OS/2 Professional/OS2PRO194.ISO/os2/print/gnuplt35/gnuplot.inf

OS/2 Help File | 1993-10-17 | 104KB | 3,491 lines

ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1. gnuplot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

GNUPLOT is a command-driven interactive function plotting program.

For help on any topic, type help followed by the name of the topic.

The new GNUPLOT user should begin by reading the introduction topic (type help
introduction) and about the plot command (type help plot). Additional help can
be obtained from the USENET newsgroup comp.graphics.gnuplot.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2. copyright ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

   Copyright (C) 1986 - 1993  Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley

 Permission to use, copy, and distribute this software and its
 documentation for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted,
 provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 in supporting documentation.

 Permission to modify the software is granted, but not the right to
 distribute the modified code.  Modifications are to be distributed
 as patches to released version.

 This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.

 AUTHORS

  Original Software:
   Thomas Williams,  Colin Kelley.

  Gnuplot 2.0 additions:
    Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell.

  Gnuplot 3.0 additions:
    Gershon Elber and many others.

 There is a mailing list for gnuplot users. Note, however, that the
 newsgroup
    comp.graphics.gnuplot
 is identical to the mailing list (they
 both carry the same set of messages). We prefer that you read the
 messages through that newsgroup, to subscribing to the mailing list.
 (If you can read that newsgroup, and are already on the mailing list,
 please send a message [e-mail], asking to be
 removed from the mailing list.)

 The address for mailing to list members is
    [e-mail]
 and for mailing administrative requests is
    [e-mail]
 The mailing list for bug reports is
    [e-mail]
 The list of those interested in beta-test versions is
    [e-mail]


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 3. introduction ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

GNUPLOT is a command-driven interactive function plotting program. It is case
sensitive (commands and function names written in lowercase are not the same as
those written in CAPS). All command names may be abbreviated, as long as the
abbreviation is not ambiguous. Any number of commands may appear on a line,
separated by semicolons (;). Strings are indicated with quotes.  They may be
either single or double quotation marks, e.g.,

     load "filename"
     cd 'dir'

Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing GNUPLOT
commands, with the exception of standard X11 arguments, which are processed
first. Each file is loaded with the load command, in the order specified.
GNUPLOT exits after the last file is processed.  When no load files are named,
gnuplot enters into an interactive mode.

Commands may extend over several input lines, by ending each line but the last
with a backslash (\). The backslash must be the LAST character on each line.
The effect is as if the backslash and newline were not there. That is, no white
space is implied, nor is a comment terminated. Therefore, commenting out a
continued line comments out the entire command (see comment).

In this documentation, curly braces ({}) denote optional arguments to many
commands, and a vertical bar (|) separates mutually exclusive choices.  GNUPLOT
keywords or help topics are indicated by backquotes or boldface (where
available).  Angle brackets (<>) are used to mark replaceable tokens.

For help on any topic, type help followed by the name of the topic.

The new GNUPLOT user should begin by reading about the plot command (type help
plot).


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4. cd ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The cd command changes the working directory.

Syntax:

    cd "<directory-name>"

The directory name must be enclosed in quotes.

Examples:

    cd 'subdir'
    cd ".."


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 5. clear ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The clear command erases the current screen or output device as specified by
set output. This usually generates a formfeed on hardcopy devices. Use set
terminal to set the device type.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 6. command line-editing ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The Unix, Atari, VMS, MS-DOS and OS/2 versions of GNUPLOT support command
line-editing.  Also, a history mechanism allows previous commands to be edited,
and re-executed. After the command line has been edited, a newline or carriage
return will enter the entire line regardless of where the cursor is positioned.

The editing commands are as follows:

ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
ΓöéLine EditingΓöé                                                Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^B          Γöémove back a single character.                   Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^F          Γöémove forward a single character.                Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^A          Γöémove to the beginning of the line.              Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^E          Γöémove to the end of the line.                    Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^H, DEL     Γöédelete the previous character.                  Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^D          Γöédelete the current character.                   Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^K          Γöédelete from current position to the end of line.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^L, ^R      Γöéredraw line in case it gets trashed.            Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^U          Γöédelete the entire line.                         Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^W          Γöédelete from the current word to the end of line.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéHistory     Γöé                                                Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^P          Γöémove back through history.                      Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^N          Γöémove forward through history.                   Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ

On the IBM PC the use of a TSR program such as DOSEDIT or CED may be desired
for line editing. For such a case GNUPLOT may be compiled with no line editing
capability (default makefile setup). Set READLINE in the makefile and add
readline.obj to the link file if GNUPLOT line editing is to be used for the IBM
PC. The following arrow keys may be used on the IBM PC and Atari versions if
readline is used:

ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
ΓöéLeft Arrow     Γöésame as ^B.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéRight Arrow    Γöésame as ^F.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtl Left Arrow Γöésame as ^A.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtl Right ArrowΓöésame as ^E.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéUp Arrow       Γöésame as ^P.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéDown Arrow     Γöésame as ^N.Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ

The Atari version of readline defines some additional key aliases:

ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
ΓöéUndo     Γöésame as ^L.      Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéHome     Γöésame as ^A.      Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtrl HomeΓöésame as ^E.      Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéESC      Γöésame as ^U.      Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéHelp     Γöéhelp plus return.Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
ΓöéCtrl HelpΓöéhelp .           Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ

(The readline function in gnuplot is not the same as the readline used in GNU
BASH and GNU EMACS.  It is somewhat compatible however.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 7. comment ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Comments are supported as follows: a # may appear in most places in a line and
GNUPLOT will ignore the rest of the line. It will not have this effect inside
quotes, inside numbers (including complex numbers), inside command
substitutions, etc. In short, it works anywhere it makes sense to work.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 8. environment ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

A number of shell environment variables are understood by GNUPLOT. None of
these are required, but may be useful.

If GNUTERM is defined, it is used as the name of the terminal type to be used.
This overrides any terminal type sensed by GNUPLOT on start up, but is itself
overridden by the .gnuplot (or equivalent) start-up file (see start-up), and of
course by later explicit changes.

On Unix, AmigaDOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, GNUHELP may be defined to be the
pathname of the HELP file (gnuplot.gih).

On VMS, the symbol GNUPLOT the help library for GNUPLOT.

On Unix, HOME is used as the name of a directory to search for a .gnuplot file
if none is found in the current directory. On AmigaDOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and
OS/2, GNUPLOT is used. On VMS, SYS is used. See help start-up.

On Unix, PAGER is used as an output filter for help messages.

On Unix, AtariTOS and AmigaDOS, SHELL is used for the shell command. On MS-DOS
and OS/2, COMSPEC is used for the shell command.

On AmigaDOS, GNUFONT is used for the screen font.  For example: "setenv GNUFONT
sapphire/14".

On MS-DOS, if the BGI interface is used, the variable BGI is used to point to
the full path of the BGI drivers directory. Furthermore SVGA is used to name
the Super VGA BGI driver in 800x600 res., and its mode of operation as
'Name.Mode'. E.g., if the Super VGA driver is C:\TC\BGI\SVGADRV.BGI and mode 3
is used for 800x600 res., then: 'set BGI=C:\TC\BGI' and 'set SVGA=SVGADRV.3'.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 9. exit ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The commands exit and quit and the END-OF-FILE character will exit GNUPLOT. All
these commands will clear the output device (as the clear command does) before
exiting.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10. expressions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or
BASIC is valid. The precedence of these operators is determined by the
specifications of the C programming language. White space (spaces and tabs) is
ignored inside expressions.

Complex constants may be expressed as the {<real>,<imag>}, where <real> and
<imag> must be numerical constants. For example, {3,2} represents 3 + 2i; {0,1}
represents i itself. The curly braces are explicitly required here.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1. functions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The functions in GNUPLOT are the same as the corresponding functions in the
Unix math library, except that all functions accept integer, real, and complex
arguments, unless otherwise noted. The sgn function is also supported, as in
BASIC.

ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöéabs(x)      Γöéany      Γöéabsolute value of x, |x|; same type           Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéabs(x)      Γöécomplex  Γöélength of x,                                  Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéacos(x)     Γöéany      Γöé(inverse cosine) in radians                   Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéarg(x)      Γöécomplex  Γöéthe phase of x in radians                     Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéasin(x)     Γöéany      Γöé(inverse sin) in radians                      Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéatan(x)     Γöéany      Γöé(inverse tangent) in radians                  Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöébesj0(x)    Γöéradians  ΓöéBessel function of x                          Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöébesj1(x)    Γöéradians  ΓöéBessel function of x                          Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöébesy0(x)    Γöéradians  ΓöéBessel function of x                          Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöébesy1(x)    Γöéradians  ΓöéBessel function of x                          Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéceil(x)     Γöéany      Γöésmallest integer not less than x (real part)  Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöécos(x)      Γöéradians  Γöécosine of x                                   Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöécosh(x)     Γöéradians  Γöéhyperbolic cosine of x                        Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéerf(x)      Γöéany      Γöéerror function of real (x)                    Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéerfc(x)     Γöéany      Γöé1.0 - error function of real (x)              Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéexp(x)      Γöéany      Γöéexponential function of x                     Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéfloor(x)    Γöéany      Γöélargest integer not greater than x (real part)Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöégamma(x)    Γöéany      Γöégamma function of real (x)                    Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéibeta(p,q,x)Γöéany      Γöéibeta function of real (p,q,x)                Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéinverf(x)   Γöéany      Γöéinverse error function real(x)                Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéigamma(a,x) Γöéany      Γöéigamma function of real (a,x)                 Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéimag(x)     Γöécomplex  Γöéimaginary part of x as a real number          Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéinvnorm(x)  Γöéany      Γöéinverse normal distribution function real(x)  Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéint(x)      Γöéreal     Γöéinteger part of x, truncated toward zero      Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöélgamma(x)   Γöéany      Γöélgamma function of real (x)                   Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöélog(x)      Γöéany      Γöénatural logarithm (base e) of x               Γöé
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Γöélog10(x)    Γöéany      Γöélogarithm (base ) of x                        Γöé
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Γöénorm(x)     Γöéany      Γöénormal distribution function of real(x)       Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöérand(x)     Γöéany      Γöépseudo random number generator                Γöé
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Γöéreal(x)     Γöéany      Γöéreal part of x                                Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöésgn(x)      Γöéany      Γöé1 if x > 0, -1 if x < 0, 0 if x = 0. ignored  Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöésin(x)      Γöéradians  Γöésine of x                                     Γöé
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Γöésinh(x)     Γöéradians  Γöéhyperbolic sine x                             Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöésqrt(x)     Γöéany      Γöésquare root of x                              Γöé
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Γöétan(x)      Γöéradians  Γöétangent of x                                  Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöétanh(x)     Γöéradians  Γöéhyperbolic tangent of x                       Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.1. abs ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The abs function returns the absolute value of its argument. The returned value
is of the same type as the argument.

For complex arguments, abs(x) is defined as the length of x in the complex
plane [i.e.,  sqrt(real(x)**2 + imag(x)**2) ].


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.2. acos ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The acos function returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of its argument. acos
returns its argument in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.3. arg ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The arg function returns the phase of a complex number, in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.4. asin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The asin function returns the arc sin (inverse sin) of its argument. asin
returns its argument in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.5. atan ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The atan function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of its argument.
atan returns its argument in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.6. besj0 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The besj0 function returns the j0th Bessel function of its argument. besj0
expects its argument to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.7. besj1 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The besj1 function returns the j1st Bessel function of its argument. besj1
expects its argument to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.8. besy0 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The besy0 function returns the y0th Bessel function of its argument. besy0
expects its argument to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.9. besy1 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The besy1 function returns the y1st Bessel function of its argument. besy1
expects its argument to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.10. ceil ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The ceil function returns the smallest integer that is not less than its
argument. For complex numbers, ceil returns the smallest integer not less than
the real part of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.11. cos ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The cos function returns the cosine of its argument. cos expects its argument
to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.12. cosh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The cosh function returns the hyperbolic cosine of its argument. cosh expects
its argument to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.13. erf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The erf function returns the error function of the real part of its argument.
If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.14. erfc ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The erfc function returns 1.0 - the error function of the real part of its
argument. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is
ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.15. exp ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The exp function returns the exponential function of its argument (e raised to
the power of its argument).


