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|00003870| 65 06 69 6e 74 20 61 3b | 06 63 6f 75 74 3c 3c 22 |e.int a;|.cout<<"|
|00003880| 45 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 | 76 61 6c 75 65 20 22 3b |Enter a |value ";|
|00003890| 06 63 69 6e 3e 3e 61 3b | 06 54 68 65 20 27 3e 3e |.cin>>a;|.The '>>|
|000038a0| 27 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 | 6f 72 20 69 73 20 6b 6e |' operat|or is kn|
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|000038c0| 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 70 65 | 72 61 74 6f 72 2e 20 54 |tion ope|rator. T|
|000038d0| 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 | 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 |he above| stateme|
|000038e0| 6e 74 20 63 61 75 73 65 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 |nt cause|s the va|
|000038f0| 6c 75 65 73 20 65 6e 74 | 65 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 |lues ent|ered by |
|00003900| 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 | 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 |the user| to be s|
|00003910| 74 6f 72 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 72 |tored in| the var|
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|00003930| 41 54 4f 52 53 06 4d 61 | 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 6f |ATORS.Ma|nipulato|
|00003940| 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 6f | 70 65 72 61 74 6f 72 73 |rs are o|perators|
|00003950| 20 75 73 65 64 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 69 | used wi|th the i|
|00003960| 6e 73 65 72 74 69 6f 6e | 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 6f |nsertion| operato|
|00003970| 72 20 3c 3c 20 74 6f 20 | 6d 6f 64 69 66 79 20 6f |r << to |modify o|
|00003980| 72 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 | 6c 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 |r manipu|late the|
|00003990| 20 77 61 79 20 64 61 74 | 61 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 | way dat|a is dis|
|000039a0| 70 6c 61 79 65 64 2e 20 | 54 77 6f 20 6f 66 20 74 |played. |Two of t|
|000039b0| 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 | 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 6d |he most |common m|
|000039c0| 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 | 6f 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 |anipulat|ors are |
|000039d0| 74 68 65 20 73 65 74 77 | 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6e 64 |the setw| and end|
|000039e0| 6c 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 | 6c 61 74 6f 72 73 2e 20 |l manipu|lators. |
|000039f0| 49 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 | 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 |In order| to use |
|00003a00| 74 68 65 73 65 20 6d 61 | 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 6f |these ma|nipulato|
|00003a10| 72 73 20 74 68 65 20 68 | 65 61 64 65 72 20 66 69 |rs the h|eader fi|
|00003a20| 6c 65 20 69 6f 6d 61 6e | 69 70 2e 68 20 73 68 6f |le ioman|ip.h sho|
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|00003a40| 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 |in the p|rogram f|
|00003a50| 69 6c 65 2e 06 54 48 45 | 20 45 4e 44 4c 20 4d 41 |ile..THE| ENDL MA|
|00003a60| 4e 49 50 55 4c 41 54 4f | 52 06 54 68 69 73 20 6d |NIPULATO|R.This m|
|00003a70| 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 | 6f 72 20 63 61 75 73 65 |anipulat|or cause|
|00003a80| 73 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 69 |s a line| to be i|
|00003a90| 6e 73 65 72 74 65 64 2e | 20 49 74 20 68 61 73 20 |nserted.| It has |
|00003aa0| 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 | 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 20 |the same| effect |
