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GNU Info File | 1993-06-12 | 46KB | 807 lines

This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input file gcc.tex. This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. File: gcc.info, Node: Expander Definitions, Next: Insn Splitting, Prev: Peephole Definitions, Up: Machine Desc Defining RTL Sequences for Code Generation ========================================== On some target machines, some standard pattern names for RTL generation cannot be handled with single insn, but a sequence of RTL insns can represent them. For these target machines, you can write a `define_expand' to specify how to generate the sequence of RTL. A `define_expand' is an RTL expression that looks almost like a `define_insn'; but, unlike the latter, a `define_expand' is used only for RTL generation and it can produce more than one RTL insn. A `define_expand' RTX has four operands: * The name. Each `define_expand' must have a name, since the only use for it is to refer to it by name. * The RTL template. This is just like the RTL template for a `define_peephole' in that it is a vector of RTL expressions each being one insn. * The condition, a string containing a C expression. This expression is used to express how the availability of this pattern depends on subclasses of target machine, selected by command-line options when GNU CC is run. This is just like the condition of a `define_insn' that has a standard name. * The preparation statements, a string containing zero or more C statements which are to be executed before RTL code is generated from the RTL template. Usually these statements prepare temporary registers for use as internal operands in the RTL template, but they can also generate RTL insns directly by calling routines such as `emit_insn', etc. Any such insns precede the ones that come from the RTL template. Every RTL insn emitted by a `define_expand' must match some `define_insn' in the machine description. Otherwise, the compiler will crash when trying to generate code for the insn or trying to optimize The RTL template, in addition to controlling generation of RTL insns, also describes the operands that need to be specified when this pattern is used. In particular, it gives a predicate for each operand. A true operand, which needs to be specified in order to generate RTL from the pattern, should be described with a `match_operand' in its first occurrence in the RTL template. This enters information on the operand's predicate into the tables that record such things. GNU CC uses the information to preload the operand into a register if that is required for valid RTL code. If the operand is referred to more than once, subsequent references should use `match_dup'. The RTL template may also refer to internal "operands" which are temporary registers or labels used only within the sequence made by the `define_expand'. Internal operands are substituted into the RTL template with `match_dup', never with `match_operand'. The values of the internal operands are not passed in as arguments by the compiler when it requests use of this pattern. Instead, they are computed within the pattern, in the preparation statements. These statements compute the values and store them into the appropriate elements of `operands' so that `match_dup' can find them. There are two special macros defined for use in the preparation statements: `DONE' and `FAIL'. Use them with a following semicolon, as a statement. `DONE' Use the `DONE' macro to end RTL generation for the pattern. The only RTL insns resulting from the pattern on this occasion will be those already emitted by explicit calls to `emit_insn' within the preparation statements; the RTL template will not be generated. `FAIL' Make the pattern fail on this occasion. When a pattern fails, it means that the pattern was not truly available. The calling routines in the compiler will try other strategies for code generation using other patterns. Failure is currently supported only for binary (addition, multiplication, shifting, etc.) and bitfield (`extv', `extzv', and `insv') operations. Here is an example, the definition of left-shift for the SPUR chip: (define_expand "ashlsi3" [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "register_operand" "") (ashift:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "register_operand" "") (match_operand:SI 2 "nonmemory_operand" "")))] "" " { if (GET_CODE (operands[2]) != CONST_INT || (unsigned) INTVAL (operands[2]) > 3) FAIL; }") This example uses `define_expand' so that it can generate an RTL insn for shifting when the shift-count is in the supported range of 0 to 3 but fail in other cases where machine insns aren't available. When it fails, the compiler tries another strategy using different patterns (such as, a library call). If the compiler were able to handle nontrivial condition-strings in patterns with names, then it would be possible to use a `define_insn' in that case. Here is another case (zero-extension on the 68000) which makes more use of the power of `define_expand': (define_expand "zero_extendhisi2" [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "") (const_int 