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- From: faigin@aero.org (Daniel P. Faigin)
- Newsgroups: soc.culture.jewish,news.answers,soc.answers
- Subject: soc.culture.jewish FAQ: Jews and Israel (8/10)
- Supersedes: <faq.8_778961225@solarium.aero.org>
- Followup-To: poster
- Date: 7 Oct 1994 18:07:11 GMT
- Organization: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA
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- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
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- Summary: Jews and their relationship to Israel
- Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu soc.culture.jewish:76978 news.answers:26942 soc.answers:1797
-
- Archive-name: judaism/FAQ/08-Israel
- Posting-Frequency: Monthly
-
- Frequently Asked Questions on Soc.Culture.Jewish
- Part 8: Jews and Israel
- [Last Change: $Date: 1994/08/08 18:07:07 $ $Revision: 1.12 $]
- [Last Post: Wed Sep 7 11:07:07 1994]
-
-
- This posting is an attempt to answer questions that are continually asked on
- soc.culture.jewish. It was written by cooperating laypeople from the various
- Judaic movements. You SHOULD NOT make any assumption as to accuracy and/or
- authoritativeness of the answers provided herein. In all cases, it is always
- best to consult a competent authority -- your local rabbi is a good place to
- start.
-
- The deceased sages described within are of blessed memory, (assume a Z"L or
- ZT"L after their names) and the sages alive today should live to see long and
- good days (assume SHLITA). May Hashem grant complete recovery to the ill.
- Individual honorifics are omitted.
-
- The FAQ was produced by a committee and is a cooperative work. The
- contributors never standardized on a {Hebrew,Aramaic,Yiddish,Ladino}-->English
- transliteration scheme. As a result, the same original word might appear with
- a variety of spellings. This is complicated by the fact that there are
- regional variations in the pronunciation of Hebrew. In some places, the
- common spelling variations are mentioned; in others --- not. We hope that
- this is not too confusing.
-
- This list should be used in conjunction with the Soc.Culture.Jewish reading
- lists that are posted separately. Similar questions can be found in the books
- referenced in those lists.
-
- Reproduction of this posting for commercial use is subject to restriction. See
- Part 1 for more details.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: Organization
-
- This portion of the FAQ contains answers to the following questions:
-
- Section 14. Jews and Israel
- 14.1. Who is an Israeli? Who may enter Israel under its Law of Return?
- 14.2. What is Zion?
- 14.3. What is Zionism?
- 14.4. Are all Jews Zionists?
- 14.5. Do Diaspora Jews (Jews outside Israel) support Zionism?
- 14.6. I've heard there are Orthodox Jews who are against Israel?
- 14.7. Did Zionism end with the establishment of Israel?
- 14.8. Are antisemitism and anti-Zionism the same thing?
- 14.9. Is Zionism racist?
- 14.10. What are the roots of Arab opposition to Zionism?
- 14.11. Can't you criticize Israel without being antisemitic?
- 14.12. Why is opposition to Israel often seen as being antisemitic?
- 14.13. Why is Jerusalem so important to Jews?
- 14.14. I want to move to Israel. Can I become a citizen?
- 14.15. What is the Wailing Wall and why is it so important?
- 14.16. Questions on aliyah, military service for olim and more
-
- All portions of the FAQ are organized as digests, and should be
- undigestifyable by software such as Gnus or rn. Please report any
- difficulties.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: Archival and Credits
-
- Anonymous FTP:
-
- All portions of the FAQ and of the reading lists are archived on
- israel.nysernet.org [192.77.173.2] and on rtfm.mit.edu, and are available
- for anonymous FTP. The locations of parts of the FAQ on israel.nysernet.org
- are as follows:
-
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/01-FAQ-intro
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/02-Who-We-Are
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/04-Observance
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/05-Worship
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/06-Jewish-Thought
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/07-Jews-As-Nation
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/08-Israel
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/09-Antisemitism
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/FAQ/10-Miscellaneous
-
- The locations of the parts of the reading lists on israel.nysernet.org are
- as follows:
-
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/general
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/traditional
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/chasidism
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/reform
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/conservative
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/reconstructionist
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/humanistic
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/zionism
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/antisemitism
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/intermarriage
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/periodicals
-
- If you are accessing the archives on rtfm.mit.edu, the pathname is
- pub/usenet/news.answers/judaism, instead of israel/lists/scj-faq.
