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Text File | 1991-04-22 | 21KB | 466 lines

SUMMARY OF SPECIAL ACTIONS :name Visit how-to called 'name' : Visit last how-to refered to :: Display headings of how-to's in this workspace =name Visit contents of location = Visit last location visited == Display names of permament locations in this workspace >name Visit workspace 'name' > Visit last workspace visited >> Display list of workspace names QUIT Leave ABC SUMMARY OF EDITING OPERATIONS Name Default Keys* Short description Accept [TAB] Accept suggestion, focus to hole or end of line Return [RETURN] Add line or decrease indentation Widen f1, [ESC] w Widen focus Extend f2, [ESC] e Extend focus (usually to the right) First f3, [ESC] f Move focus to first contained item Last f4, [ESC] l Move focus to last contained item Previous f5, [ESC] p Move focus to previous item Next f6, [ESC] n Move focus to next item Upline f7, [ESC] u Move focus to whole line above Downline f8, [ESC] d Move focus to whole line below Up ^, [ESC] U Make new hole, move up Down v, [ESC] D Make new hole, move down Left <-, [ESC] , Make new hole, move left Right ->, [ESC] . Make new hole, move right Goto [ctrl-G], mouseclick New focus at cursor position Undo [BACKSPACE] Undo effect of last key pressed (may be repeated) Redo [ctrl-U] Redo last UNDOne key (may be repeated) Copy f9, [ctrl-C], [ESC]c Copy buffer to hole, or focus to buffer Delete [ctrl-D] Delete contents of focus (to buffer if empty) Record [ctrl-R] Start/stop recording keystrokes Play [ctrl-P] Play back recorded keystrokes Look [ctrl-L] Redisplay screen Help f10, [ESC]? Print summary of editing operations Exit [ctrl-X] Finish changes or execute command Interrupt (as set by 'stty')Interrupt command execution Suspend (as set by 'stty') Suspend ABC (only for shell with job control) * Notes: [Ctrl-D] means: hold the [CTRL] (or [CONTROL]) key down while pressing d. [ESC] w means: press the [ESC] key first, then w. ABC QUICK REFERENCE COMMANDS WRITE expr Write to screen; / before or after expr gives new line READ address EG expr Read expression from terminal to address; expr is example READ address RAW Read line of text PUT expr IN address Put value of expr in address SET RANDOM expr Start random sequence for random and choice REMOVE expr FROM list Remove one element from list INSERT expr IN list Insert in right place DELETE address Delete permanent location or table entry PASS Do nothing KEYWORD expr KEYWORD ... Execute user-defined command KEYWORD Execute refined command CHECK test Check test and stop if it fails IF test: If test succeeds, execute commands; commands no ELSE allowed SELECT: Select one alternative: test: commands try each test in order ... (one must succeed; test: commands the last test may be ELSE) WHILE test: As long as test succeeds commands execute commands FOR name,... IN train: Take each element of train in turn commands HOW-TO's HOW TO KEYWORD ...: Define new command KEYWORD ... commands HOW TO RETURN f: Define new function f with no arguments commands (returns a value) HOW TO RETURN f x: Define new function f with one argument commands HOW TO RETURN x f y: Define new function f with two arguments commands HOW TO REPORT pr: Define new predicate pr with no arguments commands (succeeds/fails) HOW TO REPORT pr x: Define new predicate pr with one argument commands HOW TO REPORT x pr y: Define new predicate pr with two arguments commands SHARE name,... Share permanent locations (before commands of how-to) Refinements (after the commands of a how-to) KEYWORD : commands Define command refinement name: commands Define expression- or test-refinement Terminating commands QUIT Leave command how-to or command refinement, or leave ABC RETURN expr Leave function how-to or expression refinement, return value of expr REPORT test Leave predicate how-to or test-refinement, report outcome of test SUCCEED The same, report success FAIL The same, report failure EXPRESSIONS AND ADDRESSES 666, 3.14, 3.14e-9 Exact constants expr,expr,... Compound name,name,... Naming (may also be used as address) text@p "ABCD"@2 = "BCD" (also address) text|q "ABCD"|3 = "ABC" (also address) text@p|q "ABCD"@2|1 = "BCD"|1 = "B" table[expr] Table selection (also address) "Jan", 'Feb', 'Won''t!' Textual displays (empty: "" or '') "value = `expr`;" Conversion of expr to text {1; 2; 2; ...