|00003ab0| 61 73 20 73 65 6e 64 69 | 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 |as sendi|ng the s|
|00003ac0| 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 27 5c | 6e 27 20 63 68 61 72 61 |ingle '\|n' chara|
|00003ad0| 63 74 65 72 2c 20 77 68 | 69 63 68 20 77 65 20 77 |cter, wh|ich we w|
|00003ae0| 69 6c 6c 20 64 69 73 63 | 75 73 73 20 6c 61 74 65 |ill disc|uss late|
|00003af0| 72 20 69 6e 20 65 73 63 | 61 70 65 20 73 65 71 75 |r in esc|ape sequ|
|00003b00| 65 6e 63 65 73 2e 06 43 | 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 20 |ences..C|onsider |
|00003b10| 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c | 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 70 72 |the foll|owing pr|
|00003b20| 6f 67 72 61 6d 06 23 69 | 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 3c 69 |ogram.#i|nclude<i|
|00003b30| 6f 73 74 72 65 61 6d 2e | 68 3e 06 76 6f 69 64 20 |ostream.|h>.void |
|00003b40| 6d 61 69 6e 28 29 06 7b | 06 6c 6f 6e 67 20 70 6f |main().{|.long po|
|00003b50| 70 31 3d 32 33 34 33 34 | 35 34 2c 20 70 6f 70 32 |p1=23434|54, pop2|
|00003b60| 3d 32 33 33 34 3b 06 63 | 6f 75 74 20 3c 3c 20 22 |=2334;.c|out << "|
|00003b70| 4c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 22 20 3c 3c 20 22 50 |Location| " << "P|
|00003b80| 6f 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6f | 6e 22 3c 3c 65 6e 64 6c |opulatio|n"<<endl|
|00003b90| 3b 06 63 6f 75 74 3c 3c | 20 22 4e 65 77 20 44 65 |;.cout<<| "New De|
|00003ba0| 6c 68 69 20 22 3c 3c 70 | 6f 70 31 3c 3c 65 6e 64 |lhi "<<p|op1<<end|
|00003bb0| 6c 3b 06 63 6f 75 74 3c | 3c 20 22 42 6f 6d 62 61 |l;.cout<|< "Bomba|
|00003bc0| 79 20 22 20 3c 3c 20 70 | 6f 70 32 3c 3c 65 6e 64 |y " << p|op2<<end|
|00003bd0| 6c 3b 06 7d 06 54 68 65 | 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 |l;.}.The| output |
|00003be0| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 |of the p|rogram i|
|00003bf0| 73 06 4c 6f 63 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 50 6f 70 75 6c |s.Locati|on Popul|
|00003c00| 61 74 69 6f 6e 06 4e 65 | 77 20 44 65 6c 68 69 20 |ation.Ne|w Delhi |
|00003c10| 32 33 34 33 34 35 34 06 | 42 6f 6d 62 61 79 20 32 |2343454.|Bombay 2|
|00003c20| 33 33 34 06 49 74 20 63 | 61 6e 20 62 65 20 76 69 |334.It c|an be vi|
|00003c30| 73 75 61 6c 69 7a 65 64 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 61 |sualized| that ea|
|00003c40| 63 68 20 76 61 6c 75 65 | 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 |ch value| display|
|00003c50| 65 64 20 62 79 20 63 6f | 75 74 20 6f 63 63 75 70 |ed by co|ut occup|
|00003c60| 69 65 73 20 61 20 66 69 | 65 6c 64 2c 20 61 6e 20 |ies a fi|eld, an |
|00003c70| 69 6d 61 67 69 6e 61 72 | 79 20 62 6f 78 20 77 69 |imaginar|y box wi|
|00003c80| 74 68 20 61 20 63 65 72 | 74 61 69 6e 20 77 69 64 |th a cer|tain wid|
|00003c90| 74 68 2e 20 54 68 65 20 | 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 |th. The |default |
|00003ca0| 66 69 65 6c 64 20 69 73 | 20 6a 75 73 74 20 77 69 |field is| just wi|
|00003cb0| 64 65 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 | 68 20 74 6f 20 68 6f 6c |de enoug|h to hol|
|00003cc0| 64 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 | 6c 75 65 2e 20 54 68 61 |d the va|lue. Tha|
|00003cd0| 74 20 69 73 2c 20 74 68 | 65 20 69 6e 74 65 67 65 |t is, th|e intege|
|00003ce0| 72 20 35 36 37 20 77 69 | 6c 6c 20 6f 63 63 75 70 |r 567 wi|ll occup|
|00003cf0| 79 20 61 20 66 69 65 6c | 64 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 |y a fiel|d three |
|00003d00| 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 | 72 73 20 77 69 64 65 2e |characte|rs wide.|
|00003d10| 20 48 65 6e 63 65 2c 20 | 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 | Hence, |the outp|
|00003d20| 75 74 20 6f 66 20 6f 75 | 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 |ut of ou|r progra|
