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- # version
- $Header: helpfile,v 1.1 87/12/26 23:35:43 plocher Posted $
- # atob, btoa
- btoa, atob -- encode/decode binary to printable ASCII
- Usage: btoa < infile > outfile
- cmd | btoa > outfile
- atob infile
- Btoa is a filter that reads anything from the standard input, and encodes it
- into printable ASCII on the standard output. It also attaches a header and
- checksum information used by the reverse filter atob to find the start of the
- data and to check integrity.
-
- Atob reads an encoded file, strips off any leading and trailing lines added
- by mailers, and recreates a copy of the original file on the standard
- output. Atob gives NO output (and exits with an error message) if its input
- is garbage or the checksums do not check.
- # chmod
- chmod -- change file modes
- Usage: chmod mode file ...
-
- Mode can be either SYMBOLIC or OCTAL.
-
- SYMBOLIC MODES:
- [who] op perm
-
- who: `u' (user), `g' (group), `o' (others); `a' is equivalent to `ugo';
-
- op: + adds permission, - removes permission, = sets absolute permissions
-
- perm: `r' read, `w' write, `x' execute (or search for directories);
- Super-User only:
- `s' set UID or set GID; `t' save text/sticky bit.
-
- OCTAL MODES:
-
- These are constructed by ORing the appropriate modes from this list:
-
- 4000 Set UID (Superuser only)
- 2000 Set GID (Superuser only)
- 1000 Sticky Bit (Superuser only)
- 0400 Read by Owner
- 0200 Write by Owner
- 0100 Execute by Owner
- 0070 Read, Write, Execute by Group
- 0007 Read, Write, Execute by Others
- # chown
- chown, chgrp -- change owner or group
- Usage: chown user file(s)
- chgrp group file(s)
-
- User and Group can be either a numerical UID or GID, or a login or group
- name found in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files.
-
- Only the owner of a file (or the Superuser) can change the owner or group
- of that file.
- # col
- col -- convert reverse and half line feeds from nroff
- Usage: col [-f -b -x -p] [file(s)]
- -f output device can perform forward half line feeds
- -b output device is cannot backspace
- -x do not output tabs for multiple spaces
- -p let unrecognized escape sequences (other than ESC 7, ESC 8, and
- ESC 9) pass.
- Col is used to print nroff output on devices that cannot perform forward and
- reverse half line motions or reverse line feeds, as is the case with most
- simple printers and CRT terminals. If no files are given, col reads standard
- input.
- # cu
- cu -- call another UNIX system
- Usage: cu [-s speed] [-l line] [-h] [-t] [-d] [-o|e] [-n] telno
- cu [-s speed] [-h] [-d] [-o|e] -l line
- cu [-h] [-d] [-o|e] systemname
- -s Specify transmission speed (300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600);
- -l Specify a line to be used
- -h Emulate local echo (half duplex)
- -t Map newline to CR/LF for ascii terminals
- -d Print diagnostic traces
- -o Generate odd parity on outgoing data
- -e Generate even parity on outgoing data
- -n Prompt for telephone number
-
- Commands start with `~' in the first column of a line:
- ~. terminate the conversation
- ~! escape to interactive shell on local system
- ~!cmd run cmd locally (via sh -c)
- ~$cmd run cmd locally and send its output to remote system
- ~%cd change directory on local system
- ~%take copy file1 on remote system to file2 on the local system.
- If file2 is not specified, the file will have the same name on the
- local system as on the remote system.
- ~%put copy file1from the local system to file2 on the remote system.
- If file2 is not specified, the file will have the same name on the
- remote system as on the local system.
- ~~line send the line "~line" to the remote system (to execute a cu command on
- the remote system)
- ~%break transmit a BREAK to the remote system
- ~%debug toggle debug option on/off
- ~t print the values of the termio structure variables for the user's
- terminal
- ~l print the values of the termio structure variables for the remote
- communications line
- ~%nostop toggle between XON/XOFF input control protocol and no input control
- # help
- help -- provide brief command explanations
- Usage: help [command]
- Looks in $HELPDIR/$HELPFILE (/usr/lib/ and helpfile are the defaults) for
- explanations of a command.
- # lp, cancel
- lp, cancel -- send/cancel requests to an LP device
- Usage: lp [-c] [-d dest] [-m] [-n num] [-o opt] [-s] [-t title] [-w] [file(s)]
- cancel [ids] [devices]
- -c Copy files immediately instead of linking
- -d Choose dest as the printer or class of printers to do the printing.
- -m Send mail after files have been printed
- -n Print num copies
- -o Specify printer-dependent options
- -s Suppress messages from lp such as "request id is ..."
- -t Print title on the banner page of the output
- -w Write a message on the user's terminal when files have been printed.
