Microsoft Bookshelf 1991/msbookshelf91.7z/BOOKS/WA.DB

Text File | 1991-05-07 | 9MB | 96,490 lines

%@1@%%@AB@%The World Almanac And Book Of Facts 1991%@AE@%%@EH@%



%@1@%                        %@AS@%Some Days Usually Observed%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arbor Day (Apr. 26 in 1991).%@AE@% Tree-planting day. First observed April 10,%@EH@%
1872, in Nebraska. Now observed in most states, usually on the last Friday
in Apr. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Armed Forces Day (May 18 in 1991).%@AE@% Always third Saturday of May, by%@EH@%
presidential proclamation. Replaces Army, Navy, and Air Force Days. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bill of Rights Day, Dec. 15.%@AE@% By Act of Congress. Bill of Rights took effect%@EH@%
Dec. 15, 1791. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bird Day.%@AE@% Often observed with Arbor Day. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Child Health Day (Oct. 7 in 1991).%@AE@% Always first Monday in Oct., by%@EH@%
presidential proclamation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Citizenship Day, Sept. 17.%@AE@% President Truman, Feb. 29, 1952, signed bill%@EH@%
designating Sept. 17 as annual Citizenship Day. It replaced I Am An American
Day, formerly 3d Sunday in May, and Constitution Day, formerly Sept. 17. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Easter Sunday (Mar. 31 in 1991).%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Easter Monday (Apr. 1 in 1991).%@AE@% A statutory day in Canada. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elizabeth Cady Stanton Day, Nov. 12.%@AE@% Birthday of pioneer leader for equal%@EH@%
rights for women. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Father's Day (June 16 in 1991).%@AE@% Always third Sunday in June. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Flag Day, June 14.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Forefathers' Day, Dec. 21.%@AE@% Landing on Plymouth Rock, in 1620. Is celebrated%@EH@%
with dinners by New England societies, especially "Down East."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gen. Pulaski Memorial Day, Oct. 11.%@AE@% Native of Poland and Revolutionary War%@EH@%
hero; died (Oct. 11, 1779) from wounds received at the siege of Savannah,
Ga. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Grandparents'  Day (Sept. 8 in 1991).%@AE@% Always first Sunday after Labor Day.%@EH@%
Legislated in 1979. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Groundhog Day, Feb. 2.%@AE@% A popular belief is that if the groundhog sees his%@EH@%
shadow on this day, he returns to his burrow and winter continues 6 weeks
longer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Halloween, Oct. 31.%@AE@% The evening before All Saints or All-Hallows Day.%@EH@%
Informally observed in the U.S. with masquerading and pumpkin decorating.
Traditionally an occasion for children to play pranks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May Day.%@AE@% Name popularly given to May 1st. Celebrated as Labor Day in most of%@EH@%
the world, and by some groups in the U.S. Observed in many schools as a
Spring Festival. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mother's Day (May 12 in 1991).%@AE@% Always  second Sunday in that month. First%@EH@%
celebrated in Philadelphia in 1908, Mother's Day has become an international
holiday. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Day of Prayer.%@AE@% By act of Congress, the first Thursday in May. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Freedom Day, Feb. 1.%@AE@% To commemorate the signing of the Thirteenth%@EH@%
Amendment, abolishing slavery, Feb. 1, 1865. By presidential proclamation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Maritime Day, May 22.%@AE@% First proclaimed 1935 in commemoration of the%@EH@%
departure of the SS Savannah, from Savannah, Georgia, on May 22, 1819, on
the first successful transatlantic voyage  under steam propulsion. By
presidential proclamation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pan American Day, Apr. 14.%@AE@% In 1890 the First Intl. Conference of American%@EH@%
States, meeting in Washington, was held on that date. A resolution was
adopted which resulted in the creation of the organization known today as
the Pan American Union. By presidential proclamation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Primary Election Day.%@AE@% Observed usually only when presidential or general%@EH@%
elections are held. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reformation Day, Oct. 31.%@AE@% Observed by Protestant groups. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sadie Hawkins Day (Nov. 2 in 1991).%@AE@% First Saturday in November (the day may%@EH@%
vary in some places). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Patrick's Day, Mar. 17.%@AE@% Observed by Irish societies, especially with%@EH@%
parades. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Valentine's Day, Feb. 14.%@AE@% Festival of a martyr beheaded at Rome under%@EH@%
Emperor Claudius. Association of this day with lovers has no connection with
the saint and probably had its origin in an old belief that on this day
birds begin to choose their mates. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Susan B. Anthony Day, Feb. 15.%@AE@% Birthday of a pioneer crusader for equal%@EH@%
rights for women. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%United Nations Day, Oct. 24.%@AE@% By presidential proclamation, to commemorate%@EH@%
founding of United Nations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Verrazano Day, Apr. 7.%@AE@% Observed by New York State, to commemorate the%@EH@%
probable discovery of New York harbor by Giovanni da Verrazano in April,
1524. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Victoria Day (May 20 in 1991).%@AE@% Birthday of Queen Victoria, a statutory day%@EH@%
in Canada, celebrated the first Monday before May 25. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%World Poetry Day, Oct. 15.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wright Brothers Day, Dec. 17.%@AE@% By presidential designation, to commemorate%@EH@%
first successful flight by Orville and Wilbur Wright, Dec. 17, 1903.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                       %@AS@%Addenda, Late News, Changes  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%Aerospace%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The space shuttle %@AI@%Discovery%@AE@% had a successful 4-day mission, Oct. 6-10. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%Awards%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Broadcasting and Theater%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emmy Awards,%@AE@% by Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, for nighttime%@EH@%
programs, 1989-90: Dramatic series: %@AI@%L.A. Law,%@AE@% NBC; actress: Patricia Wettig,
%@AI@%Thirtysomething,%@AE@% ABC; actor: Peter Falk, %@AI@%Columbo,%@AE@% ABC; supporting actress:
Marg Helgenberger, %@AI@%China Beach,%@AE@% ABC; actor: Jimmy Smits, %@AI@%L.A. Law.%@AE@% Comedy
series: %@AI@%Murphy Brown,%@AE@% CBS; actress: Candice Bergen, %@AI@%Murphy Brown;%@AE@% actor: Ted
Danson, %@AI@%Cheers,%@AE@% NBC; supporting actress: Bebe Neuwirth, %@AI@%Cheers;%@AE@% supporting
actor: Alex Rocco, %@AI@%The Famous Teddy Z,%@AE@% CBS. Mini-series: %@AI@%Drug Wars: The
%@AI@%Camarena Story,%@AE@% NBC; actress: Barbara Hershey, %@AI@%A Killing in a Small Town,%@AE@%
CBS; actor: Hume Cronyn, %@AI@%Age Old Friends,%@AE@% HBO. Music-variety: %@AI@%In Living
%@AI@%Color,%@AE@% Fox; performer: Tracey Ullman, %@AI@%The Tracey Ullman Show,%@AE@% Fox. Special
recognition: Jim Henson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Miscellaneous  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Country Music Awards,%@AE@% Entertainer: George Strait; single: "When I Call Your%@EH@%
Name," Vince Gill; album: "Pickin' on Nashville," The Kentucky Headhunters;
song (songwriters): "Where've You Been," Jon Vezner/Don Henry; female
vocalist: Kathy Mattea; male vocalist: Clint Black; vocal group: The
Kentucky Headhunters; Vocal duo: The Judds; vocal event: Keith Whitley and
Lorrie Morgan; musician: Johnny Gimble, fiddle; horizon award: Garth Brooks;
music video: "The Dance," Garth Brooks; Hall of Fame: Tennessee Ernie Ford. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Nobel Prizes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(Each 1990 Nobel Prize included a cash award of around $710,000.)%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Physiology or Medicine:%@AE@% Joseph E. Murray, a surgeon at the Brigham and%@EH@%
Women's Hospital in Boston, who performed the first kidney transplants, and
E. Donnall Thomas, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle,
who transplanted bone marrow from one person to another, shared the award.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Physics:%@AE@% Richard E. Taylor, a Canadian professor at Stanford Univ., and%@EH@%
Jerome I. Friedman and Henry W. Kendall, both of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, shared the award for their "breakthrough in our understanding
of matter" achieved by a series of experiments that confirmed the reality of
quarks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chemistry:%@AE@% Elias James Corey, a Harvard Univ. professor, received the%@EH@%
chemistry prize for developing new ways to synthesize complex molecules
ordinarily found only in nature.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peace:%@AE@% Pres. Mikhail S. Gorbachev of the Soviet Union won, in recognition of%@EH@%
his initiatives in promoting international peace, including championing
political change in Eastern Europe and helping to end the Cold War.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Literature:%@AE@% Octavio Paz became the first Mexican to win the Nobel Prize in%@EH@%
Literature, for his poetry and essays, "impassioned writing with wide
horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Memorial Prize in Economics:%@AE@% Three Americans, Harry M. Markowitz, of Baruch%@EH@%
College, The City Univ. of New York; William F. Sharpe, Stanford Univ., and
Merton H. Miller, The Univ. of Chicago, shared the prize for their
pioneering theoretical insights into the economics of finance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Miss America%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Marjorie Judith Vincent, Miss Illinois, was named Miss America 1991. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%Boxing%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Evander Holyfield knocked out James (Buster) Douglas in the 3rd round to win%@EH@%
the world heavyweight championship in Las Vegas, Oct. 25. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Census, 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Early spot-checks by Census Bureau workers have found that some cities,%@EH@%
including New York and Boston, have made the same kinds of mistakes (putting
houses where they do not exist) that the bureau has been accused of making.
The bureau said it would recanvass nearly 150,000 blocks containing more
than 5.4 million housing units in response to local governments' challenges.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%International Organizations%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Arab League%@AE@% voted to move its headquarters from Tunis back to Cairo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Portugal is no longer a member of the %@AB@%European Free Trade Association.%@AE@%%@EH@%
Liechtenstein is a member of the European Free Trade Association. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Nations of the World%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China:%@AE@% The newest census established that the nation's population is a bit%@EH@%
more than 1.13 billion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Germany:%@AE@% As of the closing date for this section, reunification had not yet%@EH@%
taken place. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India:%@AE@% The post WWI history was mistakenly dropped; for details see %@AI@%Index.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lebanon:%@AE@% Some 750 people were killed in a Syrian-lead offensive that toppled%@EH@%
Michel Aoun, the Christian militia chief. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Liberia:%@AE@% Pres. Samuel K. Doe was killed by rebel forces, Sept. 10. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Zealand:%@AE@% Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer resigned, Sept. 4. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pakistan:%@AE@% Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was ousted, Aug. 6. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%U.S. Government%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Elizabeth Dole resigned as Sec. of Labor, Oct. 24. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%U.S. Population%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The correct figures for Greece, N.Y. are 75,136 (1970) and 81,367 (1980). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Census and Areas of Counties and States:%@AE@% The 1980 census was conducted on%@EH@%
Apr. 1, 1980, not 1990. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%Zip Codes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The correct zip code for Green River, Wyoming is 82935.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Heroes of Young America: The Eleventh Annual Poll %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Paula Abdul, the dancer, singer, and choreographer of pop music, was named%@EH@%
the "Top Heroine" of Young America in %@AI@%The World Almanac's%@AE@% eleventh annual
poll of high school students. The students in grades 8 through 12 were asked
to select those individuals in public life they admired most. The schools
chosen to participate represented a geographic cross-section of the United
States. In addition to choosing a top hero/heroine, the teenagers were asked
to make selections in 8 other categories as well as answering 10 general
questions on entertainment and current events and leaders. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%The Top Heroine/Hero %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The selection of the 27-year-old Paula Abdul marks the first time in the%@EH@%
history of the poll that a woman was named as the person most admired. Ms.
Abdul grew up in California's San Fernando Valley, where she was an
A-student at Van Nuys High School. While attending California State Univ. at
Northridge, Abdul became a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers and
quickly became their choreographer. She went on to become a choreographer
and dance teacher for such notables as Janet Jackson, Aretha Franklin, and
George Michael. Her debut album produced four number one singles--"Straight
Up," "Forever Your Girl," "Cold Hearted," and "Opposites Attract." Ms. Abdul
has received many entertainment awards and has also produced many hit
videos. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The second place finisher was the write-in vote for "Mom," while the%@EH@%
write-in for "Dad" finished in fourth place. The third place winner was last
year's top hero, Michael Jordan, the basketball star of the Chicago Bulls.
In a tie for fifth place were first lady Barbara Bush and television talk
show host Oprah Winfrey. For the first time, a political leader of a nation
other than the U.S. finished in the top ten as South African Nelson Mandela
placed sixth in the poll. Headline-grabbing real estate tycoon Donald Trump,
who was the leading vote getter in the newsmaker category, placed seventh,
and President George Bush was the eighth-place winner. Former top hero Tom
Cruise finished ninth, followed by Janet Jackson in tenth place. Others who
received support for top hero/heroine included Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, British Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher, Mother Theresa, and 13-year-old tennis player Jennifer
Capriati. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%Issues and Influential Individuals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%According to the poll, the "most important public issue" facing 8th-12th%@EH@%
graders is %@AB@%drug abuse,%@AE@% which received more than double the number of votes
as the second and third choices of %@AB@%AIDS%@AE@%and %@AB@%environmental issues.%@AE@% The %@AB@%quality
%@AB@%of education, racism,%@AE@% and %@AB@%teen pregnancy%@AE@% also received substantial
consideration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When asked to name the "foreign political leader you most admire," the teens%@EH@%
narrowly chose %@AB@%Nelson Mandela%@AE@% over %@AB@%Mikhail Gorbachev.%@AE@% Others receiving
support included %@AB@%Margaret Thatcher, Corazon Aquino,%@AE@% and %@AB@%Lech Walesa.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Best Friends%@AE@% and %@AB@%teachers%@AE@% were named as the "person most directly%@EH@%
influential in your life" (other than parents). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%Books, Sports, Songs, and TV Shows %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The students chose S.E. Hinton's %@AI@%The Outsiders%@AE@% as their "all-time favorite%@EH@%
book," followed by Stephen King's %@AI@%Pet Semetary,%@AE@% Harper Lee's %@AI@%To Kill a
%@AI@%Mockingbird,%@AE@% and J.D. Salinger's %@AI@%The Catcher in the Rye.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The overwhelming choice for "favorite participation sport" was %@AB@%basketball,%@AE@%%@EH@%
followed by %@AB@%volleyball, football, softball, baseball,%@AE@% and %@AB@%tennis.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When it came to "viewing sports events," the students' clear favorites were%@EH@%
%@AB@%football%@AE@% and %@AB@%basketball,%@AE@% with %@AB@%baseball%@AE@% finishing a distant third. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The "favorite song of 1990" was M.C. Hammer's "U Can't Touch This." A close%@EH@%
second was "Nothing Compares 2 U" by Sinead O'Connor. The "least favorite
song of 1990 was "Hangin' Tough" by New Kids on the Block. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The runaway winner in the "favorite TV show of 1990" was "The Simpsons,"%@EH@%
which received 4-times as many votes as the second place finisher, "The
Wonder Years." Finishing in third place was "The Cosby Show." The "least
favorite TV show of 1990" was "Roseanne" with "Married With Children" coming
in a close second. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Listed below are the top male and female vote-getters in each category. The%@EH@%
winner is listed first.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%Top Hero%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%Paula Abdul, singer, dancer, choreographer%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%Michael Jordan, basketball player, Chicago Bulls %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Politicians and Newsmakers%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Donald Trump, businessman%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sandra Day O'Connor, Supreme Court Justice %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Artists, Writers, Filmmakers%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Matt Groenig, "The Simpsons"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Judy Blume, %@AI@%Tiger Eyes%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%News and Sports Media%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Barbara Walters, "20/20"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tom Brokaw, NBC News %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Sports%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jennifer Capriati, tennis player %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Music and Dance%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Paula Abdul, singer/dancer%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%M.C. Hammer, rap singer %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Comedy%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Eddie Murphy, %@AI@%Harlem Nights%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roseanne Barr, "Roseanne"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%Television Performers/Non-Comedy%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Johnny Depp, "21 Jump Street"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Oprah Winfrey, "The Oprah Winfrey Show"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Movie Performers/Non-Comedy%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mel Gibson, "Lethal Weapon" series%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Whoopi Goldberg, %@AI@%Ghost%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Public Opinion Poll of Older Americans %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A phone survey conducted for %@AI@%The World Almanac%@AE@% and Maturity News Service%@EH@%
between Oct. 17-28, 1990 polled nearly 1,000 respondents %@AB@%aged 50 years and
%@AB@%older%@AE@% concerning various public issues, individuals and historic events. A
summary of the results follows: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AB@%Who do you consider to be the most influential political figure of%@EH@%
%@AB@%your lifetime?%@AE@%--While John F. Kennedy received 25.8 percent of the total,
Franklin D. Roosevelt was a close second with 21.4 percent. FDR received
30.3 percent of the vote from those aged 65 and over, and JFK totalled 41.8
percent from those between age 50-55.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AB@%What would you consider to be the most important political event of%@EH@%
%@AB@%your lifetime?%@AE@%--JFK's assassination (13.3%) edged out the end of World War
II (11.8%), and the tearing down of the Berlin Wall received a surprisingly
low 3.5 percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AB@%What do you feel would be the most effective resolution to the%@EH@%
%@AB@%current Middle East crisis?%@AE@%--Over 30 percent of the respondents said that
the U.S. should continue to pressure allies for tougher sanctions against
Iraq, while 22.2 percent said the U.S. should use military power to force
Iraq out of Kuwait. Over 23 percent of the women polled said the U.S. should
gradually withdraw its troops and hope Iraq has learned its lesson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AB@%Which living ex-president has conducted himself most appropriately%@EH@%
%@AB@%and effectively since leaving office?%@AE@%--The overwhelming winner was Jimmy
Carter (45.1%). Ronald Reagan (18.5%), Gerald Ford (14.5%), and Richard
Nixon (9.0%) trailed Carter, whose approval rating is much higher since
leaving office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AB@%Which living ex-first lady has conducted herself most graciously and%@EH@%
%@AB@%effectively since leaving office?%@AE@%--Like their husbands, Rosalynn Carter
received the most votes (26.0%), with Nancy Reagan and Betty Ford placing
second and third. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AB@%What is the best way to combat the growing problem of drug abuse and%@EH@%
%@AB@%crime?%@AE@%--Almost half of the respondents (44.3%) said that the U.S. should
offer more education and job training programs for youth; 22.6 percent said
the military should be used to wipe out international drug supplies. A small
percentage of those polled said the U.S. should offer more rehabilitation
programs and build more and better prisons and hire more police.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%1990 Census: Preliminary Results %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The preliminary count for the nation's 1990 population, released in late%@EH@%
August 1990, was about 245.8 million, based on the mail return of census
forms and follow-up door-to-door head counts. The Census Bureau said that
efforts to count people missed in those initial surveys would add at least 3
million people, bringing the total closer to the 250 million it had
estimated earlier in the year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The data showed that at least 55 percent of Americans now live in the South%@EH@%
and West, up from 52 percent in 1980, and that 20 percent live in the
Northeast, a 1.7 percent decrease from 1980. The Midwest also showed a
decrease by approximately 2 percent with 24 percent of Americans now
residing there. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The growth in the 1980s centered around metropolitan areas, with nearly 80%@EH@%
percent of the U.S. population now residing in or near a large city. While
metropolitan areas were growing in population, rural areas lost more than 1
million people during the past decade. Reasons for the rural decline
included the agricultural crises and general economic recession,
particularly  in the early 80s, which had a prolonged impact in states such
as Iowa, North Dakota, Wyoming, and Louisiana. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Immigration %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Almost 40 percent of the nation's population increase (23 million) was due%@EH@%
to immigration, both legal and illegal, with 7-9 million immigrants (largely
from Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean) arriving between 1980-1990.
This marked the largest impact on U.S. population by immigration since World
War I. In California, as much as 30 percent of the state's growth was due to
immigration. In New York, the estimated 1 million immigrants offset the
out-migration and were responsible for its limited growth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%States %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The preliminary 1990 census results showed that Nevada (49.1), Alaska%@EH@%
(35.8), Arizona (33.1), and Florida (31.1) had the largest percentage
increases in population since 1980. California, with an increase of 23.7
percent from 1980, and a population of 29,279,000, is the largest state with
almost 12 percent of the total U.S. population. The state's growth of 5.6
million people nearly equaled the entire population of Massachusetts, as
California now has more people than Canada or Australia. The second largest
state remains New York with 17,627,000 (0.4% increase since 1980), while
Texas with a 1980-1990 increase of 18.3 percent is the third largest state
with a population of 16,625,000. Almost 40 percent of the nation's
population now resides in these three states. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The states that showed the largest percentage decreases in population from%@EH@%
1980 to 1990 were West Virginia (-8.6), Iowa (-5.1), and Wyoming (-4.3),
while Washington D.C. showed a drop of 9.9 percent, losing 63,000 residents.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Cities %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Among the 12 largest cities in 1990, New York (-0.5) Chicago (-9.3),%@EH@%
Philadelphia (-8.6), and Detroit (-19.4) showed percentage decreases in
1980-1990 population. Los Angeles (15.3), Houston (0.9), San Diego (25.0),
Dallas (9.6), Phoenix (23.0), San Antonio (17.9), San Jose (21.6), and
Indianapolis (5.1) grew in population in the 1980s. During the decade, Los
Angeles passed Chicago and became the country's second-largest city, and San
Diego moved past Detroit and Dallas to become the sixth-largest. New York
City is still the nation's largest city with 7,033,000 people, more than
twice as many as Los Angeles (3,420,000). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%Challenges to Preliminary Results %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In mid-September 1990, New York City officials challenged the Census%@EH@%
Bureau's counts, claiming that they had found 254,534 housing units that
were not counted. They said that this finding solidified their claim that
almost 1 million New York City residents had not been counted. In a formal
challenge to the 1990 count, the city officials, using city records, aerial
photographs, and data from utility companies, said the Census Bureau had
missed five or more residences on nearly 12,000 of the more than 28,000
residential blocks in the city. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All of the 51 largest cities, plus one-seventh of the towns, counties, and%@EH@%
cities in the U.S., challenged the Census Bureau's counts of their housing
units. As many as 500,000 housing units, half of them in New York City, may
have been overlooked, according to figures provided by the 15 largest
cities. Census  Bureau officials stated that they expect the preliminary
results to rise as a result of some of the challenges. Census Bureau
director, Barbara Everitt Bryant, appearing before a congressional committee
in Sept. 1990, said that dwellings in 500,000 census blocks might be
rechecked. The Bureau also stated that it had set aside money to recheck up
to 2.1 million individual housing units. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%1990 Census: Preliminary State Totals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        U.S. Bureau of the Census %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  1730 02 06 07 13 18 @%Rank  State  1990         % change 1980-90%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1     Cal.   29,279,000   23.72     N.Y.   17,627,000   0.43     Tex.   16,825,000   18.34     Fla.   12,775,000   31.15     Pa.    11,764,000   -0.86     Ill.   11,325,000   -0.97     Oh.    10,778,000   -0.28     Mich.  9,179,000    -0.9 9     N.J.   7,617,000    3.410    N.C.   6,553,000    11.411    Ga.    6,387,000    16.912    Va.    6,128,000    14.613    Mass.  5,928,000    3.314    Ind.   5,499,000    0.215    Mo.    5,079,000    3.316    Wis.   4,870,000    3.517    Wash.  4,827,000    16.818    Tenn.  4,822,000    5.019    Md.    4,733,000    12.220    Minn.  4,359,000    6.921    La.    4,181,000    -0.622    Ala.   3,984,000    2.323    Ky.    3,665,000    0.124    Az.    3,619,000    33.125    P.R.   3,599,000    12.626    S.C.   3,407,000    9.127    Col.   3,272,000    13.228    Conn.  3,227,000    3.829    Okla.  3,124,000    3.330    Ore.   2,828,000    7.431    Ia.    2,767,000    -5.132    Miss.  2,535,000    0.633    Kan.   2,467,000    4.434    Ark.   2,337,000    2.235    W.V.   1,783,000    -8.636    Ut.    1,711,000    17.137    Neb.   1,573,000    0.238    N.M.   1,490,000    14.439    Me.    1,218,000    8.340    Nev.   1,193,000    49.141    N.H.   1,103,000    19.842    Ha.    1,095,000    13.543    Id.    1,004,000    6.444    R.I.   989,000      4.445    Mont.  794,000      0.946    S.D.   693,000      0.347    Del.   658,000      10.848    N.D.   634,000      -2.949    D.C.   575,000      -9.950    Vt.    560,000      9.651    Alas.  546,000      35.852    Wy.    450,000      -4.3%@TE:   54  1730 02 06 07 13 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Projected Changes in Congressional Apportionment%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Based on the Census Bureau's preliminary figures for 1990, these states will%@EH@%
have changes in their congressional representation: Calif. (+7); Fla. (+4);
Tex. (+3); Wash., Ariz., Ga., N.C., and Va. (+1 each); N.Y. (-3); Mich.,
Pa., Oh., and Ill. (-2 each); and W. Va., Ky., La., Kan., Ia., and Mon. (-1
each).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                             %@AS@%The World Almanac%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%and Book of Facts for 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%123rd ANNIVERSARY EDITION%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%The Top 10 News Stories%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After a 45-year division into Communist and non-Communist states, the%@EH@%
reunification of Germany was formalized on Oct. 3; 1990 also brought
dramatic movements towards democratization in other Warsaw Pact nations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Leaving Kuwait in ruins, Saddam Hussein's forces overran and annexed the%@EH@%
oil-rich nation, which led to UN-backed economic sanctions against Iraq and
U.S. military intervention to protect Saudi Arabia and American interests in
the Persian Gulf. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Economic hardships, calls for independence among Soviet republics, and%@EH@%
political dissent marked a year of domestic conflict; Pres. Mikhail
Gorbachev, winner of the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize, attempted to move the USSR
from a long history of Communist authoritarian rule to democracy and
capitalism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Xhosa, Zulu, and other South African tribes continued to clash in the wake%@EH@%
of Nelson Mandela's release from prison and Pres. de Klerk's attempts to
unify the nation and eliminate apartheid. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As economists predicted another recession and oil prices rose, the U.S.%@EH@%
Congress worked out a budget that tried to deal with the growing deficit,
taxation changes, unemployment, health care, and other domestic problems
including the huge costs of the S&L crisis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Navy, Army, Air Force, and Marine troops invaded Panama in Dec. 1989, as the%@EH@%
U.S. overthrew the government of Manuel Noriega and arrested him on
drug-trafficking charges. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Drug abuse, crime, racial tensions, and financial difficulties plagued large%@EH@%
U.S. cities, while the 1990 Census reported an increase in homelessness and
a decline in cities' population. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Exhibitions of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs, 2 Live Crew's obscenity%@EH@%
trial, NEA grants, and the new NC-17 movie rating were some of the
particulars that exemplified the continuing debate over censorship and
defining obscenity in the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Retiring after almost 34 years on the bench, Supreme Court Justice William%@EH@%
Brennan was replaced by David Souter; abortion and civil rights issues were
the focus of the Senate confirmation hearings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%HIV-2, a second strain of the AIDS virus originally found in West Africa,%@EH@%
was found to be spreading; a report by the Centers for Disease Control
estimated that 179,000-208,000 new cases of AIDS would be reported through
the end of 1992.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%The Decline of Communism %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From the time of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century,%@EH@%
advocates of communism had written many books on the techniques that
revolutionaries could utilize to overthrow capitalism and install a
socialist economic system. In fact, a rather detailed blueprint was offered
by the founders of communism and by Vladimir Lenin and others that included
such evolutionary stages as the dictatorship of the proletariat, the
withering away of the state, and so forth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1990, the American writer George Will pointed out, however, that no one%@EH@%
had ever written a book on the transfer of power in society from Communist
authoritarian rule to a democracy. Nor had anyone ever offered a guide to
the transition from a centrally planned economy to one driven by the demands
of the marketplace. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The leaders of the nations of Eastern Europe and of the Soviet Union%@EH@%
itself--still the putative mecca of world communism--could have benefitted
from such a textbook in 1990, a year of surprise and shock in the shrinking
Communist sphere, from Germany to Mongolia. In its absence, the leaders and
street demonstrators in many countries proceeded to write the history of
their times in a somewhat haphazard way. In Eastern Europe, only the elderly
had much recollection of the meaning and implementation of democracy and a
free-market economy. In the Soviet Union, with no relevant history at all,
these concepts had no meaning. Therefore, despite some individual
demonstrations of real statesmanship, the whole process of change seemed to
some degree to be an exercise in which the blind were leading the blind. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the now-discredited world of communist ideology, a comparative liberal%@EH@%
was one so bold as to suggest that there was more than one road to
socialism. It became apparent in 1990 that there were also several roads
away from it, including a few cluttered with rough rocks and with branching
byways that threatened to lead to dead ends. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%The Soviet Union %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first Communist government had been established in Russia in 1917. Since%@EH@%
then, leaders or would-be leaders of Marxist-Leninist states around the
world had looked to the Soviet Union for guidance, and indeed the USSR, from
Joseph Stalin to Nikita Khrushchev to Leonid Brezhnev, had exercised a form
of command and control over governments in Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin
America, and Africa that exceeded even the reach of the colonial empires of
the 19th century. Even the schism with China in the 1960s had not
jeopardized the Soviet Union's paramount role as the fountainhead of
Communist thought and practice, backed up with nuclear muscle. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hence, the inability of the Soviet system by 1990 to so much as put enough%@EH@%
bread and meat on the tables of its citizens or cigarettes in their pockets
exposed the ultimate bankruptcy of applied communism in the starkest way
possible. But the travails of the Soviet Union went beyond the paralysis of
industrial production and of agricultural planting and harvesting. The
country, a jigsaw puzzle of 100 ethnic pieces, was at the point of falling
apart. Almost all of the USSR's 15 constituent republics were demanding full
independence or some degree of autonomy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Whatever their grievances, the long-suffering people of the Soviet Union%@EH@%
were prepared to make use of tools of resistance as diverse as rifles and
the ballot box. A student of the Kremlin had once observed, "Nothing ever
happens by accident in the Soviet Union." But in 1990, the process of
"reform," whatever that meant, appeared to be out of anyone's control. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, lionized in the West for allowing former Soviet%@EH@%
satellites to choose their future course and for closing the books on the
40-year-old Cold War, lost popularity at home when he demonstrated a less
sure hand in his efforts to create a better life for his people. A brilliant
tactician in the arcane world of Kremlin politics, he survived many
predictions that he would be overthrown, and it was instead many of his
adversaries who disappeared from the upper echelons of the government and
the Communist Party. But in the larger processes of governing, he was swept
along by events, yielding to pressure when he had to, somehow conveying the
impression that the crowd of citizens to his rear were following him, not
chasing him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Measured by his offical status in the party and the government, Gorbachev%@EH@%
seemed firmly in control. As general secretary of the Communist Party, he
held the post always recognized as the source of ultimate authority in the
Soviet Union, and being president and chairman of the Defense Council made
him perhaps less vulnerable to swift overthrow. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Apparently confident that his grip on the reins of power was secure, and%@EH@%
equally confident that the country would not reject the party that had led
it for 73 years, Gorbachev supported repeal of the provision in the Soviet
Constitution granting the Communist Party a monopoly of political power. The
party's Central Committee agreed to this change in February, and the Soviet
Congress of People's Deputies followed suit in March. Yegor Ligachev, leader
of the conservatives within the ruling party Politburo who resisted this and
other Gorbachev reforms, protested in vain against the party being reduced
to what he called a "shapeless organization, a political club."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%No other political group seemed remotely ready to contest the Communist%@EH@%
Party in nationwide elections, but it quickly became apparent that the party
itself might break into factions. Liberals, working within the party,
constantly pressing Gorbachev for more radical reform, had formed the
Democratic Platform. They mobilized street demonstrations, and in March they
scored some stunning upset victories in local elections, winning control of
city councils in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%May began with an embarrassing (to the leadership) demonstration by%@EH@%
thousands of marchers in Moscow's May Day Parade, who jeered those on the
reviewing stand and called for radical reform. The month ended with the
election of Boris Yeltsin as president of the Russian Republic, by far the
largest of the 15 republics. Yeltsin, a radical gadfly whose career
Gorbachev had sought to suppress, thus reemerged as a formidable threat to
Gorbachev's leadership. The president's attacks on him had helped make
Yeltsin a hero, a role he exploited. Neither an intellectual nor an
ideologue, Yeltsin was a man of action who attacked Gorbachev as being timid
and a lover of the perks of office. As a delegate from Moscow to the
national legislature, Yeltsin had become an idol of the masses, and the
presidency of Russia provided the platform to put his ideas into action. He
favored a loose confederation for the USSR. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Yeltsin spoiled an otherwise successful--for Gorbachev--Congress of the%@EH@%
Communist Party in July. Ligachev had denounced the draft platform for the
28th Congress with its references to the rights of the individual and the
right to earned private property. Gorbachev was reelected general secretary
and Ligachev was defeated for the second position in the party.  A new
Politburo was approved with the exclusion of most of its previous
members--Gorbachev a notable exception-- and the thrust of these changes was
to strengthen the government at the expense of the party. But then Yeltsin
renounced the party and walked out of the congress, and was joined by the
mayors of Moscow and Leningrad. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a curious footnote to the May summit meeting in the United States between%@EH@%
Gorbachev and Pres. George Bush, White House Chief of Staff John Sununu
agreed to go to Moscow to instruct the Soviets on the operation of a
presidential office. Sununu, during his trip, dealt with such matters as
scheduling, the flow of documents through the bureaucracy, and the
techniques of decision-making and implementation of policy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Unrest in the Republics %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Paradoxically, as Gorbachev tightened his control at the top, the nation he%@EH@%
governed began to crumble. Movements arose in almost all of the republics
for some form of autonomy or even outright independence. During World War
II, the formerly independent Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
had been absorbed by the Soviet Union and these, the youngest "republics" of
the USSR, were the most aggressive in seeking to exploit the loosening of
the Communist Party's grip on the country. Citizens of the Baltics generally
seemed more optimistic than the citizens elsewhere in the USSR that their
agriculture and industry would revive once the burden of central planning
imposed on them 50 years earlier was removed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gorbachev's trip in January to Vilnius, the capital of %@AB@%Lithuania,%@AE@% in an%@EH@%
attempt to dissuade the Lithuania Communist Party from breaking with the
mother party, was not a success. Candidates favoring independence for
Lithuania ran strongly in elections to the Lithuanian parliament, and in
March parliament voted unanimously for independence and then formed a
noncommunist government. After Lithuania ignored a deadline to rescind the
declaration, Gorbachev banned the sale or possession of firearms there, and
a Soviet military convoy entered the capital. No shots were fired, but
Soviet troops seized the headquarters of the Lithuanian Communist Party and
Gorbachev stepped up the economic pressure, cutting off the flow of crude
oil into Lithuania and shutting down 3 of 4 natural gas pipelines into the
republic. Lithuania suspended enforcement of its declaration of independence
in May, and talks with Moscow began. In June, the Lithuanian parliament
agreed to suspend the declaration, and Moscow lifted the oil imbargo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Estonia%@AE@% and %@AB@%Latvia%@AE@% proceeded more cautiously, principally because their%@EH@%
populations had been diluted by a substantial settlement of ethnic Russians
who opposed secession. Estonia's parliament abolished the drafting of
Estonians into the Soviet army and in May declared the birth of the Estonian
Republic (dropping "Soviet Socialist" from the title). Latvia's parliament
voted for secession in May, but it set no timetable for attaining that goal
and avoided the brunt of Moscow's wrath. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Elsewhere, the %@AB@%Moldavian Republic,%@AE@% populated mostly by persons of Romanian%@EH@%
descent, seemed eager to break away and join Romania. The %@AB@%Ukraine,%@AE@% the
so-called breadbasket of the Soviet Union, and crucial to the economic
well-being of the USSR, was divided on its future course, and was also split
between adherents of the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Unrest in other republics was punctuated by bursts of violence. %@AB@%Georgia,%@AE@%%@EH@%
where a number of citizens demonstrating for independence were killed by
soldiers in 1989, was quieter in 1990. But two neighboring republics,
%@AB@%Armenia%@AE@% and %@AB@%Azerbaijan,%@AE@% fought each other openly. At issue was the region of
Nagorno-Karabakh, and enclave populated by Armenians within Azerbaijan. In
January, the Armenian parliament sought to integrate the economy of
Nagorno-Karabakh into its own economy. Armenias are mostly Christian, the
Azerbaijanis mostly Islamic. After Azerbaijanis attacked Armenians in Baku,
the capital of Azerbaijan, and with guerrillas fighting each other in other
locations, the Soviet government sent troops into Baku in January. The
Azerbaijanis responded with a blockade, and 93 were reported killed in the
ensuing fighting. The army prevailed, but at a price of profound hostility
for Azerbaijan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Blood was spilled in two other Central Asian republics. Party and government%@EH@%
leaders resigned in %@AB@%Tadzhikistan%@AE@% after 18 people were killed in riots in
February. In %@AB@%Kirghizia,%@AE@% 148 were reportedly killed in June in clashes
between Uzbeks and Kirghiz citizens. Again, Soviet troops intervened. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Red Army itself was wounded by the regional upheaval. Recruits from%@EH@%
ethnic minorities had long been subjected to brutal hazing, and many
soldiers had no stomach for firing on other Soviet citizens. Desertions and
resistance to the draft became commonplace in some republics throughout the
country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Soviet Economy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ironically, even as nationalist ties threatened to pull the Soviet Union%@EH@%
apart, its diverse citizenry seemed united only in the common frustration at
the system's failure to provide basic goods and services. Gorbachev had
studied law, but had no training in economics. In the economic sphere as
elsewhere, he had proved to be a rather cautious revolutionary, taking half
steps that disappointed some of his advisers. His objective was to reform
the economic system, not scrap it. Five years into his era of %@AI@%perestroika,%@AE@%
or the restructuring of Soviet institutions, the system of central planning
was still in place. By early 1990, however, reforms were being drafted that
would privatize most Soviet industry, sell small businesses to
entrepreneurs, and lease large companies to their workers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%By late summer, shortages in stores were getting worse. Bread riots had%@EH@%
played a part in bringing the Bolsheviks to power in 1917. In 1990, long
bread lines were forming throughout Moscow, and the price of bread, when
available, rose sharply. Elsewhere, crowds rioted and stormed through stores
looking for scarce foodstuffs. Meanwhile, tons of grain were rotting in the
fields because collective farms lacked equipment, fuel, and means of
transportation. Gorbachev said farmers were withholding grain and ordered
local officials to take it from them by force. Medicine, coal, and soap were
also scarce. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Russian Republic,%@AE@% under Yeltsin's leadership, responded to these%@EH@%
circumstances with a 500-day plan that would see private property legalized,
government subsidies abolished, price controls lifted, and the institution
of private banks and a stock market. Meanwhile, Soviet Prime Minister
Nikolai Ryzhkov had drawn up a more cautious plan that would preserve much
of the central planning apparatus. But Gorbachev, in a candid statement to
the Supreme Soviet in September, said, "The system is no longer there; it's
gone." He supported an economic plan that would be a compromise between the
Ryzkhov concept and the 500-day plan. Late in September, the Supreme Soviet
agreed to work out the compromise, and at Gorbachev's request, it also
granted the president emergency powers to put into effect new policies on
wages, prices, finances, and the budget. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Reunification of Germany %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The reunification of Germany, after a 45-year division of the German people%@EH@%
into Communist and non-Communist states, was 1990's biggest headline from
Eastern Europe. Political union came far more swiftly than most had
expected, but full economic integration would clearly take longer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In October 1989, Erich Honecker stepped down as leader of the Socialist%@EH@%
Unity (Communist) Party in East Germany. His successor, Egon Krenz, who had
declared, "Without the Communist Party, there is no German Democratic
Republic," was unable to head off massive public demands for reform or
removal of the regime. After East Germany opened its border with
Czechoslovakia, thousands of East Germans sought permission to leave, and on
Nov. 9 the East German government agreed to issue exit visas to those who
asked for them. This was the day the %@AB@%Berlin Wall%@AE@% symbolically "came down,"
with young citizens of both east and west sitting atop it in celebration.
Throngs of East Berliners flocked into the western sectors of the city to
taste freedom and enjoy such Western pleasures as fast food and shopping. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The East German government collapsed, and the new premier, Hans Modrow,%@EH@%
surpassed Krenz in popularity by calling for free elections and a multiparty
system. The party was shaken up again, with Krenz departing, and parliament
revoking the constitutional clause assuring the Communists a "leading role"
in society. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl called for confederation of
the two Germanys. Public sentiment in East Germany soon rallied to this
possibility, though a minority opposed any union with West Germany,
preferring the security of the status quo and job guarantees available under
communism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The obstacles to reunion seemed massive, but with the cooperation of the%@EH@%
U.S., England, France and the USSR, negotiations moved swiftly and agreement
on the future of one German state became a shocking reality. Strong impetus
for reunion came in March when Conservatives supported by Kohl won the East
German parliamentary election. Modrow had favored a united nation that would
be neutral militarily, but the West German government insisted that the new
Germany be a part of NATO--as West Germany already was. In April, a
noncommunist government was installed under Lothar de Maiziere, leader of
the Christian Democratic Union. At a July meeting with Kohl, Gorbachev
dropped his objection to a united Germany in NATO. At the same time, Kohl
agreed to the continued presence of Soviet troops in East Germany for up to
four years, and the promised limitations on Germany weaponry. West Germany
and the USSR later signed a pact of "friendship and cooperation," and Bonn
promised Moscow $10 billion in economic aid. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In still another breakthrough in July, the two Germanys and the four major%@EH@%
allied powers of World War II guaranteed Poland's border with a united
Germany. Thus, Poland would keep the former German territory awarded to it
after World War II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The details of economic union were troublesome but not insurmountable. In a%@EH@%
treaty signed in May, the two Germanys established a unified monetary system
using the West German mark as the sole official currency. The treaty,
ratified by both parliaments, took effect July 1. East German marks were
exchanged with the Deutsche Mark at rates of 1-1 or 2-1. The West German
Bundesbank took control over East German monetary policy. East Germany was
plugged into West Germany's tax, pension, and unemployment-compensation
systems. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For all the euphoria and fireworks that accompanied formal reunification on%@EH@%
Oct. 3, the two parts of the new Germany remained quite different. East
Germans had no experience with free democratic and economic institutions,
and their economy, once perceived as the strongest in East Europe, was, in
fact, in bad shape. Manufactured goods were generally of poor quality, and
East Germans, given a choice, spent their money on Western products.
Unemployment in the East soared from almost nothing to 350,000 during the
first eight months of 1990. Factories in the East were in disrepair and too
few people had competent business skills. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Eastern Europe %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the other Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, new leaders were%@EH@%
thrust to the fore and had to work out their destiny with far less outside
assistance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Romania's%@AE@% path to the future was the only one stained with bloodshed, and%@EH@%
its route by late 1990 led only a short distance from standard
Marxism-Leninism. Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu, in power for 24 years, was
unanimously reelected Communist Party secretary in November 1989, but his
days were numbered. The self-styled "Genius of the Carpathians" and "Danube
of Thought" had squandered Romania's resources on grandiose public buildings
and had sold off basic neccessities of life, including textiles and
chickens, to pay foreign debts. Ceausescu exercised ruthless control through
the Securitate, 60,000 well-armed police who had better weapons than the
army and who were fiercely loyal to the president. In a country where it was
said that half of the people were spying on the other half, even typewriters
were illegal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%News of the ferment in neighboring countries could not be kept out of%@EH@%
Romania, and in December an incident occurred that quickly brought Romania
into the maelstrom. A crowd in Timisoara, in Transylvania, protested the
deportation of a Protestant minister who had supported the rights of ethnic
Hungarians in the area. A demonstration for democracy emerged from this, and
the army and Securitate moved in. A large number of civilians, later put at
95, were killed, and the spark fired up the whole country. Within days,
Ceausescu was shouted down when he attempted to speak at a rally in
Bucharest. He and his wife, Elena, also a powerful figure in the government,
fled by helicopter and car, but were captured, tried in an unidentified
location, and executed on Christmas day on charges of genocide, abuse of
power, and theft. A mixed bag of former Communists, military officers, and
students sought to form a government, the National Salvation Front, and Ion
Iliescu, a former party official, was made interim president. The Securitate
fought on for days, but eventually was subdued. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Amid the ensuing chaos, some reforms were introduced. Typewriters were back,%@EH@%
food appeared on shelves, political prisoners were freed, and birth control
was permitted again. Many citizens became convinced, however, that little
had really changed, and some contended that the events of December had been
nothing more than a coup by the Communist establishment against Ceausescu
and his immediate circle, some of whom were later convicted of various
charges. Large street protests were not matched by votes at the ballot box,
however, and in the May election, the National Salvation Front turned back
the challenge of a large number of parties, retaining about two thirds of
the seats in parliament. Iliescu won about 85 percent of the vote for
president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a scene reminiscent of the old regime, riot police attacked demonstrators%@EH@%
in June, the protestors fought back, and four were killed and 200 injured.
Then, 10,000 miners poured into Burcharest on Iliescu's appeal to save
Romania from a "fascist rebellion," and sacked the headquarters of
opposition parties. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Czechoslovakia's%@AE@% transition was accomplished virtually without violence, and%@EH@%
its rejection of the past was more clear-cut. Here, a genuine popular hero
emerged in Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright who had been imprisoned by
the Communists despite an international reputation based on plays that
depicted misery under totalitarian rule. Havel organized an opposition
group, Civic Forum, that began talks with the government in November 1989.
Public protests in Prague grew swiftly, involving hundreds of thousands of
people. Police brutality stirred the opposition. Confronted with the option
of widespread repression, the party and the government backed down. Milos
Jakes, the party leader, and 12 other members of the ruling Politburo
resigned. General strikes and the power of Havel's moral leadership brought
down the government as well, and by early December, Pres. Gustav Husak was
out and the cabinet had a noncommunist majority. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Another popular figure, Alexander Dubcek, who had led the 1968 reform%@EH@%
movement known as the Prague Spring, also came to the fore. His attempt to
introduce "socialism with a human face" had been crushed by Soviet tanks.