-
- Mail:
- The files may also be obtained via Email by sending a message to
- mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with the following line in the body of the message:
-
- send usenet/news.answers/judaism/(portionname)
-
- Where (portionname) is replaced by the appropriate subdirectory and
- filenames; for example, to get the first part of the reading list, one would
- say:
-
- send usenet/news.answers/judaism/reading-lists/general
-
- WWW/Mosaic:
- The FAQ and reading lists are available by following the following pointer:
-
- http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/bngusenet/soc/culture/jewish/top.htm
-
- Comments and corrections are welcome. Note that the goal is to present
- a balanced view of Judaism; where a response is applicable to a particular
- movement only, this will be noted. Unless otherwise noted or implied by the
- text, all responses reflect the traditional viewpoint.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.1. Who is an Israeli and who may enter under her Law of Return?
-
- Israelis are citizens of Israel. Jews may automatically become Israeli
- citizens under the terms of the Law of Return (as long as they have not
- renounced the Jewish faith), as may those associated with Jews, such as
- certain close family members. The Law of Return does not grant immediate
- citizenship to Jews who, sadly, practice other religions. In the case of
- people whose status as Jews is uncertain, Israel will still rescue them,
- especially if they risk being killed as a result of Jew-hatred.
-
- There have been efforts to amend the law of Return to exclude from automatic
- citizenship people whose conversions to Judaism would be unacceptable by
- Orthodox halachic standards. While this might only affect tens of people, it
- is an extremely sensitive issue.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.2. What is Zion?
-
- Zion is a hill in Jerusalem, and one of the names by which Jews have always
- referred to their homeland, the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel). The name
- 'Zion' is used in Tanakh both for the land of Israel and for its national and
- spiritual capital, Jerusalem.
-
- Zion (Pronounced 'tsee-yohn' in Hebrew) has had a continuous Jewish population
- for thousands of years. For many centuries the majority of the Jewish people
- have lived dispersed in countries all over the world. Yet, powerful
- national-spiritual bonds - expressed mainly in liturgy and literature - have
- constantly linked these Jewish communities with their ancestral homeland.
-
- After centuries of decline and neglect under foreign occupation, Zion is
- flourishing once again, with the large increase in its Jewish population over
- the past 100 years, and the restoration of its political independence in 1948.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.3. What is Zionism?
-
- Zionism is the modern expression of the 1,900 year old dream of rebuilding a
- Jewish state in Israel, after Rome put an end to Jewish independence in the
- Land of Israel. It expresses the conviction that the Jewish people have the
- right to freedom and political independence in its homeland.
-
- Political Zionism is the ongoing effort, through political means, to develop
- and secure the Jewish people's national existence in the Land of Israel.
-
- Zionism recognizes that Jewish peoplehood is characterized by certain common
- values relating to religion, culture, language, history and basic ideals and
- aspirations, although secular and religious Zionists emphasize these aspects
- differently.
-
- Additional information may be found in the Zionism Reading List, available as:
- ftp://israel.nysernet.org/israel/lists/scj-faq/reading-lists/zionism
- or
- ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/judaism/reading-lists/zionism
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.4. Are all Jews Zionists?
-
- Jews are Zionists in the sense that the restoration of the Jewish people in
- its homeland is a fundamental tenet of Judaism. Most Jews support the state
- of Israel - the basic realization of Zionism. Some Jews, however, do not
- accept Zionism as a political movement, but believe that independence will
- only come with the advent of the Messiah. There are still other Jews who feel
- that the question of an independent Jewish state is independent of the
- question of the Messiah.
-
- Zionism developed into an organized political movement, in a period marked by
- growing recognition of national movements in Europe, when Jews felt the time
- was ready for the reassertion of Jewish National Identity.
-
- As a movement, it was further spurred by growing antisemitism in Europe in the
- latter part of the 19th century, as groups of Jews emigrated to what became
- Israel. It was formally organized into a national movement in 1897, with the
- call for the restoration of the Jewish national home.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.5. Do Diaspora Jews (Jews outside Israel) support Zionism?
-
- Diaspora Jews, on the whole, support Zionism in one way or another through
- active participation in aspects of the movement itself, or through public
- and/or financial support of Israel.
-
- Some Diaspora Jews realize their belief in Zionism by immigrating to the Land
- of Israel (making 'aliyah' - "going up") to participate directly in the task
- of rebuilding the nation.
-
- Diaspora Jews, whether or not associated with Zionist activities, have been
- enriched culturally, socially and spiritually by the reestablishment of Israel
- in its ancestral homeland. Even non-Zionist and anti-Zionist Jews find Israel
- an excellent place for Torah study.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.6. I've heard there are Orthodox Jews who are against Israel?
