3628 106 ─┴╘┴ ╞┼83┬─9╞┬┴0037┼┼003─╞┬00077┼0003─╞00000000┼834203450348034┬034┼0, 3015 107 ─┴╘┴ 3410344034├118330000╞╞08╞╞150101╞╞╞╞╞╞00000000000000010┴000┬0├0╞, 1859 108 ─┴╘┴ 010╞0├0┬00060┼0─010─0┼060009020┴010┴0209┴21╞┴9009─80├╞9─┴0├╞9─├0, 1876 109 ─┴╘┴ ├╞9─┼0├╞├┴10╞18─4─├1┴9078─35├1┴9808─45├1┴200┬├8003┬─88038─51├1┴2, 4314 110 ─┴╘┴ 14┬982├╞09009982├╞8├5┴├1┴900290769008─4─├14┴4┴4┴186900┴8├┴─0┼24┼, 3430 111 ─┴╘┴ 45├1├┼35├110├─┴9000┴293╞┴8┼┼68├1┴207┬99┼├14┴4┴1869089─880398690┴, 3474 112 ─┴╘┴ 293╞┴8├┴10┼├┴207┴─68├1293╞┴8┬99┼├19─800398690┴293╞┴8├┴10╞1602023, 3622 113 ─┴╘┴ 26292├2╞313436383┴3├3─3┼3╞3╞3╞3╞3╞3┼3─3├3┴383634312╞2├292623201├, 1654 114 ─┴╘┴ 191613100┼0┬09070503020100000000000102030507090┬0┼101316191├0000, 296 200 ─┴╘┴ ┼╬─,0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ╒UENCODED ├64 EXUTABLE FOR STRETCHING SPRITES (╨┴╠) BEGIN 644 STRETCH.64 ═`0@-"`$`4[(╘.3$╒,@`╞"`(`┼╩5(*$,╔╠─.╦-#┬╩-┌╨╚0[$╓-"─`40@#`$-(? ═╠├`┌┴╘$─+$$┌╞4$─.╚═!)+(┬14┘$(╩>9(╔,┬.╔╪╘.3$╒,├╩``(@(!`"!1╦(╨/ ═╔#,╤.┼&╥╔4@╚╤┬├**$$─+$:╠,╩╚╤*2─╔╦#$╓╩╩5(*,8╚╥┬┴!)"╤&╦#*╩,┬─╔: ═*0"╔"`4`0╘┬╥0╘┬╩43╩74╥╤1.┼.╥4┌╚╤.╚(┌┬╘-(╠─&╟,╨#!"`8`╞2)#2$5#╞ ═2╒-532!%4┼)/4┬(┌@``."60`@╥`╫.$$┘-├0╪1#$╘,#-!.4,╨.$0╤-3`╙03(╙3 ═14)$.39#,#┼$-#`╨,╘-!,3!&-╘$╥,#=!.3!$.41&.#`╫03─╨,├┼$+"`╙-├$╘╨ ═`%╠)90"#(#(╫1#!#03$╨1├-!,├(╓0─1$-4,╨.40╨,$0╨0╘$╤,$8╫03(╫1├┴%4 ═,$1$0╙┴!,├─╨-╙`┘,3`┘1#`╨0╘9!.3`╨.40╠(#,╪.3<`╩`┼╞`(,@.#!#14-!┬ ═,3!&,#┴$1─8╙1─$╥,3="1$9#0╙`┘1#@╪0╘4┘1$$╨0╘4┘1$(╪0╘4┘1$0╨0╘4┘1 ═1$4╨0╘5#03$╨14(╥,"╨@-3(╪,0#╒"6<`@╥`╓-╘,╤-3@╓,$$╥,#%!,#`╪14%%? ═045!,├1%04)$1─9#13┴$,3%$,$)$.#!#14-%,39$,#┴$,├%$,#┴#,39$,$)$╟ ═+"`╘-├─┘`$(*:`"#(#@╨0╘8╪1#$╫1#`╘.49&.$0╤-╘0╨13@╤,$4╨144╤.40╨4 ═,├`╤-$,╤-$,╙,45!,#`╨,#`╨,#-&0├`╨,#<╫13`╨,╙4╠(#,╙.30`├╨╔╔`(,@╓ ═1$8╨,#%$-╙<╨,$(╫-40╨,$)$.#,╫145&,#%$14)",#$╫.$%%,#,╫,$5",#`╨< ═,$)!,#,╓,$5%,#-$.$9",#)&-┬╨@,╙8╥.`#<"╞╚`@╥!&13@╙0─0┘1─)!,#`╙╬ ═-╘5%,#`╙1$9",#`╨-╙=%,#`╨,╘1&,#`╨,#`╨,#!%.#,╘,├`╙-#4╨,╙0╪,#,╘╪ ═0├`╙-$4╨+"`╙,#$╒`"─+:╨"#(#,╘,3`╙-#0╨,╙1#,3$╪,╙,╨,#`╨1─8╨.