Both he and Havel aspired to lead the new Czechoslovakia, but Dubcek was,
after all, still a Communist, and the majority of the population appeared to
want a more thorough break with the past. Dubcek agreed to serve as chairman
of parliament, and on December 29, Havel was elected president. Havel had
said, "We want democracy, we want to rejoin the European Community, we want
social justice and a free-market economy. We may be socialists, but without
these things there can be no socialism."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Havel moved slowly in dealing with the entrenched bureaucracy, calling for%@EH@%
forgiveness and saying he did not want a witch hunt. As the government
explored options in moving to a market economy, and as the economy failed to
respond to the desires of the people, Havel joined in blaming the
Communists. In deference to the wishes of 5 million Slovaks, the country was
formally renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. In June, Havel's
party, Civic Forum, and its allied party easily won national parliamentary
elections. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Poland%@AE@% had led the way to a new day in Eastern Europe with ten years of%@EH@%
ferment created by the Solidarity labor movement, and a noncommunist
government was in place by mid-1989. Poland also made bold moves in the
economic sphere. In a country where food shortages had become the norm, the
new government adopted a free-market economy in one leap. Price controls
were lifted, and costs of basic commodities skyrocketed. The cost of
gasoline doubled, and coal was up 600 percent. The government announced a
timetable for "privatizing" state enterprises. This demonstration of
commitment to radical reform produced an outpouring of economic aid from the
United States and West Germany. As prices of food found their proper market
level and the economy stabilized, a poll put the popularity of the
government at 85 percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The pace was not fast enough, however, for Lech Walesa, the hero of the%@EH@%
Solidarity movement, who announced in September that he would run for
president. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, whom he had helped install as prime minister,
also declared his candidacy for president. Pres. Wojciech Jarulzelski, a
Communist who had run Poland until 1989, said he would not seek reelection. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In %@AB@%Hungary,%@AE@% another country in which Communist control had collapsed during%@EH@%
1989, elections to a national parliament were completed in April 1990. The
center-right Democratic Forum and its allied parties captured almost 60
percent of the seats, while the Socialist (formerly Communist) party won
only 8.5 percent of the seats. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bulgaria%@AE@% also broke with its Stalinist past, but found both its government%@EH@%
and economy in a state of uncertain transition. Pres. Todor Zhivkov, who as
head of the Communist Party had run Bulgaria since 1954, resigned his
presidency and party post in November 1989. In April, parliament approved
free multiparty elections, which the Socialist (formerly Communist) Party
won, but its margin over the opposition coalition was not overwhelming.
Zhivkov's  successor as president, Petar Mladenov, resigned in July after a
videotape revealed that he had called for tanks to put down a pro-democracy
demonstration the previous December. Parliament, in August, chose Zhelyu
Zhelov, the opposition leader, who had been expelled from the Communist
Party for questioning Lenin's theories, as president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bulgaria's economy suffered a setback when Iraq and the Soviet Union cut oil%@EH@%
supplies. The economy was in decline in late 1990, with the rationing of
electricity, gasoline, and some food. Bread was short in some areas,
industrial production fell sharply, and drought reduced the grain harvets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albania,%@AE@% the smallest and by far most isolated of the East European%@EH@%
countries, had long remained aloof even from its neighboring Communist
"comrades," and yet it also made at least a cosmetic gesture toward reform
in May. The courts were reogranized, the number of capital offenses reduced,
restrictions on worship were relaxed (in the only nation in the world that
had banned religion outright), and citizens were granted the right to obtain
passports. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In July, police battled thousands of demonstrators in the capital, and, in%@EH@%
apparent reaction, the regime removed hard-liners from the Workers'
(Communist) Party Politburo. Albanians demanding the right to leave the
country were granted their wish, and several thousand left for Italy and
elsewhere. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Yugoslavia%@AE@% had broken away from Moscow's domination shortly after World War%@EH@%
II, but had remained both Communist and authoritarian. In 1990, too,
Yugoslavia began exploring the path toward democracy, but was plagued by the
polyglot nature of its citizenry. A "nation" containing a number of ethnic
groups, languages, and religions, Yugoslavia was in danger of fragmenting.
To complicate matters, the 1974 constitution gave each of Yugoslavia's 6
republics virtual veto power over the Federal decision-making process. In
Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia, parliaments were drafting new constitutions,
and the weakening of central authority made any forecast of the future
difficult. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The turmoil in Eastern Europe contained several common features and trends.%@EH@%
Despite the show of force in Lithuania, the days of Red Army tanks rolling
through the streets of Budapest and Prague were over, and the change of
commands occurred without Soviet intervention. Indeed, Gorbachev repeatedly
made it explicitly clear that hard-liners who had previously enjoyed
Moscow's support could not count on a rescue from Big Brother. The Soviet
News Agency called Romania's Ceausescu "one of the most odious dictators of
the 20th century."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When forced to leave Czechoslovakia on an early timetable, the soldiers of%@EH@%
the Red Army were also obliged to take with them soil that they had
contaminated with toxic chemicals and oil spills. In the Soviet Union, the
soldiers faced a homecoming literally without homes, given the extent of the
housing shortage. The East German army nearly fell apart, losing motivation
and shrinking from 173,000 to 90,000 between November 1989 and March 1990,
in large part through desertion. Some soldiers were assigned to civilian
duty to replace refugees. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Communism Elsewhere %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China%@AE@% was quiet in 1990, at least on the surface, with public protests a%@EH@%
thing of the past after the tanks of the People's Army crushed the
student-led demonstrations in Beijing in June 1989. China's elderly leaders
did not relax their iron grip on the country, and no reforms were
introduced. Martial law was lifted in January, but the adoption of other
laws kept a lid on the population. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Mongolian People's Republic,%@AE@% a vast and nearly empty land lying between%@EH@%
the Soviet Union and China, stirred a bit in 1990. Jambyn Batmunh, general
secretary of the Communist Party, announced in March that the party would
work with others to seek political reform, and the party voted to drop its
constitutional monopoly on power. Largely ignored by the world press,
Mongolia pursued modest change in a communications vacuum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cuba%@AE@% was not swept up in the winds of change, after 31 years of tight%@EH@%
Communist control under Fidel Castro. The economy was a shambles, and the
regime was forced to tighten food rations, but the availability of
subsidized medical care, housing, and education apparently was enough to
satisfy a large portion of the population. An annual $5 billion subsidy from
the Soviet Union was put at risk by Castro's resistance to Gorbachev-style
reform and by his patron's own economic woes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Under the leadership of the Sandinistas since 1979, %@AB@%Nicaragua%@AE@% had taken on%@EH@%
many characteristics of a Marxist state, but Pres. Daniel Ortega was
defeated by Violeta Barrios de Chamorro in an election in February. The
Soviet Union had indicated to Ortega's government that it was no longer
going to prop up Nicaragua's revolution. Nonetheless, the Sandinistas
retained a large following, and Chamorro, faced with rehabilitating
Nicaragua after many years of civil war, reappointed Ortega's brother,
Humberto, as chief of the armed forces and developed a close working
relationship with him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Present and Future Problems %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The new governments of Eastern Europe faced the task of recovery under%@EH@%
arduous circumstances. Addressing the situation in Romania, the dissident
writer Norman Manea observed, "The dictator destroyed the entire political,
economic and moral structure and it will be very difficult to reconstruct."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From country to country, %@AB@%decay and deterioration of equipment and%@EH@%
%@AB@%infrastructure%@AE@% were visible everywhere. Some bridges and roads had not been
repaired since the Communists took over. Machines broke down and stood idle.
In some cases, the workers who had operated them had disappeared in the
night, across an international border. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Businesspeople faced a new world of risk. They were unaccustomed to dealing%@EH@%
with consumer demand. Almost no one had had the opportunity to acquire
entrepreneurial skills. %@AB@%Unemployment grew.%@AE@% In several countries, the
bureaucracies still groaned under the weight of Communist functionaries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%environment%@AE@% was in bad shape. The land was scarred for miles by deep%@EH@%
holes dug to extract coal, and dirt was piled high. Towns were ringed by
smokestacks, their citizens under an umbrella of brown air. Incidence of
cancer and respiratory disease was high. Factories were often too obsolete
to be upgraded to meet any environmental requirements. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A Soviet offical said, "Crime is like a thermometer of social%@EH@%
disintegration," and %@AB@%crime%@AE@% was up in the Soviet Union and elsewhere. So,
too, was %@AB@%antisemitism.%@AE@% In the Soviet Union, where public antisemitism was
one of the first results of new-found freedom of speech, Jews took advantage
of relaxed emigration policies, as thousands left the country to resettle in
Israel. The skinheads in East Germany, the newly jobless elsewhere, and
others frustrated with an era of change all too often found familiar
scapegoats. The Jews, only a few hundred in East Germany, and those in
Poland, only a few thousand--compared with 3.3 million in 1939, at times
were blamed for having introduced communism in the first place, and then,
improbably, as planning to force capitalism on the East. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Although political unrest and divisions within society were still a fact of%@EH@%
life in Eastern Europe, none of this conflict made communism appear any
better. In January 1990, in his New Year's Day address to the people of
Czechoslovakia, Pres. Vaclav Havel looked back: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"Notions such as love, friendship, compassion, humility and forgiveness have%@EH@%
lost their depth and dimension  . . .  The previous regime, armed with its
arrogant and intolerant ideology, denigrated man into a production force and
nature into a production tool  . . .  It made talented people who were
capable of managing their own affairs  . . .  into cogs in some kind of
monstrous, ramshackle, smelly machine whose purpose no one can understand."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(%@AI@%See Oct. 90 Chronology for additional details.%@AE@%) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Democrats Score Small Gains in 1990 Elections %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Democrats added to their majorities in both houses of Congress in elections%@EH@%
held on Nov. 6, and in races for governor they also maintained their control
of a majority of the nation's statehouses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Public-opinion polls had shown that voters were unhappy, and often angry,%@EH@%
because of the decline of the economy, and because of a prolonged fight over
the adoption of a federal budget that had ended just 10 days before the
election. However, only one incumbent senator was defeated and about 96
percent of the incumbents seeking reelection to the House won. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the contests for governor, the Democrats, who held a 29-21 advantage%@EH@%
before the voting, emerged with about the same margin. Displeasure with high
state taxes seemed to be a common thread in gubernatorial elections in which
the statehouse shifted from one party to the other. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The results of these races was especially important because governors would%@EH@%
play an influential role in the redistricting of Congressional and state
legislative seats that would take place as a result of the 1990 census.
Democrats captured statehouses in Florida and Texas, where several
Congressional districts will be added. In Florida, former Sen. Lawton Chiles
ousted Bob Martinez, whose popularity had plunged in 1989 after he sought
unsuccessfully to get the legislature to approve curbs on abortion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Texas, State Treasurer Ann Richards defeated a wealthy rancher and oil%@EH@%
man, Clayton Williams, who spent $8 million of his own money in pursuit of
the governorship. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In California, though, Sen. Pete Wilson held the governorship for the%@EH@%
Republicans, as he turned back former San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein.
Wilson opposed, and Feinstein supported, a ballot proposition known as "Big
Green," which would have imposed a number of strict environmental controls.
The proposition was defeated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gov. Mario Cuomo, a Democrat, easily won a third term in New York against%@EH@%
Pierre Rinfret. The surprise  here was Herbert London, the Conservative
Party candidate, who got about 20 percent of the vote. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%However, Republicans kept the governorships in Illinois and captured the%@EH@%
statehouses in Ohio and (apparently) Michigan. In Massachusetts, the
governorship went to William Weld, a former assistant U.S. attorney general.
He defeated John Silber, the outspoken president of Boston University. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Minnesota, the Republican candidate for governor, Jon Grunseth, withdrew%@EH@%
from the race 2 weeks before the election following sexual misconduct
charges. His replacement, Arne Carlson, defeated the incumbent, Rudy
Perpich, in a very close race. Two independents, Lowell Weicker in
Connecticut and Walter Hickel in Alaska, won governorships--both in
political comebacks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Minnesota was also the only state to see a change in a U.S. Senate seat.%@EH@%
Rudy Boschwitz, a Republican, lost narrowly to Paul Wellstone, a college
professor with strong liberal views. This gave the Democrats a 56-44
advantage in the new Senate. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sen. Jesse Helms of North Carolina swept to victory over Harvey Gantt, the%@EH@%
former mayor of Charlotte, who was seeking to become the first black senator
from the South since the Reconstruction era. Helms, the most conservative
member of the Senate, took a strong stand against quotas in hiring. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Abortion was the key issue in Iowa, where Sen. Tom Harkin, a Democrat, who%@EH@%
was "pro-choice," turned back an opponent of abortion, Rep. Tom Tauke. Sen.
Bill Bradley of New Jersey, a Democrat and strong vote-getter in the past,
narrowly squeaked through to reelection, apparently because voters were
angered by a package of state tax increases pushed through by Gov. Jim
Florio, a Democrat. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the House of Representatives, the Democrats had held a 257-176 advantage%@EH@%
before the election, with 2 vacancies. Late returns showed that they would
control the new House by about 267-167. One Socialist, Bernie Sanders, the
former mayor of Burlington, who ran as an independent, won in Vermont. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Newt Gingrich of Georgia, the assistant Republican leader in the House,%@EH@%
barely survived by a thousand votes. Gary Franks of Connecticut became the
first black Republican elected to the House in more than 50 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sharon Pratt Dixon was elected mayor of Washington, D.C., succeeding Marion%@EH@%
Barry, who did not seek reelection. She became the first black woman mayor
of a major city. Barry sought election at-large to the City Council but was
defeated. The Rev. Jesse Jackson won elective office for the first time,
becoming the "shadow senator" from the District of Columbia, which gave him
a voice in Congress but not a vote. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                     %@AS@%CHRONOLOGY OF THE YEAR'S EVENTS %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%%@AS@%Reported Month by Month in 3 Categories: National, International, and%@EH@%
%@AS@%General %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                      %@AS@%Oct. 15, 1989 to Oct. 31, 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%OCTOBER%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Severe Quake Hits Northern California%@AE@% -- One of the strongest earthquakes%@EH@%
ever recorded in California struck along the San Andreas fault in the
northern part of the state, %@AB@%Oct. 17%@AE@%. More than 60 people were killed and
several thousand injured. Some 100,000 houses were reported damaged. The
worst damage was in San Francisco and Oakland, 75 miles north of the
epicenter of the quake. Most of the deaths, more than 40, occurred when the
upper level of the double-decker Nimitz Freeway (Interstate Highway 880) in
Oakland collapsed. The freeway was packed with rush-hour traffic at 5:04
p.m., when the 15-second quake hit. In San Francisco, several fires broke
out with the worst being in the Marina district, where a number of buildings
were destroyed. Other cities that suffered heavily included Santa Cruz,
where much of the downtown shopping district was leveled; San Jose; and Los
Gatos. The tragedy struck just minutes before the start of the 3d game of
baseball's World series between the Oakland Athletics and the San Fransisco
Giants at San Francisco's Candlestick Park. The game was canceled and the
crowd of 58,000 evacuated safely. The last survivor to be found, Buck Helm,
a longshoreman, was pulled from the wreckage of the Nimitz Freeway, %@AB@%Oct. 21%@AE@%.
The U.S. Geological Survey said, %@AB@%Oct. 24%@AE@%, that its estimate of the quake's
intensity had been put at 7.1 on the Richter Scale, the 5th strongest of the
century, though well below the impact of San Fransisco's great earthquake of
1906. Congress, %@AB@%Oct. 25%@AE@%, approved an aid package totaling $4.15 billion. The
World Series resumed, %@AB@%Oct. 27%@AE@%, at Candlestick Park, and Oakland completed a
4-game sweep of the Giants, %@AB@%Oct. 28%@AE@%.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Trade Gap Widens Again%@AE@% -- The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%Oct. 17%@AE@%, that the%@EH@%
U.S. merchandise trade deficit had risen to $10.77 billion in August. The
gap, the largest in 8 months, was attributed to the stronger U.S. dollar,
which had made imports cheaper and exports more expensive. The Census Bureau
said, %@AB@%Oct. 18%@AE@%, that the median U.S. family income stood at $32,191 in 1988,
a slight decline from the $32,251 in 1987. The figures were adjusted for
inflation. The Labor Dept. said, %@AB@%Oct. 19%@AE@%, that consumer prices rose 0.2
percent in September. The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%Oct. 26%@AE@%, that the gross
national product had grown at a 2.5 percent annual rate in the third
quarter. The department said, %@AB@%Oct. 31%@AE@%, that its leading economic indicators
had risen 0.2 percent in September.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Flag Amendment Fails in Senate%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%Oct. 19%@AE@%, a week after Congress had%@EH@%
completed action on a bill to outlaw desecration of the American flag, the
Senate failed to approve an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that had the
same purpose. The vote was 51-48, well below the two-thirds required for
approval of amendments. Pres. George Bush, who feared that the law could be
declared unconstitutional, had supported the amendment.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate Removes Federal Judge%@AE@% -- U.S. District Judge Alcee Hastings of%@EH@%
Florida was convicted of 8 articles of impeachment, %@AB@%Oct. 20%@AE@%, by the U.S.
Senate. The convictions had the effect of removing him from the bench.
Hastings, the 6th federal judge to be so removed, had been acquitted in 1983
of accepting a bribe in a case before him. However, a federal judicial panel
found "clear and convincing evidence" in 1987 that Hastings had conspired to
accept the bribe.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Congressman Convicted in Wedtech Scandal%@AE@% -- In the last major trial to grow%@EH@%
out of the Wedtech investigation, Rep. Robert Garcia (D, N.Y.) and his wife,
Jane Lee, were found guilty of extortion and conspiracy, %@AB@%Oct. 20%@AE@%.
Prosecutors charged that Garcia, who represented the Bronx district in which
the company had been located, had demanded payoffs from Wedtech. Mrs. Garcia
had been accused of receiving payoffs from the company totalling more than
$75,000.00. More than 20 prominent persons had been convicted in the
scandal. Federal Judge Leonard Sand Jan. 19 sentenced the Garcias to 3 years
in prison. On %@AB@%June 29, 1990%@AE@% a federal appeals court overturned the
convictions of the Garcias.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Funding for Abortion Vetoed%@AE@% -- The Senate and House approved a spending bill%@EH@%
for the departments of Education, Labor, and Health and Human Services that
reinstated funding for Medicaid abortions in instances of rape or incest.
Pres. George Bush vetoed the bill, %@AB@%Oct. 21%@AE@%. The House, %@AB@%Oct. 25%@AE@%, voted
231-191 to override the veto, but this fell far short of the two-thirds vote
needed, and the veto was sustained. Bush had supported federal funding only
if the mother's life was in danger. Those who had supported the bill said
the burden of the veto would fall most heavily on poor women who could not
afford to pay for an abortion.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%International%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%German Communists Remove Honecker%@AE@% -- The 18 year rule of Erich Honecker in%@EH@%
East Germany came to an end, %@AB@%Oct. 18%@AE@%, when he stepped down as head of the
Socialist Unity (Communist) Party, chairman of the National Defense Council,
and head of state. The Central Committee of the Party had clearly forced him
out, though a statement said he had retired because of ill health. Honecker
was succeeded by Egon Krenz, a member of the ruling Politburo. On %@AB@%Oct. 23%@AE@%
and %@AB@%30%@AE@%, 300,000 persons in Leipzig demonstrated on behalf of political
reform. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hungary Proclaimed a Free Republic%@AE@% -- The Hungarian National Assembly%@EH@%
amended the constitution, %@AB@%Oct. 18%@AE@%, to prepare for multiparty free elections
in 1990 when a new constitution would be drafted. The Assembly ended the
ruling party's monopoly on power, removed references to the "leading role"
for the Communists, and renamed the country the Republic of Hungary, without
reference to a "People's Republic." Acting Pres. Matyas Szuros, %@AB@%Oct. 23%@AE@%,
proclaimed Hungary a free republic. The Assembly voted %@AB@%Oct. 31%@AE@%, to conduct a
national referendum on how to choose a president.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Soviets Admit Afghanistan Invasion was Illegal%@AE@% -- Foreign Minister Eduard%@EH@%
Shevardnadze, in a speech to the Soviet legislature, %@AB@%Oct. 23%@AE@%, said his
country's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was illegal. Saying that the
intervention "violated the norms of proper behavior," he blamed it on
then-Pres. Leonid Brezhnev and some others in the inner circle. He also
acknowledged that the Soviet radar complex at Krasnoyarsk violated the 1972
ABM treaty. The foreign minister said that historic changes in Poland and
Hungary were acceptable to the Kremlin, and that the Soviet Union looked
toward the eventual dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and NATO. Pres. George
Bush said, %@AB@%Oct. 31%@AE@%, that he and Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev would hold an
informal summit on ships in the Mediterranean Sea, %@AB@%Dec. 2-3%@AE@%.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Police Break Up Prague Demonstration%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%Oct. 25%@AE@%, with political unrest in%@EH@%
Czechoslovakia on the rise, Premier Ladislav Adamec rejected any dialogue
between the government and those "who act for the liquidation of the
socialist system  . . .  and the Communist Party." On %@AB@%Oct. 27%@AE@%, several
prominent dissidents were placed under detention. On %@AB@%Oct. 28%@AE@%, some 10,000
persons gathered in Wenceslas Square in Prague to observe the 71st
anniversary of the founding of the republic. The demonstration was broken up
by club-swinging police.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ortega Announces End to Truce%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%Oct. 27%@AE@%, on the first day of a 2-day%@EH@%
summit meeting of heads of state of Western Hemisphere countries in San
Jose, Costa Rica, Pres. Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua said he would end his
regime's unilateral cease-fire against contra rebels. He claimed the contras
had repeatedly violated the truce, leaving more than 3,000 Nicaraguans dead,
wounded, or missing. Pres George Bush, who attended the summit, %@AB@%Oct. 28%@AE@%,
attacked Ortega as a "little man" and as "an animal at a garden party."
Ortega announced, %@AB@%Nov. 1%@AE@%, that the cease-fire had ended, and the contras
reported that the army had resumed operations.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%General%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Spacecraft Begins Journey to Jupiter%@AE@% -- The space shuttle Atlantis was%@EH@%
launched with a crew of 5 from Cape Canaveral, Fla., on %@AB@%Oct. 18%@AE@%, It carried
the spacecraft Galileo, which separated from the shuttle on its 5th orbit
and began a 6-year journey to the plant Jupiter. After arrival in the
vicinity of Jupiter in 1995, the craft would explore the planet's atmosphere
and moons. The shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California on
%@AB@%Oct. 23%@AE@%.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Evangelist Jim Bakker Sentenced%@AE@% -- Television evangelist Jim Bakker, who had%@EH@%
been convicted of fraud and conspiracy, was sentenced, %@AB@%Oct. 24%@AE@%, to 45 years
in prison and fined $500,000.00. He would be eligible for parole in 10
years.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- The crash into the Caspian Sea, %@AB@%Oct. 18%@AE@%, of a Soviet military%@EH@%
transport plane carrying paratroopers resulted in the death of all 57
aboard.  . . .  The crash, %@AB@%Oct. 21%@AE@%, of a Honduran jetliner into the side of
a mountain in Honduras took the lives of 131 of the 146 persons aboard.  . .
.  More than 50 people burned to death, %@AB@%Oct. 21%@AE@%, in the Sudan after 2 buses
collided.  . . .  A China Airlines Boeing 737 crashed into a mountain after
taking off from Hualien, in eastern Taiwan, %@AB@%Oct. 26%@AE@%, killing all 54 people
aboard.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%NOVEMBER%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Minimum Wage Compromise Approved%@AE@% -- Congress approved a compromise worked%@EH@%
out with the White House on the minimum wage. The agreement provided that
the current minimum of $3.35 an hour be increased to $4.25 an hour by 1991.
A training wage of $3.35 would be permitted for workers 16 to 19 years old
during their first 3 months on a job. The House approved the bill, %@AB@%Nov. 1,%@AE@%
and the Senate followed on %@AB@%Nov. 8.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Flurry of Activity as Congress Adjourns%@AE@% -- With concern shifting toward the%@EH@%
economies of Eastern Europe, the Senate and House, %@AB@%Nov. 20,%@AE@% approved a
foreign aid bill that contained $532.8 million for Poland and Hungary. The
House voted, %@AB@%Nov. 21,%@AE@% 352-63, to repeal the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage
Act of 1988. Many elderly Americans had complained that they had to finance
it even though it duplicated other coverage. Also on %@AB@%Nov. 21,%@AE@% the House
approved a deficit-reduction bill aimed at producing $14.6 billion in
savings and new revenues. By voice vote, %@AB@%Nov. 22,%@AE@% the Senate gave its assent
to the insurance repeal and the deficit-reduction bill. Congress adjourned,
%@AB@%Nov. 22.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cut in Capital Gains Dropped%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush and Republican leaders in%@EH@%
Congress, %@AB@%Nov. 2,%@AE@% shelved their effort, for the time being, to win approval
for a reduction in the capital gains tax. The House, in September, had
attached a reduction to a deficit-reduction bill, but the Senate had not
included the capital gains issue in its version of the bill. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jobless Rate Steady%@AE@% -- The nation's unemployment rate held at 5.2 percent in%@EH@%
October, the Labor Dept. said, %@AB@%Nov. 3.%@AE@% The department reported, %@AB@%Nov. 9,%@AE@% that
producer prices had risen 0.4 percent in October. The Commerce Dept., %@AB@%Nov.
%@AB@%16,%@AE@% put the merchandise trade deficit in September at $7.94 billion, the
lowest since 1984. The Labor Dept. said, %@AB@%Nov. 21,%@AE@% that consumer prices had
risen 0.5 percent in October. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Another Judge Removed by Senate%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%Nov. 3,%@AE@% for the second time in 2%@EH@%
weeks, the U.S. Senate convicted a federal judge on impeachment charges and
removed him from the bench. The charges involving U.S. District Judge Walter
Nixon Jr. of Biloxi, Miss. related to his conviction in 1986 for lying to a
grand jury about intervening in a drug case on behalf of the son of a
contractor with whom Nixon had had financial dealings. Nixon asserted that
he had been "unjustly and wrongfully convicted."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Quake Damage Put at $5.6 Billion%@AE@% -- As Californians continued to repair the%@EH@%
damage from the October earthquake, Gov. George Deukmejian, %@AB@%Nov. 7,%@AE@% signed a
bill raising the sales tax temporarily by one-quarter percent as a means of
obtaining money for earthquake relief. State officials estimated property
damage, %@AB@%Nov. 11,%@AE@% at $5.6 billion. The insurance industry estimated that only
$2 billion was covered by insurance. Repair work was completed, %@AB@%Nov. 16,%@AE@% on
the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Buck Helm, a longshoreman who had been
trapped in the wreckage of a freeway for 89 hours before being rescued,
died, %@AB@%Nov. 19.%@AE@% California officials placed the death toll at 62 on %@AB@%Nov. 19.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Democrats Strong in Off-Year Voting%@AE@% -- Democrats won most of the top offices%@EH@%
at stake in off-year elections, %@AB@%Nov. 7.%@AE@% Black candidates also scored some
major breakthroughs. In a very close race for governor of Virginia, Lt. Gov.
L. Douglas Wilder, a black, appeared to be the winner by a few thousand
votes over J. Marshall Coleman, the Republican nominee. No state had had a
black governor since the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. Wilder
appeared to have benefitted from his support of abortion rights for women.
Abortion was also a major issue in the New Jersey gubernatorial campaign.
U.S. Rep. James Florio, the Democratic candidate, who favored the right of a
woman to choose an abortion, won in a landslide over the Republican, U.S.
Rep. Jim Courter. Manhattan Borough Pres. David Dinkins, a Democrat, became
the first black to be elected mayor of New York City. He defeated former
U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani, stressing the themes of unity and harmony.
Seattle, New Haven., Conn., and Durham, N.C. all elected their first black
mayors. Coleman Young of Detroit and Kathy Whitmire of Houston, both
Democrats, were among the mayors who were re-elected. On %@AB@%Nov. 27,%@AE@% the
Virginia Board of Elections certified Wilder as the winner of the
governorship. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Guilt Admitted in Arms Scandal%@AE@% -- Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard Secord (ret.)%@EH@%
pleaded guilty, %@AB@%Nov. 8,%@AE@% to making a false statement to Congress regarding
the Iran-contra scandal. He admitted that he lied in June 1987 when he said
he did not know that Lt. Col. Oliver North had benefitted financially from
the sale of arms to Iran or from the diversion of profits to contra rebels
in Nicaragua. Eleven other charges against Secord were dropped as part of a
plea bargain agreement. He was sentenced, %@AB@%Jan. 24, 1990,%@AE@% to 2 years'
probation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pennsylvania Acts on Abortion%@AE@% -- The Pennsylvania legislature approved a%@EH@%
bill restricting abortions, and Gov. Robert Casey signed it into law, %@AB@%Nov.
%@AB@%18.%@AE@% Pennsylvania became the first state to restrict abortions after the U.S.
Supreme Court gave states the right to do so in July. Most abortions at
public hospitals were banned, as were almost all abortions after 24 weeks of
gestation. For abortions that were permitted, prior notification of the
spouse and a 24-hour waiting period were required. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Congress Votes Itself a Raise%@AE@% -- Congress approved increases in salaries for%@EH@%
its own members and for federal judges and top officials in the executive
branch. At present, members of both the Senate and House received $89,500.
Under the bill, House salaries would go to $124,400 by 1991, and members
would be barred from accepting speaking fees. Senators' pay would rise to
$98,400 in 1990, with limits on speaking fees reduced by a like amount. The
House and Senate gave their approval on %@AB@%Nov. 16%@AE@% and %@AB@%17,%@AE@% respectively.
Apparently mindful of the storm of criticism that had averted approval of a
pay increase earlier in the year, Congressional leaders unveiled the new
plan only a day before the House voted. Pres. George Bush signed the bill,
%@AB@%Nov. 30.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Germany Opens Berlin Wall%@AE@% -- A year of dramatic upheaval in Eastern%@EH@%
Europe reached a climax in November when the East German Communist regime
lifted its restrictions on travel and emigration to the West. On %@AB@%Nov. 1,%@AE@%
East Germany opened its border with Czechoslovakia, prompting a sharp
increase in East German emigration to West Germany through Czech territory.
In 9 days, some 50,000 joined 150,000 who had previously gone west in 1989.
On %@AB@%Nov. 3,%@AE@% 5 Politburo members resigned, and East German leader Egon Krenz
promised economic and political reforms. More than 500,000 joined a peaceful
pro-democracy rally in East Berlin, %@AB@%Nov. 4.%@AE@% Premier Willi Stoph and the
entire Council of Ministers resigned, %@AB@%Nov. 7,%@AE@% and were joined by more
Politburo members, %@AB@%Nov. 8.%@AE@% The Party's Central Committee, %@AB@%Nov. 8,%@AE@% nominated
Hans Modrow, a reformist, for premier. A spokesman for the Soviet foreign
ministry said, %@AB@%Nov. 9,%@AE@% that the changes were welcome. The government lifted
travel and emigration restrictions, %@AB@%Nov. 9,%@AE@% and exit visas were issued to
those who asked for them. Within hours, thousands of Germans from East and
West massed at the Berlin wall, many of them sitting atop the barrier that
had separated the 2 Germanys since 1961. On %@AB@%Nov. 10,%@AE@% East Germany opened
more crossing points and East Germans by the hundreds of thousands poured
into the West to shop, look around, and be reunited with family and friends.
The migration was repeated in subsequent days. Although some East Germans
remained in the West, most returned home. By %@AB@%Nov. 15,%@AE@% the East German
government had issued 7.7 million travel visas. On %@AB@%Nov. 28,%@AE@% West German
Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposed a plan for the confederation of the 2
Germanys. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salvadoran Rebels Open Offensive%@AE@% -- The Farabundo Marti National Liberation%@EH@%
Front (FMLN) began a major offensive against the government of El Salvador
in November. The leftist rebels pulled out of peace talks, %@AB@%Nov. 2,%@AE@% after 10
were killed in the bombing of a labor federation headquarters. The FMLN
began its attack in San Salvador, the capital, and in other cities, %@AB@%Nov. 11%@AE@%
and %@AB@%12.%@AE@% Hundreds of combatants and civilians died in the worst urban
fighting of the 10-year civil war, and the government, %@AB@%Nov. 12,%@AE@% declared a
state of siege. By %@AB@%Nov. 15,%@AE@% the rebels had been driven from some of their
strongholds in the capital. Six Jesuit priests as well as a cook and her
daughter were shot to death by uniformed gunmen at Jose Simeon Canas
University of Central America in San Salvador, %@AB@%Nov. 16.%@AE@% Democrats in the
U.S. Congress warned, %@AB@%Nov. 17,%@AE@% that aid to El Salvador would be halted if
the government failed to bring the killers to justice and end human rights
abuses by the army and security forces. Rebels seized a hotel in San
Salvador, %@AB@%Nov. 21,%@AE@% trapping 12 members of the U.S. Special Forces, or Green
Berets. After being threatened with death, the soldiers were allowed to
leave, %@AB@%Nov. 22.%@AE@% The rebels resumed their offensive in the capital, %@AB@%Nov. 27,%@AE@%
and the homes of several U.S. diplomats were seized. On %@AB@%Nov. 30,%@AE@% the United
States flew 282 embassy officials and dependents out of the country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Lebanese President Killed%@AE@% -- Rene Moawad, a moderate Christian who%@EH@%
enjoyed the support of Syria, was elected president of Lebanon, %@AB@%Nov. 5,%@AE@% but
he was assassinated 17 days later. When electing Moawad, the Lebanese
parliament also approved a plan supported by the Arab League to end
Lebanon's civil war. The plan called for a balancing of political offices
among the religious factions and would require militias to disband and
Syrian troops to withdraw within 2 years. Gen. Michel Aoun, the Christian
army commander, rejected the plan because Syrian troops would not leave at
once. Moawad was assassinated, %@AB@%Nov. 22,%@AE@% when a bomb exploded along the route
of his motorcade. It killed 23 other people. Parliament, %@AB@%Nov. 24,%@AE@% elected as
president Elias Hrawi, like Moawad a moderate Maronite Catholic friendly to
Syria. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. to Return Iranian Assets%@AE@% -- It was announced, %@AB@%Nov. 6,%@AE@% that the U.S.%@EH@%
would unfreeze $567 million in Iranian assets that had been held since 1979.
Pres. Bush said, %@AB@%Nov. 7,%@AE@% that he hoped Iran would use its influence to help
free U.S. hostages in the Middle East. An Iranian newspaper said, %@AB@%Nov. 9,%@AE@%
that the unfreezing of assets was an insufficient gesture of U.S. good will.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bulgarian Communist Leader Resigns%@AE@% -- Todor Zhivkov, who had been president%@EH@%
of Bulgaria since 1971 and leader of the ruling Communist Party since 1954,
resigned both posts, %@AB@%Nov. 10.%@AE@% The resignations came amid the first stirrings
of the pro-democracy movement that was flourishing elsewhere in Eastern
Europe. Zhivkov, 78, had ruled Bulgaria for a longer time than any other
Eastern European leader. He was regarded as a hard-line Communist and loyal
supporter of the Soviet Union. Zhivkov resigned at a meeting of the party's
Central Committee, which named Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov to succeed
him as the party's general secretary. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Czech Communist Leadership Replaced%@AE@% -- The tide of political reform sweeping%@EH@%
Eastern Europe engulfed Czechoslovakia in November. Unrest began to build,
%@AB@%Nov. 17,%@AE@% when police used clubs, tear gas, and dogs to break up a
demonstration by university students in Prague. More than 200,000 people
marched in Prague, %@AB@%Nov. 20,%@AE@% calling for free elections. Czech Premier
Ladislav Adamec met, %@AB@%Nov. 21,%@AE@% with playwright Vaclav Havel and other
dissidents who had just formed a new opposition group, Civic Forum. Havel,
addressing 150,000 afterward, said the regime had promised some reforms, but
Communist Party leader Milos Jakes said on television that evening, "There
are boundaries that should not be crossed." Alexander Dubcek, leader of the
short-lived reform movement of 1968 that was crushed by Soviet tanks, spoke
to pro-democracy crowds in Bratislava, %@AB@%Nov. 23,%@AE@% and Prague, %@AB@%Nov. 24.%@AE@% On %@AB@%Nov.
%@AB@%24,%@AE@% at an emergency meeting of the Communist Party Central Committee, Jakes
and the other 12 members of the policy-making Presidium (politburo)
resigned. Jakes, an opponent of reform, had been in power since 1987. A new
Presidium, including 6 holdovers, was named, with Karel Urbanek as general
secretary of the party. Havel, addressing 800,000 people in Prague, %@AB@%Nov. 25,%@AE@%
dismissed the personnel shifts as a trick. Millions of workers joined a
2-hour general strike, %@AB@%Nov. 27.%@AE@% Adamec opened power-sharing talks with Civic
Forum, %@AB@%Nov. 28.%@AE@% Parliament, %@AB@%Nov. 29,%@AE@% deleted from the Constitution a
provision guaranteeing the Communist Party the "leading role" in society. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Communist Leader of Romania Re-Elected%@AE@% -- Seemingly unaffected by turmoil%@EH@%
elsewhere in Eastern Europe, the Romanian Communist Party opened its 14th
Congress in Bucharest, %@AB@%Nov. 20.%@AE@% In a 5-hour keynote address, Pres. Nicolae
Ceausescu proclaimed the party to be the "vital center" of life in Romania.
Ceausescu, who had been in power since 1965, was unanimously re-elected
party secretary, %@AB@%Nov. 24.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Prime Minister Gandhi Resigns%@AE@% -- Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India%@EH@%
resigned after his Congress (I) Party did poorly in parliamentary elections.
His popularity had been declining for some time amid accusations that his
government was corrupt and inefficient. In elections to parliament, %@AB@%Nov.
%@AB@%22-26,%@AE@% his party lost more than half its seats. Opposition parties won more
than half the seats. Gandhi announced his resignation, %@AB@%Nov. 29,%@AE@% subject to
the selection of a new prime minister. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hungarians Vote on President%@AE@% -- In a national referendum, %@AB@%Nov. 26,%@AE@%%@EH@%
Hungarians voted in favor of letting their next parliament choose the
president of the country. Opposition groups had favored this approach,
rather than the direct election of the president. Parliamentary elections
would take place in 1990. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Conference Acts on Global Warming%@AE@% -- Representatives of 68 countries met in%@EH@%
the Netherlands to consider the threat posed by the warming of the
atmosphere--the so-called greenhouse effect. This was the first
ministerial-level meeting held on the problem. A compromise resolution,
adopted unanimously, %@AB@%Nov. 7,%@AE@% committed the signers to stabilizing levels of
carbon dioxide emissions by 2000. A stronger resolution that would have set
specific goals did not get a consensus, meeting resistance from the United
States and Japan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tornadoes Take 29 Lives%@AE@% -- Violent weather, including tornadoes, struck the%@EH@%
eastern United States in mid-November and claimed 29 lives. A tornado cut
through downtown Huntsville, Ala., %@AB@%Nov. 15,%@AE@% killing 18 people and injuring
500. Outside Newburgh, N.Y. on %@AB@%Nov. 16,%@AE@% a tornado struck the East Coldenham
Elementary School and knocked down a wall in the cafeteria. Nine students
were killed and 16 injured. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vitamin Pills Reduce Birth Defects%@AE@% -- The %@AI@%Journal of the American Medical%@EH@%
%@AI@%Association%@AE@% reported, %@AB@%Nov. 24,%@AE@% that women who take nonprescription
multivitamin pills early in pregnancy reduce the risk of having a baby with
certain neurological defects. These neural tube defects include anencephaly,
or the absence of nearly all the brain, and spina bifida, in which part of
the spinal cord protrudes from the spinal column. These defects may cause
death or paralysis, and affect 1 to 2 babies in every 1,000 born. Mothers
who took multivitamin pills containing folic acid during the first 6 weeks
of pregnancy had only one fourth as many babies with these defects as women
who did not take such pills. Some 23,000 women participated in the study. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- A typhoon that stuck Thailand in the first week of November%@EH@%
took at least 365 lives. . . .  A Colombian jetliner exploded in midair,
%@AB@%Nov. 27,%@AE@% shortly after it took off from Bogota, killing all 107 aboard. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%DECEMBER  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stocks Score Big Gains in 1989%@AE@% -- The value of stocks on the major exchanges%@EH@%
increased in 1989, even though economic data issued by the government
continued to show no consistent pattern. The Commerce Dept. said, %@AB@%Dec. 1,%@AE@%
that its leading economic indicators declined 0.4 percent in October. The
Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%Dec. 8,%@AE@% that the unemployment rate had edged upward to
5.3 percent in November. The department said, %@AB@%Dec. 15,%@AE@% that producer prices
fell 0.1 percent in November. On %@AB@%Dec. 15,%@AE@% the Commerce Dept. reported that
the U.S. merchandise trade deficit had jumped to $10.20 billion in October.
Consumer prices rose 0.4 percent in November, the Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%Dec.
%@AB@%19.%@AE@% The leading economic indicators edged upward 0.1 percent in November,
the Commerce Dept. said, %@AB@%Dec. 29.%@AE@% When the stock exchanges closed on %@AB@%Dec.
%@AB@%29,%@AE@% their last trading day of 1989, the Dow Jones industrial average stood
at 2753.20, up 27 percent for the year. Standard & Poor's index of 500
stocks was also up 27 percent for the year. The American Stock Exchange
index was up 23 percent, and the Nasdaq over-the-counter market composite
index posted a 19 percent gain for 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. Official Resigns S&L Position%@AE@% -- M. Danny Wall, head of the federal%@EH@%
Office of Thrift Supervision, resigned, %@AB@%Dec. 4.%@AE@% As the official in charge of
overseeing the thrift industry, Wall had been criticized by members of
Congress and other regulators for having overlooked signs that the Lincoln
Savings and Loan Association of Irvine, Calif. was in financial trouble. The
collapse of Lincoln and many other S&Ls was about to cost taxpayers many
billions of dollars. Wall said he was being made a "scapegoat for the entire
thrift crisis."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bombs Kill Judge, Lawyer%@AE@% -- Judge Robert Vance of the U.S. Court of Appeals%@EH@%
for the 11th Circuit was killed, %@AB@%Dec. 16,%@AE@% in his home in a suburb of
Birmingham, Ala., when he opened a package that contained a bomb. The
explosion of the pipe bomb killed him instantly. Recent rulings by the court
had angered white supremacists. In Savannah, Ga., %@AB@%Dec. 18,%@AE@% Robert Robinson,
a lawyer and alderman, was killed by a similar bomb, sent to his office.
Robinson, a black, had performed legal work for the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People. Two more bombs were seized at the federal
court building in Atlanta, %@AB@%Dec. 18,%@AE@% and at the Jacksonville, Fla., office of
the NAACP, %@AB@%Dec. 19,%@AE@% before they exploded. Federal investigators said, %@AB@%Dec.
%@AB@%19,%@AE@% that "hard forensic evidence" linked the 4 bombs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush, Gorbachev Hold First Summit%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush and Soviet Pres.%@EH@%
Mikhail Gorbachev held their first summit meeting in December. The shipboard
summit took place in Marsaxlokk Bay at the Mediterranean island republic of
Malta. Bush arrived in Valletta, the capital of Malta, %@AB@%Dec. 1,%@AE@% and met with
Maltese leaders before boarding the %@AI@%U.S.S. Belknap%@AE@% in the bay. A heavy
storm, %@AB@%Dec. 2,%@AE@% forced the 2 leaders to hold their talks aboard the large
Soviet cruise ship %@AI@%Maxim Gorky,%@AE@% rather than on a smaller cruiser. Bush
proposed that bilateral treaties on strategic arms and conventional arms in
Europe be completed during 1990. He offered to waive trade restrictions if
the Soviets liberalized their emigration laws. The Soviet leader made no
major proposals then or on the second day of their talks on the same ship,
%@AB@%Dec. 3.%@AE@% After their second meeting, the 2 leaders held a joint press
conference, another first for a superpower summit. They both seemed to agree
that the Cold War was virtually a thing of the past and that the world, in
Bush's words, was on the "threshold of a brand new era of U.S.-Soviet
relations." Meeting with NATO leaders in Brussels, %@AB@%Dec. 4,%@AE@% Bush reported on
the summit, pledged a continued U.S. military presence in Europe, and
discussed the question of German reunification. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East German Party Shaken Up Again%@AE@% -- December was another month of turmoil%@EH@%
for the ruling Socialist Unity (Communist) Party in East Germany. On %@AB@%Dec. 1,%@AE@%
parliament revoked a clause in the constitution guaranteeing the Communists
a "leading role" in society. On %@AB@%Dec. 2,%@AE@% a committee reported to parliament
that former party leader Erich Honecker and his associates had lived in
luxury while they ran the country, and the committee said it had evidence
that they had hidden $54 billion in Swiss bank accounts. These revelations
led, %@AB@%Dec. 3,%@AE@% to the resignation of the entire leadership of the party,
including General Secretary Egon Krenz, Premier Hans Modrow, the rest of the
Politburo, and the entire Central Committee. Krenz remained head of state
and Modrow head of government. Honecker and some former aides were put under
house arrest, %@AB@%Dec. 5.%@AE@% Krenz resigned as head of state, %@AB@%Dec. 6,%@AE@% and was
replaced by Manfred Gerlach, head of the small Liberal Democratic Party.