0)) (set (strict_low_part (subreg:HI (match_dup 0) 0)) (match_operand:HI 1 "general_operand" ""))] "" "operands[1] = make_safe_from (operands[1], operands[0]);") Here two RTL insns are generated, one to clear the entire output operand and the other to copy the input operand into its low half. This sequence is incorrect if the input operand refers to [the old value of] the output operand, so the preparation statement makes sure this isn't so. The function `make_safe_from' copies the `operands[1]' into a temporary register if it refers to `operands[0]'. It does this by emitting another RTL insn. Finally, a third example shows the use of an internal operand. Zero-extension on the SPUR chip is done by `and'-ing the result against a halfword mask. But this mask cannot be represented by a `const_int' because the constant value is too large to be legitimate on this machine. So it must be copied into a register with `force_reg' and then the register used in the `and'. (define_expand "zero_extendhisi2" [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "register_operand" "") (and:SI (subreg:SI (match_operand:HI 1 "register_operand" "") 0) (match_dup 2)))] "" "operands[2] = force_reg (SImode, gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, 65535)); ") *Note:* If the `define_expand' is used to serve a standard binary or unary arithmetic operation or a bitfield operation, then the last insn it generates must not be a `code_label', `barrier' or `note'. It must be an `insn', `jump_insn' or `call_insn'. If you don't need a real insn at the end, emit an insn to copy the result of the operation into itself. Such an insn will generate no code, but it can avoid problems in the compiler. File: gcc.info, Node: Insn Splitting, Next: Insn Attributes, Prev: Expander Definitions, Up: Machine Desc Splitting Instructions into Multiple Instructions ================================================= There are two cases where you should specify how to split a pattern into multiple insns. On machines that have instructions requiring delay slots (*note Delay Slots::.) or that have instructions whose output is not available for multiple cycles (*note Function Units::.), the compiler phases that optimize these cases need to be able to move insns into one-cycle delay slots. However, some insns may generate more than one machine instruction. These insns cannot be placed into a delay slot. Often you can rewrite the single insn as a list of individual insns, each corresponding to one machine instruction. The disadvantage of doing so is that it will cause the compilation to be slower and require more space. If the resulting insns are too complex, it may also suppress some optimizations. The compiler splits the insn if there is a reason to believe that it might improve instruction or delay slot scheduling. The insn combiner phase also splits putative insns. If three insns are merged into one insn with a complex expression that cannot be matched by some `define_insn' pattern, the combiner phase attempts to split the complex pattern into two insns that are recognized. Usually it can break the complex pattern into two patterns by splitting out some subexpression. However, in some other cases, such as performing an addition of a large constant in two insns on a RISC machine, the way to split the addition into two insns is machine-dependent. The `define_split' definition tells the compiler how to split a complex insn into several simpler insns. It looks like this: (define_split [INSN-PATTERN] "CONDITION" [NEW-INSN-PATTERN-1 NEW-INSN-PATTERN-2 ...] "PREPARATION STATEMENTS") INSN-PATTERN is a pattern that needs to be split and CONDITION is the final condition to be tested, as in a `define_insn'. When an insn matching INSN-PATTERN and satisfying CONDITION is found, it is replaced in the insn list with the insns given by NEW-INSN-PATTERN-1, NEW-INSN-PATTERN-2, etc. The PREPARATION STATEMENTS are similar to those specified for `define_expand' (*note Expander Definitions::.) and are executed before the new RTL is generated to prepare for the generated code or emit some insns whose pattern is not fixed. Unlike those in `define_expand', however, these statements must not generate any new pseudo-registers. Once reload has completed, they also must not allocate any space in the stack frame. Patterns are matched against INSN-PATTERN in two different circumstances. If an insn needs to be split for delay slot scheduling or insn scheduling, the insn is already known to be valid, which means that it must have been matched by some `define_insn' and, if `reload_completed' is non-zero, is known to satisfy the constraints of that `define_insn'. In that case, the new insn patterns must also be insns that are matched by some `define_insn' and, if `reload_completed' is non-zero, must also satisfy the constraints of those definitions. As an example of this usage of `define_split', consider the following example from `a29k.md', which splits a `sign_extend' from `HImode' to `SImode' into a pair of shift insns: (define_split [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "gen_reg_operand" "") (sign_extend:SI (match_operand:HI 1 "gen_reg_operand" "")))] "" [(set (match_dup 0) (ashift:SI (match_dup 1) (const_int 16))) (set (match_dup 0) (ashiftrt:SI (match_dup 0) (const_int 16)))] " { operands[1] = gen_lowpart (SImode, operands[1]); }") When the combiner phase tries to split an insn pattern, it is always the case that the pattern is *not* matched by any `define_insn'. The combiner pass first tries to split a single `set' expression and then the same `set' expression inside a `parallel', but followed by a `clobber' of a pseudo-reg to use as a scratch register. In these cases, the combiner expects exactly two new insn patterns to be generated. It will verify that these patterns match some `define_insn' definitions, so you need not do this test in the `define_split' (of course, there is no point in writing a `define_split' that will never produce insns that match). Here is an example of this use of `define_split', taken from `rs6000.md': (define_split [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "gen_reg_operand" "") (plus:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "gen_reg_operand" "") (match_operand:SI 2 "non_add_cint_operand" "")))] "" [(set (match_dup 0) (plus:SI (match_dup 1) (match_dup 3))) (set (match_dup 0) (plus:SI (match_dup 0) (match_dup 4)))] " { int low = INTVAL (operands[2]) & 0xffff; int high = (unsigned) INTVAL (operands[2]) >> 16; if (low & 0x8000) high++, low |= 0xffff0000; operands[3] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, high << 16); operands[4] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, low); }") Here the predicate `non_add_cint_operand' matches any `const_int' that is *not* a valid operand of a single add insn. Write the add with the smaller displacement is written so that it can be substituted into the address of a subsequent operation. An example that uses a scratch register, from the same file, generates an equality comparison of a register and a large constant: (define_split [(set (match_operand:CC 0 "cc_reg_operand" "") (compare:CC (match_operand:SI 1 "gen_reg_operand" "") (match_operand:SI 2 "non_short_cint_operand" ""))) (clobber (match_operand:SI 3 "gen_reg_operand" ""))] "find_single_use (operands[0], insn, 0) && (GET_CODE (*find_single_use (operands[0], insn, 0)) == EQ || GET_CODE (*find_single_use (operands[0], insn, 0)) == NE)" [(set (match_dup 3) (xor:SI (match_dup 1) (match_dup 4))) (set (match_dup 0) (compare:CC (match_dup 3) (match_dup 5)))] " { /* Get the constant we are comparing against, C, and see what it looks like sign-extended to 16 bits. Then see what constant could be XOR'ed with C to get the sign-extended value. */ int c = INTVAL (operands[2]); int sextc = (c << 16) >> 16; int xorv = c ^ sextc; operands[4] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, xorv); operands[5] = gen_rtx (CONST_INT, VOIDmode, sextc); }") To avoid confusion, don't write a single `define_split' that accepts some insns that match some `define_insn' as well as some insns that don't. Instead, write two separate `define_split' definitions, one for the insns that are valid and one for the insns that are not valid. File: gcc.info, Node: Insn Attributes, Prev: Insn Splitting, Up: Machine Desc Instruction Attributes ====================== In addition to describing the instruction supported by the target machine, the `md' file also defines a group of "attributes" and a set of values for each. Every generated insn is assigned a value for each attribute. One possible attribute would be the effect that the insn has on the machine's condition code. This attribute can then be used by `NOTICE_UPDATE_CC' to track the condition codes. * Menu: * Defining Attributes:: Specifying attributes and their values. * Expressions:: Valid expressions for attribute values. * Tagging Insns:: Assigning attribute values to insns. * Attr Example:: An example of assigning attributes. * Insn Lengths:: Computing the length of insns. * Constant Attributes:: Defining attributes that are constant. * Delay Slots:: Defining delay slots required for a machine. * Function Units:: Specifying information for insn scheduling. File: gcc.info, Node: Defining Attributes, Next: Expressions, Prev: Insn Attributes, Up: Insn Attributes Defining Attributes and their Values ------------------------------------ The `define_attr' expression is used to define each attribute required by the target machine. It looks like: (define_attr NAME LIST-OF-VALUES DEFAULT) NAME is a string specifying the name of the attribute being defined. LIST-OF-VALUES is either a string that specifies a comma-separated list of values that can be assigned to the attribute, or a null string to indicate that the attribute takes numeric values. DEFAULT is an attribute expression that gives the value of this attribute for insns that match patterns whose definition does not include an explicit value for this attribute. *Note Attr Example::, for more information on the handling of defaults. *Note Constant Attributes::, for information on attributes that do not depend on any particular insn. For each defined attribute, a number of definitions are written to the `insn-attr.h' file. For cases where an explicit