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Thi≤ documen⌠ i≤ ß quicδ referancσ oµ al∞ oµ thσ standarΣ function≤ ì anΣ procedure≤ containeΣ iε thσ programinτ envirnmen⌠ Turb∩ Pascal« The∙ ì arσ groupeΣ b∙ typσ oµ operatioε (eg.- Strinτ procedure≤, Filσ procedures.). Reserved Words * absolute * external nil * shr and file not * string array for of then begin forward or to case function packed type const goto procedure until div if program var do in record while downto * inline repeat with else label set * xor end mod * shl * - The asterisks indicate reserved words not defined in standard Pascal. Standard Identifiers ArcTan Delay Ln Rename Assign Delete Lo Reset Aux EOF LowVideo Rewrite AuxInPtr EOLN Lst Round AuxOutPtr Erase LstOutPtr Seek BlockRead Execute Mark Sin BlockWrite Exp MaxInt SizeOf Boolean False Mem Sqr BufLen FilePos MemAvail Sqrt Byte FileSize Move Str Chain FillChar New Succ Char Flush NormVideo Swap Chr Fract Odd Text Close GetMem Ord Trm ClrEOL GotoXY Output True ClrScr HearPtr Pi Trunc Con Hi Port UpCase ConInPtr IOresult Pos Usr ConOutPtr Input Pred UsrInPtr Concat InsLine Ptr UsrOutPtr ConstPtr Insert Random Val Copy Int Randomize Write Cos Integer Read Writeln CrtExit Kbd Readln CrtInit KeyPressed Real DelLine Length Release Page 1. è String Procedures Delete ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Delete( St, Pos, Num ) Deletσ remove≤ ß substrinτ containinτ 'Numº character≤ froφ 'Stº startinτ a⌠ ì positioε 'Pos'« 'Stº i≤ ß strinτ variablσ anΣ botΦ 'Posº anΣ 'Numº arσ ì intege≥ expressions« Iµ 'Posº i≤ greate≥ theε 'Length¿ S⌠ )'¼ n∩ character≤ ì arσ removed« Iµ aε attemp⌠ i≤ madσ t∩ deletσ character≤ beyonΣ thσ enΣ oµ ì thσ strinτ (i.e« 'Posº ½ 'Numº exceed≤ thσ lengtΦ oµ thσ string)¼ onl∙ ì character≤ withiε thσ strinτ arσ deleted« Iµ 'Posº i≤ outsidσ thσ rangσ ì 1..255 a run time error occurs. Insert ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Insert( Obj, Target, Pos ) Inser⌠ insert≤ thσ strinτ 'Objº int∩ thσ strinτ 'Targetº a⌠ thσ positioε ì 'Pos'« 'Objº i≤ ß strinτ expression¼ 'Targetº i≤ ß strinτ variable¼ anΣ ì 'Posº i≤ aε intege≥ expression« Iµ 'Posº i≤ greate≥ thaε 'Length¿ Targe⌠ ì )'¼ theε 'Objº i≤ concatenateΣ t∩ 'Target'« Iµ theε resul⌠ i≤ longe≥ thaε ì thσ maximuφ lengtΦ oµ 'Target'¼ theε exces≤ character≤ wil∞ bσ truncateΣ anΣ ì 'Targetº wil∞ onl∙ contaiε thσ left-mos⌠ characters« Iµ 'Posº i≤ outsidσ ì the range 1..255, a run time error occurs. Str ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Str( Value, St ) Thσ St≥ procedurσ convert≤ thσ numeriπ valuσ oµ 'Valueº int∩ ß strinτ anΣ ì store≤ thσ resul⌠ iε 'St'« 'Valueº i≤ ß writσ paramete≥ oµ typσ intege≥ o≥ ì of type real. Val ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Val( St, Var, Code ) Va∞ convert≤ thσ strinτ expressioε 'Stº t∩ aε intege≥ o≥ ß rea∞ valuσ ì (dependinτ oε thσ typσ oµ thσ variablσ 'Var'⌐ anΣ store≤ thi≤ valuσ iε ì 'Var'« 'Stº mus⌠ bσ ß strinτ expressinτ ß numeriπ valuσ accordinτ t∩ thσ ì rule≤ applyinτ t∩ numeriπ constants« Neithe≥ leadinτ o≥ trailinτ space≤ arσ ì allowed« 'Varº mus⌠ bσ aε Intege≥ o≥ ß Rea∞ variablσ anΣ 'Codeº mus⌠ bσ aε ì intege≥ variable« Iµ n∩ error≤ arσ detected¼ thσ variablσ 'Codeº i≤ se⌠ t∩ ì zer∩ (0)« Otherwisσ 'Codeº i≤ se⌠ t∩ thσ positioε oµ thσ firs⌠ characte≥ iε ì error, and the value of 'Var' is undefined. Page 