Abductor pollicis brevis'Scaphoid, Trapezium, Flexor retinaculum"Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Median nerve
Abduction of thumb
Abductor pollicis longusCPosterior surface of shafts of radius & ulna
+ Interosseus membrane0Anterior surface of base of 1st metacarpal bone
Deep branch of radial nerve
Abducts & extends thumb
Adductor brevis+Anterior surface of inferior ramus of pubis3Posterior surface of shaft of femur (linea aspera)
Obturator nerve7Adducts thigh at hip joint; Assists in medial rotation
.Not a lateral rotator as old textbooks state!
Adductor hallucis
Oblique head - Bases of 2nd, 3rd & 4th metatarsal
bones;
Transverse head - Plantar ligaments of MTP joints
of 3rd, 4th & 5th toesCLateral side base of proximal phalanx of big toe
and sesamoid bone
!Deep branch lateral plantar nerveiFlexes & adducts MTP joint of big toe;
Holds together metatarsal bones;
Braces anterior transverse arch.
*3rd (intermediate) muscular layer of foot
Adductor longus0Front of body of pubis, medial to pubic tubercle>Posterior surface of shaft of femur (medial lip linea aspera)
Obturator nerve8Adducts thigh at hip joint; Assists in medial rotation
.Not a lateral rotator as old textbooks state!
Adductor magnus=Inferior ramus of pubis, Ramus of ischium, Ischial tuberosity
Adductor portion - Posterior surface of shaft of femur from quadrate tubercle above, the linea aspera, and medial supracondylar ridge below.
Hamstring portion - Adductor tubercle of femur
SAdductor portion - Obturator nerve
Hamstring portion - Tibial part of Sciatic nerve
Adductor portion (Upper fibres) - Adduct thigh at
hip joint; Assists in medial rotation;
Hamstring portion (distal fibres) - Extend thigh at hip joint; Assists in medial rotation.
W(Not a lateral rotator as old textbooks state!)
(See Last's Anatomy (9th Ed) - P. 169)
Adductor pollicisPOblique head - 2nd & 3rd metacarpal bones;
Transverse head - 3rd metacarpal bone"Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Adduction of thumb
Anconeus
Lateral epicondyle of humerus-Lateral surface of olecranon process of ulna
Radial nerve
Extends elbow joint
Biceps brachiiULong head - Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Short head - Coracoid process of scapuladTuberosity of radius & Bicipital aponeurosis (which connects it to the medial deep fascial septum)
Musculocutaneous nerveLSupinator of forearm & flexor of elbow joint;
Weak flexor of shoulder joint
Biceps femoriszLong head - Ischial tuberosity
Short head - Linea aspera, Lateral supracondylar
ridge of femur, Lateral fascial septum
Head of fibula
eLong head - Tibial portion of sciatic nerve
Short head - Common peroneal portion of sciatic
nerveXFlexes & laterally rotates leg at knee joint;
Long head also extends thigh at hip joint
Brachialis
Front of lower half of humerus
Coronoid process of ulna
HMusculocutaneous nerve
Occasionally small part supplied by radial nerve.
Flexor of elbow joint
BrachioradialisUUpper 2/3rds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
+ Lateral Intermuscular Septum"Base of styloid process of radius
Radial nerveIFlexes forearm at elbow joint; Rotates forearm to the
mid-prone position
BuccinatorTOuter surface of alveolar margins of maxilla & mandible
+ pterygomandibular ligament
Fibres run forward forming the muscular layer of the cheek.
The most distal fibres merge with the orbicularis oris & insert into the upper & lower lips.
Buccal branch of Facial nerve'Compresses cheeks & lips against teeth
#Muscle is pierced by parotid duct.
Bulbospongiosus
Perineal bodygMale - Fascia of Bulb of penis & Corpus spongiosum
& cavernosum
Female - Fascia of corpus cavernosum
!Perineal branch of pudendal nerve
Male - Compress urethra & assists in erection of
penis by compressing its dorsal vein
Female - Sphincter of vagina & assists in erection
of clitoris by compressing its dorsal vein
Coccygeus
Spine of ischium
Lower end of Sacrum; Coccyx
4th & 5th Sacral nerve<Assists levator ani to support pelvic viscera
Flexes coccyx
Compressor nasi / naris
Frontal process of maxilla
Aponeurosis of bridge of nose
Buccal branch of Facial nerve#Compresses mobile nasal cartilages
Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process of scapula"Medial aspect of shaft of humerus
Musculocutaneous nerve Flexes arm & also weak adductor
Corrugator Supercilii Medial part of superciliary arch
Deep to orbicularis oculi
Skin of eyebrow
Temporal branch of facial nerve<Produces vertical wrinkles on the forehead (as in frowning)
Cricothyroid / Tensor"From side of the cricoid cartilage
Upper fibres pass upward & backward and are inserted onto the lower border of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage.
