SPACE 2/SPACE - Library 2 - Volume 1.iso/utility/1a/general/basic.qrf

Text File | 1985-05-29 | 21.9 KB | 661 lines

             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 1



               Compiled by Alice Barney, [phone], NOVATARI

   1.  VARIABLE TYPES:
            A%  Integer
                  (holds numbers between -32768 and 32767)
            B!  Real (Single Precision--Default Type)
            C#  Double Precision Numbers. Ex. C#=3.33333333D+3
            D$  String Variable (Combine with +, as D$=E$+".")
                Note: A string variable <= 255 bytes
                      String arrays are supported
                      Arrays may have three dimensions.

   PURPOSE  CMD                   SYNTAX

   MATH     X = ABS(<numeric expression>) is pos. or 0

   STRING   I% = ASC(<string expression>)
            This gives ASCII value of first character in a string.

   MATH     X! = ATN(<numeric expression>)
            This gives the angle in radians, between -PI/2 and PI/2.
            See TAN function (opposite).

   BASIC    AUTO [<starting line number>] [,<increment>]
            This generates a line number after [Return] until turned
            off by a [Control] [G].  EX. AUTO 50, 25 generates 50, 75,...
            **75 means line 75 exists--keep it with empty [Return].

   FILE     BLOAD <filespec>[,<address>]
            This can load arrays, screen images or subroutines.
            If address left out, uses same address as in BSAVE.
            Ex:  110 BLOAD "ARRAY",23

   TEST     BREAK [<list of line numbers>]
            This prints out program line, and results, and pauses.
            This is turned off by UNBREAK or STOP or END.

   FILE     BSAVE <filespec>,<address>,<length>
            This saves part of memory to a file.

   CONTROL  CALL <numeric variable>[(<parameter list>)]
            This invokes a machine language routine in memory.
            Example:  600 CALL PGPNT(I%,A$,X)

   CONTROL  CHAIN <filespec>[,<line descriptor>][,ALL]
            CHAIN MERGE <filespec>[,<line descr.>]
                        [,DELETE<line descriptor list>]
            This loads and passes control to another program, which
            can be merged with the current program.
            COMMON variables are passed to the new/modified program.

   STRING   A$ = CHR$(<numeric expression>)
            This gives ASCII character with the decimal value MOD 256.









             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 2


   MATH     I% = CINT(<numeric expression>)
            This rounds to the nearest integer, in range -32768 to 32767.

   GRAPHIC  CIRCLE <horizontal center,vertical center,radius>
                           [<,start angle,end angle>]
            This draws circles and arcs for angles given as degrees
            times 10.  60 degrees is 600; 360 degrees is 3600.
            Circles are drawn in current plot color (COLOR parm 3).

   BASIC    CLEAR   This erases all data but keeps program.

   GEM      CLEARW <numeric expression>  Clears a window:
            0 = EDIT Window; 1 = LIST; 2 = OUTPUT; 3 = Command Window

   FILE     CLOSE [#]<file number>[,<file number>]...
            CLOSE without any file number closes all open disk files.

   GEM      CLOSEW <window number> Closes one BASIC window.

   GRAPHIC  COLOR [<text color,fill color,line color,style,index>]
            Text color is 0-15 (LOW), 0-3 (MED) and 0-1 (High Res.)
            Colors for fill (background) and line have same limits.
            Style is Hollow, Pattern or Hatch.
            Index is the pattern type for the style.

   CONTROL  COMMON <variable>,<variable>...  (see CHAIN)

   CONTROL  CONT      Continue after BREAK. (Or use GOTO)

   MATH     X = COS(<numeric expression>)
            The angle must be given in radians = degrees*(PI/180),
            where PI = 3.14159  (etc.)

   FILE     CVD(<8-byte string>)  (See MKD,MKI,MKS)
            This converts byte string to a double precision number,
            normally input from FIELD in buffer of a random file.

   FILE     CVI(<2-byte string>) converts to an integer.

   FILE     CVS(<4-byte string>)
            This converts to Single Precision real number.

   BASIC    DATA <constant>,<constant>...
            This holds values so READ statement assigns to variables.

   BASIC    DEF FN<function name>[(parameter,parameter>)] = <definition>
            Ex:       DEF FNA(A) = A*2+5
            The definition must be one program line.
            Arrays are not supported.