2. è String Functions Copy ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Copy( St, Pos, Num ) Cop∙ return≤ ß substrinτ containinτ 'Numº character≤ froφ 'Stº startinτ a⌠ ì positioε 'Pos'« 'Stº i≤ ß strinτ expressioε anΣ botΦ 'Posº anΣ 'Numº arσ ì intege≥ expressions« Iµ 'Posº exceed≤ thσ lengtΦ oµ thσ string¼ thσ empt∙ ì strinτ i≤ returned« Iµ aε attemp⌠ i≤ madσ t∩ ge⌠ character≤ beyonΣ thσ enΣ ì oµ thσ strinτ (i.e« 'Posº ½ 'Numº exceed≤ thσ lengtΦ oµ thσ string)¼ onl∙ ì thσ character≤ withiε thσ strinτ arσ returned« Iµ 'Posº i≤ outsidσ thσ ì range 1..255, a run time error occurs. Concat ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Concat( St1, St2 {,StN} ) Thσ Conca⌠ functioε return≤ ß strinτ whicΦ i≤ thσ concatenatioε oµ it≤ ì argument≤ iε thσ orde≥ iε whicΦ the∙ arσ specified« Thσ argument≤ ma∙ bσ ì an∙ numbe≥ oµ strinτ expression≤ separateΣ b∙ comma≤ (St1,St▓ .« StN)« Iµ ì the length of the result is greater than 255, a run time error occurs. Note║ Thσ '+º operato≥ caε bσ useΣ t∩ obtaiε thσ samσ result¼ ofteε morσ ì conveniently« Conca⌠ i≤ includeΣ onl∙ t∩ maintaiε compatibilit∙ witΦ othe≥ ì Pascal compilers. Length ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Length( St ) Thσ LengtΦ functioε return≤ thσ lengtΦ oµ thσ strinτ expressioε 'St'¼ i.e« ì the number of characters in 'St'. The type of the result is integer. Pos ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Pos( Obj, Target ) Thσ Po≤ functioε scan≤ thσ strinτ 'Targetº t∩ finΣ thσ firs⌠ occurancσ oµ ì 'Objº withiε 'Target'« 'Objº anΣ 'Targetº arσ strinτ expressions¼ anΣ thσ ì typσ oµ thσ resul⌠ i≤ integer« Thσ resul⌠ i≤ aε intege≥ denotinτ thσ ì positioε withiε 'Targetº oµ thσ firs⌠ characte≥ oµ thσ matcheΣ pattern« Thσ ì positioε oµ thσ firs⌠ characte≥ iε ß strinτ i≤ 1« Iµ thσ paterε i≤ no⌠ ì found, 'Pos' returns zero (0). Page 3. è Operations on Files Assign ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Assign( FilVar, Str ) 'Strº i≤ ß strinτ expressioε yieldinτ an∙ lega∞ filσ name« Thi≤ filσ namσ ì i≤ assigneΣ t∩ thσ filσ variablσ 'FilVar'¼ anΣ al∞ furthe≥ operation≤ oε ì 'FilVarº wil∞ operatσ oε thσ disδ filσ 'Str'« Assigε shoulΣ neve≥ bσ useΣ ì on a file which is in use. Rewrite ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Rewrite( FilVar ) ┴ ne≈ disδ filσ oµ thσ namσ assigneΣ t∩ thσ filσ variablσ 'FilVarº i≤ ì createΣ anΣ prepareΣ fo≥ processing¼ anΣ thσ filσ pointe≥ i≤ se⌠ t∩ thσ ì beginninτ oµ thσ file¼ i.e« componen⌠ numbe≥ zer∩ (0)« An∙ previousl∙ ì existinτ filσ witΦ thσ samσ namσ i≤ erased« ┴ disδ filσ createΣ b∙ rewritσ ì is initially empty, i.e. it contains no elements. Reset ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Reset( FilVar ) Thσ disδ filσ oµ thσ namσ assigneΣ t∩ thσ filσ variablσ 'FilVarº i≤ prepareΣ ì fo≥ processing¼ anΣ thσ filσ pointe≥ i≤ se⌠ t∩ thσ beginninτ oµ thσ file¼ ì i.e« componen⌠ numbe≥ zer∩ (0)« 'FilVarº mus⌠ namσ aε existinτ file¼ ì otherwise an I/O error occurs. Read ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Read( FilVar, Var ) 'Varº denote≤ onσ o≥ morσ variable≤ oµ thσ componen⌠ typσ oµ 'FilVar'¼ ì separateΣ b∙ commas« EacΦ variablσ i≤ reaΣ froφ thσ disδ file¼ anΣ ì followinτ eacΦ reaΣ operation¼ thσ filσ pointe≥ i≤ advanceΣ t∩ thσ nex⌠ ì component. Write ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Write( FilVar, Var ) 'Varº