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NAME
ci - check in RCS revisions
SYNOPSIS
ci [options] file ...
DESCRIPTION
ci stores new revisions into RCS files. Each pathname
matching an RCS suffix is taken to be an RCS file. All
others are assumed to be working files containing new
revisions. ci deposits the contents of each working file
into the corresponding RCS file. If only a working file is
given, ci tries to find the corresponding RCS file in an RCS
subdirectory and then in the working file's directory. For
more details, see FILE NAMING below.
For ci to work, the caller's login must be on the access
list, except if the access list is empty or the caller is
the superuser or the owner of the file. To append a new
revision to an existing branch, the tip revision on that
branch must be locked by the caller. Otherwise, only a new
branch can be created. This restriction is not enforced for
the owner of the file if non-strict locking is used (see
rcs(1)). A lock held by someone else may be broken with the
rcs command.
Unless the -f option is given, ci checks whether the
revision to be deposited differs from the preceding one. If
not, instead of creating a new revision ci reverts to the
preceding one. To revert, ordinary ci removes the working
file and any lock; ci -l keeps and ci -u removes any lock,
and then they both generate a new working file much as if
co -l or co -u had been applied to the preceding revision.
When reverting, any -n and -s options apply to the preceding
revision.
For each revision deposited, ci prompts for a log message.
The log message should summarize the change and must be
terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing . by
itself. If several files are checked in ci asks whether to
reuse the previous log message. If the standard input is
not a terminal, ci suppresses the prompt and uses the same
log message for all files. See also -m.
If the RCS file does not exist, ci creates it and deposits
the contents of the working file as the initial revision
(default number: 1.1). The access list is initialized to
empty. Instead of the log message, ci requests descriptive
text (see -t below).
The number rev of the deposited revision can be given by any
of the options -f, -I, -k, -l, -M, -q, -r, or -u. rev may
be symbolic, numeric, or mixed. If rev is $, ci determines
the revision number from keyword values in the working file.
If rev is a revision number, it must be higher than the
latest one on the branch to which rev belongs, or must start
a new branch.
If rev is a branch rather than a revision number, the new
revision is appended to that branch. The level number is
obtained by incrementing the tip revision number of that
branch. If rev indicates a non-existing branch, that branch
is created with the initial revision numbered rev.1.
If rev is omitted, ci tries to derive the new revision
number from the caller's last lock. If the caller has
locked the tip revision of a branch, the new revision is
appended to that branch. The new revision number is
obtained by incrementing the tip revision number. If the
caller locked a non-tip revision, a new branch is started at
that revision by incrementing the highest branch number at
that revision. The default initial branch and level numbers
are 1.
If rev is omitted and the caller has no lock, but owns the
file and locking is not set to strict, then the revision is
appended to the default branch (normally the trunk; see the
-b option of rcs(1)).
Exception: On the trunk, revisions can be appended to the
end, but not inserted.
OPTIONS
-rrev
Check in revision rev.
-r The bare -r option (without any revision) has an
unusual meaning in ci. With other RCS commands, a bare
-r option specifies the most recent revision on the
default branch, but with ci, a bare -r option
reestablishes the default behavior of releasing a lock
and removing the working file, and is used to override
any default -l or -u options established by shell
aliases or scripts.
-l[rev]
works like -r, except it performs an additional co -l
for the deposited revision. Thus, the deposited
revision is immediately checked out again and locked.
This is useful for saving a revision although one wants
to continue editing it after the checkin.
-u[rev]
works like -l, except that the deposited revision is
not locked. This lets one read the working file
immediately after checkin.
The -l, bare -r, and -u options are mutually exclusive
and silently override each other. For example,
ci -u -r is equivalent to ci -r because bare -r
overrides -u.
-f[rev]
forces a deposit; the new revision is deposited even it
is not different from the preceding one.
-k[rev]
searches the working file for keyword values to
determine its revision number, creation date, state,
and author (see co(1)), and assigns these values to the
deposited revision, rather than computing them locally.
It also generates a default login message noting the
login of the caller and the actual checkin date. This
option is useful for software distribution. A revision
that is sent to several sites should be checked in with
the -k option at these sites to preserve the original
number, date, author, and state. The extracted keyword
values and the default log message may be overridden
with the options -d, -m, -s, -w, and any option that
carries a revision number.
-q[rev]
quiet mode; diagnostic output is not printed. A
revision that is not different from the preceding one
is not deposited, unless -f is given.
-I[rev]
interactive mode; the user is prompted and questioned
even if the standard input is not a terminal.
-d[date]
uses date for the checkin date and time. The date is
specified in free format as explained in co(1). This
is useful for lying about the checkin date, and for -k
if no date is available. If date is empty, the working
file's time of last modification is used.
