:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an
optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.extra-space:font facename=default size=0x0., that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
negative amount.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\*:font facename=default size=0x0. command is the same as the ordinary :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. command
except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. command allows you to put text flushed right against any
tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the
right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. command moves all the text that follows it, up to the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end{tabbing}:font facename=default size=0x0. command that ends the line, to the
right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\>:font facename=default size=0x0. or
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\':font facename=default size=0x0. command between the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. and the command that ends the
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\addtocounter:font facename=default size=0x0. command increments the counter by the amount
specified by the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.value:font facename=default size=0x0. argument. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.value:font facename=default size=0x0. argument can
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\arabic:font facename=default size=0x0. command causes the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. to be
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\author:font facename=default size=0x0. command declares the author(s), where :font facename=Courier size=12x8.names:font facename=default size=0x0. is
a list of authors separated by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\and:font facename=default size=0x0. commands. Use :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. to
separate lines within a single author's entry -- for example, to give
the author's institution or address.
:p.NOTE&colon. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.milstd:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.book-form:font facename=default size=0x0. styles have re-defined the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\maketitle:font facename=default size=0x0. command. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\title:font facename=default size=0x0. declaration is the only
command of those shown below that has any meaning.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\bibitem:font facename=default size=0x0. command generates an entry labelled by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0..
If the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is missing, a number is generated as the
label, using the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.enumi:font facename=default size=0x0. counter. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. is any
sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a
comma. This command writes an entry on the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file containing
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. and the item's :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0.. When this :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file
is read by the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\begin{document}:font facename=default size=0x0. command, the item's
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0. is associated with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0., causing the reference
to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. by a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\cite:font facename=default size=0x0. command to produce the associated
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\circle:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces a circle of the specified
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.diameter:font facename=default size=0x0.. If the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.*-form:font facename=default size=0x0. of the command is used, LaTeX
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.key_list:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is a list of citation keys. This command
generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys
in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.key_list:font facename=default size=0x0. by entries on the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file read by the
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\dashbox:font facename=default size=0x0. has an extra argument which specifies the width of
each dash. A dashed box looks best when the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.width:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.height:font facename=default size=0x0. are multiples of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.dash length:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fbox:font facename=default size=0x0. command is exactly the same as the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\mbox:font facename=default size=0x0.
command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fnsymbol:font facename=default size=0x0. command causes the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. to be printed in
a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.framebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces a rule of thickness
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fboxrule:font facename=default size=0x0., and leaves a space :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fboxsep:font facename=default size=0x0. between the rule
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\include:font facename=default size=0x0. command is used in conjunction with the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0.
command for selective inclusion of files. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.file:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is the
first name of a file, denoting :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.file.tex&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0.. If :font facename=Courier size=12x8.file:font facename=default size=0x0. is one the file
names in the file list of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0. command or if there is no
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0. command, the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\include:font facename=default size=0x0. command is equivalent to
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.itemize:font facename=default size=0x0. environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be
nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
nested within other paragraph-making environments.
:p.Each item of an :font facename=Courier size=12x8.itemized:font facename=default size=0x0. list begins with an :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\item:font facename=default size=0x0.
command. There must be at least one :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\item:font facename=default size=0x0. command within the
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\kill:font facename=default size=0x0. command allows you to set tab stops without producing
text. It works just like the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. except that it throws away the
current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\=:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\+:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\-:font facename=default size=0x0. commands in that line remain in
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\line:font facename=default size=0x0. command draws a line of the specified :font facename=Courier size=12x8.length:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\makebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command for the picture environment is similar to the
normal :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\makebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command except that you must specify a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.width:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.height:font facename=default size=0x0. in multiples of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.The optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.[position]:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following&colon.
:ul.:li.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.t:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.b:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the bottom
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.l:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the left
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.r:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the right
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markright:font facename=default size=0x0. commands are used in
conjunction with the page style :font facename=Courier size=12x8.myheadings:font facename=default size=0x0. for setting either
both or just the right heading. In addition to their use with the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.myheadings:font facename=default size=0x0. page style, you can use them to override the normal
headings in the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.headings:font facename=default size=0x0. style, since LaTeX uses these same
commands to generate those heads. You should note that a left-hand
heading is generated by the last :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. command before the end
of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the first
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markright:font facename=default size=0x0. that comes on the page if there is
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.minipage:font facename=default size=0x0. environment is similar to a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox:font facename=default size=0x0. command. It takes
the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You
may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.
:p.Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\footnote:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\footnotetext:font facename=default size=0x0. command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.mpfootnote:font facename=default size=0x0. counter instead of the ordinary footnote
counter.