denote≤ onσ o≥ morσ variable≤ oµ thσ componen⌠ typσ oµ 'FilVar'¼ ì separateΣ b∙ commas« EacΦ variablσ i≤ writteε t∩ thσ disδ file¼ anΣ ì followinτ eacΦ writσ operation¼ thσ filσ pointe≥ i≤ advanceΣ t∩ thσ nex⌠ ì component. Page 4. è Seek ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Seek( FilVar, n ) Seeδ move≤ thσ filσ pointe≥ t∩ thσ n'tΦ componen⌠ oµ thσ filσ denoteΣ b∙ ì 'FilVar'« 'nº i≤ aε intege≥ expression« Thσ positioε oµ thσ firs⌠ componen⌠ ì i≤ zer∩ (0)« Notσ tha⌠ iε orde≥ t∩ expanΣ ß filσ i⌠ i≤ possiblσ t∩ seeδ onσ ì component beyond the last component. The statement Seek( FilVar, FileSize( FilVar) ); will place the file pointer at the end of the file. Flush ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Flush( FilVar ) FlusΦ emptie≤ thσ interna∞ secto≥ buffe≥ oµ thσ disδ filσ 'FilVar'¼ anΣ thu≤ ì assure≤ tha⌠ thσ secto≥ buffe≥ i≤ writteε t∩ thσ disδ iµ an∙ writσ ì operation≤ havσ occureΣ sincσ thσ las⌠ disδ update« FlusΦ als∩ insureΣ tha⌠ ì thσ nex⌠ reaΣ operatioε wil∞ actuall∙ perforφ ß physica∞ reaΣ froφ thσ disδ ì file. Flush should never be used on a closed file. Close ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Close( FilVar ) Thσ disδ filσ associateΣ witΦ 'FilVarº i≤ closed¼ anΣ thσ disδ director∙ i≤ ì updated to reflect the new status of the file. Erase ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Erase( FilVar ) Thσ disδ filσ associateΣ witΦ 'FilVarº i≤ erased« Iµ thσ filσ i≤ open¼ i⌠ ì should be closed before Erase is performed. Rename ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Rename( FilVar, Str ) Thσ disδ filσ associateΣ witΦ 'FilVarº i≤ renameΣ t∩ ß ne≈ namσ giveε b∙ thσ ì strinτ expressioε 'Str'« Thσ disδ director∙ i≤ updateΣ t∩ sho≈ thσ ne≈ namσ ì oµ thσ file¼ anΣ furthe≥ operation≤ oε 'FilVarº wil∞ operatσ oε thσ filσ ì with the new name. Rename should not be used on an open file. Note║ I⌠ i≤ thσ programmer'≤ responsibilit∙ t∩ makσ surσ thσ ne≈ filσ namσ ì doe≤ no⌠ allread∙ exis⌠ oε thσ disk¼ otherwisσ multiplσ occurance≤ oµ thσ ì file name will occur. Page 5. è Standard File Functions EOF ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: EOF( FilVar ) ┴ Booleaε functioε whicΦ return≤ Truσ iµ thσ filσ pointe≥ i≤ positioneΣ a⌠ ì thσ enΣ oµ thσ disδ file¼ i.e« beyonΣ thσ las⌠ componen⌠ oµ thσ file« Iµ ì not, EOF returns False. FilePos ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: FilePos( FilVar ) Aε intege≥ functioε whicΦ return≤ thσ curren⌠ positioε oµ thσ filσ pointer« ì The first component of a file is zero (0). FileSize ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: FileSize( FilVar ) Aε intege≥ functioε whicΦ return≤ thσ sizσ oµ thσ disδ filσ expresseΣ a≤ thσ ì numbe≥ oµ component≤ iε thσ file« Iµ FileSize¿ FilVa≥ ⌐ i≤ zero¼ thσ filσ ì is empty. Page 6. è Standard Procedures ClrEol ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: ClrEol Clear≤ al∞ character≤ froφ thσ curso≥ positioε t∩ thσ enΣ oµ thσ linσ ì without moving the cursor. ClrScr ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: ClrScr Clears the screen and places the cursor in the upper left-hand corner. Notσ tha⌠ somσ system≤ ma∙ als∩ rese⌠ thσ video-attribute≤ wheε clearinτ thσ ì screen. CrtInit ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: CrtInit Send≤ thσ Termina∞ Initializatioε Strinτ defineΣ iε thσ installatioε ì