|00003d30| 6d 20 61 62 6f 76 65 2e | 06 54 48 45 20 53 45 54 |m above.|.THE SET|
|00003d40| 57 20 4d 41 4e 49 50 55 | 4c 41 54 4f 52 06 57 69 |W MANIPU|LATOR.Wi|
|00003d50| 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f | 75 74 70 75 74 20 73 68 |th the o|utput sh|
|00003d60| 6f 77 6e 20 61 62 6f 76 | 65 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 |own abov|e it is |
|00003d70| 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c | 74 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d |difficul|t to com|
|00003d80| 70 61 72 65 20 69 6e 74 | 65 67 65 72 20 76 61 6c |pare int|eger val|
|00003d90| 75 65 73 2e 20 49 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 |ues. If |the same|
|00003da0| 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d | 20 69 73 20 77 72 69 74 | program| is writ|
|00003db0| 74 65 6e 20 77 69 74 68 | 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 6c |ten with| the hel|
|00003dc0| 70 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 65 74 77 20 6d 61 |p of the| setw ma|
|00003dd0| 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 6f | 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6f |nipulato|r, the o|
|00003de0| 75 74 70 75 74 20 77 6f | 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 73 |utput wo|uld be s|
|00003df0| 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 | 20 65 6c 73 65 2e 06 23 |omething| else..#|
|00003e00| 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 3c | 69 6f 73 74 72 65 61 6d |include<|iostream|
|00003e10| 2e 68 3e 06 23 69 6e 63 | 6c 75 64 65 3c 69 6f 6d |.h>.#inc|lude<iom|
|00003e20| 61 6e 69 70 2e 68 3e 06 | 76 6f 69 64 20 6d 61 69 |anip.h>.|void mai|
|00003e30| 6e 28 29 06 7b 06 6c 6f | 6e 67 20 70 6f 70 31 3d |n().{.lo|ng pop1=|
|00003e40| 32 33 34 33 34 35 34 2c | 20 70 6f 70 32 3d 32 33 |2343454,| pop2=23|
|00003e50| 33 34 3b 06 63 6f 75 74 | 20 3c 3c 73 65 74 77 28 |34;.cout| <<setw(|
|00003e60| 38 29 3c 3c 22 4c 6f 63 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 20 |8)<<"Loc|ation " |
|00003e70| 3c 3c 20 73 65 74 77 28 | 31 32 29 3c 3c 22 50 6f |<< setw(|12)<<"Po|
|00003e80| 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e | 22 3c 3c 65 6e 64 6c 3b |pulation|"<<endl;|
|00003e90| 06 63 6f 75 74 3c 3c 73 | 65 74 77 28 38 29 3c 3c |.cout<<s|etw(8)<<|
|00003ea0| 22 4e 65 77 20 44 65 6c | 68 69 20 22 3c 3c 20 73 |"New Del|hi "<< s|
|00003eb0| 65 74 77 28 31 32 29 3c | 3c 70 6f 70 31 3c 3c 65 |etw(12)<|<pop1<<e|
|00003ec0| 6e 64 6c 3b 06 63 6f 75 | 74 3c 3c 20 73 65 74 77 |ndl;.cou|t<< setw|
|00003ed0| 28 38 29 3c 3c 22 42 6f | 6d 62 61 79 20 22 20 3c |(8)<<"Bo|mbay " <|
|00003ee0| 3c 20 73 65 74 77 28 31 | 32 29 3c 3c 70 6f 70 32 |< setw(1|2)<<pop2|
|00003ef0| 3c 3c 65 6e 64 6c 3b 06 | 7d 06 54 68 65 20 73 65 |<<endl;.|}.The se|
|00003f00| 74 77 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 | 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 63 |tw manip|ulator c|
|00003f10| 61 75 73 65 73 20 74 68 | 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 |auses th|e number|
|00003f20| 20 6f 72 20 73 74 72 69 | 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 | or stri|ng that |
|00003f30| 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 | 74 6f 20 62 65 20 70 72 |follows |to be pr|
|00003f40| 69 6e 74 65 64 20 77 69 | 74 68 69 6e 20 61 20 66 |inted wi|thin a f|
|00003f50| 69 65 6c 64 20 6e 20 63 | 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 |ield n c|haracter|
|00003f60| 73 20 77 69 64 65 2c 20 | 77 68 65 72 65 20 6e 20 |s wide, |where n |
|00003f70| 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 61 | 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 |is the a|rgument |
|00003f80| 74 6f 20 73 65 74 77 28 | 6e 29 2e 20 54 68 65 20 |to setw(|n). The |