Lower fibers run backward & are inserted onto the anterior border of the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage.
External laryngeal nerve.
The vocal ligaments are tensed & elongated by increasing the distance between the angle of the thyroid cartilage and the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages.
This is brought about by the muscle
(1) Pulling the thyroid cartilage forward, &
(2) Tilting the lamina of the cricoid cartilage backward
with the attached arytenoid cartilages.
Deltoid =Lateral 1/3rd of clavicle, Acromion process, Spine of scapula.Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
DiaphragmDXiphoid process; Lower 6 costal cartilages, First 3 lumbar vertebrae
Central tendon
Phrenic nerve
Primary muscle of inspiration; Increases vertical diameter of thorax by pulling central tendon downward; Assists in raising lower ribs. Abdominal straining &weight-lifting
DigastricTPosterior belly - Mastoid process of temporal bone
Anterior belly - Body of mandible`Intermediate tendon is held to junction of body & greater cornu of hyoid bone by fascial sling.
JPosterior belly - Facial nerve
Anterior belly - Nerve to mylohyoid (CN 5c)*Depresses mandible or elevates hyoid bone
Dilator naris
Maxilla
Ala of nose
Bussal branch of Facial nerve
Widens nasal aperture
Dorsal Interossei of feet (4)"Adjacent sides of metatarsal bones
Bases of proximal phalanges -
First Dorsal Interosseus to medial side 2nd toe;
Remainder to lateral sides of 2nd, 3rd & 4th toes & their dorsal extensor expansion
Lateral plantar nervebAbduction of toes; Flexes MTP joints & extends ITP joints; Binds the metatarsal bones together.
"4th (deep) muscular layer of foot
Dorsal Interossei of hands (4).Contiguous sides of shafts of metacarpal bonesQProximal phalanges of index, middle, & ring fingers
+ dorsal extensor expansion
Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Dorsal interossei abduct fingers from centre of 3rd finger; both palmar & dorsal flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Lateral epicondyle of humerus1Posterior surface of base of 3rd metacarpal bone
Deep branch of radial nerve.Extends & abducts the hand at the wrist joint
Extensor carpi radialis longusULower 1/3rd of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
+ Lateral intermuscular septum 4Posterior surface of base of second metacarpal bone
Radial nerve&Extends & abducts hand at wrist joint
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Base of 5th metacarpal bone
Deep branch of radial nerve*Extends & adducts hand at the wrist joint
Extensor digiti minimi
Lateral epicondyle of humerus$Extensor expansion of little finger
Deep branch of radial nerve3Extends metacarpophalangeal joint of little finger
4Extensor digitorum brevis / Extensor hallucis brevisGUpper surface of anterior of calcaneum & inferior extensor retinaculum.dBy four tendons into the proximal phalanx of big toe & long extensor tendons to 2nd, 3rd & 4th toes
Deep peroneal nerve-Extends toes (esp when foot is dorsiflexed)
Doesn't insert into 5th toe!
Extensor digitorum longusIAnterior surface of shaft of fibula + top 2/3rds of interosseus membrane
Under extensor retinacula(Extensor expansion of lateral four toes
Deep peroneal nerve*Extends toes; Extends foot at ankle joint
Extensor digitorum
Lateral epicondyle of humerusKMiddle & distal phalanges of the medial four fingers
+ Extensor Expansion
Deep branch of radial nerve
Extends fingers and hand
Extensor hallucis longus#Anterior surface of shaft of fibula
Under extensor retinacula$Base of distal phalanx of great toe
Deep peroneal nervecExtends big toe; Extends foot at ankle joint;
Inverts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints
Extensor indicis"Posterior surface of shaft of ulna#Extensor expansion of index finger
Deep branch of radial nerve3Extends metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger
Extensor pollicis brevis$Posterior surface of shaft of radius"Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Deep branch of radial nerve,Extends metacarpophalangeal joints of thumb
Extensor pollicis longus"Posterior surface of shaft of ulna)Using dorsal tubercle of radius as pulley Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Deep branch of radial nerve Extends distal phalanx of thumb
External anal sphincterjSubcutaneous part - Encircles anal canal
Superficial part - Perineal body
Deep part - Encircles anal canal
Coccyx
Inferior rectal nerveJTogether with puborectalis muscle forms voluntary sphincter of anal canal
#External intercostal muscles (11)
Inferior border of rib Fibers pass downward and forward
Superior border of rib below
Intercostal nerves
With first rib fixed they raise ribs during inspiration and thus increase anteroposterior and transverse diameters of thorax. With last rib fixed by abdominal muscles they lower ribs during expiration
External Oblique
Lower eight ribsVXiphoid process, Linea alba, Pubic crest, Pubic tubercle,
Supports abdominal contents; Compresses abdominal contents; Assists in flexion and rotation of trunk.
Assists in forced expiration, micturition, defecation, parturition, & vomiting.
