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- ____________________________
- QQQQQ tt
- QQ QQ tttttt Staff:
- QQ QQ uu uu aaaa nnnn tt aaaa
- QQ QQ uu uu aa aa nn nn tt aa aa Daniel K. Appelquist
- QQ QQ uu uu aa aa nn nn tt aa aa Editor/Technical Director
- QQQQQQ uuu aaaaa nn nn tt aaaaa Norman S. Murray
- QQQ Editorial Assistant
- Matthew Sorrels
- ____________________________________________ Proofreader
- Jay Laefer
- April 1990 Volume II, Issue 2 Additional Proofreading
- ____________________________________________ Daniel Fahs
- Cover Artist (PS version)
-
- Articles
- Quanta is Copyright (c) 1990
- Looking Ahead by Daniel K. Appelquist.
- Daniel K. Appelquist This magazine may be
- archived, reproduced
- Life on Ice and/or distributed under the
- Craig Levin condition that it is left
- intact and that no additions
- or changes are made to it.
- Novellas
- The works within this
- The Babysitters magazine are the sole
- Faye Levine property of their respective
- authors. No further use of
- their works is permitted
- Short Fiction without their explicit
- consent. All stories in this
- Celestial Earthmovers magazine are fiction. No
- Phillip Nolte actual persons are
- designated by name or
- Sexy's Devils character. Any similarity is
- Cerise Palmer is coincidental.
-
- Sharp and Silver Beings
- Jason Snell All submissions should be
- sent to one of the following
- Fair Play addresses:
- Kenneth A. Kousen
- quanta@andrew.cmu.edu
- Being There quanta@andrew.BITNET
- Christopher Kempke
-
- All requests for back issues
- Poetry queries about subscriptions
- letters or comments should
- The Painted Viper Cries be sent to the same address.
- Albert L. Evans ____________________________
-
-
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- Looking Ahead
-
- Daniel K. Appelquist
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
-
- Some good news for those of you in search of back issues...
- There is now an anonymous FTP server for Quanta back issues. It
- exists at the address fed.express.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.209.58). It
- contains all back issues (including this one) in both PostScript and
- Ascii format. The relevant directories are /quanta/ascii and
- /quanta/postscript. I believe this service should be useful to both
- Internet and Bitnet users (the latter can access the site via BitFTP
- servers)
-
- Well, as you may have noticed, this issue is a bit long. This
- may be partially due to Faye Levine's new story, _The Babysitters_.
- I'm excited about Faye's material but if her story size keeps growing
- at its current rate, we'll have to rename the magazine Faye Levine
- Quarterly! At any rate, Faye wants people to know that this story
- takes place some years after the events in _One_, her story from last
- issue, but eighteen years before _Dinner at Nestrosa's_, the excerpt
- from her yet-to-be-published novel _Revolution_ which we published in
- our December issue of last year.
-
- We really have a block-buster lineup this issue. Jason Snell's
- story _Sharp and Silver Beings_ for one. You may remember Jason's
- story _Into Gray_ which appeared in the first issue of Quanta as well
- as his article _Cyberpunk's a Label Like Any Other_ from last issue.
- We also have a Quanta first: a sequel. Specifically, a sequel to
- Christopher Kempke's very popular story _Going Places_, published in
- the first issue. Craig Levin, in his semi-regular science column,
- brings us some information and speculation on the existance of
- extra-terestrial life right here in our own solar system. We also have
- several newcomers this issue. Cerise Palmer, Phillip Nolte, and
- Kenneth Kousen all have donated excellent stories and I hope they
- continue to do so. I also hope to see more work from new faces in the
- future. If you have a story you'd like to submit, send it along to
- me.
-
- You may be noticing the specific lack of a sequel to Thomas
- Hand's _Ice Ball_ from last issue. Not to worry! We'll be seeing
- more of Terri's adventures in issues to come.
-
- At this point, I'd like to ask all of you some questions.
- Specifically, I'd like to poll all of you about your feelings on
- Quanta. If you have a second, answer the following questions and send
- your answers back to me. Be sure to include the word "poll" in your
- subject header.
-
- Reader Poll
-
- 1. How much interest do you have in the non-fiction articles
- appearing in Quanta?
-
- o None
-
- o Some
-
- o Love 'em
-
- 2. How would you rate the overall quality of Quanta?
-
- o Bad
-
- o It's Mediocre
-
- o It's good
-
- o It's excellent!
-
- 3. Of the issues you've read so far (including this one) which issue
- of Quanta would you say is your favorite?
-
- o #1
-
- o #2
-
- o #3
-
- o #4
-
- o Can't say for sure.
-
- 4. What has been your favorite piece (Story, Poem or Article) so far?
-
-
- 5. What has been your least favorite piece (Story, Poem or Article)
- so far?
-
-
- 6. What would you like to see more of?
-
-
- 7. What would you like to see less of?
-
-
- 8. Do you have any suggestions concerning the typesetting of the
- magazine?
-
-
- 9. Any other comments/complaints.
-
-
-
- I'll be waiting to hear your comments. Feel free to elaborate on
- your answers. If you have ANY comment on Quanta you'd like me to
- hear, don't hesitate to send it along. I'd like very much initiate a
- letters column next issue, but to do this I need letters!
-
- One last note. If you're not going to be able to receive Quanta
- during the summer and you'd like me to temporarilly cancel your
- subscription and then reinstate it for next year, drop me a line. I
- don't want to be sending Quanta to people who aren't going to be there
- to receive it.
-
- Enough ramblings from me. Enjoy this issue of Quanta!