$9&┬ ═,34╨,3`╤1─9&1─9&,#`╨,#`╨,#`╨,#`╨,#`╨,3!!,#`╨0├!#,$8╠(#$╪-3─`< ═=@═╠`(,@,#$╨1├!#,$(╨,#`╓,$4╨1#`╤,$0╨13`╓,#`╨.3`╥,$$╨,3!!,#(╨╦ ═.4$╥,49!.3`╨.40╪,$-&.41!,$-&.41#,"╨@,3@╫-@##"╓╘`@╥!#1├┼$13!#0 ═1─-!,3!&,3┴$-$1#,4$┘,#<╪1#,╒0╙%!.3@╨.$0╘-4,╤03(╨,$)#.#`╨,╘)$╟ ═.#@╨,╙┴$-3%#,4$╥+"`╘,╙$╘`!`,;@"#(#$╘0├─╪,─-&,#─╨,#─┘.#)#1├┴#= ═-4%#,4$┘,#`╥.3`╫-├─╨,#┴$-$1#,31!-$$╘03$╪-├─╨,$$╪0╘%$,$4╥-$4╠╤ ═(#,╘,╙``70╤╧`(,@-#5#,4-%,╙5#,3$╨0╘1!.3`╨,$$╥.3-&03┴%138╪0╙%!├ ═,├`╫0├─┘14,╤-$$╘03$╪-├─╨.#┼$.#@╨,╙─╪-├─╨02╨@,╙0╫-`"╩#'``@╥`╥╩ ═.3-&03┴#03$╨14-!,├`╫040╓.$,╤,├─╙1─$╪0├─┘14,╤.40╪,#`╙.3@╓.3!!\ ═,├─╙1─$╪0╘$╤,$8╤-├`╥,#(╙+"`╙-├(╥`/<,<0"#(#(╓,├─╥0╙)&,╙$╙-#,╓* ═,╙@╙03-#,╘0╙13-&,╘8╙1├-&,╘8╙13-$,╘,╙03,╪,╙8╙-#,╤,─8╥0╙(┘,├8╥+ ═,╙(╨,4,╠(#$╓-30`0╨╒╥`(,@,3─╤-├$╙,3`╨13!",#─╨-╙`╒,#,╨,├`╤,#`╨╥ ═,#`╨,#`╨,#`╤,#(╨,╙`╒,#<╨.3!",$4╤,#$╙,38╤.3%#,#`╨,"╨@,├─╓`$\-┼ ,╥`"#($5.1"╨╨````> `` END SIZE 1362 ============================================================================= ╥OB ╚UBBARD'S ═USIC: ─ISASSEMBLED, ├OMMENTED AND ┼XPLAINED BY ┴NTHONY ═C╙WEENEY (U882859@POSTOFFICE.UTAS.EDU.AU) [┼D'S ╬OTE: ╔ QUESTIONED THIS ARTICLE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT PROBLEMS AND HE HAS ASSURED ME THAT IT IS LEGAL TO PRESENT IT IN ENTIRITY LIKE THIS AS IT IS PAST A CERTAIN # OF YEARS. ┴CCORDINGLY ╔'M PRESENTING IT AND ANY CONCERNS SHOULD BE TAKEN UP WITH HIM AND NOT MYSELF.] ╔NTRODUCTION: ************ ╚OW DO YOU INTRODUCE SOMEONE LIKE ╥OB ╚UBBARD?? ╚E CAME, HE SAW AND HE CONQUERED THE '64 WORLD. ╔N MY ESTIMATION, THIS ONE MAN WAS RESPOSIBLE FOR SELLING MORE '64 SOFTWARE THAN ANY OTHER SINGLE PERSON. ╚ELL! ╔ THINK THAT ╥OB ╚UBBARD WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR SELLING MORE ├╧══╧─╧╥┼ 64'S THAN ANY OTHER PERSON! ╔ CERTAINLY BOUGHT MY '64 AFTER BEING BLOWN AWAY BY THE ═ONTY ON THE ╥UN MUSIC IN ─ECEMBER 1985. ╔N THE NEXT FEW YEARS, ╥OB WOULD TOTALLY DOMINATE THE '64 MUSIC SCENE, RELEASING ONE HIT AFTER ANOTHER. ╔ WILL EVEN SAY THAT SOME REALLY TERRIBLE GAMES SOLD WELL ONLY ON THE STRENGTH OF THEIR BRILLIANT ╥OB ╚UBBARD MUSIC (EG. ╦NUCKLE┬USTERS AND ╫.