|00003f90| 76 61 6c 75 65 20 69 73 | 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 6a |value is| right j|
|00003fa0| 75 73 74 69 66 69 65 64 | 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 |ustified| within |
|00003fb0| 74 68 65 20 66 69 65 6c | 64 2e 06 54 68 65 20 6e |the fiel|d..The n|
|00003fc0| 65 77 20 6f 75 74 70 75 | 74 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 |ew outpu|t would |
|00003fd0| 62 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 | 68 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b |be somet|hing lik|
|00003fe0| 65 20 74 68 69 73 06 4c | 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 |e this.L|ocation |
|00003ff0| 50 6f 70 75 6c 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 06 4e 65 77 20 44 |Populati|on.New D|
|00004000| 65 6c 68 69 20 32 33 34 | 33 34 35 34 06 42 6f 6d |elhi 234|3454.Bom|
|00004010| 62 61 79 20 32 33 33 34 | 06 45 53 43 41 50 45 20 |bay 2334|.ESCAPE |
|00004020| 53 45 51 55 45 4e 43 45 | 53 06 41 70 61 72 74 20 |SEQUENCE|S.Apart |
|00004030| 66 72 6f 6d 20 75 73 69 | 6e 67 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 |from usi|ng manip|
|00004040| 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 73 20 | 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 |ulators |there is|
|00004050| 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 | 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 | another| way to |
|00004060| 6f 62 74 61 69 6e 20 66 | 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 65 64 |obtain f|ormatted|
|00004070| 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 2e | 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 61 | output.| This ca|
|00004080| 6e 20 62 65 20 64 6f 6e | 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 |n be don|e with t|
|00004090| 68 65 20 68 65 6c 70 20 | 6f 66 20 65 73 63 61 70 |he help |of escap|
|000040a0| 65 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e | 63 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 |e sequen|ces. The|
|000040b0| 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 | 6e 67 20 65 78 61 6d 70 | followi|ng examp|
|000040c0| 6c 65 20 73 68 6f 77 73 | 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 61 |le shows| the usa|
|000040d0| 67 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 | 76 65 72 79 20 63 6f 6d |ge of a |very com|
|000040e0| 6d 6f 6e 20 65 73 63 61 | 70 65 20 73 65 71 75 65 |mon esca|pe seque|
|000040f0| 6e 63 65 20 27 5c 6e 27 | 2e 06 63 6f 75 74 3c 3c |nce '\n'|..cout<<|
|00004100| 20 22 57 68 61 74 20 69 | 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6e | "What i|s your n|
|00004110| 61 6d 65 3f 22 3c 3c 20 | 22 5c 6e 22 3b 06 63 6f |ame?"<< |"\n";.co|
|00004120| 75 74 3c 3c 20 22 4d 79 | 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 |ut<< "My| name is|
|00004130| 20 56 61 6e 64 61 6e 61 | 22 3b 06 45 73 63 61 70 | Vandana|";.Escap|
|00004140| 65 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e | 63 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 |e sequen|ces can |
|00004150| 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 | 62 6f 74 68 20 77 69 74 |be used |both wit|
|00004160| 68 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 | 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 |h charac|ter and |
|00004170| 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 63 | 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 73 |string c|onstants|
|00004180| 2e 06 54 68 65 20 65 73 | 63 61 70 65 20 73 65 71 |..The es|cape seq|
|00004190| 75 65 6e 63 65 20 5c 6e | 20 63 61 75 73 65 73 20 |uence \n| causes |
|000041a0| 74 68 65 20 73 74 72 69 | 6e 67 20 22 4d 79 20 6e |the stri|ng "My n|
|000041b0| 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 56 | 61 6e 64 61 6e 61 22 20 |ame is V|andana" |
