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baltree.mod
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1987-06-11
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(* Insertion and deletion in an AVL-balanced tree. In the
previous program (tree), the binary tree may grow in all sorts
of shapes -- if the inserted keys are ordered upon arrival,
the "tree" even degenerates into a linear list. In the
following program, a balance is maintained, such that at
each node the heights of its two subtree differ by at most 1. *)
MODULE BalTree;
FROM InOut IMPORT WriteString,WriteInt,WriteLn,ReadInt;
FROM Storage IMPORT ALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE;
TYPE ref = POINTER TO word;
word = RECORD
key : INTEGER;
count : INTEGER;
left ,right : ref;
bal : [-1..1]
END;
VAR root : ref;
h : BOOLEAN;
k : INTEGER;
(******************************************************)
PROCEDURE printree(w: ref; l: INTEGER);
VAR i : INTEGER;
BEGIN
IF w <> NIL THEN
WITH w^ DO
printree(left, l+1);
FOR i := 1 TO l DO WriteString(" ") END;
WriteInt(key,5); WriteInt(bal,5);WriteLn;
printree(right,l+1);
END;(*with*);
END; (*if*)
END printree;
(******************************************************)
PROCEDURE search(x: INTEGER; VAR p:ref; VAR h: BOOLEAN);
VAR p1,p2: ref; (* h = FALSE*)
BEGIN
IF p = NIL THEN (* word is not in tree; insert it *)
NEW(p); h:= TRUE;
WITH p^ DO
key := x; count := 1;
left := NIL; right := NIL;
bal := 0
END;(*with*)
ELSIF x < p^.key THEN
search(x,p^.left,h);
IF h THEN (* left branch has grown higher *)
CASE p^.bal OF
1 : p^.bal:= 0; h:= FALSE;
| 0 : p^.bal:= -1;
| -1 : p1 := p^.left; (* rebalance *)
IF p1^.bal = -1 THEN (* single LL rotation *)
p^.left:= p1^.right;
p1^.right:= p;
p^.bal:= 0; p := p1;
ELSE (* double LR rotation *)
p2 := p1^.right;
p1^.right:= p2^.left;
p2^.left:= p1;
p^.left:= p2^.right;
p2^.right:= p;
IF p2^.bal = -1 THEN p^.bal := +1 ELSE p^.bal:= 0 END;
IF p2^.bal = +1 THEN p1^.bal := -1 ELSE p1^.bal:= 0 END;
p := p2;
END; (*if*)
p^.bal:= 0; h:= FALSE;
END; (*case*)
END; (*if*)
ELSIF x > p^.key THEN
search(x,p^.right,h);
IF h THEN (*right branch has grown higher *)
CASE p^.bal OF
-1 : p^.bal:= 0; h:= FALSE;
| 0 : p^.bal:= +1;
| 1 : p1 := p^.right; (* rebalance *)
IF p1^.bal = +1 THEN (* single RR rotation *)
p^.right:= p1^.left;
p1^.left:= p;
p^.bal:= 0; p := p1;
ELSE (* double RL rotation *)
p2 := p1^.left;
p1^.left:= p2^.right;
p2^.right:= p1;
p^.right:= p2^.left;
p2^.left:= p;
IF p2^.bal = +1 THEN p^.bal := -1 ELSE p^.bal:= 0 END;
IF p2^.bal = -1 THEN p1^.bal := +1 ELSE p1^.bal:= 0 END;
p := p2
END; (*if*)
p^.bal:= 0; h:= FALSE
END; (*case*)
END; (*if*)
ELSE INC(p^.count); h:= FALSE
END; (*if*)
END search;
(******************************************************)