-
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- Life on Ice
-
- The Possibility of Life on Europa and Enceladus
-
- Craig Levin
-
- Copyright (c) 1990
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- I: Introduction
-
- The search for extra-terrestrial life has been one of the major
- driving forces of planetology. Many of planetology's major figures,
- from Sir William Herschel, to Percival Lowell, even up to Carl Sagan,
- have believed in a plurality of worlds. Yet, despite the optimism of
- all the searchers, not one of the terrestrial planets have been found
- to harbor life, save our own planet Earth.
-
- Yet the possibilities for life elsewhere in our Solar System have
- been poorly explored. In the sixties, Carl Sagan postulated the
- existence of life under and among Jupiter's clouds. Unfortunately, the
- proposal seemed to lack merit when it came time to design Galileo's
- atmospheric probe. However, it is not Jupiter, nor is it any of the
- other Jovian planets that I believe to be the abode of fellow
- creatures, but instead, two of the icemoons I wrote about in my March
- 1990 article in the EJASA entitled "Ice Moons of the Jovian Worlds":
- Enceladus and Europa.
-
- In this article I will first describe what life need in order to
- get started on a world. Next, I will desribe the conditions on Europa
- and Enceladus in both the past and present. Finally, I will compare
- the five described conditions, and thereby discover if, indeed,
- Enceladus and Europa are harbors for life, or dead lumps of ices.
-
-
- II: Conditions for the Birth of Life
-
- Life is a delicate thing, yet it arose on Earth under conditions
- that might seem harsh to us here nearly three billion years after the
- fact. Earth's atmosphere was nothing then like it is now. Instead of
- the familiar oxygen and nitrogen that we all breathe, Earth's
- atmosphere was mainly composed of steam, carbon di-oxide, methane, and
- ammonia. Thanks to experiments made in 1953 by Stanley Miller, it has
- been shown that if these chemicals are exposed to electric sparks or
- ultra-violet light, most of the known amino acids and some of the
- simpler proteins will form. In 1936, A.I. Oparin found that these
- amino acids and protein would form globules in water. These he
- believed were the progenitors of protozoa, the lowest forms of life.
- Thus life was started on Earth. But what about the main
- subjects-Enceladus and Europa?
-
-
- III: Primeval Conditions on Europa and Enceladus
-
- It has been shown that Jupiter and Saturn are both warmer now
- than can be accounted for by solar radiation. It seems to be the
- general consensus that this heat is the remnant of the original energy
- that was the result of the respective planet's collapse into a dense
- ball of rock, metal, and liquid metal hydrogen. If the heat is enough
- to show up signifigantly now, what must it have been like four or five
- billion yers ago? Terence Dickinson claims: "Near the origin of the
- solar system [sic] Jupiter was more like a miniature sun than a
- planet, shedding enough heat that... would have allowed [Europa's]
- surface to be covered in an ocean..." 1 I am including Saturn in this
- as well, in light of its similar size and composition. During this
- time, there also were other processes that could have given Enceladus
- and Europa open oceans for the Sun to shine on: heat of accretion and
- heat of differentiation could have had melted the crusts of both
- moons. Meteorite impacts could have opened pits in their icy crusts.
- However, do the moons have organic material for the Sun's ultra-violet
- rays to shine on?
-
- Let us look at the composition of the typical ice moon. In this
- "typical" ice moon, we find, in addition to some rock and metal, water
- ice, dry ice, and frozen ammonia and methane. Despite their frozen
- state today, at the time, if water was in liquid form then, most, if
- not all of the chemicals listed above were also in liquid or vapor
- form. Plus, with the exposure of these vapors and liquids to the young
- Sun's more energetic ultra-violet rays, life's components would have
- formed on the far-off surfaces of Enceladus and Europa. But what of
- the present day? How could protozoa formed then somehow survive to the
- present?
-
-
- IV: Present Conditions on Europa and Enceladus
-
- Protozoa on Earth seem to tolerate many different environments,
- but one thing seems clear. All life needs water, and all life needs an
- energy source, be it sunlight or plants or geothermal energy. Do the
- present conditions on Europa and Enceladus give these conditions to
- the hypothetical protozoa?
-
- I say yes. There is a good chance that both Europa and Enceladus
- have liquid water under their ice crusts. The heat generated by tidal
- interactions between Io, Europa and Jupiter, according to Lucchita and
- Soderblom, was enough to melt the ice under the crust of Europa.
- Enceladus has been observed to send out plumes of water by Voyager II.
- So we can assume that at least there is water to sustain subterranean
- life on the two moons. But is there an energy source? Considering that
- most estimates of the thickness of Europa's crust, and it seems to be
- the warmer of the two moons, being both larger and less cratered, lie
- around a figure of twenty-five miles, I think one can rule out
- sunlight as a source of energy. But geothermal energy on such active
- moons is quite possible, to say the least. It has certainly been shown
- on Earth that geothermal heat sources can sustain life.
-
-
- V: Life?
-
- Let us compare the five conditions described above. For life's
- founding, we need ammonia, methane, carbon di-oxide, steam, and either
- lightning or ultra-violet rays. Europa and Enceladus had, and still
- have, the chemicals necessary. If one considers likely the scenario I
- have described above for the Saturn and Jupiter, then ultra-violet
- light was present as well. Life had a good chance of starting. For
- life's continuance, we need an energy source and liquid water. Due to
- their tidal interactions with their neighbors, Enceladus and Europa
- have liquid water and geothermal energy. This leads me to belive that
- our first aliens are to be found as Europans and Enceladians, fellow
- members of the Solar system of which we ourselves are a part.
-
-