Flexor carpi radialis4Common flexor origin on Medial epicondyle of humerus$Bases of 2nd & 3rd metacarpal bones
Median nerve%Flexes & abducts hand at wrist joint
Flexor carpi ulnaris }Humeral head - Medial epicondyle of humerus
Ulnar head - Medial aspect of olecranon process & posterior border of ulna6Pisiform bone, Hook of hamate, Base of 5th metacarpal
Ulnar nerve-Flexes & adducts the hand at the wrist joint
#Ulnar nerve runs between two heads
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Base of fifth metatarsal bone1Lateral side base proximal phalanx of little toe
+Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
Flexes MTP joint of little toe
*3rd (intermediate) muscular layer of foot
Flexor digiti minimi
Flexor retinaculum*Base of proximal phalanx of little finger
Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Flexes little finger
Flexor digitorum brevis
Medial tubercle of calcaneum2To lateral four toes, into base of middle phalanx
Medial plantar nerveFFlexes lateral four toes;
Braces medial & lateral longitudinal arches
The tendon perforates the plantar aponeurosis & is perforated itself by the tendons of flexor digitorum longus, after which, the fibres partially decussate.
1st (superficial) muscular layer of foot
Flexor digitorum longus2Middle half of posterior surface of shaft of tibiaCUnder sustentaculum tali, crossing tendon of flexor hallucis longus0Bases of distal phalanges of lateral four toes
Tibial nerve
Flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes;
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; Supports medial &
lateral longitudinal arches of foot
7Tendon is in 2nd (intermediate) muscular layer of foot
Flexor digitorum profundus3Top 2/3rds of Anteromedial surface of shaft of ulna(Distal phalanges of medial four fingers
\Lateral 2 fingers - Anterior interosseus branch of Median N.
Medial 2 fingers - Ulnar nerve `Flexes distal phalanx of the fingers;
Assists in flexion of middle & proximal phalanges + wrist
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Humeroulnar head - Medial epicondyle of humerus;
Medial border of coronoid process
of ulna + medial ligament
Radial head - Oblique line on anterior surface shaft of
humerus&Middle phalanx of medial four fingers
Median nervePFlexes middle phalanx of fingers & assists in flexing proximal phalanx and hand
Medial tendon - Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe in sesamoid bone
Lateral tendon - Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe into sesamoid bone
Medial plantar nerveNFlexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
Supports medial longitudinal arch
*3rd (intermediate) muscular layer of foot
Flexor hallucis longus 4Posterior surface of shaft of fibula (below soleus)
Beneath sustentaculum tali#Base of distal phalanx of big toe
Tibial nervekFlexes distal phalanx of big toe; Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; Supports medial longitudinal arch.
7Tendon is in 2nd (intermediate) muscular layer of foot
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor retinaculum"Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Median nerve*Flexes metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb
Flexor pollicis longus$Anterior surface of shaft of radius
Distal phalanx of thumb
+Anterior interosseus branch of median nerve
Flexes distal phalanx of thumb
Gamellus inferior
Ischial tuberosity,Upper border of greater trochanter of femur
*Sacral plexus - Nerve to quadratus femoris&Lateral rotator of thigh at hip joint
Gamellus superior
Spine of ischium,Upper border of greater trochanter of femur
+Sacral plexus - Nerve to obturator internus'Lateral rotator of thigh at hip joint
GastrocnemiuskLateral head from lateral condyle of femur
Medial head from popliteal surface of femur above medial condyle8Via tendo calcaneus into posterior surface of calcaneum
Tibial nerve7Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; Flexes knee joint
Genioglossus3Superior mental spine (just above symphysis menti) BackwardstSuperior fibres - Tip of tongue
Middle fibres - Dorsum of tongue
Inferior fibres - A few pass to body of hyoid bone
Hypoglossal nerve
Draws tongue forward protruding the tip towards the opposite side. With its opposite number it protrudes the tongue out in the mid-line. It also depresses the tongue.
Fan shaped.
Geniohyoid>Inferior mental spine of mandible
(just above symphysis menti)BBackward & downward.
Above the mylohyoid & below the genioglossus.'Anterior surface of body of hyoid bone
1First cervical nerve (via the hypoglossal nerve)*Elevates hyoid bone or depresses mandible
Gluteus maximusdOuter surface of ilium (posterior to posterior gluteal line), Sacrum, Coccyx, Sacrotuberous ligament/Iliotibial tract & gluteal tuberosity of femur
Inferior gluteal nerveWExtends & laterally rotates hip joint;
Through iliotibial tract, it extends knee joint
Gluteus mediusAOuter surface of ilium
(between posterior & middle gluteal lines)/Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
Superior gluteal nerve
Abducts thigh at hip joint; Tilts pelvis when walking to permit opposite leg to clear ground; Anterior fibres medially rotate the thigh on pelvis / laterally rotate the pelvis on the thigh
Gluteus minimus?Outer surface of ilium between middle & inferior gluteal lines 0Anterior surface of greater trochanter o
f femur
Superior gluteal nerve
Abducts thigh at hip joint; Tilts pelvis when walking to permit opposite leg to clear ground; Anterior fibres medially rotate the thigh on pelvis / laterally rotate the pelvis on the thigh.