   GEM      DEF SEG [<numeric expression>]  EX: DEF SEG X
            If X > 0, 1 byte is PEEK or POKE size, with offset X
            If X = 0 and is not double precision, 2 bytes PEEK size.
            If X = 0 and is double precision, 4 bytes PEEK size.









             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 3


   BASIC    DEFDBL <letter>[-<letter>]
            This declares a range of letters for double precision numbers.

   BASIC    DEFINT <letter>[-<letter>]  defines integers

   BASIC    DEFSNG <letter>[-<letter>]  defines real numbers
            These are single precision (default type) numbers.

   STRING   DEFSTR <letter>[-<letter>] defines strings.

   BASIC    DELETE <line number list> erases BASIC line numbers

   ARRAYS   DIM <array name>(<subscript>,<subscript>)
                  [,<array name>(<subscript>)]
            This defines dimensions of arrays.  Max dimensions = 15.
            Lower bound of each dimension is 0 or 1--see OPTION BASE.
            Arrays can be 1/3 of memory but below 32K.

   FILE     DIR [<disk drive:>][<filename,filetype>]
            This lists file names on screen or printer--with wild cards.

   BASIC    EDIT <line number> or ED
            This invokes ST BASIC editor beginning at line given, or 0.

   GRAPH    ELLIPSE <horiz. center,vert. center,horiz. radius,
                           vert. radius>[<start angle,end angle>]
            This draws ellipses and elliptical arcs.

   CONTROL  END  (Stops program, closes files)

   FILE     X = EOF(<file number>)  Note: EOF = -1 (true)

   FILE     ERA [<disk drive:>]<filename>  erases matching files.

   BASIC    ERASE <array name>,<array name>
            This erases array contents so you can use it again.

   CONTROL  X = ERL (error line); Y = ERR (error code)
                These apply after an ERROR condition.

   CONTROL  ERROR <numeric expression> (Sets error number.)

   MATH     X = EXP(<numeric expression>)   (expr. < 43.6682)
            Returns the exponent of e, which is 2.7182

   FILE     FIELD #<file number>,<field width> AS <string var.>,
                        <,field width> AS <string variable>
            This allocates space in random file buffers.
            Buffer fields must be filled by LSET or RSET, or by input.
            Do not use INPUT or LET for FIELD buffer variables.

   GRAPHIC  FILL <numeric X expr.>,<numeric Y expr.>
            This fills drawn shape, starting at X,Y with color
            or pattern set by most recent COLOR statement.









             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 4


   MATH     X = FIX(<numeric expression>)
            This truncates a real number decimal part to get the integer.
            The real number must be between -32768 and 32767.

   MATH     X = FLOAT(<integer expression>)
            This converts an integer to the format of a real number.

   DEBUG    FOLLOW <variable>[,<variable>]   (See UNFOLLOW)
            This detects changes in the variables.  When one changes,
            the variable name, value and line number are printed.

   CONTROL  FOR <counter variable> = <numeric expression>
                      TO  <numeric expression> [STEP <num. expr.>]
            This loops until NEXT is reached.

   CONTROL  X = FRE(<dummy argument>)  Ex: ? FRE(0)

   GEM      FULLW <numeric expression>
            Sets BASIC window to full size: 0=Edit;1=List;2=Output;3=CMD

   GEM      GEMSYS(AES Op Codes)  allows access to mouse
            Ex:  10 REM PRINT MOUSE X,Y POS. & BUTTON STATES
                 20 A#=GB
                 30 CONTROL=PEEK(A#):GLOBAL=PEEK(A#+4)
                 50 GINTIN=PEEK(A#+8):GINTOUT=PEEK(A#+12)
                 70 ADDRIN=PEEK(A#+16):ADDROUT=PEEK(A#+20):GEMSYS(79)
                100 PRINT PEEK(GINTOUT+2):? PEEK(GINTOUT+4)
                120 PRINT PEEK(GINTOUT+6):? PEEK(GINTOUT+8)

   FILE     GET [#]<file number>[,<record number>]
            This reads a record from a random disk file.

   CONTROL  GOSUB <line number> or GOSUB <label name>

   CONTROL  GOTO  <line number> or GOTO  <label name>

   GRAPHIC  GOTOXY <Column Position>,<Row Position>
            This controls the output Cursor position in the
            Output Window.