Honecker and former Premier Willi Stoph were among 6 former officials
charged, %@AB@%Dec. 8,%@AE@% with corruption and abuse of power. The party, %@AB@%Dec. 9,%@AE@%
elected Gregor Gysi, a lawyer, to succeed Krenz. In Leipzig, %@AB@%Dec. 11,%@AE@%
200,000 persons demonstrated for German reunification. U.S. Sec. of State
James Baker 3d delivered a speech in East Berlin, %@AB@%Dec. 12,%@AE@% and then met in
Potsdam with Modrow. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl met with Modrow,
%@AB@%Dec. 19.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Another Coup Fails in Philippines%@AE@% -- Rebel elements within the Philippines%@EH@%
army launched another coup attempt, the 6th during the presidency of Corazon
Aquino. Like its predecessors, the coup failed. Rebels attacked military
positions in suburban Manilla, %@AB@%Dec. 1,%@AE@% and planes dropped a few bombs. One
struck the presidential palace, but Aquino was unhurt. Responding to a
request from Aquino, Pres. George Bush authorized 2 U.S. F-4 jet fighters
from Clark Air Force Base to provide air support for the government. There
were no reports that the U.S. planes fired any shots. Vice Pres. Salvador
Laurel, %@AB@%Dec. 3,%@AE@% backed the coup attempt and urged Aquino to resign. Within a
few days, most rebels had surrendered to regular army troops, and the fall
of a key airport, %@AB@%Dec. 9,%@AE@% ended the uprising. The official casualty toll for
both sides was reported as 119 killed and 418 wounded. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pope and Gorbachev Meet%@AE@% -- In an historic first, %@AB@%Dec. 1,%@AE@% the leader of the%@EH@%
Soviet Union, Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, met with the head of the Roman
Catholic Church at the Vatican. Pope John Paul II endorsed Gorbachev's
reforms in the Soviet Union, and the 2 agreed to work toward establishing
diplomatic relations. In a statement, Gorbachev called the meeting
"extraordinary" and promised a law that would guarantee to Soviet citizens
the right to "satisfy their spiritual needs."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Indian Prime Minister Named%@AE@% -- Vishwanath Pratap Singh, a former%@EH@%
minister in the cabinet of outgoing Pres. Rajiv Gandhi, was chosen as leader
of the National Front coalition on %@AB@%Dec. 1,%@AE@% and on %@AB@%Dec. 2%@AE@% he was sworn in as
prime minister of India. Gandhi had announced that he would step down after
his Congress (I) Party did badly in the November elections. Singh's
coalition would include both right- and left-wing groups. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Communists Lose Grip on Czechoslovakia%@AE@% -- Communist domination of%@EH@%
Czechoslovakia ended in December. In the wake of November's massive
demonstrations, Premier Ladislav Adamec unveiled a new cabinet, %@AB@%Dec. 3,%@AE@% but
the opposition Civic Forum rejected it because 16 of the 21 positions were
still to be filled by Communists. Adamec resigned, %@AB@%Dec. 7,%@AE@% and Pres. Gustav
Husak named Marian Calfa to replace him. The new cabinet, announced %@AB@%Dec. 7,%@AE@%
had only 10 (of 21) Communists. In conversations with Civic Forum, %@AB@%Dec. 8,%@AE@%
the Communists agreed to relinquish power. Husak, who had run the country
for more than 20 years as Communist leader and president, resigned as
president, %@AB@%Dec. 10.%@AE@% A hard-liner, he had come to power after Russian tanks
crushed a reform movement in 1968. Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright, and
Alexander Dubcek, who had headed the 1968 reform movement, both declared
their candidacies for president. The Communist Party, %@AB@%Dec. 20,%@AE@% replaced
Karel Urbanek as its leader with Adamec. Parliament, %@AB@%Dec. 28,%@AE@% elected Dubcek
as its speaker and on %@AB@%Dec. 29,%@AE@% it elected Havel president without
opposition. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bombings Linked to Drug Cartel%@AE@% -- The government of Colombia said, %@AB@%Dec. 5,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that it believed that the destruction of an Avianca Airlines jetliner, %@AB@%Nov.
%@AB@%27,%@AE@% was caused by the explosion of a bomb. The death toll, possibly
including several persons on the ground struck by the falling wreckage, was
put at 110. More than 60 people were killed and more than 1,000 wounded when
a bomb exploded in front of the Dept. of Administrative Security in Bogota,
%@AB@%Dec. 6.%@AE@% The bomb contained half a ton of dynamite. Authorities believed both
bombings represented acts of terrorism by drug dealers who were defying
government efforts to eradicate their operations. On %@AB@%Dec. 15,%@AE@% some 300
commandos and soldiers attacked a ranch near Tolu, where they killed Jose
Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, the number two man in the Medellin drug cartel. His
son and 15 bodyguards were also killed. Rodriguez Gacha was one of those
believed responsible for acts of terrorism and the killing of several
prominent Colombians. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lithuania Looks Toward Independence%@AE@% -- The Baltic republic of Lithuania gave%@EH@%
strong signals of its eagerness to break free from the Soviet Union. The
Lithuanian parliament voted overwhelmingly, %@AB@%Dec. 7,%@AE@% to adopt a multiparty
political system, the first time any republic in the USSR had taken such a
step. The vote was to remove Article 6 of the republic's constitution
guaranteeing the Communist Party a monopoly on power. At the federal level,
at the opening of the Congress of People's Deputies, %@AB@%Dec. 12,%@AE@% in Moscow,
Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev averted a similar effort to debate the leading role
of the party in the Soviet Union. Among those opposing Gorbachev and calling
for a debate was Andrei Sakharov, the nuclear physicist and political
dissident. Sakharov, an admired figure around the world for his efforts in
behalf of human rights and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, died, %@AB@%Dec.
%@AB@%14.%@AE@% In another unprecedented move, the Lithuanian Communist Party declared
itself independent of the national party, %@AB@%Dec. 20.%@AE@% The party further
asserted that its goal was creation of an "independent democratic Lithuanian
state." Gorbachev, %@AB@%Dec. 26,%@AE@% called this action "illegitimate" and ruled out
secession by any of the nation's 15 republics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush Envoys Meet Chinese Leaders%@AE@% -- Two top Bush administration officials,%@EH@%
National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft and Deputy Sec. of State Lawrence
Eagleburger, met with Chinese party and government leaders in Beijing, %@AB@%Dec.
%@AB@%9%@AE@% and %@AB@%10.%@AE@% Although it was announced that the purpose of the meeting was for
the U.S. representatives to brief the Chinese on the Malta summit, it was
widely assumed that an attempt to improve relations between China and the
United States was the principal focus. The administration announced, %@AB@%Dec.
%@AB@%18,%@AE@% that Scowcroft and Eagleburger had also made a secret trip to China in
July, a month after the Chinese regime had brutally crushed a pro-democracy
demonstration in the capital. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Central American Leaders Sign Accord%@AE@% -- The presidents of Costa Rica, El%@EH@%
Salvador, Guatamala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, meeting in San Jose, Costa
Rica, %@AB@%Dec. 12,%@AE@% signed a new peace agreement for the Central American region.
The agreement declared that all support for the 10,000 rebels fighting
against the Nicaraguan regime should be channeled through an international
commission set up to disband the rebels. The accord included a strong
endorsement of the government of Pres. Alfredo Cristiani of El Salvador,
which was also under attack from a rebel force. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pinochet Era Ending in Chile%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%Dec. 14,%@AE@% Chile held its first%@EH@%
presidential election since 1970. The result was a victory for opposition
leader Patricio Aylwin, who received 55 percent of the vote. A more
conservative candidate, Hernan Buchi, got 29 percent of the vote. Buchi, a
former finance minister under Gen. Augusto Pinochet, was handicapped by his
identification with Pinochet's authoritarian rule. Pinochet had come to
power in a bloody coup in 1973, and the election results appeared to signal
the end of his domination of the country, although he would remain chief of
the armed forces. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. Invades Panama, Pursues Noriega%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush sent U.S. military%@EH@%
forces into Panama, and they engaged in a brief but bloody conflict with
troops supporting the Panamanian dictator, Gen. Manuel Noriega. Panama's
National Assembly of Representatives formally named Noriega head of
government on %@AB@%Dec. 15,%@AE@% and also proclaimed that Panama "is declared to be in
a state of war" with the United States. On %@AB@%Dec. 16,%@AE@% 4 off-duty U.S.
servicemen were confronted at a roadblock by civilians and troops, and when
they attempted to leave one was killed. U.S. troops stationed in Panama were
placed on a high alert, %@AB@%Dec. 17.%@AE@% Some 12,000 U.S. military personnel were
already in Panama, with the primary duty to safeguard the Panama Canal. On
%@AB@%Dec. 20,%@AE@% in the early morning hours, 12,000 more Army, Navy, Air Force, and
Marine troops landed. U.S. forces were divided into 5 task forces which
attacked selected targets. One seized the headquarters of the Panama Defense
Forces. Other targets included military and strategic locations in and
around Panama City. An alternative government, headed by Guillermo Endara as
president, was sworn in by a Panamanian judge at a U.S. military base.
Endara claimed he had won a presidential election in May, but Noriega had
annulled the vote. To protect shipping, U.S. troops closed the Panama Canal,
%@AB@%Dec. 20,%@AE@% but reopened it, %@AB@%Dec. 21.%@AE@% Announcing the invasion, %@AB@%Dec. 20,%@AE@% Bush
said he had the obligation to safeguard the lives of American citizens. Sec.
of State James Baker 3d said, %@AB@%Dec. 20,%@AE@% that Noriega reportedly had planned
to attack U.S. citizens in Panama. Most members of Congress supported the
invasion, but the Organization of American States deplored it, %@AB@%Dec. 22.%@AE@% The
U.S. Defense Department said, %@AB@%Dec. 23,%@AE@% that the secret radar-evading F-117A
Stealth bombers had been used in combat for the first time, and had dropped
2 bombs near a barracks. On %@AB@%Dec. 24,%@AE@% Noriega took refuge in the Vatican's
diplomatic mission in Panama City. When this news came, most remaining
resistance to the U.S. invasion collapsed. The mission had the right to
grant Noriega asylum, and negotiations began among U.S., Vatican, and
Panamanian diplomats as to his future. U.S. officials argued that because he
had been indicted in the United States for drug trafficking he was not
eligible for asylum. Casualty figures issued by U.S. military officials,
%@AB@%Dec. 27,%@AE@% were: 23 U.S. soldiers, 3 American civilians, 297 Panamanian
soldiers, and at least 400 Panamanian civilians killed; 322 U.S. soldiers, 1
American civilian, 123 Panamanian soldiers, and 2,000 Panamanian civilians
wounded or injured. The U.N. Security Council, %@AB@%Dec. 29,%@AE@% voted 75-20, with 39
abstentions, to "strongly deplore" the U.S. invasion. On %@AB@%Mar. 26,%@AE@% U.S.
officials confirmed it had lowered its tally of casualties suffered by
Panamanians. It said about 50 members of the Panama military had been
killed, and that the civilian death toll had been put at 202. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gen. Manuel Noreiga surrendered to U.S. authorities and agreed to give%@EH@%
himself up after being assured that he would not face the death penalty.
After leaving the mission, %@AB@%Jan. 3,%@AE@% Noriega was taken to a U.S. military base
in Panama City and arrested on drug-trafficking indictments by U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration agents. He was flown to Florida and arraigned,
%@AB@%Jan. 4,%@AE@% in federal district court in Miami. Noriega's lawyer refused to
enter a plea, contending he was a political prisoner, and the court entered
a plea of not guilty. Crowds in Panama City celebrated Noriega's capture.
The chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Colin Powell, said,
%@AB@%Jan. 5,%@AE@% that with Noriega in custody U.S. troops could be withdrawn from
Panama within a few weeks. Pres. George Bush, %@AB@%Jan. 25,%@AE@% announced his support
of a $1 billion package of cash, loans, and other types of aid to help
rebuild the devastated economy of Panama. U.S. District Judge William
Hoeveler, %@AB@%Jan. 26,%@AE@% ordered Noriega held without bail. U.S. Vice Pres. Dan
Quayle visited Panama, Honduras, and Jamaica, %@AB@%Jan. 27-29,%@AE@% to explain
administration policy on Latin America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Romanian Leader Overthrown, Executed%@AE@% -- Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania%@EH@%
was overthrown in a popular uprising, and he and his wife Elena were
executed. As first secretary of the Communist Party since 1965, Nicolae
Ceausescu had ruled Romania for nearly a quarter century. For months,
Romania had appeared untouched by the political unrest sweeping other
Communist nations in Eastern Europe. Then, on %@AB@%Dec. 15,%@AE@% in Timisoara, in
Transylvania, a crowd formed to protest the arrest and deportation of a
Protestant minister who had been advocating the rights of ethnic Hungarians
who lived in the region. The protest evolved into a pro-democracy
demonstration, %@AB@%Dec. 16,%@AE@% and Army and Securitate (internal-security) troops
moved in. A large number of citizens were shot to death, %@AB@%Dec. 17,%@AE@% during a
demonstration. Protests spread to 2 other cities, %@AB@%Dec. 19.%@AE@% Ceausescu
returned from an official visit to Iran, %@AB@%Dec. 20,%@AE@% denounced the
demonstrators, and then addressed a rally in Bucharest, %@AB@%Dec. 21.%@AE@% He was
jeered by many in the crowd, an unprecedented event considering how tightly
he held power. Securitate troops, known for their fierce loyalty to
Ceausescu, fired on the crowd, drove them elsewhere, and eventually killed
up to 40. On %@AB@%Dec. 22,%@AE@% as up to 150,000 persons massed to defy Securitate
forces, it was reported that the defense minister had committed suicide,
though it was later determined that he had been shot for refusing to order
the army to fire on the demonstrators. Military units joined the rebels.
Pres. Ceausescu and Elena, his chief deputy in the government, fled the
capital by helicopter. They landed and seized a car, but were in turn
captured by insurgents near Tirgoviste. On %@AB@%Dec. 25,%@AE@% after a brief trial by a
military tribunal on charges of genocide, abuse of power, and theft, they
were both shot at an undisclosed location. Meanwhile, on %@AB@%Dec. 22,%@AE@% a
coalition of former Communist officials, military officers, students, and
others formed a National Salvation Front to run the country. On %@AB@%Dec. 26,%@AE@% Ion
Iliescu, a former party official, was named interim president. By the end of
the month, the rebels were in control, but only after bloody fighting.
Reports of the number of people killed in the 2 weeks of upheaval varied
widely, but ran as high as tens of thousands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gunman in Montreal Kills 14 Women%@AE@% -- A man armed with a hunting rifle shot%@EH@%
14 women to death on the campus of the University of Montreal, %@AB@%Dec. 6.%@AE@% He
also wounded 13 others, mostly women, before killing himself. Six of the
women were killed in one classroom. Police, %@AB@%Dec. 7%@AE@% identified the gunman as
Marc Lepine, and said he had left a note in which he had said that women had
ruined his life. The rampage was the worst mass shooting ever in Canada. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Driver Who Caused 27 Deaths Convicted%@AE@% -- Larry Mahoney, the driver of a%@EH@%
pickup truck that collided with a church bus near Carrollton, Ky. in May
1988 was convicted of 27 counts of manslaughter, %@AB@%Dec. 21.%@AE@% Mahoney's lawyers
acknowledged that he had been drunk and driving in the wrong direction on an
interstate highway at the time of the crash, but blamed a faulty gas tank on
the bus for the fire that took the heavy toll of life, including 24 children
and 3 adults. Twelve other persons were burned in the crash. The defendant
was found not guilty of 27 counts of murder. On %@AB@%Feb. 23,%@AE@% Mahoney was
sentenced to 16 years in prison.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%JANUARY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Economic Growth Slowed in 1989%@AE@% -- Figures released in January showed that%@EH@%
the U.S. economy slowed down in 1989, compared with 1988. The Dow Jones
industrial average closed, %@AB@%Jan. 2,%@AE@% at 2810.15, an all-time high, before
beginning a month-long decline. The Labor Dept. said, %@AB@%Jan. 5,%@AE@% that the
unemployment rate had held steady in December at 5.3 percent. In the first
shift downward in 6 months, major banks, %@AB@%Jan. 8,%@AE@% lowered their prime lending
rate by 0.5 percent to 10 percent. The Labor Dept. said, %@AB@%Jan. 12,%@AE@% that for
all of 1989 producer prices had risen 4.8 percent, the highest annual
increase since a 7.1 jump in 1981. The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%Jan. 17,%@AE@%
that the merchandise trade deficit for November was $10.5 billion, the
largest for any month in 1989. Consumer prices rose 4.6 percent in 1989, the
highest rate since 1981, the Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%Jan. 18.%@AE@% The Commerce
Dept. said, %@AB@%Jan. 26,%@AE@% that the gross national product grew at 2.9 percent
(later revised to 3.0 percent) for 1989. Thus, economic growth had slowed
considerably from 1988, when it was 4.4 percent. The department said, %@AB@%Jan.
%@AB@%31,%@AE@% that the leading economic indicators had risen 0.8 percent in December. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marketing of Cigarette to Blacks Deplored%@AE@% -- Sec. of Health and Human%@EH@%
Services Louis Sullivan, %@AB@%Jan. 18,%@AE@% sharply criticized a plan to market a
cigarette to black Americans. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. planned to
test-market the new brand, %@AI@%Uptown,%@AE@% to blacks in Philadelphia. Sullivan,
speaking to medical students at the University of Pennsylvania, said, "At a
time when our people desperately need the message of health promotion,
%@AI@%Uptown's%@AE@% message is more disease, more suffering and more death. . . . "
Surveys had found that smoking was more common among blacks than whites.
Reynolds, %@AB@%Jan. 19,%@AE@% canceled its test of the brand, saying that "the unfair
and biased attention the brand had received" would invalidate the results of
the test. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington, D.C. Mayor Arrested%@AE@% -- City police and FBI agents, %@AB@%Jan. 18,%@AE@%%@EH@%
arrested Washington, D.C. Mayor Marion Barry on a drug charge. Rumors, which
Barry denied, had circulated for years that he used drugs. According to
reports, law enforcement officials utilized a former model and friend of
Barry's to lure him to the Vista International Hotel in downtown Washington.
There, according to the FBI, Barry bought a small amount of crack cocaine
from an undercover agent, put it in a pipe, and smoked it. This incident was
reportedly videotaped, and Barry was arrested. He was arraigned, %@AB@%Jan. 19,%@AE@% in
U.S. District Court on one charge of willfully possessing cocaine, a
misdemeanor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Agent Pleads Guilty in HUD Inquiry%@AE@% -- Marilyn Louise Harrell, a private%@EH@%
escrow agent, pleaded guilty in federal court in Baltimore, %@AB@%Jan. 29,%@AE@% to
embezzling $4.5 million that was to go to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and
Urban Development. She also admitted underreporting income on her tax return
for 1987. She had previously claimed that she had given much of the money to
charities and the poor, and had been nicknamed "Robin HUD." Prosecutors said
that Harrell had been "her own biggest charity." On %@AB@%June 22,%@AE@% Harrell was
sentenced to 46 months in prison and ordered to pay $600,000 in restitution.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush Budget Calls for No Tax Increases%@AE@% -- Adhering to his pledge while%@EH@%
running for president, George Bush submitted a budget for the 1991 fiscal
year to Congress, %@AB@%Jan. 29,%@AE@% that called for no increase in taxes. The $1.23
trillion budget included a small cut in real spending for defense--a 1.9
percent increase in outlays that was below the rate of inflation. Larger
cuts were proposed for some domestic programs, but not for environmental
programs, the war on drugs, and space projects. Overall, the budget adhered
to the deficit limitation of the Gramm-Rudman law, but the Congressional
Budget Office and some economists said the deficit projections were based on
economic forecasts that were far too optimistic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Toll High in Sudanese Massacre%@AE@% -- A rebel radio in Sudan reported, %@AB@%Jan. 4,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that a pro-government Arab militia had killed 2,000 black villagers at the
end of December. Reportedly, 2 members of the Shilok tribe killed their
Moslem employer in a dispute, and local militiamen armed with machine guns
then destroyed the entire village. Western diplomats and relief officials
put the death toll at 300 to 1,500. The Moslem central government was in a
sustained war against black Christians and animists. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Romanian Leadership Assailed%@AE@% -- The National Salvation Front, the new%@EH@%
leadership group in Romania, became a target of much criticism. By %@AB@%Jan. 5,%@AE@% a
deadline set by the government, many parties had declared their intention to
run candidates in elections scheduled for April. During a visit to Romania,
%@AB@%Jan. 6,%@AE@% Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze said Moscow would
support any form of political system that emerged. Thousands of Romanians
demonstrated nationwide, %@AB@%Jan. 7,%@AE@% protesting the prominence of ex-Communists
in the provisional regime. A large crowd gathered in Bucharest, %@AB@%Jan. 12,%@AE@% to
protest the perceived influence of Communists in the leadership. Ion
Iliescu, chairman of the front and interim president, managed to calm the
crowd somewhat by announcing that the Communist Party had been outlawed.
However, the government then lifted the ban on the party, %@AB@%Jan. 17,%@AE@% and
canceled a referendum that was to decide its fate. Facing growing public
unrest, the government, %@AB@%Jan. 24,%@AE@% outlawed unauthorized demonstrations. Vice
Pres. Dumitru Mazilu resigned, %@AB@%Jan. 26,%@AE@% and accused the regime of using
"Stalinist practices." A judge investigating the violence in Timisoara in
December said, %@AB@%Jan. 29,%@AE@% that only 95 civilian deaths had been verified,
against earlier reports that there had been thousands of victims. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Soldiers Held in Killing of Priests%@AE@% -- Pres. Alfredo Cristiani of El%@EH@%
Salvador said, %@AB@%Jan. 7,%@AE@% that the military had been involved in the murder of
6 Jesuit priests and 2 other people in San Salvador in November. The Jesuits
had criticized human rights abuses by the government and had supported a
negotiated settlement of the civil war with leftist guerrillas. Cristiani
announced, %@AB@%Jan. 13,%@AE@% that a colonel, 2 lieutenants, and 5 other soldiers had
been arrested in the killings. The 8 soldiers plus a 9th still being sought
were indicted, %@AB@%Jan. 19.%@AE@% The soldiers in custody pleaded not guilty. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Germans Sack Police HQ%@AE@% -- An official of the East German government%@EH@%
disclosed, %@AB@%Jan. 8,%@AE@% that 60,000 (of an original 85,000) secret-police
personnel were still on the government payroll despite a promise in December
that they would be disbanded. A party in the ruling coalition confirmed,
%@AB@%Jan. 10,%@AE@% that the government was forming a new secret security agency.
Premier Hans Modrow said, %@AB@%Jan. 12,%@AE@% that no new security force would be
formed before national elections, and admitted that secret police had
continued to spy on the political opposition. On %@AB@%Jan. 15,%@AE@% 100,000 persons
gathered outside the East German headquarters of the state security service,
and the peaceful rally soon turned violent. Many in the crowd stormed the
headquarters, generally tore up the interior and destroyed or threw out
thousands of documents. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, after
meeting with Modrow, %@AB@%Jan. 30,%@AE@% indicated that German reunification was to be
expected, adding "No one casts any doubt upon it."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Crises in Soviet Republics Continue%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%Jan. 9,%@AE@% the parliament of the%@EH@%
republic of Armenia voted to integrate the economy of the region of
Nagorno-Karabakh into the economy of Armenia. The region, occupied
predominantly by Armenians, lay within Azerbaijan. After the presidium of
the national Supreme Soviet declared that step unconstitutional, Armenia's
parliament, %@AB@%Jan. 11,%@AE@% asserted Armenia's right to override national laws that
affected the republic. Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev arrived in Lithuania,
%@AB@%Jan. 11,%@AE@% in an attempt to persuade the Lithuanian Communist Party to rescind
its break with the national party. Some 250,000 persons demonstrated, %@AB@%Jan.
%@AB@%11,%@AE@% in Vilnius, the capital of the republic, on behalf of independence. In a
walk through the streets of the city, Gorbachev denounced independence as a
dead end and said the Soviet Union could not afford to lose its Baltic
ports. Before leaving Lithuania, %@AB@%Jan. 13,%@AE@% Gorbachev expressed a willingness
to accept a multiparty system in the USSR. In Baku, the capital of
Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani youths, %@AB@%Jan. 13,%@AE@% went on a rampage through the
Armenian section of town, and some 30 people, mostly Armenians, were
reported killed. With guerrillas fighting elsewhere in the 2 republics in
what had virtually become an ethnic civil war, the Soviet government sent
troops into the area, %@AB@%Jan. 15.%@AE@% The Azerbaijanis resisted, destroying or
blockading bridges, roads, and rail lines. Some troops were killed. Soviet
troops led by tanks forced their way into central Baku, %@AB@%Jan. 20.%@AE@% The
Azerbaijani parliament, %@AB@%Jan. 22,%@AE@% threatened to secede from the Soviet Union.
By %@AB@%Jan. 23,%@AE@% the death toll in the fighting stood at 93. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martial Law Ended in Beijing%@AE@% -- Premier Li Peng of China announced, %@AB@%Jan. 10,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that martial law would be lifted in Beijing. In a televised speech, he said
that order had been restored and "a great victory has been won in checking
the turmoil and quelling the counterrevolutionary rebellion." The end of
martial law, which took effect, %@AB@%Jan. 11,%@AE@% had little practical effect because
other laws introduced since the June 1989 protests had curtailed
unauthorized political activity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bulgaria Ends Communist Monopoly%@AE@% -- The Bulgarian National Assembly, though%@EH@%
controlled by Communists, voted unanimously, %@AB@%Jan. 15,%@AE@% to repeal paragraphs
in the constitution guaranteeing a dominant role for the Communist Party. It
was reported, %@AB@%Jan. 18,%@AE@% that Todor Zhivkov, the former Communist Party
leader, had been put under house arrest on charges of malfeasance in office
and misuse of government property and money. It was announced, %@AB@%Jan. 29,%@AE@% that
he had been transferred to a prison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Polish Communists Form New Party%@AE@% -- A congress of the United Workers'%@EH@%
(Communist) Party opened in Warsaw, %@AB@%Jan. 27.%@AE@% Some 1,600 delegates attended.
On %@AB@%Jan. 29,%@AE@% the party voted overwhelmingly to disband and create at once a
new Social Democracy Party. But some former Communist Party members bolted
and formed yet another new group, the Social Democratic Union. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush Proposes Troop Cuts in Europe%@AE@% -- In his State of the Union address,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Jan. 31,%@AE@% Pres. George Bush proposed a ceiling of 225,000 on the number of
U.S. and Soviet troops that could be deployed in Europe. Under his plan, no
more than 195,000 could be deployed by each side in the central zone of
Europe. At present, the United States had 300,000 troops in Europe and the
Soviet Union 565,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Suicide Adds Bizarre Turn to Murder Case%@AE@% -- A murder case in Boston that had%@EH@%
gained nationwide attention took an unexpected turn, %@AB@%Jan. 4,%@AE@% when the
husband of the murder victim leaped to his death from a bridge in Boston
harbor. The man, Charles Stuart, had learned that he had become the prime
suspect in the case. In October 1989, Stuart had called from a phone in his
car to report that his pregnant wife, Carol, had been shot and that he had
been shot. The tapes of his pleas for help had been played on radio and
television and had engendered widespread sympathy. Charles Stuart recovered
from a serious wound but Carol Stuart died at the hospital. Her baby,
delivered prematurely, also died. Stuart said a black man was their
assailant. The Stuarts were white. On %@AB@%Jan. 3,%@AE@% Charles Stuart's brother
Matthew told investigators that he had driven to the neighborhood where the
shooting occurred and that Charles had given him his wife's bag and a gun,
which Matthew threw into the Pines River. Matthew said he had decided to
come forward after his brother had identified a black man in a police
line-up as resembling the gunman. Based on Matthew's information, police
divers recovered both the handbag and a .38 caliber revolver from the river.
It was reported that Charles Stuart had taken out large insurance policies
on his wife. Some black leaders objected to the intensity with which police
had conducted investigations in black neighborhoods when it was believed
that a black was the culprit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Long Child Abuse Trial Ends%@AE@% -- Peggy McMartin Buckey and her son, Raymond%@EH@%
Buckey, were found not guilty on 52 counts of child molestation and
conspiracy in Los Angeles, %@AB@%Jan. 18.%@AE@% The jury was deadlocked on one remaining
count against Mrs. Buckey and on 13 counts against her son. The trial was
the longest and costliest in U.S. history. It lasted 33 months, filled
60,000 pages of transcript, and cost the state of California about $15
million. Based on accounts by young children, 7 people had originally been
indicted on child molestation charges--incidents that had allegedly occurred
at the McMartin Pre-School in Manhattan Beach. Charges against the other 5
defendants had been dropped for insufficient evidence. Raymond Buckey had
spent 5 years in jail and his mother 22 months in jail. Some jurors who were
interviewed after the verdict said they had reservations about the technique
used to interview children who may have been molested, especially the
practice of asking them leading questions. The remaining count against Mrs.
Buckey was dismissed. A mistrial was declared on the remaining counts
against Raymond Buckey. He was then retried on 8 of the counts, but on %@AB@%July
%@AB@%27,%@AE@% the jury declared that it was deadlocked on all charges. On %@AB@%Aug. 1,%@AE@%
Superior Court Judge Stanley Weisberg dismissed all charges against Buckey. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Value of Oat Bran Questioned%@AE@% -- Researchers from Harvard University reported%@EH@%
in the %@AB@%Jan. 18%@AE@% %@AI@%New England Journal of Medicine%@AE@% that a study they had
conducted failed to show that oat bran had any special ability to lower
blood serum cholesterol levels. Based on the study of 20 adults, the
researchers concluded that bran or any other starchy carbohydrate was
beneficial primarily because people who ate it tended to eat less high-fat
food. The oat bran fad had caught on after a previous study had shown that
it lowered cholesterol. Manufacturers of oat bran products said the Harvard
study was too small to be accepted. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jet Crash on Long Island Kills 73%@AE@% -- A Colombian jetliner apparently ran out%@EH@%
of fuel over Long Island in New York, %@AB@%Jan. 25,%@AE@% and crashed into a wooded
area in the community of Cove Neck. Of the 161 persons aboard, 73 were
killed and dozens of the rest were injured. The plane, en route from Bogota
via Medellin, Colombia, was to have landed at Kennedy International Airport.
The landing was delayed more than an hour because of bad weather. The pilot
had told controllers about 50 minutes before the crash that he needed a
priority landing because of low fuel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- A passenger train crashed into a stopped freight train in a%@EH@%
station in Sangi, Pakistan, %@AB@%Jan. 4,%@AE@% causing the death of 307 people and
injury to 700 others. . . .  About 100 people were killed, %@AB@%Jan. 14,%@AE@% when a
ferry collided with another vessel in a river near Dhaka, Bangladesh.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%FEBRUARY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reagan Testifies in Iran-Contra Trial%@AE@% -- Former Pres. Ronald Reagan provided%@EH@%
videotaped testimony for use in the trial of Adm. John Poindexter (ret.),
his former national security adviser. Albert Hakim, who had pleaded guilty
in November in one of the previous trials in the Iran-Contra case, was
sentenced, %@AB@%Feb. 1,%@AE@% to 2-years' probation and fined $5,000. He had illegally
supplemented the salary of former National Security Council staff member
Oliver North. Poindexter's attorneys had asked Reagan to provide excerpts
from his diaries, and Judge Harold Greene had directed Reagan to do so, but
the former president declined, %@AB@%Feb. 5,%@AE@% asserting, in the words of his
attorneys, a claim "to the constitutionally protected privacy of his
diaries." Greene, %@AB@%Feb. 5,%@AE@% ordered Reagan to give videotaped testimony,
agreeing with Poindexter that he possessed evidence unavailable from any
other source. Reagan, %@AB@%Feb. 9,%@AE@% agreed to comply. In a closed Los Angeles
courtroom, %@AB@%Feb. 16%@AE@% and %@AB@%17,%@AE@% Reagan provided 8 hours of testimony. A
transcript was made public, %@AB@%Feb. 22.%@AE@% Reagan testified that he had
authorized, in general, the policies of selling arms to Iran and aiding the
Nicaraguan contras. But he said he had repeatedly told subordinates to obey
the law, and he said he had not known that North had been coordinating
supply missions for the contras and otherwise assisting the contras at a
time when Congress had banned U.S. support for them. Reagan often testified
that he was unable to remember key meetings or conversations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Special Prosecutor Asked in HUD Case%@AE@% -- U.S. Attorney Gen. Richard%@EH@%
Thornburgh recommended, %@AB@%Feb. 1,%@AE@% that a special prosecutor, or independent
counsel, be appointed to investigate Samuel Pierce, Jr. and other former
high officials in the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. In compliance
with procedures established by law, Thornburgh made his recommendations to a
special 3-judge panel. He said the prosecutor would investigate charges that
Pierce, a former secretary of HUD, and other officials had awarded grants to
developers backed by well-known Republicans. The 3-judge panel, %@AB@%Mar. 2,%@AE@%
named Arlin Adams, a retired federal judge from Philadelphia, as special
prosecutor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989 Trade Gap Lowest in 5 Years%@AE@% -- The Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%Feb. 2,%@AE@% that%@EH@%
the unemployment rate fell to 5.2 percent in January. The department
reported, %@AB@%Feb. 9,%@AE@% that producer prices for finished goods had risen 1.8
percent in January, the largest monthly increase since November 1974. The
sharp rise was primarily the result of a jump in heating oil prices during
very cold weather. The Commerce Dept. said, %@AB@%Feb. 16,%@AE@% that the merchandise
trade deficit, which stood at $108.58 billion for all of 1989, was the
lowest since 1984. Exports rose 13 percent in 1989, imports only 7.3
percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%ABA Supports Right to Abortion%@AE@% -- At its meeting in Los Angeles, %@AB@%Feb. 13,%@AE@%%@EH@%
the American Bar Assn. declared its support for a constitutional right to
abortion. The vote by the ABA's house of delegates was 238-106. The
resolution opposed legislation or other governmental action "that interferes
with the confidential relationship between a pregnant woman and her
physician or with the decision to terminate the pregnancy at any time before
the fetus is capable of independent life."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington, D.C. Mayor Indicted%@AE@% -- Mayor Marion Barry Jr. of Washington,%@EH@%
D.C., who had been arrested in January, was indicted, %@AB@%Feb. 15,%@AE@% by a federal
grand jury on 5 counts of cocaine possession and 3 counts of perjury. The
perjury counts related to testimony he had given to a grand jury in January
1989. Barry, meanwhile, had entered an alcohol treatment program in Florida.
He had denied having a drug problem, and called the indictments "a
continuation of the political lynching and excesses of the Justice
Department."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reunified Germany Is Nearer to Reality%@AE@% -- Addressing a press conference in%@EH@%
East Berlin, %@AB@%Feb. 1,%@AE@% East German Premier Hans Modrow outlined a plan for
reunifying East and West Germany. He described an approach for integrating
economic and governmental institutions into a country that would become
militarily neutral. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl said, %@AB@%Feb. 1,%@AE@% he
would not begin any negotiations until after East German elections in March.
After meeting with Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, %@AB@%Feb. 10,%@AE@% Kohl
said that the Soviet leaders supported "the right of the German people
alone" to choose their form of relationship. Meeting in Bonn, %@AB@%Feb. 13,%@AE@% Kohl
and Modrow agreed to talks on uniting their 2 monetary systems under the
West German deutsche mark. At a first-ever meeting of foreign ministers of
NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, in Ottawa, %@AB@%Feb. 13,%@AE@% a formula for
reunification talks was established. The 2 Germanys would discuss internal
and domestic issues relating to reunification. External issues, such as
"security of the neighboring states," would be expanded to include the "Big
4" allies of World War II: the U.S., USSR, Great Britain, and France. In
another tentative breakthrough at Ottawa, the Soviets agreed to limit their
troops in Europe to 195,000 and to a larger limit--225,000--for U.S. troops
in Europe. Kohl met with Pres. George Bush, %@AB@%Feb. 24%@AE@% and %@AB@%25.%@AE@% At a press
conference, %@AB@%Feb. 25,%@AE@% they endorsed the concept of a united Germany within
NATO. Bush said that the United States formally recognized the current
German-Polish border. Some Poles were concerned that a united Germany might
want to regain territory ceded to Poland after World War II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bulgarian Communists Elect New Leader%@AE@% -- Alexander Lilov became chairman of%@EH@%
the Communist Party in Bulgaria, and the party, %@AB@%Feb. 1,%@AE@% ratified a manifesto
that endorsed democratic ideals but kept its Marxist-Leninist ideology.
Premier Georgi Atanasov and his cabinet resigned, %@AB@%Feb. 1.%@AE@% Lilov, elected
%@AB@%Feb. 2,%@AE@% to succeed Petar Mladenov, was seen as a compromise candidate, who
was not identified with the ousted hard-line regime of Todor Zhivkov, and
who could better lead the party in upcoming elections. Parliament, %@AB@%Feb. 3,%@AE@%
confirmed Andrei Lukanov as premier. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Opposition Gains Ground in Romania%@AE@% -- The National Salvation Front agreed,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Feb. 1,%@AE@% to a power-sharing arrangement prior to elections in Romania. It was
agreed that the interim legislative body would be increased in size and
would include representatives of 30 registered political parties. On %@AB@%Feb. 2,%@AE@%
a military court convicted 4 former top aides to the deposed Pres. Nicolae
Ceasescu of complicity to commit genocide. The defendants included Emil
Bobu, 3d-ranking figure in the government. The men were sentenced to life
imprisonment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%South Africa Frees Mandela%@AE@% -- South African Pres. F. W. de Klerk announced,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Feb. 2,%@AE@% that black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela, who had been in prison
for treason for 27 years, would soon be freed. In a surprising speech, de
Klerk also said his government was lifting its ban on the African National
Congress, the principal black organization opposing white minority rule. He
also announced legalization of the South African Communist Party and the
Pan-African Congress, and the lifting of restrictions on 33 groups and 374
individuals. He said news censorship would end, executions would be
suspended, nonviolent political prisoners would be freed, and power-sharing
talks with black leaders were on the horizon. Mandela, 71, was released from
prison, %@AB@%Feb. 11.%@AE@% His release was hailed around the world. In his first
speech, in Cape Town, %@AB@%Feb. 11,%@AE@% he urged that pressure be kept on the white
government until the apartheid system of racial segregation was destroyed.
More than 100,000 people welcomed him home to Soweto, %@AB@%Feb. 13.%@AE@% Up to 20,000
conservative whites protested in Pretoria, %@AB@%Feb. 15,%@AE@% against the legalization
of ANC and the freeing of Mandela. In his first trip outside of South Africa
since being released, Mandela went to Zambia, %@AB@%Feb. 27,%@AE@% to meet with ANC
leaders. He was greeted by official delegations from many countries. Meeting
with Pres. George Bush in Washington, D.C., %@AB@%Feb. 28,%@AE@% Zulu Chief Mangosuthu
Gatsha Buthelezi called on the president to lift economic sanctions against
South Africa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Noriega Ordered to Stand Trial%@AE@% -- The U.S. Justice Dept. announced, %@AB@%Feb. 2,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that the government would treat ousted Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega
and one of his co-defendants as prisoners of war. The department noted,
however, that the Geneva Convention provides that "prisoners of war may be
prosecuted in the civilian courts of the detaining country." Congress, %@AB@%Feb.
%@AB@%7,%@AE@% approved $42 million in emergency aid to Panama and lifted economic
sanctions against Panama. U.S. District Court Judge William Hoeveler ruled,
%@AB@%Feb. 8,%@AE@% that Noriega must stand trial in Miami on drug-trafficking charges. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Multiparty System in Sight in USSR%@AE@% -- The Central Committee of the Communist%@EH@%
Party of the Soviet Union voted to end the party's monopoly on power, as
guaranteed in the constitution. In Moscow, %@AB@%Feb. 4,%@AE@% 100,000 persons
demonstrated on behalf of democracy. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, who favored
the constitutional change, told the Central Committee, %@AB@%Feb. 3,%@AE@% that "We
should abandon the ideological dogmatism that became ingrained during the
past decades." Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov said, %@AB@%Feb. 6,%@AE@% that a multiparty
system, in effect, already existed. Conservatives on the committee warned
that any moves toward a multiparty system or free enterprise could lead to
the disintegration of the Soviet Union. But the Central Committee endorsed
Gorbachev's proposal, %@AB@%Feb. 7.%@AE@% Parliament and the standing legislature would
still have to act. The KGB said, %@AB@%Feb. 13,%@AE@% that 786,098 persons had been shot
to death as enemies of the state during the rule of Joseph Stalin.
Tadzhikistan, in central Asia, became the latest Soviet republic to
experience ethnic violence. On %@AB@%Feb. 15,%@AE@% after 18 people had been killed in
rioting, party and governmental leaders there resigned. In multiparty
elections to the Supreme Soviet (parliament) of Lithuania, %@AB@%Feb. 24,%@AE@%
candidates favoring independence ran very well. Runoff elections would
determine the final outcome. Hundreds of thousands of pro-democracy
demonstrators turned out in more than 30 cities in the Soviet Union, %@AB@%Feb.
%@AB@%25.%@AE@% The Supreme Soviet, the standing Parliament, gave its approval, %@AB@%Feb. 27,%@AE@%
to Gorbachev's proposal for a popularly elected president having broad
executive powers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush at Drug Summit in Colombia%@AE@% -- The presidents of Bolivia, Colombia,%@EH@%
Peru, and the United States signed an accord in Cartagena, Colombia, %@AB@%Feb.
%@AB@%15,%@AE@% to work together in the fight against illegal drug traffic. Most coca
grown for the production of cocaine is found in Bolivia and Peru, and
three-fourths of the world's cocaine supply is produced in Colombia. The
presidents agreed to the need for encouraging trade and investment in the 3
South American countries. The presidents also recognized that reducing
demand (in the U.S.) was as important as reducing supply. The meeting was
held under tight security. Pres. George Bush had come under some pressure
not to attend because of the danger of violence from the drug traffickers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Japan's Ruling Party Wins Election%@AE@% -- The Liberal Democratic Party won a%@EH@%
clear-cut victory, %@AB@%Feb. 18,%@AE@% in elections to the lower house of the Diet, the
parliament of Japan. The long rule of the Liberal Democrats had appeared
threatened by the Recruit Co. scandal, in which the conglomerate had given
millions of dollars in cash and stocks to leading political figures.
However, the party lost only a few seats and held a majority in the lower
house. The Socialist Party, the principal opposition, gained ground, but
mostly at the expense of smaller parties. The results seemed to strengthen
the position of Premier Toshiki Kaifu. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Czech President Addresses Congress%@AE@% -- Czechoslovak Pres. Vaclav Havel began%@EH@%
a trip to North America, %@AB@%Feb. 18,%@AE@% in Ottawa, where he conferred with
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. On his arrival in Washington, D.C.,
%@AB@%Feb. 20,%@AE@% he became the first head of state of his country to visit the
United States. Havel, a leader of the nearly bloodless revolution that had
ended Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, received an enthusiastic
reception during an address to Congress, %@AB@%Feb. 21.%@AE@% He said he saw the rise of
democracy in the Soviet bloc as a "historically irreversible process" and he
foresaw "an era in which all of us, large and small, former slaves and
former masters, will be able to create what your great President Lincoln
called the 'family of man.'"%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sandinistas Lose Nicaraguan Election%@AE@% -- The Sandinista National Liberation%@EH@%
Front (FSLN), which had held power for 10 years in Nicaragua, was defeated
in national elections, %@AB@%Feb. 25.%@AE@% Pres. Daniel Ortega lost, 55 percent to 41
percent, to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of the National Opposition Union
(UNO), and the UNO also won more seats in the National Assembly. Chamorro
belonged to no party, and the UNO was a loose coalition. The assassination
of her husband, an editor, in 1978, helped provoke the overthrow of the
Somoza dictatorship by the Sandinistas, whom Mrs. Chamorro initially
supported and then abandoned with their shift toward Marxist thinking.
Dissatisfaction with the economy was regarded as the prime factor in the
defeat of the Sandinistas. The election was monitored by some 2,000 foreign
observers. Ortega conceded defeat, %@AB@%Feb. 26.%@AE@% However, he said, %@AB@%Feb. 27,%@AE@% that
the contra rebels would have to demobilize before the Sandinistas yielded
control of the army and the police. Chamorro, %@AB@%Feb. 27,%@AE@% called on the contras
to disband to help speed the transfer of power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Securities Firm Files for Bankruptcy%@AE@% -- Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc.,%@EH@%
which made financial history on Wall Street in the 1980s, filed for Chapter
11 bankruptcy, %@AB@%Feb. 13.%@AE@% The firm had become highly profitable for a time
through the utilization of so-called junk bonds, securities that paid high
interest rates and had high risk. The use of these bonds facilitated the
corporate takeover boom of the 1980s. Michael Milken, the firm's leading
junk-bond trader, orchestrated many takeovers. Drexel's slide began after it
agreed in 1988 to pay the government $650 million to settle insider-trading
charges; Milken was indicted in 1989 on a variety of charges. Drexel was
hurt further by the decline in the market value of junk bonds. Company
officials said that the bankruptcy filing would lead to the liquidation of
Drexel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%FDA Approves Fat Substitute%@AE@% -- For the first time, %@AB@%Feb. 22,%@AE@% the U.S. Food%@EH@%
and Drug Administration approved a low-calorie substitute for fat.
Nutrasweet Company had developed the substance, Simplesse, a blend of
proteins from egg white and milk. The FDA said Simplesse was safe for use in
frozen dessert products, and the company said it could be used in other
foods having a high fat content. Other food manufacturers were reported
working on fat substitutes in response to concerns about nutrition. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- An Indian Airlines passenger jet crashed, %@AB@%Feb. 14,%@AE@% while%@EH@%
preparing to land at Bangalore, killing 91 of the 146 persons aboard.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%MARCH %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Economic Indicators Show No Trend%@AE@% -- The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%Mar. 2,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that the leading economic indicators were unchanged in January. The Labor
Dept. reported, %@AB@%Mar. 9,%@AE@% that unemployment stood at 5.3 percent in February.
The department said, %@AB@%Mar. 16,%@AE@% that the index of producer prices for
unfinished goods was unchanged in February. The department reported, %@AB@%Mar.
%@AB@%20,%@AE@% that consumer prices had jumped 0.5 percent in February, following an
even sharper 1.1 percent runup in January. A record rise in oil imports
caused the merchandise trade deficit to grow to $9.25 billion in January,
the Commerce Dept. announced, %@AB@%Mar. 20.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%North, Meese Testify in Poindexter Trial%@AE@% -- The trial of John Poindexter,%@EH@%
former national security adviser for Pres. Ronald Reagan, got under way in
federal district court in Washington, D.C. Poindexter was charged with
obstructing Congress and making false statements to Congress in connection
with its investigation of the Iran-contra affair. Oliver North, a former
aide to Poindexter who had been convicted on Iran-contra charges, was called
as a witness for the prosecution. North sought to resist implicating
Poindexter in a coverup, and said, %@AB@%Mar. 9,%@AE@% "No one told me to lie to
Congress." He admitted, %@AB@%Mar. 12,%@AE@% that he had seen Poindexter destroy an
order signed by Reagan authorizing U.S. participation in arms sales to Iran.