Gracilis / Custodes virginitatis=Anterior surface of inferior ramus of pubis;
Ramus of ischium'Upper medial surface of shaft of tibia
Obturator nerve6Adducts thigh at hip joint; Flexes leg at knee joint
AUpper fibres are overlapped by upper & middle constrictors.
The lower fibres are called 'Cricopharyngeus' and are continuous with top of oesophagus. Its function is to close off the top of the oesophagus, and prevent air from entering when intrathoracic pressure falls. It relaxes during swallowing. Cricopharyngeus is unusual in that it is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve and sometimes by the a slip from the external laryngeal nerve (or both).
Hyoglossus2Upper border of body & greater cornu of hyoid bone Upward, deep to mylohyoid muscleXSide of the tongue, fibres becoming continuous with the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Depresses the tongue
Quadralateral shape
Iliacus
Iliac fossa within abdomen+With psoas into lesser trochanter of femur
Femoral nerve[Flexes thigh on trunk or trunk on thigh
+ Medial rotation of thigh (Theoretical. Not EMG)
Inferior Constrictor
Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage, +
A tendinous band connecting thyroid & cricoid cartilage, Side of cricoid cartilage.2Median fibrous raphe on posterior wall of pharynx
Pharyngeal plexus (Motor fibres are from the
nucleus ambiguous and reach the pharynx first
via the cranial part of accessory nerve, and then
via the vagus nerve).>Pulls posterior wall of pharynx forward in act of swallowing.
,Inferior Oblique / Obliquus capitis inferior
Bifid spine of Axis
Lateral mass of Atlas
Posterior ramus of C1(Rotates the atlas towards the same side
5Is the inferolateral border of Suboccipital triangle
Inferior oblique
Anterior part of floor of orbitlAttached to sclera behind coronal equator; Line of
pull of tendon passes medial to median plane of eyeball
"Inferior ramus of Oculomotor nerve Moves cornea upward & laterally
Inferior rectus
Common tendinous ring"Sclera 6 mm behind corneal margin
Ischial tuberosityTMale - Fascia covering corpus cavernosum
Female - Fascia covering corpus cavernosum
!Perineal branch of pudendal nerveBMale - Assists in erection of penis
Female - Erection of clitoris
!Lateral Cricoarytenoid / Adductor.From upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage1Into muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Pulls the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage forward, causing rotation of the arytenoid, so that the
vocal process moves medially, and the vocal fold is adducted.
Lateral pterygoid~Upper head - Infratemporal surface of greater wing of
sphenoid
Lower head - Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate2Front of neck of mandible + Articular disc of TMJ
'Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Acting with its opposite number it pulls neck of mandible forward. Acting with the medial pterygoid of the same side it rotates the jaw as in the process of chewing.
Lateral rectus
Common tendinous ring"Sclera 6 mm behind corneal margin
Abducent nerve
Moves cornea laterally
Latissimus dorsirIliac crest, Lumbar fascia, Spines of lower 6th thoracic vertebrae, Lower 3 or 4 ribs, & inferior angle of scapula%Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
Thoracodorsal nerve-Extends, adducts, & medially rotates the arm
Levator ani=Body of pubis, Fascia of obturator internus, Spine of ischium
Mostly inserted into posterior border of the lamina of
thyroid cartilage.
DEPRESSORS OF THE LARYNX
Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid muscles.
Assisted by the elastic recoil of the trachea.
2. INTRINSIC MUSCLES:
Oblique arytenoid,
Cricothyroid (Tensor),
Thyroarytenoid (Relaxor / Vocalis),
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (Adductor),
Transverse Arytenoid,
Posteroid Cricoarytenoid (Abductor)
AWith its opposite number, it supports the tongue & floor of mouth. When mandible is fixed they elevate the floor of the mouth & hyoid bone as in the 1st part of swallowing.
When the hyoid bone is fixed, it assists in depression of the mandible and opening the mouth.
Levator palpebrae superioris8Lesser wing of sphenoid above & in front of optic canal.
Superior lamella (striated muscle) - Anterior surface & upper border of superior tarsal plate + skin of upper eyelid.
Inferior lamella (smooth muscle ) - Upper margin of superior tarsal plate.
MVoluntary portion - Oculomotor nerve
Involuntary portion - Sympathetic nerves
Raises upper eyelid
Levator scapulae3Transverse processes of 1st four cervical vertebrae
Medial border of scapula
C3 & 4 and dorsal scapular nerve Raises medial border of scapula
Levator veli palatini\Undersurface of petrous part of temporal bone +
Medial surface of cartilage of auditory tube*Upper surface of the palatine aponeurosis
Pharyngeal plexus.
