8bitfiles.net/archives

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ 8bitfiles.net/archives / archives.tar / archives / canada-remote-systems / c128 / utils / unixv3c.sfx / intro < prev next >

Wrap

Text File | 1991-06-22 | 24.6 KB | 727 lines

╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 1 ├ONTENTS: ╔. ┬UILDING THE ╒NIX 128 ╙YSTEM...................1 ╔╔. ─ISTRIBUTION AND ╥IGHTS........................1 ╔╔╔. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE ╒NIX 128 ╙YSTEM............2 ╔╓. ╔NTRODUCTION TO FTP............................3 ╓. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE NROFF ╨ACKAGE..............5 ╓╔. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE AS ┴SSEMBLER...............7 ╓╔╔. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE EMACS ╘EXT ┼DITOR..........9 ╓╔╔╔. ╔NTRODUCTION TO ╘ELECOMMUNICATIONS ╫ITH TIP....11 ╔. ┬UILDING THE ╒NIX 128 ╙YSTEM. 1. ╙YSTEM REQUIREMENTS: A ├OMMODORE 128 COMPUTER, A 1571 DISK DRIVE, AND AN 80-COLUMN ╥╟┬ MONITOR. 2. ═OST PEOPLE WILL FETCH THIS SYSTEM VIA ANONYMOUS FTP TO THE ═ILTON FTP SITE. ╔F THIS IS THE CASE, YOU MUST GET THE TWO .LNX FILES (UNIX128V3A.LNX AND UNIX128V3B.LNX), AND DOWNLOAD THEM IN BINARY MODE (AS WELL AS THE LYNX.C128 DE-ARCHIVER, ALSO FOUND AT ═ILTON.) ╙AVE THESE FILES ON ONE DOUBLE-SIDED DISK, AND UNARCHIVE THEM. 3. ╔T IS NECESSARY TO WRITE ALL THE OTHER NECESSARY SYSTEM FILES TO DISK BY TYPING ╥╒╬ "═┴╦┼" FROM ┬┴╙╔├. ╘HIS WRITES 8 ╙┼╤ FILES (.LOGIN [SYSTEM INIT FILE], AUTHOR [ABOUT ME], NROFF.HLP [A HELP FILE FOR NROFF, ACCESSABLE FROM EMACS BY TYPING ┼╙├-X NROFF], NROFF.TBL [THE PRINTER TABLE FOR NROFF], PASSWD [THE SYSTEM PASSWORD FILE], STDLIB.I [ASSEMBLER MACROS], POLISH.EF AND CYRILLIC.EF [POLISH AND RUSSIAN FONTS FOR EMACS- ┼╙├-╪ ╞╧╬╘]) TO THE DISK. ╘HE LAST SYSTEM FILE THAT NEEDS TO BE WRITTEN IS THE DISK DIRECTORY. ╘O WRITE THIS, YOU NEED TO LOG IN (IF IT ASKS YOU FOR A USERNAME/PASSWORD USE ROOT/ROOT.) AND TYPE % FSCK. ╘HIS DOES A FILESYSTEM CONSISTENCY CHECK AND WRITES THE FILESYSTEM TO THE DISK. ╘HAT'S ALL THERE IS TO IT... ╔╔. ─ISTRIBUTION AND ╥IGHTS. 1. ╘HIS SET OF PROGRAMS IS DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OR GUARANTEE OF ANY KIND (IN OTHER WORDS, IF IT TRANSFORMS YOUR 128 INTO A THERMONUCLEAR DEVICE AND VAPORIZES YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD UPON EXECUTION, IT'S NOT MY FAULT.) 2. ╘HIS PROGRAM SET MAY BE FREELY REDISTRIBUTED AS LONG AS IT'S INTACT WITH ALL DOCUMENTATION AND CODE (EXCLUDING THE SOURCES, WHICH NO ONE NEEDS). ╔ WISH FOR MY NAME TO STAY WITH THE PACKAGE, AND ╔ RETAIN ALL COPYRIGHTS AND PATENTS TO ALL THE SOURCE CODE THAT ╔ WROTE. ─ON'T EVEN THINK OF COPYING ANY OF THIS STUFF UNDER YOUR OWN NAME (OR EVEN WORSE- SELLING IT...). ╘HE BUILT-IN WRONGDOING-DETECTION CIRCUITS WILL TAKE CONTROL OF THE NEAREST ┼LECTRIC ╦NIFE AND KILL YOU. 3. ┬UG REPORTS, GRIPES, $10 IF YOU LIKE THIS PROGRAM MAY BE SENT TO: ╟REGG ╥IEDEL 20 ┼LLBERT ╙TREET ╙MITHTOWN, ╬┘ 11787 (IT'S MY HOME ADDRESS, BUT IT'S A LITTLE MORE STABLE THAN MY COLLEGE ADDRESS.) ╔ WILL PROBABLY GRADUATE ╙╒╬┘-┬INGHAMTON AROUND ╙PRING '93 - ╔ SHOULD RETAIN MY ├ONSULTANT ACCOUNT UNTIL THEN: CONSP24 @ BINGVAXU.CC.BINGHAMTON.EDU ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 2 ╔╔╔. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE ╒NIX 128 ╙YSTEM: ╒NIX 128 IS NOT "REAL ╒NIX" BY DEFINITION. ┴ "REAL ╒NIX" SYSTEM: 1. IS MULTIPROCESSING- IT CAN DO MORE THAN ONE TASK "AT THE SAME TIME." ╘HIS FEATURE COULD BE EMULATED (PARTIALLY) IN SOFTWARE ON THE 128, BUT IT WOULD BE SO SLOW AND LIMITED THAT IT WOULD CRIPPLE THE SYSTEM. 2. HAS TRUE PIPELINING- INPUT AND OUTPUT CAN BE FREELY REDIRECTED. ╒NIX 128 DOES NOT HAVE TRUE PIPELINING. ╚OWEVER, YOU CAN FREELY REDIRECT JUST ABOUT ANY OUTPUT TO A FILE OR THE PRINTER (BY ENDING A COMMAND LINE WITH LPR OR >FILENAME). ╔'LL PROBABLY RESERVE TRUE INPUT REDIRECTION FOR A LATER RELEASE. 3. HAS A TRUE HEIRARCHIAL FILESYSTEM- ╔MPLEMENTING A TRUE HEIRARCHIAL FILESYSTEM IN WHICH ╒NIX CONTROLLED ALL ASPECTS OF DISK I/O WOULD MEAN NOT HAVING COMPATIBILITY WITH ├┬═ ─╧╙ DISKS, WHICH ╔ WANTED TO RETAIN. ╞UNCTIONS ├OMPATIBLE WITH "╥EAL" ╒NIX: ╔N ADDITION TO BEING A USEFUL TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND FOR LEARNING TO MOVE THROUGH A ╒NIX ENVIRONMENT, ╒NIX 128 HAS SOME FEATURES USEFUL FOR INTERACTION WITH ╒NIX MAINFRAMES: 1. TIP: ╘HE TIP MODEM PACKAGE WILL INTERFACE THROUGH A MODEM TO MOST REMOTE "REAL ╒NIX" SYSTEMS. ╔T PROVIDES (ALMOST) ╓╘-100 COMPATIBILITY, ╓╘-52 COMPATIBILITY, AND A RAW MODE FOR COMMUNICATION WITH OTHER ├OMMODORE SYSTEMS. 2. TAR: TAR IS THE TAPE ARCHIVE THAT "REAL ╒NIX" SYSTEMS USE TO COMBINE MULTIPLE FILES INTO ONE FILE TO PLACE ON A BACKUP TAPE. ╒NIX 128'S TAR WILL BOTH CREATE AND DISSOLVE THESE TAR FILES IN A FORMAT COMPATIBLE WITH "REAL ╒NIX." ╬OTE: IF YOU DISSOLVE A TAR CREATED ON "REAL ╒NIX" THAT CONTAINS TEXT FILES, THESE FILES WILL BE IN ┴╙├╔╔ FORMAT, NOT ╨┼╘╙├╔╔ FORMAT (T╚┼ C┴╙┼╙ A╥┼ R┼╓┼╥╙┼─). ┘OU CAN INVOKE 'DD' WITH THE -S OPTION TO FIX THIS PROBLEM (IN ┼NGLISH, TYPE 'DD -S OLDFILE NEWFILE') 3. UUENCODE/UUDECODE: ╘HIS IS A CODER/DECODER PACKAGE THAT MAKES "REAL ╒NIX" BINARIES INTO TEXT FILES FOR MAILING. ╘HE ╒NIX 128 VERSIONS OF THESE TWO PROGRAMS SHOULD BE COMPATIBLE WITH "REAL ╒NIX", WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE ┴╙├╔╔/╨┼╘╙├╔╔ PROBLEM MENTIONED ABOVE. 4. NROFF: NROFF WILL ACCEPT DOCUMENTS FORMATTED FOR NROFF OR TROFF WITHOUT THE SPECIAL MACROS FOR TABLES AND EQUATIONS ("STANDARD" NROFF). ╘HIS IS QUITE HELPFUL WHEN YOU'D LIKE TO EDIT A PAPER ON A UNIX MAINFRAME, BUT CONTINUE EDITING AND PRINT OR PREVIEW THE PAPER AT HOME UNDER ╒NIX 128. ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 3 ╔╓. ╔NTRODUCTION TO FTP FTP, THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM, IS A COMBINATION OF A UNIQUE FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL AND A SET OF TERMINAL INSTRUCTIONS DESIGNED TO TRANSMIT AND RECIEVE FILES AND OTHER DATA BETWEEN TWO ╒NIX 128 SITES. ╔T IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH THE ╔NTERNET FTP USED BETWEEN ┬╙─, ─┼├, ╙╒╬ AND OTHER LARGE-SCALE ╒NIX SYSTEMS. ╔T IS NOT USED FOR REMOTE LOGIN TO ANY SYSTEM- USE 'TIP' FOR LOGINS. ╘HE FTP COMMAND INVOKES ONE OF TWO MODES. ╘HE FIRST MODE (REMOTE TERMINAL MODE) IS USED TO ORIGINATE A MODEM COMMUNICATIONS LINK TO ANOTHER ╒NIX 128 SYSTEM. ╘HE SECOND MODE (SERVER MODE) IS USED TO ANSWER INCOMING CALLS AND ACT AS A FILESERVER. ╘O INVOKE REMOTE TERMINAL MODE, TYPE % FTP OR % FTP PHONE-NUMBER. ╔F A PHONE NUMBER IS GIVEN, FTP WILL AUTOMATICALLY DIAL THAT NUMBER AND ATTEMPT TO CONNECT TO ANOTHER ╒NIX 128 SYSTEM (THE SYSTEM YOU DIAL MUST ALREADY BE RUNNING IN FTP SERVER MODE.) ╘O INVOKE SERVER MODE, TYPE % FTP -S. FTP WILL WAIT FOR THE PHONE TO RING, ANSWER IT, AND BEGIN THE SESSION. --- ╥EMOTE ╘ERMINAL ├OMMANDS --- ╘HE FOLLOWING COMMANDS ARE AVAILABLE AT THE FTP> PROMPT: ? ╟ET HELP (LIST THE COMMAND SUMMARY) ASCII ╙AVE INCOMING FILES AS ╙┼╤, DON'T CONVERT ╨┼╘╙├╔╔<->┴╙├╔╔ BINARY ╙AVE INCOMING FILES AS ╨╥╟, DON'T CONVERT ╨┼╘╙├╔╔<->┴╙├╔╔ BYE ╚ANG UP THE PHONE, QUIT FTP AND RETURN TO ╒NIX 128 CD [DIR] ├HANGE DIRECTORY TO [DIR] CLOSE ╚ANG UP THE PHONE BUT DO NOT EXIT FTP. CONVERT ┬INARY CONVERSION OF ╨╥╟ FILES TO ╙┼╤ FILES. DIR ╥EAD CURRENT REMOTE DIRECTORY GET [FILE] ╟ET A FILE FROM THE REMOTE SYSTEM. ╙ELECT ASCII, TEXT, OR BINARY FIRST TO ASSURE THE PROPER FILE TYPE AND CONVERSION. HASH ╙HOW A HASH MARK (#) FOR EVERY 512 BYTES TRANSFERRED. ╘HIS COMMAND TOGGLES HASH MARK PRINTING ON AND OFF. OPEN [NUMBER] ─IAL A PHONE NUMBR AND ATTEMPT TO CONNECT TO A REMOTE SYSTEM. SEND [FILE] ╙END A FILE TO THE REMOTE SYSTEM. TEXT ╙AVE INCOMING FILES AS ╙┼╤ FILES, CONVERT ╨┼╘╙├╔╔<->┴╙├╔╔ (╘HERE IS ALMOST NO NEED FOR THIS COMMAND. ╫HEN IN DOUBT, USE ASCII AND CONVERT LATER WITH 'DD -S') --- ╙ERVER ├OMMANDS --- ╘HE SERVER ALLOWS 1 INPUT: ├╘╥╠-├ TO BREAK IF SOMEONE IS ╬╧╘ CONNECTED. ╞ILE TRANSFERS AND DIRECTORY REQUESTS ARE AUTOMATIC. ╔MPORTANT: THE SERVER DOESN'T KNOW WHAT TYPE OF FILE ISN'T INCOMING, SO IT SAVES EVERYTHING AS UN-TRANSLATED PROGRAM (╨╥╟) FILES. ╔F YOU NEED TO DO A TRANSLATION LATER, USE THE 'CONVERT' COMMAND FROM THE FTP> PROMPT. ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 4 --- ╘HE FTP ╨ROTOCOL --- FTP USES A SPECIAL ╪-═ODEM DERIVED PROTOCOL FOR FILE TRANSFERS. ╞IRST, A REQUEST GOES FROM THE REMOTE TERMINAL TO THE SERVER TELLING IT TO EITHER SEND OR RECEIVE A FILE. ╘HE FILE IS SENT IN 128 BYTE BLOCKS IN THE FOLLOWING FORMAT: [ 127 BYTES OF DATA ] [ CONTROL BYTE ] ╘HE CONTROL BYTE IS ONE OF THREE VALUES. ╔F IT IS 0, ANOTHER BLOCK IS COMING. ╔F IT IS ├ONTROL-┘ OR ├ONTROL-┌, THEN THIS IS THE LAST BLOCK AND THE LAST BYTE OF VALID DATA IS THE ONE THAT IS NOT EQUAL TO THE CONTROL BYTE (╔F THE LAST VALID BYTE IS NOT ├ONTROL-┌ THEN THE CONTROL BYTE WILL BE ├ONTROL-┌. ╔F THE LAST VALID BYTE IS ├ONTROL-┌, ├ONTROL-┘ WILL BE THE CONTROL BYTE.) ┴LL DATA CONNECTIONS ARE DONE WITH 8 DATA BITS, NO PARITY, 1 STOP BIT, AT 1200 BAUD. ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 5 ╓. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE NROFF ╨ACKAGE. NROFF IS A TEXT FORMATTING PACKAGE THAT IS "MOSTLY" COMPATIBLE WITH PLAIN NROFF AND TROFF SOURCE FILES (NO MACROS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS RELEASE FOR TABLE (TBL) OR EQUATION (EQN) PROCESSING). NROFF IS NOT A "WORD PROCESSOR" OR "EDITOR", BUT A PASS-THRU TEXT FORMATTER. ┘OU MUST ENTER TEXT ON ANY EDITOR OR WORD PROCESSOR (EMACS IS FINE) AND THEN TYPE % NROFF -P FILE TO PRINT IT OR % NROFF -V FILE TO PREVIEW IT. NROFF PROVIDES THE POWERFUL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH MANY WORD PROCESSORS. ┴ SHORT LIST OF FEATURES INCLUDES: - N-LINE SPACING (SINGLE SPACE, DOUBLE SPACE ...) - LINE JUSTIFICATION - CENTERING - RIGHT ALIGNMENT - MULTIPLE COLUMNS (1, 2, OR 3 COLUMNS) - PRINTER-DEPENDENT FUNCTION MACROS FOR UNDERLINE, REVERSE, ITALICS, BOLD, SUPER- AND SUBSCRIPT AND CUSTOM GRAPHICS - 3-PART HEADERS (LEFT, CENTER, AND RIGHT ALIGNED) - FULL CONTROL OF PAGE OFFSET, LINE LENGTH, AND PAGE LENGTH --- ├OMMAND ╠INE ╧PTIONS --- NROFF MAY BE INVOKED WITH SEVERAL COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS IN THE FORMAT: % NROFF (OPTIONS) FILENAME ╘HE OPTIONS ARE: -I ╔NTERACTIVE FORMATTING SETUP FIRST. -V ╓IDEO PREVIEW ONLY -P ╨RINT DOCUMENT ONLY -╙ ╒SE MY OWN SYMBOL TABLE INSTEAD OF 'NROFF.TBL.' ┼XAMPLE: -╙MYTABLE ┴ COMMAND LINE MIGHT LOOK LIKE: % NROFF -I -╙MYTABLE -P THISFILE. ╘HE NROFF COMMAND TAKES A SINGLE DOCUMENT FILENAME. --- ╞ORMATTING ├OMMANDS --- ┴LL FORMATTING COMMANDS MUST BEGIN WITH A PERIOD (.) THAT IS AT THE FAR LEFT (FIRST COLUMN) OF THE SOURCE DOCUMENT. ╘HE FOLLOWING LIST CAN BE VIEWED FROM WITHIN EMACS BY TYPING ┼╙├-╪ ╬╥╧╞╞. ╘HE FORMATTING COMMANDS ARE AS FOLLOWS: .BN ╬ ┬OLD THE NEXT ╬ INPUT LINES.* .BP (╬) ╞ORCED END-OF-PAGE (IF ╬ IS GIVEN, IT IS THE NEXT PAGE NUMBER.) .BR ┬REAK (EXIT THIS FILE). .CE ╬ ├ENTER THE NEXT ╬ INPUT LINES. .CL ╬ ┬REAK TEXT INTO ╬ (=1,2,3) COLUMNS .CS ╬ ╨UT ╬ SPACES BETWEEN COLUMNS, IF APPROPRIATE .DE \XX YY ─EFINE MACRO \XX AS THE STRING YY. .DR ╒SE DRAFT MODE.* .EC ├ ╙ET THE ESCAPE CHARACTER TO ├ (DEFAULT=\). .EO ╔GNORE ESCAPE CODES. .EX ┼XIT THIS FILE. .FC ╘ELL NROFF TO BEGIN A NEW PAGE TO FORCE CHANGES MADE TO BE INTERPRETED (COLUMN CHANGES, HEADER CHANGES ETC...) .FT FONTNAME ╒SE FONT 'FONTNAME'. ╘HIS IS UNDERSTOOD BUT IGNORED. .IL ╬ ╔TALICIZE THE NEXT ╬ INPUT LINES.* .IN ╬ ╔NDENT PARAGRAPHS ╬ SPACES (DEFAULT=5). ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 6 .LL ╬ ╙ET LINE LENGTH TO ╬ CHARACTERS. .LM ╬ ╙ET LEFT MARGIN TO ╬ CHARACTERS (DEFAULT=0). .LS ╬ ╙ET LINE SPACING TO ╬ (1=SINGLE SPACE, 2=DOUBLE SPACE ETC.) .LT ╬ ╘ITLE IS ╬ CHARACTERS LONG. .NE ╬ ╬EED ╬ VERTICAL SPACES (I.E. SKIP ╬ LINES). .NI ╬O INDENT .NQ ╒SE NEAR-LETTER-QUALITY MODE.* .NX FILENAME ╠OAD NEXT FILE 'FILENAME'. .PL ╬ ╙ET PAGE LENGTH TO ╬ (PAPER IS USUALLY 66 LINES, DEFAULT=60). .PN ╬ ╬EXT PAGE IS NUMBER ╬. .PO ╬ ╙ET PAGE OFFSET TO ╬ (SAME AS LEFT MARGIN). .PS ╬ ╨ITCH SIZE IN C.P.I. (╒SUALLY 10 OR 12).* .RA ╬ ╥IGHT-ALIGN THE NEXT ╬ INPUT LINES. .RM ╬ ╙ET RIGHT MARGIN TO ╬ CHARACTERS (DEFAULT=79). .RV ╬ ╥EVERSE (WHITE-ON-BLACK) THE NEXT ╬ INPUT LINES.* .TA ╬ ┴ TAB IS THE TAB CHARACTER REPEATED ╬ TIMES (DEFAULT=8). .TC ├ ╘AB CHARACTER IS ├ (DEFAULT=" "). .TL 'L'C'R' ╘HREE PART TITLE (L=LEFT, C=CENTER, R=RIGHT). .UL ╬ ╒NDERLINE THE NEXT ╬ INPUT LINES.* * ╥EQUIRES A PRINTER-DEPENDENT SETTING IN 'NROFF.TBL' --- ─EFAULT ═ACROS (NROFF.TBL) --- \BS BACKSLASH \SU SUPERSCRIPT ON \CA CARAT \SB SUBSCRIPT ON \CB CLOSE CURLY BRACE \S0 SUPER/SUBSCRIPT OFF \OB OPEN CURLY BRACE \DG DEGREE SYMBOL \PI PIPE SYMBOL (VERTICAL BAR) \IN INTEGRAL SYMBOL \TL TILDE \SG CAPITAL SIGMA \DT CAPITAL DELTA \SQ SQUARE ROOT SYMBOL \G [7 INTEGERS (0-255)]\ CUSTOM GRAPHICS ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 7 ╓╔. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE AS ┴SSEMBLER ─EVELOPMENT ╨ACKAGE AS IS THE ╒NIX 128 8510 ASSEMBLER. ╔T TAKES A SINGLE SOURCE FILE, PROCESSES THE ╒NIX 128 EXTENSIONS, WRITES AN OBJECT FILE (*.O) THAT CONTAINS ONLY VALID 8510 ASSEMBLER OPCODES / OPERANDS, THEN CONVERTS THE OBJECT FILES AND WRITES THE BINARY MACHINE LANGUAGE FILE 'A.OUT.' ╘HE FIRST TWO BYTES OF 'A.OUT' CONTAIN THE START ADDRESS OF THE CODE (WHERE IT IS LOADED) AND THE REST OF THE FILE CONTAINS THE SINGLE-BYTE OPCODES AND THE BYTES OF DATA NEEDED. ╘HE EXTENSIONS TO STANDARD ASSEMBLER ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1. ╘HE FIRST LINE OF ANY ASSEMBLER SOURCE CODE MUST BE THE WORD 'START' FOLLOWED BY EITHER A DECIMAL NUMBER OR A '$' AND A HEXIDECIMAL NUMBER. ╘HIS IS THE START ADDRESS OF THE CODE WHICH IS WRITTEN DIRECTLY TO 'A.OUT.' ╔F A 'START' LINE IS NOT FOUND, AN ERROR WILL OCCUR. 2. ╧NE OR MORE LINES MAY BE GIVEN THAT BEGIN WITH THE WORD 'INCLUDE' AND A SOURCE FILENAME THAT CONTAINS VALID MACRO DEFINITIONS (SEE 4). ╘HE PURPOSE OF THIS STATEMENT IS SIMILAR TO THE ├ #INCLUDE <LIBRARY.H>: TO INCLUDE MACROS OF STANDARD CODE. ┴N INCLUDE FILE, 'STDLIB.I', IS GIVEN WITH THIS PACKAGE AS AN EXAMPLE. ┼XAMPLE: INCLUDE STDLIB.I 3. ┴ DATA SECTION MAY BE GIVEN, SO THAT YOU MAY LABEL COMMON CONSTANTS. ┴ DATA SECTION CONSISTS OF THE WORD 'DATA' ON ITS OWN LINE, FOLLOWED BY ONE OR MORE DATA LINES, AND FOLLOWED BY THE WORD 'ENDD' (END-DATA) ON ITS OWN LINE. ┴ DATA LINE CONSISTS OF A DATA LABEL, THE WORD 'EQU', AND A DECIMAL VALUE OR A HEXIDECIMAL VALUE PRECEEDED BY A '$' ┼XAMPLE: DATA ZERO EQU $00 TWO EQU 2 ENDD ╫HEREVER THE NAMES 'ZERO' OR 'TWO' ARE ENCOUNTERED, THEY ARE REPLACED WITH THE APPROPRIATE DATA VALUE. 