set of values is specified for an attribute, the following are defined: * A `#define' is written for the symbol `HAVE_ATTR_NAME'. * An enumeral class is defined for `attr_NAME' with elements of the form `UPPER-NAME_UPPER-VALUE' where the attribute name and value are first converted to upper case. * A function `get_attr_NAME' is defined that is passed an insn and returns the attribute value for that insn. For example, if the following is present in the `md' file: (define_attr "type" "branch,fp,load,store,arith" ...) the following lines will be written to the file `insn-attr.h'. #define HAVE_ATTR_type enum attr_type {TYPE_BRANCH, TYPE_FP, TYPE_LOAD, TYPE_STORE, TYPE_ARITH}; extern enum attr_type get_attr_type (); If the attribute takes numeric values, no `enum' type will be defined and the function to obtain the attribute's value will return `int'. File: gcc.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Tagging Insns, Prev: Defining Attributes, Up: Insn Attributes Attribute Expressions --------------------- RTL expressions used to define attributes use the codes described above plus a few specific to attribute definitions, to be discussed below. Attribute value expressions must have one of the following forms: `(const_int I)' The integer I specifies the value of a numeric attribute. I must be non-negative. The value of a numeric attribute can be specified either with a `const_int' or as an integer represented as a string in `const_string', `eq_attr' (see below), and `set_attr' (*note Tagging Insns::.) expressions. `(const_string VALUE)' The string VALUE specifies a constant attribute value. If VALUE is specified as `"*"', it means that the default value of the attribute is to be used for the insn containing this expression. `"*"' obviously cannot be used in the DEFAULT expression of a `define_attr'. If the attribute whose value is being specified is numeric, VALUE must be a string containing a non-negative integer (normally `const_int' would be used in this case). Otherwise, it must contain one of the valid values for the attribute. `(if_then_else TEST TRUE-VALUE FALSE-VALUE)' TEST specifies an attribute test, whose format is defined below. The value of this expression is TRUE-VALUE if TEST is true, otherwise it is FALSE-VALUE. `(cond [TEST1 VALUE1 ...] DEFAULT)' The first operand of this expression is a vector containing an even number of expressions and consisting of pairs of TEST and VALUE expressions. The value of the `cond' expression is that of the VALUE corresponding to the first true TEST expression. If none of the TEST expressions are true, the value of the `cond' expression is that of the DEFAULT expression. TEST expressions can have one of the following forms: `(const_int I)' This test is true if I is non-zero and false otherwise. `(not TEST)' `(ior TEST1 TEST2)' `(and TEST1 TEST2)' These tests are true if the indicated logical function is true. `(match_operand:M N PRED CONSTRAINTS)' This test is true if operand N of the insn whose attribute value is being determined has mode M (this part of the test is ignored if M is `VOIDmode') and the function specified by the string PRED returns a non-zero value when passed operand N and mode M (this part of the test is ignored if PRED is the null string). The CONSTRAINTS operand is ignored and should be the null string. `(le ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(leu ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(lt ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(ltu ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(gt ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(gtu ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(ge ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(geu ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(ne ARITH1 ARITH2)' `(eq ARITH1 ARITH2)' These tests are true if the indicated comparison of the two arithmetic expressions is true. Arithmetic expressions are formed with `plus', `minus', `mult', `div', `mod', `abs', `neg', `and', `ior', `xor', `not', `lshift', `ashift', `lshiftrt', and `ashiftrt' expressions. `const_int' and `symbol_ref' are always valid terms (*note Insn Lengths::.,for additional forms). `symbol_ref' is a string denoting a C expression that yields an `int' when evaluated by the `get_attr_...' routine. It should normally be a global variable. `(eq_attr NAME VALUE)' NAME is a string specifying the name of an attribute. VALUE is a string that is either a valid value for attribute NAME, a comma-separated list of values, or `!' followed by a value or list. If VALUE does not begin with a `!', this test is true if the value of the NAME attribute of the current insn is in the list specified by VALUE. If VALUE begins with a `!', this test is true if the attribute's value is *not* in the specified list. For example, (eq_attr "type" "load,store") is equivalent to (ior (eq_attr "type" "load") (eq_attr "type" "store")) If NAME specifies an attribute of `alternative', it refers to the value of the compiler variable `which_alternative' (*note Output Statement::.) and the values must be small integers. For example, (eq_attr "alternative" "2,3") is