|000041c0| 74 6f 20 62 65 20 70 72 | 69 6e 74 65 64 20 69 6e |to be pr|inted in|
|000041d0| 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 | 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 06 | the nex|t line..|
|000041e0| 54 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c | 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74 61 |The foll|owing ta|
|000041f0| 62 6c 65 20 73 68 6f 77 | 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 |ble show|s a list|
|00004200| 20 6f 66 20 73 6f 6d 65 | 20 65 73 63 61 70 65 20 | of some| escape |
|00004210| 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 | 73 2e 06 45 73 63 61 70 |sequence|s..Escap|
|00004220| 65 20 53 65 71 75 65 6e | 63 65 06 20 43 68 61 72 |e Sequen|ce. Char|
|00004230| 61 63 74 65 72 06 06 5c | 61 06 20 42 65 6c 6c 20 |acter..\|a. Bell |
|00004240| 28 62 65 65 70 29 06 06 | 5c 62 06 20 42 61 63 6b |(beep)..|\b. Back|
|00004250| 73 70 61 63 65 42 f7 06 | 06 5c 6e 06 20 4e 65 77 |spaceB..|.\n. New|
|00004260| 20 6c 69 6e 65 06 06 5c | 72 06 20 52 65 74 75 72 | line..\|r. Retur|
|00004270| 6e 06 06 5c 92 06 20 53 | 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 71 75 |n..\.. S|ingle qu|
|00004280| 6f 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 06 | 06 5c 22 06 20 44 6f 75 |otation.|.\". Dou|
|00004290| 62 6c 65 20 71 75 6f 74 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 06 06 5c |ble quot|ation..\|
|000042a0| 66 06 20 46 6f 72 6d 20 | 66 65 65 64 06 06 5c 5c |f. Form |feed..\\|
|000042b0| 06 20 42 61 63 6b 73 6c | 61 73 68 06 06 54 61 62 |. Backsl|ash..Tab|
|000042c0| 6c 65 20 31 2e 32 3a 20 | 53 6f 6d 65 20 65 73 63 |le 1.2: |Some esc|
|000042d0| 61 70 65 20 73 65 71 75 | 65 6e 63 65 73 06 41 52 |ape sequ|ences.AR|
|000042e0| 49 54 48 4d 45 54 49 43 | 20 4f 50 45 52 41 54 4f |ITHMETIC| OPERATO|
|000042f0| 52 53 06 43 2b 2b 20 75 | 73 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 |RS.C++ u|ses the |
|00004300| 66 6f 75 72 20 6e 6f 72 | 6d 61 6c 20 61 72 69 74 |four nor|mal arit|
|00004310| 68 6d 65 74 69 63 20 6f | 70 65 72 61 74 6f 72 73 |hmetic o|perators|
|00004320| 20 2b 2c 2d 2c 2a 20 61 | 6e 64 20 2f 20 66 6f 72 | +,-,* a|nd / for|
|00004330| 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f | 6e 2c 20 73 75 62 74 72 | additio|n, subtr|
|00004340| 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 | 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 69 |action, |multipli|
|00004350| 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 | 6e 64 20 64 69 76 69 73 |cation a|nd divis|
|00004360| 69 6f 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 | 73 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 |ion. The|se opera|
|00004370| 74 6f 72 73 20 77 6f 72 | 6b 20 6f 6e 20 61 6c 6c |tors wor|k on all|
|00004380| 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 | 61 20 74 79 70 65 73 2c | the dat|a types,|
|00004390| 20 62 6f 74 68 20 69 6e | 74 65 67 65 72 20 61 6e | both in|teger an|
|000043a0| 64 20 66 6c 6f 61 74 69 | 6e 67 2d 70 6f 69 6e 74 |d floati|ng-point|
|000043b0| 69 6e 67 2e 20 42 65 73 | 69 64 65 73 20 74 68 65 |ing. Bes|ides the|
|000043c0| 73 65 2c 20 74 68 65 72 | 65 20 61 72 65 20 6f 74 |se, ther|e are ot|
|000043d0| 68 65 72 20 6f 70 65 72 | 61 74 6f 72 73 20 77 68 |her oper|ators wh|
|000043e0| 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 | 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 |ich are |used in |
|000043f0| 43 2b 2b 2e 06 54 48 45 | 20 52 45 4d 41 49 4e 44 |C++..THE| REMAIND|
|00004400| 45 52 20 4f 50 45 52 41 | 54 4f 52 06 54 68 65 20 |ER OPERA|TOR.The |
|00004410| 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 64 65 | 72 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 |remainde|r operat|
|00004420| 6f 72 2c 20 72 65 70 72 | 65 73 65 6e 74 65 64 20 |or, repr|esented |