PROCEDURE delete(x: INTEGER; VAR p:ref; VAR h: BOOLEAN);
VAR q: ref; (* h = FALSE*)
PROCEDURE balance1(VAR p:ref; VAR h: BOOLEAN);
VAR p1,p2: ref;
b1,b2: [-1..+1];
BEGIN (*h = true, left branch has become less high *)
CASE p^.bal OF
-1 : p^.bal:= 0;
| 0 : p^.bal:= +1; h:= FALSE; (* rebalance *)
| 1 : p1:= p^.right;
b1:= p1^.bal;
IF b1 >= 0 THEN (* single RR rotation *)
p^.right := p1^.left;
p1^.left:=p;
IF b1 = 0 THEN
p^.bal:= +1;
p1^.bal := -1;
h:= FALSE
ELSE
p^.bal:= 0;
p1^.bal:= 0
END; (*if*)
p := p1;
ELSE (* double RL rotation *)
p2 := p1^.left;
b2 := p2^.bal;
p1^.left:= p2^.right;
p2^.right:= p1;
p^.right:= p2^.left;
p2^.left:= p;
IF b2 = +1 THEN p^.bal := -1 ELSE p^.bal:= 0 END;
IF b2 = -1 THEN p1^.bal := +1 ELSE p1^.bal:= 0 END;
p := p2;
p2^.bal := 0;
END; (*if*)
END; (*case*)
END balance1;
PROCEDURE balance2(VAR p:ref; VAR h: BOOLEAN);
VAR p1,p2: ref;
b1,b2: [-1..+1];
BEGIN (*h = true, right braanch has become less high *)
CASE p^.bal OF
1 : p^.bal:= 0;
| 0 : p^.bal:= -1; h:= FALSE;
| -1 : p1:= p^.left; (* rebalance *)
b1:= p1^.bal;
IF b1 <= 0 THEN (* single LL rotation *)
p^.left:= p1^.right;
p1^.right:=p;
IF b1 = 0 THEN
p^.bal:= -1;
p1^.bal := +1;
h:= FALSE
ELSE
p^.bal:= 0;
p1^.bal:= 0
END; (*if*)
p := p1;
ELSE (* double LR rotation *)
p2 := p1^.right;
b2 := p2^.bal;
p1^.right:= p2^.left;
p2^.left:= p1;
p^.left:= p2^.right;
p2^.right:= p;
IF b2 = -1 THEN p^.bal := +1 ELSE p^.bal:= 0 END;
IF b2 = +1 THEN p1^.bal := -1 ELSE p1^.bal:= 0 END;
p := p2;
p2^.bal := 0;
END; (*if*)
END; (*case*)
END balance2;
PROCEDURE del(VAR r:ref; VAR h: BOOLEAN);
BEGIN (* h = false *)
IF r^.right <> NIL THEN
del(r^.right,h);
IF h THEN balance2(r,h) END;
ELSE
q^.key := r^.key;
q^.count := r^.count;
r := r^.left;
h := TRUE;
END; (*if*)
END del;
BEGIN (*delete*)
IF p = NIL THEN
WriteString("key is not in tree");WriteLn;
h := FALSE;
ELSIF x < p^.key THEN
delete(x,p^.left,h);
IF h THEN balance1(p,h) END; (*if*)
ELSIF x > p^.key THEN
delete(x,p^.right,h);
IF h THEN balance2(p,h) END; (*if*)
ELSE (* delete p^*)
q := p;
IF q^.right = NIL THEN
p := q^.left;
h := TRUE;
ELSIF q^.left = NIL THEN
p := q^.right;
h := TRUE
ELSE del(q^.left,h);
IF h THEN balance1(p,h) END; (*if*)
END; (*if*)
(*dispose q*)
END; (*if*)
END delete;
(******************************************************)
BEGIN
WriteString("enter a 0 to quit and a negative number for deletion"); WriteLn;
WriteString("enter a node -> ");
ReadInt(k); WriteLn;
root := NIL;
WHILE k <> 0 DO
IF k >= 0 THEN
WriteString("insert"); WriteInt(k,4); WriteLn;
search(k,root,h);
ELSE
WriteString("delete");WriteInt(-k,4); WriteLn;
delete(-k,root,h)
END; (*if*)
printree(root,0);
WriteString("enter a node -> ");
ReadInt(k); WriteLn;
END; (*while*)
END BalTree.