   BASIC    X = HEX$(numeric expression)
            This returns the result, in HEX.
            EX: X=HEX$(15):? X GIVES 'F'

   CONTROL  IF <logical expression> THEN <statement> <:statement>
            [ELSE <statement> <:statement>
            This may include imbedded FOR...NEXT or WHILE...WEND loop.

   I/O      X = INP(<port number>)    Gets byte from input port
            To get port status use neg like INP(-3)--0=n/avail;-1=avail
                 Port 0 = PRINTER   (Parallel Port)
                      1 = AUX       (RS-232)
                      2 = CONSOLE   (Screen)
                      3 = MIDI   (Musical Instr. Dig. Interface)
                      4 = KEYBOARD








             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 5



   I/O      INPUT [;] [<prompt string><; or ,>] <variable>,<variable>
            If ';' used, get '? ' before reply.  ',' omits both.
            If no quoted prompt or null string used, '? ' is printed.

   I/O      INPUT#<file number>,<variable>, <variable>
            This inputs data from a disk file, bypassing leading spaces,
            tabs, carr.returns, and line feeds.  After data found, it is
            ended by space, carr.return, line feed, comma, or char.#255.
            --Quoted strings are ended by quote or EOF or char #255.
            --Unquoted strings are ended by carr.rtn, line-feed, comma,EOF
              or 255 char, and drop trailing spaces.

   I/O      X = INPUT$(<number of char.>[,[#]<file number>])
            This returns requested number of characters from disk or
            keyboard.

   I/O      X = INSTR([<starting point>,]
             <target string expression>, <pattern string>)
            This searches for imbedded string and gives pos. or 0.

   MATH     X = INT(numeric expression)
            This converts from floating to integer number form.

   FILE     KILL<string expression>
            Deletes disk file -- works inside BASIC program.

   STRING   X$ = LEFT$(<target string>,<number of char.>)
            This extracts leftmost characters from a string.

   STRING   Z = LEN(<string expression>)  Gives string length

   BASIC    [LET] <variable>=<expression>  [LET is optional]
            This assigns a value to a variable, converting as needed.

   I/O      LINE INPUT[;] [<prompt>[, or ;]]<string variable>
            This requests keyboard string variable input ended by <RETURN>
            or <Line Feed>.

   I/O      LINE INPUT#<file number>,<string variable>
            This inputs up to 254 byte disk file string ended by CARR.RTN.
            A line feed preceding CARR.RTN. is input--does not end line.

   GRAPHIC  LINEF <X1,Y1,X2,Y2>   draws line from X1,Y1 to X2,Y2

   BASIC    LIST [<line descriptor, list>]  Ex. LIST 10-30,70-90
            LIST - 30 lists lines up to 30. [CONTROL] [G] stops LIST.

   BASIC    LLIST [<line descriptor list>] lists program to printer.
            WIDTH LPRINT <integer expression> sets printer line width.

   FILE     LOAD <file name>  Loads new program, clearing any previous.

   FILE     X = LOC(<file number>) Gives current record # in Random file.
            In a sequential file, gives #bytes read or written.








             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 6



   FILE     X = LOF(<file number>) Gives file length in bytes.

   MATH     X = LOG(<positive numeric expression>)
            Gives natural log (to base e) of number > 0

   MATH     X = LOG10(<pos. numeric expression>)  Gives base 10 logarith.

   I/O      LPOS(X) Gives approx. current print column for printer.

   BASIC    LPRINT (<list of expressions>]      or
            LPRINT USING <format string expr.>;<list of expressions>)

   I/O      LSET<string variable>=<string expression>
            Moves string into existing string variable, left jusified.
            For random file buffer, use MKD$,MKI$ or MKS$ for numbers.

   I/O      MERGE <filename>    (into existing BASIC program in memory)

   STRING   X$ = MID$(<string expression>,<starting point>,[length>])
            This returns a segment of a string.

   FILE     X$ = MKD$(<numeric double precision expression>)
            This converts number to an 8-byte string for file buffer.

   FILE     X$ = MKI$(<integer expression>) returns two-byte string.

   FILE     X$ = MKS$(<numeric single precision expression>)  -- 4 bytes

   FILE     NAME <old file name> AS <new file name> -- renames disk file

   BASIC    NEW [<new program name>]  clears memory, may name new program

   LOOP     NEXT [<counter>][,<counter>]

   STRING   X$ = OCT$(<numeric integer expression>)

   BASIC    OLD <filename>  clears memory & loads program into memory

   CONTROL  ON <numerical expr.> GOTO <line number list>

   CONTROL  ON <numerical expr.> GOSUB <label list>

   CONTROL  ON ERROR GOTO <line descriptor>  line = 0 to show error num.