|00004430| 62 79 20 25 20 73 69 67 | 6e 2c 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 |by % sig|n, works|
|00004440| 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e | 20 69 6e 74 65 67 65 72 | only on| integer|
|00004450| 20 64 61 74 61 20 74 79 | 70 65 73 2e 20 41 6c 73 | data ty|pes. Als|
|00004460| 6f 20 72 65 66 65 72 72 | 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 73 |o referr|ed to as|
|00004470| 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 64 | 75 6c 75 73 20 6f 70 65 | the mod|ulus ope|
|00004480| 72 61 74 6f 72 2c 20 69 | 74 20 66 69 6e 64 73 20 |rator, i|t finds |
|00004490| 74 68 65 20 72 65 6d 61 | 69 6e 64 65 72 20 77 68 |the rema|inder wh|
|000044a0| 65 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 6e | 75 6d 62 65 72 20 64 69 |en one n|umber di|
|000044b0| 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 6e | 6f 74 68 65 72 2e 20 46 |vides an|other. F|
|000044c0| 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 | 6c 65 20 28 39 25 32 29 |or examp|le (9%2)|
|000044d0| 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 73 | 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c | returns| the val|
|000044e0| 75 65 20 31 2e 06 54 48 | 45 20 41 53 53 49 47 4e |ue 1..TH|E ASSIGN|
|000044f0| 4d 45 4e 54 20 4f 50 45 | 52 41 54 4f 52 06 54 68 |MENT OPE|RATOR.Th|
|00004500| 69 73 20 6f 70 65 72 61 | 74 6f 72 2c 20 72 65 70 |is opera|tor, rep|
|00004510| 72 65 73 65 6e 74 65 64 | 20 62 79 20 27 3d 27 20 |resented| by '=' |
|00004520| 73 69 67 6e 2c 20 69 73 | 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f |sign, is| used to|
|00004530| 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 20 | 61 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 | assign |a value |
|00004540| 74 6f 20 61 20 76 61 72 | 69 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 46 |to a var|iable. F|
|00004550| 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 | 6c 65 2c 20 6e 75 6d 3d |or examp|le, num=|
|00004560| 35 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 | 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c 75 |5 means |the valu|
|00004570| 65 20 35 20 68 61 73 20 | 62 65 65 6e 20 61 73 73 |e 5 has |been ass|
|00004580| 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 6f | 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 72 |igned to| the var|
|00004590| 69 61 62 6c 65 20 6e 75 | 6d 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 |iable nu|m. This |
|000045a0| 6f 70 65 72 61 74 6f 72 | 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 |operator| can be |
|000045b0| 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 | 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 |used in |combinat|
|000045c0| 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 | 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 61 |ion with| other a|
|000045d0| 72 69 74 68 6d 65 74 69 | 63 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 |rithmeti|c operat|
|000045e0| 6f 72 73 20 74 6f 20 63 | 6f 6e 64 65 6e 73 65 20 |ors to c|ondense |
|000045f0| 61 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d | 65 6e 74 2e 20 46 6f 72 |a statem|ent. For|
|00004600| 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 | 06 73 75 6d 3d 73 75 6d | example|.sum=sum|
|00004610| 2b 6e 75 6d 3b 06 68 61 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 |+num;.ha|s the sa|
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|000053a0| 67 72 61 6d 20 73 74 61 | 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 66 |gram sta|tement f|
|000053b0| 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 | 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f |ollowing| the loo|
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|00005450| 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 2c 20 | 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 |e loop, |after th|