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.16. floor ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The floor function returns the largest integer not greater than its argument.
For complex numbers, floor returns the largest integer not greater than the
real part of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.17. gamma ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The gamma function returns the gamma function of the real part of its argument.
For integer n, gamma(n+1) = n! . If the argument is a complex value, the
imaginary component is ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.18. ibeta ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The ibeta function returns the incomplete beta function of the real parts of
its arguments. p, q > 0 and x in [0:1] If the arguments are complex, the
imaginary components are ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.19. inverf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The inverf function returns the inverse error function of the real part of its
argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.20. igamma ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The igamma function returns the incomplete gamma function of the real parts of
its arguments. a > 0 and x >= 0 If the arguments are complex, the imaginary
components are ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.21. imag ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The imag function returns the imaginary part of its argument as a real number.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.22. invnorm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The invnorm function returns the inverse normal distribution function of the
real part of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.23. int ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The int function returns the integer part of its argument, truncated toward
zero.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.24. lgamma ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The lgamma function returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function of the
real part of its argument. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary
component is ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.25. log ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The log function returns the natural logarithm (base e) of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.26. log10 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The log10 function returns the logarithm (base 10) of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.27. norm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The norm function returns the normal distribution function (or Gaussian) of the
real part of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.28. rand ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The rand function returns a pseudo random number in the interval [0:1] using
the real part of its argument as a seed. If seed < 0 the sequence is
(re)initialized. If the argument is a complex value, the imaginary component is
ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.29. real ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The real function returns the real part of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.30. sgn ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The sgn function returns 1 if its argument is positive, -1 if its argument is
negative, and 0 if its argument is 0. If the argument is a complex value, the
imaginary component is ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.31. sin ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The sin function returns the sine of its argument. sin expects its argument to
be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.32. sinh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The sinh function returns the hyperbolic sine of its argument. sinh expects its
argument to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.33. sqrt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The sqrt function returns the square root of its argument.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.34. tan ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The tan function returns the tangent of its argument. tan expects its argument
to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.1.35. tanh ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The tanh function returns the hyperbolic tangent of its argument. tanh expects
its argument to be in radians.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.2. operators ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The operators in GNUPLOT are the same as the corresponding operators in the C
programming language, except that all operators accept integer, real, and
complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. The ** operator (exponentiation) is
supported, as in FORTRAN.

Parentheses may be used to change order of evaluation.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.2.1. binary ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The following is a list of all the binary operators and their usages:

ΓöîΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöé**        Γöéa**b        Γöéexponentiation        Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé*         Γöéa*b         Γöémultiplication        Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé/         Γöéa/b         Γöédivision              Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöéa         Γöéb           Γöé* modulo              Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé+         Γöéa+b         Γöéaddition              Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé-         Γöéa-b         Γöésubtraction           Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé==        Γöéa==b        Γöéequality              Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé!=        Γöéa!=b        Γöéinequality            Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé&         Γöéa&b         Γöé* bitwise AND         Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé^         Γöéa^b         Γöé* bitwise exclusive ORΓöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé|         Γöéa|b         Γöé* bitwise inclusive ORΓöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé&&        Γöéa&&b        Γöé* logical AND         Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé||        Γöéa||b        Γöé* logical OR          Γöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé?:        Γöéa?b:c       Γöé* ternary operation   Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires integer arguments.

Logical AND (&&) and OR (||) short-circuit the way they do in C. That is, the
second && operand is not evaluated if the first is false; the second || operand
is not evaluated if the first is true.

The ternary operator evaluates its first argument (a). If it is true (non-zero)
the second argument (b) is evaluated and returned, otherwise the third argument
(c) is evaluated and returned.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 10.2.2. unary ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The following is a list of all the unary operators and their usages:

ΓöîΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓö¼ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÉ
Γöé~Γöé~aΓöé* one's complementΓöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé!Γöé!aΓöé* logical negationΓöé
Γö£ΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓö╝ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöñ
Γöé!Γöéa!Γöé* factorial       Γöé
ΓööΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓö┤ΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÇΓöÿ
(*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires an integer
argument.

The factorial operator returns a real number to allow a greater range.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 11. help ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The help command displays on-line help. To specify information on a particular
topic use the syntax:

    help {<topic>}

If <topic> is not specified, a short message is printed about GNUPLOT. After
help for the requested topic is given, help for a subtopic may be requested by
typing its name, extending the help request. After that subtopic has been
printed, the request may be extended again, or simply pressing return goes back
one level to the previous topic. Eventually, the GNUPLOT command line will
return.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 12. load ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The load command executes each line of the specified input file as if it had
been typed in interactively. Files created by the save command can later be
loaded. Any text file containing valid commands can be created and then
executed by the load command. Files being loaded may themselves contain load
commands. See comment for information about comments in commands.

The load command must be the last command on the line.

Syntax:

    load "<input-file>"

The name of the input file must be enclosed in quotes.

Examples:

    load 'work.gnu'
    load "func.dat"

The load command is performed implicitly on any file names given as arguments
to GNUPLOT. These are loaded in the order specified, and then GNUPLOT exits.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 13. pause ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The pause command displays any text associated with the command and then waits
a specified amount of time or until the carriage return is pressed.  pause is
especially useful in conjunction with load files.

Syntax:

    pause <time> {"<string>"}

<time> may be any integer constant or expression. Choosing -1 will wait until a
carriage return is hit, zero (0) won't pause at all, and a positive integer
will wait the specified number of seconds.

Note: Since pause is not part of the plot it may interact with different device
drivers differently (depending upon how text and graphics are mixed).

Examples:

    pause -1   # Wait until a carriage return is hit
    pause 3   # Wait three seconds
    pause -1  "Hit return to continue"
    pause 10  "Isn't this pretty?  It's a cubic-spline."


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14. plot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

plot and splot are the primary commands of the program. They plot functions and
data in many, many ways. plot is used to plot 2-d functions and data, while
splot plots 3-d surfaces and data.

Syntax:

    plot {ranges} {<function> | {"<datafile>" {using ...}}}
          {title} {style} {, <function> {title} {style}...}

    splot {ranges} {<function> | {"<datafile>" {index i} {using ...}}}
          {title} {style} {, <function> {title} {style}...}

where either a <function> or the name of a data file enclosed in quotes is
supplied.  A function is a mathematical expression, or a pair (plot) or triple
(splot) of mathematical expressions in the case of parametric functions.
User-defined functions and variables may also be defined here.

plot and splot commands can be as simple as

    plot sin(x)

and

    splot x * y

or as complex as (!)

 plot [t=1:10] [-pi:pi*2] tan(t), "data.1" using 2:3 with lines,
    t**2 with points


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.1. data-file ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Discrete data contained in a file can be displayed by specifying the name of
the data file (enclosed in quotes) on the plot or splot command line. Data
files should contain one data point per line. Lines beginning with # (or ! on
VMS) will be treated as comments and ignored. For plots, each data point
represents an (x,y) pair. For splots, each point is an (x,y,z) triple. For
plots with error bars (see plot errorbars), each data point is either
(x,y,ydelta) or (x,y,ylow,yhigh). In all cases, the numbers on each line of a
data file must be separated by blank space. This blank space divides each line
into columns.

For plots the x value may be omitted, and for splots the x and y values may be
omitted. In either case the omitted values are assigned the current coordinate
number. Coordinate numbers start at 0 and are incremented for each data point
read.

To specify other formats, see plot datafile using.

In the plot command, blank lines in the data file cause a break in the plot.
There will be no line drawn between the preceding and following points if the
plot style is lines or linespoints (see plot style). This does not change the
plot style, as would plotting the data as separate curves.

This example compares the data in the file population.dat to a theoretical
curve:

    pop(x) = 103*exp((1965-x)/10)
    plot [1960:1990] 'population.dat', pop(x)

The file population.dat might contain:

    # Gnu population in Antarctica since 1965
    1965  103
    1970  55
    1975  34
    1980  24
    1985  10

When a data file is plotted, samples and isosamples are ignored. Curves plotted
using the plot command are automatically extended to hold the entire curve.
Similarly grid data plotted using the splot command is automatically extended,
using the assumption that isolines are separated by blank lines (a line with
only a CR/LF in it).

Implicitly, there are two types of 3-d datafiles. If all the isolines are of
the same length, the data is assumed to be a grid data, i.e., the data has a
grid topology. Cross isolines in the other parametric direction (the ith cross
isoline passes through the ith point of all the provided isolines) will also be
drawn for grid data. (Note contouring is available for grid data only.) If all
the isolines are not of the same length, no cross isolines will be drawn and
contouring that data is impossible.

For splot, data files may contain more than one mesh and by default all meshes
are plotted. Meshes are separated from each other, in the file, by double blank
lines. To control and splot a single mesh from a multi mesh file, use the index
modifier. See splot index for more.

For splot if 3-d datafile and using format (see splot datafile using) specify
only z (height field), a non parametric mode must be specified. If, on the
other hand, x, y, and z are all specified, a parametric mode should be selected
(see set parametric) since data is defining a parametric surface.

A simple example of plotting a 3-d data file is

    set parametric
    splot 'glass.dat'

or

    set noparametric
    splot 'datafile.dat'

where the file datafile.dat might contain:

    # The valley of the Gnu.
    10
    10
    10

    10
    5
    10

    10
    1
    10

    10
    0
    10

Note datafile.dat defines a 4 by 3 grid ( 4 rows of 3 points each ). Rows are
separated by blank lines.

On some computer systems with a popen function (UNIX), the datafile can be
piped through a shell command by starting the file name with a '<'.  For
example:

    pop(x) = 103*exp(-x/10)
    plot '< awk "{print

would plot the same information as the first population example but with years
since 1965 as the x axis.  If you want to execute this example, you have to
delete all comments from the data file above or substitute the following
command for the first part of the command above (the part up to the comma):

    plot '< awk "

It is also possible to apply a single function to the "y" value only, e.g.

    plot 'population.dat' thru p(x)

For more information about 3-d plotting, see splot.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.1.1. using ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The format of data within a file can be selected with the using option. An
explicit scanf string can be used, or simpler column choices can be made.

Syntax:

    plot "datafile" { using { <ycol> |
                 <xcol>:<ycol> |
                 <xcol>:<ycol>:<ydelta> |
                 <xcol>:<ycol>:<ylow>:<yhigh> |
                 <xcol>:<ycol>:<ylow>:<yhigh>:<boxwidth> }
                {"<scanf string>"} } ...

and

    splot "datafile" { using { <xcol>:<ycol>:<zcol> | <zcol> }
                 {"<scanf string>"} } ...

<xcol>, <ycol>, and <zcol> explicitly select the columns to plot from a space
or tab separated multicolumn data file. If only <ycol> is selected for plot,
<xcol> defaults to 1. If only <zcol> is selected for splot, then only that
column is read from the file. An <xcol> of 0 forces <ycol> to be plotted versus
its coordinate number. <xcol>, <ycol>, and <zcol> can be entered as constants
or expressions.

If errorbars (see also plot errorbars) are used for plots, ydelta (for example,
a +/- error) should be provided as the third column, or ylow and yhigh as third
and fourth columns.

If boxes or boxerrorbars are used for plots, a fifth column to specify the
width of the box may be given.  This implies that columns three and four must
also be provided even if they are not used. If you want to plot boxes from a
data file with three columns, set ylow and yhigh to y using the following
command:

    plot "datafile" using 1:2:2:2:3 with boxes

Scanf strings override any <xcol>:<ycol>(:<zcol>) choices, except for ordering
of input, e.g.,

    plot "datafile" using 2:1 "%f%*f%f"
causes the first column to be y and the third column to be x.

If the scanf string is omitted, the default is generated based on the
<xcol>:<ycol>(:<zcol>) choices. If the using option is omitted, "%f%f" is used
for plot ("%f%f%f%f" for errorbars plots) and "%f%f%f" is used for splot.

Examples:

    plot "MyData" using "%*f%f%*20[^\n]%f" with lines

Data are read from the file "MyData" using the format "%*f%f%*20[^\n]%f". The
meaning of this format is: "%*f" ignore the first number, "%f" then read in the
second and assign to x, "%*20[^\n]" then ignore 20 non-newline characters, "%f"
then read in the y value.

    n=3;
    plot "MyData", "MyData" using n

causes GNUPLOT to plot the second and third columns of MyData versus the first
column. The command 'n=4; replot' would then plot the second and fourth columns
of MyData versus the first column.

    splot "glass.dat" using 1

causes GNUPLOT to plot the first coordinate of the points of glass.dat as the z
coordinate while ignoring the other two coordinates.

Note: GNUPLOT first reads a line of the data file into a buffer and then does a

    sscanf(input_buffer, scanf_string, &x, &y{, &z});
where 'x', 'y', and 'z' are of type 'float'. Any scanf string that specifies
two (three for splot, three or four for errorbars) float numbers may be used.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.2. errorbars ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Error bars are supported for 2-d data file plots by reading one or two
additional columns specifying ydelta or ylow and yhigh respectively. No support
exists for x error bars or any error bars for splots.