Judge Harold Greene ruled, %@AB@%Mar. 21,%@AE@% that Reagan would not be required to
provide his presidential diaries to Poindexter's defense. Former Attorney
Gen. Edwin Meese 3d, who had led a Justice Dept. investigation of the Iran
arms sales, testified for the defense, %@AB@%Mar. 22,%@AE@% that Poindexter had not
tried to conceal details of the arms scandal from Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%%@AI@%Exxon Valdez%@AE@% Captain Guilty of Negligence%@AE@% -- Joseph Hazelwood, who was%@EH@%
captain of the oil tanker %@AI@%Exxon Valdez%@AE@% on Mar. 24, 1989, when it dumped
nearly 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound in Alaska, was
found guilty of negligent discharge of oil in a state court in Anchorage,%@AB@%
%@AB@%Mar. 22.%@AE@% He was acquitted of criminal mischief and 2 other charges. The
spill contaminated more than 1,000 miles of coastline and claimed a heavy
toll of wildlife. Hazelwood,%@AB@% Mar. 23,%@AE@% was sentenced to serve 1,000 hours of
community service and ordered to make a "token restitution" of $50,000 over
time. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Idaho Anti-Abortion Bill Vetoed%@AE@% -- Gov. Cecil Andrus of Idaho vetoed, %@AB@%Mar.%@EH@%
%@AB@%30,%@AE@% a bill that would have banned most abortions. Under its provisions, an
abortion in the case of rape would have been allowed only if the rape was
reported within 7 days, and abortion in the case of incest would be allowed
only if the victim was under 18. Andrus complained that anti-abortion
activists had designed the bill for "the sole purpose of getting this issue
back before the Supreme Court."Andrus said he had not been influenced by
threats by abortion-rights groups to boycott Idaho potatoes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Unrest Grows in South Africa%@AE@% -- In the month after black nationalist leader%@EH@%
Nelson Mandela was freed from prison, unrest among blacks in South Africa
increased. On %@AB@%Mar. 2,%@AE@% at a meeting in Zambia, the executive committee of the
African National Congress named Mandela the ANC's deputy president. Because
Pres. Oliver Tambo was ill, Mandela in effect became the ANC leader. Mandela
traveled to Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Ethiopia, where he received enthusiastic
welcomes, then met with Tambo in Sweden, %@AB@%Mar. 12,%@AE@% their first visit in 28
years. Meanwhile, tensions overflowed in several of the black "homelands"
created by the minority white government of South Africa. These 10 tribal
homelands were to become self-governing, but only 4 had been formally
established. Black nationalists believed to be sympathetic to the ANC
overthrew the president of one homeland, Ciskei, %@AB@%Mar. 4.%@AE@% After looting and
arson became widespread, and 27 people were killed, South Africa sent
soldiers and police into Ciskei, %@AB@%Mar. 5.%@AE@% By %@AB@%Mar. 6,%@AE@% protests had spread to 4
other homelands, led by pro-ANC activists, who, in turn, clashed with
security forces in the homelands. In Bophuthatswana, %@AB@%Mar. 7,%@AE@% seven people
were killed and 450 persons injured when local police opened fire on a crowd
of 50,000 that had marched on a government office. On %@AB@%Mar. 26,%@AE@% in the black
township of Sebokeng, 11 people were killed and hundreds wounded when police
fired on a large crowd of demonstrators. In Natal Province, %@AB@%Mar. 27%@AE@% and %@AB@%28,%@AE@%
fighting among black factions resulted in 25 fatalities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mystery Fire Strikes Libyan Plant%@AE@% -- The United States said, %@AB@%Mar. 6%@AE@% and %@AB@%7,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that poison gas was being produced at a plant at Rabta, Libya, about 50
miles southwest of Tripoli. White House spokesman Marlin Fitzwater said,
%@AB@%Mar. 7,%@AE@% that evidence indicated that the plant was producing chemical
weapons and called on the "international community" to "step up its efforts
to deny Libya the ability to continue operating the plant." Libya claimed
the plant was a pharmaceutical factory. A fire broke out at the plant, %@AB@%Mar.
%@AB@%14,%@AE@% and Pres. George Bush denied "absolutely" that the United States was
responsible. Libyan and U.S. officials said, %@AB@%Mar. 15,%@AE@% that the plant had
been damaged extensively and would be out of operation indefinitely. Libya's
official news agency said at least 2 persons had been killed in the fire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Britons Protest New Poll Tax%@AE@% -- A new community charge, or poll tax, stirred%@EH@%
protests across Great Britain. The community charge was to replace the
previous system of property taxes. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
contended that the new system was fairer, and she blamed local councils for
overspending when they set charges at higher levels than the government had
estimated. Left-wing groups led the protests. Violence occurred in Bristol,
Southampton, and in several boroughs of London, including Hackney, where 29
police officers were hurt and 60 people were arrested, %@AB@%Mar. 8.%@AE@% A riot
involving several thousand people occurred in London on %@AB@%Mar. 31,%@AE@% the day
before the new rates were to go into effect. More than 400 were injured,
including 331 police officers, and 341 arrests were made. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lithuania Declares Independence%@AE@% -- Lithuania, a republic of the Soviet%@EH@%
Union, declared its independence, %@AB@%Mar. 11.%@AE@% Lithuania and its Baltic
neighbors, Latvia and Estonia, had been annexed by the USSR in 1940. The
vote in the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet (parliament) was 124-0, with 6
abstentions. The deputies then elected Vytautas Landsbergis, a professor of
music history, as president. The U.S. State Dept., %@AB@%Mar. 12,%@AE@% declined to
extend diplomatic recognition. Soviet Politburo member Yegor Ligachev, %@AB@%Mar.
%@AB@%12,%@AE@% called for a peaceful solution, adding, "Tanks will not help in this
matter." Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, %@AB@%Mar. 13,%@AE@% called Lithuania's step
"illegitimate and invalid." On %@AB@%Mar. 17,%@AE@% the Lithuanian parliament formed a
noncommunist government. Soviet forces began military maneuvers in
Lithuania, %@AB@%Mar. 18.%@AE@% The Lithuanian government ignored the %@AB@%Mar. 19%@AE@% deadline
set by Gorbachev for rescinding the declaration. On %@AB@%Mar. 21,%@AE@% Gorbachev
banned all sale of firearms in Lithuania and ordered Lithuanians to
surrender all their firearms to Soviet officials. A Soviet military convoy
entered Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, %@AB@%Mar. 22.%@AE@% The Soviet government,
%@AB@%Mar. 23,%@AE@% ordered Western diplomats to leave the republic and restricted
entry of foreigners into Lithuania. Soviet paratroopers, %@AB@%Mar. 25,%@AE@% seized the
headquarters and other property of the rebellious Communist Party of
Lithuania. Ethnic Lithuanians who had deserted the army were rounded up. All
foreigners were ordered to leave, %@AB@%Mar. 27.%@AE@% Landsbergis, %@AB@%Mar. 28,%@AE@% called for
talks with Moscow. Soviet troops, %@AB@%Mar. 30,%@AE@% seized the state prosecutor's
office in the capital and the printing plant of a pro-independence
newspaper. Estonia's parliament proclaimed, %@AB@%Mar. 30,%@AE@% that it was occupied
and that it was entering a "transitional period" that would lead to
independence. Gorbachev warned Lithuania, %@AB@%Mar. 31,%@AE@% of "grave consequences"
if it did not annul its declaration of independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disbanding of Contras Debated%@AE@% -- Pres.-elect Violeta Barrios de Chamorro met%@EH@%
with Pres. Oscar Arias in Costa Rica, %@AB@%Mar. 6,%@AE@% to discuss repatriation of the
contras. She said after the meeting that she would solve the contra problem
by declaring an amnesty. She called for demilitarization of Central America
and said she would reduce Nicaragua's army to a small police force. Meeting
with Vice Pres. Dan Quayle in Santiago, Chile, %@AB@%Mar. 12,%@AE@% Pres. Daniel Ortega
gave assurances that his government would surrender control of the military
and the security police to the new government. Pres. George Bush, %@AB@%Mar. 13,%@AE@%
lifted economic sanctions against Nicaragua and asked Congress for $300
million in economic aid. The contras, %@AB@%Mar. 23,%@AE@% agreed to dismantle their
camps in Honduras, and those in Nicaragua would gather in U.N.-supervised
security zones until absorbed into civilian life. Contra leaders said, %@AB@%Mar.
%@AB@%25,%@AE@% that those gathering in the enclaves would remain there for months, and
would keep their arms. The Sandinista government, %@AB@%Mar. 27,%@AE@% signed an
agreement recognizing Chamorro's right to have full authority over the army
and security forces. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mongolian Communists Relax Grip%@AE@% -- Jambyn Batmunh, general secretary of the%@EH@%
Communist Party of Mongolia, said, %@AB@%Mar. 12,%@AE@% that the Communists would work
with opposition forces to make needed political changes. The Central
Committee of the People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party voted, %@AB@%Mar. 14,%@AE@% to
drop its monopoly on power as guaranteed by the constitution. Gombojavyn
Ochirbat, a reformist leader who had been living in Czechoslovakia, was
selected to replace Batmunh, and an all-new Politburo was chosen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Communist Monopoly in USSR Ended%@AE@% -- The Soviet Congress of People's Deputies%@EH@%
voted overwhelmingly (1,771 to 24, with 74 abstentions), %@AB@%Mar. 13,%@AE@% to repeal
Article 6 of the Soviet constitution that gave the Communist Party a
political monopoly. The historic change had been included in a platform
approved by the party's Central Committee in February. Pres. Mikhail
Gorbachev, who had pressed for the change, also won a victory with the
approval by the deputies, %@AB@%Mar. 13,%@AE@% of a more powerful presidency with broad
executive authority. He believed that a strong president could rise above
partisan politics in the new multiparty system, but many deputies feared
that his plan would lead to a dictatorship. The congress voted, %@AB@%Mar. 14,%@AE@% to
begin popular elections for the presidency beginning in 1995. Gorbachev, as
expected, was chosen president %@AB@%Mar. 15,%@AE@% but barely got the required
two-thirds vote. Gorbachev already held the title of president. In local
election results reported %@AB@%Mar. 19,%@AE@% opposition groups scored many victories
over the Communists. It was reported that insurgents won 281 of 498 seats on
the Moscow City Council, and the Communists also lost control of city
councils in Kiev and Leningrad. Nationalist opposition movements continued
to gain in Estonia, Latvia, and the Ukraine in voting for various local and
republic offices. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Conservatives Win East German Election%@AE@% -- Conservatives supported by West%@EH@%
German Chancellor Helmut Kohl won big in East German elections held in
March. Earlier, on%@AB@%Mar. 14,%@AE@% diplomatic representatives from both Germanys,
France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. began talks on German
reunification in Bonn. The pace of reunification was apparently the key
issue in the voting for the East German parliament, %@AB@%Mar. 18.%@AE@% Three
conservative parties, who had joined together as the Alliance for Germany,
and who favored rapid reunification, piled up 48 percent of the vote and
earned an equivalent percentage of the seats in parliament. The Social
Democratic Party ran a distant second with 22 percent of the vote. The Party
of Democratic Socialism, the successor to the Communist Party, received 16
percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Shamir Government Falls in Israel%@AE@% -- Israel's coalition government led by%@EH@%
Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir of the Likud Party fell, %@AB@%Mar. 15,%@AE@% when it was
defeated in a 60-55 no-confidence vote in the Knesset (parliament). The vote
came after Shamir refused to accept a U.S. plan for peace talks between
Israel and the Palestinians. Likud's coalition partner, the Labor Party,
voted against the government, but the key votes were held by the small
religious parties. Five members of the Shas party withheld their support for
Shamir after he refused to compromise on the U.S. proposal, and that allowed
the no-confidence vote to carry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Namibia Becomes Independent%@AE@% -- Namibia, once known as South-West Africa,%@EH@%
became independent, %@AB@%Mar 21.%@AE@% Once a German colony, the country was controlled
from World War I by South Africa, which was granted a League of Nations
mandate in 1920. The United Nations opposed South Africa's request to annex
Namibia, and an armed independence struggle ensued. U.N.-supported
negotiations began in 1978, and culminated in an accord on independence.
Pres. Sam Nujoma, a former guerrilla leader, took a moderate stance at the
independence celebration, saying he welcomed "inflows of capital and
know-how from abroad."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%AIDS Epidemic Seen at Its Peak%@AE@% -- Two medical researchers concluded, %@AB@%Mar.%@EH@%
%@AB@%16,%@AE@% in an article in the %@AI@%Journal of the American Medical Association%@AE@% that
the AIDS epidemic had reached its peak in the U.S. Dennis Bregman of the
University of Southern California and Alexander Langmuir, former chief
epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control, foresaw that new cases of
AIDS, which had been increasing each year, would level off within a few
years. They cited a theory of epidemiology which says that epidemics fade
quickly after the disease spreads from highly susceptible members of the
population to less susceptible members. However, other AIDS specialists were
less optimistic, noting that hundreds of thousands of persons infected with
the AIDS virus were expected to show symptoms of the condition in the
future. The number of new AIDS cases in the U.S. rose by 9 percent in 1989,
according to the Centers for Disease Control, the lowest rate of increase
since the CDC began keeping records. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%$100 Million in Art Stolen%@AE@% -- Twelve works of art valued at $100 million or%@EH@%
more were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, %@AB@%Mar.
%@AB@%18.%@AE@% The robbery, in terms of value of the works, was the largest in the
history of art. Two Rembrandt paintings, including his only seascape, were
taken. Several works by Degas and one painting each by Vermeer and Manet
were also seized. The museum said, %@AB@%Mar. 19,%@AE@% that the works were not insured
because the premiums would have exceeded the museum's annual budget. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aspirin Found Effective Against Strokes%@AE@% -- Researchers reported in the %@AI@%New%@EH@%
%@AI@%England Journal of Medicine,%@AE@% %@AB@%Mar. 22,%@AE@% that taking aspirin daily cut the risk
of stroke from 50 percent to 80 percent among patients suffering from a
common heartbeat irregularity, atrial fibrillation. Warfarin, a prescription
drug that like aspirin thinned the blood, had a similar benefit. Some 70,000
Americans suffered a stroke each year connected with atrial fibrillation.
Aspirin had previously been found to be effective against heart attacks and
another kind of stroke caused by clots in the blood vessels of the brain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%87 Die in Fire at Bronx Club%@AE@% -- Eighty-seven people died in a fire at a%@EH@%
social club in the Bronx borough of New York City, %@AB@%Mar. 25.%@AE@% The fire, which
police said was deliberately set, spread rapidly through the 2-story
structure, and the victims died within minutes from burning or asphyxiation.
Only a few persons escaped. The club had been ordered closed in 1988.
Officials said it had no sprinklers, fire exits, emergency lights, or exit
signs at the time of the tragedy. The club was popular with immigrants from
Central America, and the majority of those who died were from Honduras. The
police, %@AB@%Mar. 25,%@AE@% arrested Julio Gonzalez and charged him with arson and
murder. They said he had had an argument with a former girl friend who
worked at the club.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%APRIL %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Consumers Prices Jump Again%@AE@% -- Another sharp increase in consumer prices%@EH@%
highlighted statistics on the economy released in April. The Commerce Dept.
reported, %@AB@%Apr. 3,%@AE@% that the leading economic indicators had fallen 1 percent
in February. The Labor Dept. said, %@AB@%Apr. 6,%@AE@% that unemployment had stood at
5.2 percent in March. The department reported, %@AB@%Apr. 13,%@AE@% that the index of
producer prices for finished goods had declined 0.2 percent in March. The
department said, %@AB@%Apr. 17,%@AE@% that consumer prices had risen 0.5 percent in
March, equaling the advance reported for February. The inflation rate for
the first quarter of 1990, 8.5 percent, was the highest annual rate for any
quarter since 1982. The Commerce Dept. said, %@AB@%Apr. 18,%@AE@% that the U.S.
merchandise trade deficit had fallen to $6.49 billion in February, the
smallest monthly gap since 1983. The department said, %@AB@%Apr. 27,%@AE@% that the
gross national product had grown at an annual rate of 2.1 percent during the
first quarter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Poindexter Convicted on Iran-Contra Charges%@AE@% -- John Poindexter, a former%@EH@%
national security adviser for Pres. Ronald Reagan, was convicted, %@AB@%Apr. 7,%@AE@% on
all 5 felony counts facing him at his trial in a federal district court in
Washington, D.C. These included 2 counts of obstructing Congress, 2 of
making false statements to Congress, and one of conspiracy to obstruct
Congress. In one case, for example, he was found guilty of reporting falsely
that no U.S. officials had known until January 1986 of a November 1985
shipment of Hawk anti-aircraft missiles to Iran by Israel. Poindexter was
the highest-ranking official to be convicted in the Iran-contra affair. On
%@AB@%June 11,%@AE@% he was sentenced to 6 months in prison, becoming the first
defendent in the case to be sentenced to jail. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. to Keep Records on "Hate" Crimes%@AE@% -- Under a bill signed into law, %@AB@%Apr.%@EH@%
%@AB@%23,%@AE@% by Pres. George Bush, the federal government would keep records of
crimes committed by persons motivated by racial, ethnic, or sexual
prejudice. Under the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, data would be kept on
incidents of murder, rape, assault, arson, vandalism, and intimidation. Some
conservatives in Congress had opposed including "sexual orientation" in the
bill along with race and religion. Homosexual-rights leaders said that this
was the first federal law to include the classification of sexual
orientation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Foes of Abortion Demonstrate in Capital%@AE@% -- Opponents of abortion came to%@EH@%
Washington, D.C., %@AB@%Apr. 28,%@AE@% to demonstrate for their cause. The number of
participants was officially put at 200,000, but organizers claimed the
figure was closer to 700,000. After the Supreme Court in 1989 had granted
states wide authority to restrict abortions, supporters of a woman's right
to choose an abortion had become more active, and the latest rally was aimed
at countering that sentiment. Pres. George Bush, addressing the rally by
phone, said that the "widespread prevalence of abortion is a tragedy." Vice
Pres. Dan Quayle, who attended the rally, said, "The pro-life movement is
the humanitarian movement of our time."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%HUD Described as 'Political Machine'%@AE@% -- DuBois Gilliam, a deputy assistant%@EH@%
secretary at the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development from 1984 to 1987,
began testifying before the House Government Operations subcommittee, %@AB@%Apr.
%@AB@%30.%@AE@% Gilliam was serving a prison term for accepting payoffs from developers.
Gilliam told the subcommittee, which was investigating other allegations of
wrongdoing, that the department "was the best domestic political machine
I've ever seen. We dealt strictly in politics." Gilliam admitted he had
accepted about $100,000 in payoffs from developers and consultants who
wanted to do business with HUD. He disputed testimony by Samuel Pierce, a
former HUD secretary, who had asserted that he had played no role in
awarding HUD grants. "I know for a fact that the secretary made decisions,"
Gilliam said. "We were not allowed to spend any discretionary funds without
clearing it with him." Gilliam said Pierce transferred an employee who
became suspicious about a link between politics and the awarding of grants.
An attorney for Pierce denied the allegations against his client, %@AB@%Apr. 30.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%USSR Increases Pressure on Lithuania%@AE@% -- Tensions between the Soviet Union%@EH@%
and its rebellious Baltic republics remained high in April. The Supreme
Soviet, the national standing legislature, passed a law, %@AB@%Apr. 2,%@AE@%
establishing the rules for secession. One would require a two-thirds
approval in a referendum, and if this majority was not obtained a republic
would have to wait 10 years before trying again. The parliament of Estonia
declared, %@AB@%Apr. 2,%@AE@% that the law did not apply to Estonia. Pres. Vytautas
Landsbergis said, %@AB@%Apr. 2,%@AE@% that the timing of Lithuania's declaration of
independence was open to discussion, and he called for talks with the Soviet
leadership. The Latvian Communist Party broke into pro- and
anti-independence factions, %@AB@%Apr. 7.%@AE@% The Estonian parliament, %@AB@%Apr. 11,%@AE@%
abolished the drafting of Estonians into the Soviet military. Soviet Pres.
Mikhail Gorbachev, %@AB@%Apr. 13,%@AE@% threatened to impose an economic embargo on
Lithuania. Pres. George Bush warned, %@AB@%Apr. 17,%@AE@% that if that happened the
United States would consider "appropriate responses." On %@AB@%Apr. 18,%@AE@% the Soviet
government cut off the flow of crude oil into Lithuania, and on %@AB@%Apr. 19,%@AE@% it
shut down 3 or 4 natural gas pipelines serving Lithuania. On %@AB@%Apr. 24,%@AE@% Bush
announced an indefinite delay in imposing sanctions on the Soviet Union,
saying he did not want to add fuel to "an already volatile situation."
Landsbergis, %@AB@%Apr. 24,%@AE@% called this a modern Munich, a reference to the
attempt by France and Great Britain to appease Hitler in 1938. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bulgaria Schedules Elections%@AE@% -- The Bulgarian parliament gave its approval,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Apr. 3,%@AE@% to free, multiparty national elections that would be held in June.
Parliament also amended the constitution to create an executive presidency
and delete the words communist and socialist from the document. Also on %@AB@%Apr.
%@AB@%3,%@AE@% parliament elected former Communist Party General Secretary Petar
Mladenov as executive president. The Communist Party, %@AB@%Apr. 3,%@AE@% changed its
name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chamorro Inaugurated in Nicaragua%@AE@% -- Violeta Barrios de Chamorro began her%@EH@%
term as president of Nicaragua in April. Meeting in Montelimar, Nicaragua,
%@AB@%Apr. 3,%@AE@% 5 Central American presidents set a deadline 3 weeks hence for the
demobilization of the Nicaraguan contras. On %@AB@%Apr. 19,%@AE@% representatives of the
contras, the outgoing Sandinista regime, and the new government agreed to a
cease-fire, which took effect that day. The contras agreed to move into 5
security zones by inauguration day, %@AB@%Apr. 25.%@AE@% Mrs. Chamorro's inauguration at
a baseball stadium was an emotional occasion, with the stands filled with
supporters of her and of the Sandinista government that she had defeated in
the campaign. She surprised many by announcing that she would retain Gen.
Humberto Ortega Saavedra as chief of the armed forces. He was the brother of
the outgoing president, Daniel Ortega. A contra leader declared, %@AB@%Apr. 25,%@AE@%
that the contras would not demobilize so long as Ortega stayed in power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mandela Meets With Pres. de Klerk%@AE@% -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk of South Africa%@EH@%
and Nelson Mandela, the black nationalist leader whom he had freed, met in
Cape Town, %@AB@%Apr. 5.%@AE@% They agreed that formal talks would be held soon between
the government and the African National Congress. Speaking to Parliament,
%@AB@%Apr. 18,%@AE@% de Klerk rejected the concept of majority rule, which he said would
result in black domination, but he endorsed the sharing of power between the
races. This would include "the requirement of consensus on controversial
matters." He said the ANC would have to renounce violence before
participating in negotiations on a new constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Conservatives Win Hungarian Election%@AE@% -- The second round, or runoff,%@EH@%
elections to the Hungarian parliament were completed, %@AB@%Apr. 8.%@AE@% The
center-right Hungarian Democratic Forum captured 43 percent of the seats,
and this party, in alliance with 2 smaller conservative parties, would
control almost 60 percent of all the seats. The liberal Free Democrats won
24 percent of the seats. The ruling Socialist (formerly Communist) Party
captured only 8.5 percent of the seats. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Germany Installs New Government%@AE@% -- Lothar de Maiziere, leader of the%@EH@%
Christian Democratic Union, a conservative party, became premier of East
Germany, %@AB@%Apr. 12.%@AE@% In coalition with the Social Democratic Party, he headed
East Germany's first freely chosen government. The Party of Democratic
Socialism, the successor to the Communist Party, was not included in the
coalition government. De Maiziere, a lawyer, had formerly been a
professional viola player. Meeting under its new leadership, %@AB@%Apr. 12,%@AE@%
parliament asked for forgiveness from Jews and the Soviet Union for the
policy of genocide practiced by the Nazis in World War II. Parliament also
acknowledged that East Germany shared the guilt for invading Czechoslovakia
in 1968, and it pledged "unequivocal recognition" of Poland's current
border. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%2 U.S. Hostages Freed in Lebanon%@AE@% -- Kidnapers in Lebanon freed 2 U.S.%@EH@%
hostages in April. The first, Robert Polhill, was freed, %@AB@%Apr. 22,%@AE@% after more
than 3 years in captivity. Polhill, a diabetic who had received insulin
injections from his captors, said he had never seen the sun during the time
that he was held. He had been held with 2 other hostages. President George
Bush said, %@AB@%Apr. 22,%@AE@% that if Iran wanted better relations with the United
States it would have to use its influence with its Shiite allies in Lebanon
to free the remaining hostages. Bush, %@AB@%Apr. 23,%@AE@% thanked Pres. Hafez al-Assad
of Syria for his role in the release. A 2d U.S. hostage, Frank Reed, was
freed, %@AB@%Apr. 30.%@AE@% He had disappeared in September 1986. Bush thanked the
government of Iran for having used its influence to free Reed. Reed said,
%@AB@%May 2,%@AE@% he had spent his time in captivity with 4 other Western hostages.
Altogether, some 15 westerners were believed being held in Lebanon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%3d Candidate Slain in Colombia%@AE@% -- Another presidential candidate was%@EH@%
assassinated in Colombia, %@AB@%Apr. 26.%@AE@% Carlos Pizarro Leongomez, the candidate
of the leftist movement known as M-19, was the third presidential aspirant
to be killed during the current campaign. He was shot while traveling aboard
an Avianca Airlines flight that had just left Bogota. The gunman was
immediately killed by Pizarro's bodyguards. An anonymous caller to a radio
network claimed that the assassination was carried out by leaders of the
drug cartel, but drug leaders, %@AB@%Apr. 27,%@AE@% issued a statement condemning the
slaying. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Museum Indicted for Showing Photos%@AE@% -- An exhibit of photographs by the late%@EH@%
Robert Mapplethorpe opened at the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati,
%@AB@%Apr. 7,%@AE@% and on that day the museum and its director, Dennis Barrie, were
indicted by a grand jury on obscenity charges--pandering and illegal use of
a minor. Prosecutors had concentrated their charges on 7 (of 175)
photographs in the exhibit that depicted naked children or homosexual acts.
The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. had canceled the same
exhibit in 1989 after some members of Congress objected to the subject
matter and threatened to restrict funding for the arts. On %@AB@%Apr. 8,%@AE@% U.S.
District Judge Carl Rubin forbade law enforcement officials from closing the
exhibit. The exhibit broke records for attendance at the museum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fire on Danish Ferry Takes Heavy Toll%@AE@% -- A fire broke out on the Danish%@EH@%
ferry %@AI@%Scandinavian Star%@AE@% while it was en route, %@AB@%Apr. 7,%@AE@% from Oslo, Norway to
Frederikshavn, Denmark. Up to 176 persons died, mostly from smoke
inhalation. About 360 persons escaped in life-boats. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tuna Canners Act to Protect Dolphins%@AE@% -- Three companies announced, %@AB@%Apr. 12,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that they would no longer buy tuna that had been caught in nets that also
trapped dolphins. H. J. Heinz Company, Van Camp Seafood Company, and Bumble
Bee Seafoods Inc., which produced 70 percent of the canned tuna fish sold in
the United States, acted in response to protests from enviromentalists. Tuna
fisherman often used huge nets to capture tuna, and from 80,000 to 100,000
dolphins also perished each year when caught in the nets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pete Rose Pleads Guilty on Taxes%@AE@% -- Pete Rose, one of baseball's greatest%@EH@%
players, pleaded guilty, %@AB@%Apr. 20,%@AE@% to 2 counts of filing false tax returns.
The admission, in U.S. District Court in Cincinnati, followed a long
investigation into his gambling habit. Rose had been banned from baseball
for life in 1989. In the court settlement, Rose agreed to pay $366,000 in
back taxes, penalties, and interest. He remained subject to a possible
prison sentence. On %@AB@%July 19,%@AE@% he was sentenced to 5 months in jail, fined
$50,000, and ordered to perform 1,000 hours of community service. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%200 Million Celebrate Earth Day%@AE@% -- In what was believed to be the biggest%@EH@%
grass-roots celebration ever, some 200 million people in Europe, Asia,
Africa, and the Western Hemisphere participated in Earth Day activities,
%@AB@%Apr. 22.%@AE@% Events were planned in some 3,600 cities and towns in 140
countries. The day marked the 20th anniversary of the original Earth Day in
1970. The intent was to focus on growing environmental problems that were
threatening the quality of life everywhere. Concerts, street fairs,
festivals, marches, and exhibits stressed such issues as recycling, global
warming, endangered species of animals, and air and water quality. About
750,000 persons attended a rally and concert in Central Park in New York
City. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Space Telescope Deployed by Shuttle%@AE@% -- The shuttle %@AI@%Discovery%@AE@% lifted off from%@EH@%
Cape Canaveral, Fla., %@AB@%Apr. 24,%@AE@% with a crew of 5. On %@AB@%Apr. 25,%@AE@% it deployed its
12.5-ton cargo, the Hubble Space Telescope. The $1.5-billion telescope,
which had a 94.5-inch mirror, was put into orbit 381 miles above earth. It
was anticipated that the telescope, which would be far above any atmospheric
interference associated with the surface of the planet, would be able to see
deeper into space than any other telescope, and with unprecedented clarity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Milken Fined $600 Million in Fraud Case%@AE@% -- Michael Milken, the former "junk%@EH@%
bond king" at the securities firm of Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., pleaded
guilty, %@AB@%Apr. 24,%@AE@% to 6 counts relating to securities fraud, and agreed to pay
a record total of $600 million in fines and restitution. Under the
agreement, in U.S. District Court in New York, more serious charges against
Milken were dropped, and a case against his brother, Lowell Milken, was also
dropped. Michael Milken had helped spur the corporate takeover boom of the
1980s through the use of high-yield, high-risk junk bonds. Counts to which
Milken pleaded guilty included conspiracy, aiding and abetting the filing of
a false statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and assisting
the filing of a false tax return. Milken still faced the possibility of
being sentenced to prison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- An explosion caused by a leaking gas cylinder killed at least%@EH@%
80 persons on a commuter train traveling near Kumrahar, Hihar state, India,
%@AB@%Apr. 16.%@AE@%  . . .  An earthquake in central China, in Qinghai province, %@AB@%Apr.
%@AB@%26,%@AE@% killed 115 people.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%MAY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%More Testimony Heard in HUD Inquiry%@AE@% -- DuBois Gilliam, a former deputy%@EH@%
assistant secretary at the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, continued
his testimony before a House subcommittee. He said on %@AB@%May 2,%@AE@% that an
assistant to then-Vice Pres. George Bush had once intervened on behalf of a
Bush supporter, Hector Barreto. A developer in Kansas City, Barreto was
granted $500,000 for a trade center project even though it had initially
been rejected for HUD funds. Gilliam testified, %@AB@%May 4,%@AE@% that on several
occasions former HUD Secretary Samuel Pierce had used discretionary funds to
fund projects supported by friends or Republican figures. Pierce's attorney,
%@AB@%May 4,%@AE@% said that nothing illegal had occurred. The Justice Dept. said, %@AB@%May
%@AB@%29,%@AE@% that Attorney Gen. Richard Thornburgh had asked that the independent
counsel investigating the HUD allegations expand his inquiry to pursue
assertions made by Gilliam. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Inflation Fears Ease a Bit%@AE@% -- Figures on  consumer and producer prices%@EH@%
released during May indicated a lessening of inflation pressures. The
Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%May 2,%@AE@% that leading economic indicators had risen
0.9 percent in March. The Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%May 4,%@AE@% that the unemployment
rate had edged upward to 5.4 percent in April, the highest level in more
than a year. The department said, %@AB@%May 11,%@AE@% that producer prices for finished
goods had declined 0.3 percent in April. It said, %@AB@%May 16,%@AE@% that consumer
prices had risen just 0.2 percent in April, the smallest advance since
September 1989. The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%May 17,%@AE@% that the U.S.
merchandise trade deficit had risen to $8.45 billion in March, propelled by
a 10 percent surge in imports. The department, %@AB@%May 24,%@AE@% revised its estimate
of the growth of the gross national product in the first quarter, putting
the annual rate at a lower figure of 1.3 percent. It reported, %@AB@%May 30,%@AE@% that
the leading economic indicators had fallen 0.2 percent in April. Stock
prices advanced throughout May, with the Dow Jones industrial average
setting a string of all-time highs. The highest point during the month was
reached, %@AB@%May 30,%@AE@% when the Dow closed at 2878.56. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Budget 'Summit' Held at White House%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush, leaders of his%@EH@%
administration, and Congressional leaders began a budget "summit" at the
White House, %@AB@%May 15,%@AE@% amid concern about the growing national budget deficit.
Administration estimates for the 1991 fiscal budget deficit had jumped from
$101 billion to at least $123 billion. The administration attributed the
growing gap to higher interest rates, a falloff in tax receipts, more
spending on commercial bank failures, and, most of all, the size of the
savings and loan bailout--although it was not officially a part of
administration figures. At a news conference, %@AB@%May 16,%@AE@% Bush said, "when you
take a look at the most recent estimates, the problem is of such a magnitude
that we have to address it." He said the problem should be addressed now
while the economy was reasonably strong. Those attending the summit, %@AB@%May 17,%@AE@%
heard a Congressional Budget Office report putting the 1991 deficit
projection as high as $159 billion. No agreements on the budget were
reported from the talks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%S & L Bailout Cost Estimate Rises%@AE@% -- Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady told%@EH@%
the Senate Banking Committee, %@AB@%May 23,%@AE@% that the cost of bailing out the
savings and loan industry could run as high as $130 billion, nearly twice
previous projections. He said the higher figure could become a reality if
real-estate prices continued to fall and if thrifts continued to fail at an
accelerating rate. Interest payments, furthermore, could help send the cost
over the next 10 years toward $300 billion. Neil Bush, the son of the
president, testified before the House Banking Committee, %@AB@%May 23.%@AE@% He was
asked about his role as a director of Silverado Banking, an S & L in
Colorado, which had been taken over by the government in 1988 at a cost to
taxpayers of perhaps $1 billion. Questioned about possible conflicts of
interest related to loans Silverado had made to 2 of his business partners,
Bush denied any wrong-doing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Navy Reopens Inquiry in Blast Fatal to 47%@AE@% -- The Navy said, %@AB@%May 24,%@AE@% that it%@EH@%
was reopening its investigation into the explosion aboard the battleship
%@AI@%Iowa%@AE@% in April 1989 that took the lives of 47 members of its crew. The
explosion had occurred in a gun turret during a training exercise. The Navy
later issued a report stating that it was "most likely" that the explosion
had been caused by a suicidal crewman, Clayton Hartwig, who, according to
the theory, had placed some sort of detonating device in the mechanism.
Hartwig died in the explosion. Hartwig's family had fought to clear his
name. At the request of the General Accounting Office, the Sandia National
Laboratories in Albuquerque, N. M. examined 3 battleships and found traces
of foreign chemical elements in all, undercutting a conclusion by the Navy
that the presence of such materials on the %@AI@%Iowa%@AE@% suggested that an explosive
device had been planted. On %@AB@%May 24,%@AE@% the Navy tested Sandia's suggestion that
the explosion could have been caused because gunpowder was rammed too fast
into the turret's center gun. The bags of gunpowder exploded on the 18th
test. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Soviet Referendum on Economy Scheduled%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%May 1,%@AE@% the annual May Day%@EH@%
parade in Moscow's Red Square came to a surprising climax. As in years past,
official delegations marched along the parade route, displaying their
socialist unity. But, for the first time, independent and unofficial
organizations were permitted to march, and thousands of persons jeered Pres.
Mikhail Gorbachev and other national leaders as they passed the reviewing
area atop Lenin's Mausoleum. These marchers, who included ethnic
nationalists, human-rights and religious activists, and students and
intellectuals, carried banners of protest, with such slogans as "Down with
the Cult of Lenin" and "Seventy-two Years on the Road to Nowhere." No May
Day celebrations were held at all in the capitals of 5 of the restive
republics. On %@AB@%May 24,%@AE@% Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov presented to the Supreme
Soviet, the standing national legislature, an economic-reform program that
included an easing of price controls. Bread prices would triple, and the
cost of some goods and services would go up 30 percent. Government subsidies
had kept many prices artificially low. The program also included
unemployment benefits and tax-indexing to assist workers. It also would set
in motion a transformation of state enterprises into joint stock companies.
The program would be subject to approval in a national referendum. Unrest
flared anew in Armenia, %@AB@%May 27,%@AE@% and by %@AB@%May 29,%@AE@% the official death toll was
put at 24. On %@AB@%May 29,%@AE@% on the third ballot, Boris Yeltsin was elected
president of the Russian Republic, the largest and most important of the 15
republics of the Soviet Union. An advocate of radical reforms, Yeltsin had
called for economic and political sovereignty for Russia, and said he
favored turning the USSR into a loose confederation of republics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Debate Over Baltic Republics Continues%@AE@% -- Pres. Vytautas Landsbergis of%@EH@%
Lithuania said, %@AB@%May 2,%@AE@% in a letter to French and West German leaders that
Lithuania would consider suspending some pro-independence laws if that would
get talks with the Kremlin underway. Premier Kasimiera Prunskiene met with
Pres. George Bush in the White House, %@AB@%May 3.%@AE@% This was a private visit
inasmuch as the United States did not recognize Lithuania as an independent
nation. Bush declined to declare for Lithuanian independence but reiterated
his support for the republic's "self-determination." Prunskiene indicated a
willingness to suspend full implementation of Lithuania's declaration of
independence to get negotiations started. On %@AB@%May 4,%@AE@% the parliament of Latvia
voted 138-0 to declare its independence from the USSR, thus joining
Lithuania and Estonia in that move. An unspecified period of transition was
approved. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev condemned this move, %@AB@%May 5,%@AE@% and on %@AB@%May 7,%@AE@%
a column of Soviet tanks entered the Latvian capital of Riga. On %@AB@%May 8,%@AE@% the
Estonian parliament declared the birth of the "Estonian Republic" and
dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the republic's name. Gorbachev
asserted, %@AB@%May 14,%@AE@% that the attempts by Latvia and Estonia to break from the
Soviet Union had no legal basis. Demonstrators supporting unity with the
Soviet Union, believed to be mostly ethnic Russians, stormed the parliament
buildings in Estonia and Latvia, %@AB@%May 15.%@AE@% The Lithuanian government suspended
enforcement of its independence laws, %@AB@%May 16,%@AE@% and on %@AB@%May 17,%@AE@% Gorbachev met
with Premier Prunskiene in Moscow. She later said that the discussions were
a big step forward. Gorbachev told Lithuanian leaders in Moscow, %@AB@%May 24,%@AE@%
that the republic could be independent in 2 years if it suspended its
declaration of independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Unified German Monetary System Approved%@AE@% -- A treaty signed in May cleared%@EH@%
the way for the unification of the economies of the 2 Germanys. Earlier, on
%@AB@%May 5,%@AE@% foreign ministers of the 2 Germanys and of the 4 Allied powers in
World War II met in Bonn to discuss reunification. Foreign Minister Eduard
Shevardnadze of the Soviet Union reiterated his country's position that a
united Germany in NATO was not acceptable. On %@AB@%May 18,%@AE@% the finance ministers
of East and West Germany signed a treaty establishing a unified monetary
system under the West German mark. The treaty would require approval of
parliaments of both countries, and would take effect July 1. Under its
terms, East Germans could exchange up to 4,000 East German marks for West
German Deutsche marks, one for one. Wages and pensions would also be
calculated in Deutsche marks at a one-to-one rate. East Germans would pay
West German federal taxes and would be covered by West German laws on
pensions and unemployment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albanian Parliament Approves Reforms%@AE@% -- The parliament of Albania approved a%@EH@%
package of legislation, %@AB@%May 8,%@AE@% that appeared to set the isolated Marxist
nation on the path toward liberalization. Pres. Ramiz Alia, who was also
first secretary of the Albanian Workers' (Communist) Party, provided the
impetus for the legislation. Under the new laws, the court system was
reorganized, the number of capital offenses was reduced from 34 to 11,
restrictions on the right to worship were apparently relaxed, and citizens
were guaranteed the right to obtain foreign passports. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ruling Party Wins Romanian Election%@AE@% -- Romania's National Salvation Front%@EH@%
retained power in elections held in May. The front had led the country on an
interim basis since the December 1989 revolution. Dozens of other parties
competed in the election, but the front was better financed and better
organized. The campaign was marked by violence, and the 2 major opposition
parties complained that the front was responsible for beatings and
harassment of hundreds of its supporters. The U.S. ambassador was withdrawn
temporarily, %@AB@%May 10,%@AE@% and the State Dept. said it was concerned about
"irregularities . . . which raise questions about whether those elections
will be free and fair." In the voting, %@AB@%May 20,%@AE@% the front won about
two-thirds of the seats in both houses of parliament. Interim Pres. Ion
Iliescu also retained office, winning about 85 percent of the presidential
vote. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%2 U.S. Airmen Killed in Philippines%@AE@% -- Two U.S. airmen were shot to death%@EH@%
near Clark Air Force Base, a U.S. base in the Philippines, on %@AB@%May 13.%@AE@% The
killings came at a critical time, because negotiations between the U.S. and
the Philippines on the future of U.S. bases on the islands began in Manila,
%@AB@%May 14.%@AE@% Many Filipinos wanted the U.S. to give up the bases. On %@AB@%May 15,%@AE@%
communist rebels claimed responsibility for the deaths of the airmen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Report Issued on Pan Am Bombing%@AE@% -- A U.S. presidential commission issued a%@EH@%
report, %@AB@%May 15,%@AE@% on the bombing in December 1988 that destroyed a Pan
American airliner. All 259 persons aboard the plane and 11 on the ground at
Lockerbie, Scotland died in the disaster. The commission said it was not
certain how the bomb was smuggled aboard the plane but cited evidence that
it was in an unaccompanied suitcase loaded in Frankfurt, West Germany. The
report said that the security system for U.S. civil aviation "is seriously
flawed and has failed to provide the proper level of protection to the
traveling public."  The commission called for greatly increased security at
U.S. airports, the creation of the post of assistant secretary of
transportation for security and intelligence, and establishment of a
national system for warning passengers of credible threats against airlines
or flights. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush, Gorbachev Open Summit Talks%@AE@% -- Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet%@EH@%
Union arrived in Washington, D.C. at the end of May to begin summit
discussions with Pres. George Bush. Earlier in the month, Secretary of State
James Baker 3d had visited the USSR, and on %@AB@%May 19,%@AE@% he reported progress on
several issues. He said all major obstacles had been cleared away on
strategic arms, opening the way to a treaty that would reduce nuclear
missile arsenals by 30 percent. The agreement included limitations on both
air- and sea-launched cruise missiles. The 2 superpowers also agreed to
begin eliminating their arsenals of chemical weapons in 1992. However, no
break-through was reported on reducing conventional arms in Europe. Bush
said, %@AB@%May 24,%@AE@% that he opposed normalizing trade relations with the Soviet
Union because of the impasse over Lithuanian independence and because the
Soviet leadership had not pushed for more liberal emigration policies.
Gorbachev met in Ottawa, %@AB@%May 29%@AE@% and %@AB@%30,%@AE@% with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney
of Canada. Canadian officials announced they would extend a line of credit
to the Soviet Union to facilitate purchase of Canadian goods and services by
the USSR. Gorbachev and his entourage, including his wife, Raisa, flew to
Washington, %@AB@%May 30,%@AE@% and on %@AB@%May 31,%@AE@% they were welcomed to the White House by
President and Mrs. Bush. The 2 leaders and their aides met twice, %@AB@%May 31,%@AE@%
focusing on German reunification, but failed to resolve the question of a
united Germany's membership in NATO, which Gorbachev opposed. A number of
leaders in the arts, entertainment, and politics attended a reception hosted
by the Gorbachevs at the Soviet Embassy, %@AB@%May 31,%@AE@% and Mrs. Gorbachev helped
open an exhibit of Russian religious texts at the Library of Congress, %@AB@%May
%@AB@%31.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gorbachev met U.S. congressional leaders for breakfast at the Soviet%@EH@%
Embassy, %@AB@%June 1,%@AE@% and the Soviet leader also met, %@AB@%June 1,%@AE@% with Vice Pres. Dan
Quayle. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush and Gorbachev signed more than a dozen documents at the White House,%@EH@%
%@AB@%June 1.%@AE@% One agreement, spelling out broad goals to be incorporated in a
treaty, would reduce long-range nuclear weapons arsenals. As worked out in
May during Sec. of State Baker's trip to Moscow, the agreement set a limit
of 1,600 strategic delivery vehicles per side, with a total of 6,000
warheads per side for these long-range vehicles. Another agreement called
for an immediate end to chemical weapons production by both superpowers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A third agreement was something of a surprise. Bush signed the trade treaty%@EH@%
Gorbachev wanted so much, even though the Soviet Union had not met the
condition previously stated--liberalizing emigration laws. Apparently, Bush
also put aside concerns over Lithuania in signing the treaty. The treaty,
requiring approval by Congress, would be a step toward granting the Soviet
Union most-favored-nation status. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mrs. Gorbachev and Mrs. Bush addressed the graduating class of Wellesley%@EH@%
College, Wellesley, Mass., %@AB@%June 1.%@AE@% Mrs. Gorbachev spoke on the role of women
in Soviet society, and Mrs. Bush emphasized the importance of family and
friends even for career women. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 2 presidents conducted informal talks at Camp David, in Maryland, %@AB@%June%@EH@%
%@AB@%2.%@AE@% At a joint press conference in Washington, %@AB@%June 3,%@AE@% both leaders called
the summit a success while acknowledging that agreement on German
reunification had not been reached. Gorbachev said the Soviet Union might
curb emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel unless Israel gave assurances that
they would not settle in the occupied territories. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gorbachev flew to Minnesota, %@AB@%June 3,%@AE@% met with Gov. Rudy Perpich, and visited%@EH@%
the headquarters of Control Data Corp., a leading company in computer
technology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Gorbachev party then flew to California, and on %@AB@%June 4,%@AE@% the Gorbachevs%@EH@%
visited with former Pres. Ronald Reagan and Mrs. Reagan. Speaking to 1,700
students at Stanford University, Gorbachev said, "The cold war is now behind
us. Let us not wrangle over who won it."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gorbachev met, %@AB@%June 4,%@AE@% in San Francisco with South Korean Pres. Roh Tae Woo,%@EH@%
and Roh later said the 2 countries would normalize relations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Israeli-Palestinian Violence Flares%@AE@% -- More acts of violence involving%@EH@%
Israelis and Palestinians added to growing tensions in the region in May. On
%@AB@%May 20,%@AE@% a former Israeli soldier opened fire on Palestinian workers with an
automatic rifle. Seven were killed and at least 10 were wounded. The army
said the gunman had a record of disciplinary problems. Israeli leaders
condemned the massacre. Riots broke out in the occupied Gaza Strip and the
West Bank. The army cracked down, sending in reinforcements and imposing
curfews. By%@AB@%May 22,%@AE@% 15 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces. On %@AB@%May
%@AB@%30,%@AE@% Palestinian guerillas in speedboats sought to attack the coast of
Israel. Israeli security forces captured one boat and its 5-man crew, which
surrendered. Eleven men landed in a second boat, but 4 were killed and the
rest captured. A radical faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization
claimed responsibility  for the raid, saying it was intended to avenge the 7
Palestinians killed, %@AB@%May 20.%@AE@% PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat denied, %@AB@%May 31,%@AE@% that
the PLO had any "official" connection with the raid. Israeli leaders called
on the United States to end its diplomatic contacts with the PLO. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Foe of Drug Lords Elected in Colombia%@AE@% -- An opponent of the drug cartels,%@EH@%
Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, was elected president of Colombia. The campaign had
cost the lives of some 2,000 persons, mostly as a result of violent acts by
the drug cartels. Three presidential candidates had been killed. Threats of
more violence kept the turnout for the %@AB@%May 27%@AE@% voting to 46 percent. Gaviria,
the nominee of the ruling Liberal Party, received 48 percent of the vote.