} List display (empty: {}) {1..9; ...}, {"a".."z"; ...} List of consecutive values {["Jan"]: 1; ["Feb"]: 2; ...} Table display (empty: {}) f, f x, x f y Result of function f (no permanent effects) name Result of refinement (no permanent effects) TESTS x < y, x <= y, x >= y, x > y Order tests x = y, x <> y (<> means 'not equals') 0 <= d < 10 pr, pr x, x pr y Outcome of predicate pr (no permanent effects) name Outcome of refinement (no permanent effects) test AND test AND ... Fails as soon as one of the tests fails test OR test OR ... Succeeds as soon as one of the tests succeeds NOT test SOME name,... IN train HAS test Sets name, ... on success EACH name,... IN train HAS test Sets name, ... on failure NO name,... IN train HAS test Sets name, ... on failure PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS AND PREDICATES Functions and predicates on numbers ~x Approximate value of x exactly x Exact value of x exact x Test if x is exact +x, x+y, x-y, -x, x*y, x/y Plain arithmetic x**y x raised to the power y root x, n root x Square root, n-th root abs x, sign x Absolute value, sign (= -1, 0, or +1) round x, floor x, ceiling x Rounded to whole number n round x x rounded to n digits after decimal point a mod n Remainder of a on division by n */x Numerator of exact number x /*x Denominator random Random approximate number r, 0 <= r < 1 e, exp x Base of natural logarithm, exponential function log x, b log x Natural logarithm, logarithm to the base b pi, sin x, cos x, tan x, arctan x Trigonometric functions, with x in radians angle (x, y), radius (x, y) Angle of and radius to point (x, y) c sin x, c cos x, c tan x Similar, with the circle divided into c parts c arctan x, c angle (x, y) (e.g. 360 for degrees) now e.g. (1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59.999) Functions on texts t^u t and u joined into one text t^^n t repeated n times lower t lower "aBc" = "abc" upper t upper "aBc" = "ABC" stripped t Strip leading and trailing spaces from t split t Split text t into words Function on tables keys table List of all keys in table Functions and predicates on trains #train Number of elements in train e#train Number of elements equal to e e in train, e not.in train Test for presence or absence min train Smallest element of train e min train Smallest element larger than e max train, e max train Largest element train item n n-th element choice train Random element Functions on all types x<<n x converted to text, aligned left in width n x><n The same, centred x>>n The same, aligned right THE CHARACTERS !"#$%&'()*+,-./ This is the order of all characters 0123456789:;<=>? that may occur in a text. @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO (The first is a space.) PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_ `abcdefghijklmno pqrstuvwxyz{|}~ ABC MANUAL NAME abc - ABC interpreter & environment abckeys - change key bindings for 'abc' SYNOPSIS abc [workspace and editor options] [file ...] abc [workspace and task options] abckeys DESCRIPTION Without options or files, the ABC interpreter is started, using the ABC editor, in the last workspace used or in workspace 'first' if this is your first abc session. A workspace is kept as a group of files in a directory, with separate files for each how-to and location. The workspace directories themselves are kept by default in the directory $HOME/abc. On non-Unix machines, $HOME is the disk you are working on. Workspace Options: -W dir use group of workspaces in 'dir' instead of $HOME/abc. -w name start in workspace 'name' instead of last workspace used. -w path use 'path' as workspace (no -W option allowed). Editor option: -e Use $EDITOR as editor to edit definitions, instead of ABC editor (Unix only). file ... Read commands from file(s) instead of from standard input; input for READ commands is taken from standard input. If a file is called '-' and standard input is the keyboard, the ABC system is started up interactively for that entry. Special tasks: -i tab Fill table 'tab' with text lines from standard input. -o tab Write text lines from table 'tab' to standard output. -l List the how-to's in workspace to standard output. -p Pack how-to's and locations from a workspace to standard output. -u [ file ... ] Unpack how-to's and locations from file(s) or standard input in workspace. -r Recover a workspace when its index is lost: useful after a