   FILE     OPEN <mode I,O or R>,[#]<file numb>,<filename>[<rcd length>]
            Random file record length is optional--default is 128 bytes.

   GEM      OPENW <window number>  opens one ST BASIC window.
            Windows: 0=EDIT, 1=LIST, 2=OUTPUT, 3=COMMAND

   ARRAY    OPTION BASE <1 or 0>  Sets base subscript values of array.
            (Default base is 0.  If 0, array has N+1 elements.)

   I/O      OUT <integer port number>,<integer expression>








             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 7


            Sends data byte to port: 0=Pr,1=RS232,2=Scr,3=MIDI,4=Keybd

   GRAPHIC  PCIRCLE <XC,YC,R>[<,start angle,end angle>]
            This draws solid circles and arcs at center XC,YC,Radius R
            Angles are in degrees times 10, from right, counter-
            clockwise.  The FILL color is parm 2 of COLOR statement.

   GEM      X = PEEK(<memory location>)  Returns memory contents
            (Controlled by DEF SEG--see explanation)

   GRAPHIC  PELLIPSE <XC,YC,XR,YR<[<,start angle,end angle>]
            This draws filled ellipses and elliptical pie shapes.

   GEM      POKE <location to poke>,<data to poke>
            Stores data in memory, as governed by DEF SEG.
            This could crash the system.

   I/O      X = POS(<dummy argument>)  Returns current cursor position.
            This is on screen (or printer?)

   I/O      PRINT [<expression><, or ;><expression>[<, or ;>]]
            This prints data to the ST BASIC GEM Output Window.
            PRINT can be abbreviated with a question mark '?'.

   I/O      PRINT# <file number>,<expression>,<expression>
            This prints data to a disk file in same format as screen.
            It can be abbreviated as '?#' instead of 'PRINT#'.

   I/0      PRINT USING <string expr>;<list of expr.>
            PRINT# <file number>,USING<"string expr.">;<list of expr>
            These can be abbreviated with '?' in place of 'PRINT'.
            The print "mask" characters include: !, \chars\, &, #, '.',
            +, -, **, $$, **$, ',', _, and ^^^^.

   I/O      PUT [#]<file number>,<record number>
            This outputs a random file record from a buffer.

   CONTROL  QUIT   Leaves ST BASIC and returns to GEM command level

   MATH     RANDOMIZE [<numeric expression>] makes new border print.

   I/0      READ <variable>,<variable>
            Assigns DATA statement values to variables.

   BASIC    REM THIS IS A REMARK  or ' THIS IS A REMARK

   BASIC    RENUM [<new first line>][,<starting line>][<increment>]
            This renumbers BASIC program lines, via BASIC.WRK

   I/O      REPLACE [<filename>][,<line number list>]
            Replaces old file name.

   GEM      RESET  puts outout window into graphics buffer.
            (Opposite of OPENW <number>)









             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 8


   I/O      RESTORE <line descriptor>  Allows rereading of DATA.

   CONTROL  RESUME (0) or RESUME NEXT or RESUME <line descriptor>
            Returns from error routine.

   CONTROL  RETURN    Returns from subroutine after GOSUB entry.

   STRING   X$ = RIGHT$(<target string> , <number of char>)
            This returns right end of string.

   MATH     X = RND[(<numeric expression>)]  Gives random number.
            RND(0) repeats random number. RND(Y) gives next number.
            RND(-Y) reseeds random number and gives first value.

   FILE     RSET <string variable>=<string expression>
            This right justifies string for fielded random file buffer.

   BASIC    RUN <,line descriptor> or RUN <filename>

   BASIC    SAVE [<filename>], [<line descriptor list>] Saves program

   MATH     X = SGN(<numeric expression>)  Returns sign of a number:
            POS = 1; NEG = -1; and ZERO = 0.

   MATH     X = SIN(<numeric expression>) where argument is radians.
            rad = degrees * pi/180, where pi = 3.141593.  Result is
            a real number even when angle given as an integer.