Raises the soft palate
Levatores costarum (12)2Tip of transverse process of C7 & T1-T11 vertebrae
Rib below
(Posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves Accessory muscle of inspiration
Lumbricals of foot (4)"Tendons of flexor digitorum longus[Medial side of dorsal extensor expansion;
Bases of proximal phalanges of lateral four toes
HFirst lumbrical - medial plantar nerve
Remainder - lateral plantar nerveuExtends toes at interphalangeal joints, preventing the toes from buckling under tension from flexor digitorum longus
*2nd (intermediate) muscular layer of foot
Lumbricals of hands (4)%Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus*Extensor expansion of medial four fingers
BLateral two - median nerve
Medial two - deep branch of ulnar nerveXFlex metacarpophalangeal joints & extend
interphalangeal joints of fingers except thumb
Masseter/Lower border & medial surface of zygomatic arch
Downward and backward%Lateral surface of ramus of mandible
'Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve#Elevates mandible to occlude teeth
Medial pterygoid^Superficial head - Tuberosity of maxilla
Deap head - Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate*Fibres run downward, backward & laterally.$Medial surface of angle of mandible
'Mandibular division of trigeminal nervePElevates mandible. Assists lateral pterygoid of same side in rotating the jaw.
Medial rectus
Common tendinous ring"Sclera 6 mm behind corneal margin
Oculomotor nerve
Moves cornea medially
Middle ConstrictorHLower part of Stylohyoid ligament,
Lesser & greater cornua of hyoid bone2Median fibrous raphe on posterior wall of pharynx
Pharyngeal plexus (Motor fibres are from the
nucleus ambiguous and reach the pharynx first
via the cranial part of accessory nerve, and then
via the vagus nerve).>Pulls posterior wall of pharynx forward in act of swallowing.
Muscles of the Back
Muscles of the Larynx
1. EXTRINSIC MUSCLES :
Musculus uvulae ;From posterior border of hard palate & palatine aponeurosis
Mucous membrane of the uvula
Pharyngeal plexus.
Pulls up the uvula
Mylohyoid"Mylohyoid line on body of mandible
Fibres run downward and forward|Posterior fibres - Body of hyoid bone
Anterior fibres - Fibrous raphe which connects symphysis menti to body of hyoid bone.
+Mylohyoid branch of Inferior alveolar nerve
Triangular shape
Oblique Arytenoid +Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
Into apex of the opposite arytenoid cartilage.
Some of the fibers continue beyond the apex of the
arytenoid cartilage and reach the epiglottis via the aryepiglottic fold.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Sphincter to the laryngeal inlet - They approximate the arytenoid cartilages to one another & draw them forward to the epiglottis.
Obturator nerve%Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
Obturator internus#Inner surface of obturator membrane(Out of pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen,Upper border of greater trochanter of femur
.Nerve to obturator internus from sacral plexus&Lateral rotator of femur at hip joint
OccipitofrontalismOccipital belly - Highest nuchal line of occipital bone
Frontal belly - Skin & superficial fascia of eyebrows
Epicranial aponeurosis
mOccipital belly - Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve
Frontal belly - Temporal branch of facial neerve'Moves scalp on skull & raises eyebrows
OmohyoidwInferior belly - Upper margin of scapula &
suprascapular ligament
Superior belly - Lower border body of hyoid bone
Intermediate tendon is held to clavicle & first rib by fascial sling which is derived from the investing layer of deep cervical fascia.
Ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
Depresses hyoid bone
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor retinaculum%Medial border of 5th metacarpal bone
Deep branch of ulnar nerve4Pulls 5th metacarpal forward as in cupping the palm
Opponens pollicis
Flexor retinaculum"Shaft of metacarpal bone of thumb
Median nerve-Pulls thumb medially and forward across palm
Orbicularis oculidOrbital part - Medial palpebral ligament & adjoining bone
Palpebral part - Medial palpebral ligamentOOrbital part - Loops return to origin
Palpebral part - Lateral palpebral raphe
Facial nerve
Orbital part - Throws skin around orbit into folds to protect
eyeball
Palpebral part - Closes eyelids and dilates lacrimal sac
Orbicularis oris
Maxilla, mandible & skin
Encircles oral orifice
,Buccal & mandibular branches of Facial nerve
Compresses lips together
Palatoglossus kFrom undersurface of the palatine aponeurosis
(where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side)
It passes downward & forward beneath the mucous membrane of the lateral wall of the pharynx, to form the palatoglossal arch; Then in front of tonsil.+It is inserted into the side of the tongue
Pharangeal plexus.
Pulls the root of the tongue upward & backward.
Both muscles contracting together cause the
palatoglossal arches to approach the midline,
narrowing the oropharyngeal isthmus.