equivalent to (ior (eq (symbol_ref "which_alternative") (const_int 2)) (eq (symbol_ref "which_alternative") (const_int 3))) Note that, for most attributes, an `eq_attr' test is simplified in cases where the value of the attribute being tested is known for all insns matching a particular pattern. This is by far the most common case. File: gcc.info, Node: Tagging Insns, Next: Attr Example, Prev: Expressions, Up: Insn Attributes Assigning Attribute Values to Insns ----------------------------------- The value assigned to an attribute of an insn is primarily determined by which pattern is matched by that insn (or which `define_peephole' generated it). Every `define_insn' and `define_peephole' can have an optional last argument to specify the values of attributes for matching insns. The value of any attribute not specified in a particular insn is set to the default value for that attribute, as specified in its `define_attr'. Extensive use of default values for attributes permits the specification of the values for only one or two attributes in the definition of most insn patterns, as seen in the example in the next section. The optional last argument of `define_insn' and `define_peephole' is a vector of expressions, each of which defines the value for a single attribute. The most general way of assigning an attribute's value is to use a `set' expression whose first operand is an `attr' expression giving the name of the attribute being set. The second operand of the `set' is an attribute expression (*note Expressions::.) giving the value of the attribute. When the attribute value depends on the `alternative' attribute (i.e., which is the applicable alternative in the constraint of the insn), the `set_attr_alternative' expression can be used. It allows the specification of a vector of attribute expressions, one for each alternative. When the generality of arbitrary attribute expressions is not required, the simpler `set_attr' expression can be used, which allows specifying a string giving either a single attribute value or a list of attribute values, one for each alternative. The form of each of the above specifications is shown below. In each case, NAME is a string specifying the attribute to be set. `(set_attr NAME VALUE-STRING)' VALUE-STRING is either a string giving the desired attribute value, or a string containing a comma-separated list giving the values for succeeding alternatives. The number of elements must match the number of alternatives in the constraint of the insn pattern. Note that it may be useful to specify `*' for some alternative, in which case the attribute will assume its default value for insns matching that alternative. `(set_attr_alternative NAME [VALUE1 VALUE2 ...])' Depending on the alternative of the insn, the value will be one of the specified values. This is a shorthand for using a `cond' with tests on the `alternative' attribute. `(set (attr NAME) VALUE)' The first operand of this `set' must be the special RTL expression `attr', whose sole operand is a string giving the name of the attribute being set. VALUE is the value of the attribute. The following shows three different ways of representing the same attribute value specification: (set_attr "type" "load,store,arith") (set_attr_alternative "type" [(const_string "load") (const_string "store") (const_string "arith")]) (set (attr "type") (cond [(eq_attr "alternative" "1") (const_string "load") (eq_attr "alternative" "2") (const_string "store")] (const_string "arith"))) The `define_asm_attributes' expression provides a mechanism to specify the attributes assigned to insns produced from an `asm' statement. It has the form: (define_asm_attributes [ATTR-SETS]) where ATTR-SETS is specified the same as for `define_insn' and `define_peephole' expressions. These values will typically be the "worst case" attribute values. For example, they might indicate that the condition code will be clobbered. A specification for a `length' attribute is handled specially. To compute the length of an `asm' insn, the length specified in the `define_asm_attributes' expression is multiplied by the number of machine instructions specified in the `asm' statement, determined by counting the number of semicolons and newlines in the string. Therefore, the value of the `length' attribute specified in a `define_asm_attributes' should be the maximum possible length of a single machine instruction. File: gcc.info, Node: Attr Example, Next: Insn Lengths, Prev: Tagging Insns, Up: Insn Attributes Example of Attribute Specifications ----------------------------------- The judicious use of defaulting is important in the efficient use of insn attributes. Typically, insns are divided into "types" and an attribute, customarily called `type', is used to represent this value. This attribute is normally used only to define the default value for other attributes. An example will clarify this usage. Assume we have a RISC machine with a condition code and in which only full-word operations are performed in registers. Let us assume that we can divide all insns into loads, stores, (integer) arithmetic operations, floating point operations, and branches. Here we