procedure for the screen. CrtExit ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: CrtExit Send≤ thσ Termina∞ Rese⌠ Strinτ a≤ defineΣ iε thσ installatioε procedurσ fo≥ ì the screen. Delay ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Delay( Time ) Thσ Dela∙ procedurσ create≤ ß loo≡ whicΦ ruε fo≥ approx« a≤ man∙ milli-ì second≤ a≤ defineΣ b∙ it≤ argumen⌠ 'Timeº whicΦ mus⌠ bσ aε integer« Thσ ì exact delay will vary somewhat with different operating systems. DelLine ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: DelLine Delete≤ thσ linσ containinτ thσ curso≥ anΣ move≤ al∞ thσ line≤ belo≈ thσ ì cursor up by one line. Page 7. è InsLine ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: InsLine Insert≤ aε empt∙ linσ a⌠ thσ curso≥ position« Al∞ line≤ belo≈ thσ curso≥ ì are moved down one line and the bottom line scrolls off the screen. GotoXY ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: GotoXY( Xpos, Ypos ) Move≤ thσ curso≥ t∩ thσ positioε oε thσ screeε specifieΣ b∙ thσ intege≥ ì expression≤ 'Xposº (horizonta∞ valuσ o≥ row⌐ anΣ 'Yposº (vertica∞ valuσ o≥ ì column). The upper left corner (home position) is ( 1, 1 ). LowVideo ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: LowVideo Se⌠ thσ screeε t∩ thσ vide∩ attributσ defineΣ a≤ 'Star⌠ oµ Lo≈ Videoº iε thσ ì installation procedure. NormVideo ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: NormVideo Set≤ thσ screeε t∩ thσ vide∩ attributσ defineΣ a≤ 'Star⌠ oµ Norma∞ Videoº iε ì the installation procedure. Randomize ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Randomize Initializes the random number generator with a random value. Move ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Move( Var1, Var2, Num ) Doe≤ ß mas≤ cop∙ directl∙ iε memor∙ oµ ß specifieΣ numbe≥ oµ bytes« 'Var1º ì anΣ 'Var2º arσ tw∩ variable≤ oµ an∙ type¼ anΣ 'Numº i≤ aε intege≥ ì expression« Thσ procedurσ copie≤ ß blocδ oµ 'Numº bytes¼ startinτ a⌠ thσ ì firs⌠ bytσ occupieΣ b∙ 'Var1º t∩ thσ blocδ startinτ a⌠ thσ firs⌠ bytσ ì occupied by 'Var2'. Move automatically handles overlap situations. Page 8. è FillChar ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: FillChar( Var, Num, Value ) Fill≤ ß rangσ oµ memor∙ witΦ ß giveε value« 'Varº i≤ ß variablσ oµ an∙ ì type¼ 'Numº i≤ aε intege≥ expression¼ anΣ 'Valueº i≤ aε expressioε oµ Bytσ ì o≥ Char« 'Numº bytes¼ startinτ a⌠ thσ firs⌠ bytσ occupieΣ b∙ 'Var'¼ arσ ì filled with the value 'Value'. Page 9. è Arithmetic Functions Abs ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Abs( Num ) Return≤ thσ absolutσ valuσ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº mus⌠ bσ eithe≥ Rea∞ ì or Integer, and the result is of the same type as the argument. ArcTan ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: ArcTan( Num ) Return≤ thσ angle¼ iε radians¼ whosσ tangen⌠ i≤ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ mus⌠ bσ ì either Real or Integer, and the result is Real. Cos ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Cos( Num ) Return≤ thσ cosinσ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº i≤ expresseΣ iε radians¼ ì and its type must be either Real or Integer. The result is of type Real. Exp ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Exp( Num ) Return≤ thσ exponentia∞ oµ 'Numº t∩ basσ e« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº mus⌠ bσ ì either Real or Integer, and the result is Real. Frac ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Frac( Num ) Return≤ thσ fractiona∞ par⌠ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº mus⌠ bσ eithe≥ ì Real or Integer, and the result is Real. Int ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Int( Num ) Return≤ thσ intege≥ par⌠ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº mus⌠ bσ eithe≥ Rea∞ ì or Integer, and the result is real. Page 10. è Ln ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Ln( Num ) Return≤ thσ natura∞ logarithφ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº mus⌠ bσ eithe≥ ì Real or Integer, and the result is Real. Sin ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Sin( Num ) Return≤ thσ sinσ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº i≤ expresseΣ iε radians¼ anΣ ì its type must be either Real or Integer. The result is of type Real. Sqr ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Sqr( Num ) Return≤ thσ squarσ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ mus⌠ bσ eithe≥ Rea∞ o≥ Integer¼ ì and the result is of the same type as the argument. Sqrt ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Sqrt( Num ) Return≤ thσ squarσ roo⌠ oµ 'Num'« Thσ argumen⌠ 'Numº mus⌠ bσ eithe≥ Rea∞ o≥ ì Integer, and the result is of type Real. Page 11. è Scalar Functions Pred ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Pred( Num ) Return≤ thσ predecesso≥ oµ 'Numº (iµ i⌠ exists)« 'Numº i≤ oµ an∙ scala≥ ì type. Succ ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Succ( Num ) Returns the successor of 'Num' (if it exists). 'Num' is of any scalar type. Odd ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Odd( Num ) Return≤ booleaε Truσ iµ 'Numº i≤ aε odΣ number¼ anΣ Falsσ iµ 'Numº i≤ even« ì 'Num' must be of type Integer. Page 12. è Transfer Functions Chr ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Chr( Num ) Return≤ thσ characte≥ witΦ thσ ordina∞ valuσ giveε b∙ thσ intege≥ expressioε ì 'Num'. Example: Chr(65) returns the character 'A'. Ord ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Ord( Var ) Return≤ thσ ordina∞ numbe≥ oµ thσ valuσ 'Varº iε thσ se⌠ defineΣ defineΣ b∙ ì thσ typσ 'Var'« Ord¿ Va≥ ⌐ i≤ equivalen⌠ t∩ Integer¿ Va≥ )« 'Varº ma∙ bσ ì of any scaral type, except Real, and the result is of the type Integer. Round ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Round( Num ) Returns the value of 'Num' rounded to the nearest integer as follows: if Num>=0, then Round( Num ) = Trunc( Num + 0.5 ), and if Num<0, then Round( Num ) = Trunc( Num - 0.5 ). 'Num' must be of type Real, and the result is of type Integer. Trunc ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Trunc( Num ) Return≤ thσ greates⌠ intege≥ les≤ thaε o≥ equa∞ t∩ 'Num'¼ o≥ thσ smalles⌠ ì intege≥ greate≥ thaε o≥ equa∞ t∩ 'Num'¼ iµ Num<0« 'Numº mus⌠ bσ oµ typσ ì Real, and the result is of the type Integer. Page 13. è Miscellaneous Standard Functions Hi ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Hi( I ) Thσ lo≈ orde≥ bytσ oµ thσ resul⌠ contain≤ thσ higΦ orde≥ bytσ oµ thσ valuσ ì oµ thσ intege≥ expressioε 'I'« Thσ higΦ orde≥ bytσ oµ thσ resul⌠ i≤ se⌠ t∩ ì zero. The type of the result is Integer. KeyPressed ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: KeyPressed Return≤ booleaε Truσ iµ ß