┴.╥.). ╙O HOW DID ╥OB ACHIEVE THIS SUCCESS? ╞IRSTLY (OF COURSE) HE IS A SUPERB COMPOSER AND MUSICIAN, ABLE TO MAKE THE TUNES THAT BRING JOY TO OUR HEARTS EVERYTIME WE HEAR THEM! (ALSO CONSIDER THE AMAZING DIVERSITY OF STYLES OF MUSIC THAT ╥OB COMPOSED). ╙ECONDLY, HE WAS ABLE TO MAKE MUSIC WHICH WAS SUITED TO THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE ╙╔─ CHIP. ╩UST RECALL THE SOUNDFX USED AT THE BEGINNING OF ╘HRUST, OR IN THE ─ELTA IN-GAME MUSIC. ╨ERHAPS THE BIGGEST LIMITATION OF ╙╔─ MUST BE THE MEAGRE 3 CHANNELS THAT CAN BE USED, BUT MOST ╚UBBARD SONGS APPEAR TO HAVE FOUR, FIVE OR EVEN MORE INSTRUMENTS GOING (JUST LISTEN TO THE BEGINNING OF ╨HANTOMS OF THE ┴STERIODS FOR EXAMPLE... THAT'S ONLY ONE CHANNEL USED!!). ╔ COULD REALLY GO ON FOR (P)AGES IDENTIFYING THE OUTSTANDING THINGS THAT ╥OB ╚UBBARD DID, SO ╔ WILL FINALLY MENTION THAT ╥OB'S CODING SKILLS AND HIS MUSIC ROUTINES WERE A MAJOR FACTOR IN HIS SUCCESS. ╘HE ╞IRST ╥OB ╚UBBARD ╥OUTINE: ***************************** ╥OB ╚UBBARD CREATED A SUPERB MUSIC ROUTINE FROM THE VERY FIRST TUNE WHICH WAS RELEASED (├ONFUZION). ╞URTHERMORE, ╥OB USED THIS ROUTINE TO MAKE MUSIC FOR A VERY LONG TIME, ONLY CHANGING IT _SLIGHTLY_ OVER TIME. ╘HE SOURCECODE THAT ╔ PRESENT HERE WAS USED (WITH SLIGHT MODIFICATIONS) IN: ├ONFUZION, ╘HING ON A ╙PRING, ═ONTY ON THE ╥UN, ┴CTION ┬IKER, ├RAZY ├OMETS, ├OMMANDO, ╚UNTER ╨ATROL, ├HRIMERA, ╘HE ╠AST ╓8, ┬ATTLE OF ┬RITAIN, ╚UMAN ╥ACE, ┌OIDS, ╥ASPUTIN, ═ASTER OF ═AGIC, ╧NE ═AN & ╚IS ─ROID, ╟AME ╦ILLER, ╟ERRY THE ╟ERM, ╟EOFF ├APES ╙TRONGMAN ├HALLENGE, ╨HANTOMS OF THE ┴STEROIDS, ╦ENTILLA, ╘HRUST, ╔NTERNATIONAL ╦ARATE, ╙PELLBOUND, ┬UMP ╙ET AND ╙PIKE, ╞ORMULA 1 ╙IMULATOR, ╓IDEO ╨OKER, ╫ARHAWK OR ╨ROTEUS AND MANY, MANY MORE! ┴LL YOU WOULD NEED