Palatopharyngeus DFrom posterior border of hard palate & from the palatine aponeurosis
Passes downward & backward beneath the mucous membrane of the lateral wall of pharynx, where it forms the palatopharyngeal arch. It passes behind the tonsil.GInserted into posterior border of the lamina of the thyroid
cartilage.
Pharyngeal plexusjPulls pharyngeal wall upward. Acting together, they pull the palatopharyngeal arches toward the midline.
:Forms part of the longitudinal muscle of pharyngeal wall.
Palmar Interossei of hands (4)u1st arises from base of 1st metacarpal; remaining three from anterior surface of shafts of 2nd, 4th & 5th metacarpalsfProximal phalanges of thumb, index, ring, & little fingers + Dorsal extensor expansion of each finger
Deep branch of ulnar nerve<Palmar interossei adduct fingers toward centre of3rd finger
!Superficial branch of ulnar nerve(Corrugates skin to improve grip of palm
Palmaris longus
Medial epicondyle of humerus(Flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
Median nerve
Flexes hand
PectineusTSuperior surface of the superior ramus of pubis,
just anterior to the pectineal lineWUpper end of linea aspera of shaft of femur,
just below the lesser trochanter of femur
2Femoral nerve
Occasionally part by obturator nerve$Flexes & adducts thigh at hip joint
Pectoralis major2Clavicle, sternum, and upper six costal cartilages+Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
5Medial & lateral pectoral nerves from brachial plexusCAdducts arm & rotates it medially; Clavicular fibers also flex arm
Pectoralis minor
3rd, 4th & 5th ribs
Coracoid process of scapula
*Medial pectoral nerve from brachial plexusQDepresses point of shoulder; If scapula is fixed, it elevates the ribs of origin
Peroneus brevis3Bottom 2/3rds of lateral surface of shaft of fibulaZUnder superior peroneal retinaculum & under anterior band of inferior peroneal retinaculum
Base of 5th metatarsal bone
Superficial peroneal nerve
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; Everts foot at
Peroneus longus2Upper 2/3rds of lateral surface of shaft of fibula
Under superior peroneal retinaculum & under the posterior band of the inferior peroneal retinaculum, under groove on inferior surface of cuboid, and thru a fibrous band derived from long plantar ligament.Base of 1st metatarsal & the medial cuneiform
Superficial peroneal nerve
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; Everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; Supports lateral longitudinal & transverse arches of foot
"4th (deep) muscular layer of foot
Peroneus tertiusJAnterior surface of shaft of fibula +
Bottom 1/3rd of interosseus membrane
Under extensor retinacula
Base of 5th metatarsal bone
Deep peroneal nervePExtends foot at ankle joint;
Everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints
Piriformis
Anterior surface of sacrum-Out of pelvis through greater sciatic foramen,Upper border of greater trochanter of femur
(Anterior rami of 1st & 2nd sacral nerves&Lateral rotator of thigh at hip joint
Plantar Interossei of feet (3)5Inferior surfaces of 3rd, 4th & 5th metatarsal bones.^Medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of lateral three toes + dorsal extensor expansion.
Lateral plantar nerveKAdduction of toes towards 2nd toe;
Flexes MTP joints & extends ITP joints.
Plantaris$Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
Posterior surface of calcaneum
Tibial nerve7Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; Flexes knee joint
Platysma+Deep fascia over pectoralis major & deltoid"Body of mandible & angle of mouth
Cervical branch of Facial nerve$Depresses mandible & angle of mouth
Popliteus[Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur +
Lateral meniscus within capsule of knee joint6Posterior surface of shaft of tibia above soleal line
Tibial nerveqFlexes leg at knee joint; Unlocks knee joint by lateral rotation of femur on tibia & slackens ligaments of joint
#Posterior Cricoarytenoid / Abductor0From back of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage
Fibers pass upward & laterally,Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Pulls the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage backward, causing rotation of the arytenoid, so that the vocal process moves laterally, & the vocal fold is abduc{
Procerus
Lower part of nasal bone & lateral nasal cartilage.
Fibres are continuous with medial border of frontal belly of occipitofrontalis.
Skin between eyebrows
Buccal branch of Facial nerve
Wrinkles skin of nose
Pronator quadratus!Anterior surface of shaft of ulna$Anterior surface of shaft of radius
,Anterior interosseus branch of median nerve
Pronates forearm
Pronator teresbHumeral head - Medial epicondyle of humerus
Ulnar head - Medial border of coronoid process of ulna0Half way down lateral aspect of shaft of radius
Median nerve
Pronation & flexion of forearm
$Median nerve runs between two heads
Psoas \Transverse processes, bodies & intervertebral discs of 12th thoracic & five lumbar vertebrae
Under inguinal ligament-With iliacus into lesser trochanter of femur
Lumbar plexusZFlexes thigh on trunk or trunk on thigh.