machine crash if the ABC internal administration files didn't get written out. -R Recover the index of a group of workspaces. USAGE (This is necessarily a very brief description; see 'The ABC Programmer's Handbook' for full details.) Use 'QUIT' to finish an ABC session. When ABC starts up interactively, it displays a prompt and awaits input. TYPING AND SUGGESTIONS: as you type, the system tries to suggest a possible continuation for what you have typed; to accept the suggestion, press [accept] (by default this is bound to the [TAB] key; type '?' to find out the bindings for the keyboard you are using). If you don't want to accept the suggestion, just carry on typing (you can always type character for character, ignoring the suggestions). Usually the system knows where a letter must be capital and where not, and you usually don't have to use the shift key; however, in the few places where both a lower-case and an upper- case letter would be legal (for instance for AND), you have to type the letter upper-case. When you type a control command, like WHILE, the system provides indentation automatically for the body of the command; to reduce the indentation one level, type [return]. CORRECTING AND EDITING: the [undo] key (by default bound to backspace) undoes the last key you typed. Repeatedly typing it undoes more and more, up to a certain maximum number of keypresses. To correct other parts, you must put the 'focus' onto the part you want to change. The focus is displayed by underlining or reverse video. [Widen] and [extend] make the focus larger, [first] and [last] make it smaller. [Delete] deletes the contents of the focus. [Copy] copies the contents of the focus to a buffer, or if the focus is not focussed on anything, copies the contents of the buffer back to where you are positioned. MOVING THE FOCUS: [Upline] and [downline] focus on one line above or below. [Previous] and [next] move the focus left and right. [Up], [down], [left], and [right] move an empty focus around. [Goto] widens the focus to the largest thing at the current position. OTHER OPERATIONS: [Look] redraws the screen; [record] records all keystrokes until the next time you press [record] - [play] replays them. [Redo] redoes the last key(s) undone; [interrupt] interrupts a running command. WORKSPACES: To create a new workspace, or go to an existing workspace, type '>name'. To go to the last workspace you were in, type a single '>'. To get a list of workspace names, type '>>'. HOW-TO's: To create a new how-to, just type the first line of the how-to. This creates the new how-to, and allows you to type the body. Use [exit] to finish it (by default [ESC][ESC]). To visit a how-to, type a colon, followed by the name of the how-to. Again, use [exit] to exit. To visit the last how-to again, or the last how-to you got an error message for, type a single ':'. To get a list of the how-to's in this workspace, type '::'. To edit a location, type a '=' followed by the name of the location. To re- edit it, type a single '='. To get a list of the locations in the workspace, type '=='. KEY BINDINGS The binding of editing operations like [accept] to keys may be different for your keyboard; type a '?' at the prompt to find out what the bindings are for your keyboard. To redefine the keys used for editor operations, run 'abckeys'. This produces a private key definitions file. You will be given instructions on how to use it. Keys labeled f1...f8 are function keys. On Unix, the way to type these is terminal-dependent. The codes they send must be defined by the termcap entry for your terminal. If a terminal has arrow keys which transmit codes to the computer, these should be used for Up, Down, Left and Right. Again, the termcap entry must define the codes. The Goto operation is of most use if the cursor can be moved locally at the terminal, or if the terminal has a mouse; the Goto operation will sense the terminal for the cursor or mouse position. On Unix, we use two extra non- standard termcap capabilities for this: 'sp' which gives the string that must be sent to the terminal to sense the cursor position, and 'cp' which defines the format of the reply (in the same format as other cursor-addressing strings in termcap). If your terminal's mouse-click sends the position of the click automatically, just set 'sp' to the empty string. See termcap(5) for more