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- FIGURE 6-4. Positive and negative regulators of G(1) progression. The
- relative stages of this phase of the cycle in which the events are
- occurring are depicted at the bottom. Mitogens activate synthesis of
- D-type cyclins, which then assemble with cdk4 or 6. Cyclin E
- accumulates later in G(1) and forms complexes with cdk2. Both
- cyclin/cdk complexes become catalytically activate following
- CAK-mediated phosphorylation. D-type cyclins (and likely E-type) cdks
- are shown to phosphorylate pRb sequentially, releasing bound
- transcription factors (TF), such as E2F, which activate genes required
- for S-phase entry. Cyclin E/cdk probably also activates other
- substrates as well. INK4 proteins can compete with D cyclins for cdk4
- and 6 to form independent binary complexes and can also inhibit the
- catalytic activity of the assembled, activated complex. By binding to
- cdks, p21 and p27 can also inhibit these activities at two steps, by
- interfering sterically with CAK-mediated activation and by directly
- inhibiting the activities of the activated holoenzymes. (After Sherr
- CJ, Roberts JW. Genes Dev 1995;9:1149)
-