-M[rev]
Set the modification time on any new working file to be
the date of the retrieved revision. For example,
ci -d -M -u f does not alter f's modification time,
even if f's contents change due to keyword
substitution. Use this option with care; it can
confuse make(1).
-mmsg
uses the string msg as the log message for all
revisions checked in.
-nname
assigns the symbolic name name to the number of the
checked-in revision. ci prints an error message if
name is already assigned to another number.
-Nname
same as -n, except that it overrides a previous
assignment of name.
-sstate
sets the state of the checked-in revision to the
identifier state. The default state is Exp.
-tfile
writes descriptive text from the contents of the named
file into the RCS file, deleting the existing text.
The file may not begin with -.
-t-string
Write descriptive text from the string into the RCS
file, deleting the existing text.
The -t option, in both its forms, has effect only
during an initial checkin; it is silently ignored
otherwise.
During the initial checkin, if -t is not given, ci
obtains the text from standard input, terminated by
end-of-file or by a line containing . by itself. The
user is prompted for the text if interaction is
possible; see -I.
For backward compatibility with older versions of RCS,
a bare -t option is ignored.
-T Preserve the modification time on the RCS file unless a
new revision is added. If you have locked a revision,
ci usually updates the RCS file's modification time
even when reverting to the previous revision, because
the lock is stored in the RCS file and removing the
lock requires changing the RCS file. However, ci -T
preserves the RCS file's modification time if no new
revision is added, even if the RCS file changes because
a lock is removed or because the -n or -s options
affect the previous revision. This option can suppress
extensive recompilation caused by a make(1) dependency
of some other copy of the working file on the RCS file.
Use this option with care; it can suppress
recompilation even when it is needed, i.e. when the
change of lock, symbolic name, or state would mean a
change to keyword strings in the other working file.
-wlogin
uses login for the author field of the deposited
revision. Useful for lying about the author, and for
-k if no author is available.
-Vn Emulate RCS version n. See co(1) for details.
-xsuffixes
specifies the suffixes for RCS files. A nonempty
suffix matches any pathname ending in the suffix. An
empty suffix matches any pathname of the form RCS/path
or path1/RCS/path2. The -x option can specify a list
of suffixes separated by /. For example, -x,v/
specifies two suffixes: ,v and the empty suffix. If
two or more suffixes are specified, they are tried in
order when looking for an RCS file; the first one that
works is used for that file. If no RCS file is found
but an RCS file can be created, the suffixes are tried
in order to determine the new RCS file's name. The
default for suffixes is installation-dependent;
normally it is ,v/ for hosts like Unix that permit
commas in file names, and is empty (i.e. just the empty
suffix) for other hosts.
FILE NAMING
Pairs of RCS files and working files may be specified in
three ways (see also the example section).
1) Both the RCS file and the working file are given. The
RCS pathname is of the form path1/workfileX and the working
pathname is of the form path2/workfile where path1/ and
path2/ are (possibly different or empty) paths, workfile is
a filename, and X is an RCS suffix. If X is empty, path1/
must start with RCS/ or must contain /RCS/.
2) Only the RCS file is given. Then the working file is
created in the current directory and its name is derived
from the name of the RCS file by removing path1/ and the
suffix X.
3) Only the working file is given. Then ci considers each
RCS suffix X in turn, looking for an RCS file of the form
path2/RCS/workfileX or (if the former is not found and X is
nonempty) path2/workfileX.
If the RCS file is specified without a path in 1) and 2), ci
looks for the RCS file first in the directory ./RCS and then
in the current directory.
ci reports an error if an attempt to open an RCS file fails
for an unusual reason, even if the RCS file's pathname is
just one of several possibilities. For example, to suppress
use of RCS commands in a directory d, create a regular file
named d/RCS so that casual attempts to use RCS commands in d
fail because d/RCS is not a directory.
EXAMPLES
Suppose ,v is an RCS suffix and the current directory
contains a subdirectory RCS with an RCS file io.c,v. Then
each of the following commands check in a copy of io.c into
RCS/io.c,v as the latest revision, removing io.c.
ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c,v;
ci io.c RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c io.c,v;
ci RCS/io.c,v io.c; ci io.c,v io.c;
Suppose instead that the empty suffix is an RCS suffix and
the current directory contains a subdirectory RCS with an
RCS file io.c. The each of the following commands checks in
a new revision.
ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c;
ci io.c RCS/io.c;
ci RCS/io.c io.c;
FILE MODES
An RCS file created by ci inherits the read and execute
permissions from the working file. If the RCS file exists
already, ci preserves its read and execute permissions. ci
always turns off all write permissions of RCS files.