-
- QUESTION: I've heard there were/are very Orthodox Jews who were/are against the
- state of Israel. How could this be? Who are they?
-
- ANSWER: It is pointless to single out this situation as something terrible
- about Orthodoxy or even the so-called "ultra-Orthodox". Historically, Reform
- was officially opposed to Zionism, and even today, there are numerous secular
- Jews who are strongly anti-Zionistic. Nowadays, most Reform, Conservative,
- and Reconstructionist Jews support Zionism. Many Orthodox Jews support
- religious Zionism, and even those Orthodox Jews indifferent or opposed to
- Zionism (particularly secular Zionism) often send their sons and daughters to
- study Torah in Israel.
-
- Anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews believe that Israel can only be regained
- miraculously and view the present state as a blasphemous human attempt to
- usurp G-d's role, and they work to dismantle Israel. However, unlike many
- gentile anti-Zionists, they firmly believe in the Jewish right to Israel, but
- only at that future time of redemption. The best-known of the religious
- anti-Zionists are the Neturei Karta, a small minority group whose members
- follow the teachings of the Satmar Rav.
-
- There are two common religious grounds given for anti-Zionism. One is that
- today's Zionism is a secular Zionism, packed with non-Jewish influences, and
- lacking key features like Moshiach and the rebuilt Temple. Groups based on
- those groups are more on the non-Zionist, as opposed to the anti-Zionist,
- side. The other gronds are that that Talmud (Meseches Kesuvos 111a), as part
- of a discussion of certain Torah verses mentioning oaths, states that when
- Israel went into the second exile, there were three vows between Heaven and
- Earth:
-
- 1. One that Israel would not "go up like a wall" [conquer Eretz Yisrael by
- massive force]
-
- 2. One that Hashem made Israel swear that they would not rebel agains the
- nations of the world [would obey the governments in the exile]
-
- 3. And one that Hashem made the non-Jews swear not to oppress Israel "too
- much" [translation of phrase yoter midai]
-
- Groups holding to those grounds are more on the anti-Zionist side.
-
- The religious counterreply to the above is that secular Zionism is a
- preliminary stage of religious Zionism, and that the vows no longer apply
- since the gentiles violated their part (by such actions as the Roman
- persecutions, the Spanish Inquisition, and the Nazi Holocaust). The Balfour
- declaration of 1917 and the United Nations vote of 1948 are also regarded as
- having given permission to the Jews to reestablish the state by the non-Jewish
- rulers of the area. Once this permission was granted it could not be revoked.
- It should also be noted that these oaths are only mentioned as a side point in
- one place in a discussion in the Gemoroh and as the viewpoint of an
- individual. Many people feel that they do not apply in any case.
-
- Some Religious Zionist Jews see the formation of the secular state as
- accelerating the process of redemption, with themselves playing a major role
- in doing G-d's will by serving the state, whose creation is often seen as
- miraculous.
-
- So-called "non-Zionist" Jews are pleased that Israel exists from a practical
- standpoint - as a haven for oppressed Jews and as a land imbued with holiness
- well-suited for Torah study. But they don't generally assign religious
- significance to the formation of the modern state, and often decry aspects of
- its secular culture.
-
- [Note: Zionism is used in the strict sense of the Jews should have a homeland,
- preferably Israel (Israel is where "Zion" is, hence Zionism). Criticizing
- today's Israeli government regarding policies X,Y,Z is not the same as
- anti-Zionism.]
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.7. Did Zionism end with the establishment of Israel?
-
- QUESTION: Did Zionism complete its task with the re-establishment of the State
- of Israel?
-
- ANSWER: The reestablishment of the State of Israel meant the realization of
- the major element of Zionist ideology; the restoration of Jewish sovereignty
- in the Land of Israel.
-
- The Zionist ideal, however, contains facets that are still in the process of
- being realized. The Zionist ideal aspires to:
-
- -- An Israel at peace with all its neighbors
- -- An Israel enjoying full political and economic independence
- -- The social and economic well-being of all citizens and
- communities residing in Israel.
-
- For the religious zionists, there is also the wish for a modern, halachic,
- Jewish state.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.8. Are antisemitism and anti-Zionism the same thing?
-
- There is a dangerous confluence between anti-Zionism and antisemitism, even
- though the two concepts are not always identical. Anti-Zionism is directed
- against the political realization of Zionism -- the State of Israel.