TO DO TO PLAY A DIFFERENT MUSIC IS TO CHANGE THE MUSIC DATA AT THE BOTTOM, AND A FEW LINES OF THE CODE. ╘HIS PARTICULAR ROUTINE HAS BEEN RIPPED OFF BY MANY FAMOUS GROUPS AND PEOPLE OVER THE YEARS, BUT ╔ DON'T THINK THAT THEY WERE EVER GENEROUS ENOUGH TO SHARE IT AROUND. ├AN YOU REMEMBER ╘HE ╩UDGES AND ╥ED ╙OFTWARE?? ╘HEY MADE THE FAMOUS ╥ED-╚UBBARD DEMO, AND USED IT IN ╥HAA-╠OVELY AND MANY OF THEIR OTHER PRODUCTIONS. ╔'M SURE THAT THE (┴TARI) ╙╘ FREAKS READING THIS WILL LOVE ═AD ═AX (AKA ╩OCHEN ╚IPPEL), AND REMEMBER THE ┬╔╟ DEMO WHICH FEATURED APPROX 100 ╥OB ╚UBBARD TUNES CONVERTED TO THE ╙╘. ┴LTHOUGH ╔ HATE TO ADMIT IT, ╔ DECIDED TO START SHARING AROUND MY OWN SOURCECODE AFTER RECEIVING THE AMAZING ╨ROTRACKER SOURCECODE (340╦!) ON THE ┴MIGA (THANKS ╠ARS ╚AMRE). ╘HAT MADE ME SHAMEFUL TO BE SELFISH, ESPECIALLY AFTER ╔ LEARNED ALOT OF FROM IT. ╫HY DON'T ┘╧╒ SHARE AROUND YOUR OLD SOURCECODES TOO! ╘HE PARTICULAR ROUTINE THAT IS INCLUDED BELOW WAS RIPPED FROM ═ONTY ON THE ╥UN, AND IT APPEARED IN MEMORY FROM $8000 TO ABOUT $9554. ╘HE COMPLETE ROUTINE HAD CODE FOR SOUNDFX IN IT, WHICH ╔ HAVE TAKEN OUT FOR THE SAKE OF CLARITY. ┴LTHOUGH THE ROUTINE IS REALLY TINY - A MERE 900 OR 1000 BYTES OF CODE, THERE ARE SOME AMAZINGLY COMPLEX CONCEPTS IN IT WHICH REQUIRE ALOT OF EXPLANATION IF YOU DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT COMPUTER MUSIC OR ╙╔─. ╞ORTUNATELY FOR YOU, ╔ HAVE PUT IN EXCELLENT LABEL NAMES FOR YOU, AND ALSO ALOT OF REALLY HELPFUL AND AMAZING COMMENTS. ╔N FACT, ╔ THINK THIS SOURCECODE MUST HAVE A MUCH BETTER STRUCTURE AND COMMENTS THAN ╥OB ╚UBBARD'S ORIGINAL!!! ╔ THINK THAT THE BEST WAY TO UNDERSTAND THE SOURCECODE IS TO STUDY IT, AND FIGURE OUT WHAT IS GOING ON USING THE COMMENTS. ╔N ADDITION TO THE COMMENTS IN THE SOURCE, THERE ARE *3* DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ROUTINE IN THIS ARTICLE. ╘HE FIRST TELLS YOU HOW TO USE THE MUSIC ROUTINE