home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Atari-ST RoundTable
- Category 14, Topic 41
- Message 55 Sat Apr 03, 1993
- G.MON2 at 10:49 EST
-
- From what I understand, there are basically 3 factors which determines
- which video modes are available to you:
-
- 1) The Monitor
-
- 2) The Video Adapter Plug
-
- 3) The Falcon030
-
-
- THE MONITOR
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- There are basically three types of monitors out there:
-
- A) VGA monitors can only accept a video signal having a horizontal
- scan rate of 31.5 Khz. This number basically determines the number of
- horizontal lines it can display. If each picture frame is refreshed
- 60 times/sec, you can have about 525 lines of resolution.
-
- [ In reality however, some of these lines are 'blank' lines and you
- will have only about 480 useable lines. This is why you usually see a
- black border on your computer screen ]
-
- Anyway, the formula below gives the relationship:
-
- 31.5 Khz = 525 x 60
-
- B) Broadcast type monitors can only accept a 15.75 Khz signal. The
- SC1224 and a standard NTSC TV are broadcast type monitors. Because
- they can only handle a horizontal scan rate of exactly half of the VGA
- monitor, they cannot display 525 lines refreshed at 60 times/sec.
- Instead, one of these values must be cut in half.
-
- For example, the SC1224 can have either have 262.5 (the actual number
- of useable lines is usually 200 or 240) lines refreshed at 60
- times/sec:
-
- 15.75 Khz = 262.5 x 60
-
- Or it can use the technique of interlacing to effectively display 525
- lines refreshed at 30 times/sec:
-
- 15.75 Khz = 525 x 30
-
- This is one reason why an interlaced NTSC image 'flickers'. The
- entire frame is effectively only refreshed 30 times/sec.
-
- Actually, in interlacing, the entire image is not really refreshed 30
- times/sec. Instead, the image is really composed of two parts.
-
- A single NTSC image is called a frame. Each frame is composed of an
- odd and even field. The odd field contains all the odd horizontal
- scan lines of the image while the even field contains all the even
- horizontal scan lines.
-
- To display the image/frame, the odd field is first transmitted and
- then the even field is transmitted. The fields are transmitted 60
- times per second. This means that the entire image/frame is
- effectively transmitted 30 times per second.
-
- Each field is composed of 262.5 scan lines giving a total of 525 scan
- lines for the entire interlaced image.
-
- The main thing to remember is that a VGA monitor can only accept a
- 31.5 Khz signal while a Broadcast type monitor can only accept a 15.75
- Khz signal.
-
- C) Multisyncs are monitors that can accept multiple horizontal sync
- rates. If you want to buy one for use with the Falcon030, you must
- make sure that it can sync down to 15.75 Khz if you want to use some
- of the 15.75 Khz modes with it (such as the 640x400 16-bit True Color
- mode). Most of the newer units do not.
-
- However, you should be aware that even if you have the right
- Multisync, you will still not be able to transparently switch to all
- of the graphic modes from the desktop. The reason for this is the
- Video Adapter Plug.
-
- VIDEO ADAPTER PLUG
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- The Falcon030 basically supports three types of monitors:
-
- 1) Broadcast type monitors (SC1224 and NTSC TV) with a 15.75 Khz
- horizontal scanning frequency.
-
- 2) VGA type monitors with a 31.5 Khz horizontal scanning frequency.
-
- 3) The Atari SM124 (or equivalent) monochrome monitor with a 35.7 Khz
- horizontal scanning frequency.
-
- Atari will sell 2 types of Video Adapter Plugs: a Falcon-to-VGA
- adapter and a Falcon-to-ST_Monitor (SC1224 or SM124) adapter.
-
- The Video Adapter Plug tells the Falcon030 which type of monitor is
- connected to it. This is accomplished by two monitor identification
- pins on the video port of the Falcon030. The Video Adapter Plug will
- connect a certain combination of these pins to ground to tell the
- Falcon030 which monitor is connected.
-
- Why would Atari want to do that? Well, my guess is that it's a safety
- design.
-
- If you try to put a 31.5 Khz signal into the SC1224, you could
- accidently damage the monitor.
-
- The Video Adapter Plug prevents this from happening. After
- determining what type of monitor is attached, the Falcon030 will
- prevent you from using an inappropiate video mode by disabling that
- option from its menus.
-
- What this means is that even if you have a Multisync, the Falcon030
- will only see it as is either a VGA or Broadcast type monitor,
- depending on which Video Adapter Plug you use.
-
- FALCON030
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
- The main factor that determines what video modes the Falcon030 can
- produce is the bandwidth of the memory system.
-
- For example, from what I understand, the 640x480 256 color VGA mode
- is the highest bandwidth standard mode available on the Falcon030.
- In this mode, each pixel is 8-bits. Hence, the total amount of memory
- this modes uses is:
-
- 307,200 bytes = ( 640 x 480 x 8 )/8
-
- Now, the image is refreshed about 60 times/sec. This means that the
- video circuitry must read out 307,200 bytes from memory at 60
- times/sec. This gives a total bandwidth of:
-
- 18,432,000 bytes/sec = 307,200 x 60
-
- This is approximately the top bandwidth of the Falcon030 (I think
- it's actually a little higher since I heard that the Falcon030
- actually displays this mode at the standard VESA refresh rate of 72
- times/sec).