4. ═ACROS ARE UNITS OF CODE THAT ARE GIVEN A NAME. ╘HEY ARE DEFINED ONCE, AND EXPANDED WHEREVER THE MACRO NAME IS FOUND. ┴ MACRO DEFINITION BEGINS WITH THE WORD 'MACRO', A SINGLE SPACE, AND THE MACRO NAME. ╧NE OR MORE LINES OF VALID 8510 SOURCE CODE ARE GIVEN ON SEPARATE LINES, AND THE WORD 'ENDM' (END-MACRO) IS GIVEN TO CONCLUDE THE MACRO DEFINITION. ┼XAMPLE: MACRO FOO (START A MACRO NAMED FOO) LDA #$00 ENDM (END OF THIS MACRO) ╫HENEVER THE NAME 'FOO' IS ENCOUNTERED IN THE SOURCE CODE, IT IS REPLACED WITH THE LINE 'LDA #$00'. ═ACROS CANNOT BE GIVEN PARAMETERS. ╙TANDARD MACROS ARE USUALLY USED FOR SYSTEM CALLS SUCH AS SETTING FAST MODE OR CLEARING THE SCREEN. 5. ├OMMENTS CAN BE GIVEN ON SEPARATE LINES BY BEGINNING THAT LINE WITH A SEMICOLON (;). ┼XAMPLE: ;╘HIS IS A COMMENT ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 8 6. ┴NY LINE MAY BE GIVEN A NAME BY WHICH IT CAN BE REFERRED. ╘HIS REMOVES THE TEDIUM OF KEEPING TRACK OF ADDRESSES FOR JUMPS AND BRANCHES. ╘HE NAME MUST BE FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY A COLON (:). ┼XAMPLE: LINE: LDX #ZERO STA $0400,X JMP LINE **╫┴╥╬╔╬╟** ┬E VERY CAREFUL NOT TO USE VALID OPERAND NAMES FOR LINE LABELS, DATA LABELS OR MACRO NAMES. ╘HE PREPARSER WILL REPLACE ALL OCCURENCES OF LABEL NAMES WITH THE APPROPRIATE DATA. (╞OR EXAMPLE, IF YOU LABEL A LINE WITH JSR:, EVERY TIME YOU USED JSR IN YOUR PROGRAM IT WILL BE REPLACED BY THE ADDRESS OF THE LINE TO WHICH THE LINE LABEL REFERS!) --- ├OMMAND ╠INE ╧PTIONS --- AS CAN BE INVOKED WITH SEVERAL DIFFERENT OPTIONS FROM THE ╒NIX 128 COMMAND LINE: % AS -H :╨RINTS A HELP SCREEN. % AS -D BEG END :─ISASSEMBLES MEMORY FROM BEG TO END % AS -V BEG END :╓IEWS MEMORY FROM BEG TO END % AS FILENAME :╨ARSES 'FILENAME' --> 'FILENAME.O' --COMPILES--> 'A.OUT' --- ╓ALID 8510 ═NEMONICS (OP-CODES) --- ADC AND ASL BCC BCS BEQ BIT BMI BNE BPL BRK BVC BVS CLC CLD CLI CLV CMP CPX CPY DEC DEX DEY EOR INC INX INY JMP JSR LDA LDX LDY LSR NOP ORA PHA PHP PLA PLP ROL ROR RTI RTS SBC SEC SED SEI STA STX STY TAX TAY TSX TXA TXS TYA --- ╓ALID ╦EYWORDS --- START MACRO ENDM DATA ENDD INCLUDE EQU ╟ENERAL ╬OTES: 1. ╒SE ALL LOWER CASE FOR KEYWORDS AND OP-CODES, AND USE A SINGLE SPACE BETWEEN OP-CODES AND OPERANDS. 2. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 1500 LINES OF SOURCE CODE (255 CHARACTERS PER LINE) 3. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 75 MACROS OF 50 LINES (255 CHAR/LINE) EACH. 4. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 100 UNIQUE LINE LABELS. 5. ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 100 DATA ITEMS IN THE DATA SECTION. ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 9 ╓╔╔. ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE EMACS ╘EXT ┼DITOR. ┼MACS IS A POWERFUL TEXT EDITOR FOR USE UNDER ╒NIX 128. ╔T IS NOT A DOCUMENT FORMATTER OR 'WORD PROCESSOR'- THE MOST ADVANCED TEXT PREVIEWING FEATURE IS WORD-WRAP. ╘EXT SHOULD BE PASSED TO NROFF FOR FORMATTING (LINE SPACING, COLUMNS, JUSTIFICATION ETC.) ┼MACS ALLOWS UP TO 700 LINES OF TEXT (OF 80 CHARACTERS / LINE). ╔T LOADS AND SAVES ╙┼╤ TYPE FILES THAT ARE COMPATIBLE WITH MOST OTHER WORD PROCESSORS. ┼MACS ALSO FEATURES ─ISK┼D, TO ENTER ├┬═-─╧╙ COMMANDS. ╔T HAS HELP SCREENS FOR ITSELF AS WELL AS A COMMAND REFERENCE FOR WRITING NROFF SOURCE FILES. ╔T HAS MULTIPLE TEXT EDITING FEATURES LIKE SETTING AND COPYING REGIONS, 'KILLING' AND 'YANKING' LINES OF TEXT, COMMANDS TO MOVE TO THE START AND END OF LINES, UP AND DOWN BY SCREENS, AND COMMANDS TO MOVE TO THE START AND END OF TEXT. ╞ILES CAN BE INSERTED INTO THE TEXT. ╘HERE IS FONT SUPPORT, AND 2 PARTIAL FONTS (ONE FOR SPECIAL ╨OLISH CHARACTERS AND ONE FOR THE ╥USSIAN (CYRILLIC) ALPHABET) ARE INCLUDED. --- ╥EGIONS --- ┴ REGION IS DEFINED AS ALL THE TEXT IN BETWEEN THE 'MARK' AND THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. ┴ MARK IS SET BY TYPING (├OMMODORE) (╙╨┴├┼). ╧NCE A REGION IS DEFINED, YOU CAN: ├╧╬╘╥╧╠-C : COPY REGION AS KILL. ╘HIS ALLOWS YOU TO COPY THE REGION INTO THE KILL BUFFER TO BE COPIED BACK INTO THE TEXT WITH ├╧╬╘╥╧╠-Y (YANK). ╥OT-13 REGION : ╨ERFORM THE ROT-13 TRANSFORMATION ON THE REGION (WHICH MAPS EACH LETTER 13 POSITIONS AWAY; A-->M, B-->N, M-->A ETC) --- ┼XPANDED ├OMMAND ╥EFERENCE --- (├-KEY - ├ONTROL+KEY ┼-KEY - ╚IT ┼╙├ THEN KEY) ├-A ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CURRENT LINE. ├-B ═OVE THE CURSOR BACK ONE CHARACTER (SAME AS 'CURSOR LEFT') ├-C ├OPY THE CURRENTLY MARKED REGION INTO MEMORY, TO BE RETRIEVED WITH ├-Y (YANK LINE) ├-D ┼NTER ─ISK┼D, WHICH ALLOWS ├┬═ ─╧╙ COMMANDS TO BE EXECUTED. ├-E ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE END OF THE CURRENT LINE. ├-F ═OVE THE CURSOR FORWARD ONE CHARACTER (='CURSOR RIGHT') ├-G ╤UIT PROMPT (GENERAL ABORT FOR COMMANDS) ├-H ╟ET ╚ELP!!! ├-K ─ELETE LINE FROM CURSOR TO END OF LINE, COPYING THE LINE TO MEMORY. ├-L ╥EDRAW THE SCREEN. ├-N ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE NEXT LINE (='CURSOR DOWN') ├-P ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE PREVIOUS LINE (='CURSOR UP') ├-R ╥OT-13 A PREVIOUSLY MARKED REGION ├-V ═OVE DOWN BY A FULL SCREEN ├-W ╫RITE THIS FILE AS... ├-Y ┘ANK A LINE FROM MEMORY TO THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. ├-X C ├LEAR TEXT MEMORY. ├-X E ├OPY THE KEYBOARD MACRO DEFINED WITH ├-( AND ├-) ├-X F ╞IND PHRASE (MAYBE). ├-X I ╔NSERT A FILE AT THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. ├-X P ╨RINT THE CONTENTS OF MEMORY. ├-X S ╙AVE FILE WITH CURRENT FILENAME. ├-X V ╓IEW DOCUMENT WITH WORD-WRAP. ├-X ├-C ╤UIT TO ╒NIX 128. ├-X ├-F ╠OAD A FILE INTO MEMORY, ERASING CURRENT MEMORY CONTENTS. ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 10 ├-X ( ╫RITE KEYBOARD MACRO ├-X ) ┼ND KEYBOARD MACRO ├-X = ├URSOR INFORMATION (WHAT LINE, CHARACTER ETC) ├-X + ╔NSERT A LINE AT THE CURSOR. ┼-< ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE FILE. ┼-> ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE END OF THE FILE. ┼-V ═OVE UP BY 1 FULL SCREEN. ┼-X ? ╙HOW BOUND COMMANDS (NROFF HELP, FONTS ETC.) ╧F COURSE, THE ABBREVIATED COMMAND REFERENCE MAY BE VIEWED AT ANY TIME BY TYPING ├-H, WITHOUT DISTURBING YOUR DOCUMENT. ╒NIX 128 V3.00 ╬OTES 12 ═ARCH 1991 ╨AGE 11 ╓╔╔╔. ╘HE TIP ╘ELECOMMUNICATIONS ╨ROGRAM. ╘IP IS USED TO CONNECT TO MAINFRAMES OR OTHER ╒NIX 128 SYSTEMS USING THE TELEPHONE LINES. ╔T CAN USE A WIDE VARIETY OF PROTOCOL AND TERMINAL SETTINGS AND WILL BE COMPATIBLE WITH MOST SYSTEMS. ┴LL OF THE FEATURES OF TIP CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE MENU SCREEN. ╘O BRING UP THE MENU, PRESS THE ┴╠╘ KEY ON THE UPPER LEFT OF THE KEYBOARD. ╘HIS BRINGS UP THE FOLLOWING MENU ITEMS (USE THE CURSOR KEYS/[╥┼╘╒╥╬] TO SELECT): ┬AUD ╥ATE: THE SPEED OF COMMUNICATION (300 AND 1200 ARE MOST COMMON) ─ATA ┬ITS: 7 OR 8 DATA BITS ARE SUPPORTED ╨ARITY: EVEN, ODD, SPACE, MARK OR NO PARITY ARE SUPPORTED ╙TOP ┬ITS: 1 OR 2 STOP BITS ARE ALLOWED ─UPLEX: FULL(NO LOCAL ECHO) OR HALF(LOCAL ECHO) DUPLEX ╘ERMINAL ╘YPE: -╓╘100: USE ╓╘100 EMULATION. ╘HIS IS NOT PERFECT EMULATION, BUT WILL PROVIDE MOST OF THE ╓╘100 COMMAND SET. ╔F YOU'RE LOOKING FOR 100% ╓╘100/102 COMPATIBILITY, GET ─ES╘ERM 2.00 -╓╘52: USE ╓╘52 EMULATION. -├OMMODORE: ALSO CALLED 'RAW' MODE, THIS DOESN'T INTERPRET ANY OF THE CONTROL CODES ENCOUNTERED. ╘HIS IS USEFUL WHEN TALKING TO OTHER ├OMMODORE SYSTEMS. ─IAL: ┼NTER A PHONE NUMBER AND TIP WILL DIAL IT AND ATTEMPT TO CONNECT TO THE HOST COMPUTER. ╧NE OF THE FOLLOWING CODES WILL BE RETURNED: ├╧╬╬┼├╘ = CONNECTED AT 300 BAUD ├╧╬╬┼├╘ 1200 = CONNECTED AT 1200 BAUD ┬╒╙┘ = THE HOST IS BUSY ╓╧╔├┼ = A HUMAN BEING ANSWERED THE PHONE. ╚ANG ╒P: ╚ANG UP THE PHONE. ├LEAR ─ISPLAY: ╘HIS JUST CLEARS THE SCREEN. ┬UFFER: -├APTURE ╧N: ╘HIS WILL COPY EVERYTHING THAT COMES ACROSS THE SCREEN (EXCEPT MENUS ETC.) TO MEMORY -├APTURE ╧FF: ╘HIS TURNS OFF THE COPY-TO-MEMORY FEATURE. -├LEAR ┬UFFER: ┼RASE ALL BUFFER MEMORY. -╙AVE ┬UFFER: ╙AVE THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER IN A DISK FILE. -╨RINT ┬UFFER: ╨RINT THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER ON THE PRINTER. -╓IEW ┬UFFER: ╘YPE THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER ON THE SCREEN (USE THE ╬╧ ╙├╥╧╠╠ KEY TO PAUSE / RESUME.) ┴╙├╔╔ ╒PLOAD: ┼NTER A FILENAME AND TIP WILL JUST TYPE THE FILE TO THE MODEM. ╘O RECEIVE THE FILE ON A MAINFRAME, YOU MUST FIRST TYPE: ╓┴╪/╓═╙: $ CREATE FILENAME (WHEN DONE, TYPE ├╘╥╠-┌) ╒NIX: % CAT > FILENAME (WHEN DONE, TYPE ├╘╥╠-─) ╤UIT TO ╒NIX: ╥ETURNS TO THE ╒NIX 128 SHELL PROMPT (%). ┘OU CAN LEAVE TIP WITHOUT HANGING UP, DO OTHER WORK, AND RETURN TO TIP SAFELY. ╥EMEMBER TO HANG UP THE PHONE WHEN YOU'RE FINISHED. (╘ERMINAL ═ODE): ╥ETURN TO TERMINAL MODE.