Medial rotation of thigh (Theoretical. Not EMG)
#Puborectalis (part of levator ani)
Pubic bones-Sling around junction of rectum & anal canal
GPerineal branch of 4th sacral nerve & Perineal branch of pudendal nerveOTogether with external anal sphincter forms voluntary sphincter for anal canal
Pyramidalis
Anterior surface of pubis
Linea alba
Twelfth thoracic nerve
Tenses linea alba
Not always present
Quadratus femoris%Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Quadrate tubercle of femur
Sacral plexus'Lateral rotator of thigh at hip joint
Quadratus lumborum XIliolumbar ligament, Iliac crest, Tips of transverse processes of lower lumbar vertebrae
Twelfth rib
Lumbar plexussFixes 12th rib during inspiration; Depresses 12th rib during forced expiration; Laterally flexes vertebral column.
ARelations:
Anteriorly - Prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia
Reflected head - ilium above acetabulumQQuadriceps tendon into patella then via ligamentum patellae into tibial tubercle
Femoral nerve:Extension of leg at knee joint; Flexes thigh at hip joint
'Quadriceps femoris - Vastus intermedius-Anterior & lateral surfaces of shaft of femurQQuadriceps tendon into patella then via ligamentum patellae into tibial tubercle
Femoral nerveMExtension of leg at knee joint;
Articularis genus retracts synovial membrane
%Quadriceps femoris - Vastus lateralisuIntertrochanteric line, Base of greater trochanter, Lateral lip of linea aspera of femur; Lateral deep fascial septumQQuadriceps tendon into patella then via ligamentum patellae into tibial tubercle
Femoral nerve
Extension of leg at knee joint
$Quadriceps femoris - Vastus medialisOIntertrochanteric line & medial lip of linea aspera; Medial deep fascial septumQQuadriceps tendon into patella then via ligamentum patellae into tibial tubercle
Femoral nerve3Extension of leg at knee joint; Stabilizes patella
Rectus abdominis
Symphysis pubis and pubic crest35th, 6th & 7th Costal cartilages & Xiphoid process
Intercostal nerves0Elevates ribs - Accessory muscle of inspiration
Soleus
Shafts of tibia and fibula8Via tendo calcaneus into posterior surface of calcaneum
Tibial nerve
Together with gastrocnemius & plantaris is powerful plantar flexor of ankle joint; Provides main propulsive
force in walking & running
Sphincter urethrae
Pubic arch
Surrounds urethra
!Perineal branch of pudendal nerve
Voluntary sphincter of urethra
SpleniuswSplenius capitis - From the lower part of the ligamentum
nuchae & upper four thoracic spines.
Splenius cervicis - Same
Splenius capitis - Superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Splenius cervicis - Transverse processes of the upper
cervical vertebrae.
Posterior rami of spinal nervesRExtensor of head & neck.
Holds muscles of erector spinae together like a bandage.
Stepedius[From the internals walls of a hollow pyramid on the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity
Forward#Posterior suface of neck of stapes
/Facial nerve (as it passes behind the pyramid))Reflexly damps down vibrations of stapes
#Sternocleidomastoid / Sternomastoid+Manubrium sterni & medial third of clavicle[Mastoid process of temporal bone & lateral part of superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
2Spinal part of accessory nerve + C2 & C3 (sensory)
Two muscles acting together extend head & flex neck;
One muscle rotates head to opposite side;
Can act as accessory muscle of inspiration.
Sternohyoid0Posterior surface of manubrium sterni & clavicle
Upward & medially
Body of hyoid bone
Ansa cervicalis; C1, C2, & C3
Depresses hyoid bone
Sternothyroid%Posterior surface of manubrium sterni
Upward (deep to sternohyoid),Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage
Ansa cervicalis; C1, C2, & C3
Depresses larynx
Styloglossus'Tip of styloid process of temporal boneDDownward and forward on the lateral surface of superior constrictor.PAt junction of superior & middle constrictors it enters the side of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve%Draws the tongue upward and backward
Stylohyoid5Posterior surface of styloid process of temporal bone
Passes forward and downward/Junction of body & greater cornu of hyoid bone
Facial nerve
Elevates hyoid bone
TIt is pierced near its insertion by the intermediate tendon of the Digastic muscle.
Stylopharyngeus7Medial side of base of styloid process of temporal bone_Pharyngeal wall between superior & middle constrictor to
posterior border of thyroid cartilage
Glossopharyngeal nerve/Elevates larynx & pharynx in act of swallowing
Subclavius
1st costal cartilage Clavicle
7Nerve to subclavius from upper trunk of brachial plexusIDepresses clavicle & steadies it during movements of the shoulder girdle
Subscapularis
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tuberosity of humerus
Upper & lower subscapular nerves9Medially rotates the arm & stabilizes the shoulder joint
AThe fibers lie lateral to the vocal ligament and are inserted onto the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage. Some of the fibers run alongside the vocal ligament and are attached to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. The latter fibers are called the Vocalis muscle.