-
- But what about the 640x400 16-bit True Color Mode? In this mode,
- each pixel is 16-bits. Hence, the total amount of memory used is:
-
- 512,000 bytes = (640 x 400 x 16)/8
-
- If the image is to be refreshed at 60 times/sec we would require a
- bandwidth of:
-
- 30,720,000 bytes/sec = 512,000 x 60
-
- As you can see, this exceeds the bandwidth of the Falcon030. So, the
- Falcon030 cannot display this. But what if you interlace this image?
- Then the effective refresh rate is 30 times/sec and the required
- bandwidth is only:
-
- 15,360,000 bytes/sec = 512,000 x 30.
-
- This is well within the 18,432,000 bytes/sec limit of the Falcon030.
-
- This is why the Falcon030 can only display the 640x400 16-bit True
- Color mode in interlaced. It just doesn't have the bandwidth to do
- it non-interlaced.
-
- The above numbers are approximates. The actual bandwidth limits
- might be different but I think the main ideas are correct.
-
- DISCUSSION
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
- If my understanding of how the Falcon030 video system works is
- correct, then it should be easy to answer some of the commonly asked
- questions:
-
- Q1: If I have a Multisync, can I get all the Falcon030's video modes?
-
- A1: That depends. You must have a Multisync that can sync down to
- 15.75 Khz. Most of the newer ones can't. Even if you do, you still
- won't be able to switch to all of the available video modes from the
- Desktop.
-
- This is because the Video Adapter Plug makes the monitor look like
- either a VGA or Broadcast type monitor to the Falcon030. Once the
- Falcon030 determines what type of monitor is connected, it will
- disable some of options available to you as a safety precaution.
-
- What this means is that you will have to manually switch adapter plugs
- in order to use all the Falcon030's video modes. Or you can buy a
- third party video adapter plug.
-
- The prototype I saw at Toad Computers contains a little switch that
- changes the connections to the 2 identification pins. This allows
- you to switch adapters without manually removing it. From what I've
- seen, the Falcon030 will then do a soft reboot (similiar to using the
- Monitor Master to switch from the SM124 to the SC1224).
-
- Q2: If I have a Multisync, will the 640x400 16-bit True Color Mode
- still flicker?
-
- A2: Yes. As noted above, the Falcon030 can only display the 640x400
- 16-bit True Color Mode in interlaced. It cannot do it in
- non-interlaced since that would exceed its memory bandwidth limit.
-
- An interlaced mode will flicker regardless of which monitor you use.
- You can lessen the flicker effect by using a monitor with a high
- persistance (such as a TV).
-
- Q3: If VGA monitors can only accept a 31.5 Khz signal, then how does
- it display modes with 640x200 resolution? According to my
- calculations, this mode (refreshed at 60 times/sec) is a 15.75 Khz
- signal. In particular, how can a VGA monitor display ST-Medium
- mode?
-
- A3: The Falcon030 uses the same trick that the TT030 uses. It
- basically sends each horizontal line twice. This is what is called
- "Line Doubling". Since it sends out each horizontal line twice, it
- effectively sends out a 640x400 (31.5 Khz) line image.
-
- By the way, an IBM clone with a VGA card does the same thing when it
- is running in CGA (15.75 Khz) mode.
-
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
- My personal recommendation is to just get a nice VGA monitor to use
- with the Falcon030 and use your TV or SC1224 for the 640x400 (768x480
- overscan) 16-bit True Color mode.
-
- This mode is really design for video work anyway (i.e. for producing
- nice computer animations and recording it on video tape).
-
- Some of you might think that the Falcon030's interlaced modes are a
- liability. However, for video work, interlacing is a neccessity.
-
- Sure there are inexpensive PC clones out there that can do 640x480
- 16-bit True Color in non-interlace. But you can't record your
- animations to a VCR with that setup!
-
- Finally, someone upstream questioned Atari's policy of not
- documenting the video hardware registers. Commodore has the exact
- same policy with the new AGA graphics chipset. According to
- Commodore, this was done to make it easier for Commodore to upgrade
- the graphic capabilities in any future Amiga model.
-
- If they had documented all the registers, then any future chipset
- would have to fully emulate them to remain compatible. This makes it
- a lot more complicated for the engineer. In addition, it puts an
- architectural constraint on any future chipset. An example of this
- is the 80x86 family. The need to maintain 8086 compatibility is an
- architectural constraint on the 80386.
-
- In other words, if Atari documented all the video registers of the
- Falcon030, it might place some constraints on the abilities of future
- Falcon models.
-
- The policy that both Atari and Commodore has adopted is that
- programmers should just use the documented OS calls for most of their
- graphics needs.
-
- I apologize for the extremely long post. I only hope that it
- clarifies some of the confusion surrounding the Falcon030's video
- modes instead of adding to the confusion. If there are any errors, I
- would be grateful for any corrections.
-
- --Gerry
- ----------
-