Alone among the 4 main candidates, he had supported extraditing drug
traffickers to the U.S. Other candidates had advocated negotiating with the
traffickers. Gaviria had served as minister of finance and as minister of
government. In his victory speech, %@AB@%May 27,%@AE@% he vowed to put an end to
terrorism, and he criticized industrialized countries for not doing enough
to reduce consumption of drugs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%AIDS Drug Approved for Children%@AE@% -- The Food and Drug Administration, %@AB@%May 3,%@AE@%%@EH@%
approved the drug AZT for treating children 3 months to 12 years who had
symptoms of AIDS or who were infected with the AIDS virus. Government
officials estimated that up to 20,000 children in the U.S. were infected
with the virus. In approving AZT, the FDA waived its rule requiring separate
testing of drugs for children %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Van Gogh Painting Sells for $82.5 Million%@AE@% -- A record price for a painting%@EH@%
sold at auction was set, %@AB@%May 15,%@AE@% at Christie's auction house in New York
City. Vincent van Gogh's "Portrait of Dr. Gachet" was sold for $82.5 million
(including Christie's commission) to a Japanese businessman, Ryoei Saito.
On%@AB@%May 17,%@AE@% at Sotheby's in New York City, Saito was the successful bidder for
Pierre Auguste Renoir's "Au Moulin de la Galette." The total cost of that
transaction, $78.1 million, was the second highest for any painting. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Scientists Forecast Global Warming%@AE@% -- A U.N. report issued %@AB@%May 25,%@AE@% by%@EH@%
scientists from many countries, warned that global temperatures could rise
by 2 degrees Fahrenheit within 35 years. They foresaw a 6 degrees F increase
by the end of the next century, with serious consequences that could not be
forecast now. The report had received nearly unanimous approval from
scientists representing 39 countries. The authors concluded that emissions
of carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons would have to be reduced
by 60 percent in order to just stabilize atmospheric concentrations at
current levels. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, %@AB@%May 25,%@AE@% set a target for
Great Britain of a 30 percent reduction in projected emissions of carbon
dioxide. In doing so, she broke away from the position of the Bush
administration, which called for more research on the problem. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- A cyclone swept through Andhra Pradesh state, in India, %@AB@%May%@EH@%
%@AB@%9-11,%@AE@% killing at least 220 persons and leaving about 3 million homeless  . .
.  At least 101 persons died in an earthquake that struck northern Peru, %@AB@%May
%@AB@%30.%@AE@%   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%JUNE %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jobless Rate Edges Downward%@AE@% -- The Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%June 1,%@AE@% that%@EH@%
unemployment edged downward 0.1 percentage point in May to 5.3 percent. The
department said, %@AB@%June 14,%@AE@% that producer prices for finished goods rose 0.3
percent in May, following 3  consecutive monthly drops. It reported, %@AB@%June
%@AB@%15,%@AE@% that consumer prices had edged upward 0.2 percent in May. The Dow Jones
industrial average posted another all-time high, %@AB@%June 15,%@AE@% of 2935.89. The
Commerce Dept. said, %@AB@%June 15,%@AE@% that the merchandise trade deficit had
narrowed to $6.94 billion in April. The department reported, %@AB@%June 21,%@AE@% that
the estimate of the growth in the gross national product, on an annual
basis, for the first quarter of 1990 had been revised upward from 1.3
percent to 1.9 percent. This was the second lowest growth rate reported in
the past 30 months. It reported, %@AB@%June 27,%@AE@% that the leading economic
indicators had risen 0.8 percent in May. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%D.C. Mayor's Drug Trial Opens%@AE@% -- The trial of Marion Barry, the mayor of%@EH@%
Washington, D.C., on drug charges got underway, %@AB@%June 4.%@AE@% He faced 11
misdemeanor counts relating to cocaine and 3 felony counts of lying to a
grand jury. On %@AB@%June 13,%@AE@% Barry announced that he would not seek a 4th term,
saying that his struggle to overcome dependency on drugs and alcohol was
more important to him than another campaign. Opening arguments in the trial
were presented, %@AB@%June 19.%@AE@% The defense attorney said that FBI agents had
sought to entrap Barry when they videotaped him using cocaine in January. On
%@AB@%June 28,%@AE@% the prosecution presented its key piece of evidence--the videotape
apparently showing Barry smoking crack in a hotel room in the Vista
International Hotel in Washington, D.C. The defense contended that the tape
supported the entrapment defense. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Flag Amendment Fails in Congress%@AE@% -- A proposed Constitutional amendment to%@EH@%
permit the federal government or the states to prosecute those who
desecrated the American flag failed to win approval in both houses of
Congress. The U.S. Supreme Court, %@AB@%June 11,%@AE@% struck down a 1989 federal law
barring desecration of the flag. Pres. George Bush renewed his call for an
amendment to protect the flag. Many other political leaders, mostly
Republicans, joined him. Democrats generally opposed an amendment, arguing
that it would represent a compromise of the First Amendment's protection of
free speech. On %@AB@%June 21,%@AE@% members of the House voted 254-177 in favor of the
amendment, but this was well short of the two-thirds majority needed for the
approval of an amendment. The Senate, %@AB@%June 26,%@AE@% voted 58-42 for the
amendment, again well below the required majority. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cardinal Issues Warning on Abortion%@AE@% -- Cardinal John J. O'Connor, the Roman%@EH@%
Catholic archbishop of New York City, said, %@AB@%June 14,%@AE@% that Catholic political
leaders who supported the right of women to have an abortion "must be warned
that they are at risk of excommunication." In an article in the
archdiocese's newspaper, he said that the warning applied to women who
obtained an abortion, to doctors who performed the procedure, and to
officeholders who supported abortion or made funds available for it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Violence Flares in Soviet Kirghizia%@AE@% -- Violent clashes began, %@AB@%June 4,%@AE@% in the%@EH@%
city of Osh, in the Soviet republic of Kirghizia, between Uzbeks and Kirghiz
citizens. The dispute was over a proposed allocation of a large plot of land
for housing for the Kirghiz. Thousands of Uzbeks rioted, and Soviet troops
were sent to the area. By %@AB@%June 7,%@AE@% the death toll was reported as 48. On %@AB@%June
%@AB@%8,%@AE@% British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, at a joint press conference
with Gorbachev during a visit to the Soviet Union, praised the president's
reform programs as "the most exciting, the biggest, the most historic in
Europe for a very long time." Tass reported, %@AB@%June 13,%@AE@% that the death toll in
Kirghizia stood at 148. The Supreme Soviet (standing national legislature),
%@AB@%June 14,%@AE@% approved the country's first corporate income tax, setting a basic
rate of 45 percent. The Supreme Soviet, %@AB@%June 14,%@AE@% also rejected the
government's proposal to triple the price of bread. Although parliament's
approval was not required, its opposition appeared likely to force a
revision of the price structure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%State of Emergency Eased in South Africa%@AE@% -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk announced,%@EH@%
%@AB@%June 7,%@AE@% that he would lift the 4-year-old state of emergency in 3 of South
Africa's 4 provinces. He made an exception in Natal Province, where more
than 3,000 blacks had been killed in 3 years of fighting between
conservative and radical Zulu factions. Nelson Mandela, deputy president of
the African National Congress, praised the action but urged the West to
maintain sanctions against the government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Shamir Forms Cabinet in Israel%@AE@% -- The leadership paralysis in Israel ended,%@EH@%
%@AB@%June 8,%@AE@% when Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir announced that he had succeeded
in forming a cabinet. This was to be no "national unity" government similar
to the one that had fallen, but was composed of Shamir's Likud Party and
several small nationalist and religious parties. It appeared likely that the
new government would resist any concessions to reach a peace with the
Palestinians. Ariel Sharon, an outspoken hardliner, was named housing
minister and overseer of the influx of Jews from the Soviet Union. The new
government went on record as favoring expansion of Jewish settlements in the
occupied territories. The Knesset approved the new government 62-57 on %@AB@%June
%@AB@%11.%@AE@% Testifying before a U.S. House committee %@AB@%June 13,%@AE@% Sec. of State James
Baker expressed his irritation with a statement by Israeli officials that
the U.S. peace plan was irrelevant. He said, "When you're serious about
peace, call us," and gave the White House phone number. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Czechoslovak Elections Held%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%June 8%@AE@% and %@AB@%9,%@AE@% in the first free voting in%@EH@%
Czechoslovakia in more than 4 decades, the Civic Forum and its sister party
in Slovakia, Public Against Violence, won 46 percent of the vote for
parliament and captured 170 of 300 seats in the bicameral body. Civic Forum
was the party of Pres. Vaclav Havel. The Communist Party finished a distant
second with 14 percent of the vote and 47 seats in the Federal Assembly. The
allied parties also ran well ahead in voting for the legislatures of the
Czech and Slovak republics. Havel, %@AB@%June 12,%@AE@% reappointed Marian Calfa as
premier and asked him to form a new government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mandela Gets Big U.S. Welcome%@AE@% -- Nelson Mandela, the black nationalist%@EH@%
leader from South Africa, toured Europe and North America and received an
enthusiastic welcome, most notably in the United States. Mandela, deputy
president of the African National Congress, had been freed in February after
27 years in prison. He sought during his tour to raise money for the ANC and
to encourage Western governments to maintain sanctions against the South
African government. Between %@AB@%June 9%@AE@% and %@AB@%June 16,%@AE@% he met with officials and
leaders in Switzerland, West Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands,
including West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Pope John Paul II. In
Canada, Mandela addressed parliament, %@AB@%June 19,%@AE@% and met with Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney. Mandela and his wife, Winnie, arrived in New York City, %@AB@%June
%@AB@%20,%@AE@% to begin an extended U.S. tour that proved to be especially inspiring to
blacks, who acclaimed him as a hero. The Mandelas were given a ticker-tape
parade up Broadway to City Hall, the scene of a big rally. On %@AB@%June 21,%@AE@%
events included a rally in Harlem and a rock concert and speech by Mandela
in Yankee Stadium. On %@AB@%June 22,%@AE@% he met with corporate executives and spoke at
the United Nations. In Boston, %@AB@%June 23,%@AE@% Mandela spoke at the John F. Kennedy
Memorial Library at the Univ. of Massachusetts and attended a 6-hour pop
concert and rally. Mandela met with Pres. George Bush in the White House,
%@AB@%June 25.%@AE@% The president urged all parties in South Africa to renounce
violence, but Mandela declined to make that commitment at that time. He
addressed Congress, %@AB@%June 26,%@AE@% thanking the United States for imposing
sanctions against the South African government and urging that they be
maintained until "irreversible" reforms were established. Some members
stayed away from the speech, objecting, in part, to Mandela's refusal to
criticize Yasir Arafat, Fidel Castro, and Muammer el-Qaddafi, all of whom
supported his cause. Before ending his tour of the U.S., %@AB@%June 30,%@AE@% Mandela
visited Atlanta, Miami, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Oakland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Miners Rout Students in Bucharest%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%June 13,%@AE@% riot police attacked a tent%@EH@%
city in downtown Bucharest, the capital that had been set up by
anti-government demonstrators, most of them students. The police drove out
some 200 persons, including some hunger strikers. Thousands of students then
protested, rioting and burning the central police headquarters. Security
forces killed 4 people, and more than 200 were injured. Pres.-elect Ion
Illiescu appealed to the working class to save the country from a "fascist
rebellion." Some 10,000 miners poured into Bucharest, %@AB@%June 14,%@AE@% routed the
students, set up barricades, ransacked the headquarters of 2 opposition
parties, and wrecked the offices of an independent newspaper. Members of the
foreign press were also attacked. The U.S. State Dept. said, %@AB@%June 15,%@AE@% it
would withhold U.S. economic aid from Romania. Iliescu was sworn in as
president, %@AB@%June 20.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Most Nicaraguan Contras Disarm%@AE@% -- Pres. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of%@EH@%
Nicaragua announced, %@AB@%June 15,%@AE@% that more than 14,000 contra rebels had
disarmed under an agreement that she had reached with them. Their total
force had been put at about 16,000. Chamorro also announced, %@AB@%June 15,%@AE@% that
the Sandinista-trained armed forces would be cut to about 41,000 from its
estimated strength of 55,000 to 60,000. She also said that an all-volunteer
army would be created. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bulgarian Socialists Win Parliament Election%@AE@% -- The Bulgarian Socialist%@EH@%
Party won parliamentary elections in the nation's first free election since
the tide of change swept Eastern Europe. The first round of voting was held,
%@AB@%June 10,%@AE@% and the run-offs were held, %@AB@%June 17.%@AE@% The Socialists were a Marxist
party, though much reformed from the hard-line party that had run the
country since World War II. The Socialists captured 211 of the 400 seats in
the Grand National Assembly, or parliament. The opposition coalition, the
Union of Democratic Forces, won 144 seats. Other parties ran far behind,
with one representing ethnic Turks picking up 23 seats. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush Breaks Off PLO Talks%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush announced, %@AB@%June 20,%@AE@% that he%@EH@%
was breaking off the diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation
Organization. The talks, aimed at enhancing  the prospects for a Middle East
peace settlement, had begun in December 1988 after PLO chairman Yasir Arafat
renounced terrorism. But Arafat and the PLO had failed to condemn an
unsuccessful speedboat raid on Israel in May that had apparently been the
work of a radical PLO faction. Israel hailed Bush's decision, %@AB@%June 20.%@AE@% But
the PLO executive committee complained, %@AB@%June 21,%@AE@% that the U.S. had not
responded in a similiar way to "Israeli crimes against Palestinians."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Canada Faces Constitutional Crisis%@AE@% -- The failure of 2 provinces to ratify a%@EH@%
series of constitutional amendments left the future of Canada in doubt. The
deadline for adoption of the amendments, known as the Meech Lake Accord,
passed without any approval from the legislatures of Newfoundland and
Manitoba. The 2 holdout provinces feared that a clause in the accord
designating Quebec as a "distinct society" within Canada would make Quebec
too powerful. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney had led the fight for the
amendments in the hopes of persuading Quebec to ratify Canada's 1982
constitution. Speaking to the nation, %@AB@%June 23,%@AE@% Mulroney urged Canadians to
"mend the divisions and heal the wounds" caused by the failure of the
accord. Quebec's premier Robert Bourassa, in a %@AB@%June 23%@AE@% speech, said he was
willing to consider all possible options for Quebec. One plan supported by
separatists in Quebec would give Quebec political independence while
economic ties to Canada would be maintained. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chinese Allow Dissidents to Leave%@AE@% -- After living for more than a year in%@EH@%
the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a dissident Chinese couple left China, %@AB@%June 25,%@AE@%
and flew to London on a U.S. Air Force plane. Fang Lizhi, a physicist, and
his wife, Li Shuxian, had entered the embassy in 1989 to avoid being seized
by Chinese authorities in the wake of the aborted uprising against the
regime. The government accused the couple of helping incite the
pro-democracy movement. In a statement issued as they left, they admitted
opposing elements of the Chinese constitution and agreed not to participate
in "activities whose motive lies in opposing China." Fang was to become
affiliated with Cambridge University. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush Backs Tax Revenue Increases%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush issued a statement,%@EH@%
%@AB@%June 26,%@AE@% in which he listed "tax revenue increases" as one of the necessary
components of any plan to reduce the nation's budget deficits. In 1988, Bush
had run successfully for president while saying repeatedly, "Read my lips.
No new taxes." But he indicated in his statement that a compromise with
Congress on the budget was not possible without agreeing to some sort of
revenue increase. Democratic congressional leaders praised Bush for
reversing his stand, but many Republicans were incensed. One letter, signed
by more than half of the Republicans in the House, called a tax increase
"unacceptable."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oil Pipeline to Lithuania Reopened%@AE@% -- Tensions between the Soviet Union and%@EH@%
its rebellious republic of Lithuania eased in June. On %@AB@%June 29,%@AE@% the
Lithuanian parliament agreed to suspend its declaration of independence for
100 days in exchange for an agreement by Moscow to negotiate on the issue
and end economic sanctions. On %@AB@%June 30,%@AE@% the Soviet Union reopened the oil
pipeline to Lithuania. During the oil embargo, tens of thousands of workers
had been laid off and many factories had closed. On %@AB@%July 2,%@AE@% the Soviet
government announced a complete lifting of its economic embargo on
Lithuania. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%'Suicide Machine' Used by Ill Woman%@AE@% -- A woman from Oregon, assisted by a%@EH@%
retired pathologist, committed suicide in Michigan, %@AB@%June 4,%@AE@% triggering a
medical and ethical debate. Janet Adkins of Portland, Ore. had come to the
Detroit area to meet with Dr. Jack Kevorkian, who had been promoting a
suicide machine. Adkins, who was suffering from Alzheimer's Disease, had
decided to take  her own life.  Her husband supported the decision.
Kevorkian told police that he drove Mrs. Adkins to a park in his van and
inserted an intravenous needle into her arm. She then pushed a button that
fed a fatal combination of drugs into her bloodstream. Unlike many states,
Michigan had no law prohibiting doctor-assisted suicide, but the American
Medical Association's code of ethics prohibited doctors from helping
patients to die. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%33 Believed Dead in Ohio Flood%@AE@% -- Heavy thunderstorms created a flash flood,%@EH@%
%@AB@%June 14,%@AE@% that tore through a valley and into the town of Shadyside, Ohio, on
the Ohio River, 10 miles south of Wheeling, W. Va. Almost 200 homes and
trailers were destroyed, and part of a tavern was swept away with customers
inside. As of %@AB@%June 23,%@AE@% there were 23 confirmed deaths and 10 others were
missing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Protestors Disrupt AIDS Conference%@AE@% -- More than 10,000 specialists and%@EH@%
public health officials attended the 6th International AIDS Conference in
San Francisco, and heard 3,000 reports on the disease. Protests, which began
on %@AB@%June 19,%@AE@% the eve of the conference, were organized in large part by the
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT-UP). Demonstrators, who numbered about
500 during the week, were primarily concerned about the slow pace of testing
of anti-AIDS drugs and by the shortage of money for research and treatment.
Luc Montagnier of France, co-discoverer of the virus that caused AIDS, said,
%@AB@%June 20,%@AE@% he believed that a second microbe was also responsible, and that
patients would not become ill until they had become infected with it as
well. It was reported, %@AB@%June 20,%@AE@% that AIDS was continuing to spread in the
U.S., especially among teen-agers, women whose sexual partners used
intravenous drugs, and users of crack cocaine. According to a report, %@AB@%June
%@AB@%23,%@AE@% some 30 possible vaccines were being tested around the world. Protestors
in the audience, %@AB@%June 24,%@AE@% disrupted an address by U.S. Sec. of Health and
Human Services Louis Sullivan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Iran Earthquake Kills 40,000%@AE@% -- An earthquake recorded as high as 7.7 on the%@EH@%
Richter scale struck Iran, %@AB@%June 21.%@AE@% The epicenter was in the Caspian Sea a
few miles north of the port city of Rasht. More than 100 communities were
destroyed or badly damaged. Offers of help came from many countries,
including the U.S., whose offer was accepted by Pres. Ali Akbar Hashemi
Rafsanjani even though the 2 countries had no diplomatic relations. Iran
estimated, %@AB@%June 27,%@AE@% that 40,000 people had been killed and 60,000 injured. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Flaw Found in Space Telescope%@AE@% -- The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in%@EH@%
April, was found to be suffering from a serious design flaw that would spoil
many of its experiments. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
said, %@AB@%June 27,%@AE@% that an improper curvature in one or both mirrors in the $1.5
billion instrument prevented rays of light from meeting at a sharp focus at
the cameras. The defect appeared to preclude any search for black holes and
distant quasars, and might also jeopardize a calculation of the size of the
universe. A camera could be sent up in 3 years to correct for the flaw, but
the mirrors could not be replaced. The mirrors had not been tested together
on the ground for reasons of cost, NASA said.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%JULY  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor Vetoes 2 Abortion Bills%@AE@% -- Gov. Buddy Roemer of Louisiana vetoed a%@EH@%
strong anti-abortion bill, %@AB@%July 6.%@AE@% The bill banned all abortions except to
save the mother's life. Roemer, who described himself as pro-life, objected
to the bill because it made no exceptions for victims of rape or incest.
Both houses of the legislature, %@AB@%July 8,%@AE@% passed a second bill that made
exceptions for incest and for rape--providing that the rape was reported to
the police within 7 days. Roemer also vetoed this bill, %@AB@%July 27,%@AE@% saying he
found the 7-day requirement too restrictive. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dow Jones Average at 3,000 Level%@AE@% -- The Dow Jones industrial average pushed%@EH@%
to an all-time high on Wall Street even though most new economic data were
not too encouraging. The Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%July 6,%@AE@% that the unemployment
rate had edged downward to 5.2 percent in May, but added that few new jobs
had been created and that the labor force was increasing only slowly. The
department said, %@AB@%July 13,%@AE@% that producer prices had risen 0.2 percent in
June. On 2 consecutive days, %@AB@%July 16%@AE@% and %@AB@%17,%@AE@% the Dow Jones average closed at
the identical figure of 2,999.75, an all-time high. On both days, the
average was above 3,000 during the course of the day. Thereafter, the
average began to decline. The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%July 17,%@AE@% that the
U.S. merchandise trade deficit had widened to $7.73 billion in May. The
Labor Dept. said, %@AB@%July 18,%@AE@% that consumer prices had jumped 0.5 percent in
June. The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%July 27,%@AE@% that the gross national product
had slowed to a 1.2 percent annual growth rate during the second quarter of
1990, a signal to some economists that the country was moving toward
recession. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Law Protects Rights of Disabled%@AE@% -- The House, %@AB@%July 12,%@AE@% and the Senate, %@AB@%July%@EH@%
%@AB@%13,%@AE@% gave overwhelming approval to a bill that would bar discrimination
against people with physical or mental disabilities. The Americans with
Disabilities Act defined disability as a condition that "substantially
limits" an important activity such as walking or seeing. The bill covered
people with AIDS as well as alcoholics and drug users undergoing treatment.
Under the bill's provisions, all except small businesses were required to
hire and promote employees without regard to any disability. Transportation
systems were required to purchase new vehicles accessible to the disabled.
Pres. George Bush signed the bill, %@AB@%July 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Congress Rebukes 2 of Its Members%@AE@% -- The Senate Ethics Committee, %@AB@%July 18,%@AE@%%@EH@%
recommended that the full Senate denounce Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.)
for a number of ethical violations. The Committee said Durenberger had
knowingly violated Senate rules and had "brought the Senate into dishonor
and disrepute." The charges against him included accepting improper
reimbursement for travel and housing from the Senate and conspiring to evade
limits on speaking fees. The Committee advised the Senate to ask Durenberger
to repay $29,050 in reimbursements and ask him to donate $95,000 to charity
to compensate for excess fees. The House Ethics Committee, %@AB@%July 19,%@AE@% voted to
reprimand Rep. Barney Frank (D, Mass.) for using his office improperly to
assist a male prostitute. The committee found that Frank had used his
influence to fix parking tickets for the man, Steven Gobie, and that he had
attempted to influence parole officers to end Gobie's probation on felony
charges. The Senate, %@AB@%July 25,%@AE@% accepting its committee recommendation, voted
96-0 to denounce Durenberger, who apologized for his behavior. The House,
%@AB@%July 26,%@AE@% took up Frank's case. It rejected, 390-38, a move, supported
largely by Republicans, that Frank be expelled from the House. A more severe
penalty, censure, was rejected 287-141. Frank was then reprimanded, 408-18.
Frank apologized for his conduct, attributing it in part to his efforts
prior to 1987 to conceal his homosexuality. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oliver North's Convictions Suspended%@AE@% -- A 3-judge panel of the U.S. Court of%@EH@%
Appeals in Washington, D.C. suspended Oliver North's 3 felony convictions in
the Iran-contra, %@AB@%July 20.%@AE@% One was overturned outright. North, before being
tried, had testified before Congress in 1987 under a grant of immunity from
prosecution. The Appeals Court panel held that the trial judge, Gerhard
Gesell, had failed to insure that witnesses testifying at North's trial had
not used North's Congressional testimony to refresh their memories. In its
decision, the panel was split 2-1. The majority held that if the case were
to proceed Gesell must demonstrate that North's testimony was not used by
witnesses or by the office of the prosecutor, Lawrence Walsh. The panel set
aside convictions for deceiving Congress and for receiving an illegal
gratuity, and overturned North's conviction for destroying government
documents. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brennan Retires From Supreme Court%@AE@% -- Justice William Brennan, Jr.%@EH@%
announced, %@AB@%July 20,%@AE@% that he was resigning from the U.S. Supreme Court,
effective immediately. Brennan, 84, had served on the court for almost 34
years, and was recognized as the leader of the liberal bloc and as one of
the court's most influential members. Major decisions that he had written
included the ruling that established the "one person,  one vote" principle
in reapportionment cases and the ruling protecting the press in libel cases.
His belief that the court must interpret the law in the light of present-day
circumstances underlay the process by which he reached his conclusions.
Brennan, who had suffered a mild stroke earlier in July, had incurred the
opposition of conservatives, who believed that his approach represented an
intrusion by the judicial branch into lawmaking. With the court closely
divided on the legality of abortion and on other key issues, Pres. George
Bush's nomination of a successor to Brennan was awaited with great interest.
On %@AB@%July 23,%@AE@% he announced his choice, Judge David Souter of the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston. Souter, was a graduate of Harvard
College and Harvard Law School. He had served as New Hampshire's attorney
general and as a state Supreme Court judge before being named to the circuit
court earlier in 1990. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%More Money Asked for S&L Bailout%@AE@% -- In testimony before a House committee,%@EH@%
%@AB@%July 30,%@AE@% Resolution Trust Corp. Chairman William Seidman and Treasury
Undersecretary Robert Glauber said that the RTC would need up to $100
billion in fiscal 1991 to continue the savings and loan bailout effort. This
was twice the amount of money previously allocated for the rescue operation.
A slump in real-estate values and a higher failure rate among thrift
institutions were blamed for the need for more money. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Economy of 2 Germanys Unified%@AE@% -- A treaty ratified in June that established%@EH@%
a unified economic and monetary system for East and West Germany became
effective, %@AB@%July 1.%@AE@% The West German deutsche mark became the sole legal
tender for all of Germany. The West German Bundesbank (central bank) was
given control over monetary policy for East Germany. East Germany also
became wedded to West Germany's market economy, social security and tax
systems, and labor and banking laws. East Germans were allowed to exchange
from 2,000 to 6,000 East marks for deutsche marks at a 1-to-1 rate and the
rest of their holdings at a rate of 2 East marks for one deutsche mark. The
East German government, %@AB@%July 2,%@AE@% agreed to all-German elections in December.
In mid-July, 2 more bold steps were taken toward German reunification.
Meeting in the southern Russian town of Zhelezonovodsk, %@AB@%July 16,%@AE@% Soviet
Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl announced
that they had reached an agreement that would allow a unified Germany to
join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Kohl called the agreement,
which had not been anticipated so soon, "fantastic," and Gorbachev said it
foreshadowed an era of "strong, prolonged peace." Kohl agreed to a
limitation on German weaponry and military manpower and to a continuing
presence of Soviet troops on East German soil for up to 4 years. Pres.
George Bush and other Western leaders hailed the agreement. On %@AB@%July 17,%@AE@% in
Paris, the 2 Germanys and the 4 Allied powers of World War II approved a
plan to guarantee Poland's border with a united Germany. Poland had sought
assurances that Germany would not seek to reclaim onetime German territory
awarded to Poland after World War II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gorbachev Survives Party Congress%@AE@% -- Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev appeared to%@EH@%
have strengthened his hand during the tumultuous 28th Congress of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union. As the congress opened in Moscow, %@AB@%July
%@AB@%2,%@AE@% conservatives were concerned about a draft platform that did not refer
directly to Marxism-Leninism and supported the right to "earned private
property" and the "interests and requirements of the individual." Gorbachev,
speaking %@AB@%July 2,%@AE@% admitted that the party leadership had made mistakes but
that his program of restructuring was the nation's only hope. He reaffirmed
the need for a regulated market economy. Foreign Minister Eduard
Shevardnadze, %@AB@%July 3,%@AE@% criticized defense spending as too high and warned
against military influence in shaping foreign policy. Yegor Ligachev, a
conservative, got a positive response from the audience, %@AB@%July 3,%@AE@% when he
denounced  reform as "thoughtless radicalism" and opposed the draft
platform. Gorbachev said, %@AB@%July 4,%@AE@% he would quit in 2 years if restructuring
failed to produce positive results. By a 3-1 margin, %@AB@%July 10,%@AE@% the Congress
approved Gorbachev's reelection as the party's general secretary. By an even
greater margin, %@AB@%July 11,%@AE@% the congress chose Gorbachev's candidate, Vladimir
Ivashko, over Ligachev for the number 2 position in the party. In a
surprise, Boris Yelstin, the president of the Russian republic who had
criticized the pace of reform as too slow, announced, %@AB@%July 12,%@AE@% that he was
quitting the party. The mayors of Moscow and Leningrad also left the party,
%@AB@%July 13.%@AE@% In accord with a plan approved at the congress, the party's central
committee, %@AB@%July 14,%@AE@% approved a new, expanded, 24-member Politburo that
included the party leader in each of the 15 republics. Ten of the 12
previous members of the Politburo (all but Gorbachev and Ivashko) were
dropped. The changes appeared to have the effect of weakening the party's
influence over the government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mrs. Marcos Not Guilty of Fraud%@AE@% -- Mrs. Imelda Marcos, the widow of former%@EH@%
Philippine's Pres. Ferdinand Marcos, was found not guilty of charges of
racketeering, fraud, and obstruction of justice, %@AB@%July 2,%@AE@% in Federal Court in
New York City. Her codefendant, Saudi Arabian financier Adnan Khashoggi, was
found not guilty of mail fraud and obstruction of justice. The prosecution
alleged that Mrs. Marcos had stolen $200 million from the Philippines
treasury and spent most of it on herself. Khashoggi was said to have helped
her buy office buildings in the U.S. The defense argued that Mrs. Marcos was
unaware of any illegal activities on the part of her late husband. Jurors
were reported to have found this assertion persuasive, and some said they
did not understand why the trial was being conducted in the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bulgaria's Socialist President Resigns%@AE@% -- Although Bulgaria's Socialist%@EH@%
(formerly Communist) Party had won parliamentary elections (in June),
hundreds of students erected a tent city in Sofia, the capital, and demanded
the resignation of Pres. Petar Mladenov and the prosecution of his
predecessor, the longtime leader Todor Zhivkov. Mladenov's cause was
undercut when a videotape showed that he had called for military tanks to
quell a pro-democracy demonstration in December 1989. Mladenov resigned,
%@AB@%July 6.%@AE@% After a 3-week impasse, Parliament, %@AB@%Aug. 1,%@AE@% chose Zhelyu Zhelov,
leader of the 16-party opposition coalition, as the new president. A
philosopher, he had been expelled from the party in 1965 for questioning the
theories of Lenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albanians Seek Refuge in Embassies%@AE@% -- Thousands of Albanians sought refuge%@EH@%
in foreign embassies in Tirana, the capital of Albania, in late June and
early July. Their ranks swelled after pro-democracy demonstrators clashed
with police several times. On%@AB@%July 6,%@AE@% riot police closed off the embassy
district and attacked some 10,000 people who were demonstrating in the
capital. The regime of Pres. Ramiz Alia dismissed hard-liners from the
Workers' (Communist) Party Politburo, %@AB@%July 7.%@AE@% On %@AB@%July 8,%@AE@% the authorities
agreed to permit the refugees to emigrate. The evacuation got under way,
%@AB@%July 9,%@AE@% as 51 refugees were flown to Prague. Several thousand arrived in
Italy, %@AB@%July 13.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%NATO Modifies Its Strategy%@AE@% -- Leaders of the North Atlantic Treaty%@EH@%
Organization, meeting in London, %@AB@%July 5%@AE@% and %@AB@%6,%@AE@% approved some shifts in
strategy that reflected the easing of tensions in Europe. Pres. George Bush
was among the heads of government attending the meeting. The leaders agreed
to scale back the number of troops in a front-line position. Essentially
renouncing the possibility of using nuclear weapons in response to an attack
by conventional forces, NATO's leaders declared that their nuclear arms were
"truly weapons of the last resort." The U.S. said it would be willing to
withdraw all of its nuclear-tipped artillery shells if the Soviet Union did
the same. The leaders invited Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and other leaders of
the dissolving Soviet bloc to address NATO. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leaders of Democracies Meet in Houston%@AE@% -- The heads of government of the 7%@EH@%
major industrial democracies met in Houston, %@AB@%July 9-11,%@AE@% for their 16th
annual summit on international economic issues. The leaders commissioned a
study of the Soviet economy to determine if economic aid would be useful and
what forms it might take. Pres. George Bush opposed direct aid to the Soviet
Union until it made further moves toward a free-market economy. West German
Chancellor Helmut Kohl had warned other summit leaders before they met that
the prospect of global warming was "a threat to all mankind." But the U.S.
position was that imposing strict goals for reducing emissions of carbon
dioxide and some other gases would hurt the U.S. economy and that scientific
evidence of global warming was not conclusive in any case. Any commitment to
cut back emissions was postponed until 1992. The leaders did, however,
pledge to develop strategies for worldwide reforestation and to help Brazil
save its imperiled rain forests. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. Shifts Policy on Cambodia%@AE@% -- U.S. Sec. of State James Baker announced%@EH@%
in Paris, %@AB@%July 18,%@AE@% that the U.S. would no longer recognize the Cambodian
rebel coalition and would instead open talks with Vietnam in an effort to
end the civil war in Cambodia. He had met with Soviet Foreign Minister
Eduard Shevardnadze, whose government was a backer of Vietnam and who
endorsed Baker's shift in policy. The U.S. had become concerned because of
the growing success on the battlefield of the Khmer Rouge, the brutal rulers
of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 who may have caused the deaths of 2 million
Cambodians. Baker said it was "very important" to prevent the return to
power of the Khmer Rouge. Vietnam was a supporter of the current Cambodian
government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Adviser to Thatcher Killed by Bomb%@AE@% -- Violence attributed to the Provisional%@EH@%
Irish Republican Army flared anew in Great Britain when the explosion of a
land mine, %@AB@%July 24,%@AE@% apparently detonated from a nearby house, killed 3
Northern Ireland policemen in a car near Armagh in Ulster. A Roman Catholic
nun, traveling in another car, was also killed by the blast. On %@AB@%July 30,%@AE@% Ian
Gow, a member of Parliament and a close friend and adviser to British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher, who had been a frequent critic of the IRA, was
killed at his home in Hankham, East Sussex, when a bomb blew up his car. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Coup Fails in Trinidad & Tobago%@AE@% -- A group of black Moslem rebels,%@EH@%
complaining that the government had impoverished the country, launched a
coup attempt in Trinidad and Tobago, %@AB@%July 27.%@AE@% The Caribbean island nation, a
producer of oil, had suffered a recession in recent years as the price of
oil had declined. The rebels seized the parliament building, %@AB@%July 27,%@AE@% and
took Prime Minister Arthur Robinson hostage, along with cabinet members and
other officials. Other hostages were seized at a television station.
Robinson was shot in the leg. Negotiations began, %@AB@%July 28,%@AE@% and Robinson and
the other hostages were released. The coup ended, %@AB@%Aug. 1,%@AE@% when 113 rebels
surrendered. The government, %@AB@%Aug. 2,%@AE@% put the death toll in the coup attempt
at 30. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stampede Kills 1,426 in Mecca Tunnel%@AE@% -- The government of Saudi Arabia said,%@EH@%
%@AB@%July 3,%@AE@% that 1,426 Moslem pilgrims had been killed when a stampede occurred
in a tunnel leading from a nearby tent city to the holy sites in Mecca. Some
50,000 people were crowded into the tunnel, which was 500 yards long and 20
yards wide. The crowd panicked after 7 people fell from a bridge at the
entrance to the tunnel. The victims, including many from Indonesia,
Pakistan, Egypt, and Malaysia, were suffocated or trampled to death. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Yankees' Owner Is Disciplined%@AE@% -- Fay Vincent, the commissioner of major%@EH@%
league baseball, ordered George Steinbrenner, principal owner of the New
York Yankees, on %@AB@%July 30,%@AE@% to give up day-to-day control of the team. In
addition to resigning as the team's general partner, Steinbrenner was
required to reduce his holdings in the Yankees, then at 55 percent, to less
than 50 percent. Vincent said Steinbrenner's relationship with Howard Spira,
a "known gambler,"prompted his ruling. Spira said Steinbrenner paid him
$40,000 after Spira provided information on Dave Winfield, a former Yankee
with whom Steinbrenner was feuding. Stein-brenner said he paid the money to
Spira because he was afraid of him and wanted to be rid of him. Vincent also
said that he had observed in Steinbrenner "a pattern of behavior that
borders on the bizarre." Under Steinbrenner's stormy rule since 1973, the
Yankees had won 2 World Series in 1977 and 1978, but had faded in recent
years and had the worst record in baseball when Vincent made his decision.
Steinbrenner had changed managers 18 times. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- An earthquake whose epicenter was 55 miles north of Manila%@EH@%
struck the Philippines, %@AB@%July 16,%@AE@% killing more than 600 people and leaving
2,600 homeless.     %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%AUGUST %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Unemployment Rate Up Sharply%@AE@% -- The Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%Aug. 3,%@AE@% that the%@EH@%
unemployment rate had increased in July to 5.5 percent from 5.2 percent. The
0.3 percent monthly increase, largest in more than 4 years, was taken as a
sign the country might already be in a recession. The department reported,
%@AB@%Aug. 10,%@AE@% that producer prices had declined 0.1 percent in July. It reported,
%@AB@%Aug. 16,%@AE@% that consumer prices had jumped 0.4 percent in July, and that
prices had risen at an annual rate of 5.8 percent during the first 7 months
of the year. The Commerce Dept. said, %@AB@%Aug. 17,%@AE@% that the merchandise trade
deficit had fallen to $5.07 billion in June, the lowest level in 7 years.
The department reported, %@AB@%Aug. 29,%@AE@% that the index of leading economic
indicators had not changed in July. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Price of Gasoline Rises in U.S.%@AE@% -- Within a few days of Iraq's invasion of%@EH@%
Kuwait, the price of fuel rose sharply. On%@AB@%Aug. 6,%@AE@% Pan Am Corp. announced
that it was raising air fares 10 percent to cover the increase in fuel
costs. Other air carriers made similar announcements. Executives of oil
companies, testifying before Congress, %@AB@%Aug. 7,%@AE@% said that the cost of fuel
had jumped quickly because their companies paid for oil when it was
delivered to U.S. refineries, rather than when it was contracted for in the
Middle East, so the worldwide rise in the cost of oil per barrel was
reflected almost immediately. The American Automobile Association reported,
%@AB@%Aug. 9,%@AE@% that the retail price for self-service unleaded gasoline had risen
18 cents per gallon in the week since the Iraqi invasion. As the price of
oil fluctuated widely on world markets, the cost of gasoline leveled off. A
number of economists expressed concern that the Mideast conflict, including
its great cost to the U.S. Treasury, could hasten a slide into a recession.
Such fears appeared to be reflected on Wall Street, where the Dow Jones
industrial average slumped 14 percent in 3 weeks, closing %@AB@%Aug. 23%@AE@% at
2483.42. Concern over the status of the U.S. economy also appeared to be a
factor in the decline of the dollar against other currencies. On %@AB@%Aug. 23,%@AE@%
the dollar was trading at 1.56 German marks, the lowest since the mark was
introduced in 1948. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%D.C. Mayor Convicted on One Count%@AE@% -- The trial of Marion Barry Jr., the%@EH@%
mayor of Washington, D.C., on drug charges ended in August with a split
verdict. Ten witnesses had testified during the trial that they had seen
Barry use illegal drugs, and others had told of delivering drugs to him or
obtaining drugs from him. A video tape had shown him inhaling from a crack
pipe. The prosecution contended that evidence had been presented of more
than 200 separate uses of illegal drugs by Barry. The defense conceded that
the mayor had occasionally used drugs, but contended that there was
reasonable doubt about each charge of cocaine possession. On %@AB@%Aug. 10,%@AE@% the
jury found Barry guilty of one count of possession of crack and acquitted
him on a second count. On 12 other misdemeanor and felony charges, the jury
was unable to reach a verdict, and Judge Thomas Jackson declared a mistrial
on those counts. Barry saw himself as largely vindicated, and on %@AB@%Aug. 14,%@AE@% he
said he would seek an at-large seat on the City Council, running as an
independent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gorbachev, Rival Unite on Economy%@AE@% -- Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and%@EH@%
Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Federation, agreed, %@AB@%Aug. 1,%@AE@% to work
together to transform the Soviet economy from central planning to a market
system. The 2 men, who had frequently quarreled over the pace of reform,
with Yeltsin pushing a more radical approach, signed a unity agreement. They
set up a commission to draft proposals, and it was reported that a 500-day
plan developed by Russia would be the basis for the commission's plan. Under
the Russian Republic's 500-day plan, it would legalize private property,
abolish government subsidies, lift price controls, and take other as yet
unspecified steps to stabilize its economy. In the republic of Armenia, the
Communist-dominated government resigned, %@AB@%Aug. 13,%@AE@% under pressure from
parliament. On %@AB@%Aug. 23,%@AE@% in a 183-2 vote, the Armenian parliament declared
the republic's independence from the Soviet Union. It also claimed control
over the disputed area Nagorno-Karabakh, situated within the republic of
Azerbaijan. Following the shooting deaths of 5 people, including a member of
parliament, the Armenian parliament, %@AB@%Aug. 29,%@AE@% declared a state of emergency
and outlawed the republic's largest paramilitary group. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. Mariners Land in Liberia%@AE@% -- U.S. Marines flew to Liberia to rescue%@EH@%
American citizens endangered by the bloody civil war in the West African
country. The war had raged since late 1989 when guerrillas led by Charles
Taylor launched an effort to overthrow the government of Pres. Samuel Doe.
The rebels reached the capital of Monrovia in July, but they also split into
2 factions, the other led by Prince Johnson, and fought each other as well
as the government forces. There were many instances of brutality toward
civilians, and at least 200, possibly many more, were killed when government
troops stormed a Luthern church in Monrovia, %@AB@%July 30.%@AE@% Johnson said, %@AB@%Aug. 4,%@AE@%
that he would begin to round up foreigners. Pres. George Bush authorized a
rescue mission, and on%@AB@%Aug. 5,%@AE@% 230 Marines were flown to Monrovia from ships
off the coast. Without firing a shot or suffering any casualties, the
Marines evacuated 125 persons by %@AB@%Aug. 8.%@AE@% The Marines remained at the embassy
in Monrovia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cease-Fire Approved in South Africa%@AE@% -- The African National Congress and%@EH@%
government officials began talks in South Africa, %@AB@%Aug. 6,%@AE@% and on %@AB@%Aug. 7,%@AE@% the
ANC announced that it was suspending its 30-year armed struggle against the
white regime. The cease-fire began immediately. Pres. F.W. deKlerk's
government agreed to free political prisoners, allow exiled dissidents to
return, and repeal the nation's security laws. Both sides agreed to seek an
end to the violence in Natal Province, where some 3,000 persons had been
killed in fighting among factions of the Zulu tribe. Fighting had also
occurred in Transvaal Province between Zulus and other blacks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%3 Hostages Freed in Mideast%@AE@% -- On %@AB@%Aug. 8%@AE@% and %@AB@%14,%@AE@% 2 Swiss Red Cross workers%@EH@%
were freed in Damascus after being held in Lebanon for 10 months. On %@AB@%Aug.
%@AB@%24,%@AE@% a group called the Organization of Islamic Dawn turned another hostage,
Brian Keenan, over to Syrian military officers and he was freed in Damascus.
Keenan, who held both Irish and British citizenship, flew to Dublin, %@AB@%Aug.
%@AB@%25.%@AE@% A teacher, he had been held more than 4 years. It was believed that 13
more Western hostages were being held by Shiite Moslems. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bhutto Removed as Pakistan's Leader%@AE@% -- Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of%@EH@%
Pakistan was dismissed, %@AB@%Aug. 6,%@AE@% by Pres. Ghulam Ishaq Khan. He named Ghulam
Mustafa Jatoi as interim prime minister, and declared a state of emergency.