will concern ourselves with determining the effect of an insn on the condition code and will limit ourselves to the following possible effects: The condition code can be set unpredictably (clobbered), not be changed, be set to agree with the results of the operation, or only changed if the item previously set into the condition code has been modified. Here is part of a sample `md' file for such a machine: (define_attr "type" "load,store,arith,fp,branch" (const_string "arith")) (define_attr "cc" "clobber,unchanged,set,change0" (cond [(eq_attr "type" "load") (const_string "change0") (eq_attr "type" "store,branch") (const_string "unchanged") (eq_attr "type" "arith") (if_then_else (match_operand:SI 0 "" "") (const_string "set") (const_string "clobber"))] (const_string "clobber"))) (define_insn "" [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,r,m") (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "r,m,r"))] "" "@ move %0,%1 load %0,%1 store %0,%1" [(set_attr "type" "arith,load,store")]) Note that we assume in the above example that arithmetic operations performed on quantities smaller than a machine word clobber the condition code since they will set the condition code to a value corresponding to the full-word result. File: gcc.info, Node: Insn Lengths, Next: Constant Attributes, Prev: Attr Example, Up: Insn Attributes Computing the Length of an Insn ------------------------------- For many machines, multiple types of branch instructions are provided, each for different length branch displacements. In most cases, the assembler will choose the correct instruction to use. However, when the assembler cannot do so, GCC can when a special attribute, the `length' attribute, is defined. This attribute must be defined to have numeric values by specifying a null string in its `define_attr'. In the case of the `length' attribute, two additional forms of arithmetic terms are allowed in test expressions: `(match_dup N)' This refers to the address of operand N of the current insn, which must be a `label_ref'. `(pc)' This refers to the address of the *current* insn. It might have been more consistent with other usage to make this the address of the *next* insn but this would be confusing because the length of the current insn is to be computed. For normal insns, the length will be determined by value of the `length' attribute. In the case of `addr_vec' and `addr_diff_vec' insn patterns, the length will be computed as the number of vectors multiplied by the size of each vector. The following macros can be used to refine the length computation: `FIRST_INSN_ADDRESS' When the `length' insn attribute is used, this macro specifies the value to be assigned to the address of the first insn in a function. If not specified, 0 is used. `ADJUST_INSN_LENGTH (INSN, LENGTH)' If defined, modifies the length assigned to instruction INSN as a function of the context in which it is used. LENGTH is an lvalue that contains the initially computed length of the insn and should be updated with the correct length of the insn. If updating is required, INSN must not be a varying-length insn. This macro will normally not be required. A case in which it is required is the ROMP. On this machine, the size of an `addr_vec' insn must be increased by two to compensate for the fact that alignment may be required. The routine that returns the value of the `length' attribute, `get_attr_length', can be used by the output routine to determine the form of the branch instruction to be written, as the example below illustrates. As an example of the specification of variable-length branches, consider the IBM 360. If we adopt the convention that a register will be set to the starting address of a function, we can jump to labels within 4K of the start using a four-byte instruction. Otherwise, we need a six-byte sequence to load the address from memory and then branch to it. On such a machine, a pattern for a branch instruction might be specified as follows: (define_insn "jump" [(set (pc) (label_ref (match_operand 0 "" "")))] "" "* { return (get_attr_length (insn) == 4 ? \"b %l0\" : \"l r15,=a(%l0); br r15\"); }" [(set (attr "length") (if_then_else (lt (match_dup 0) (const_int 4096)) (const_int 4) (const_int 6)))]) File: gcc.info, Node: Constant Attributes, Next: Delay Slots, Prev: Insn Lengths, Up: Insn Attributes Constant Attributes ------------------- A special form of `define_attr', where the expression for the default value is a `const' expression, indicates an attribute that is constant for a given run of the compiler. Constant attributes may be used to specify which variety of processor is used. For example, (define_attr "cpu" "m88100,m88110,m88000" (const (cond [(symbol_ref "TARGET_88100") (const_string "m88100") (symbol_ref "TARGET_88110") (const_string "m88110")] (const_string "m88000")))) (define_attr "memory" "fast,slow" (const (if_then_else (symbol_ref "TARGET_FAST_MEM") (const_string "fast") (const_string "slow")))) The routine generated for constant attributes has no parameters as it does not depend on any particular insn. RTL expressions used to define the value of a constant attribute may use the `symbol_ref' form, but