:p.NOTE&colon. Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes;
they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\multicolumn:font facename=default size=0x0. is used to make an entry that spans several
columns. The first mandatory argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies the
number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.pos:font facename=default size=0x0.,
specifies the formatting of the entry; :font facename=Courier size=12x8.c:font facename=default size=0x0. for centered, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.l:font facename=default size=0x0.
for flushleft, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.r:font facename=default size=0x0. for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.text:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies what text is to make up the entry.
A command name beginning with a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\:font facename=default size=0x0.. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. it
must not be already defined and must not begin with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end:font facename=default size=0x0.; for
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. it must already be defined.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.args:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command
being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.def:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text to be substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0.; a
parameter of the form :font facename=Courier size=12x8.#n:font facename=default size=0x0. in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0. is replaced by the text of
the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
The name of the environment. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newenvironment:font facename=default size=0x0. there must be
no currently defined environment by that name, and the command
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nam:font facename=default size=0x0. must be undefined. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewenvironment:font facename=default size=0x0. the
environment must already be defined.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.args:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.begdef:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\begin{name}:font facename=default size=0x0.; a
parameter of the form :font facename=Courier size=12x8.#n:font facename=default size=0x0. in cmd is replaced by the text of the
nth argument when this substitution takes place.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.enddef:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end{nam}:font facename=default size=0x0.. It may
The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be the
name of an existing environment or counter.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.caption:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the
number.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.within:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit.
Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the
sectional unit.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.numbered_like:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
:eparml.:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newtheorem:font facename=default size=0x0. command may have at most one optional argument.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nolinebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.number:font facename=default size=0x0., you can convert the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nolinebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current
page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.number:font facename=default size=0x0., you can convert the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.picture:font facename=default size=0x0. environment allows you to create just about any kind
of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You
tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies
a length in multiples of the unit length :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0., so if
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0. has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54
specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0. anywhere you want, using the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\setlength:font facename=default size=0x0.
command, but strange things will happen if you try changing it inside
the picture environment.
:p.A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the
point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are
specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
:p.The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position.
It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a
rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\sqrt:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces the square root of its argument. The
optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.root:font facename=default size=0x0., determines what root to produce, i.e.
the cube root of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.x+y:font facename=default size=0x0. would be typed as :font facename=Courier size=12x8.$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually
"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will
not be split between two pages.
:p.The optional argument :font facename=Courier size=12x8.[placement]:font facename=default size=0x0. determines where LaTeX will try
to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
a float&colon.
:ul.:li.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.h:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Here - at the position in the text where the table
environment appears.
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.t:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Top - at the top of a text page.
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.b:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.p:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
:eul.:lm margin=1.
:p.The standard :font facename=Courier size=12x8.report:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.article:font facename=default size=0x0. styles use the default
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.p{wd}:font facename=default size=0x0. - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of
width :font facename=Courier size=12x8.wd:font facename=default size=0x0., as if it were the argument of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox[t]{wd}:font facename=default size=0x0.
command. However, a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. may not appear in the item, except in the
following situations&colon. (i) inside an environment like minipage, array, or
tabular, (ii) inside an explicit :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox:font facename=default size=0x0., or (iii) in the scope
of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\centering:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\raggedright:font facename=default size=0x0., or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\raggedleft:font facename=default size=0x0.
declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
environment when used in a p-column element.
:lm margin=13.:p.:lm margin=15.7.:lm margin=18.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.*{num}{cols}:font facename=default size=0x0. - Equivalent to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.num:font facename=default size=0x0. copies of
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0., where :font facename=Courier size=12x8.num:font facename=default size=0x0. is any positive integer and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0. is
any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\title:font facename=default size=0x0. command declares text to be the title. Use :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0.
to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
:p.Prints :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. on the terminal and in the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.log&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file. Commands
in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. that are defined with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. or
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. are replaced by their definitions before being
printed.
:p.LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
ignoring spaces after a command name apply to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0.. A
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\space:font facename=default size=0x0. command in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. causes a single space to be printed.
:p.Prints the box most recently saved in bin :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0. by a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\savebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command.
:p.Typesets :font facename=Courier size=12x8.literal_text:font facename=default size=0x0. exactly as typed, including special
characters and spaces, using a typewriter (:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\tt:font facename=default size=0x0.) type style.
There may be no space between :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\verb:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\verb*:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.char:font facename=default size=0x0. (space is shown here only for clarity). The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.*:font facename=default size=0x0.-form