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|00005480| 6e 20 6f 75 72 20 65 78 | 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 |n our ex|ample, t|
|00005490| 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 | 69 73 20 65 78 65 63 75 |he loop |is execu|
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|00005500| 6c 75 65 20 6f 66 20 39 | 2e 20 4f 6e 63 65 20 74 |lue of 9|. Once t|
|00005510| 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 3c 31 |he condi|tion i<1|
|00005520| 30 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 | 73 20 66 61 6c 73 65 2c |0 become|s false,|
|00005530| 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e | 74 72 6f 6c 20 63 6f 6d | the con|trol com|
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|00005560| 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 | 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 |the loop| is the |
|00005570| 63 6f 64 65 2c 20 77 68 | 69 63 68 20 68 61 73 20 |code, wh|ich has |
|00005580| 74 6f 20 62 65 20 65 78 | 65 63 75 74 65 64 20 72 |to be ex|ecuted r|
|00005590| 65 70 65 61 74 65 64 6c | 79 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 |epeatedl|y until |
|000055a0| 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 | 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 |the cond|ition is|
|000055b0| 20 74 72 75 65 2e 20 49 | 6e 20 6f 75 72 20 65 78 | true. I|n our ex|
|000055c0| 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 | 68 65 20 62 6f 64 79 20 |ample, t|he body |
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|00005660| 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 | 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 20 |because |the for |
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|00005fb0| 6f 74 68 65 72 2c 20 61 | 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d |other, a| program|
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|00005ff0| 6c 6f 63 6b 20 6f 66 20 | 63 6f 64 65 20 68 61 73 |lock of |code has|
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|00006010| 6f 72 20 6e 6f 74 2e 20 | 44 65 63 69 73 69 6f 6e |or not. |Decision|
|00006020| 2d 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 | 69 73 20 73 75 70 70 6c |-making |is suppl|
|00006030| 65 6d 65 6e 74 65 64 20 | 62 79 20 73 74 61 74 65 |emented |by state|
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|00006050| 6c 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 | 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 73 |lse and |switch s|
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|00006080| 6f 6e 2d 6d 61 6b 69 6e | 67 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 |on-makin|g, the c|
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|000060a0| 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6a 75 | 6d 70 73 20 74 6f 20 61 |ogram ju|mps to a|
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|000060c0| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 06 |of the p|rogram..|
|000060d0| 54 48 45 20 49 46 20 53 | 54 41 54 45 4d 45 4e 54 |THE IF S|TATEMENT|
|000060e0| 06 54 68 65 20 69 66 20 | 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e |.The if |statemen|
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|00006110| 73 69 6f 6e 2d 6d 61 6b | 69 6e 67 20 73 74 61 74 |sion-mak|ing stat|
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|00006170| 6d 61 69 6e 28 29 06 7b | 06 69 6e 74 20 78 3b 06 |main().{|.int x;.|
|00006180| 63 6f 75 74 3c 3c 20 22 | 45 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 |cout<< "|Enter a |
|00006190| 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 3a | 22 3b 06 63 69 6e 3e 3e |number :|";.cin>>|