FILES
Several temporary files may be created in the directory
containing the working file, and also in the temporary
directory (see TMPDIR under ENVIRONMENT). A semaphore file
or files are created in the directory containing the RCS
file. With a nonempty suffix, the semaphore names begin
with the first character of the suffix; therefore, do not
specify an suffix whose first character could be that of a
working filename. With an empty suffix, the semaphore names
end with _ so working filenames should not end in _.
ci never changes an RCS or working file. Normally, ci
unlinks the file and creates a new one; but instead of
breaking a chain of one or more symbolic links to an RCS
file, it unlinks the destination file instead. Therefore,
ci breaks any hard or symbolic links to any working file it
changes; and hard links to RCS files are ineffective, but
symbolic links to RCS files are preserved.
The effective user must be able to search and write the
directory containing the RCS file. Normally, the real user
must be able to read the RCS and working files and to search
and write the directory containing the working file;
however, some older hosts cannot easily switch between real
and effective users, so on these hosts the effective user is
used for all accesses. The effective user is the same as
the real user unless your copies of ci and co have setuid
privileges. As described in the next section, these
privileges yield extra security if the effective user owns
all RCS files and directories, and if only the effective
user can write RCS directories.
Users can control access to RCS files by setting the
permissions of the directory containing the files; only
users with write access to the directory can use RCS
commands to change its RCS files. For example, in hosts
that allow a user to belong to several groups, one can make
a group's RCS directories writable to that group only. This
approach suffices for informal projects, but it means that
any group member can arbitrarily change the group's RCS
files, and can even remove them entirely. Hence more formal
projects sometimes distinguish between an RCS administrator,
who can change the RCS files at will, and other project
members, who can check in new revisions but cannot otherwise
change the RCS files.
SETUID USE
To prevent anybody but their RCS administrator from deleting
revisions, a set of users can employ setuid privileges as
follows.
+ Check that the host supports RCS setuid use. Consult a
trustworthy expert if there are any doubts. It is best if
the seteuid() system call works as described in Posix
1003.1a Draft 5, because RCS can switch back and forth
easily between real and effective users, even if the real
user is root. If not, the second best is if the setuid()
system call supports saved setuid (the {_POSIX_SAVED_IDS}
behavior of Posix 1003.1-1990); this fails only if the
real or effective user is root. If RCS detects any
failure in setuid, it quits immediately.
+ Choose a user A to serve as RCS administrator for the set
of users. Only A will be able to invoke the rcs command
on the users' RCS files. A should not be root or any
other user with special powers. Mutually suspicious sets
of users should use different administrators.
+ Choose a path name B that will be a directory of files to
be executed by the users.
+ Have A set up B to contain copies of ci and co that are
setuid to A by copying the commands from their standard
installation directory D as follows:
mkdir B
cp D/c[io] B
chmod go-w,u+s B/c[io]
+ Have each user prepend B to their path as follows:
PATH=B:$PATH; export PATH # ordinary shell
set path=(B $path) # C shell
+ Have A create each RCS directory R with write access only
to A as follows:
mkdir R
chmod go-w R
+ If you want to let only certain users read the RCS files,
put the users into a group G, and have A further protect
the RCS directory as follows:
chgrp G R
chmod g-w,o-rwx R
+ Have A copy old RCS files (if any) into R, to ensure that
A owns them.
+ An RCS file's access list limits who can check in and lock
revisions. The default access list is empty, which grants
checkin access to anyone who can read the RCS file. If
you want limit checkin access, have A invoke rcs -a on the
file; see rcs(1). In particular, rcs -e -aA limits access
to just A.
+ Have A initialize any new RCS files with rcs -i before
initial checkin, adding the -a option if you want to limit
checkin access.
+ Give setuid privileges only to ci, co, and rcsclean; do
not give them to rcs or to any other command.
+ Do not use other setuid commands to invoke RCS commands;
setuid is trickier than you think!
ENVIRONMENT
RCSINIT
options prepended to the argument list, separated by
spaces. A backslash escapes spaces within an option.
The RCSINIT options are prepended to the argument lists
of most RCS commands. Useful RCSINIT options include
-q, -V, and -x.
TMPDIR
Name of the temporary directory. If not set, the
environment variables TMP and TEMP are inspected
instead and the first value found is taken; if none of
them are set, a host-dependent default is used,
typically /tmp.
DIAGNOSTICS
For each revision, ci prints the RCS file, the working file,
and the number of both the deposited and the preceding
revision. The exit status is zero if and only if all
operations were successful.
IDENTIFICATION
Author: Walter F. Tichy.
Revision Number: 5.11; Release Date: 1992/02/17.
Copyright 1982, 1988, 1989 by Walter F. Tichy.
Copyright 1990, 1991, 1992 by Paul Eggert.
SEE ALSO
co(1), ident(1), make(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1),
rcsintro(1), rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), rcsfile(5)
Walter F. Tichy, RCS--A System for Version Control,
Software--Practice & Experience 15, 7 (July 1985), 637-654.