-
- Anti-Zionism has also become a catchword for antisemitism and has provided
- antisemites with a convenient cloak behind which to conceal their hatred of
- Jews.
-
- It is probably worth remembering the words of Dr. Martin Luther King:
-
- "... You declare, my friend, that you do not hate the Jews, you are merely
- 'anti-Zionist.' And I say, let the truth ring forth from the high mountain
- tops, let it echo through the valleys of G-d's green earth: When people
- criticize Zionism, they mean Jews--this is G-d's own truth.
-
- "Antisemitism, the hatred of the Jewish people, has been and remains a blot
- on the soul of mankind. In this we are in full agreement. So know also
- this: anti-Zionism is inherently antisemitic, and ever will be so."
- (From M.L. King Jr., "Letter to an Anti-Zionist
- Friend," _Saturday Review_XLVII (Aug. 1967), p. 76.
- Reprinted in M.L. King Jr., _This I Believe:
- Selections from the Writings of Dr. Martin Luther
- King Jr._ (New York, 1971), pp. 234-235.)
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.9. Is Zionism racist?
-
- No. Zionism is a process with the ultimate goal of a Jewish homeland.
- Participation in this process is not restricted to Jews alone. Furthermore,
- the question is an example of how even simple questions can use inflammatory
- terminology, as "racist" has a pejoritive sense and is an imprecise term.
-
- A central tenet of Zionism is that there should exist a place in the world
- where Jews have sovereignty. This is no different from the ethnic desires of
- other minority and ethnic groups; I'm sure you can name numerous examples.
- Recent history has demonstrated the need for such a homeland; alas, humanity
- doesn't appear to be moving in a direction that would eliminate that need.
-
- Is the desire for a Jewish homeland "racist"? No. Racism is a belief that
- race is the primary determinant of human traits and that racial differences
- produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Judaism is not a race
- -- adherents come from multiple ethnic backgrounds. More importantly, there
- is no notion in Zionism that Jews are superior to other races (unlike, for
- example, the Nazis, which held that the Aryan race was superior).
-
- Please remember that Zionism is distinct from the state of Israel; if you look
- at the history of Zionism, you will see that for some of the zionistic
- movements, Israel was not the target homeland (in fact, you'll discover that
- at one time, Uganda was an option). Israel is modern political
- state that strives to provide a pluralistic and open society, comprising many
- ethnic and religious groups. It doesn't always succeed in this goal, but
- neither do other democratic states. As a modern state, Israel is subject to
- various political realities that dictate its laws and regulations. Discussion
- of these laws and regulations is less germane to the focus of S.C.J and is
- more appropriate for T.P.M. However, the primacy of Jewish law in Israel is
- no more "racist" than the primacy of Catholic law in Vatican City, the primacy
- of the Church of England in Great Britain, or the primacy of Islam in many
- Arabic countries.
-
- So what is the connection between Zionism and Israel? Zionism helped found the
- state, and provided the underlying zeal for many of Israel's leaders. The
- Zionist zeal still helps provide funding for the state, as many Jews in the
- Galut support Zionist organizations operating in Israel.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.10. What are the roots of Arab opposition to Zionism?
-
- National rights: Most Arab nations demand Arab sovereignty over the entire
- Middle East, to the total exclusion of Jewish rights.
-
- Religion: Historically, Islam has not recognized the right to sovereignty of
- any non-Muslim people in any part of the "Islamic world." Jew, like
- Christians, have been relegated to the position of dhimmis -- protected
- subjects -- peoples under Muslim domination. Islam, therefore, rejects
- the concept of a Jewish state in what it regards as the Islamic-Arab world.
-
- For information on Islam and its beliefs, interested readers are referred to
- the soc.religion.islam FAQ, available as:
-
- ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.11. Can't you criticize Israel without being antisemitic?
-
- Criticism which habitually singles out Israel for criticism while ignoring far
- worse actions by other countries (especially other middle eastern countries)
- is generally perceived as anti-Jewish. Likening Israel to Nazi Germany, or to
- traditional anti-Jewish stereotypical behavior is another sure sign of
- Jew-baiting.
-
- It's also better to criticize within the Jewish community, rather than airing
- our dirty laundry for others to twist and use against us. Jewish newspapers
- are regularly filled with lively debate on Israel.
-
- See the superb essay "Judging Israel" by Charles Krauthammer, _Time_ magazine,
- February 26, 1990.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.12. Why is opposition to Israel often seen as being antisemitic?