- Cancel cancels line printer requests that were made with the lp command.
- The commandline arguments may be either request ids as returned by lp without
- the -s option, or printer names (for a complete list do "lpstat").
- # lpstat
- lpstat -- print LP status information
- Usage: lpstat [options]
- -a list Print acceptance status (with respect to lp) of destinations for
- requests. "List" is a list of intermixed printer and class names.
- -c list Print class names and their members. "List" is a list of class names.
- -d Print the default destination for lp.
- -o list Print the status of output requests. "List" is a list of intermixed
- printer names, class names, and request ids.
- -p list Print the status of printers. "List" is a list of printer names.
- -r Print the status of the LP request scheduler.
- -s Print a status summary
- -t Print all status information
- -u list Print status of output requests for users. "List" is a list of login
- names.
- -v list Print the names of printers and the pathnames of devices associated
- with them. "List" is a list of printer names.
- If "list" is omitted in the above options, all information relevant to the
- option letter will be printed.
- # mail, mailx
- mail, mailx -- electronic mail programs
- Usage: mail # to check for mail
- mailx
- mail user # to send mail to user
- mailx user
- The options and commands for these two programs are too numerous
- to list here. See the manual entries and tutorials if you need more information
- than shown above.
- # mesg
- mesg -- permit or deny messages
- Usage: mesg [-n] [-y]
- -n Forbid messages via write(1)
- -y Allow messages via write(1)
- Without options, mesg reports the current status.
- # more
- more -- file browser
- Usage: more file(s)
- # newgrp
- newgrp -- log in to a new group
- Usage: newgrp [-] [group]
- Invokes a new shell with the group id set to the specified group.
- With argument `-', newgrp sets up the environment as if the user had
- actually logged in again as a member of the specified group.
- Without arguments, the group id is set back to that specified in /etc/passwd.
- # nice
- nice -- run a command at a low priority
- Usage: nice [-increment] command [arguments]
- Nice executes command with a lower CPU scheduling priority. If no "increment"
- argument is given, a default of 10 is used.
- Only the Superuser may run commands with higher-than-usual priority by using
- a negative increment (e.g. --10).
- # nohup
- nohup - run a command immune to hangups and quits
- Usage: nohup command [arguments]
- If nohup should apply to several commands, they should be placed in a file
- and invoked as "nohup sh commandfile".
- If the output from "command" is not redirected by the user, it will be placed
- into a file nohup.out in the current or HOME directory of the user.
- # nroff
- nroff -- text formatter for line printer devices
- Usage: nroff [options] [files]
- -olist print only pages listed; ranges are allowed
- -nN number first page N
- -sN stop every N pages to allow paper loading or
- changing. Resume upon receipt of a newline.
- -raN set register a (must be one-character name) to N.
- -i read standard input after files are exhausted
- -q invoke the simultaneous input-output mode of the .rd request
- -z print only messages generated by .tm (terminal message) requests
- -mname prepend to the input files the the non-compacted (ASCII text) macro file
- located in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.name
- -cname prepend to the input files the compacted macro files located in
- /usr/lib/macros/cmp.[nt].[dt].name and
- /usr/lib/macros/ucmp.[nt].name.
- -kname Compact the macros used in this invocation of nroff, placing the output
- in files [dt].name in the current directory.
- -Tname prepare output for device name. Known names are 37 (Teletype 37,
- default), ascii (generic ascii printer w/o reverse linefeed),
- ansi (ansi or vt100 terminal), fx80 (Epson FX-80 printer),
- 8510 (NEC 8510/C.Itoh dot matrix printer), 3550 (NEC Spinwriter),
- lp (generic ascii printer with reverse linefeed)
- -e produce equally-spaced words in adjusted lines, using full device
- resolution
- -h use output horizontal tabs to speed output and reduce output character
- count. Does not work with all printers.
- -wn set the embolding factor for Font 3 to n, or to zero if n is missing.
- # otroff
- otroff -- text formatter for Wang Laboratories C/A/T photo typesetter
- Usage: otroff [options] [files]
- -olist print only pages listed; ranges are allowed
- -nN number first page N
- -sN stop every N pages to allow paper loading or
- changing. Resume when typesetter's start button is pressed.
- -raN set register a (must be one-character name) to N.
- -i read standard input after files are exhausted
- -q invoke the simultaneous input-output mode of the .rd request
- -z print only messages generated by .tm (terminal message) requests
- -mname prepend to the input files the the non-compacted (ASCII text) macro file
- located in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.name
- -cname prepend to the input files the compacted macro files located in
- /usr/lib/macros/cmp.[nt].[dt].name and
- /usr/lib/macros/ucmp.[nt].name.
- -kname Compact the macros used in this invocation of otroff, placing the output
- in files [dt].name in the current directory.