-Superficial / Deep transverse perineal muscle
Ischial ramus
Perineal body
!Perineal branch of pudendal nerve
Fixes Perineal body
PSuperficial lies in superficial perineal pouch
Deep lies in deep perineal pouch
Superior Constrictor
Posterior border of medial pterygoid plate,
Pterygoid hamulus, Pterygomandibular ligament,
Posterior part of mylohyoid line of mandible & side of tongue
Upper fibres - Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar part of
occipital bone
Middle fibres - To median fibrous raphe on posterior wall
of pharynx
Lower fibres - To lower part of median fibrous raphe,
overlapped by middle constrictor.
Pharyngeal plexus (Motor fibres are from the
nucleus ambiguous and reach the pharynx first
via the cranial part of accessory nerve, and then
via the vagus nerve).APulls posterior wall of nasopharynx forward in act of swallowing
,Superior Oblique / Obliquus capitis superior
Lateral mass of AtlasHLateral part of occipital bone between superior & inferior nuchal lines
Posterior ramus of C1,Lateral flexion + slight extension of skull
6Is the superolateral border of sub-occipital triangle
Superior oblique
Body of sphenoid
Fibres pass through the trochlear pulley which is attached to the orbital part of frontal bone. The tendon now passes backward & laterally.kSclera behind coronal equator of eyeball; Line of pull
of tendon passes medial to median plane of eyeball
Tochlear nerve"Moves cornea downward & laterally
Superior rectus
Common tendinous ring"Sclera 6 mm behind corneal margin
Oculomotor nerve#Raises and medially rotates cornea
Supinator
Lateral epicondyle of humerus, Anular ligament of superior radioulnar joint, lateral ligament of elbow joint, and supinator fossa on the lateral surface of upper ulna<Fibres run foreward around the lateral aspect of the radius.gPosterior, lateral, & anterior aspects of the neck & shaft of radius down as far was the oblique line.
Deep branch of radial nerve
Supination of forearm
Superficial branch of radial nerve runs on surface.
Deep branch of radial nerve runs between superficial & deep layers of supinator.
Supraspinatus
Supraspinous fossa of scapulaHUpper facet of greater tuberosity of humerus; Capsule of shoulder joint
Suprascapular nerve(Abducts arm & stabilizes shoulder joint
Temporalis7Floor of temporal fossa & deep surface temporal fascia !Passes deep to the zygomatic archECoronoid process of mandible & anterior border of ramus of mandible.
P2 Deep temporal nerves - Branches of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerveOAnterior & superior fibers elevate mandible;
Posterior fibers retract mandible
Tensor fasciae latae5Iliac crest (close to anterior superior iliac spine)
Iliotibial tract
Superior gluteal nerve4Assists gluteus maximus in extending the knee joint
Tensor Tympani4Cartilage of auditory tube & from its own bony canalABackward, turning laterally around the processus cochleariformis.
Root of handle of malleus
cBranch from nerve to medial pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.PReflexly damps down vibrations of the malleus and tenses the tympanic membrane.
Tensor Veli Palatini BSpine of sphenoid, Lateral side of auditory tube, &
Scaphoid fossa6Around pterygoid hamulus, pierces origin of buccinatorKThen meets its fellow from the other side to form the palatine aponeurosis
&Nerve to the medial pterygoid (CN 5c)JTighten soft palate so it can be moved upward & downward as a tense sheet
Teres major (Lower 1/3rd of lateral border of scapula*Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Transverse Arytenoid 5From back & medial surface of the arytenoid cartilageDMuscle fibers bridge the interval between the arytenoid cartilages. YThe fibers are attached to the back & medial surface of the opposite arytenoid cartilage
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.ZApproximates the arytenoid cartilages and closes the posterior part of the rima glottidis
Transversus abdominisYLower 6 costal cartilages, Lumbar fascia, Iliac crest, Lateral 1/3rd of Inguinal ligament-Xiphoid process, Linea alba, Symphysis pubis
Intercostal nerves1Assist external and internal intercostal muscles
ZIncomplete layer - Consists of Subcostalis, Intercostalis
intimus, & Sternocostalis
TrapeziuscOccipital bone, Ligamentum nuchae, Spine of 7th cervical vertebra, spines of all thoracic vertebraedUpper fibers into lateral third of clavicle;
Middle & lower fibers into acromion & spine of scapula
Accessory nerve + C3 / C4{Upper fibers elevate the scapula;
Middle fibers pull scapula medially;
Lower fibers pull medial border of scapula downward
Triceps
Long head - Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Lateral head - Upper 1/2 of post surface of shaft of humerus
Medial head - Lower 1/2 of post surface of shaft of humerus
Olecranon process of ulna
Radial nerve
Extensor of the elbow joint
Jason Wolfe
London
LHMC --> MB, BS --> MRCS
Back to London
$I know ... The audacity of it all !!#Contact me if you find any errors.
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