The president said that corruption in the Bhutto government had been
widespread, and the press had reported a number of allegations. Ishaq Khan
also cited a nationwide increase in crime and violence. Bhutto called her
removal illegal and unconstitutional. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Germany Sets Unity Date%@AE@% -- The parliament of East Germany voted 294-62%@EH@%
on %@AB@%Aug. 23,%@AE@% to set Oct. 3 as the date for unification with West Germany.
Under the West German constitution, any former German territory could
declare its wish to unify, and the West German parliament was not required
to take any action. The October date would fall about 2 months before the
scheduled all-German elections. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%3 Convicted in Attack on Jogger%@AE@% -- Three teen-age boys were convicted in New%@EH@%
York City, %@AB@%Aug. 18,%@AE@% of charges related to a crime that had shocked the
public because of its brutality. In April 1989, a 28-year-old investment
banker, who was jogging in Central Park in Manhattan, was attacked by a gang
of young men. She was beaten severely and left unconscious. Alleged members
of the gang, which reportedly numbered as many as 30, were seized by police
and charged with a variety of crimes involving the attack on the jogger and
attacks on others in the park. The first 3 defendants, aged 16, 16, and 15,
were convicted of rape, assault, and other charges. Videotaped confessions
were key evidence inasmuch as no hard physical evidence placed the accused
at the scene of the crime. The jogger, who was not publicly identified by
most members of the news media, testified briefly at the trial. More than a
year after the attack, she had no memory of it, and she had lost her sense
of smell, suffered from double vision, and had difficulty walking. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tornado Kills 27 in Illinois%@AE@% -- Without warning from the National Weather%@EH@%
Service, which was taken by surprise, a tornado, %@AB@%Aug. 28,%@AE@% cut a
700-foot-wide swath across towns and cornfields 35 miles southwest of
Chicago. Following an 8-mile course through Plainfield, Crest Hill, and
Joliet, the tornado killed 27 persons and injured more than 350. Fifty
houses and 500 apartments were destroyed. Some victims died when the
tornado's vacuum lifted them into the sky and dropped them into nearby
fields. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- An explosion, probably caused by coal dust or methane gas, tore%@EH@%
through a coal mine 90 miles west of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, %@AB@%Aug. 26,%@AE@% killing
more than 170 miners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%SEPTEMBER %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%National   %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Consumer Prices Jump%@AE@% -- Fueled by an increase in energy costs because of the%@EH@%
Persian Gulf crisis, consumer prices rose sharply in August. The Labor Dept.
reported, %@AB@%Sept. 7,%@AE@% that the unemployment rate continued to edge up in
August, to 5.6 percent. The department said, %@AB@%Sept. 14,%@AE@% that producer prices
for finished goods jumped 1.3 percent in August. It released its report on
consumer prices, %@AB@%Sept. 18,%@AE@% that showed a 0.8 percent increase in August. The
Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%Sept. 18,%@AE@% that the merchandise trade deficit rose
to $9.33 billion in July, 75 percent above the June figure. An increase in
oil imports was a major factor. Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Federal
Reserve Board, said, %@AB@%Sept. 19,%@AE@% that the Gulf crisis would likely slow
economic growth and stimulate inflation. The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%Sept.
%@AB@%25,%@AE@% that it had lowered its estimate of economic growth during the second
quarter to just 0.4 percent on an annual basis from 1.2 percent. The
department reported, %@AB@%Sept. 28,%@AE@% that the index of leading economic indicators
had dropped 1.2 percent in August, the biggest monthly decline since 1987. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Negotiators on Budget Agree to Plan%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush and Congressional%@EH@%
negotiators reached a tentative agreement on a controversial plan to reduce
the Federal deficit. It was feared that the deficit in the 1991 fiscal year
might reach $250 billion, with the bailout of the savings and loan industry
being a major factor. Under the Gramm-Rudman deficit reduction law, the
deficit would have to be pared to $64 billion or mandatory spending cuts
would become automatic. Talks began, %@AB@%Sept. 7,%@AE@% between White House
representatives and congressional leaders. Bush supported a cut in the
capital-gains tax rate, but Democrats insisted that any such reduction be
balanced by an increase in income-tax rates for Americans with high incomes.
The talks broke down in disagreement, %@AB@%Sept. 17,%@AE@% and resumed, %@AB@%Sept. 19,%@AE@% with
fewer negotiators. The way to a compromise seemed open, %@AB@%Sept. 29,%@AE@% when Bush
dropped his position on capital gains. An agreement was announced, %@AB@%Sept. 30.%@AE@%
It included big increases in taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and alcohol.
Deductions available to Americans earning more than $100,000 a year would be
limited, and an excise tax would be imposed on luxury items. Medicare taxes
would rise. Spending on Medicare and other domestic programs would be cut.
Members of Congress from both parties quickly announced that they would
oppose the plan. In a new projection, %@AB@%Sept. 30,%@AE@% the 1991 deficit was put at
$293.7 billion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Primary Elections Include Surprises%@AE@% -- Sharon Pratt Dixon, a former%@EH@%
treasurer of the Democratic National Committee, who was seeking public
office for the first time, was nominated by the Democratic Party for mayor
of Washington, D.C. on %@AB@%Sept. 11.%@AE@% Of the 5 candidates, she had been the most
outspoken in her criticism of the incumbent mayor, Marion Barry Jr., who had
been convicted in August on a drug charge. In Massachusetts, %@AB@%Sept. 18,%@AE@% both
gubernatorial primaries were won by candidates who had run poorly in the
polls. John Silber, president of Boston University, won on the Democratic
side. More conservative than most Democratic leaders in the state, he had
criticized the state welfare system as too generous, and had made remarks
that ethnic groups found offensive. His victory was believed to reflect a
voter backlash against economic problems of the incumbent governor, Michael
Dukakis, a liberal Democrat.  On the Republican ballot, William Weld, a
former U.S. attorney who supported abortion  rights, prevailed over a more
conservative opponent. Also, on %@AB@%Sept. 18,%@AE@% Oklahoma voters supported a
concept that was being considered elsewhere--by approving a limitation of 12
years on service in the state legislature. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hearings Held on Court Nominee%@AE@% -- Judge David Souter appeared before the%@EH@%
Senate Judiciary Committee, which was considering his nomination by Pres.
George Bush to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court. On %@AB@%Sept. 4,%@AE@% the American Bar
Association gave Souter its highest rating of "well qualified" for the
Supreme Court. Appearing before the committee, %@AB@%Sept. 13,%@AE@% Souter declined to
give his views on abortion, but he said, "I believe that the due process
clause of the 14th Amendment does recognize and does protect an unenumerated
right of privacy." The right of privacy was the basis for Roe. v. Wade, a
1973 decision by the court establishing a woman's right to an abortion.
Asked, %@AB@%Sept. 14,%@AE@% about his views on judges who "invented" rights, Souter
said there was a difference between inventing rights and searching the text
of the Constitution in order to recognize those that are implicitly stated.
Several abortion-rights and women's-rights groups testified, %@AB@%Sept. 18,%@AE@%
against the nomination, but other organizations dropped their opposition.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, %@AB@%Sept. 21,%@AE@%
opposed the nomination, saying Souter had failed to articulate a sufficient
level of concern "for fairness, equality, and justice for all citizens." The
Senate committee voted, %@AB@%Sept. 27,%@AE@% to endorse Souter, 13-1. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Former Owner of S&L Indicted%@AE@% -- Charles Keating, one of the most prominent%@EH@%
figures in the investigation of the savings and loan financial crisis, was
indicted, %@AB@%Sept. 18,%@AE@% on 42 charges of criminal fraud by a state grand jury in
Los Angeles. He formerly owned Lincoln Savings & Loan Association. Three
executives of American Continental, Lincoln's parent company, were also
indicted. The charges involved an alleged scheme to defraud older persons by
enticing them to invest in uninsured high-risk bonds. After American
Continental filed for bankruptcy, the money--$250 million--could not be
recovered. Keating was unable to pay the $5 million bail, and was put in
jail. On %@AB@%Sept. 22,%@AE@% the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation sued Neil Bush,
the son of the president, and other officials of the defunct Silverado
Banking, Savings and Loan Association for "gross negligence" that the FDIC
said could cost taxpayers more than $1 billion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%USSR Moves Toward Economic Reform%@AE@% -- The Soviet Union appeared  to be well%@EH@%
on its way toward embracing radical economic reform. The economic crisis was
underscored, %@AB@%Sept. 3,%@AE@% when bread virtually disappeared from the shelves of
food stores in Moscow. On %@AB@%Sept. 5,%@AE@% the government newspaper %@AI@%Izvestia%@AE@%
published details of a plan on which aides to Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and
Russian Pres. Boris Yeltsin had been working. What had emerged was the
"Shatalin plan," named for Stanislav Shatalin, an adviser to Gorbachev, and
the plan was based on the 500-day plan already adopted by the Russian
Republic. It would dismantle most central economic planning and stress
private property and economic freedom. On %@AB@%Sept. 11,%@AE@% Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov
addressed the Supreme Soviet, warning that the Shatalin plan, if
implemented, would lead to high unemployment and a decline in the standard
of living. But then, Gorbachev spoke and endorsed it. On %@AB@%Sept. 14,%@AE@% he
submitted a modified version of the plan to the Supreme Soviet that would
retain central authority over financial matters. The parliament of Russia,
%@AB@%Sept. 19,%@AE@% called on Ryzhkov to resign. Gorbachev, %@AB@%Sept. 21,%@AE@% asked the
Supreme Soviet for sweeping new powers to govern during the transition to a
market economy. Ryzhkov said, %@AB@%Sept. 23,%@AE@% that the country faced a potato
shortage because of a lack of success in collecting the harvest. The Supreme
Soviet, %@AB@%Sept. 24,%@AE@% granted Gorbachev emergency economic powers, and agreed to
accept a compromise plan for the economy at Gorbachev's request, heading off
a showdown between him and the premier. The details of the compromise were
yet to be worked out. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rebels Kill President of Liberia%@AE@% -- Pres. Samuel Doe was killed while in the%@EH@%
hands of rebels in Liberia. A multinational force from black Africa had
entered Liberia in August in an attempt to help restore order between
government forces and rebel armies. On%@AB@%Sept. 9,%@AE@% Doe and an entourage of
bodyguards arrived at the headquarters of the multinational force. Rebels
led by Prince Johnson arrived, gunfire broke out, and 78 were killed, mostly
Doe's bodyguards. Doe was wounded and died the next day, under circumstances
that were not clear. On %@AB@%Sept. 21,%@AE@% Charles Taylor, leader of another rebel
faction, declared a unilateral cease-fire. But the cease-fire soon broke
down, and on %@AB@%Sept. 30,%@AE@% Johnson's faction declared a renewal of the war
against the Taylor rebels and the remnants of Doe's army. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treaty signed on Germany%@AE@% -- The Allied powers of World War II gave up their%@EH@%
responsibilities over Germany, and on%@AB@%Sept. 10,%@AE@% West Germany and the Soviet
Union agreed in principle on maintenance and repatriation of Soviet forces
in East Germany. West Germany agreed to spend $8.2 billion to build 36,000
houses in the Soviet Union, cover continued cost of soldiers still stationed
in East Germany, transport the soldiers home, and retrain them. On%@AB@%Sept. 12,%@AE@%
in Moscow, West Germany, East Germany, France, Great Britain, the Soviet
Union, and the United States signed the %@AI@%Treaty on the Final Settlement with
%@AI@%Respect to Germany.%@AE@% The wartime allies pledged to "terminate their rights
and responsibilities relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole." The
united Germany was thus granted full sovereignty over its internal and
external affairs. On%@AB@%Sept. 13,%@AE@% with formal reunification still 3 weeks away,
the foreign ministers of West Germany and the USSR signed a friendship pact
in which the 2 nations pledged not to attack each other and to consult each
other in time of crisis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cambodia Rivals Accept U.N. Plan%@AE@% -- Four factions fighting for control of%@EH@%
Cambodia agreed, %@AB@%Sept. 10,%@AE@% to accept a U.N. proposal to end  their civil
war. Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia, they appointed a 12-member Supreme
National Council that would run Cambodia until free elections could be held
under U.N. supervision. The government named 6 to the council, 2 each from
the 3 rebel groups. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%S. Africa Leader Meets With Bush%@AE@% -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk of South Africa met%@EH@%
with Pres. George Bush in Washington, %@AB@%Sept. 24.%@AE@% De Klerk, who had freed
black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela and taken other steps to ease South
Africa's system of racial separation, was cordially received. Bush said that
if South Africa continued its efforts to meet certain conditions set by
Congress, he would seek to modify or suspend sanctions imposed on South
Africa by Congress. De Klerk told members of Congress, %@AB@%Sept. 25,%@AE@% that he
supported the principle of one man, one vote in elections, but that its
application must include guarantees to protect the white minority in South
Africa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.N. Summit Seeks to Help Children%@AE@% -- Leaders of more than 70 nations,%@EH@%
including the largest gathering ever of heads of state at the United
Nations, met in New York City, %@AB@%Sept. 30,%@AE@% at the World Summit for Children.
The primary goal of the summit was to improve the lives of children
everywhere, and especially to reduce the number of children--put at 14
million--who died each year before the age of 5. The leaders also discussed
ways to reduce malnutrition among children, reduce the number of mothers
dying in childbirth, and provide clean water and education for all. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Rating Applied to Adult Films%@AE@% -- The Motion Picture Association of%@EH@%
America announced, %@AB@%Sept. 26,%@AE@% that it had created a new "NC-17" rating that
would be applied to films that had adult themes and perhaps scenes of sex
and violence. The rating meant that no children under 17 would be admitted.
The purpose was to permit "serious" movies to avoid the X rating that was
also applied to pornographic movies. Many theaters refused to show X-rated
films, and distributors were complaining that some important films thus
failed to reach a large audience. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Disasters%@AE@% -- As many as 160 people may have drowned, %@AB@%Sept. 11,%@AE@% when a%@EH@%
crowded boat capsized in the Mahava River in Uttar Pradesh state in India .
. . . Some 82,000 persons were homeless and more than 77 persons died after
heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Seoul, South Korea, %@AB@%Sept. 11,%@AE@% resulted in
massive flooding. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%OCTOBER %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%National %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Congress Approves Deficit-Reduction Plan%@AE@% -- Congress approved a%@EH@%
deficit-reduction bill that Pres. George Bush could accept, after an earlier
plan, announced, %@AB@%Sept. 30,%@AE@% by Bush and endorsed by congressional
negotiators, ran into trouble. Rep. Newt Gingrich (Ga.), the Republican whip
in the House, rejected it, %@AB@%Oct. 1,%@AE@% saying it would "kill jobs, weaken the
economy." He and many other conservatives objected to the inclusion of tax
increases in the proposal, and many Democrats were concerned that these
taxes would fall more heavily on the middle class than on wealthier
Americans. An intense lobbying effort by the president and by congressional
leaders of both parties failed. The House, %@AB@%Oct. 5,%@AE@% rejected the bill
254-179, with a majority from both parties in opposition. Congress passed a
stopgap spending bill, but Bush vetoed it, %@AB@%Oct. 6,%@AE@% and this had the effect
of shutting down the government. Congress passed and Bush signed new stopgap
legislation, %@AB@%Oct. 9,%@AE@% which extended government's borrowing and spending
power for 10 days. Bush said, %@AB@%Oct. 9,%@AE@% that a higher tax rate for the
wealthy, perhaps in exchange for a cut in the capital-gains tax, was "on the
table." Later that day, after meeting with 17 Republican senators, Bush
pulled back any commitment to raising income taxes. In another shift, the
White House said, %@AB@%Oct. 10,%@AE@% that it was up to Congress to decide whether to
couple an increase in rates with a cut in the capital-gains tax. The House,
%@AB@%Oct. 16,%@AE@% approved a new budget compromise that would increase taxes on
wealthy Americans. This passed 238-192, with only 10 Republicans supporting
it. The Senate passed its budget package, %@AB@%Oct. 19,%@AE@% 54-46. This version had
more of an impact on the middle class through a doubling of the gasoline tax
and a cut in Medicare benefits. As the House and Senate bills went to
conference committee, Bush, %@AB@%Oct. 19,%@AE@% signed another stopgap bill to keep the
government going 5 more days. The president signaled a willingness to accept
a small increase in the tax rate for the wealthy. On %@AB@%Oct. 27,%@AE@% both the
Senate (54-45) and the House (228-200) approved the conference committee
report, but with a majority of House and Senate Republicans in opposition.
Bush said he would sign the bill, which was designed to reduce deficits by
nearly $500 billion over 5 years. Under the law, the top tax rate would rise
from 28 percent to 31 percent, and exemptions for upper-income Americans
would be phased out. The gasoline tax would jump 5 cents a gallon to 14
cents, and the cigarette tax would rise by 8 cents a pack to 24 cents. The
tax on a 6-pack of beer would double to 32 cents. A luxury tax would be
imposed on top-of-the-line aircraft, cars, boats, furs, and jewelry. The
increase in Medicare premiums was less than elderly Americans had feared. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ex-Klansman Loses Bid for Senate%@AE@% -- David Duke, a former grand wizard in the%@EH@%
Ku Klux Klan, made a strong but unsuccessful showing in an election for the
U.S. Senate in Louisiana. He was contesting the re-election bid of Sen. J.
Bennett Johnston, a Democrat. State Sen. Ben Bagert was the official
Republican candidate, but Duke, a Republican member of the State House of
Representatives, also entered the race. Duke gained wide support by
appealing for "equal rights for whites" and focusing on the state's economic
troubles. Fearing they would be embarrassed by a Duke victory, 8 Republican
U.S. senators endorsed Johnston, %@AB@%Oct. 2.%@AE@% Bagert dropped out of the race,
%@AB@%Oct. 4%@AE@%  On %@AB@%Oct. 6,%@AE@% Johnston defeated Duke by 54 percent to 44 percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Souter Confirmed for Supreme Court%@AE@% -- The U.S. Senate, %@AB@%Oct. 2,%@AE@% confirmed%@EH@%
Judge David Souter for a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court. The vote was 90-9,
with all those in opposition being Democrats. Souter was sworn in as the
nation's 105th justice on %@AB@%Oct. 8.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Unemployment Rises Again%@AE@% -- The Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%Oct. 5,%@AE@% that%@EH@%
unemployment in September had edged upward to 5.7 percent, the third
consecutive monthly increase. The jobless rate stood at its highest level
since the spring of 1988. The department said, %@AB@%Oct. 18,%@AE@% that in September,
for the second straight month, consumer prices had risen by 0.8 percent. Oil
prices, affected by the Persian Gulf crisis, accounted for more than half of
the increase. The Commerce Dept. reported, %@AB@%Oct. 30,%@AE@% that the gross national
product grew at an annual rate of 1.8 percent during the third quarter, a
sharp improvement over the 0.4 rate reported during the second quarter. On
%@AB@%Oct. 31,%@AE@% General Motors reported its greatest quarterly loss ever, $1.98
billion. It announced that it would close 4 assembly plants permanently and
said that 5 other plants might be closed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill%@AE@% -- Pres. George Bush vetoed a civil rights%@EH@%
bill, which sought in effect to reverse 6 recent Supreme Court decisions
that civil rights organizations contended had weakened anti-discrimination
laws on hiring and promoting. Bush said, %@AB@%Oct. 20,%@AE@% that the bill "will have
the effect of coercing businesses to adopt quotas in hiring and promotion."
Bush, who opposed the concept of quotas, said businesses would have to adopt
quotas to avoid expensive litigation. He vetoed the bill, %@AB@%Oct. 22.%@AE@% The
Senate voted 66-34, on %@AB@%Oct. 24,%@AE@% to override the veto, but this was one vote
short of the required two-thirds. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mayor Receives Prison Term%@AE@% -- Mayor Marion Barry, Jr. of Washington, D.C.%@EH@%
was sentenced, %@AB@%Oct. 20,%@AE@% to 6 months in prison and fined $5,000 and costs on
his conviction on a misdemeanor charge of possessing cocaine. Federal
District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson said that an example should be set
for other public officials and said that Barry had "given aid, comfort and
encouragement to the drug culture at large."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dole Resigns as Labor Secretary%@AE@% -- Elizabeth Dole, the highest-ranking woman%@EH@%
in the administration of Pres. George Bush, resigned, %@AB@%Oct. 24,%@AE@% as Secretary
of Labor. She was the first member of the Bush cabinet to step down. Dole
planned to accept the presidencyof the American Red Cross. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sweeping Clean Air Act Approved%@AE@% -- Congress, %@AB@%Oct. 27,%@AE@% completed action on%@EH@%
the 1990 Clean Air Act, a comprehensive updating of the original Clean Air
Act adopted in 1970. The bill, which Pres. George Bush said he would sign,
set an overall annual level of emissions of sulfer dioxide from power plants
at less than one-half of current emissions, with a target date of 2000.  In
another effort to eliminate acid rain, nitrogen oxide emissions would be cut
by one-third.  Oil companies would be required to develop new types of
gasoline that burn more cleanly, and cities would have to reduce
concentration of ozone, a component of smog.  The bill would halt production
of chemicals that threatened the earth's ozone sheild. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Germany United After 45 Years%@AE@% -- The reunification of Germany was completed%@EH@%
at midnight, %@AB@%Oct. 2-3.%@AE@% Since the end of World War II in 1945 there had been
2 Germanys, but the rush to unification had been swift since the collapse of
the hard-line Communist regime in East Germany late in 1989.  The new
nation, having a population of 78 million, would be known formally as the
Federal Republic of Germany, previously the official designation of West
Germany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arabs Are Killed Near Holy Shrines%@AE@% -- From 17 to 21 Palestinians were shot%@EH@%
fatally by Israeli police in Jerusalem's Old City, %@AB@%Oct. 8,%@AE@% and more than 100
were wounded. The shootings took place at a site sacred to both Islam and
Judaism, where the Western Wall, or Wailing Wall, stands near 2 mosques, Al
Aksa and Dome of the Rock. A Jewish religious group, the Temple Mount
Faithful, had declared their intention to raze the mosques and build a new
temple to replace one destroyed by the Romans. Members of this group came to
the site, %@AB@%Oct. 8,%@AE@% and thousands of Palestinians came to confront them.
Israeli authorities barred the Jewish group, but the Palestinians threw
stones at Jews worshipping at the Western Wall. Some 2 dozen policemen and
Jewish civilians were reportedly struck. Police fired on the protestors.
Apparently motivated in part by a desire to retain Arab support in the
Persian Gulf crisis, the U.S., %@AB@%Oct. 9,%@AE@% asked the U.N. Security Council to
condemn Israel for the shootings. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir,
%@AB@%Oct. 10,%@AE@% appointed a commission to investigate the shootings. The Security
Council, %@AB@%Oct. 12,%@AE@% voted 15-0 to condemn Israel and to support sending a U.N.
mission to investigate. Shamir said, %@AB@%Oct. 13,%@AE@% that the U.N. delegation would
receive no help from Israel, and the Israeli cabinet, %@AB@%Oct. 14,%@AE@% denounced the
mission on the basis that the investigation would call into question
asserted Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem. The Security Council, %@AB@%Oct.
%@AB@%24,%@AE@% voted unanimously to deplore Israel's refusal to cooperate with the
investigation. An aide to Shamir declared, %@AB@%Oct. 25,%@AE@% that the U.S. in
supporting the U.N. resolutions, was playing into the hands of Saddam
Hussein, the ruler of Iraq. A report published, %@AB@%Oct. 26,%@AE@% by the Israeli
commission criticized Israeli commanders for not having prepared for the
possibility of trouble. The commission placed the blame for the tragedy on
the Palestinians even though it also acknowledged that the Jewish
worshippers had long since fled from the scene before the police had opened
fire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bhutto Fails to Regain Power%@AE@% -- Pakistan's deposed prime minister, Benazir%@EH@%
Bhutto, failed in an effort to regain power. Her husband, Asif Ali Zandari,
was arrested, %@AB@%Oct. 10,%@AE@% and charged with extortion and the kidnapping in 1989
of a British businessman. Bhutto called the investigation a witch hunt. In
elections to the lower house of parliament, %@AB@%Oct. 24,%@AE@% Bhutto's party was
defeated, losing more than half of its seats. An opposing party, the Islamic
Democratic Alliance, won a clear majority of seats. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lebanese Christian Militia Leader Surrenders%@AE@% -- Gen. Michel Aoun, who led a%@EH@%
Christian force that fought the government of Lebanon for 11 months,
surrendered, %@AB@%Oct. 13,%@AE@% after entering the French embassy to seek refuge from
Syrian air and ground attacks. It was reported, %@AB@%Oct. 18,%@AE@% that at least 750
people were killed in the final Syrian-led offensive that brought down Aoun.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Soviet Parliament Approves Economic Reforms%@AE@% -- On%@AB@%Oct. 16,%@AE@% Soviet Pres.%@EH@%
Mikhail Gorbachev revealed the details of his economic reform package and
presented the proposal to the Soviet Parliament. The proposal generally
reflected the radical views of economists who had presented their plan in
broad outline in September. It included the selling of state property to
private individuals, the lifting of price controls, and the transferring of
many economic decisions to the 15 republics. But some sectors, including
transportation, communications, defense industries, energy, banking, and
foreign trade would remain under control of the central government.
Futhermore, Gorbachev dropped the 500-day timetable for accomplishing the
goals of the plan that the economists had originally advocated. Parliament,
%@AB@%Oct. 19,%@AE@% gave its approval to the plan, 333 to 12, with 34 abstentions.
Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, criticized the plan for
not placing more authority in the hands of the republics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%132 Killed in Plane Hijack Attempt%@AE@% -- An attempt to hijack a plane in China,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Oct. 2,%@AE@% ended in tragedy. One or more hijackers demanded that the Boeing 737
be flown to Taiwan or Hong Kong, according to reports. As the plane
attempted to land in Guangzhou (Canton), a struggle for control of the plane
reportedly occurred, and the plane struck 2 other passenger liners on the
ground, one empty and another filled with passengers. Chinese officials
reported that 132 people on the 2 planes were killed and that 95 survived,
including 50 who were injured. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Juries Decide Obscenity Cases%@AE@% -- A jury in Broward County Court in Fort%@EH@%
Lauderdale, Fla., %@AB@%Oct. 3,%@AE@% found a record store owner, Charles Freeman,
guilty of obscenity charges. At issue was the sale of an album, %@AI@%As Nasty as
%@AI@%They Wanna Be,%@AE@% by the rap group 2 Live Crew. The lyrics contained many
references to sexual intercourse and oral and anal sex, as well as
unflattering references to woman. On %@AB@%Oct. 5,%@AE@% in Cincinnati, a jury found
Cincinnati's Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, not
guilty of obscenity charges. The museum had exhibited 175 photographs by the
late Robert Mapplethorpe. Five of these depicted sadomasochistic or
homoerotic acts, and 2 others showed children with exposed genitals. The
jury agreed that the photos showed serious artistic merit and hence did not
meet the Supreme Court's definition of obscenity. Another jury in Fort
Lauderdale concluded on %@AB@%Oct. 20,%@AE@% that the music of 2 Live Crew was art and
found members of the band not guilty of obscenity charges filed after they
performed at a nightclub in June.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Iraq Overruns and Annexes Kuwait--United States and Other Nations Send%@EH@%
%@AS@%Military Forces %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iraq invaded and quickly conquered its small but oil rich neighbor Kuwait in%@EH@%
early August. An Iraqi assault on Saudi Arabia, which could bring nearly one
half of the world's known oil reserves under its control, appeared possible.
The United States sent a strong military force to defend Saudi Arabia, and
some other nations sent smaller contingents. A wide spectrum of nations
deplored the Iraqi aggression, and Iraq soon found itself virtually isolated
from the world community. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a televised speech, %@AB@%July 17,%@AE@% Pres. Saddam Hussein charged that some%@EH@%
rulers of Persian Gulf states had been "inspired by America" to keep oil
prices low through over-production. In a letter made public %@AB@%July 18,%@AE@% Iraq
charged that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had participated in an
"imperialist-Zionist plan" to depress oil prices. It accused Kuwait of
having stolen $2.4 billion worth of oil from an Iraqi oilfield. Iraq had
claimed sovereignty over Kuwait in 1961. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, %@AB@%July 25,%@AE@% said that Hussein had assured him%@EH@%
that he had no intention of invading Kuwait. Oil ministers of the OPEC
nations, meeting in Geneva %@AB@%July 27,%@AE@% agreed to an increase in the price of
oil per barrel, from $18 to $21, less than what Iraq had demanded. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Talks between Iraq and Kuwait over oil and border disputes broke off %@AB@%Aug. 1.%@AE@%%@EH@%
Meanwhile, Iraq had massed 100,000 soldiers on its border with Kuwait.
Kuwait's entire army contained only 20,000 men, and it was overmatched by
Iraq in all categories of weaponry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iraqi tanks and infantry invaded Kuwait before dawn, %@AB@%Aug. 2,%@AE@% and Iraq%@EH@%
announced it was responding to a call from Kuwaiti revolutionaries who had
overthrown the monarchy. Despite resistance from the Kuwaitis, Iraqi forces
quickly seized key roads and buildings, and soon claimed effective control
of the country. The emir of Kuwait escaped from the presidential palace by
helicopter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. George Bush, %@AB@%Aug. 2,%@AE@% denounced Iraq's action as "naked aggression,"%@EH@%
and he signed executive orders banning most trade with Iraq and freezing
Iraq's and Kuwait's assets in the U.S. An aircarft carrier battle group was
dispatched to the Persian Gulf. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Voting 14-0, the U.N. Security Council, %@AB@%Aug. 2,%@AE@%c ondemned the invasion and%@EH@%
demanded the withdrawal of Iraqi troops. The Soviet Union, Iraq's biggest
arms supplier, %@AB@%Aug. 2,%@AE@% suspended sales of military equipment to Baghdad, and
on %@AB@%Aug. 3,%@AE@% Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and U.S. Sec. of
State James Baker issued a joint statement condemning the invasion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Reflecting fears that petroleum supplies from the Mideast would be%@EH@%
disrupted, oil prices began to rise worldwide.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%By %@AB@%Aug. 3,%@AE@% Iraqi forces were massing along the Saudi Arabian border. The%@EH@%
Arab League opposed, %@AB@%Aug. 3,%@AE@% the "aggression" against Kuwait, but the
resolution was supported by only 14 of the league's 21 members. The 12
nations of the European Community, %@AB@%Aug. 4,%@AE@% banned oil imports from Iraq and
Kuwait, embargoed arms, and suspended most trade with Iraq. Most nations in
the West, as well as Japan, had already frozen Kuwaiti assets, estimated at
$100 billion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Kuwaiti radio, controlled by Iraq, announced, %@AB@%Aug. 4,%@AE@% that Kuwait's%@EH@%
"provisional government" had formed a 9-man military cabinet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a 13-0 vote, the U.N. Security Council, %@AB@%Aug. 6,%@AE@% asked all 159 U.N.%@EH@%
members to end all trade, financial and commercial dealings, and
transportation links with Iraq and Kuwait. Turkey said it would cut off the
flow of Iraqi oil from the pipeline that ran from Iraq through Turkey to the
Red Sea. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. Defense Secretary Richard Cheney met with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Aug. 6.%@AE@% The king gave permission for the U.S. to deploy a military defense
force on Saudi soil. Bush ordered such a deployment, and the first U.S.
forces left for Saudi Arabia %@AB@%Aug. 7.%@AE@% The elements of the U.S. deployment, in
an operation named Desert Shield, included F-15  fighters, 2,300
paratroopers, B-52 bombers, F-111 fighter-bombers, and AWACS radar planes.
On the seas, 2 more carrier groups were bound for the gulf. On %@AB@%Aug. 8,%@AE@% Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher ordered British air and naval forces to the gulf
at King Fahd's request. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush, addressing the American people, %@AB@%Aug. 8,%@AE@% said he sought the withdrawal%@EH@%
of Iraq from Kuwait, restoration of the Kuwaiti government, stability in the
Persian Gulf region, and protection of Americans living in the region. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iraq declared, %@AB@%Aug. 8,%@AE@% that it had annexed Kuwait, and the U.N. Security%@EH@%
Council declared that action "null and void" in an unanimous 15-0 vote, %@AB@%Aug.
%@AB@%9.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Throughout August, the U.S. forces on the ground in Saudi Arabia continued%@EH@%
to build toward a projected total of perhaps 100,000 soldiers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Aug. 9,%@AE@% Iraq sealed its borders and said that only foreign diplomats%@EH@%
would be allowed to leave. Concern rose over the status of thousands of
foreigners in Iraq and Kuwait. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt called for an emergency meeting of the Arab%@EH@%
League and declared that Egypt would be willing to provide troops for a
joint Arab force to oppose Iraq and allow Western forces to withdraw. The
league, %@AB@%Aug. 10,%@AE@% voted to send troops to Saudi Arabia. In a 12-3 vote, only
Iraq, Libya, and the Palestine Liberation Organization opposed the
unprecedented decision. Saddam Hussein, %@AB@%Aug. 10,%@AE@% called on "Moslem masses"
to launch a "holy war" against foreign troops and "corrupt" Arab rulers.
Troops from Egypt and Morocco began arriving in Saudi Arabia, %@AB@%Aug. 11,%@AE@% and
Syrian troops followed, %@AB@%Aug. 14.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hussein, %@AB@%Aug. 12,%@AE@% offered to link an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait to an%@EH@%
Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and other conditions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%It was reported, %@AB@%Aug. 12,%@AE@% that Bush had ordered the Navy fleet in the%@EH@%
Mideast to be prepared to use force to prevent any ships from breaking the
economic embargo of Iraq. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In an apparent effort to mend its relations on another border, Iraq, %@AB@%Aug.%@EH@%
%@AB@%15,%@AE@% offered to meet demands made by Iran during the Persian Gulf war of the
1980's. Saddam Hussein offered to accept a 1975 agreement giving each
country sovereignty over half of a waterway dividing the 2 countries. He
also offered to withdraw Iraqi troops from Iranian  territory and to begin
an exchange of prisoners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a speech, %@AB@%Aug. 15,%@AE@% Bush stressed "access to energy resources" and "Our%@EH@%
jobs, our way of life" as factors related to the intervention in the gulf. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iraq ordered all foreign embassies in Kuwait to be shut down, and on %@AB@%Aug.%@EH@%
%@AB@%16,%@AE@% it ordered 6,500 Americans and Britons in Kuwait to assemble in 2
hotels. Few of the Westerners responded. On%@AB@%Aug. 17,%@AE@% the speaker of Iran's
parliament said that Iraq had decided to "play host" to citizens of
"aggressive nations" as long as Iraq remained threatened. He said they would
be given"appropriate accommodations" at industrial and military
installations--potential targets if a war broke out. Bush, %@AB@%Aug. 18,%@AE@%
denounced this plan as "totally unacceptable" and "contrary to all accepted
norms of international conduct." France, %@AB@%Aug. 18,%@AE@% warned of "grave
consequences" if its 560 citizens in Iraq and Kuwait were harmed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. Navy warships fired warning shots, %@AB@%Aug. 18,%@AE@% past 2 outbound Iraqi oil%@EH@%
tankers, which kept moving despite the shots. At the Yemeni port of Aden,
%@AB@%Aug. 21,%@AE@% Yemen refused to unload the oil. Bush, %@AB@%Aug. 22,%@AE@% ordered a limited
mobilization of U.S. military reserves. Most would fill noncombat support
roles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Aug. 23, a barrel of a benchmark grade of U.S. crude oil stood at almost%@EH@%
$32, an increase of $14 since early July. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Saddam Hussein met, %@AB@%Aug. 23,%@AE@% with a group of Britons being detained in Iraq%@EH@%
and assured them in an encounter that was shown on television that they were
"guests" and not hostages. Several young British children seemed frightened,
and the British Foreign Office called the broadcast a "repulsive charade."
Iraqi troops surrounded some foreign embassies in Kuwait, %@AB@%Aug. 24,%@AE@% after
they refused to shut down. Iraq said women and children dependents of U.S.
diplomats could leave, but that the men would have to stay. Britain reported
that hundreds of its citizens were being held hostage in Kuwait and Iraq. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.N. Security Council, %@AB@%Aug. 25,%@AE@% authorized the naval armada in the%@EH@%
Persian Gulf to use force if necessary to prevent violations of U.N.
economic sanctions imposed on Iraq. The support of the Soviet Union had
proved crucial in the adoption of the unprecedented resolution--the first
time the United Nations had approved the use of military force not under the
U.N. flag or command. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Saddam Hussein, %@AB@%Aug. 28,%@AE@% ordered the release, as a humanitarian gesture, of%@EH@%
all foreign women and children who were being detained. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Aug. 29,%@AE@% the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries authorized its%@EH@%
members to increase oil production to maintain normal supplies during the
crisis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In resolutions adopted %@AB@%Sept. 1,%@AE@% 12 members of the Arab League called on Iraq%@EH@%
to leave Kuwait, pay reparations, and free all foreign nationals. Libya
opposed the resolutions, and 8 members boycotted the meeting. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Beginning %@AB@%Sept. 1,%@AE@% Iraq began freeing hundreds of foreigners from a number%@EH@%
of countries, but many more were still held as hostages. Some 2,500
Americans, including many women and children, were believed still stranded
in Iraq and Kuwait. By early September, some 600,000 refugees had streamed
through Jordan, and 100,000 still remained there, often going hungry in
desert camps. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush announced, %@AB@%Sept. 4,%@AE@% that, subject to congressional approval, he was%@EH@%
forgiving Egypt's $7 billion military debt to the U.S. for supporting
American policy in the Persian Gulf. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sec. of State James Baker, during a Middle East trip, received large pledges%@EH@%
of financial support, %@AB@%Sept. 6,%@AE@% from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and, %@AB@%Sept. 7,%@AE@%
from the exiled emir of Kuwait. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush and Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev met at a summit conference in%@EH@%
Helsinki, Finland, %@AB@%Sept. 9,%@AE@% to discuss the Gulf crisis. The summit was held
to demonstrate superpower unity on the issue, and an outgrowth was a clear
U.S. recognition that the Soviet Union had a role to play in the Middle
East. At a joint press conference, Bush said that no military options had
been discussed. Gorbachev said that Soviet participation in the area would
be limited to 2 naval vessels. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Baker, at a NATO foreign ministers meeting in Brussels, %@AB@%Sept. 10,%@AE@% called the%@EH@%
Soviets reliable partners in the crisis. He said that Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
and the United Arab Emirates had made pledges of support totaling $12
billion for the rest of 1990. Half of this would go to cover U.S. military
costs, and the rest would assist the economies of Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey,
which had been damaged by the trade embargo of Iraq. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush, addressing a joint session of Congress, %@AB@%Sept. 11,%@AE@% said the U.S. could%@EH@%
not allow the oil resource to be controlled by anyone as ruthless as Saddam
Hussein. He said that in any future action he would not be deterred by
Iraq's policy of using Western hostages as shields. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After a meeting of the foreign ministers of Iraq and Iran, during which they%@EH@%
agreed to resume diplomatic relations, Iran's supreme religious leader,
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said, %@AB@%Sept. 12,%@AE@% that a jihad, or holy war, was
justified in combatting the U.S. military buildup. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After an Iraqi tanker in the Gulf of Oman refused to stop, %@AB@%Sept. 14,%@AE@% U.S.%@EH@%
and Australian ships fired warning shots at it. The ship stopped, was
inspected by U.S. and Australian sailors, and then allowed to proceed. U.S.
forces were boarding several ships a day, mainly in the Red Sea. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iraqi troops raided several Western embassies in Kuwait City, %@AB@%Sept. 14.%@AE@% Four%@EH@%
French citizens were seized, then released. French Pres. Francois Mitterrand
denounced the incident, %@AB@%Sept. 14,%@AE@% and Britain announced, %@AB@%Sept. 14,%@AE@% it was
sending an armored brigade of 8,000 troops and 120 tanks to Saudi Arabia.
West Germany, %@AB@%Sept. 15,%@AE@% announced a $2 billion package of aid for the Gulf
effort, and Mitterrand ordered 4,000 soldiers, as well as planes,
helicopters, and tanks, sent to Saudi Arabia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iraq, %@AB@%Sept. 15,%@AE@% opened the border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and%@EH@%
allowed thousands of Kuwaitis to flee into exile. But the refugee flow
dwindled when Iraqis began seizing military-age Kuwaiti men. The refugees
reported widespread incidences of torture and execution by Iraqi troops. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A video tape recorded by Bush was played on Iraqi TV, %@AB@%Sept. 16.%@AE@% Iraq had%@EH@%
offered the time after Bush complained that Hussein was getting too much
exposure on American television. In the 8-minute tape, Bush warned the Iraqi
people that Hussein had brought them to the brink of war and that ultimately
Iraq would have to withdraw from Kuwait. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Defense Secretary Cheney, %@AB@%Sept. 17,%@AE@% removed Gen. Michael Dugan as Air Force%@EH@%
chief of staff after Dugan had discussed details of the gulf operation that
were later published. He had also referred to a contingency plan to kill
Hussein. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hussein warned, %@AB@%Sept. 23,%@AE@% that Iraq might attack oilfields in Saudi Arabia,%@EH@%
other Arab countries, and Israel if economic sanctions "strangled" Iraq. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Shevardnadze warned the U.N. General Assembly, %@AB@%Sept. 25,%@AE@% that war was close%@EH@%
in the Gulf unless Iraq withdrew from Kuwait. The U.N. Security Council
voted 14-1 to impose an embargo on air traffic on Iraq. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush, addressing the U.N. General Assembly, %@AB@%Oct. 1,%@AE@% said he hoped for a%@EH@%
diplomatic solution to the crisis. On%@AB@%Oct. 1,%@AE@% the House adopted a resolution
endorsing Bush's actions in the gulf, 380-29. The Senate did the same, %@AB@%Oct.
%@AB@%2,%@AE@% 96-3. Hussein, visiting Kuwait, %@AB@%Oct. 3,%@AE@% said there would be "no
compromise" and vowed not to give up "one inch" of what was now called
province 19. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Oct. 10,%@AE@% Iraq allowed about 360 people, mostly American men of Arab%@EH@%
descent, to leave Kuwait. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Secretary of State James Baker said, %@AB@%Oct. 16,%@AE@% that a reported compromise%@EH@%
offer from Iraq was unacceptable. It involved Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait
if it could retain a strategic island. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Iraqi government announced, %@AB@%Oct. 19,%@AE@% that it would introduce gasoline%@EH@%
rationing because of a lack of the chemicals needed to refine oil. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cheney announced, %@AB@%Oct. 25,%@AE@% that the number of American troops in the Persian%@EH@%
Gulf area would be increased by up to 100,000, which could bring the total
to 340,000 and give the U.S. forces an offensive capability. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hussein, %@AB@%Oct. 28,%@AE@% canceled the rationing of gasoline and fired his oil%@EH@%
minister, saying he had made a miscalculation. Some observers thought that
the original announcement was a ruse to make it appear that sanctions were
working so that a military attack on Iraq would not be necessary. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.N. Security Council, %@AB@%Oct. 29,%@AE@% passed a resolution, 13-0 with 2%@EH@%
abstentions, warning Iraq that "further measures" might be taken under the
U.N. Charter--by implication, including military action. In separate
statements, %@AB@%Oct. 29,%@AE@% Bush and Baker warned that in light of barbarous acts
by the Iraqis in Kuwait, the use of force remained a possibility.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Major Actions of the 101st Congress, 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(As of Oct. 28, 1990. For further information, see %@AI@%Congress, Chronology,%@AE@% and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Addenda.%@AE@%) %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%The 101st Congress reconvened Jan. 23. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%    %@AS@%Legislation Passed by Congress and Signed or Vetoed by Pres. Bush %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chinese Exchange Student Deportation.%@AE@% The Senate voted, Jan. 25, 62-37, to%@EH@%
uphold Pres. Bush's veto of a 1989 bill that would have barred the
deportation of Chinese exchange students from the U.S. The House had voted,
Jan. 24, 390-25, to override the veto. Pres. Bush cited his earlier
executive order that would protect Chinese students who feared persecution
if forced to return to their homeland when their visas expired. If the bill
became law, the pres. said, China would cut off all student exchange
programs with the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%"Hate Crime" Statistics.%@AE@% Pres. Bush signed into law, Apr. 23, a  bill%@EH@%
requiring the federal  government to keep records of crimes motivated by
ethnic, racial, or sexual prejudice. The Hate Crimes Statistics Act had been
passed by the House, Apr. 4, 408-18; and by the Senate, Feb. 8, 92-4. The
law required the Justice Dept. to compile and publish data for the next five
years on crimes including murder, rape, assault, arson, vandalism and
intimidation. Several states already required such monitoring, but the new
bill marked the first time the federal government would collect data
nationwade as to the motivation behind such crimes, in order to monitor
their extent, determine law enforcement priorities, and suggest possible
legal changes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Supplemental Spending.%@AE@% Congress cleared, and Pres. Bush signed, May 25, a%@EH@%
bill providing $4.3 billion in fiscal 1990 supplemental appropriations,
including $720 million in economic aid for Panama and Nicaragua. The House
had approved the bill, May 24, 308-108; the Senate, May 25, by voice vote. A
House-Senate conference committee had approved the legislation, May 22,
after deleting controversial amendments on the death penalty and abortion
rights, May 17. The final measure was partially financed via $2 billion in
defense cuts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amtrak Fund Authorization.%@AE@% Pres. Bush vetoed a bill, May 24, that would%@EH@%
authorize funds for Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, for the next
2 fiscal years. Pres. Bush cited a provision authorizing the Interstate
Commerce Commisision to review freight-railroad takeovers by nonrail
companies as "an unwarranted regulatory roadblock to financial restructuring
of the industry." The bill would have authorized $684 million for Amtrak for
fiscal 1991, beginning Oct. 1, and $712 million for fiscal 1992. The measure
had been approved by the House, May 9, 322-93; and by a Senate voice vote,
May 10. The Senate, June 12, upheld the veto by 2 votes, after the House had
voted, June 7, 294-123, to override the veto. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Family Emergency "Time Off."%@AE@% Pres. Bush vetoed a bill, June 29, that would%@EH@%
have required workers to be allowed unpaid time off for births, adoptions,
and major medical emergencies at home. The president cited strong objections
to the government's dictating such a policy to employers. The bill would
have required businesses with 50 or more employees to grant workers up to 12
weeks of unpaid leave to care for newborn or adopted children or seriously
ill family members. The House failed to override the veto, July 25, 232-195.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Discrimination Against Disabilities Banned.%@AE@% Pres. Bush signed into law, July%@EH@%
26, The Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibited discrimination in
employment, public accomodations, telecommunications, and transportation
against people with a physical or mental condition that "substantially
limited" a major life activity, such as seeing or walking. The definition of
disabled would include AIDS victims, and drugs addicts and alcoholics
undergoing treatment. Some 43 million Americans were expected to be
affected. The Senate had approved, 91-6, July 13; the House, July 12,
377-28. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emergency Federal Funds for AIDS.%@AE@% Pres. Bush signed into law, Aug. 18, a%@EH@%
bill authorizing emergency federal aid to help cities and states deal with
the rising costs of treating and preventing AIDS. The Senate had passed the
bill, 95-4, May 16; the House, 408-14, June 13. The measure provided a total
of $4 billion over the next five years, mostly toward testing, counseling,
and early drug treatment for those found infected with the virus causing
AIDS. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Civil Rights.%@AE@% Pres. Bush vetoed, Oct. 20, the Civil Rights Act of 1990. The%@EH@%
measure would have allowed women and members of minority groups to collect
damages if they could prove intentional discrimination. Workers accusing
their employers of discrimination would have had to cite the specific
practices that excluded women, blacks, or other minorities, however, and
could not have won damages if employers could show that the practice was not
intended to discriminate. The pres. contended that the legislation would
have led to the widespread use of quotas in hiring and promotion. The
Senate, Oct. 24, failed by one vote to override the veto. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Other Legislation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Constitutional Amendment.%@AE@% The Senate rejected, 58-42, a proposed%@EH@%
constitutional amendment, June 26, that would have permitted states to
prosecute those who destroyed or desecrated the American flag. The House had
rejected the amendment, June 21, 254-177. (%@AI@%See Chronology.%@AE@%) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Puerto Rico Status Decision.%@AE@% The House passed a bill, Oct. 10, by voice%@EH@%
vote, calling for a referendum in 1991 under which the people of Puerto Rico
could choose statehood, independence, or continuation of their commonwealth
status, the first time either house of Congress had voted to hold such a
referendum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ads on Children's TV Restricted.%@AE@% Pres. Bush allowed a bill that limited TV%@EH@%
commercials on children's programming to become law without his signature,
Oct. 17. The law imposed a limit of 10 minutes of TV commercials an hour for
children's programming on weekends and 12 minutes an hour on weekends. Both
House and Senate approved by voice vote, July 23 and July 19, respectively. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Budget.%@AE@% Congress approved a budget bill, Oct. 27, The House, 228-200, and%@EH@%
the Senate, 54-45. The measure would raise taxes by more than $140 billion
over the next five years, the core of a plan to reduce the federal deficit
by $40 billion this year and $500 billion over five years. The measure
included higher taxes, with the top income tax rate increased to 31 percent
from 28 percent, a phaseout of exemptions for upper-income taxpayers, and
the top capital gains rate set at 28 percent; an increase in excise taxes on
gasoline, gas-guzzling cars, cigarettes, and alcohol; increased passenger
airline ticket tax and domestic air cargo tax; and a new "luxury tax" on
such items as expensive cars, airplanes, yachts, and furs. The measure also
included spending cuts in Medicaid, Medicare, federal pensions, student
loans, federal housing, and military spending. Pres. Bush said that he would
sign the bill. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Immigration.%@AE@% The House approved, 264-118, a major revision of the country's%@EH@%
immigration law, Oct. 27. The bill would permit 700,000 people to immigrate
each year from 1992 to 1994, compared with 500,000 under current law. The
bill also would reduce the severity and scope of restrictions on new
citizens and other immigrants. The Senate had approved the measure, Oct. 26.