In the default situation, GNUPLOT expects to see three or four numbers on each
line of the data file, either (x, y, ydelta) or (x, y, ylow, yhigh). The x
coordinate must be specified. The order of the numbers must be exactly as given
above. Data files in this format can easily be plotted with error bars:

    plot "data.dat" with errorbars

The error bar is a vertical line plotted from (x, ylow) to (x, yhigh). If
ydelta is specified instead of ylow and yhigh, ylow=y-ydelta and yhigh=y+ydelta
are derived. If there are only two numbers on the line, yhigh and ylow are both
set to y. To get lines plotted between the data points, plot the data file
twice, once with errorbars and once with lines.

If y autoscaling is on, the y range will be adjusted to fit the error bars.

The using option may be used to specify how columns of the data file are to be
assigned to x, y, ydelta, ylow, and yhigh. The x column must be provided and
both the x and y columns must appear before the errorbar columns. If three
column numbers are given, they are x, y, and ydelta. If four columns are given,
they are x, y, ylow, and yhigh.

Examples:

    plot "data.dat" using 1:2:3:4 with errorbars
    plot "data.dat" using 3:2:6 with errorbars
    plot "data.dat" using 3:4:8:7 with errorbars

The first example reads, x, y, ylow, and yhigh, from columns 1, 2, 3, and 4.
This is equivalent to the default.  The second example reads x from the third
column, y from second and ydelta from the sixth column. The third example reads
x from the third column, y from the fourth, ylow from the eighth, and yhigh
from seventh columns.

See also plot using and plot style.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.3. parametric ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

When in parametric mode (set parametric) mathematical expressions must be given
in pairs for plot and in triplets for splot:

    plot sin(t),t**2
or

    splot cos(u)*cos(v),cos(u)*sin(v),sin(u)

Data files are plotted as before, except any preceding parametric function must
be fully specified before a data file is given as a plot. In other words, the x
parametric function (sin(t) above) and the y parametric function (t**2 above)
must not be interrupted with any modifiers or data functions; doing so will
generate a syntax error stating that the parametric function is not fully
specified.

Ranges take on a different meaning when in parametric mode. The first range on
the plot command is the trange, the next is the xrange, and the last is the
yrange. For splot the order is urange, vrange, xrange, yrange, and finally
zrange. The following plot command shows setting the trange to [-pi:pi], the
xrange to [-1.3:1.3] and the yrange to [-1:1] for the duration of the plot:

    plot [-pi:pi] [-1.3:1.3] [-1:1] sin(t),t**2

Other modifiers, such as with and title, may be specified only after the
parametric function has been completed:

    plot sin(t),t**2 title 'Parametric example' with linespoints


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.4. ranges ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The optional range specifies the region of the plot that will be displayed.

Ranges may be provided on the plot and splot command line and affect only that
plot, or in the set xrange, set yrange, etc., commands, to change the default
ranges for future plots.

Syntax:

    [{<dummy-var> =} {<xmin> : <xmax>}] { [{<ymin> : <ymax>}] }

where <dummy-var> is the independent variable (the defaults are x and y, but
this may be changed with set dummy) and the min and max terms can be constant
expressions.

Both the min and max terms are optional. The ':' is also optional if neither a
min nor a max term is specified. This allows '[ ]' to be used as a null range
specification.

Specifying a range in the plot command line turns autoscaling for that axis off
for that plot. Using one of the set range commands turns autoscaling off for
that axis for future plots, unless changed later. (See set autoscale).

Examples:

This uses the current ranges:

    plot cos(x)

This sets the x range only:

    plot [-10:30] sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)

This is the same, but uses t as the dummy-variable:

    plot [t = -10 :30]  sin(pi*t)/(pi*t)

This sets both the x and y ranges:

    plot [-pi:pi] [-3:3]  tan(x), 1/x

This sets only the y range, and turns off autoscaling on both axes:

    plot [ ] [-2:sin(5)*-8] sin(x)**besj0(x)

This sets xmax and ymin only:

    plot [:200] [-pi:]  exp(sin(x))

This sets the x, y, and z ranges:

    splot [0:3] [1:4] [-1:1] x*y


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.5. index ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Splotting of multi mesh data files can be controlled via the index modifier. A
data file can contain more than one mesh, and in that case all meshes in the
file will be splotted by default. Meshes are separated from each other, in the
data file, by double blank lines. To splot a single mesh in a multi mesh file
use the index modifier which specify which mesh to splot. First mesh is mesh 0.

Example:

splot "data1" index 2 with points

will splot the third mesh in file data1 with points.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.6. style ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Plots may be displayed in one of eight styles: lines, points, linespoints,
impulses, dots, errorbars, steps, boxes, or boxerrorbars.  The lines style
connects adjacent points with lines. The points style displays a small symbol
at each point. The linespoints style does both lines and points. The impulses
style displays a vertical line from the x axis (or from the grid base for
splot) to each point. The dots style plots a tiny dot at each point; this is
useful for scatter plots with many points.

The errorbars style is only relevant to 2-d data file plotting. It is treated
like points for splots and function plots. For data plots, errorbars is like
points, except that a vertical error bar is also drawn: for each point (x,y), a
line is drawn from (x,ylow) to (x,yhigh). A tic mark is placed at the ends of
the error bar. The ylow and yhigh values are read from the data file's columns,
as specified with the using option to plot. See plot errorbars for more
information.

The boxes style is only relevant to 2-d plotting.  Another style called
boxerrorbars is also available and is only relevant to 2-d data file plotting.
This style is a combination of the boxes and errorbars styles.  The boxes style
draws a box centred about the given x coordinate from the yaxis to the given y
coordinate. The width of the box is obtained in one of three ways.  First, if a
data file has a fifth column, this will be used to set the width of the box.
Columns 3 and 4 (for boxerrorbars) are necessary but ignored in this instance.
Secondly, if a width has been set using the set boxwidth command, this will be
used.  Otherwise the width of each box will be calculated automatically so that
it touches the adjacent boxes.

The steps style is only relevant to 2-d plotting.  This style connects
consecutive points with two line segments: the first from (x1,y1) to (x2,y1)
and the second from (x2,y1) to (x2,y2).

Default styles are chosen with the set function style and set data style
commands.

By default, each function and data file will use a different line type and
point type, up to the maximum number of available types. All terminal drivers
support at least six different point types, and re-use them, in order, if more
than six are required. The LaTeX driver supplies an additional six point types
(all variants of a circle), and thus will only repeat after twelve curves are
plotted with points.

If desired, the style and (optionally) the line type and point type used for a
curve can be specified.

Syntax:

    with <style> {<linetype> {<pointtype>}}

where <style> is either lines, points, linespoints, impulses, dots, steps, or
errorbars. The <linetype> and <pointtype> are positive integer constants or
expressions and specify the line type and point type to be used for the plot.
Line type 1 is the first line type used by default, line type 2 is the second
line type used by default, etc.

Examples:

This plots sin(x) with impulses:

    plot sin(x) with impulses

This plots x*y with points, x**2 + y**2 default:

    splot x*y w points, x**2 + y**2

This plots tan(x) with the default function style, "data.1" with lines:

    plot [ ] [-2:5] tan(x), "data.1" with l

This plots "leastsq.dat" with impulses:

    plot 'leastsq.dat' w i

This plots the data file 'population' with boxes:

    plot "population" with boxes

This plots "exper.dat" with errorbars and lines connecting the points:

    plot 'exper.dat' w lines, 'exper.dat' w errorbars

Here 'exper.dat' should have three or four data columns.

This plots x**2 + y**2 and x**2 - y**2 with the same line type:

    splot x**2 + y**2 with line 1, x**2 - y**2 with line 1

This plots sin(x) and cos(x) with linespoints, using the same line type but
different point types:

    plot sin(x) with linesp 1 3, cos(x) with linesp 1 4

This plots file "data" with points style 3:

    plot "data" with points 1 3
Note that the line style must be specified when specifying the point style,
even when it is irrelevant. Here the line style is 1 and the point style is 3,
and the line style is irrelevant.

See set style to change the default styles.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 14.7. title ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

A title of each plot appears in the key. By default the title is the function
or file name as it appears on the plot command line. The title can be changed
by using the title option. This option should precede any with option.

Syntax:

    title "<title>"

where <title> is the new title of the plot and must be enclosed in quotes. The
quotes will not be shown in the key.

Examples:

This plots y=x with the title 'x':

    plot x

This plots the "glass.dat" file with the title 'surface of revolution':

    splot "glass.dat" title 'surface of revolution'

This plots x squared with title "x^2" and "data.1" with title 'measured data':

    plot x**2 title "x^2", "data.1" t 'measured data'

The title can be omitted from the key with the "notitle" option for plot and
splot.  This can be useful when some curves are plotted solely for decoration;
for example, if one wanted a circular border for a polar plot, he could say:

Example:

    set polar
    plot my_function(x), 1 notitle

This would generate a key entry for "my_function" but not for "1". See the
poldat.dem example.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 15. print ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The print command prints the value of <expression> to the screen.

Syntax:

    print <expression>

See expressions.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 16. pwd ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The pwd command prints the name of the working directory to the screen.

Syntax:

    pwd


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 17. quit ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The exit and quit commands and END-OF-FILE character will exit GNUPLOT. All
these commands will clear the output device (as the clear command does) before
exiting.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 18. replot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The replot command without arguments repeats the last plot or splot command.
This can be useful for viewing a plot with different set options, or when
generating the same plot for several devices.

Arguments specified after a replot command will be added onto the last plot
(splot) command (with an implied ',' separator) before it is repeated. replot
accepts the same arguments as the plot (splot) commands except that ranges
cannot be specified. See command line-editing for ways to edit the last plot
(splot) command.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 19. reread ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The reread command causes the current gnuplot command file, as specified by a
load command or on the command line, to be reset to its starting point before
further commands are read from it.  This essentially implements an endless loop
of the commands from the beginning of the command file to the reread command.
The reread command has no effect if input from standard input.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 20. save ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The save command saves user-defined functions, variables, set options or all
three plus the last plot (splot) command to the specified file.

Syntax:

    save  {<option>} "<filename>"

where <option> is functions, variables or set. If no option is used, GNUPLOT
saves functions, variables, set options and the last plot (splot) command.

saved files are written in text format and may be read by the load command.

The filename must be enclosed in quotes.

Examples:

    save "work.gnu"
    save functions 'func.dat'
    save var 'var.dat'
    save set "options.dat"


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21. set-show ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set command sets LOTS of options.

The show command shows their settings. show all shows all the settings.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.1. angles ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

By default, GNUPLOT assumes the independent variable in polar plots is in units
of radians. If set angles degrees is specified before set polar then the
default range is [0:360] and the independent variable has units of degrees.
This is particularly useful for plots of data files. The angle setting also
hold for the 3-d mapping as set via the set mapping command.

Syntax:

    set angles { degrees | radians }
    show angles


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.2. arrow ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Arbitrary arrows can be placed on a plot using the set arrow command.

Syntax:

     set arrow {<tag>} {from <sx>,<sy>{,<sz>}}
              {to <ex>,<ey>{,<ez>}} {{no}head}
     set noarrow {<tag>}
     show arrow

Unspecified coordinates default to 0. The x, y, and z values are in the graph's
coordinate system. The z coordinate is only used in splot commands. <tag> is an
integer that identifies the arrow. If no tag is given, the lowest unused tag
value is assigned automatically. The tag can be used to delete or change a
specific arrow. To change any attribute of an existing arrow, use the set arrow
command with the appropriate tag, and specify the parts of the arrow to be
changed. Specifying nohead requests the arrow be drawn without a head (yielding
a line segment). By default, arrows have heads.

Arrows outside the plotted boundaries are permitted but may cause device
errors.

Examples:

To set an arrow pointing from the origin to (1,2), use:

     set arrow to 1,2
To set an arrow from (-10,4,2) to (-5,5,3), and tag the arrow number 3, use:

     set arrow 3 from -10,4,2 to -5,5,3
To change the preceding arrow begin at 1,1,1, without an arrow head, use:

     set arrow 3 from 1,1,1 nohead
To delete arrow number 2 use:

     set noarrow 2
To delete all arrows use:

     set noarrow
To show all arrows (in tag order) use:

     show arrow


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.3. autoscale ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Auto scaling may be set individually on the x, y or z axis or globally on all
axes. The default is to autoscale all axes.

When autoscaling, the plot range is automatically computed and the dependent
axis (y for a plot and z for splot) is scaled to include the range of the
function or data being plotted.

If autoscaling of the dependent axis (y or z) is not set, the current y or z
range is used.

See set yrange or set zrange.