- -t Direct output to the standard output instead of the phototypesetter.
- -f Refrain from feeding out paper and stopping the phototypesetter at the
- end of the run.
- -w Wait until phototypesetter is ready, if it is currently busy.
- -b Report on busy/ready status of phototypesetter. No text processing
- is done.
- -a Send a printable ASCII approximation of the result to the standard
- output.
- -pN print all characters in point size N while retaining all prescribed
- spacings and motions, to reduce phototypesetter elapsed time.
- -Tcat Use font-width tables for Wang C/A/T phototypesetter. This is both
- the default and the only choice.
- # ps
- ps -- display process status
- Usage: ps [options]
- -e Print information about all processes
- -d Print information about all processes, except process group leaders
- -a Print information about all processes, except process group leaders
- and processes not associated with a terminal
- -f Generate a full listing
- -l Generate a long listing
- -cfile Use the specified core file instead of /dev/mem
- -sdev Use the specified swap device instead of /dev/swap
- -nfile Use specified file instead of /unix
- -tlist Restrict listing to processes associated with terminals given in list.
- -plist Restrict listing to processes whose PIDs are given in list.
- -ulist Restrict listing to processes whose UIDs or LOGNAMEs are given in list.
- -glist Restrict listing to processes whose GIDs or GROUP names are given in
- list.
- # sleep
- sleep -- suspend execution for a specified time
- Usage: sleep seconds
- # strip
- strip -- remove symbol table from COFF executable files
- Usage: strip [-l] [-x] [-r] [-V] file ...
- -l Strip line number information only; do not strip symbol table
- -x Do not strip static or external symbol information
- -r Reset relocation indexes
- -V Print strip Version information to standard error.
- If executed on an ar(1) archive, the archive symbol table will be removed.
- # stty
- stty - set terminal characteristics and options
- Usage: stty [-a] [-g] [options]
- -a Report all current settings
- -g report current settings in a form that can be used as arguments
- for another stty command.
- CONTROL MODES:
- parenb (-parenb) enable (disable) parity generation & detection
- parodd (-parodd) select odd (even) parity
- cs5 cs6 cs7 cs8 select character size (data bits)
- 0 110 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600
- select baudrate. 0 hangs up phone immediately.
- hupcl (-hupcl) hangup (don't hangup) dataphone on last close
- hup (-hup) same as hupcl (-hupcl)
- cstopb (-cstopb) use two (one) stop bits per character
- cread (-cread) enable (disable) the receiver
- clocal (-clocal) assume a line without (with) modem control
- loblk (-loblk) block (don't block) output from non-current layer
- INPUT MODES:
- ignbrk (-ignbrk) ignore (don't ignore) break on input
- brkint (-brkint) signal (don't signal) INTR on break
- ignpar (-ignpar) ignore (don't ignore) parity errors
- parmrk (-parmrk) mark (don't mark) parity errors
- inpck (-inpck) enable (disable) input parity checking
- istrip (-istrip) strip (don't strip) input characters to 7 bits
- inlcr (-inlcr) map (don't map) NL to CR on input
- igncr (-igncr) ignore (don't ignore) CR on input
- icrnl (-icrnl) map (don't map) CR to NL on input
- iuclc (-iuclc) map (don't map) upper case to lower case on input
- ixon (-ixon) enable (disable) XON/XOFF output control
- ixany (-ixany) allow any character (only XON) to restart output
- ixoff (-ixoff) request that system send (not send) XON/XOFF
- characters when input queue is nearly empty/full.
- OUTPUT MODES
- opost (-opost) post-process output (do not post-process output; ignore
- all other output modes)
- olcuc (-olcuc) map (don't map) lower case to upper case on output
- onlcr (-onlcr) map (don't map) NL to CR-NL on output
- ocrnl (-ocrnl) map (don't map) CR to NL on output
- onocr (-onocr) do not (do) output CR at column 0
- onlret (-onlret) on the terminal, NL performs (doesn't perform) the
- RETURN function
- ofill (-ofill) use fill characters (use timing) for delays
- ofdel (-ofdel) fill characters are DELs (NULs)
- cr0 cr1 cr2 cr3 set style of delay for CRs
- nl0 nl1 set style of delay for LFs
- tab0 tab1 tab2 tab3 set style of delay for horizontal tabs
- bs0 bs1 set style of delay for backspaces
- ff0 ff1 set style of delay for formfeeds
- vt0 vt1 set style of delay for vertical tabs
-
- LOCAL MODES
- isig (-isig) enable (disable) interpretation of special control
- characters INTR, QUIT, ans SWTCH.