Pres. Bush indicated that he would sign it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%As of Oct. 29, 1990,%@AE@% Congress was continuing to work on bills concerning%@EH@%
several major issues, including crime, clean air, housing, foreign aid, and
the financing of the National Endowment for the Arts.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Major Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1989-90 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(For further information, see %@AI@%Supreme Court, Chronology,%@AE@% and %@AI@%Addenda.%@AE@%) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Supreme Court began its 1989-90 term on Oct. 2. Summaries of notable%@EH@%
actions follow. The Court: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, unanimously, that universities accused of discriminating in faculty%@EH@%
tenure decisions had no special status under the First Amendment right of
academic freedom that would allow them to withhold peer-review materials
from federal investigators. (Jan. 9) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, to reaffirm its exclusion of illegally obtained evidence in a%@EH@%
criminal trial, except for the specific  purpose of contradicting testimony
in court by a defendant. (Jan. 10) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, unanimously, that state taxes on religious materials sold by%@EH@%
religious organizations failed to violate the First Amendment's guarantee of
religious freedom. (Jan. 17) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that the Sixth Amendment required not a "representative" jury%@EH@%
reflecting a cross-section of the community, but an "impartial" jury. (Jan.
22) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 7-2, that a parent under court supervision for having previously%@EH@%
abused a child could not cite his or her Fifth Amendment rights as
justification for evading court orders to reveal the child's whereabouts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Declined to review, thus let stand, a federal appeals court prohibition%@EH@%
against biographers' or historians' use of quotations from unpublished
materials without permission. (Feb. 20) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Declined to review, thus let stand, the military's policy of barring%@EH@%
homosexuals from service. (Feb. 26) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 7-2, that police arresting a suspect in his home could make a%@EH@%
warrantless search of the premises to make certain that they were not in
danger, and that evidence seized at this time could be used against the
defendant. (Feb. 28) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that Pennsylvania's death penalty, which required a death%@EH@%
sentence if a jury found that a murder was committed with at least one
"aggravating" circumstance and no "mitigating" circumstances, was
constitutional. The law was similar to those in at least 12 other states.
(Feb. 28) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, in two cases, that federal judges, in deciding habeas corpus%@EH@%
petitions, could not give retroactive application to court decisions that
came after the date of an inmate's conviction, even if a later decision
indicated that the inmate might have been tried or sentenced
unconstitutionally. (Mar. 5) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 6-3, that a state death penalty law could not require the jury's%@EH@%
unanimous consent for the consideration of "mitigating" circumstances. (Mar.
5) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, unanimously, that the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of speech%@EH@%
disallowed the prohibition of grand jury witnesses from discussing the
"content, gist, or import" of their testimony following the completion of
the investigation. (Mar. 21) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, unanimously, that migrant farm workers injured on the job were not%@EH@%
restricted to what they could recover under state workers' compensation
laws, but were entitled to sue their employers for damages under the Migrant
and Seasonal Agricultural Workers' Protection Act. (Mar. 21) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that state appeals courts were permitted to weigh "aggravating"%@EH@%
factors against "mitigating" factors of a crime and decide whether to impose
the death penalty, if a jury had considered factors that were improper.
(Mar. 28) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Declined to review, thus let stand, a ban on school dances allegedly derived%@EH@%
from a Christian fundamentalist belief that social dance was sinful. (Apr.
16) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 9-0, that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, barring%@EH@%
employment discrimination on the basis of sex, did not prohibit the filing
of such discrimination suits in state as well as federal courts. (Apr. 17) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 6-3, that a state may ban the use of the drug peyote, containing the%@EH@%
hallucinogenic substance mescaline, in Native American religious rituals.
The sacramental use of peyote was exempted from criminal penalties by
federal law and the laws of 23 states. (Apr. 17) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 6-3, that states could make unlawful the possession of pornographic%@EH@%
photos of children even in private homes, the first time the court banned
the private possession of pornography, already prohibited by 19 states.
(Apr. 18) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Declined to review, thus let stand, a decision permitting a lawsuit for%@EH@%
parental rights by a man who had donated sperm for the artificial
insemination of a woman to whom he was not married. (Apr. 23) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that the prosecution of a drunk driver for homicide, after he%@EH@%
had pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors in a fatal traffic accident, would
constitute double jeopardy. (May 29) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 8-1, that the 1984 Equal Access Act, requiring public high schools to%@EH@%
give student religious and political groups the same access to facilities as
other student organizations, did not violate the Constitution's requirement
of separation between church and state. (June 4) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 8-1, that police need not have provided the Miranda warning as to%@EH@%
rights against self-incrimination in the case of a jailed suspect who
confessed to an undercover police officer posing as a fellow inmate, since
this involved "strategic deception" and not "coercion." (June 4) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that a 1989 federal law making it a crime to burn or deface the%@EH@%
American flag was unconstitutional, since it violated the First Amendment's
guarantee of free speech. (June 11) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 6-3, that an anonymous tip was sufficient grounds for suspicion to%@EH@%
permit police legally to stop and question a suspect. (June 11) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 6-3, that police checkpoints to examine drivers for evidence of%@EH@%
intoxication, although resulting in a "seizure," were nevertheless
"reasonable" in view of the merely "slight" intrusion on motorists, combined
with the state's interest in decreasing drunken driving. (June 14) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that hospitals and nursing homes could sue states for higher%@EH@%
Medicaid Reimbursement rates. (June 14) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 6-2, that an exemption from patent infringement for drugs, to permit%@EH@%
testing, also could be applied to medical devices, both of which were
regulated under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (June 16) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 8-1, that the police could videotape drunk-driving suspects and use%@EH@%
evidence of their slurred speech against them at a trial, without having
advised the drivers first of their constitutional rights. However, in a
separate decision, the court ruled, 5-4, against the use of a defendant's
videotaped response to a police request to name the year in which he had
turned six years old. (June 18) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 7-2, that editorial statements of opinion were not automatically%@EH@%
exempted by the First Amendment from libel lawsuits. (June 21) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that it was unconstitutional to use partisan political%@EH@%
considerations as the basis for hiring, promoting, or transferring public
employees in non-policy-making positions. (June 21) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that a person whose wishes were clearly known had a%@EH@%
constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. However,
in this first ruling on a "right to die" case, the court also ruled that
there was no such "clear and convincing evidence" as to the wishes of the
individual in question. (June 25) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that states could require a teenage girl to notify both parents%@EH@%
before having an abortion, if the law offered the alternative of a court
hearing for those who did not want their parents involved. The court also
held, 5-4, that a state law requiring notification of both parents was
constitutional only because it provided the alternative of a court hearing.
Further, the court upheld a provision that the states could require minors
to wait 48 hours for an abortion after parental notification. In a separate
decision, the court ruled, 6-3, that states could require a minor either to
notify one parent or to seek permission from a court because she believed
she was mature enough to make her own decision or because notifying a parent
would not be in her best interest. (June 25) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that states could permit alleged victims of child abuse to%@EH@%
testify on closed-circuit TV or via other indirect methods, in order to
avoid confronting the defendant in court, if this was absolutely necessary
to prevent emotional trauma to a child and if the defendant's attorney had
an opportunity to cross-examine the child. In a separate ruling, 5-4, the
court barred a physician's testimony about statements made to him by an
alleged child-abuse victim who was considered incapable of testifying in
person, unless prosecutors explained why the child could not testify and why
the third-party testimony should be considered reliable. (June 27) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled, 5-4, that affirmative action policies created to increase the number%@EH@%
of broadcast licenses held by minorities and women could be adopted by
Congress, the first court approval of an affirmative action program for a
reason other than simply correcting the effects of past discrimination.
(June 27) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The court concluded the 1989 session June 28, having issued 129 signed%@EH@%
majority opinions, the smallest number in a decade. Justice William J.
Brennan resigned from the Court, July 20, after nearly 34 years of service,
citing his age of 84 and a stroke suffered that month. On July 23, Pres.
Bush named David H. Souter, 50, of New Hampshire, and on Oct. 3. the Senate
voted, 90-9, to confirm him as Justice Brennan's successor. Issues facing
the court in the 1990-91 session included school desegregation, sex
discrimination, and the authority of federal judges and agencies.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Historical Anniversaries %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%1971--20 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon imposes a 90-day wage and price freeze. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. planes bomb Vietcong supply routes in Cambodia; fighting in Indochina%@EH@%
spreads to Laos and Cambodia; and the U.S. conducts large-scale bombing
against North Vietnam; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 26th Amendment to the Constitution, allowing 18-year-olds to vote, is%@EH@%
ratified. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Supreme Court upholds the busing of schoolchildren to achieve racial%@EH@%
balance. The Court rules federal and state aid to parochial schools
unconstitutional. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The "Pentagon Papers" are excerpted in the %@AI@%New York Times.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. Postal Service replaces the Post Office Department; rates rise from%@EH@%
6 to 8 cents per ounce. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Amtrak (The National Railroad Passenger Corp.) takes over almost all U.S.%@EH@%
passenger railroad traffic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Attica Correctional Facility, Attica, N.Y., is the scene of a riot, and Gov.%@EH@%
Nelson Rockefeller calls in the state police; 10 guards, 32 inmates are
killed, 80 people wounded. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lewis F. Powell, Jr. and William H. Rehnquist are named to the U.S. Supreme%@EH@%
Court. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. Senate stops federal funding of the supersonic transport. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. and USSR sign a treaty banning nuclear weapons on the ocean floor. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%China hosts the U.S. table tennis team, starting a new era of U.S.-China%@EH@%
detente. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%China is admitted to the U.N. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Kurt Waldheim becomes U.N. Secretary General. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles Manson and three co-defendants are found guilty of the Sharon Tate%@EH@%
murders. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lt. William Calley Jr. is found guilty of premeditated murder in the Mylai%@EH@%
killings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Republic of Zaire is created from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Maj.-Gen. Idi Amin establishes himself as head of Uganda. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Haiti's "Papa Doc" Duvalier dies, and is succeeded by his 19-year-old son%@EH@%
Jean-Claude, "Baby Doc," as "President for life."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cigarette ads are banned from U.S. TV %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Jesus Movement becomes popular in the U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Fillmore East and Fillmore West are closed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Billie Jean King becomes the first woman athlete to win $100,000 in a single%@EH@%
year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Washington Senators become the Texas Rangers. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Books: nonfiction: %@AI@%Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee,%@AE@% Dee Brown; fiction: %@AI@%Love%@EH@%
%@AI@%Story,%@AE@% Erich Segal; %@AI@%The Book of Daniel,%@AE@% E.L. Doctorow; %@AI@%The Winds of War,%@AE@%
Herman Wouk; %@AI@%Rabbit Redux,%@AE@% John Updike; %@AI@%The Tenants,%@AE@% Bernard Malamud; %@AI@%The
%@AI@%Bell Jar,%@AE@% Sylvia Plath. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Movies: Woody Allen's "Bananas", Stanley Kubrick's "A Clockwork Orange",%@EH@%
Mike Nichols's "Carnal Knowledge", Peter Bogdanovich's "The Last Picture
Show", William Friedkin's "The French Connection."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Theater: "The Prisoner of Second Avenue," Neil Simon; "Butley," Simon Gray;%@EH@%
musicals: "Follies," "Godspell," "Jesus Christ Superstar."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Music: "Tapestry," Carole King; "Take Me Home, Country Roads," John Denver;%@EH@%
"Imagine," John Lennon.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%1941--50 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%World War II becomes a worldwide conflict as German troops invade Soviet%@EH@%
Russia and Japanese forces attack Pearl Harbor. A Lend-Lease program to aid
the Allies is recommended by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, despite
widespread isolationism. German troops lay seige to Leningrad in June,
confidently carrying no winter clothing, but in December are still fighting.
Pearl Harbor, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu is attacked Dec. 7 (Dec. 8,
Tokyo time) from 360-carrier based Japanese planes, which sink the battle
ships %@AI@%U.S.S. Arizona, Oklahoma, California, Nevada,%@AE@% and %@AI@%West Virginia;%@AE@%
damage 3 others as well as 3 cruisers and 3 destroyers, destroy 200 U.S.
planes, and kill 2,344 men. The attack precedes Japan's declaration of war.
FDR calls Dec. 7 "a date that will live in infamy," and declares war on
Japan. Germany declares war on the U.S., Dec. 11, Italy follows; the U.S.
declares war on Germany and Italy; Romania declares war on the U.S., Dec.
12; Bulgaria, Dec. 13. The Japanese invade the Philippines Dec. 22; Wake
Island falls Dec. 23, Hong Kong, Dec. 25. In the Soviet Union, German SS
units machine-gun some 3,000 Jewish men, women and children, and from
50,000-96,000 Ukrainians, at least 60% Jews. In Estonia, Galicia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, Jews flee from advancing German troops; those
caught are forced into labor gangs, ghettos, military brothels,
machine-gunned, or shipped in freight cars to detention camps where many are
found dead on arrival. Jewish stores, factories, libraries, synagogues, and
cemeteries are damaged or destroyed. FDR calls for a world with Four
Freedoms protected: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from
want, and freedom from fear. The U.S. Treasury issues war bonds. U.S. tax
rates are increased sharply to raise billions for war-related expenditures. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Grand Coulee Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric installation, begins%@EH@%
generating power on the Columbia River in Washington. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A U.S. Fair Employment Practice Committee is created by FDR, after a march%@EH@%
of 50,000 blacks on Washington is threatened by A. Philip Randolph, pres. of
the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, to protest unfair employment
practices in the war industry and the government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first U.S. diesel freight locomotives go into service for the Atchinson,%@EH@%
Topeka and Santa Fe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Lincoln Continental is introduced by Ford. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mount Rushmore sculptor John Gutzon Borglum dies, his son continues, but%@EH@%
leaves the work incomplete. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dacron is introduced. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Quality Inns motel company is established. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cheerios cereal is introduced. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Casserole Cookery%@AE@% by Marian Tracy is published, and will become the war%@EH@%
bride's favorite. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Le Pavillon opens in New York. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Stan Musial begins playing for the St. Louis Cardinals. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The National Gallery of Art opens in Washington, D.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Books: nonfiction: %@AI@%Let Us Now Praise Famous Men,%@AE@% James Agee and Walker%@EH@%
Evans; %@AI@%Escape from Freedom,%@AE@% Erich Fromm; fiction: %@AI@%The Last Tycoon,%@AE@% F. Scott
Fitzgerald (posthumously); %@AI@%Mildred Pierce,%@AE@% James M. Cain; %@AI@%The Keys of the
%@AI@%Kingdom,%@AE@% A.J. Cronin; %@AI@%What Makes Sammy Run?,%@AE@% Budd Shulberg; juvenile:
%@AI@%Curious George,%@AE@% H.A. Rey and Margaret Rey. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Movies: Orson Welles's "Citizen Kane," John Huston's "The Maltese Falcon,"%@EH@%
Chaplin's "The Great Dictator," Alfred Hitchcock's "Rebecca"; "Sergeant
York," "How Green Was My Valley," "The Sea Wolf," "The Little Foxes," "Penny
Serenade," "Never Give a Sucker an Even Break," "The Lady Eve," Walt
Disney's "Dumbo."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Theater: "Arsenic and Old Lace," Joseph Kesselring; "Native Son," Richard%@EH@%
Wright and Paul Green; "Watch on the Rhine," Lillian Hellman; "Mother
Courage," Bertolt Brecht; "Blithe Spirit," Noel Coward; musicals: "Lady in
the Dark."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Radio: "Duffy's Tavern" begins. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Music: "Lili Marlene," "Blues in the Night," "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over)%@EH@%
the White Cliffs of Dover," "I Don't Want to Walk Without You," "Take the A
Train," "I'll Remember April," "Deep in the Heart of Texas," "Jersey
Bounce," "Cow-Cow Boogie," "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," "Boogie-Woogie Bugle
Boy," "Anniversary Waltz."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1891--100 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. workers strike for higher wages, shorter hours. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"Jim Crow" anti-black laws are enacted in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, and%@EH@%
Tennessee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chicago's Provident Hospital, founded by black surgeon Daniel Hale Williams,%@EH@%
becomes the first U.S. interracial hospital, and incorporates the first U.S.
nursing school for black women. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A gasoline engine that will power a road vehicle is designed by Charles%@EH@%
Edward Duryea, a bicycle designer, and his brother Franklin, a toolmaker, in
Chicopee, Mass. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The world's first old age pension plan takes effect in Germany. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Java, a Dutch anthropologist discovers Pithecanthropus erectus, called%@EH@%
Java Man. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Young Turk movement, aiming to secure liberal reforms, is founded in%@EH@%
Geneva. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gauguin settles in Tahiti. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The University of Chicago is founded. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The American Express Traveler's Cheque is copyrighted by the 41-year-old%@EH@%
American Express Company. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first full-service advertising agency is founded in New York City. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%W.L. Judson, an American, invests the clothing zipper, but it will not be%@EH@%
put to practical use until 1919. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first electric oven for commercial use is introduced in St. Paul, Minn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Basketball is invested in Springfield, Mass. by James Naismith, a%@EH@%
Canadian-American physical education director, who sets up fruit baskets on
ladders and makes rules that will be used in the first public game in March,
1892. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first football rulebook is written by Walter Camp, who invents the%@EH@%
11-man team, signals, the scrimmage line, and the quarterback position. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Books: %@AI@%Tess of the D'Urbervilles,%@AE@% Thomas Hardy; %@AI@%New Grub Street,%@AE@% George%@EH@%
Gissing; %@AI@%The Light That Failed,%@AE@% Rudyard Kiping; %@AI@%The Picture of Dorian Gray,%@AE@%
Oscar Wilde. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Art: "The Bath," Mary Cassatt; "Toilers of the Sea," Albert Pinkham Ryder;%@EH@%
"Hail Mary," Paul Gauguin; first music hall posters, Henri de
Toulouse-Lautrec. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Theater; "Hedda Gabler," Henrik Ibsen; "The American," Henry James. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1791--200 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis XVI accepts the French constitution, France annexes Avignon and%@EH@%
Venaissin, and the National Assembly dissolves. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%British orator Edmund Burke criticizes the French Revolution; America's%@EH@%
Thomas Paine replies with the pamphlet "The Rights of Man."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Society of United Irishmen is founded to agitate for independence from%@EH@%
Great Britain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Canada Act of the British Parliament divides Canada at the Ottawa River%@EH@%
into Upper, mainly English, and Lower, mainly French. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Odessa is established by Russian pioneers on the Black Sea. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Blacks born of free parents in the French West Indies gain the vote and the%@EH@%
same privileges of all French citizens, but Saint Domingue's white colonists
threaten to cecede; the blacks and mulattoes revolt, and in several months
some 2,000 whites, 10,000 blacks and mulattoes are killed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%More humane treatment of the insane is proposed by French physician Philippe%@EH@%
Pinel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The waltz becomes fashionable in England. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vermont is admitted to the Union as the 14th state. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Bill of Rights becomes law as Virginia ratifies the first 10 Amendments%@EH@%
to the Constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first U.S. crop report is prepared by Pres. George Washington. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Books: biography: %@AI@%The Life of Samuel Johnson,%@AE@% James Boswell; poetry: "Tam%@EH@%
O'Shanter," Robert Burns. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Music: opera: "Cosi Fan Tutte," and "The Magic Flute," Mozart.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1691--300 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Massachusetts colony extends religious liberty to all but Catholics.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1591--400 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The systematic use of letters in algebra to represent both coefficients and%@EH@%
unknown quantities is introduced by the French mathematician Francois Viete,
who will be called "the father of algebra."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dublin's Trinity College is founded by Queen Elizabeth. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Shakespeare writes "The Comedy of Errors."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pamplona, in northern Spain, begins the custom of running the bulls through%@EH@%
the streets to the local bullring--the local men running in front of them.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1491--500 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%France's Charles VIII annexes Brittany by marrying Anne, Duchess of%@EH@%
Brittany; England's Henry VII goes to war to stop the annexation, making
peace with Scotland to free his troops for action. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Girolamo Savonarola begins denouncing the corruption in Florence, especially%@EH@%
by Lorenzo de'Medici. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1391--600 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Switzerland begins, with the League of the Three Forest Cantons formed by%@EH@%
Uri, Schwz, and Unterwalden for mutual defense, but not yet independent from
Austria. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1291--700 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Crusades end, as the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1191--800 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%England's Richard the Lion-Hearted embarks on the Third Crusade with a fleet%@EH@%
of 100 ships. He conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Zen Buddhism is introduced to Japan from China by the priest Aeisai, who%@EH@%
also plants tea seeds in Japan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%1091--900 Years Ago %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Treaty of Caen ends hostilities between England's William II and%@EH@%
Normandy's Robert Curthose. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sicily becomes free of the Moslems who have held the island for 130 years. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                 %@AS@%CONGRESS%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                    %@AS@%The One Hundred and Second Congress%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                        %@AS@%With 1990 Election Results %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%The Senate %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Terms are for 6 years and end Jan. 3 of the year preceding name. Annual
salary $98,400, with a cost-of-living increase scheduled for Jan. 1, 1991;
President Pro Tempore, Majority Leader, and Minority Leader $109,500, with a
cost-of-living increase scheduled for Jan. 1, 1991. To be eligible for the
U.S. Senate a person must be at least 30 years of age, a citizen of the
United States for at least 9 years, and a resident of the state from which
he is chosen. The Congress must meet annually on Jan. 3, unless it has, by
law, appointed a different day.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Senate officials%@AE@% (101st Congress): President Pro Tempore Robert Byrd;
Majority Leader George Mitchell; Majority Whip Alan Cranston; Minority
Leader Bob Dole; Minority Whip Alan Simpson.%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Jan. 3, unless otherwise noted. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Elected governor; seat tobe filled.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          (News Election Service)%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Preliminary Totals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%%@AB@%Dem., 56; Rep., 44; Total,  100. *Incumbent. Bold face denotes winner.%@AE@% %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  185 11301 02 17 37 17 @%Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from%@AH@%1%@AE@%        1990 Election%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama          Alabama                              Alabama1997             %@AB@%Howell Heflin*%@AE@% (D)/1979              %@AB@%708,982%@AE@%                 Bill Cabaniss (R)                    461,421 1993             Richard C. Shelby (D)/1987Alaska           Alaska                               Alaska1997             %@AB@%Ted Stevens*%@AE@% (R)/12/24/68            %@AB@%106,465%@AE@%                 Michael Beasley (D)                  51,966 1993             Frank Murkowski (R)/1981Arizona          Arizona                              Arizona 1993             John S. McCain (R)/19871995             Dennis DeConcini* (D)/1977Arkansas         Arkansas                             Arkansas1997             %@AB@%David Pryor*%@AE@% (D)/1979                %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%1993             Dale Bumpers (D)/1975California       California                           California 1993             Alan Cranston (D)/19691995             %@AH@%2%@AE@%Pete Wilson* (R)/1983Colorado         Colorado                             Colorado 1997             %@AB@%Hank Brown%@AE@% (R)                       %@AB@%568,095%@AE@%                 Josie Heath (D)                      425,543 1993             Timothy E. Wirth (D)/1987Connecticut      Connecticut                          Connecticut 1993             Christopher J. Dodd (D)/19811995             Joe Lieberman (D)/1989Delaware         Delaware                             Delaware 1997             %@AB@%Joseph R. Biden Jr.*%@AE@% (D)/1973        %@AB@%112,128%@AE@%                 M. Jane Brady (R)                    64,682 1995             William V. Roth Jr.* (R)/1/1/71Florida          Florida                              Florida 1993             Bob Graham (D)/19871995             Connie Mack  (R)/1989Georgia          Georgia                              Georgia 1997             %@AB@%Sam Nunn*%@AE@% (D)/1972                   %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%1993             Wyche Fowler Jr. (D)/1987Hawaii           Hawaii                               Hawaii 1993             Daniel K. Inouye (D)/19631995             Daniel K. Akaka* (D)/5/16/90         %@AB@%188,900%@AE@%                 Patricia Saiki (R)                   155,978                  Ken Schoolland (B)                   4,787 Idaho            Idaho                                Idaho 1997             %@AB@%Larry E. Craig*%@AE@% (R)                  %@AB@%178,653%@AE@%                 Ron J. Twilegar (D)                  112,752 1993             Steven D. Symms (R)/1981Illinois         Illinois                             Illinois 1997             %@AB@%Paul Simon*%@AE@% (D)/1985                 %@AB@%2,075,493%@AE@%                 Lynn Martin (R)                      1,120,179 1993             Alan J. Dixon (D)/1981Indiana          Indiana                              Indiana 1997             %@AB@%Dan Coats*%@AE@% (R)/1989                  %@AB@%799,410%@AE@%                 Baron P. Hill (D)                    692,246 1995             Richard G. Lugar* (R)/1977Iowa             Iowa                                 Iowa 1997             %@AB@%Tom Harkin*%@AE@% (D)/1985                 %@AB@%525,098%@AE@%                 Tom Tauke (R)                        446,892 1993             Charles E. Grassley (R)/1981Kansas           Kansas                               Kansas 1997             %@AB@%Nancy L. Kassebaum*%@AE@% (R)/12/23/78     575,231                  Dick Williams (D)                    206,428 1993             Robert J. Dole (R)/1969Kentucky         Kentucky                             Kentucky 1997             %@AB@%Mitch McConnell*%@AE@% (R)/1985            %@AB@%476,812%@AE@%                  G. Harvey I. Sloane (D)              436,542 1993             Wendell H. Ford (D)/12/28/74Louisiana        Louisiana                            Louisiana 1997             %@AB@%J. Bennett Johnston*%@AE@% (D)/11/14/72 1993             John B. Breaux (D)/1987Maine            Maine                                Maine 1997             %@AB@%William S. Cohen*%@AE@% (R)/1979           %@AB@%308,783%@AE@%                  Neil Rolde (D)                       194,932 1995             George J. Mitchell* (D)/5/17/80Maryland         Maryland                             Maryland 1993             Barbara A. Mikulski (D)/19871995             Paul S. Sarbanes* (D)/1977Massachusetts    Massachusetts                        Massachusetts 1997             %@AB@%John F. Kerry*%@AE@% (D)/1/2/85            %@AB@%1,180,209%@AE@%                  Jim Rappaport (R)                    892,624 1995             Edward M. Kennedy* (D)/11/7/62Michigan         Michigan                             Michigan 1997             %@AB@%Carl Levin*%@AE@% (D)/1979                 %@AB@%1,450,319%@AE@%                 Bill Schuette (R)                    1,036,169 1995             Donald W. Riegle Jr.* (D)/12/30/76Minnesota        Minnesota                            Minnesota 1997             %@AB@%Paul David Wellstone%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%862,525%@AE@%                 Rudy Boschwitz* (R)/12/30/78         802,407 1995             David Durenberger* (R)/11/8/78Mississippi      Mississippi                          Mississippi 1997             %@AB@%Thad Cochran*%@AE@% (R)/12/27/781995             Trent Lott (R)/3/3/89Missouri         Missouri                             Missouri 1993             Christopher S. Bond (R)/19871995             John C. Danforth* (R)/12/27/76Montana          Montana                              Montana 1997             %@AB@%Max Baucus*%@AE@% (D)/12/15/78             %@AB@%217,451%@AE@%                 Allen Kolstad (R)                    93,984 1995             Conrad Burns (R)/1989Nebraska         Nebraska                             Nebraska 1997             %@AB@%J. James Exon*%@AE@% (D)/1979              %@AB@%342,642%@AE@%                 Hal Daub (R)                         237,244 1995             J. Robert Kerrey (D)/1989Nevada           Nevada                               Nevada 1993             Harry M. Reid (D)/19871995             Richard H. Bryan (D)/1989New Hampshire    New Hampshire                        New Hampshire 1997             %@AB@%Robert Smith%@AE@% (R)                     %@AB@%188,854%@AE@%                 John Durkin (D)                      91,786 1993             Warren Rudman (R)/12/31/80New Jersey       New Jersey                           New Jersey 1997             %@AB@%Bill Bradley*%@AE@% (D)/1979               %@AB@%969,363%@AE@%                 Christine Todd Whitman (R)           911,247 1995             Frank R. Lautenberg* (D)/12/27/82New Mexico       New Mexico                           New Mexico 1997             %@AB@%Pete V. Domenici*%@AE@% (R)/1973           %@AB@%294,226%@AE@%                  Tom R. Benavides (D)                 109,375 1995             Jeff Bingaman* (D)/1983New York         New York                             New York 1993             Alfonse M. D'Amato (R)/19811995             Daniel Patrick Moynihan* (D)/1977North Carolina   North Carolina                       North Carolina 1997             %@AB@%Jesse Helms*%@AE@% (R)/1973                %@AB@%1,071,332%@AE@%                  Harvey Gantt (D)                     969,620  1993             Terry Sanford (D)                    11/5/86 North Dakota     North Dakota                         North Dakota 1993             Kent Conrad (D)/19871995             Quentin N. Burdick* (D)/8/8/60Ohio             Ohio                                 Ohio 1993             John Glenn (D)/12/24/741995             Howard M. Metzenbaum* (D)/12/29/76Oklahoma         Oklahoma                             Oklahoma 1997             %@AB@%David L. Boren%@AE@% (D)/1979              %@AB@%735,644%@AE@%                  Stephen Jones (R)                    148,814 1993             Don Nickles (R)/1981Oregon           Oregon                               Oregon 1997             %@AB@%Mark O. Hatfield*%@AE@% (R)/1/10/67        %@AB@%541,035%@AE@%                  Harry Lonsdale (D)                   463,438 1993             Bob Packwood (R)/1969Pennsylvania     Pennsylvania                         Pennsylvania 1993             Arlen Specter (R)/19811995             John Heinz* (R)/1977Rhode Island     Rhode Island                         Rhode Island 1997             %@AB@%Claiborne Pell%@AE@% (D)/1961              %@AB@%216,253%@AE@%                  Claudine Schneider (R)               133,552 1995             John H. Chafee* (R)/12/29/76<South Carolina   South Carolina                       South Carolina 1997             %@AB@%Strom Thurmond*%@AE@% (R)/11/7/56          %@AB@%475,510%@AE@%                 Bob Cunningham (D)                   241,847 1993             Ernest Fritz Hollings* (D)/11/9/66South Dakota     South Dakota                         South Dakota 1997             %@AB@%Larry Pressler*%@AE@% (R)/1979             %@AB@%135,443%@AE@%                 Ted Muenster (D)                     116,431                  Dean L. Sinclair (I)                 6,548 1993             Thomas A. Daschle (D)/1987Tennessee        Tennessee                            Tennessee 1997             %@AB@%Albert Gore Jr.*%@AE@% (D)/1985            %@AB@%526,869%@AE@%                 William R. Hawkins (R)               229,714 1995             James R. Sasser* (D)/1977Texas            Texas                                Texas 1997             %@AB@%Phil Gramm*%@AE@% (R)/1985                 %@AB@%2,293,144%@AE@%                 Hugh Parmer (D)                      1,425,395 1995             Lloyd Bentsen* (D)/1971Utah             Utah                                 Utah 1993             Jake Garn (R)/12/21/741995             Orrin G. Hatch* (R)/1977Vermont          Vermont                              Vermont 1993             Patrick J. Leahy (D)/19751995             James M. Jeffords (R)/1989Virginia         Virginia                             Virginia 1997             %@AB@%John W. Warner*%@AE@% (R)/1/2/79           %@AB@%872,764%@AE@%                  Nancy Spanaus (I)                    196,258  1995             Charles S. Robb (D)/1989Washington       Washington                           Washington 1993             Brock Adams (D)/19871995             Slade Gorton (R)/1981West Virginia    West Virginia                        West Virginia 1997             %@AB@%John D. Rockefeller IV*%@AE@% (D)/1/15/85  %@AB@%274,614%@AE@%                 John Yoder (R)                       126,035 1995             Robert C. Byrd* (D)/1959Wisconsin        Wisconsin                            Wisconsin 1993             Robert W. Kasten Jr. (R)/19811995             Herbert H. Kohl (D)/1989Wyoming          Wyoming                              Wyoming 1997             %@AB@%Alan K. Simpson*%@AE@% (R)/1979            %@AB@%100,800%@AE@%                 Kathy Helling (D)                    56,692 1995             Malcolm Wallop* (R)/1977%@TE:  185 11301 02 17 37 17 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%The House of Representatives %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Members' terms to Jan. 3, 1993. Annual salary $96,600 increasing to at least
$120,800 on Jan. 1, 1991; Speaker of the House, $124,000, increasing to
$155,000 on Jan. 1, 1991; Majority Leader and Minority Leader $107,300,
increasing to $134,100 on Jan. 1, 1991. To be eligible for membership, a
person must be at least 25, a U.S. citizen for at least 7 years, and a
resident of the state from which he or she is chosen.%@NL@%
%@AB@%House Officials%@AE@% (101st Congress): Speaker Thomas S. Foley; Majority Leader
Richard A. Gephardt; Majority Whip William H. Gray 3d; Minority Leader
Robert H. Michel; Minority Whip Newt Gingrich.%@NL@%
D-Democrat; R-Republican; AI-American Independent; ASI-Amer. System
Independent; B-Libertarian; C-Conservative; I-Independent; IC-Ind.