Autoscaling the independent variables (x for plot and x,y for splot) is a
request to set the domain to match any data file being plotted. If there are no
data files then autoscaling an independent variable has no effect. In other
words, in the absence of a data file, functions alone do not affect the x range
(or the y range if plotting z = f(x,y)).

See set xrange, or set yrange.

The behavior of autoscaling remains consistent in parametric mode, however,
there are more dependent variables and hence more control over x, y, and z plot
scales. In parametric mode, the independent or dummy variable is t for plots
and u,v for splots.  Autoscale in parametric mode, then, controls all ranges
(t, u, v, x, y, and z) and allows x, y, and z to be fully autoscaled.

See set parametric.

Syntax:

    set autoscale <axes>
    set noautoscale <axes>
    show autoscale

where <axes> is either x, y, z or xy. If <axes> is not given then all axes are
assumed.

Examples:

This sets autoscaling of the y axis. x axis autoscaling is not affected.

    set autoscale y

This sets autoscaling of the x and y axes.

    set autoscale xy

This sets autoscaling of the x, y and z axes.

    set autoscale

This disables autoscaling of the x, y and z axes.

    set noautoscale

This disables autoscaling of the z axis only.

    set noautoscale z


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.3.1. parametric mode ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

When in parametric mode (set parametric) the xrange is as fully scalable as the
yrange. In other words, in parametric mode the x axis can be automatically
scaled to fit the range of the parametric function that is being plotted. Of
course, the y axis can also be automatically scaled just as in the
non-parametric case. If autoscaling on the x axis is not set, the current x
range is used.

When there is a mix of data files and functions, the xrange of the functions is
selected as that of the data files if autoscale is true for x. While this keeps
the behavior compatible with non-parametric plotting, it may not be retained in
the future. The problem is that, in parametric mode, the x and y ranges are not
as distinguishable as in the non-parametric mode and this behavior may not be
the most useful.

For completeness a last command set autoscale t is accepted. However, the
effect of this "scaling" is very minor. When GNUPLOT determines that the t
range would be empty it makes a small adjustment if autoscaling is true.
Otherwise, GNUPLOT gives an error. Such behavior may, in fact, not be very
useful and the command set autoscale t is certainly questionable.

splot extends the above idea similarly. If autoscaling is set then x, y, and z
ranges are computed and each axis scaled to fit the resulting data.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.4. border ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set border and set noborder commands controls the display of the plot
borders for the plot and splot commands.

Syntax:

    set border
    set noborder
    show border


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.5. boxwidth ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set boxwidth command is used to set the default width of boxes in the boxes
and boxerrorbars styles.

If a data file is plotted without the width being specified in the fifth
column, or a function is plotted, the width of each box is set by the set
boxwidth command.  If a width is given after the set boxwidth command then this
is used as the width.  Otherwise the width of each box will be calculated
automatically so that it touches the adjacent boxes.

Syntax:

     set boxwidth {<width>}
     show boxwidth

To set the box width to automatic use the command

     set boxwidth


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.6. clabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

GNUPLOT will vary the linetype used for each contour level when clabel is set.
When this option on (the default), a legend labels each linestyle with the z
level it represents.

Syntax:

    set clabel
    set noclabel
    show clabel


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.7. clip ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

GNUPLOT can clip data points and lines that are near the boundaries of a plot.

Syntax:

    set clip <clip-type>
    set noclip <clip-type>
    show clip

Three clip types are supported by GNUPLOT: points, one, and two. One, two, or
all three clip types may be active for a single plot.

The points clip type forces GNUPLOT to clip (actually, not plot at all) data
points that fall within but too close to the boundaries (this is so the large
symbols used for points will not extend outside the boundary lines). Without
clipping points near the boundaries may look bad; try adjusting the x and y
ranges.

Setting the one clip type causes GNUPLOT to plot the line segments which have
only one of the two endpoints within the plotting region. Only the in-range
portion of the line is drawn.  The alternative is to not draw any portion of
the line segment.

Some lines may have both endpoints out of range, but pass through the plotting
area. Setting the two clip-type allows the visible portion of these lines to be
drawn.

In no case is a line drawn outside the plotting area.

The defaults are noclip points, clip one, and noclip two.

To check the state of all forms of clipping, use

    show clip

For backward compatibility with older versions, the following forms are also
permitted.

    set clip
    set noclip
set clip is synonymous with set clip points. set noclip turns off all three
types of clipping.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.8. cntrparam ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Sets the different parameters for the contouring plot (see also contour).

Syntax:

 set cntrparam { { linear | cubicspline | bspline } |
  points <n> |
  order <n>  |
  levels { [ auto ] <n> |
  discrete <z1>,<z2>, ... |
  incremental {<start>, <incr>{, <end>} } }

Examples:

  set cntrparam bspline
  set cntrparam points 7
  set cntrparam order 10
  set cntrparam levels auto 5          # 5 automatic levels
  set cntrparam levels discrete .1,1/exp(1),.9  # 3 discrete at .1,.37,.9
  set cntrparam levels incremental  0,.1,.4
  # 5 incremental levels at 0, .1, .2, .3 and .4
  set cntrparam levels 10
  # sets n = 10 retaining current setting of auto, discr. and
  # increment's start and increment value, while changing end
  set cntrparam levels incremental 100,50
  # set start = 100 and increment = 50, retaining n levels

This command controls the way contours are plotted. <n> should be an integral
constant expression and <z1>, <z2> any constant expressions. The parameters
are:

linear, cubicspline, bspline - Controls type of approximation or interpolation.
If linear, then the contours are drawn piecewise linear, as extracted from the
surface directly. If cubicspline, then piecewise linear contours are
interpolated to form a somewhat smoother contours, but which may undulate. The
third option is the uniform bspline, which only approximates the piecewise
linear data but is guaranteed to be smoother.

points - Eventually all drawings are done with piecewise linear strokes.  This
number controls the number of points used to approximate a curve.  Relevant for
cubicspline and bspline modes only.

order  - Order of the bspline approximation to be used. The bigger this order
is, the smoother the resulting contour.  (Of course, higher order bspline
curves will move further away from the original piecewise linear data.)  This
option is relevant for bspline mode only. Allowed values are integers in the
range from 2 (linear) to 10.

levels - Number of contour levels, 'n'.  Selection of the levels is controlled
by 'auto' (default), 'discrete', and 'incremental'. For 'auto', if the surface
is bounded by zmin and zmax then contours will be generated from zmin+dz to
zmax-dz in steps of size dz, where dz = (zmax - zmin) / (levels + 1).  For
'discrete', contours will be generated at z = z1, z2 ... as specified.  The
number of discrete levels is limited to MAX_DISCRETE_LEVELS, defined in plot.h
to be 30.  If 'incremental', contours are generated at <n> values of z
beginning at <start> and increasing by <increment>.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.9. contour ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Enable contour drawing for surfaces. This option is available for splot only.

Syntax:

    set contour { base | surface | both }
    set nocontour

If no option is provided to set contour, the default is base. The three options
specify where to draw the contours: base draws the contours on the grid base
where the x/ytics are placed, surface draws the contours on the surfaces
themselves, and both draws the contours on both the base and the surface.

See also set cntrparam for the parameters that affect the drawing of contours.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.10. data style ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set data style command changes the default plotting style for data plots.

Syntax:

    set data style
    show data style
    set data style <style-choice>

In the first case, set data style returns the possible style choices:  lines,
points, linespoints, dots, steps, impulses, errorbars, boxes or boxerrorbars.
show data style shows the current default plotting style for data.  set data
style dots would actually  change the default plotting style.  See also plot.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.11. dgrid3d ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Enables and sets the different parameters for non grid to grid data mapping.

Syntax:

    set dgrid3d {,{<row_size>}{,{<col_size>}{,<norm>}}}
    set nodgrid3d

Examples:

    set dgrid3d 10,10,2
    set dgrid3d ,,4

The first selects a grid of size 10 by 10 to be constructed and the use of L2
norm in the distance computation. The second only modifies the norm to be used
to L4.

By default this option is disabled. When enabled, 3d data read from a file is
always treaded as a scattered data set. A grid with dimensions derived from a
bounding box of the scattered data and size as specified by the row/col_size
above is created for plotting and contouring. The grid is equally spaced in x
and y while the z value is computed as a weighted average of the scattered
points distance to the grid points. The closer the scatter points to a grid
point are the more effect they have on that grid point. The third, norm,
parameter controls the "meaning" of the distance, by specifying the distance
norm. This distance computation is optimized for powers of 2 norms,
specifically 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16, but any nonnegative integer can be used.

This dgrid3d option is a simple low pass filter that converts scattered data to
a grid data set. More sophisticated approaches to this problem exists and
should be used as a preprocess to and outside gnuplot if this simple solution
is found inadequate.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.12. dummy ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

By default, GNUPLOT assumes that the independent variable for the plot command
is x, and the independent variables for the splot command are x and y. They are
called the dummy variables because it is just a notation to indicate the
independent variables. The set dummy command changes these default dummy
variable names. For example, it may be more convenient to call the dummy
variable t when plotting time functions:

    set dummy t
    plot sin(t), cos(t)

Syntax:

    set dummy <dummy-var>{,<dummy-var>}
    show dummy

Examples:

    set dummy u,v
    set dummy ,s

to set both dummy variables to u and v or set only the second variable to s.

The set parametric command also changes the dummy variables (to t for plot and
u,v for splots).


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.13. format ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The format of the tic-mark labels can be set with the set format command. The
default format for both axes is "%g", but other formats such as "%.2f" or
"%3.0fm" are often desirable. Anything accepted by printf when given a double
precision number, and then accepted by the terminal, will work. In particular,
the formats f, e, and g will work, and the d, o, x, c, s, and u formats will
not work.

Syntax:

    set format {<axes>} {"<format-string>"}
    show format

where <axes> is either x, y, z, xy, or nothing (which is the same as xy). The
length of the string representing a ticmark (after formatting with printf) is
restricted to 100 characters.  If the format string is omitted, the format will
be returned to the default "%g". For LaTeX users, the format " empty string ""
is used, no label will be plotted with each tic, though the tic mark will still
be plotted. To eliminate all tic marks, use set noxtics or set noytics.

See also set xtics and set ytics for more control over tic labels.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.14. function style ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set function style command changes the default plotting style for
functions.

Syntax:

    set function style
    show function style
    set function style <style-choice>

In the first case, set function style returns the possible style choices:
lines, points, linespoints, dots, steps, impulses, errorbars, boxes, or
boxerrorbars. show function style shows the current default plotting style for
functions.  set function style linespoints would actually change the default
plotting style.  See also plot.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.15. functions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The show functions command lists all user-defined functions and their
definitions.

Syntax:

    show functions


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.16. grid ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The optional set grid draws a grid at the tic marks with the axis linetype.

Syntax:

    set grid
    set nogrid
    show grid


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.17. hidden3d ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set hidden3d command enables hidden line removal for explicit surface
plotting (see splot). Hidden line removal may be used for both explicit
functions and for explicit data.  It now works for parametric surfaces as well.

When this flag is set both the surface hidden portion and possibly its hidden
contours (see set contour) as well as the hidden grid will be removed. Labels
and arrows are always visible and are unaffected by this command.

Each surface has its hidden parts removed with respect to itself and to other
surfaces, if more than one surface is plotted. This mode is meaningful when
surfaces are plotted using line style drawing only.

Syntax:

    set hidden3d
    set nohidden3d
    show hidden3d


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.18. isosamples ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

An isoline is a curve parametrized by one of the surface parameters while the
other surface parameter is fixed. Isolines are a simple means to display a
surface. By fixing the u parameter of surface s(u,v), the iso-u lines of the
form c(v) = s(u0,v) are produced, and by fixing the v parameter, the iso-v
lines of the form c(u) = s(u,v0) are produced.

The isoline density of surfaces may be changed by the set isosamples command.
By default, sampling is set to 10 isolines per u or v axis. A higher sampling
rate will produce more accurate plots, but will take longer. This parameter has
no effect on data file plotting.

Syntax:

    set isosamples <iso_1> {,<iso_2>}
    show isosamples

Each surface plot will have <iso_1> iso-u lines and <iso_2> iso-v lines. If you
only specify <iso_1>, <iso_2> will be set to the same value as <iso_1>.

When a surface plot is being done without the removal of hidden lines, set
samples also has an effect on the number of points being evaluated. See set
samples.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.19. key ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set key enables a key describing curves on a plot.  By default the key is
placed in the upper right corner of the plot.