|000061a0| 78 3b 06 69 66 28 78 3e | 31 30 30 29 06 7b 06 63 |x;.if(x>|100).{.c|
|000061b0| 6f 75 74 3c 3c 20 22 54 | 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 |out<< "T|he numbe|
|000061c0| 72 20 69 73 20 67 72 65 | 61 74 65 72 20 74 68 61 |r is gre|ater tha|
|000061d0| 6e 20 31 30 30 22 3b 06 | 7d 06 54 68 65 20 6f 75 |n 100";.|}.The ou|
|000061e0| 74 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 |tput of |the abov|
|000061f0| 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 | 6d 20 69 73 20 73 6f 6d |e progra|m is som|
|00006200| 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6c | 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 |ething l|ike this|
|00006210| 06 45 6e 74 65 72 20 61 | 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 |.Enter a| number |
|00006220| 3a 20 39 30 30 06 54 68 | 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 |: 900.Th|e number|
|00006230| 20 69 73 20 67 72 65 61 | 74 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e | is grea|ter than|
|00006240| 20 31 30 30 2e 06 54 68 | 65 20 6b 65 79 77 6f 72 | 100..Th|e keywor|
|00006250| 64 20 69 66 20 69 73 20 | 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 |d if is |followed|
|00006260| 20 62 79 20 61 20 74 65 | 73 74 20 65 78 70 72 65 | by a te|st expre|
|00006270| 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e | 20 70 61 72 65 6e 74 68 |ssion in| parenth|
|00006280| 65 73 65 73 2e 20 54 68 | 65 20 73 79 6e 74 61 78 |eses. Th|e syntax|
|00006290| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 69 66 20 73 74 61 74 65 | of the |if state|
|000062a0| 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 | 76 65 72 79 20 6d 75 63 |ment is |very muc|
|000062b0| 68 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 6f 66 20 74 |h like t|hat of t|
|000062c0| 68 65 20 77 68 69 6c 65 | 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 |he while| stateme|
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|000062f0| 68 65 20 73 74 61 74 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 66 6f |he state|ments fo|
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|00006310| 78 65 63 75 74 65 64 20 | 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 63 |xecuted |only onc|
|00006320| 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 6f 66 20 77 68 |e and th|at of wh|
|00006330| 69 6c 65 20 61 72 65 20 | 72 65 70 65 61 74 65 64 |ile are |repeated|
|00006340| 20 74 69 6c 6c 20 74 68 | 65 20 74 65 73 74 20 65 | till th|e test e|
|00006350| 78 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f | 6e 20 69 73 20 74 72 75 |xpressio|n is tru|
|00006360| 65 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 | 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 |e. There| can be |
|00006370| 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 | 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 |multiple| stateme|
|00006380| 6e 74 73 20 64 65 6c 69 | 6d 69 74 65 64 20 62 79 |nts deli|mited by|
|00006390| 20 62 72 61 63 65 73 20 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 | braces |in the i|
|000063a0| 66 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d | 65 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 65 |f statem|ent. The|
|000063b0| 20 63 6f 64 65 20 69 6e | 73 69 64 65 20 74 68 65 | code in|side the|
|000063c0| 20 62 72 61 63 65 73 20 | 69 73 20 65 78 65 63 75 | braces |is execu|
|000063d0| 74 65 64 20 69 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 |ted if t|he condi|
|000063e0| 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 | 74 72 75 65 2c 20 6f 74 |tion is |true, ot|
|000063f0| 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 20 | 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 |herwise |the comp|
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+