details. FILES $HOME/copybuf.abc copy buffer between sessions $HOME/abc/wsgroup.abc table mapping workspace names to directory names $HOME/abc/abckeys_$TERM private key definitions file (Unix only) $HOME/abc/abc.key private key definitions file (non-Unix) position.abc focus position of edited how-to's in workspace perm.abc table mapping object names to file names suggest.abc suggestion list for user-defined commands types.abc table with codes for typechecking between how-to's *.cmd command how-to's in this workspace *.zfd, *.mfd, *.dfd function how-to's in this workspace *.zpd, *.mpd, *.dpd predicate how-to's in this workspace *.cts permanent locations in this workspace abc.msg messages file, used for errors (not on Macintosh) abc.hlp helpfile with this text (MacABC.help on Macintosh) The latter two are searched for first in your startup directory, then in $HOME/abc, and finally, on Unix, in a directory determined by the installer of ABC. On the IBM PC and Atari ST the directories in your $PATH are used in the last stage (if you have a hard disk place these files in the workspaces directory abc). ATARI ST IMPLEMENTATION There are four files supplied: the program abc.tos itself, abckeys.tos for changing your key bindings, the help file abc.hlp, and the error messages file abc.msg. (See FILES above.) If you start ABC up from the desktop, and you want to use the options given above, like -w, you should rename abc.tos to abc.ttp. There is an additional facility for redirecting input and output: the parameter >outfile redirects all output from ABC to the file called outfile, and similarly <infile takes its input from the file called infile. IBM PC IMPLEMENTATION There are four files for running ABC, the program abc.exe itself, abckeys.exe for changing your key bindings, the help file abc.hlp, and the error messages file abc.msg. (See FILES above.) If your screen size is non-standard, or your machine is not 100% BIOS compatible (which is unusal these days), you can specify the screen-size, and whether to use the BIOS or ANSI.SYS for output, by typing after the A> prompt, before you start ABC up, one of the following: SET SCREEN=ANSI lines cols SET SCREEN=BIOS lines cols If you are going to use ANSI.SYS, be sure you have the line DEVICE=ANSI.SYS in your CONFIG.SYS file. Consult the DOS manual for further details. APPLE MACINTOSH IMPLEMENTATION There are three files supplied: MacABC, the application itself, MacABC.help, the help file, and MacABC.doc, a MacWrite document containing a variant of this text. The help file should be in the same folder as MacABC, or in your System Folder. MacABC runs in a single window. You'll notice that most operations are menu entries, as well as being possible from the keyboard. You can start ABC up by double-clicking the MacABC icon in which case you start up in the last workspace used, or by double-clicking on any icon in a workspace, in which case you start in that workspace. In this latter case, if the filename of the icon you clicked on ends in .cmd, that how-to is executed, but the how-to may not have any parameters. Instead of the special option flags mentioned above, most of the tasks, like recovering a workspace, can be done from the File menu. * Notes for Macintosh guru's: The messages are STR# resources in MacABC; you must use a resource editor to change them. MacABC uses Monaco 9 for the screen, and Courier 10 for printing. You can change them with ResEdit, by editing the resource with type Conf and ID 0. The horizontal and vertical window-size and the window-title can also be adapted there. To facilitate this, first Paste the TMPL resource with ID 5189 named Conf from MacABC to (a copy of) ResEdit. But beware, MacABC only works properly with Fixed-width Fonts like Monaco and Courier. SEE ALSO Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton, The ABC Programmer's Handbook, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990, ISBN 0-13- 000027-2. Steven Pemberton, An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs, IEEE Software, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 56-64. The ABC Newsletter. Available free from CWI. AUTHORS Frank van Dijk, Leo Geurts, Timo Krijnen, Lambert Meertens, Steven Pemberton, Guido van Rossum. ADDRESS ABC Distribution, CWI/AA, Postbox 4079, 1009 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: 'abc@cwi.nl'.