Syntax:

    set key
    set key <x>,<y>{,<z>}
    set nokey
    show key

The coordinates <x>, <y> (and <z> for splots) specify the location of the key
on the plot. The key is drawn as a sequence of lines, with one plot described
on each line. On the right hand side of each line is a representation that
attempts to mimic the way the curve is plotted.  On the left side of each line
is the text description, obtained from the plot command. See plot title to
change this description. The lines are vertically arranged so an imaginary
straight line divides the left- and right-hand sides of the key. It is the
coordinates of this line that are specified with the set key command. In a
plot, only the x and y coordinates are used to specify the line position.  For
a splot, x, y and z are all being used as a 3-d location mapped using the same
mapping as the plot itself to form the required 2-d screen position of the
imaginary line.

Some or all of the key may be outside of the plot boundary, although this may
interfere with other labels and may cause an error on some devices.

Examples:

This places the key at the default location:

    set key
This disables the key:

    set nokey
This places a key at coordinates 2,3.5,2

    set key 2,3.5,2


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.20. label ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Arbitrary labels can be placed on the plot using the set label command.  If the
z coordinate is given on a plot it is ignored; if it is missing on a splot it
is assumed to be 0.

Syntax:

     set label {<tag>} {"<label_text>"} {at <x>,<y>{,<z>}}
              {<justification>}
     set nolabel {<tag>}
     show label

The text defaults to "", and the position to 0,0,0.  The <x>, <y>, and <z>
values are in the graph's coordinate system.  The tag is an integer that is
used to identify the label. If no <tag> is given, the lowest unused tag value
is assigned automatically. The tag can be used to delete or change a specific
label. To change any attribute of an existing label, use the set label command
with the appropriate tag, and specify the parts of the label to be changed.

By default, the text is placed flush left against the point x,y,z. To adjust
the way the label is positioned with respect to the point x,y,z, add the
parameter <justification>, which may be left, right or center, indicating that
the point is to be at the left, right or center of the text. Labels outside the
plotted boundaries are permitted but may interfere with axes labels or other
text.

Examples:

To set a label at (1,2) to "y=x" use:

     set label "y=x" at 1,2
To set a label "y=x^2" with the right of the text at (2,3,4), and tag the label
number 3, use:

     set label 3 "y=x^2" at 2,3,4 right
To change the preceding label to center justification, use:

     set label 3 center
To delete label number 2 use:

     set nolabel 2
To delete all labels use:

     set nolabel
To show all labels (in tag order) use:

     show label

(The EEPIC, Imagen, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow \\ in a string to specify a
newline.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.21. logscale ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Log scaling may be set on the x, y, and z axes.

Syntax:

    set logscale <axes> <base>
    set nologscale <axes>
    show logscale

where <axes> may be any combinations of x, y, and z, in any order, and where
<base> is the base of the log scaling.  If <base> is not given, then 10 is
assumed.  If <axes> is not given then all three axes are assumed.  The command
set logscale turns on log scaling on the specified axes, while set nologscale
turns off log scaling.

Examples:

To enable log scaling in both x and z axes:

    set logscale xz
To enable scaling log base 2 of the y axis:

    set logscale y 2
To disable z axis log scaling:

    set nologscale z


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.22. mapping ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Syntax:

    set mapping { cartesian | spherical | cylindrical }

Data for splots are usually in regular Euclidean space and are provided in
Cartesian coordinates. Such 3-d data require three coordinates (x, y and z) or
one coordinate (only z) in each line in the data file.  In order to be able to
use spherical or cylindrical coordinate systems, use the set mapping command.
In both cases two coordinates are expected in each line of the data. For a
spherical coordinate system, these are theta and phi (in units as specified by
set angles) and the mapping is:

    x = cos( theta ) * cos( phi )
    y = sin( theta ) * cos( phi )
    z = sin( phi )

For a cylindrical coordinate system, the mapping uses two variables, theta (in
units as specified by set angles) and z:

    x = cos( theta )
    y = sin( theta )
    z = z

Again, note that mapping will affect data file splots only.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.23. offsets ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The amount of the graph that the plot takes up may be controlled to some extent
with the set offsets command. This command takes four offset arguments: <left>,
<right>, <top> and <bottom>. By default, each offset is 0. Each offset may be a
constant or an expression. Left and right offsets are given in units of the x
axis, while top and bottom offsets are given in units of the y axis. The plot
of sin(x), displayed with offsets of 0, 0, 2, 2 will take up 1/3 of the
displayed y axis. Offsets are particularly useful with polar coordinates as a
means of compensating for aspect ratio distortion. Offsets are ignored in
splots.

Syntax:

    set offsets <left>, <right>, <top>, <bottom>
    show offsets


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.24. output ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

By default, plots are displayed to the standard output. The set output command
redirects the display to the specified file or device.

Syntax:

    set output {"<filename>"}
    show output

The filename must be enclosed in quotes. If the filename is omitted, output
will be sent to the standard output.

On machines with popen functions (UNIX), output can be piped through a shell
command if the first letter of the filename is '|'.  For instance,

Syntax:

    set output "|lpr -Plaser filename"
    set output "|lp -dlaser filename"

(On MSDOS machines, set output "prn" will direct the output to the default
printer.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.25. parametric ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set parametric command changes the meaning of plot (splot) from normal
functions to parametric functions. The command set noparametric changes the
plotting style back to normal, single-valued expression plotting.

In 2-d plotting, a parametric function is determined by a pair of parametric
functions operating on a parameter. An example of a 2-d parametric function
would be plot sin(t),cos(t) (which defines a circle).

For 3-d plotting, the surface is described as x=f(u,v), y=g(u,v), z=h(u,v).
Therefore a triplet of functions are required. An example of 3-d parametric
function would be cos(u)*cos(v),cos(u)*sin(v),sin(u) (which defines a sphere).
It takes three parametric function specifications in terms of the parametric
dummy arguments to describe a single graph.

The total set of possible plots is a superset of the simple f(x) style plots,
since the two (three) functions can describe the x and y (and z) values to be
computed separately. In fact, plots of the type t,f(t) (u,v,f(u,v)) are
equivalent to those produced with f(x) when the x values are computed using the
identity function as the first function.

Note that the order the parametric functions are specified is xfunction,
yfunction (and zfunction) and that each operates over the common parametric
domain.

Also, the set parametric function implies a new range of values. Whereas the
normal f(x) and f(x,y) style plotting assume an xrange and yrange (and zrange),
the parametric mode additionally specifies a trange, urange, and vrange. These
ranges may be set directly with set trange, set urange and set vrange, or by
specifying the range on the plot or splot commands. Currently the default range
for these parametric variables is [-5:5]. Setting the ranges to something more
meaningful is expected.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.26. polar ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set polar command changes the meaning of the plot from rectangular
coordinates to polar coordinates. In polar coordinates, the dummy variable (x)
is an angle. The range of this angle is changed from whatever it was to
[0:2*pi], or, if degree unit has been selected, to [0:360] (see set angles).

The command set nopolar changes the meaning of the plot back to the default
rectangular coordinate system. The range of x is changed from whatever it was
to [-10:10].

The set polar command is not supported for splots.  See the set mapping command
for similar functionality for splots.

While in polar coordinates the meaning of an expression in x is really r =
f(x), where x is an angle of rotation. The xrange controls the domain (the
angle) of the function, and the yrange controls the range (the radius). The
plot is plotted in a rectangular box, and the x and y axes are both in units of
the radius. Thus, the yrange controls both dimensions of the plot output. The
tics and units are written along the axes rather than at the left and bottom.
These unit are offset by <rmin> specified by the rrange (See set rrange). It is
not possible to specify different output dimensions in the x or y directions.
The yrange can be used to shift the plot diagonally to display only the first
or third quadrants.

Syntax:

    set polar
    set nopolar
    show polar
Example:

    set polar
    plot x*sin(x)
    plot [-2*pi:2*pi] [-3:3] x*sin(x)
The first plot uses the default polar angular domain of 0 to 2*pi. The radius
(and the size of the plot) is scaled automatically. The second plot expands the
domain, and restricts the range of the radius (and the size of the plot) to
[-3:3].


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.27. rrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set rrange command sets the radial range used to compute x and y values
when in polar mode. If not in polar mode (see set polar) then this range is not
used. Use of this command offsets the polar singularity to the <rmin> value and
shifts the units on the axes tic marks. For instance, set rrange [-40:40] would
set the origin to -40 and would plot values of radial values between -40 to 40.
Thus, if 360 degrees of data were plotted, then the plot would extend 80 units
in radially from the origin.  To view the entire plot,  a set yrange [-80:80]
command would create a square viewport with a circular plot tangent at the
axes.  Because xrange is used specify the angular extent, only a square
viewport can be specified by yrange.  For instance, set yrange [0:80] would
display the first quadrant and set yrange [-80:0] would display the third
quadrant.  Any square viewport of any size can be specified but it is
constrained to be centered on a 45 degree line.

This range may also be specified on the plot command line when in polar mode.

Syntax:

    set rrange [{<rmin> : <rmax>}]

where <rmin> and <rmax> terms are constants or expressions.

Both the <rmin> and <rmax> terms are optional. Anything omitted will not be
changed, so

    set rrange [:10]
changes rmax to 10 without affecting rmin.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.28. samples ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The sampling rate of functions may be changed by the set samples command. By
default, sampling is set to 100 points. A higher sampling rate will produce
more accurate plots, but will take longer. This parameter no longer has any
effect on data-file plotting.

Syntax:

    set samples <samples_1> {,<samples_2>}
    show samples

When a 2-d plot is being done, only the value of <samples_1> is relevant.

When a surface plot is being done without the removal of hidden lines, the
value of samples specifies the number of samples that are evaluated per iso
line. Each iso-v line will have <sample_1> samples and each iso-u line will
have <sample_2> samples. If you only specify <samples_1>, <samples_2> will be
set to the same value as <samples_1>. See also set isosamples.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.29. size ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set size command scales the displayed size of the plot.  On some terminals,
changing the size of the plot will result in text being misplaced. Increasing
the size of the plot may produce strange results. Decreasing is safer.

Syntax:

    set size {<xscale>,<yscale>}
    show size

The <xscale> and <yscale> values are the scaling factors for the size. The
defaults (1,1) are selected if the scaling factors are omitted.

Examples:

To set the size to normal size use:

    set size
To make the plot half size use:

    set size 0.5,0.5
To make a landscape plot have a 1:1 aspect ratio in polar mode use:

    set size 0.721,1.0
To show the size use:

    show size

For the LaTeX and Fig terminals the default size (scale factor 1,1) is 5 inches
wide by 3 inches high. The big Fig terminal (bfig) is 7 inches wide by 5 inches
high. The postscript default is landscape mode 10 inches wide and 7 inches
high. Note that the size of the plot includes the space used by the labels; the
plotting area itself is smaller.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.30. style ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Plots may be displayed in one of eight styles: lines, points, linespoints,
impulses, dots, steps, errorbars, boxes, or boxerrorbars.  The lines style
connects adjacent points with lines. The points style displays a small symbol
at each point. The linespoints style does both lines and points. The impulses
style displays a vertical line from the x axis (or from the grid base for
splot) to each point. The dots style plots a tiny dot at each point; this is
useful for scatter plots with many points.

The errorbars style is only relevant to 2-d data file plotting. It is treated
like points for splots and function plots. For data plots, errorbars is like
points, except that a vertical error bar is also drawn: for each point (x,y), a
line is drawn from (x,ylow) to (x,yhigh). A tic mark is placed at the ends of
the error bar. The ylow and yhigh values are read from the data file's columns,
as specified with the using option to plot. See plot errorbars for more
information.

The boxes style is only relevant to 2-d plotting.  It draws a box centred about
the given x coordinate from the yaxis to the given y coordinate.  The width of
the box is obtained in one of three ways.  If a data file has a fifth column,
this will be used to set the width of the box.  Otherwise, if a width has been
set using the set boxwidth command, this will be used.  Otherwise the width of
each box will be calculated automatically so that it touches the adjacent
boxes.  Another style called boxerrorbars is also available and is only
relevant to 2-d data file plotting.  This style is a combination of the boxes
and errorbars styles.

The steps style is only relevant to 2-d plotting.  This style connects
consecutive points with two line segments: the first from (x1,y1) to (x2,y1)
and the second from (x2,y1) to (x2,y2).

Default styles are chosen with the set function style and set data style
commands. See plot style for information about how to override the default
plotting style for individual functions.

Syntax:

    set function style <style>
    set data style <style>
    show function style
    show data style

where <style> is lines, points, linespoints, impulses, dots, steps, errorbars,
boxes, or boxerrorbars.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.31. surface ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

set surface controls the display of surfaces. It is useful if contours are to
be displayed by themselves. Whenever set nosurface is issued, no surface
isolines/mesh will be drawn. See also set contour.