may not use either the `match_operand' form or `eq_attr' forms involving insn attributes. File: gcc.info, Node: Delay Slots, Next: Function Units, Prev: Constant Attributes, Up: Insn Attributes Delay Slot Scheduling --------------------- The insn attribute mechanism can be used to specify the requirements for delay slots, if any, on a target machine. An instruction is said to require a "delay slot" if some instructions that are physically after the instruction are executed as if they were located before it. Classic examples are branch and call instructions, which often execute the following instruction before the branch or call is performed. On some machines, conditional branch instructions can optionally "annul" instructions in the delay slot. This means that the instruction will not be executed for certain branch outcomes. Both instructions that annul if the branch is true and instructions that annul if the branch is false are supported. Delay slot scheduling differs from instruction scheduling in that determining whether an instruction needs a delay slot is dependent only on the type of instruction being generated, not on data flow between the instructions. See the next section for a discussion of data-dependent instruction scheduling. The requirement of an insn needing one or more delay slots is indicated via the `define_delay' expression. It has the following form: (define_delay TEST [DELAY-1 ANNUL-TRUE-1 ANNUL-FALSE-1 DELAY-2 ANNUL-TRUE-2 ANNUL-FALSE-2 ...]) TEST is an attribute test that indicates whether this `define_delay' applies to a particular insn. If so, the number of required delay slots is determined by the length of the vector specified as the second argument. An insn placed in delay slot N must satisfy attribute test DELAY-N. ANNUL-TRUE-N is an attribute test that specifies which insns may be annulled if the branch is true. Similarly, ANNUL-FALSE-N specifies which insns in the delay slot may be annulled if the branch is false. If annulling is not supported for that delay slot, `(nil)' should be coded. For example, in the common case where branch and call insns require a single delay slot, which may contain any insn other than a branch or call, the following would be placed in the `md' file: (define_delay (eq_attr "type" "branch,call") [(eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (nil) (nil)]) Multiple `define_delay' expressions may be specified. In this case, each such expression specifies different delay slot requirements and there must be no insn for which tests in two `define_delay' expressions are both true. For example, if we have a machine that requires one delay slot for branches but two for calls, no delay slot can contain a branch or call insn, and any valid insn in the delay slot for the branch can be annulled if the branch is true, we might represent this as follows: (define_delay (eq_attr "type" "branch") [(eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (nil)]) (define_delay (eq_attr "type" "call") [(eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (nil) (nil) (eq_attr "type" "!branch,call") (nil) (nil)]) File: gcc.info, Node: Function Units, Prev: Delay Slots, Up: Insn Attributes Specifying Function Units ------------------------- On most RISC machines, there are instructions whose results are not available for a specific number of cycles. Common cases are instructions that load data from memory. On many machines, a pipeline stall will result if the data is referenced too soon after the load instruction. In addition, many newer microprocessors have multiple function units, usually one for integer and one for floating point, and often will incur pipeline stalls when a result that is needed is not yet ready. The descriptions in this section allow the specification of how much time must elapse between the execution of an instruction and the time when its result is used. It also allows specification of when the execution of an instruction will delay execution of similar instructions due to function unit conflicts. For the purposes of the specifications in this section, a machine is divided into "function units", each of which execute a specific class of instructions in first-in-first-out order. Function units that accept one instruction each cycle and allow a result to be used in the succeeding instruction (usually via forwarding) need not be specified. Classic RISC microprocessors will normally have a single function unit, which we can call `memory'. The newer "superscalar" processors will often have function units for floating point operations, usually at least a floating point adder and multiplier. Each usage of a function units by a class of insns is specified with a `define_function_unit' expression, which looks like this: (define_function_unit NAME MULTIPLICITY SIMULTANEITY TEST READY-DELAY ISSUE-DELAY [CONFLICT-LIST]) NAME is a string giving the name of the function unit. MULTIPLICITY is an integer specifying the number of identical units in the processor. If more than one unit is specified, they will be scheduled independently. Only truly independent units should be counted; a pipelined unit should be specified as