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- This article is being presented through the *StarBoard* Journal of
- the FlagShip/StarShip, SIGS (Special Interest Groups) on the
- Delphi and GEnie telecommunications networks. Permission is
- hereby granted to non-profit organizations only to reprint this
- article or pass it along electronically as long as proper credit
- is given to both the author and the *StarBoard* Journal.
- *********************************************************************
-
- CP/M Mini-Primer *** Easy Handling of DIRectories
- By: Mike Mantino
- GEnie Mail Address: MIKEM
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- You've finally booted up CP/M Plus on your C-128. There's that
- cryptic A> prompt staring you in the face, waiting for you to do
- something. You say to yourself, 'Now how the heck do I see what is
- on this disk?'. Ah, glad you asked!
-
- Let's assume you have two 1571 disk drives and a 1750 RAM
- expansion module. In CP/M, the 1571 with device #8 is now referred
- to as drive A and the 1571 with device #9 is now referred to as
- drive B. The 17xx RAM expansion should be thought of as another disk
- drive, but lots quicker. It is assigned the drive designation M.
-
- When CP/M is first booted up, the default drive is A, hence the
- prompt A>. You can change the default drive at any time by typing
- the letter of the drive followed by a colon and <RETURN>. The prompt
- should then display the current default drive designation, such
- as B>.
-
- If you still have your CP/M system disk in drive A, typing DIR
- followed by <RETURN> will show you a listing of files that are on
- that disk. It may or may not be a total list, depending on whether
- files have been saved to other portions of the disk which are called
- USER areas. A CP/M disk has 16 different sections which are
- partitioned off from each other (labeled 0 thru 15). That cryptic A>
- prompt should actually read A0>, since the default USER area upon
- boot-up is 0.
-
- One way to check to see if files are in these other nooks and
- crannies, is to change USER areas and type DIR again. Let's see if
- there are any files in USER area 1 on that disk. First, change USER
- areas by typing A1 and hitting <RETURN>. Your prompt should now be
- A1>. Next, check the directory by typing DIR and hitting <RETURN>
- again. You can do this for all 16 different USER areas on that
- disk. You can also change to drive B or M and check all USER areas
- one at a time in much the same fashion. Not much fun, is it? Well,
- it *can* be easier, as you will see.
-
- The DIR command has two versions. The one that you have just
- used is the 'built-in' version. The wildcards * and ? can be used,
- and it's simple and to the point, but not very versatile. It is
- built into the CP/M operating system and does not require loading in
- any utility program in order to use it, but you *do* have more power
- at your disposal through the 'transient' version of DIR. This
- transient utility is included on your CP/M disk and has the filename
- DIR.COM. If you type DIR, followed by a set of parameters enclosed
- in brackets, CP/M will automatically search the disk for the
- transient DIR.COM and act upon those parameters, giving you enormous
- versatility when dealing with multi-USER areas and multi-drives.
- Let's explore these parameters and find out what DIR.COM has to
- offer.
-
- If you wanted to get a directory listing of all USER areas and
- all drives with one command, you would type:
-
- DIR [DRIVE=ALL USER=ALL]
-
- The right bracket need not be typed, and you must hit <RETURN>
- after typing the command. You will then be shown a sorted directory
- of all files in all USER areas on all drives. If the listing takes
- up more than one screen, CP/M will halt the listing to allow you to
- view one screen at a time. To continue the display, just hit the
- spacebar. To abort the display, hit CNTRL-C.
-
- You will notice that a summary at the end of the listings will
- show the number of files and the total number of bytes used by the
- files. Also, the listings are placed in alphabetical order across
- each line. This can be helpful when trying to find a specific file,
- but also can be a hindrance since long directories are noticeably
- longer to sort. You can turn off the sorting by adding the NOSORT
- option inside the brackets. Here is another example:
-
- DIR [DRIVE=B USER=ALL NOSORT]
- -OR-
- DIR B: [USER=ALL NOSORT]
-
- These two commands will return the same unsorted directory of
- files in all USER areas of drive B.
-
- What follows is a listing of parameters available for DIR.COM, a
- description of each, and an example of each. Note that references
- are made to Time-Stamping and other attributes which are beyond the
- scope of this primer. These parameters must be enclosed in brackets,
- and may be used in conjunction with other parameters.
-
-
- DRIVE=ALL - Displays files on all online drives.
-
- DRIVE=(A,B,C,.....P) - Displays files on the drives specified.
-
- ATT - Displays the user-definable attributes
-
- DIR - Displays only files that have the DIR attribute
-
- DATE - Displays date and time stamps of files.
-
- EXCLUDE - Displays files that Do Not Match the files specified in
- the command line. Example: DIR [EXCLUDE] *.COM This command
- will list all files on the default drive that do NOT have a filetype
- of .COM
-
- FULL - Displays the name, size, number of 128-byte records, and
- attributes of the files.
-
- FF - Sends an initial form-feed to the printer device, if the
- printer has been activated using CNTRL-P. (To print the DIR listing)
-
- LENGTH=n - Displays n lines of printer output before inserting a
- table heading. n is a number between 5 and 65536.
-
- MESSAGE - Displays the names of drives and USER numbers the command
- is searching.
-
- NOPAGE - Continuously scrolls the listing on the screen. (Used for
- printouts of listings, basically)
-
- NOSORT - Displays files in the order it finds them on disk.
-
- RO - Displays only those files having the Read/Only attribute.
-
- RW - Displays only those files having the Read/Write attribute.
-
- SIZE - Displays the filename and size in kilobytes (1024 bytes).
-
- SYS - Displays only those files having the SYS attribute.
-
- USER=ALL - Displays all files in all USER areas of the default or
- selected drive.
-
- USER=n - Displays all files in the USER area specified by n.
-
- USER=(0,1,2,.....15) - Displays all files in the USER areas
- specified.
-
-
- Although this article only scratches the surface of just one of
- CP/M's combination transient/built-in commands, it should wing you on
- your way to a better overall understanding of the environment. If
- you would like to see more of these primers or have questions about
- this one, leave mail to MIKEM on GEnie, MEYEK on People/Link, or
- 72767,2533 on Compuserve.
-
- -Mike Mantino 7/24/86