Syntax:

    set surface
    set nosurface
    show surface


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32. terminal ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

GNUPLOT supports many different graphics devices. Use the set terminal command
to select the type of device for which GNUPLOT will produce output.

Syntax:

    set terminal {<terminal-type>}
    show terminal

If <terminal-type> is omitted, GNUPLOT will list the available terminal types.
<terminal-type> may be abbreviated.

Use set output to redirect this output to a file or device.

Several terminals have additional options. For example, see dumb, iris4d,
hpljii or postscript.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.1. aifm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Several options may be set in the Adobe Illustrator 3.0 driver.

Syntax:

    set terminal aifm {<color>}
                {"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}

Selecting default sets all options to their default values. <color> is either
color or monochrome. "<fontname>" is the name of a valid PostScript font.
<fontsize> is the size of the font in PostScript points, before scaling by the
set size command. Defaults are monochrome, "Helvetica", and 14pt.

Also, since AI does not really support multiple pages, multiple graphs will be
output directly on one another.  However, each graph will be grouped
individually, making it easy to separate them inside AI (just pick them up and
move them).

Examples:

    set term aifm
    set term aifm 22
    set size 0.7,1.4
    set term aifm color "Times-Roman" 14


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.2. atari ST ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The atari terminal has an option to set the character size and the screen
colors.  The driver expects a space separated list the char size and maximal 16
3 digit hex numbers where each digit represents RED, GREEN and BLUE (in that
order).  The range of 0-15 is scaled to whatever color range the screen
actually has.  On a normal ST screen, odd and even intensities are the same.

Examples:

    set terminal atari 4 # (use small (6x6) font)
    set terminal atari 6 0 # (set monochrome screen to white on black)
    set terminal atari 13 0 fff f00 f0 f ff f0f ff0
    # (set first eight colors to black, white, green, blue, cyan, \
     purple, and yellow and use large font (8x16).)

Additionally, if an environment variable GNUCOLORS exists, its contents are
interpreted as an options string, but an explicit terminal option takes
precedence.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.3. dumb ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The dumb terminal driver has an optional size specification.

Syntax:

    set terminal dumb {<xsize> <ysize>}

where <xsize> and <ysize> set the size of the dumb terminals. Default is 79 by
24.

Examples:

    set term dumb
    set term dumb 79 49 # VGA screen--why would anyone want to do that?


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.4. epson ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

This set of drivers support Epson printers and derivatives.  See also the NEC
driver.  epson is a generic 9 wire printer with a resolution of 512x384. starc
is a Star Color printer with the same resolution. epson180 and epson60 are 180
dpi and 60 dpi drivers for newer 24 wire printers.  This also includes bubble
jet printers.  Their resolutions are 1260x1080 and 480x360, respectively.  The
tandy60 is identical to the epson60 driver with one additional escape sequence
to start IBM mode.  With all of these drivers, a binary copy is required on a
PC to print.  Do not use print.

    copy file /b lpt1:


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.5. gpic ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

This driver is only known to work the Free Software Foundation gpic/groff
package.  Modification for the Document Workbench pic/troff package would be
appreciated.  FSF gpic can also produce TeX output.

A simple graph can be formatted using

   groff -p -mpic -Tps file.pic > file.ps.

The output from pic can be pipe-lined into eqn, so it is possible to put
complex functions in a graph with the set label and set {x/y}label commands.
For instance,

  set ylab '@space 0 int from 0 to x alpha ( t ) roman d t@'

Will label the y-axis with a nice integral if formatted with the command:

  gpic filename.pic | geqn -d@@ -Tps | groff -m[macro-package] -Tps
    > filename.ps

Figures made this way can be scaled to fit into a document. The pic language is
easy to understand, so the graphs can be edited by hand if need be. All
coordinates in the pic-file produced by gnuplot are given as x+gnuplotx and
y+gnuploty. By default x and y are given the value 0 If this line is removed
with an editor in a number of files one can put several graphs i one figure
like this (default size is 5.0x3.0 inches)

  .PS 8.0
  x=0;y=3
  copy "figa.pic"
  x=5;y=3
  copy "figb.pic"
  x=0;y=0
  copy "figc.pic"
  x=5;y=0
  copy "figd.pic"
  .PE

This will produce an 8 inches wide figure with four graphs in two rows on top
of each other

One can also achieve the same thing by the command

 set term pic x y

For example, using

 .PS 6.0
 copy "trig.pic"
 .PE


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.6. hpljii ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The HP LaserJet II and HP DeskJet drivers have a single option.

Syntax:

    set terminal hpljii {<resolution>}
    set terminal hpdj  {<resolution>}

where <resolution> is the resolution of the output in dots per inch. It must be
75, 100, 150 or 300.  Note: there must be enough memory available to rasterize
at the higher resolutions.

Example:

    set terminal hpljii 150


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.7. latex ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The LaTeX and EMTeX driver allows one to specify a font type and a font size
for the labels around a gnuplot graph.

Options are: Fonts:

   default      (Roman 10 point)
   courier
   roman

at any size you specify. (BEWARE METAFONT will not like odd sizes.) eg.

   gnuplot> set term latex courier 5

Unless your driver is capable of building fonts at any size (e.g. dvips), stick
to the standard 10, 11 and 12 point size.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.8. iris4d ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The iris4d driver can operate in two modes.

Syntax:

    set terminal iris4d {24}

If the hardware supports only 8 bits, use the default set terminal iris4d. If,
however, the hardware supports 24 bits (8 per red/green/blue), use set terminal
iris4d 24.

When using 24-bit mode, the colors can be directly specified via the file
.gnuplot_iris4d that is searched in the current directory and then in the home
directory specified by the HOME environment variable. This file holds RGB
values for the background, border, labels and nine plotting colors, in that
order. For example, here is a file containing the default colors:

    85  85  85   /* Back Ground */
    0   0   0    /* Boundary */
    170  0   170   /* Labeling */
    85  255  255   /* Plot Color 1 */
    170  0   0    /* Plot Color 2 */
    0   170  0    /* Plot Color 3 */
    255  85  255   /* Plot Color 4 */
    255  255  85   /* Plot Color 5 */
    255  85  85   /* Plot Color 6 */
    85  255  85   /* Plot Color 7 */
    0   170  170   /* Plot Color 8 */
    170  170  0    /* Plot Color 9 */

This file has exactly 12 lines of RGB triples. No empty lines are allowed and
anything after the third number in line is ignored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.9. mf ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The mf terminal driver creates a input file to the MetaFont program. Thus a
figure may be used in the TeX document in the same way as a character is.

To use the plot in a document the MetaFont program must be run with the output
file from GnuPlot as input. Thus, the user needs a basic knowledge of the font
creating process and inclusion of a new font in a document. However, if the
Metafont program is set up properly at the local site an unexperienced user
could perform the operation without much trouble.

The text support is based on a MetaFont character set. Currently the Computer
Modern Roman font set is input but the user are in principal free to chose
whatever fonts he/she needs. The MetaFont source files for the chosen font must
be available. Each character is stored in a separate picture variable in
MetaFont. These variables may be manipulated (rotated, scaled etc.) when
characters are needed. The drawback is the interpretation time in the MetaFont
program. On some machines (i.e. PC) the limited amount of memory available may
also cause problem if too many pictures are stored.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.9.1. Metafont Instructions ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

- Set your terminal to metafont:

 set terminal mf
- Select an output-file, e.g.:

 set output "myfigures.mf"
- Do your plots. Each plot will generate a separate character. Its default size
will be 5*3 inches. You can change the size by saying set size 0.5,0.5 or
whatever fraction of the default size you want to have.

- Quit gnuplot.

- Generate a tfm- and gf-file by running metafont on the output of gnuplot.
Since the plot is quite large (5*3 in), you will have to use a version of
metafont that has a value of at least 150000 for memmax. On Unix-systems these
are conventionally installed under the name bigmf. For the following assume
that the command virmf stands for a big version of metafont. For example:

- Invoke metafont:

  virmf '&plain'
- Select the output device: At the metafont prompt ('*') type:

  \mode:=CanonCX;   % or whatever printer you use
- Optionally select a magnification:

  mag:=1;       % or whatever you wish
- Input the gnuplot-file:

  input myfigures.mf
On a typical Unix machine there will usually be a script called mf that
executes virmf '&plain', so you probably can substitute mf for virmf &plain.
This will generate two files: mfput.tfm and mfput. the resolution of your
device). The above can be conveniently achieved by typing everything on the
command line, e.g.: virmf '&plain' '\mode:=CanonCX; mag:=1; input myfigures.mf'
In this case the output files will be named myfigures.tfm and myfigures.300gf.

- Generate a pk-file from the gf-file using gftopk:

 gftopk myfigures.300gf myfigures.300pk
The name of the output-file for gftopk depends on the dvi-driver you use. Ask
your local TeX-administrator about the naming conventions. Next, either install
the tfm- and pk-files in the appropriate directories, or set your
environment-variables properly. Usually this involves setting TEXFONTS to
include the current directory and do the same thing for the
environment-variable that your dvi-driver uses (no standard name here...). This
step is necessary so that TeX will find the font-metric file and your
dvi-driver will find the pk-file.

- To include your plots in your document you have to tell TeX the font:

 \font\gnufigs=myfigures
Each plot you made is stored in a single character. The first plot is character
0, the second is character 1, and so on... After doing the above step you can
use the plots just like any other characters. Therefore, to place plots 1 and 2
centered in your document, all you have to do is:

 \centerline{\gnufigs\char0}
 \centerline{\gnufigs\char1}
in plain TeX. For LaTeX you can, of course, use the picture environment and
place the plot according to your wishes using the \makebox and \put macros.

It saves you a lot of time, once you have generated the font, since TeX handles
the plots as characters and uses minimal time to place them. Also the documents
you make change more often, than the plots do. Also it saves a lot of
TeX-memory. One last advantage of using the metafont-driver is that the
dvi-file really remains device independent, because no \special-commands are
used as in the eepic- and tpic-drivers.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.10. mif ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Several options may be set in the MIF 3.00 driver.

Syntax:

   set terminal mif {<pentype>} {<curvetype>} {<help>}

<pentype> selects "colour" of the graphics.

   colour   plot lines with line types >= 0 in colour (MIF sep. 2-7).
   monochrome plot all line types in black (MIF sep. 0).
<curvetype> selects how "curves" are plotted.

   polyline  plot curves as continuous curves.
   vectors   plot curves as collections of vectors
<help> print online help on standard error output.

   help    print a short description of the usage, and the options
   ?      print a short description of the usage

This terminal driver produces Frame Maker MIF format version 3.00. It plots in
MIF Frames with the size 15*10 [cm], and plot primitives with the same pen will
be grouped in the same MIF group. Plot primitives in a gnuplot plot will be
plotted in a MIF Frame, and several MIF Frames are collected in one large MIF
Frame. Plot primitives with line types >= 0 will as default be drawn in colour.
As default curves are plotted as continuous lines. The MIF font used for text
is "Times".

Examples:

   set term mif
   set term mif vectors
   set term mif help


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.11. nec-cp6 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

One option may be set in the nec-cp6 driver.  The resolution of this driver is
400x320.

Syntax:

    set terminal nec-cp6 monochrome
    set terminal nec-cp6 color
    set terminal nec-cp6 draft


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.12. pbm ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Several options may be set in the PBMplus driver.

Syntax:

    set terminal pbm {<fontsize>} {<colormode>}

where <fontsize> is small, medium, or large and <colormode> is monochrome, gray
or color. Default size is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high. The output for
monochrome is a portable bitmap (one bit per pixel). The output for gray is a
portable graymap (three bits per pixel). The output for color is a portable
pixmap (color, four bits per pixel). The output of these drivers can be used
with Jef Poskanzer's excellent PBMPLUS package which provides programs to
convert the above PBMPLUS formats to GIF, TIFF, MacPaint, Macintosh PICT, PCX,
X11 bitmap and many others.

Examples:

    set term pbm small
    set size 2,2
    set term pbm color medium


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.13. pcl5 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Three options may be set in the pcl5 driver.  The driver actually uses HPGL-2
but there is a name conflict among the terminal devices.

Syntax:

    set terminal pcl5 {<mode>} {<font>} {<fontsize>}

where <mode> is landscape, or portrait, <font> is stick, univers, or cg_times,
and fontsize is the size in points.

    set terminal pcl5 landscape


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.14. postscript ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Several options may be set in the PostScript driver.