ke∙ ha≤ beeε presseΣ a⌠ thσ console¼ anΣ Falsσ iµ ì n∩ ke∙ ha≤ beeε pressed« Thσ resul⌠ i≤ obtaineΣ b∙ callinτ thσ operatinτ ì system console status routine. Lo ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Lo( I ) Return≤ thσ lo≈ orde≥ bytσ oµ thσ valuσ oµ thσ intege≥ expressioε 'Iº witΦ ì the high order byte forced to zero. The type of the result is Integer. Random ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Random Return≤ ß randoφ numbe≥ greate≥ thaε o≥ equa∞ t∩ zer∩ anΣ les≤ thaε one« ì The type is Real. Random( Num ) ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Random( Num ) Return≤ ß randoφ numbe≥ greate≥ thaε o≥ equa∞ t∩ zer∩ anΣ les≤ thaε 'Num'« ì 'Num' and the random number are both integers. SizeOf ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: SizeOf( Name ) Return≤ thσ numbe≥ oµ byte≤ occupieΣ iε memor∙ b∙ thσ variablσ oµ typσ ì 'Name'. The result is of type Integer. Page 14. è Swap ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Swap( Num ) Thσ Swa≡ functioε exchange≤ thσ higΦ anΣ lo≈ orde≥ byte≤ oµ it≤ intege≥ ì argument 'Num' and returns the resulting value as an integer. UpCase ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: UpCase( Ch ) Return≤ thσ uppercasσ equivalen⌠ oµ it≤ argumen⌠ 'Chº whicΦ mus⌠ bσ oµ typσ ì Char« Iµ n∩ uppercasσ equivalen⌠ exists¼ thσ argumen⌠ i≤ returneΣ ì unchanged. Page 15. è CP/M-80 Specific Functions Addr ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Addr( Name ) Return≤ thσ addres≤ iε memor∙ oµ thσ firs⌠ bytσ oµ thσ type¼ variable¼ ì procedure¼ o≥ functioε witΦ thσ identifie≥ 'Name'« Iµ 'Nameº i≤ aε array¼ ì i⌠ ma∙ bσ subscribed¼ anΣ iµ 'Nameº i≤ ß record¼ specifiπ field≤ ma∙ bσ ì selected. The value returned is of type Integer. Bdos procedure and function ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Bdos( Func {, Param } ) Thσ Bdo≤ procedurσ i≤ useΣ t∩ invokσ CP/═ BDO╙ routines« 'Funcº anΣ 'Paramº ì arσ intege≥ expressions« 'Funcº denote≤ thσ numbe≥ oµ thσ calleΣ routinσ ì anΣ i≤ loadeΣ int∩ thσ ├ register« 'Paramº i≤ optiona∞ anΣ denote≤ ß ì paramete≥ whicΦ i≤ loadeΣ int∩ thσ D┼ registe≥ pair« ┴ cal∞ t∩ addres≤ ╡ ì then invokes the BDOS. Thσ Bdo≤ functioε i≤ calleΣ likσ thσ procedurσ anΣ return≤ aε intege≥ resul⌠ ì which is the value returned by the BDOS in the A register. BdosHL function ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: BdosHL( Func {, Param } ) Thi≤ functioε i≤ exactl∙ likσ thσ Bdo≤ functioε above¼ excep⌠ tha⌠ thσ ì result is the value returned in the HL register pair. Bios Procedure and Function ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: Bios( Func {, Param } ) Thσ Bio≤ procedurσ i≤ useΣ t∩ invokσ BIO╙ routines« 'Funcº anΣ 'Paramº arσ ì intege≥ expressions« 'Funcº denote≤ thσ numbe≥ oµ thσ calleΣ routine¼ witΦ ì zer∩ (0⌐ meaninτ thσ WBOO╘ routine« 'Paramº i≤ optiona∞ anΣ denote≤ ß ì parameter which is loaded into the BC register pair prior to the call. Thσ Bio≤ functioε i≤ calleΣ likσ thσ procedurσ anΣ return≤ aε intege≥ resul⌠ ì which is the value returned by the BIOS in the A register. BiosHL Function ____________________________________________________________________________ Syntax: BiosHL( Func {, Param } ) Thi≤ functioε i≤ exactl∙ simila≥ t∩ thσ Bio≤ functioε abovσ excep⌠ tha⌠ thσ ì result is the value returned in the HL register pair. Page 16. è