- icanon (-icanon) enable (disable) canonical input (ERASE and KILL
- processing)
- xcase (-xcase) canonical (unprocessed) upper/lower case presentation
- echo (-echo) echo back (don't echo back) every character typed
- echoe (-echoe) echo (don't echo) ERASE as a backspace-space-backspace
- string
- echok (-echok) echo (don't echo) NL after KILL character
- lfkc (-lfkc) same as echok (-echok) -- obsolete.
- echonl (-echonl) echo (don't echo) NL
- noflsh (-noflsh) disable (enable) flush after INTR, QUIT, or SWTCH
- stwrap (-stwrap) disable (enable) truncation of lines longer than 79
- characters on a synchronous line
- stflush (-stflush) enable (disable) flush on synchronous line after every
- write(2)
- stappl (-stappl) use application mode (use line mode) on a synchronous
- line
-
- CONTROL ASSIGNMENTS
- control-char c set control-char to c, where control-char is one of:
- erase, kill, intr, quit, swtch, eof, ctab, min, or time
- If c is preceded by an (escaped from the shell) caret
- (^), then the value used is the corresponding CTRL
- character (e.g. "^d" is CTRL-D); "^?" is DEL.
- line i set line discipline to i ( 0 < i < 127 ).
-
- COMBINATION MODES
- evenp or parity parenb cs7
- oddp parenb cs8 parodd
- -parity -parenb cs8
- -evenp -parenb cs8
- -oddp -parenb cs8
- raw (-raw or cooked) enable (disable) raw input and output (no ERASE, KILL,
- INTR, QUIT, SWTCH, EOT, or output post processing).
- nl (-nl) unset (set) icrnl, onlcr. In addition, -nl unsets
- inlcr, igncr, ocrnl, and onlret.
- lcase (-lcase) set (unset) xcase, iuclc, and olcuc.
- LCASE (-LCASE) same as lcase (-lcase)
- tabs (-tabs or tab3) preserve (expand to spaces) tabs when printing
- ek set ERASE and KILL characters back to # and @.
- sane reset all modes to some reasonable values
- term set all modes suitable for the terminal type term,
- where term is one of tty33, tty37, vt05, tn300, ti700,
- or tek.
-
- IF THIS FLASHED BY QUICKER THAN YOU COULD READ IT, TRY IT AGAIN LIKE THIS:
-
- help stty | more
-
- # su
- su -- become super-user or another user
- Usage: su [-] [name [arg ...]]
- - If the first argument to su is `-', the environment will be changed
- to what it would be if the user actually logged in as "name".
- name If name is given, become that user. If no name is given, become
- root (e.g. the super-user).
- arg Optional arguments are passed to the shell invoked by su.
- Thus, "su - bin -c command args" executes "command" with the temporary
- environment and permissions of user "bin".
- # tput
- tput - query terminfo database
- Usage: tput [-Ttype] capname [parms...]
- -Ttype indicates the type of terminal. Normally unnecessary, since
- the default is taken from the environment variable TERM.
- capname indicates the attribute (capabilitry) from the terminfo database
- parms if the capability needs parameters, the argument parms will be
- instantiated into the string.
- # troff
- troff, ditroff -- text formatter for typesetters and other high-resolution
- output devices
- Usage: troff [options] [files]
- -o list Print only pages whose numbers appear in "list".
- -nN Number first page generated N.
- -sN Generate output to encourage typesetter to stop every N pages
- -mname Prepend the macro file /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.name to the input files.
- -raN Set register a (one-character name) to N.
- -i Read standard input after the input files are exhausted.
- -q Invoke the simultaneous input-output mode of the .rd request
- -z Print only messages generated by the .tm request
- -a Send a printable ASCII approximation of the results to the standard
- output.
- -Tdest Prepare output for typesetter dest.
- # true
- true, : , false -- provide truth values
- Usage: : [argument ...]
- true [argument ...]
- false
- True and : do nothing, successfully. False does nothing, unsuccessfully.
- : is also used as a magic number for Bourne or Korn shell scripts in a
- C-Shell environment.
- # tty
- tty -- get name of terminal
- Usage: tty [-l] [-s]
- -l print synchronous line number if the terminal is on an active
- synchronous line
- -s prevent printing of tty pathname, return result as a return code.
- 2 - invalid options; 0 - if tty is a terminal; 1 - otherwise
- # umask
- umask -- set file-creation mode mask
- Usage: umask [ooo]
- Without an argument, umask prints the current value of the mask.
- With argument, umask sets the mask to the value specified by the three-digit
- octal number. See help entry for chmod for legal values.
- # write
- write -- write to another user
- Usage: write user [line]
- If you want to write to a user who is logged in more than once, the
- "line" argument may be used to direct which terminal to write to.
- Permission to write may be denied or granted by the use of mesg(1).
- During a write session, a line starting with ! will cause the rest
- of that line to be passed to the shell as a command.
- Terminate a write session with your INTR or EOF character.
-
-