Syntax:

    set terminal postscript {<mode>} {<color>} {<dashed>}
                {"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}

where <mode> is landscape, portrait, eps or default. Selecting default sets all
options to their defaults. <color> is either color or monochrome. <dashed> is
either solid or dashed. "<fontname>" is the name of a valid PostScript font.
<fontsize> is the size of the font in PostScript points. Defaults are
landscape, monochrome, dashed, "Helvetica", and 14pt. Default size of
PostScript plot is landscape mode 10 inches wide and 7 inches high.

To get EPS output, use the eps mode and make only one plot per file. In eps
mode the whole plot is halved in size; the fonts are half the given size, and
the plot is 5 inches wide and 3.5 inches high.

Examples:

    set term postscript default    # old postscript
    set term postscript landscape 22  # old psbig
    set term postscript eps 14  # old epsf1
    set term postscript eps 22  # old epsf2
    set size 0.7,1.4
    set term post portrait color "Times-Roman" 14


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.15. regis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The regis terminal device has the option of using 4 or 16 colors.  The default
is 4.  For example:

    set term regis 16


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.16. table ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Instead of producing a picture, term type table prints out the evaluation
results in a multicolumn ASCII table of X Y Z values. For those times when you
really want to see the numbers, now you can see them on the screen or save to a
file.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.17. windows ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Three options may be set in the windows driver.

Syntax:

    set terminal windows {<color>} {"<fontname>"} {<fontsize>}

<color> is either color or monochrome. "<fontname>" is the name of a valid
Windows font. <fontsize> is the size of the font in points.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.17.1. graph-menu ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The gnuplot graph window has the following options on a pop up menu accessed by
pressing the right mouse button or selecting Options from the system menu:

Bring to Top when checked brings the graph window to the top after every plot.

Color when checked enables color linestyles. When unchecked it forces
monochrome linestyles.

Copy to Clipboard copies a bitmap and a Metafile picture.

Background... sets the window background color.

Choose Font... selects the font used in the graphics window.

Line Styles... allows customization of the line colors and styles.

Print... prints the graphics windows using a Windows printer driver and allows
selection of the printer and scaling of the output. The output produced by
Print is not as good as that from gnuplot's own printer drivers.

Update wgnuplot.ini saves the current window locations, window sizes, text
window font, text window font size, graph window font, graph window font size,
background color and linestyles to the initialisation file WGNUPLOT.INI.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.17.2. printing ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

In order of preference, graphs may be be printed in the following ways.

1. Use the gnuplot command set terminal to select a printer and set output to
redirect output to a file.

2. Select the Print... command from the gnuplot graph window. An extra command
screendump does this from the text window.

3. If set output "PRN" is used, output will go to a temporary file. When you
exit from gnuplot or when you change the output with another set output
command, a dialog box will appear for you to select a printer port.  If you
choose OK, the output will be printed on the selected port, passing unmodified
through the print manager.  It is possible to accidently (or deliberately) send
printer output meant for one printer to an incompatible printer.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.17.3. text-menu ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The gnuplot text window has the following options on a pop up menu accessed by
pressing the right mouse button or selecting Options from the system menu:

Copy to Clipboard copies marked text to the clipboard.

Paste copies text from the clipboard as if typed by the user.

Choose Font... selects the font used in the text window.

System Colors when selected makes the text window honor the System Colors set
using the Control Panel.  When unselected, text is black or blue on a white
background.

Update wgnuplot.ini saves the current text window location, text window size,
text window font and text window font size to the initialisation file
WGNUPLOT.INI.

MENU BAR

If the menu file WGNUPLOT.MNU is found in the same directory as WGNUPLOT.EXE,
then the menu specified in WGNUPLOT.MNU will be loaded.

Menu commands are:

 [Menu]    Start a new menu with the name on the following line
 [EndMenu]   End current menu.
 --      Insert a horizontal menu separator
 |       Insert a vertical menu separator
 [Button]   Put next macro on a push button instead of a menu.

Macros take two lines with the macro name (menu entry) on the first line and
the macro on the second line.  Leading spaces are ignored.

Macros commands are:

 [INPUT]    Input string with prompt terminated by [EOS] or {ENTER}
 [EOS]     End Of String terminator.  Generates no output.
 [OPEN]    Get name of file to open from list box, with title of
        list box terminated by [EOS], followed by default
        filename terminated by [EOS] or {ENTER}
        This uses COMMDLG.DLL from Windows 3.1.
 [SAVE]    Get name of file to save.  Similar to [OPEN]

Macros character substitutions are:

 {ENTER}    Carriage Return '\r'
 {TAB}     Tab   '\011'
 {ESC}     Escape  '\033'
 {^A}     '\001'
 ...
 {^_}     '\031'

Macros are limited to 256 characters after expansion.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.17.4. wgnuplot.ini ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Windows gnuplot will read some of its options from the [WGNUPLOT] section of
WGNUPLOT.INI in the Windows directory. An example WGNUPLOT.INI file is shown
below.

 [WGNUPLOT]
 TextOrigin=0 0
 TextSize=640 150
 TextFont=Terminal,9
 GraphOrigin=0 150
 GraphSize=640 330
 GraphFont=Arial,10
 GraphColor=1
 GraphToTop=1
 GraphBackground=255 255 255
 Border=0 0 0 0 0
 Axis=192 192 192 2 2
 Line1=0 0 255 0 0
 Line2=0 255 0 0 1
 Line3=255 0 0 0 2
 Line4=255 0 255 0 3
 Line5=0 0 128 0 4
The GraphFont entry specifies the font name and size in points. The 5 numbers
given in the Border, Axis and Line entries are the Red intensity (0-255), Green
intensity, Blue intensity, Color Linestyle and Mono Linestyle. Linestyles are
0=SOLID, 1=DASH, 2=DOT, 3=DASHDOT, 4=DASHDOTDOT. In the example WGNUPLOT.INI
file above, Line 2 is a green solid line in color mode, or a dashed line in
monochrome mode. The default line width is 1 pixel.  If Linestyle is negative
it specifies the width of a SOLID line in pixels. Line1 and any linestyle used
with the points style must be SOLID with unit width.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.32.17.5. windows3.0 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Windows 3.1 is preferred, but WGNUPLOT will run under Windows 3.0 with the
following restrictions:

1. COMMDLG.DLL and SHELL.DLL (available with Windows 3.1 or Borland C++ 3.1)
must be in the windows directory.

2. WGNUPLOT.HLP produced by Borland C++ 3.1 is in Windows 3.1 format. You need
to use the WINHELP.EXE supplied with Borland C++ 3.1.

3. It won't run in real mode due to lack of memory.

4. Truetype fonts are not available in the graph window.

5. Drag-drop does not work.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.33. tics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

By default, tics are drawn inwards from the border on all four sides. The set
tics command can be used to change the tics to be drawn outwards on the left
and bottom borders only. This is useful when doing impulse plots.

Syntax:

    set tics {<direction>}
    show tics

where <direction> may be in or out. set tics defaults to in.

See also the set xtics, set ytics, and set ztics command for more control of
tic marks. Using splot, in 3-d plots, one can adjust the relative height of the
vertical (Z) axis using set ticslevel. The numeric argument provided specifies
the location of the bottom of the scale. a zero will put it on the bottom grid
and any positive number somewhere along the z axis.

Syntax:

    set ticslevel {<level>}
    show tics

where <level> is a non negative numeric argument. For example,

    set ticslevel 0.5

sets the tics level to the default value.

See also the set view.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.34. time ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The optional set time places the time and date of the plot either at the top or
bottom of the left margin. The exact location is device dependent.

Syntax:

    set time {<xoff>}{,<yoff>}
    set notime
    show time

Specifying constants <xoff> or <yoff> as optional offsets for the time will
move the time <xoff> or <yoff> character screen coordinates. For example,

    set time ,-3

will change only the y offset of the time, moving the title down by roughly the
height of three characters.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.35. title ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set title command produces a plot title that is centered at the top of the
plot. Using the optional x,y screen offsets, the title can be placed anywhere
on the plot. set title with no parameters clears the title.

Syntax:

     set title {"<title-text>"} {<xoff>}{,<yoff>}
     show title

Specifying constants <xoff> or <yoff> as optional offsets for the title will
move the title <xoff> or <yoff> character screen coordinates. Note these are
screen coordinates and not plot coordinates. For example,

     set title ,-1

will change only the y offset of the title, moving the title down by roughly
the height of one character.

(The EEPIC, Imagen, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow \\ in a string to specify a
newline.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.36. trange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set trange command sets the parametric range used to compute x and y values
when in parametric mode. If not in parametric mode (see set parametric) then
this range is not used. This command does not affect x/y autoscaling or x/y
ranges.

This range may also be specified on the plot command line when in parametric
mode.

Syntax:

    set trange [{<tmin> : <tmax>}]

where <tmin> and <tmax> terms are constants or expressions.

Both the <tmin> and <tmax> terms are optional. Anything omitted will not be
changed, so

    set trange [:10]
changes tmax to 10 without affecting tmin.  See also set urange and set
parametric.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.37. urange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set urange and set vrange commands sets the parametric ranges used to
compute x, y, and z values when in splot parametric mode. If not in parametric
mode (see set parametric) then these ranges are not used. This command does not
affect x/y autoscaling or x/y ranges.

This range may also be specified on the splot command line when in parametric
mode.  See plot for more information

Syntax:

    set urange [{<umin> : <umax>}]

where <umin> and <umax> terms are constants or expressions.

Both the <umin> and <umax> terms are optional. Anything omitted will not be
changed, so

    set urange [:10]
changes umax to 10 without affecting umin.  See also set trange.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.38. variables ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The show variables command lists all user-defined variables and their values.

Syntax:

    show variables


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.39. view ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set view command sets the view point for splots. This command controls the
way the 3-d coordinates of the plot are mapped into the 2-d screen space. This
command provides controls to both rotation and scaling of the plotted data but
supports orthographic projections only.

Syntax:

    set view <rot_x> {,{<rot_z>}{,{<scale>}{,<scale_z>}}}
    show view

where <rot_x> and <rot_z> control the rotation angles (in degrees) along a
virtual 3-d coordinate system aligned with the screen such that the screen
horizontal axis is x, screen vertical axis is y, and the axis perpendicular to
the screen is z. <rot_x> is bounded to the [0:180] range with a default of 60
degrees, while <rot_z> is bounded to the [0:360] range with a default of 30
degrees. <scale> controls the scaling of the entire splot, while <scale_z>
scales the z axis only. Both scales default to 1.0.

Examples:

    set view 60, 30, 1, 1
    set view ,,0.5

The first sets all the four default values. The second changes only scale, to
0.5.

See also set ticslevel.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.40. vrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set vrange command is similar to the set urange command. Please see set
urange.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.41. xlabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set xlabel command sets the x-axis label that is centered along the x axis.
Using the optional x,y screen offsets, the label can be placed anywhere on the
plot. set xlabel with no parameters clears the label.

Syntax:

     set xlabel {"<label>"} {<xoff>}{,<yoff>}
     show xlabel

Specifying constants <xoff> or <yoff> as optional offsets for the label will
move the label <xoff> or <yoff> character screen coordinates. For example,

     set xlabel -1

will change only the x offset of the xlabel, moving the label roughly one
character width to the left.

(The EEPIC, Imagen, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow \\ in a string to specify a
newline.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.42. xrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set xrange command sets the horizontal range that will be displayed. This
command turns x axis autoscaling off.

This range may also be specified on the plot command line.

Syntax:

    set xrange [{<xmin> : <xmax>}]

where <xmin> and <xmax> terms are constants or expressions.

Both the <xmin> and <xmax> terms are optional. Anything omitted will not be
changed, so

    set xrange [:10]
changes xmax to 10 without affecting xmin.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.43. xtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Fine control of the x axis tic marks is possible with the set xtics command.
The x-axis tic marks may be turned off with the set noxtics command. They may
be turned on (the default state) with set xtics.

Syntax:

     set xtics { {<start>, <incr>{, <end>}} |
           {({"<label>"} <pos> {, {"<label>"} <pos>}...)} }
     set noxtics
     show xtics

The <start>, <incr>, <end> form specifies that a series of tics will be plotted
on the x axis between the x values <start> and <end> with an increment of
<incr>. If <end> is not given it is assumed to be infinity. The increment may
be negative. For example,

     set xtics 0,.5,10
makes tics at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, ..., 9.5, 10.

The ("<label>" <pos>, ...) form allows arbitrary tic positions or non-numeric
tic labels. A set of tics are a set of positions, each with its own optional
label. Note that the label is a string enclosed by quotes, and may be a
constant string, such as "hello", or contain formatting information for the tic
number (which is the same as the position), such as "%3f clients". See set
format for more information about this case. The label may even be empty.
Examples:

     set xtics ("low" 0, "medium" 50, "high" 100)
     set xtics (1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024)
     set xtics ("bottom" 0, "" 10, "top" 20)

Tics will only be plotted when in range.