   SOUND    SOUND VOICE, VOLUME, NOTE, OCTAVE, DURATION
            Voice=channel 1-3. VOL=0-15. NOTE number=1-12. OCTAVE=1-8.
            Duration=time in 1/50 sec.

   STRING   X$ = SPACE$(<numeric expression>)  returns up to 255 spaces

   PRINT    PRINT SPC(<numeric expression>)
            This prints spaces, MOD the printer width if<256.
            IF Num.Xpr. > 255, MOD 255.

   MATH     X = SQR(numeric expression)  Gives square root of pos. num.

   CONTROL  STEP or STEP <,line descr.) or STEP <filename>
            This runs program one line at a time.

   CONTROL  STOP  Stops PGM, returns to BASIC Command GEM window.
            Stops, leaving open files--use CONT or [Return] to continue.

   STRING   X$ = STR$(<numeric expression>)   (Oppos. of VAL)
            This puts a number in a string as though printed.
            Pos. numbers begin with SPACE--Neg. begin with '-'.

   STRING   X$ = STRING$(<num. expr>,<num or string expr>)
            This gives a string of length arg-1, from arg-2.
            Ex. ? STRING$(5,"*") prints '*****'. 'AAA' = STRING$(3,65)

   BASIC    SWAP <first variable>,<second variable>  trade values








             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 9



   GEM      X = PEEK(SYSTAB+OFFSET)  (See page C-141)
            SYSTAB + 0:    Resolution: 1 = HI, 2 = MED, 4 = LO
                   +20:    Graphics Buffer if BUFFERED GRAPHICS enabled.
                           --4 byte pointer to 32768 byte buffer
                   +24:    GEMFLAG (0 = normal, 1 = off)
                           --on required for MOUSE, SCREEN & KEYBOARD)

   CONTROL  SYSTEM   (Same as QUIT--closes files, returns to GEM)

   PRINT    PRINT TAB(<tab position>)  moves cursor to column given.
            If WIDTH < <tab> <  256, MOD Width.
            If <tab> > 256, MOD 256.

   MATH     X = TAN(<angle in radians>)
            Radians = Degrees * 3.141593 / 180

   DEBUG    TRACE [<line descriptor list>]  --  Opp. is UNTRACE
            This prints selected line number commands as they execute.
            Ex. TRACE 20,40 does two lines; TRACE 20-40 does the range.

   DEBUG    TROFF [<line descriptor list>]
            This cancels TRON all or partially.

   DEBUG    TRON [<line descriptor list>] prints line numbers only

   DEBUG    UNBREAK [<line descriptor list>]
            This [selectively] cancels BREAK (STOP on line#) command.

   CONTROL  UNFOLLOW [<variable>],[<variable>]
            This (partially) cancels FOLLOW

   CONTROL  UNTRACE [<line descriptor list>] cancels TRACE all or part.

   STRING   X = VAL(<digit string expression>) -- Converts to real num.
            This scans strings like the INPUT# statement.  (Opp: STR$)

   CONTROL  X = VARPTR(<variable>) or = VARPTR(#<file number>)
            This gives variable address, or gives addr. of file buffer
            This could be used with BSAVE or BLOAD.

   GEM      VDISYS(<Dummy Argument>)
            This gives access to VDI interface--see page C-156.

   I/O      WAIT <port number>,<integer expression>[,<integer expression>]
            Waits (forever?) until bit pattern found--see page C-157

   SOUND    WAVE ENABLE, ENVELOPE, SHAPE, PERIOD, DELAY (5 num.expr)
            ENABLE:   0 in bits 0-2 enable voice 1-3.
                      0 in bits 3-5 places noise on voice 1-3.
            ENVELOPE: 1 in bits 0-2 enables envelope for voices 1-3.
            SHAPE:    Env. shape & cycle register--bits 0-3?
            PERIOD:   Sets period of the envelope.
            DELAY:    Sets time in 1/50 second incr.









             ATARI 520ST--BASIC QUICK REFERENCE (Nov. 1985)--Page 10


   CONTROL  WEND   Signals the end of a WHILE/WEND loop.

   CONTROL  WHILE <logical expression> begins loop ended by WEND

   CONTROL  WIDTH [LPRINT] <integer expression>   -- default is 72 char
            If printer width = 255, omits carriage return at line end.

   I/O      WRITE [<expression>],<expression>  outputs to screen line

   I/O      WRITE #[<expression>],<expression> outputs to sequen. file



















































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