a single unit. (The only common example of a machine that has multiple function units for a single instruction class that are truly independent and not pipelined are the two multiply and two increment units of the CDC 6600.) SIMULTANEITY specifies the maximum number of insns that can be executing in each instance of the function unit simultaneously or zero if the unit is pipelined and has no limit. All `define_function_unit' definitions referring to function unit NAME must have the same name and values for MULTIPLICITY and SIMULTANEITY. TEST is an attribute test that selects the insns we are describing in this definition. Note that an insn may use more than one function unit and a function unit may be specified in more than one `define_function_unit'. READY-DELAY is an integer that specifies the number of cycles after which the result of the instruction can be used without introducing any stalls. ISSUE-DELAY is an integer that specifies the number of cycles after the instruction matching the TEST expression begins using this unit until a subsequent instruction can begin. A cost of N indicates an N-1 cycle delay. A subsequent instruction may also be delayed if an earlier instruction has a longer READY-DELAY value. This blocking effect is computed using the SIMULTANEITY, READY-DELAY, ISSUE-DELAY, and CONFLICT-LIST terms. For a normal non-pipelined function unit, SIMULTANEITY is one, the unit is taken to block for the READY-DELAY cycles of the executing insn, and smaller values of ISSUE-DELAY are ignored. CONFLICT-LIST is an optional list giving detailed conflict costs for this unit. If specified, it is a list of condition test expressions to be applied to insns chosen to execute in NAME following the particular insn matching TEST that is already executing in NAME. For each insn in the list, ISSUE-DELAY specifies the conflict cost; for insns not in the list, the cost is zero. If not specified, CONFLICT-LIST defaults to all instructions that use the function unit. Typical uses of this vector are where a floating point function unit can pipeline either single- or double-precision operations, but not both, or where a memory unit can pipeline loads, but not stores, etc. As an example, consider a classic RISC machine where the result of a load instruction is not available for two cycles (a single "delay" instruction is required) and where only one load instruction can be executed simultaneously. This would be specified as: (define_function_unit "memory" 1 1 (eq_attr "type" "load") 2 0) For the case of a floating point function unit that can pipeline either single or double precision, but not both, the following could be specified: (define_function_unit "fp" 1 0 (eq_attr "type" "sp_fp") 4 4 [(eq_attr "type" "dp_fp")]) (define_function_unit "fp" 1 0 (eq_attr "type" "dp_fp") 4 4 [(eq_attr "type" "sp_fp")]) *Note:* The scheduler attempts to avoid function unit conflicts and uses all the specifications in the `define_function_unit' expression. It has recently come to our attention that these specifications may not allow modeling of some of the newer "superscalar" processors that have insns using multiple pipelined units. These insns will cause a potential conflict for the second unit used during their execution and there is no way of representing that conflict. We welcome any examples of how function unit conflicts work in such processors and suggestions for their representation. File: gcc.info, Node: Target Macros, Next: Config, Prev: Machine Desc, Up: Top Target Description Macros ************************* In addition to the file `MACHINE.md', a machine description includes a C header file conventionally given the name `MACHINE.h'. This header file defines numerous macros that convey the information about the target machine that does not fit into the scheme of the `.md' file. The file `tm.h' should be a link to `MACHINE.h'. The header file `config.h' includes `tm.h' and most compiler source files include `config.h'. * Menu: * Driver:: Controlling how the driver runs the compilation passes. * Run-time Target:: Defining `-m' options like `-m68000' and `-m68020'. * Storage Layout:: Defining sizes and alignments of data. * Type Layout:: Defining sizes and properties of basic user data types. * Registers:: Naming and describing the hardware registers. * Register Classes:: Defining the classes of hardware registers. * Stack and Calling:: Defining which way the stack grows and by how much. * Varargs:: Defining the varargs macros. * Trampolines:: Code set up at run time to enter a nested function. * Library Calls:: Controlling how library routines are implicitly called. * Addressing Modes:: Defining addressing modes valid for memory operands. * Condition Code:: Defining how insns update the condition code. * Costs:: Defining relative costs of different operations. * Sections:: Dividing storage into text, data, and other sections. * PIC:: Macros for position independent code. * Assembler Format:: Defining how to write insns and pseudo-ops to output. * Debugging Info:: Defining the format of debugging output. * Cross-compilation:: Handling floating point for cross-compilers. * Misc:: Everything else.