The set ytics and set noytics commands work identically. See also the set
format command.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.44. xdtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set xdtics commands converts the x axis tic marks to days of the week where
0=Sun and 6=Sat.  Overflows are converted modulo 7 to dates.

Examples:

    set xdtics

Sets x axis tics in days.

The set ydtics set zdtics and set noydtics set nozdtics commands work
identically. See also the set format command.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.45. xmtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set xmtics commands converts the x axis tic marks to months of the years
where 1=Jan and 12=Dec.  Overflows are converted modulo 12 to months.

Examples:

    set xmtics

Sets x axis tics into months.

The set ymtics set zmtics and set noymtics set nozmtics commands work
identically. See also the set format command.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.46. xzeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

set xzeroaxis draws the x-axis. By default, this option is on. set noxzeroaxis
causes GNUPLOT to omit the x-axis.

Syntax:

    set xzeroaxis
    set noxzeroaxis
    show xzeroaxis


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.47. ylabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set ylabel command sets the y-axis label.  The position of this label
depends on the terminal, and can be one of the following three positions (the
position can be adjusted with optional parameters).

1. Horizontal text flushed left at the top left of the plot. Terminals that
cannot rotate text will probably use this method.

2. Vertical text centered vertically at the left of the plot. Terminals that
can rotate text will probably use this method.

3. Horizontal text centered vertically at the left of the plot. The EEPIC,
LaTeX and TPIC drivers use this method. The user must insert line breaks using
\\ to prevent the ylabel from overwriting the plot. To produce a vertical row
of characters, add \\ between every printing character (but this is ugly).

Syntax:

     set ylabel {"<label>"} {<xoff>}{,<yoff>}
     show ylabel

With no parameters, the label is cleared. Specifying constants <xoff> or <yoff>
as optional offsets for the label will move the label <xoff> or <yoff>
character screen coordinates. For example,

     set ylabel -1

will change only the x offset of the ylabel, moving the label roughly one
character width left of its default position. This is especially useful with
the LaTeX driver.

(The EEPIC, Imagen, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow \\ in a string to specify a
newline.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.48. yrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set yrange command sets the vertical range that will be displayed. This
command turns y axis autoscaling off.

This range may also be specified on the plot command line.

Syntax:

    set yrange [{<ymin> : <ymax>}]

where <ymin> and <ymax> terms are constants or expressions.

Both the <ymin> and <ymax> terms are optional. Anything omitted will not be
changed, so

    set yrange [:10]
changes ymax to 10 without affecting ymin.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.49. ytics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set ytics and set noytics commands are similar to the set xtics and set
noxtics commands. Please see set xtics.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.50. ydtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set ydtics and set noydtics commands are similar to the set xdtics and set
noxdtics commands. Please see set xdtics.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.51. ymtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set ymtics and set noymtics commands are similar to the set xmtics and set
noxmtics commands. Please see set xmtics.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.52. yzeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

set yzeroaxis draws the y-axis. By default, this option is on. set noyzeroaxis
causes GNUPLOT to omit the y-axis.

Syntax:

    set yzeroaxis
    set noyzeroaxis
    show yzeroaxis


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.53. zero ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The zero value is the default threshold for values approaching 0.0. GNUPLOT
will not plot a point if its imaginary part is greater in magnitude than the
zero threshold. Axis ranges cannot be less than zero. The default zero value is
1e-8. This can be changed with the set zero command.

Syntax:

    set zero <expression>
    show zero


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.54. zeroaxis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

set zeroaxis draws the x-axis and y-axis. By default, this option is on.  set
nozeroaxis causes GNUPLOT to omit the axes, and is equivalent to set
noxzeroaxis; set noyzeroaxis.

Syntax:

    set zeroaxis
    set nozeroaxis
    show zeroaxis
See set xzeroaxis and set yzeroaxis.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.55. zlabel ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set zlabel command sets the z-axis label that is centered along the z axis.
Using the optional x,y screen offsets, the label can be placed anywhere on the
plot. set zlabel with no parameters clears the label.

Syntax:

     set zlabel {"<label>"} {<xoff>}{,<yoff>}
     show zlabel

Specifying constants <xoff> or <yoff> as optional offsets for the label will
move the label <xoff> or <yoff> character screen coordinates. For example,

     set zlabel ,1

will change only the y offset of the zlabel, moving the label roughly one
character height up.

The zlabel will be drawn whenever surfaces or contours are plotted, in the
space above the grid level.

(The EEPIC, Imagen, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow \\ in a string to specify a
newline.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.56. zrange ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set zrange command sets the vertical range that will be displayed. This
command turns z axis autoscaling off.  The zrange is used only by splot and is
ignored by plot.

This range may also be specified on the splot command line.

Syntax:

    set zrange [{<zmin> : <zmax>}]

where <zmin> and <zmax> terms are constants or expressions.

Both the <zmin> and <zmax> terms are optional. Anything omitted will not be
changed, so

    set zrange [2:]
changes zmin to 2 without affecting zmax.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.57. ztics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set ztics and set noztics commands are similar to the set xtics and set
noxtics commands. Please see set xtics.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.58. zdtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set zdtics and set nozdtics commands are similar to the set xdtics and set
noxdtics commands. Please see set xdtics.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 21.59. zmtics ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The set zmtics and set nozmtics commands are similar to the set xmtics and set
noxmtics commands. Please see set xmtics.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 22. shell ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The shell command spawns an interactive shell. To return to GNUPLOT, type
logout if using VMS, exit or the END-OF-FILE character if using Unix, endcli if
using AmigaDOS, or exit if using MS-DOS or OS/2.

A single shell command may be spawned by preceding it with the ! character (
Control will return immediately to GNUPLOT after this command is executed. For
example, in VMS, AmigaDOS, MS-DOS or OS/2,

   ! dir

prints a directory listing and then returns to GNUPLOT.

On an Atari, the ! command first checks whether a shell is already loaded and
uses it, if available. This is practical if GNUPLOT is run from gulam, for
example.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 23. splot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Three-dimensional surface and contour plotting is available in GNUPLOT with the
splot command. See the plot command for features common to the plot command.

See also set contour, set cntrparam, and set surface.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 23.1. Binary Data ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Gnuplot will dynamically determine if a datafile is ASCII or binary.  ASCII
data files are discussed in the plot section. For three dimensions, single
precision floats are stored as follows:

   <ncols> <x0> <x1> <x2> ...
   <y0> <z0,0> <z0,1> <z0,2> ...
   <y1> <z1,0> <z1,1> <z1,2> ...

which is converted into triplet:

   <x0> <y0> <z0,0>
   <x0> <y1> <z0,1>
   <x0> <y2> <z0,2>

   <x1> <y0> <z1,0>
   <x1> <y1> <z1,1>
   <x1> <y2> <z1,2>

These triplets are then converted into gnuplot iso_curves and then uses gnuplot
to do the rest of the plotting.

A collection of matrix and vector manipulation routines (in C) are provided in
gnubin.c.  The routine to write binary data is

 int fwrite_matrix(file,m,nrl,nrl,ncl,nch,row_title,column_title)

An example of using these routines is provided in the file bf_test.c. The
corresponding demo file is demo/binary.dem.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 24. start-up ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

When GNUPLOT is run, it looks for an initialization file to load. This file is
called .gnuplot on Unix and AmigaDOS systems, and GNUPLOT.INI on other systems.
If this file is not found in the current directory, the program will look for
it in the home directory (under AmigaDOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, the
environment variable GNUPLOT should contain the name of this directory).  Note:
if NOCWDRC is defined during the installation, GNUPLOT will not read from the
current directory.

If this file is found, GNUPLOT executes the commands in this file. This is most
useful for setting the terminal type and defining any functions or variables
that are used often.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 25. substitution ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Command-line substitution is specified by a system command enclosed in
backquotes. This command is spawned and the output it produces replaces the
name of the command (and backquotes) on the command line.

Newlines in the output produced by the spawned command are replaced with
blanks.

Command-line substitution can be used anywhere on the GNUPLOT command line.

Example:

This will run the program leastsq and replace leastsq (including backquotes) on
the command line with its output:

     f(x) = leastsq

or, in VMS

     f(x) = run leastsq


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 26. user-defined ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

New user-defined variables and functions of one through five variables may be
declared and used anywhere.

User-defined function syntax:

    <function-name> ( <dummy1> {,<dummy2> {, ...} } ) = <expression>

where <expression> is defined in terms of <dummy1> through <dummy5>.

User-defined variable syntax:

    <variable-name> = <constant-expression>

Examples:

    w = 2
    q = floor(tan(pi/2 - 0.1))
    f(x) = sin(w*x)
    sinc(x) = sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)
    delta(t) = (t == 0)
    ramp(t) = (t > 0) ? t : 0
    min(a,b) = (a < b) ? a : b
    comb(n,k) = n!/(k!*(n-k)!)
    len3d(x,y,z) = sqrt(x*x+y*y+z*z)

Note that the variable pi is already defined.

See show functions and show variables.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 27. bugs ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

The bessel functions do not work for complex arguments.

The gamma function does not work for complex arguments.

There is a bug in the stdio library for old Sun operating systems (SunOS
Sys4-3.2). The "%g" format for 'printf' sometimes incorrectly prints numbers
(e.g., 200000.0 as "2"). Thus, tic mark labels may be incorrect on a Sun4
version of GNUPLOT. A work-around is to rescale the data or use the set format
command to change the tic mark format to "%7.0f" or some other appropriate
format. This appears to have been fixed in SunOS 4.0.

Another bug: On a Sun3 under SunOS 4.0, and on Sun4's under Sys4-3.2 and SunOS
4.0, the 'sscanf' routine incorrectly parses "00 12" with the format "%f %f"
and reads 0 and 0 instead of 0 and 12. This affects data input. If the data
file contains x coordinates that are zero but are specified like '00', '000',
etc, then you will read the wrong y values. Check any data files or upgrade the
SunOS. It appears to have been fixed in SunOS 4.1.1.

Microsoft C 5.1 has a nasty bug associated with the %g format for printf. When
any of the formats "%.2g", "%.1g", "%.0g", "%.g" are used, printf will
incorrectly print numbers in the range 1e-4 to 1e-1. Numbers that should be
printed in the %e format are incorrectly printed in the %f format, with the
wrong number of zeros after the decimal point.

To work around this problem, use the %e or %f formats explicitly.

GNUPLOT, when compiled with Microsoft C, did not work correctly on two VGA
displays that were tested. The CGA, EGA and VGA drivers should probably be
rewritten to use the Microsoft C graphics library. GNUPLOT compiled with
Borland C++ uses the Turbo C graphics drivers and does work correctly with VGA
displays.

VAX/VMS 4.7 C compiler release 2.4 also has a poorly implemented %g format for
printf. The numbers are printed numerically correct, but may not be in the
requested format. The K&R second edition says that for the %g format, %e is
used if the exponent is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision.
The VAX uses %e format if the exponent is less than -1. The VAX appears to take
no notice of the precision when deciding whether to use %e or %f for numbers
less than 1. To work around this problem, use the %e or %f formats explicitly.
From the VAX C 2.4 release notes: e,E,f,F,g,G  Result will always contain a
decimal  point. For g and G, trailing zeros will not be removed from the
result.

VAX/VMS 5.2 C compiler release 3.0 has a slightly better implemented %g format
than release 2.4, but not much. Trailing decimal points are now removed, but
trailing zeros are still not removed from %g numbers in exponential format.

ULTRIX X11R3 has a bug that causes the X11 driver to display "every other"
plot.  The bug seems to be fixed in DEC's release of X11R4 so newer releases of
ULTRIX don't seem to have the problem.  Solutions for older sites include
upgrading the X11 libraries (from DEC or direct from MIT) or defining
ULTRIX_KLUDGE when compiling the x11.trm file.  Note that the kludge is not an
ideal fix, however.

The constant HUGE was incorrectly defined in the NeXT OS 2.0 operating system.
HUGE should be set to 1e38 in plot.h. This error has been corrected in the 2.1
version of NeXT OS.

Some older models of HP plotters do not have a page eject command 'PG'. The
current HPGL driver uses this command in HPGL_reset.  This may need to be
removed for these plotters.  The current PCL5 driver uses HPGL/2 for text as
well as graphics.  This should be modified to use scalable PCL fonts.

On the Atari version, it is not possible to send output directly to the printer
(using /dev/lp as output file), since CRs are added to LFs in binary output. As
a workaround write the output to a file and copy it to the printer afterwards
using a shell command.

Please report any bugs to [e-mail].