-
- The vast majority of the Jews in Israel wound up there as refugees with no
- other options.
-
- Many Jews went there to flee the Holocaust, at a time when countries like
- America and Great Britain had shut their doors to Jews.
-
- And many of the Holocaust survivors wound up as displaced persons after World
- War II. While America was supporting the former Nazis with the Marshall plan,
- the survivors were largely ignored. Many of them found a welcome in Israel.
-
- And then, after Israel was founded, most of the Arab nations pushed out their
- Jewish populations. They had no place to go but Israel. The best example of
- this, of course, is what happened to the Jews in the "West Bank." The Arab
- armies pushed out _all_ of the Jews in the territories they conquered in the
- 1947-48 war. In particular, they destroyed Jewish communities that had been
- inhabited continuously for thousands of years. East Jerusalem, where many now
- wish to deny Jewish settlement rights, had a Jewish majority before 1947.
-
- And recently, many Jews have gone to Israel to escape persecution in Russia
- and Ethiopia. Again, there were no other options.
-
- So opposition to Israel, or an insensitivity to its security needs, does carry
- with it an indifference to the fate of these Jews who have had no other refuge
- from death or serious persecution. Such indifference is, indeed, a form of
- antisemitism: if the Arabs succeed in driving the Jews into the sea, they will
- be merely continuing what Hitler started.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.13. Why is Jerusalem so important to Jews?
-
- The Jews are commanded to worship at the Temple (Beis Hamikdash) at the place
- G-d specifies. When this central site is extant, sacrifices may be brought
- only there. Also, we are commanded to go to the central site for the three
- "pilgrimage festivals", it is the only place where the Pesach sacrifice may be
- eaten, and it is the only place where the "second tithe" may be eaten. After
- David united the tribes into a kingdom, he conquered the city of Jerusalem and
- made it his capital. He then wanted to build the temple rather than leaving
- the ark in the temporary quarters it had been in until that time. G-d
- informed him that while he was not allowed to build the temple, his son,
- Solomon, would, and that temple would remain the central site for the Jewish
- people.
-
- After the temple was destroyed the Jews were not allowed to go back to
- bringing sacrifices at local altars (called bamos or high places). Thus, the
- second temple had to be built on the site of the first. When the second
- temple was destroyed, the restriction still held. Thus, it is the only place
- where the temple can be rebuilt when the Moshiach comes.
-
- In the time of Avrohom, the city was the center of the remnants
- of monotheism from the days of Noah. It was the site of the
- Yeshivah of Shem and Ever (Noah's son & grandson) where they
- taught about G-d and the laws He had given to Noah.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.14. I want to move to Israel. Can I become a citizen?
-
- Jews are granted automatic citizenship. Gentiles may also become citizens,
- but after a standard naturalization process.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.15. What is the Wailing Wall and why is it so important?
-
- The term "wailing wall" is not used by Jews, who instead prefer the term
- "kotel/kosel hamaaravi," Western Wall.
-
- This wall is the only remaining structure from the second temple left standing
- after the Roman destruction. Since the Jews are considered to be in a state
- of "ritual impurity" until certain special sacrifices can be brought (notably
- the ashes of the red heifer), religious Jews are forbidden to set foot on the
- actual site of the temple and this is the closest they can come to praying at
- the temple site. [Note: According to Rav Shlomo Goren, Jews can go on the
- southest 120 meters of the temple mount. This is the result of intersecting
- all the ideas of all the POSKIM.]
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 14.16. Questions on aliyah, military service for olim and more
-
- The most important thing to know about rights for Olim, army service etc. is
- that the rules keep changing!
-
- Therefore, if you are considering Aliya or coming as a tourist and possibly
- later changing your status, go and speak to the local Aliya shaliah and bother
- them about making sure that the answers they are giving you are up to date!
-
- Currently, length of army service is calculated based on variables such as age
- when you become an oleh (temporary resident or citizen), age when you become a
- citizen (after 3 years or more as temp. resident), marital status, number of
- children, and physical profile.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- --
- Please mail additions or corrections to me at faigin@aero.org.
-
-
- End of SCJ FAQ Part 8 (Jews and Israel) Digest
- **************************
- -------
- --
- [W]: The Aerospace Corp. M1/055 * POB 92957 * LA, CA 90009-2957 * 310/336-8228
- [Email]:faigin@aero.org, faigin@acm.org [Vmail]:310/336-5454 Box#68228
- "Socks are just like expectations....one always gets away"
- Amanda McBroom, "Heartbeats"
-