Conservative; IS-Illinois Solidarity; JW-Jim Wham; L-Liberal; LP-Liberty
Party; LU-Liberty Union; NA-New Alliance; PO-Populist; PF-Peace & Freedom;
T-Right to Life; TB-Tax Break; TC-Tax Cut. %@NL@%
In Louisiana, all candidates of all parties run against each other in an
open primary, unless they are unopposed incumbents in which case they are
declared elected. All candidates who receive more than 50 percent of the
primary vote are also declared elected, and do not appear on the General
Election ballot. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          (News Election Service)%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%         %@AS@%%@AB@%Preliminary Totals, write-ins not included.%@AE@% %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%%@AB@%Dem., 267, Rep., 167, Ind., 1. Total 435.  *Incumbent.Bold face denotes%@EH@%
%@AB@%winner.%@AE@%%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH: 1891 74524 02 24 28 24 @%Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama                 Alabama                     Alabama%@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%H.L."Sonny" Callahan*%@AE@% (R)   %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      William L. Dickinson* (R)   %@AB@%87,277%@AE@%                        Faye Baggiano (D)           82,883%@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Glen Browder*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%100,408%@AE@%                        Don Sledge (R)              35,857 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Tom Bevill*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bud Cremer%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%112,065%@AE@%                        Albert McDonald (R)         55,081 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ben Erdreich*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%134,412%@AE@%                         David A. Alvarez (I)        8,640                         Nathaniel Ivory (NA)        1,745 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Claude Harris Jr.*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%125,549%@AE@%                         Michael D. Barker (R)       52,391 Alaska At Large         Alaska At Large             Alaska At Large                         %@AB@%Don Young*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%82,549%@AE@%                         John C. Devens (D)          79,086 Arizona                 Arizona                     Arizona %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John J. Rhodes III%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Morris K. Udall*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%75,642%@AE@%                         Joseph D. Sweeney (R)       38,763 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob Stump*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%132,004%@AE@%                         Roger Hartstone (D)         101,219 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Kyl*%@AE@% (R)               %@AB@%139,569%@AE@%                         Mark Ivey Jr. (D)           87,767 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Kolbe*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%138,500%@AE@%                         Chuck Phillips (D)          75,398 Arkansas                Arkansas                    Arkansas %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill Alexander*%@AE@%  (D)        %@AB@%91,393%@AE@%                         Terry Hayes (R)             51,774 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ray Thornton (D)%@AE@%            %@AB@%102,790%@AE@%                         Jim Keet (R)                68,312 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Paul Hammerschmidt*%@AE@%    %@AB@%129,285%@AE@%                         (R)                                                 Dan Ivy (D)                 54,013 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Beryl Anthony Jr.*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%102,862%@AE@%                         Roy Rood (R)                40,079 California              California                  California %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Frank Riggs%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%91,891%@AE@%                         Douglas H. Bosco* (D)       89,918                         Darlene G. Comingore (PF)   31,505 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Wally Herger*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%128,943%@AE@%                         Erwin E. "Bill" Rush (D)    63,720                         Ross Crain (B)              10,473 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Robert T. Matsui*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%122,412%@AE@%                         Lowell Patrick Landowski    70,075                         (R)                                                 David M. McCann (B)         10,033 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Vic Fazio*%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%108,113%@AE@%                         Mark Baughman (R)           77,328                         Bryce Bigwood (B)           11,965 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Nancy Pelosi*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%112,738%@AE@%                         Alan Nichols (R)            32,460 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Barbara Boxer*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%128,446%@AE@%                         Bill Boerum (R)             59,973 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%George Miller*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%114,872%@AE@%                         Roger A. Payton (R)         73,588 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ronald V. Dellums*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%111,526%@AE@%                         Barbara Galewski (R)        68,575 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Fortney H. "Pete" Stark*%@AE@%    %@AB@%89,572%@AE@%                         (D)                                                 Victor Romero (R)           62,689 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Don Edwards*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%77,184%@AE@%                         Mark Patrosso (R)           45,228 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Tom Lantos*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%93,992%@AE@%                         G.M. "Bill" Quraishi (R)    40,025                         June R. Genis (B)           7,962 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Tom Campbell*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%114,238%@AE@%                         Robert Palmer (D)           64,474                         Chuck Olson (B)             10,412 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Norman Y. Mineta*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%92,255%@AE@%                         David E. Smith (R)          56,131                         John H. Webster (B)         10,025 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%John T. Doolittle%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%110,808%@AE@%                         Patricia Malberg (D)        105,730 %@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Gary A. Condit*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%82,883%@AE@%                         Cliff Burris (R)            42,873 %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Leon E. Panetta*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%122,667%@AE@%                         Jerry M. Reiss (R)          36,085                         Brian H. Tucker (B)         6,276 %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Calvin Dooley%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%77,092%@AE@%                         Charles "Chip" Pashayan*    63,894                         (R)                         %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Richard H. Lehman*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%19.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Robert J. "Bob" %@AE@%            %@AB@%82,053%@AE@%                         %@AB@%Lagomarsino*%@AE@% (R)                                    Anita Perez Ferguson (D)    68,655 %@AB@%20.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Bill Thomas*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%100,046%@AE@%                         Michael A. Thomas (D)       58,710                         William H. Dilbeck (B)      9,489 %@AB@%21.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Elton Gallegly*%@AE@% (R)         %@AB@%107,531%@AE@%                         Richard D. Freiman (D)      64,043                         Peggy Christensen (B)       14,249 %@AB@%22.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Carlos J. Moorhead*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%97,495%@AE@%                         David Bayer (D)             57,012                         William H. Wilson (B)       6,139                         Jan B. Tucker (PF)          3,643 %@AB@%23.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Anthony C. Beilenson*%@AE@% (D)   %@AB@%94,688%@AE@%                         Jim Salomon (R)             51,399                         John Honigsfeld (PF)        6,304%@AB@%24.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Henry A. Waxman*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%66,103%@AE@%                         John N. Cowles (R)          23,953                         Maggie Phair (PF)           5,277 %@AB@%25.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Edward R. Roybal*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%44,657%@AE@%                         Steven J. Renshaw (R)       15,166                         Robert H. Scott (B)         3,300 %@AB@%26.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Howard L. Berman*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%72,529%@AE@%                         Roy Dahlson (R)             40,833                         Bernard Zimring (B)         4,920 %@AB@%27.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Mel Levine*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%84,556%@AE@%                         David Barrett Cohen (R)     53,090                         Edward E. Ferrer (PF)       6,618 %@AB@%28.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Julian C. Dixon*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%64,849%@AE@%                         George Zandivar Adams (R)   19,339                         William R. Williams (PF)    2,539                         Bob Weber (B)               1,993 %@AB@%29.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Maxine Waters%@AE@%  (D)          %@AB@%48,769%@AE@%                         Bill De Witt (R)            11,186                         Waheed R. Boctor (B)        1,194 %@AB@%30.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Matthew G. Martinez*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%42,263%@AE@%                         Reuben D. Franco (R)        26,279                         G. Curtis Feger (B)         3,437 %@AB@%31.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Mervyn M. Dymally*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%53,239%@AE@%                         Eunice N. Sato (R)          25,488 %@AB@%32.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Glenn M. Anderson*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%63,536%@AE@%                         Sanford W. Kahn (R)         39,093 %@AB@%33.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%David Dreier*%@AE@%  (R)          %@AB@%93,094%@AE@%                         Georgia Houston Webb (D)    46,619                         Gail Lightfoot (B)          7,338 %@AB@%34.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Esteban E. Torres*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%51,840%@AE@%                         John Eastman (R)            33,334 %@AB@%35.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Jerry Lewis*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%117,302%@AE@%                         Barry Norton (D)            64,379                         Jerry Johnson (B)           12,606 %@AB@%36.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%George E. Brown Jr.*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%68,956%@AE@%                         Bob Hammock (R)             60,779 %@AB@%37.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Al McCandless*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%104,407%@AE@%                         Ralph Waite (D)             95,226                         Gary R. Odom (AI)           5,874                         Bonnie Flickinger (B)       5,569 %@AB@%38.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Robert K. "Bob" Dornan*%@AE@% (R)  %@AB@%53,745%@AE@%                         Barbara Jackson (D)         38,669 %@AB@%39.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William E. "Bill" %@AE@%          %@AB@%99,402%@AE@%                         %@AB@%Dannemeyer*%@AE@% (R)                                     Francis X. "Frank" Hoffman  47,985                         (D)                                                 Maxine B. Quirk (PF)        5,947 %@AB@%40.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Christopher Cox%@AE@% (R)         %@AB@%121,828%@AE@%                         Eugene C. Gratz (D)         59,674 %@AB@%41.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Bill Lowery*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%93,897%@AE@%                         Dan Kripke (D)              85,022                         Karen S.R. Works (PF)       14,021 %@AB@%42.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dana Rohrabacher*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%99,239%@AE@%                         Guy C. Kimbrough (D)        62,206                         Richard Gibb Martin (B)     7,118 %@AB@%43.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Ron Packard*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%133,424%@AE@%                         Doug Hansen (PF)            36,069                         Richard L. "Rick" Arnold    27,684                         (B)                         %@AB@%44.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Randy "Duke" Cunningham%@AE@% (R)  %@AB@%46,171%@AE@%                         Jim Bates* (D)              45,189                         Donna White (PF)            4,796                         John Wallner (B)            3,961 %@AB@%45.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Duncan Hunter*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%111,274%@AE@%                         Joe Shea (B)                41,769 Colorado                Colorado                    Colorado %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Patricia Schroeder*%@AE@% (D)     %@AB@%81,859%@AE@%                         Gloria Gonzales Roemer (R)  46,780 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%David E. Skaggs*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%105,245%@AE@%                         Jason Lewis (R)             68,220 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ben Nighthorse Campbell*%@AE@%    %@AB@%127,137%@AE@%                         (D)                                                 Bob Ellis (R)               49,801 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Wayne Allard%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%88,911%@AE@%                         Richard R. "Dick" Bond (D)  75,720 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Joel Hefley*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%127,736%@AE@%                         Cal Johnston (D)            57,771 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Daniel Schaefer*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%104,969%@AE@%                         Don Jarrett (D)             57,771 Connecticut             Connecticut                 Connecticut %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Barbara Bailey Kennelly*%@AE@%    %@AB@%126,343%@AE@%                         (D)                                                 James P. Garvey (R)         50,644 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Samuel Gejdenson*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%103,945%@AE@%                         John M. Ragsdale (R)        70,642 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Rosa L. De Lauro%@AE@%  (D)       %@AB@%89,702%@AE@%                         Thomas Scott (R)            82,135 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Christopher Shays*%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%106,396%@AE@%                         Al Smith (D)                32,963 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Gary A. Franks%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%93,041%@AE@%                         Anthony "Toby" Moffett (D)  84,746                         William G. Hare (LP)        1,914 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Nancy L. Johnson*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%138,758%@AE@%                         Paul Kulas (D)              48,604 Delaware At Large       Delaware At Large           Delaware At Large                         %@AB@%Thomas R. Carper*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%116,423%@AE@%                         Ralph O. Williams (R)       57,552 Florida                 Florida                     Florida %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Earl Hutto*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%83,899%@AE@%                         Terry Ketchel (R)           76,833 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Pete Peterson%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%101,615%@AE@%                         Bill Grant* (R)             76,518 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Charles E. Bennett*%@AE@% (D)     %@AB@%80,983%@AE@%                         Rod Sullivan (R)            30,011 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Craig T. James*%@AE@%  (R)        %@AB@%89,637%@AE@%                         Reid Hughes (D)             70,457 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill McCollum*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%93,627%@AE@%                         Bob Fletcher (D)            62,956 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Cliff Stearns*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%136,675%@AE@%                         Art Johnson (D)             94,403 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Sam M. Gibbons*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%96,248%@AE@%                         Charles D. Prout (R)        45,426 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%C. W. Bill Young*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Michael Bilirakis*%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%140,837%@AE@%                         Cheryl Davis Knapp (D)      101,670 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Andy Ireland*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Jim Bacchus%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%121,013%@AE@%                         Bill Tolley (R)             111,950 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Tom Lewis*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Porter J. Goss*%@AE@% (R)         %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Harry A. Johnston*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%156,025%@AE@%                         Scott Shore (R)             80,182 %@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%E. Clay Shaw Jr.*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Larry Smith*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William Lehman*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%73,759%@AE@%                         Earl Rodney (R)             21,290 %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Ileana Ros-Lehtinen*%@AE@% (R)    %@AB@%55,780%@AE@%                         Bernard "Bernie" Anscher    34,394                         (D)                         %@AB@%19.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dante B. Fascell*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%87,221%@AE@%                         Bob Allen (R)               53,436 Georgia                 Georgia                     Georgia %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Lindsay Thomas*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%82,056%@AE@%                         Chris Meredith (R)          32,278 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Charles Hatcher*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%73,546%@AE@%                         Jonathan Perry Waters (R)   27,443 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Richard Ray*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%71,752%@AE@%                         Paul Broun (R)              41,702 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ben Jones*%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%96,525%@AE@%                         John Linder (R)             87,569 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Lewis*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%86,037%@AE@%                         J. W. Tibbs Jr. (R)         27,781 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Newt Gingrich*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%78,463%@AE@%                         Dave Worley (D)             77,480 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%George "Buddy" Darden*%@AE@% (D)  %@AB@%95,767%@AE@%                         Al Beverly (R)              63,563 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%J. Roy Rowland*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%80,428%@AE@%                         Robert F. "Bob" Cunningham  36,474                         (R)                         %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ed Jenkins*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%95,156%@AE@%                         Joe Hoffman (R)             75,000 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Doug Barnard Jr.*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%88,829%@AE@%                         Sam Jones (R)               63,099 Hawaii                  Hawaii                      Hawaii %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Neil Abercrombie%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%97,622%@AE@%                         Mike Liu (R)                62,982 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Patsy Takemoto Mink*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%118,155%@AE@%                         Andy Poepoe (R)             54,625 Idaho                   Idaho                       Idaho %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Larry LaRocco%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%76,987%@AE@%                         C.A. "Skip" Smyser (R)      67,991 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Richard Stallings%@AE@%* (D)      %@AB@%91,751%@AE@%                         Sean McDevitt (R)           53,402 Illinois                Illinois                    Illinois %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Charles A. Hayes%@AE@%* (D)       %@AB@%93,804%@AE@%                         Babette Peyton (R)          6,152 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Gus Savage%@AE@%* (D)             %@AB@%75,182%@AE@%                         William T. Hespel (R)       21,219 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Martin A. Russo%@AE@%* (D)        %@AB@%106,294%@AE@%                         Carl L. Klein (R)           44,109 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%George E. Sangmeister%@AE@%* (D)  %@AB@%76,796%@AE@%                         Manny Hoffman (R)           52,824 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%William O. Lipinski%@AE@%* (D)    %@AB@%70,832%@AE@%                         David J. Shestokas (R)      33,621 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Henry J. Hyde%@AE@%* (R)          %@AB@%96,042%@AE@%                         Robert J. Cassidy (D)       48,059 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Cardiss Collins%@AE@%* (D)        %@AB@%77,175%@AE@%                         Michael Dooley (R)          19,742 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Dan Rostenkowski%@AE@%* (D)       %@AB@%66,932%@AE@%                         Robert Marshall (B)         17,894 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Sidney R. Yates%@AE@%* (D)        %@AB@%92,015%@AE@%                         Herbert Sohn (R)            37,470 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%John E. Porter%@AE@%*  (R)        %@AB@%103,281%@AE@%                         Peg McNamara (D)            47,057 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Frank Annunzio%@AE@%* (D)         %@AB@%78,838%@AE@%                         Walter W. Dudycz (R)        66,223 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Philip M. Crane%@AE@%* (R)        %@AB@%111,950%@AE@%                         Steve Pedersen (IS)         24,273 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Harris W. Fawell%@AE@%* (R)       %@AB@%115,307%@AE@%                         Steven K. Thomas (D)        59,976 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%J. Dennis Hastert%@AE@%* (R)      %@AB@%112,355%@AE@%                         Donald J. Westphal (D)      55,580 %@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Edward R. Madigan%@AE@%* (R)      %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%John W. Cox Jr.%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%83,061%@AE@%                         John W. Hallock Jr. (R)     69,105 %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Lane Evans%@AE@%* (D)             %@AB@%102,003%@AE@%                         Dan Lee (R)                 51,341 %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Robert H. Michel%@AE@%* (R)       %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%19.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Terry L. Bruce%@AE@%* (D)         %@AB@%113,958%@AE@%                         Robert F. Kerans (R)        55,680                         Brian James O'Neill II (IS)  2,250 %@AB@%20.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Richard J. Durbin%@AE@%* (D)      %@AB@%130,023%@AE@%                         Paul Jurgens (R)            66,389 %@AB@%21.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Jerry F. Costello%@AE@%* (D)      %@AB@%93,536%@AE@%                         Robert H. Gaffner (R)       48,365 %@AB@%22.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Glenn Poshard%@AE@%* (D)          %@AB@%137,792%@AE@%                         Jim Wham (JW)               26,790 Indiana                 Indiana                     Indiana %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Peter J. Visclosky%@AE@%* (D)     %@AB@%68,920%@AE@%                         William "Bill" Costas (R)   35,524 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Philip R. Sharp%@AE@%* (D)        %@AB@%92,653%@AE@%                         Mike Pence (R)              63,408 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Timothy J. Roemer%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%80,422%@AE@%                         John Hiler* (R)             77,613 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jill L. Long%@AE@%* (D)           %@AB@%97,179%@AE@%                         Richard Walter Hawks (R)    63,514 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James Jontz%@AE@%* (D)            %@AB@%81,204%@AE@%                         John Johnson (R)            71,632 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Dan Burton%@AE@%* (R)             %@AB@%114,796%@AE@%                         James Philip Fadely (D)     66,363 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John T. Myers%@AE@%* (R)          %@AB@%88,589%@AE@%                         John William Riley Sr. (D)  65,239 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Francis X. McCloskey%@AE@%* (D)   %@AB@%97,980%@AE@%                         Richard E. Mourdock (R)     80,811 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Lee H. Hamilton%@AE@%* (D)        %@AB@%107,175%@AE@%                         Floyd Coates (R)            48,315 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Andrew Jacobs Jr.%@AE@%* (D)      %@AB@%66,519%@AE@%                         Janos Horvath (R)           33,626 Iowa                    Iowa                        Iowa %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Leach%@AE@%* (R)              %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Nussle%@AE@%  (R)             %@AB@%80,829%@AE@%                         Eric Tabor (D)              79,349 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%David R. Nagle%@AE@%* (D)         %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Neal Smith%@AE@%* (D)             %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Ross Lightfoot%@AE@%* (R)     %@AB@%99,534%@AE@%                         Rod Powell (D)              47,966 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Fred Grandy%@AE@%* (R)            %@AB@%111,878%@AE@%                         Mike D. Earll (D)           43,935 Kansas                  Kansas                      Kansas %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Pat Roberts%@AE@%* (R)            %@AB@%102,224%@AE@%                         Duane E. West (D)           61,340 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Slattery%@AE@%* (D)           %@AB@%98,949%@AE@%                         Scott Morgan (R)            58,570 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jan Meyers%@AE@%* (R)             %@AB@%88,679%@AE@%                         Leroy Jones (D)             58,876 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Dan Glickman%@AE@%* (D)           %@AB@%109,601%@AE@%                         Roger M. Grund Sr. (R)      45,512 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Dick Nichols%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%90,476%@AE@%                         George D. Wingert (D)       62,162 Kentucky                Kentucky                    Kentucky %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Carroll Hubbard Jr.%@AE@%* (D)    %@AB@%85,323%@AE@%                         Marvin Seat (PO)            12,954 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%William H. Natcher%@AE@%* (D)     %@AB@%77,023%@AE@%                         Martin A. Tori (R)          39,721 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Romano L. Mazzoli%@AE@%* (D)      %@AB@%84,205%@AE@%                         Al Brown (R)                54,811 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Bunning%@AE@%* (R)            %@AB@%101,598%@AE@%                         Galen Martin (D)            44,866 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Harold Rogers%@AE@%* (R)          %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Larry J. Hopkins%@AE@%* (R)       %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Carl C. Perkins%@AE@%* (D)        %@AB@%60,933%@AE@%                         William T. "Will" Scott (R)  58,878 Louisiana               Louisiana                   Louisiana %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob Livingston%@AE@%* (R)         %@AB@%Declared Elected%@AE@% %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%William J. Jefferson%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%55,371%@AE@%                         Marc H. Morial (D)          50,197 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Billy Tauzin%@AE@%* (D)           %@AB@%Declared Elected%@AE@% %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim McCrery%@AE@%* (R)            %@AB@%Declared Elected%@AE@% %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jerry Huckaby%@AE@%* (D)          %@AB@%Declared Elected%@AE@% %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Richard Baker%@AE@%* (R)          %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James A. "Jimmy" Hayes%@AE@%* (D)  %@AB@%Declared Elected%@AE@% %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Clyde C. Holloway%@AE@%* (R)      %@AB@%Declared Elected%@AE@%Maine                   Maine                       Maine %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas H. Andrews%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%162,686%@AE@%                        David F. Emery (R)          105,830 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Olympia J. Snowe*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%119,131%@AE@%                        Patrick K. McGowan (D)      115,125 Maryland                Maryland                    Maryland %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Wayne T. Gilchrest%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%85,576%@AE@%                         Roy Dyson* (D)              65,272 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Helen Delich Bentley*%@AE@% (R)   %@AB@%112,477%@AE@%                         Ronald P. Bowers (D)        38,918 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Benjamin L. Cardin*%@AE@% (D)     %@AB@%79,915%@AE@%                         Harwood Nichols (R)         34,911 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas McMillen*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%83,539%@AE@%                         Robert P. Duckworth (R)     58,204 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Steny H. Hoyer*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%83,079%@AE@%                         Lee F. Breuer (R)           19,817 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Beverly B. Byron*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%103,497%@AE@%                         Christopher P. Fiotes Jr.   54,933                         (R)                         %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Kweisi Mfume*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%58,092%@AE@%                         Kenneth Kondner (R)         10,341 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Constance A. Morella%@AE@% (R)    %@AB@%125,626%@AE@%                         James Walker Jr. (D)        38,197 Massachusetts           Massachusetts               Massachusetts %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Silvio O. Conte*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%129,137%@AE@%                         John R. Arden (D)           36,857 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Richard E. Neal*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Joseph D. Early*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Barney Frank*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%137,420%@AE@%                         John R. Soto (R)            70,848 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Chester G. Atkins*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%104,369%@AE@%                         John F. MacGovern (R)       96,529 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Nicholas Mavroules*%@AE@% (D)     %@AB@%138,456%@AE@%                         Edgar L. Kelley (R)         71,378 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Edward J. Markey*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Joseph P. Kennedy II%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%94,470%@AE@%                         Glenn W. Fiscus (R)         31,063 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Joseph Moakley*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%115,598%@AE@%                         Robert Horan (I)            48,101 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Gerry E. Studds*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%110,616%@AE@%                         Jon L. Bryan (R)            101,794 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Brian J. Donnelly*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%Michigan                Michigan                    Michigan %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Conyers Jr.*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%76,510%@AE@%                         Ray Shoulders (R)           7,290 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Carl D. Pursell*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%76,831%@AE@%                         Elmer White (D)             43,147 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Howard Wolpe*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%82,409%@AE@%                         Brad Haskins (R)            60,060 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Fred Upton*%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%75,877%@AE@%                         JoAnne McFarland (D)        55,230 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Paul B. Henry*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%126,092%@AE@%                         Thomas Trzybinski (D)       41,109 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob Carr*%@AE@% (D)               %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Dale E. Kildee*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%90,298%@AE@%                         David J. Morrill (R)        41,749 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob Traxler*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%98,369%@AE@%                         James White (R)             45,229 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Guy Vander Jagt*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%89,107%@AE@%                         Geraldine Greene (D)        73,638 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dave Camp%@AE@% (R)               %@AB@%99,605%@AE@%                         Joan Louise Dennison (D)    51,022 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Robert W. Davis*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%94,599%@AE@%                         Marcia Gould (D)            59,753 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%David E. Bonior*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%97,990%@AE@%                         Jim Dingeman (R)            50,962 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Barbara-Rose Collins%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%53,321%@AE@%                         Carl R. Edwards Sr. (R)     7,590 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dennis M. Hertel*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%72,185%@AE@%                         Kenneth C. McNealy (R)      36,819 %@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William D. Ford*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%55,930%@AE@%                         Burl C. Adkins (R)          32,589 %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%John D. Dingell*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%87,599%@AE@%                         Frank Beaumont (R)          42,976 %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Sander Levin*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%76,910%@AE@%                         Blaine L. Lankford (R)      36,487 %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William S. Broomfield*%@AE@% (R)  %@AB@%126,627%@AE@%                         Walter O. Briggs IV (D)     64,189 Minnesota               Minnesota                   Minnesota %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Timothy J. "Tim" Penny*%@AE@% (D)  %@AB@%137,656%@AE@%                         Doug Anderson (R)           38,182 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Vin Weber*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%121,828%@AE@%                         Jim Stone (D)               73,625 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Ramstad%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%165,140%@AE@%                         Lou Demars (D)              84,429 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bruce F. Vento*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%142,249%@AE@%                         Ian Maitland (R)            76,996 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Martin Olav Sabo*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%137,833%@AE@%                         Raymond C. "Buzz"           51,487                         Gilbertson (R)              %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Gerry Sikorski*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%153,009%@AE@%                         Bruce D. Anderson (R)       84,250 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Collin C. Peterson%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%102,275%@AE@%                         Arlan Strangeland*(R)       88,811 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James L. Oberstar*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%148,090%@AE@%                         Jerry Shuster (R)           55,123 Mississippi             Mississippi                 Mississippi %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jamie L. Whitten*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%43,567%@AE@%                         Bill Bowlin (R)             23,594 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Mike Espy*%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%58,352%@AE@%                         Dorothy Benford (R)         11,026 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%G. V. "Sonny" Montgomery*%@AE@%   %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%                         (D)                         %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Mike Parker*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%56,939%@AE@%                         Jerry "Rev" Parks (R)       13,665 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Gene Taylor*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%89,566%@AE@%                         Sheila Smith (R)            20,563 Missouri                Missouri                    Missouri %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%William "Bill" Clay*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%62,547%@AE@%                         Wayne G. Piotrowski (R)     40,157 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Joan Kelly Horn%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%94,300%@AE@%                         Jack Buechner* (R)          94,248 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Richard A. Gephardt*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%88,892%@AE@%                         Malcolm L. "Mack" Holekamp  67,656                         (R)                         %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ike Skelton*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%105,541%@AE@%                         David Eyerly (R)            65,093 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Alan Wheat*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%71,957%@AE@%                         Robert H. Gardner (R)       43,980 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%E. Thomas Coleman*%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%79,028%@AE@%                        Bob McClure (D)             72,937 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Melton D. "Mel" Hancock*%@AE@%    %@AB@%83,605%@AE@%                         (R)                                                 Thomas Patrick "Pat"        76,918                         Deaton (D)                  %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill Emerson*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%81,020%@AE@%                        Russ Carnahan (D)           60,490 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Harold L. Volkmer*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%94,060%@AE@%                        Don Curtis (R)              70,187 Montana                 Montana                     Montana %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Pat Williams*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%100,371%@AE@%                        Brad Johnson (R)            63,794 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ron Marlenee*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%96,451%@AE@%                        Don Burris (D)              56,644 Nebraska                Nebraska                    Nebraska %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Douglas K. Bereuter*%@AE@% (R)    %@AB@%127,330%@AE@%                         Larry Hall (D)              69,565 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Peter Hoagland*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%109,955%@AE@%                         Ally Milder (R)             79,258 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill Barrett%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%95,361%@AE@%                         Sandra K. Scofield (D)      91,478 Nevada                  Nevada                      Nevada %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James H. Bilbray*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%84,519%@AE@%                         Bob Dickinson (R)           47,293 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Barbara F. Vucanovich*%@AE@% (R)  %@AB@%103,133%@AE@%                         Jane Wisdom (D)             59,365 New Hampshire           New Hampshire               New Hampshire %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%"Bill" Zeliff%@AE@%  (R)          %@AB@%81,239%@AE@%                         Joseph F. Keefe (D)         65,409 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%"Dick" Swett%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%75,802%@AE@%                         Chuck Douglas* (R)          66,764 New Jersey              New Jersey                  New Jersey %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Robert E. Andrews%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%72,391%@AE@%                         Daniel J. Mangini (R)       57,188 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%William J. Hughes*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%97,625%@AE@%                         William A. Kanengiser (PO)  13,128 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Frank Pallone Jr.*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%77,866%@AE@%                         Paul A. Kapalko (R)         73,696 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Christopher H. Smith*%@AE@% (R)   %@AB@%100,089%@AE@%                         Mark Setaro (D)             55,073 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Marge Roukema*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%118,101%@AE@%                         Lawrence Wayne Olsen (D)    35,010 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bernard J. Dwyer*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%61,383%@AE@%                         Paul "Daniels" Danielczyk   56,531                         (R)                         %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Matthew J. Rinaldo*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%98,156%@AE@%                         Bruce H. Bergen (D)         30,856 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Robert A. Roe*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%55,797%@AE@%                        Stephen Sibilia (IC)        13,180                         Bruce Eden (PO)             3,563 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Robert G. Torricelli*%@AE@% (D)   %@AB@%82,535%@AE@%                         Peter J. Russo (R)          59,658 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Donald M. Payne*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%42,313%@AE@%                        Howard E. Berkeley (R)      8,872 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dean A. Gallo*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%91,786%@AE@%                        Michael Gordon (D)          47,414 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dick Zimmer%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%107,851%@AE@%                        Marguerite Chandler (D)     52,256 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%H. James Saxton*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%99,688%@AE@%                         John H. Adler (D)           67,587 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Frank J. Guarini*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%56,455%@AE@%                         Fred J. Theemling Jr. (R)   24,870 New Mexico              New Mexico                  New Mexico %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Steven H. Schiff*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%97,270%@AE@%                         Rebecca Vigil-Giron (D)     41,258 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Joe Skeen*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill Richardson*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%102,194%@AE@%                         Phil T. Archuletta (R)      35,054 New York                New York                    New York %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%George J. Hochbrueckner*%@AE@%    %@AB@%73,709%@AE@%                         (D,TB)                                              Francis W. Creighton (R)    45,431                         Clayton Baldwin Jr. (C)     6,997                         Peter J. O'Hara (T)         5,178 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas J. Downey*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%55,307%@AE@%                         John W. Bugler (R,T,TC)     36,820                         Dominic A. Curcio (C)       8,186 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Robert J. Mrazek*%@AE@% (D,L)     %@AB@%71,844%@AE@%                         Robert Previdi (R,C)        58,550                         Francis A. Dreger (T)       5,083 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Norman F. Lent*%@AE@% (R,C)       %@AB@%79,015%@AE@%                         Francis T. Goban (D)        41,065                         John J. Dunkle (T)          6,718                         Ben-Zion J. Heyman (L)      2,420 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Raymond J. McGrath*%@AE@% (R,C)   %@AB@%72,086%@AE@%                         Mark S. Edstein (D,L)       53,823                         Edward K. Kitt (T)          6,185 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Floyd H. Flake*%@AE@% (D,L)       %@AB@%43,665%@AE@%                         William Sampol (R)          13,788                         John Cronin (T)             3,062 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Gary L. Ackerman*%@AE@% (D,L)     %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James H. Scheuer*%@AE@% (D,L)     %@AB@%55,126%@AE@%                         Gustave Reifenkugel (R,C)   21,202 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas J. Manton*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%34,902%@AE@%                         Ann Pfoser Darby (R)        12,974                         Thomas V. Ognibene (C)      6,190 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Charles E. Schumer*%@AE@% (D,L)   %@AB@%59,587%@AE@%                         Patrick J. Kinsella (R,C)   14,808 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Edolphus Towns*%@AE@% (D,L)       %@AB@%35,484%@AE@%                         Ernest Johnson (C)          1,629                         Lorraine Stevens (NA)       1,002 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Major R. Owens*%@AE@% (D,L)       %@AB@%39,494%@AE@%                         Joseph N.O. Caesar (C)      1,090                         Mamie Moore (NA)            944 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Stephen J. Solarz*%@AE@% (D,L)    %@AB@%46,983%@AE@%                         Edwin Ramos (R,C)           11,874 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Susan Molinari*%@AE@% (R,C)       %@AB@%56,605%@AE@%                         Anthony J. Pocchia (D,L)    33,549                         Christine Sacchi (T)        4,457 %@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Bill Green*%@AE@% (R,IN)          %@AB@%50,845%@AE@%                         Frances L. Reiter (D,L)     32,581                         Michael T. Berns (C)        3,879 %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Charles B. Rangel*%@AE@% (D,R,L)  %@AB@%53,896%@AE@%                         Alvaader Frazier (NA)       1,514 %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Ted Weiss*%@AE@% (D,L)            %@AB@%76,430%@AE@%                         William W. Koeppel Jr. (R)  14,576                         Mark Goret (C)              2,947                         John Patterson (NA)         1,231 %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Jose Serrano*%@AE@% (D,L)         %@AB@%36,694%@AE@%                         Joseph Chiavaro (R)         1,181                         Mary Rivera (NA)            959                         Anna Johnson (C)            715 %@AB@%19.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Eliot L. Engel*%@AE@% (D,L)       %@AB@%44,249%@AE@%                         William J. Gouldman (R)     16,483                         Kevin Brawley (C,T)         11,602 %@AB@%20.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Nita M. Lowey*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%73,740%@AE@%                         Glenn D. Bellitto (R)       32,979                         John M. Schafer (C,T)       12,524 %@AB@%21.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Hamilton Fish Jr.*%@AE@% (R,C)    %@AB@%89,315%@AE@%                         Richard L. Barbuto (D)      30,763                         Richard S. Curtin (T)       5,829 %@AB@%22.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Benjamin A. Gilman*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%91,548%@AE@%                         John G. Dow (D)             35,803                         Margaret M. Beirne (T)      6,594 %@AB@%23.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Michael R. McNulty*%@AE@% (D,C)   %@AB@%114,555%@AE@%                         Margaret B. Burhmaster (R)  64,765 %@AB@%24.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Gerald B. Solomon*%@AE@% (R,C,T)  %@AB@%118,335%@AE@%                         Bob Lawrence (D)            55,603 %@AB@%25.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Sherwood L. Boehlert*%@AE@% (R)   %@AB@%83,964%@AE@%                         William L. Griffin (L)      16,172 %@AB@%26.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%David O'B. Martin*%@AE@% (R,C)    %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%27.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%James T. Walsh*%@AE@% (R,C)       %@AB@%95,267%@AE@%                         Peggy L. Murray (D,L)       51,992                         Stephen K. Hoff (T)         3,152 %@AB@%28.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Matthew F. McHugh*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%88,147%@AE@%                         Seymour Krieger (R)         48,219 %@AB@%29.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Frank Horton*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%85,857%@AE@%                         Alton F. Eber (D)           33,750                         Peter DeMauro (C)           12,256                         Donald M. Peters (T)        4,780 %@AB@%30.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Louise M. Slaughter*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%95,144%@AE@%                         John M. Regan Jr. (R,C,T)   65,877 %@AB@%31.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William Paxon*%@AE@% (R,C,T)      %@AB@%88,922%@AE@%                         Kevin P. Gaughan (D,L)      68,607 %@AB@%32.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%John J. LaFalce*%@AE@% (D,L)      %@AB@%67,015%@AE@%                         Michael T. Waring (R)       39,287                         Kenneth J. Kowalski (C,T)   16,731 %@AB@%33.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Henry J. Nowak*%@AE@% (D,L)       %@AB@%83,951%@AE@%                         Thomas K. Kepfer (R)        18,165                         Louis P. Corrigan Jr. (C)   6,563 %@AB@%34.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Amory Houghton Jr.*%@AE@% (R,C)   %@AB@%87,591%@AE@%                         Joseph P. Leahey (D)        37,492                         Nevin K. Eklund (L)         1,764 North Carolina          North Carolina              North Carolina %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Walter B. Jones*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%106,380%@AE@%                         Howard D. Moye (R)          57,349 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%I.T. "Tim" Valentine Jr.*%@AE@%   %@AB@%127,617%@AE@%                         (D)                                                 Hal C. Sharpe (R)           43,620 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Martin Lancaster*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%83,585%@AE@%                         Don Davis (R)               57,105 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%David E. Price*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%139,189%@AE@%                         John Carrington (R)         100,420 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Stephen Neal*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%110,725%@AE@%                         Ken Bell (R)                73,633 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Howard Coble*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%125,817%@AE@%                         Helen R. Allegrone (D)      62,995 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Charles G. Rose III*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%94,077%@AE@%                         Robert C. Anderson (R)      49,644 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%W. G. "Bill" Hefner*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%98,264%@AE@%                         Ted Blanton (R)             80,752 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%J. Alex McMillan*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%131,298%@AE@%                         David P. McKnight (D)       80,476 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%T. Cass Ballenger*%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%105,676%@AE@%                         Daniel R. Green Jr. (D)     65,278 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Charles H. Taylor%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%102,248%@AE@%                         James McClure Clarke* (D)   98,923 North Dakota At Large   North Dakota At Large       North Dakota At Large                         %@AB@%Byron L. Dorgan*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%149,241%@AE@%                         Edward T. Schafer (R)       79,623 Ohio                    Ohio                        Ohio %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Charles Luken%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%82,992%@AE@%                         J. Kenneth Blackwell (R)    79,807 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Willis D. Gradison Jr.*%@AE@% (R)  %@AB@%103,245%@AE@%                         Tyrone K. Yates (D)         56,974 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Tony P. Hall*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Michael G. Oxley*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%102,510%@AE@%                         Thomas E. Burkhart (D)      63,682 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Paul E. Gillmor*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%113,880%@AE@%                         P. Scott Mange (D)          41,913 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob McEwen*%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%116,276%@AE@%                         Ray Mitchell (D)            47,221 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%David L. Hobson%@AE@% (R)         %@AB@%96,239%@AE@%                         Jack Schira (D)             58,746 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John A. Boehner%@AE@% (R)         %@AB@%99,174%@AE@%                         Gregory V. Jolivette (D)    63,044 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Marcy Kaptur*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%116,652%@AE@%                         Jerry D. Lammers (R)        33,621 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Clarence E. Miller*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%104,954%@AE@%                         John M. Buchanan (D)        61,197 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dennis E. Eckart*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%111,260%@AE@%                         Margaret R. Mueller (R)     58,163 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%John R. Kasich*%@AE@% (R)         %@AB@%129,623%@AE@%                         Mike Gelpi (D)              50,699 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Donald J. Pease*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%92,349%@AE@%                         William D. Nielsen (R)      60,387 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Thomas C. Sawyer*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%97,365%@AE@%                         Jean E. Bender (R)          66,103 %@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Chalmers P. Wylie*%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%98,331%@AE@%                         Thomas V. Erney (D)         68,064 %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Ralph Regula*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%100,425%@AE@%                         Warner D. Mendenhall (D)    70,081 %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%James A. Traficant Jr.*%@AE@% (D)  %@AB@%132,446%@AE@%                         Robert R. DeJulio Jr. (R)   37,949 %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Douglas Applegate*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%119,694%@AE@%                         John A. Hales (R)           41,634 %@AB@%19.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Edward F. Feighan*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%132,038%@AE@%                         Susan M. Lawko (R)          71,755 %@AB@%20.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Mary Rose Oakar*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%108,697%@AE@%                         Bill Smith (R)              39,609 %@AB@%21.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Louis Stokes*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%102,076%@AE@%                         Franklin H. Roski (R)       25,698 Oklahoma                Oklahoma                    Oklahoma %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James M. Inhofe*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%75,714%@AE@%                         Kurt G. Glassco (D)         59,521 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Mike Synar*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%90,820%@AE@%                         Terry M. Gorham (R)         57,337 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill Brewster%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%107,406%@AE@%                         Patrick K. Miller (R)       26,497 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Dave McCurdy*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%100,879%@AE@%                         Howard Bell (R)             36,232 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Mickey Edwards*%@AE@% (R)         %@AB@%114,608%@AE@%                         Bryce Baggett (D)           50,086 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Glenn English*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%110,120%@AE@%                         Robert Burns (R)            27,540 Oregon                  Oregon                      Oregon %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Les AuCoin*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%135,143%@AE@%                         Earl Molander (R)           62,703                         Rick Livingston (I)         13,934 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob Smith*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%123,351%@AE@%                         Jim Smiley (D)              58,339 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ron Wyden*%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%154,779%@AE@%                         Phil Mooney (R)             36,038 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Peter A. DeFazio*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%151,839%@AE@%                         Tonie Nathan (B)            24,283 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Mike Kopetski%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%110,543%@AE@%                         Denny Smith* (R)            89,904 Pennsylvania            Pennsylvania                Pennsylvania %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas M. Foglietta*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%69,385%@AE@%                         James Love Jackson (R)      18,491 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%William H. Gray III*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%90,977%@AE@%                         Donald Bakove (R)           8,266 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Robert A. Borski*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%84,285%@AE@%                         Joseph Marc McColgan (R)    58,106 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Joseph P. Kolter*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%73,992%@AE@%                         Gordon R. Johnson (R)       58,429 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Richard T. Schulze*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%74,988%@AE@%                         Samuel C. Stretton (D)      50,548                         Lewis duPont Smith (ASI)    5,789 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Gus Yatron*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%72,928%@AE@%                         John F. Hicks (R)           54,736 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Curt Weldon*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%105,469%@AE@%                         John Innelli (D)            56,209 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Peter H. Kostmayer*%@AE@% (D)     %@AB@%84,872%@AE@%                         Audrie Zettick Schaller (R)  64,925 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bud Shuster*%@AE@% (R, D)         %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Joseph M. McDade*%@AE@% (R,D)     %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Paul E. Kanjorski*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%John P. Murtha*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%80,485%@AE@%                         Willeam A. Choby (R)        50,005 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Lawrence Coughlin*%@AE@% (R)      %@AB@%87,741%@AE@%                         Bernard Tomkin (D)          58,266 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William J. Coyne*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%76,605%@AE@%                         Richard E. Caligiuri (R)    30,363 %@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Don Ritter*%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%76,431%@AE@%                         Richard J. Orloski (D)      50,497 %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Robert S. Walker*%@AE@% (R)       %@AB@%85,382%@AE@%                          Ernest Eric Guyll (D)       43,837 %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%George W. Gekas*%@AE@% (R, D)     %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Rick Santorum%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%85,251%@AE@%                         Doug Walgren* (D)           80,764 %@AB@%19.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William F. Goodling*%@AE@% (R)    %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%20.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Joseph M. Gaydos*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%82,040%@AE@%                         Robert C. Lee (R)           43,034 %@AB@%21.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Thomas J. Ridge*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%22.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Austin J. Murphy*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%78,234%@AE@%                         Suzanne Hayden (R)          45,387 %@AB@%23.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%William F. Clinger Jr.*%@AE@% (R)  %@AB@%78,130%@AE@%                         Daniel J. Shannon (D)       53,352 Rhode Island            Rhode Island                Rhode Island %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ronald K. Machtley*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%86,793%@AE@%                         J. Scott Wolf (D)           70,566 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John F. Reed%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%103,968%@AE@%                         Gertrude M. Coxe (R)        71,537 South Carolina          South Carolina              South Carolina %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Arthur Ravenel Jr.*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%78,763%@AE@%                         Eugene Platt (D)            41,880 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Floyd D. Spence*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%90,970%@AE@%                         Geb Sommer (B)              11,095 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Butler Derrick*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%72,316%@AE@%                         Ray Haskett (R)             52,215 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Liz J. Patterson*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%81,129%@AE@%                         Terry E. Haskins (R)        51,068 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Spratt*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Robin Tallon*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% South Dakota At Large   South Dakota At Large       South Dakota At Large                         %@AB@%Tim Johnson*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%173,429%@AE@%                         Donald Frankenfeld (R)      83,474 Tennessee               Tennessee                   Tennessee %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James H. "Jimmy" Quillen*%@AE@%   %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%                         (R)                         %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John J. Duncan Jr.*%@AE@% (R)     %@AB@%61,993%@AE@%                         Peter Hebert (I)            14,892 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Marilyn Lloyd*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%49,700%@AE@%                         Grady L. Rhoden (R)         36,835 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Cooper*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%52,057%@AE@%                         Claiborne "Clay" Sanders    22,948                         (R)                         %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob Clement*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%55,387%@AE@%                         Tom Stone (I)               13,539                         Al Borgman (I)              5,365                         Maurice C. Kuttab (I)       2,182 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bart Gordon*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%60,381%@AE@%                         Gregory Cochran (R)         26,323 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Don Sundquist*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%65,694%@AE@%                         Ken Bloodworth (D)          40,587 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Tanner*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Harold E. Ford*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%48,620%@AE@%                         Aaron C. Davis (R)          25,727 Texas                   Texas                       Texas %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Chapman*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%88,505%@AE@%                         Hamp Hodges (R)             57,709 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Charles Wilson*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%76,463%@AE@%                         Donna Peterson (R)          61,365 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Steve Bartlett*%@AE@%  (R)        %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Ralph M. Hall*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Bryant*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%65,151%@AE@%                        Jerry Rucker (R)            41,205 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Joe Barton*%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%126,913%@AE@%                        John E. Welch (D)           63,299 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill Archer*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jack Fields*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jack Brooks*%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%79,739%@AE@%                        Maury Meyers (R)            58,320 %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%J. J. "Jake" Pickle*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%152,642%@AE@%                         David Beilharz (R)          73,754 %@AB@%11.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Chet Edwards%@AE@% (D)            %@AB@%73,699%@AE@%                        Hugh D. Shine (R)           63,329 %@AB@%12.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Pete Geren*%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%98,026%@AE@%                        Mike McGinn (R)             39,438 %@AB@%13.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Bill Sarpalius*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%81,459%@AE@%                        Dick Waterfield (R)         62,982 %@AB@%14.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Greg Laughlin*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%89,211%@AE@%                        Joe Dial (R)                75,151%@AB@%15.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%E. "Kika" de la Garza*%@AE@% (D)  %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%16.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Ronald Coleman*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%17.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Charles W. Stenholm*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%18.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Craig A. Washington*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%19.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Larry Combest*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%20.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Henry B. Gonzalez*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%21.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Lamar Smith*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%141,906%@AE@%                        Kirby J. Roberts (D)        47,543 %@AB@%22.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Tom DeLay*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%93,130%@AE@%                        Bruce Director (D)          37,612 %@AB@%23.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Albert G. Bustamente*%@AE@% (D)   %@AB@%71,104%@AE@%                         Jerome L. "Jerry" Gonzales  40,833                         (R)                         %@AB@%24.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Martin Frost*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%25.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Mike Andrews*%@AE@% (D)           %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%26.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Dick Armey*%@AE@% (R)             %@AB@%147,609%@AE@%                        John Wayne Caton (D)        62,040 %@AB@%27.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Solomon P. Ortiz*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% Utah                    Utah                        Utah %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James V. Hansen*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%82,315%@AE@%                        Kenley Brunsdale (D)        69,210 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Wayne Owens%@AE@% (D)             %@AB@%85,080%@AE@%                        Genevieve Atwood (R)        58,830 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bill Orton%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%79,102%@AE@%                        Karl Snow (R)               49,369Vermont At Large        Vermont At Large            Vermont At Large                         %@AB@%Bernie Sanders%@AE@% (I)          %@AB@%117,374%@AE@%                        Peter Smith* (R)            82,774                        Dolores Sandoval (D)        6,290                         Peter Diamondstone (LU)     1,980 Virginia                Virginia                    Virginia %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Herbert H. "Herb" Bateman*%@AE@%  %@AB@%71,790%@AE@%                         (R)                                                 Fox (D)                     69,233 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Owen B. Pickett%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%54,895%@AE@%                        Broskie (I)                 15,741 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas J. "Tom" Bliley %@AE@%     %@AB@%77,124%@AE@%                         %@AB@%Jr.*%@AE@% (R)                                            Starke (D)                  36,254                         Simpson (I)                 4,317 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Norman Sisisky*%@AE@%  (D)        %@AB@%71,371%@AE@%                        McReynolds (I)              12,217                         Chandler (I)                7,487 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%L. F. Payne Jr.*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%%@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%James R. "Jim" Olin*%@AE@% (D)    %@AB@%91,446%@AE@%                         Berg (I)                    17,932 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%D. French Slaughter*%@AE@% (R)    %@AB@%81,200%@AE@%                        Smith (D)                   58,675 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Moran%@AE@% (D)                   %@AB@%88,470%@AE@%                        Stan Parris* (R)            76,391                         Murphy (I)                  5,962 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Frederick C. "Rick" %@AE@%        %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%                         %@AB@%Boucher*%@AE@% (D)                %@AB@%10.%@AE@%                     %@AB@%Frank R. Wolf*%@AE@% (R)          %@AB@%103,705%@AE@%                        Canter (D)                  56,970                         Minnich (I)                 5,282                         LaRouche (I)                2,290 Washington              Washington                  Washington %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%John Miller*%@AE@% (R)            %@AB@%87,998%@AE@%                         Cynthia Sullivan (D)        83,358 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Al Swift*%@AE@% (D)               %@AB@%84,282%@AE@%                        Doug Smith (R)              67,642 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jolene Unsoeld*%@AE@% (D)         %@AB@%87,062%@AE@%                        Bob Williams (R)            74,205 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Sid Morrison*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%93,748%@AE@%                        Ole H. Hougen (D)           38,494 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas S. Foley*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%102,453%@AE@%                        Marlyn Derby (R)            46,114 %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Norman D. Dicks*%@AE@% (D)        %@AB@%64,096%@AE@%                        Norbert "Bert" Mueller (R)  38,774 %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim McDermott*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%96,434%@AE@%                        Larry Penberthy (R)         30,807 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Rod Chandler*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%82,705%@AE@%                         David Giles (D)             65,497 West Virginia           West Virginia               West Virginia %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Alan B. Mollohan*%@AE@% (D)       %@AB@%72,562%@AE@%                         Howard K. Tuck (R)          35,387 %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Harley O. Staggers Jr.*%@AE@% (D)  %@AB@%62,846%@AE@%                         Oliver Luck (R)             50,409 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Bob Wise*%@AE@% (D)               %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Nick J. Rahall II *%@AE@% (D)     %@AB@%39,696%@AE@%                         Marianne R. Brewster (R)    36,723 Wisconsin               Wisconsin                   Wisconsin %@AB@%1.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Les Aspin*%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%2.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Scott L. Klug%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%96,603%@AE@%                         Robert W. Kastenmeier* (D)  85,011 %@AB@%3.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Steven C. Gunderson*%@AE@% (R)    %@AB@%94,581%@AE@%                         James L. Ziegeweid (D)      60,385 %@AB@%4.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Gerald D. Kleczka*%@AE@% (D)      %@AB@%95,893%@AE@%                         Joseph L. Cook (R)          43,003 %@AB@%5.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Jim Moody*%@AE@% (D)              %@AB@%77,552%@AE@%                         Donalda Arnell Hammersmith  31,245                         (R)                         %@AB@%6.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Thomas E. Petri*%@AE@% (R)        %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@% %@AB@%7.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%David R. Obey*%@AE@% (D)          %@AB@%100,093%@AE@%                        John L. McEwen (R)          60,893 %@AB@%8.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%Toby Roth*%@AE@% (R)              %@AB@%96,051%@AE@%                        Jerome Van Sistine (D)      83,413 %@AB@%9.%@AE@%                      %@AB@%F. James Senstenbrenner %@AE@%     %@AB@%Unopposed%@AE@%                         %@AB@%Jr.*%@AE@% (R)                    Wyoming At Large        Wyoming At Large            Wyoming At Large                         %@AB@%Craig Thomas*%@AE@% (R)           %@AB@%87,010%@AE@%                        Pete Maxfield (D)           70,903 %@TE: 1891 74524 02 24 28 24 @%

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%@2@%                    %@AS@%Resident Commissioner (Non-Voting)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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Puerto Rico%@NL@%
Jaime B. Fuster* (PDP) %@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Non-Voting Delegates%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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District of Columbia%@NL@%
Eleanor Holmes Norton (D)%@NL@%
Guam%@NL@%
Ben G. Blaz* (R)%@NL@%
Virgin Islands%@NL@%
Ron de Lugo* (D)%@NL@%
American Samoa%@NL@%
Eni F.H. Faleomavaega* (D) %@NL@%
%@2@%    %@AS@%Political Divisions of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%From 1927 (70th Cong.) to 1993 (102nd Cong.) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%      Clerk of the House of Representatives; Secretary of the Senate%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   71  5999 05 10 09 22 11 13 15 08 22 22 22 22 22 @%                   Senate                Senate     Senate       Senate         Senate  House of              House of              House of              House of              House of                                                                                         Representatives       Representatives       Representatives       Representatives       RepresentativesCongress  Years    Number of Senators    Democrats  Republicans  Other parties  Vacant  Number of             Democrats             Republicans           Other parties         Vacant                                                                                        Representatives                                                                         %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%70th      1927-29  96                    47         48           1                      435                   195                   237                   371st      1929-31  96                    39         56           1                      435                   163                   267                   1                     472d       1931-33  96                    47         48           1                      435                   %@AH@%2%@AE@%216                  218                   173d       1933-35  96                    59         36           1                      435                   313                   117                   574th      1935-37  96                    69         25           2                      435                   322                   103                   1075th      1937-39  96                    75         17           4                      435                   333                   89                    1376th      1939-41  96                    69         23           4                      435                   262                   169                   477th      1941-43  96                    66         28           2                      435                   267                   162                   678th      1943-45  96                    57         38           1                      435                   222                   209                   479th      1945-47  96                    57         38           1                      435                   243                   190                   280th      1947-49  96                    45         51                                  435                   188                   246                   181st      1949-51  96                    54         42                                  435                   263                   171                   182d       1951-53  96                    48         47           1                      435                   234                   199                   283d       1953-55  96                    46         48           2                      435                   213                   221                   184th      1955-57  96                    48         47           1                      435                   232                   20385th      1957-59  96                    49         47                                  435                   234                   20186th      1959-61  98                    64         34                                  %@AH@%3%@AE@%436                  283                   15387th      1961-63  100                   64         36                                  %@AH@%4%@AE@%437                  262                   17588th      1963-65  100                   67         33                                  435                   258                   176                                         189th      1965-67  100                   68         32                                  435                   295                   14090th      1967-69  100                   64         36                                  435                   248                   18791st      1969-71  100                   58         42                                  435                   243                   19292d       1971-73  100                   54         44           2                      435                   255                   18093d       1973-75  100                   56         42           2                      435                   242                   192                   194th      1975-77  100                   61         37           2                      435                   291                   14495th      1977-79  100                   61         38           1                      435                   292                   14396th      1979-81  100                   58         41           1                      435                   277                   15897th      1981-83  100                   46         53           1                      435                   242                   190                                         398th      1983-85  100                   46         54                                  435                   269                   16699th      1985-87  100                   47         53                                  435                   253                   182100th     1987-89  100                   54         46                                  435                   258                   177101st     1989-91  100                   57         43                                  435                   262                   173102nd     1991-93  100                   56         44                                  435                   267                   167                   1%@TE:   71  5999 05 10 09 22 11 13 15 08 22 22 22 22 22 @%

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%@AH@%2%@AE@%Democrats organized House due to Republican deaths. %@AH@%3%@AE@%Proclamation declaring
Alaska a State issued Jan. 3, 1959.%@AH@%4%@AE@%Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State
issued Aug. 21, 1959.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                         %@AS@%Congressional Committees %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                        %@AS@%Senate Standing Committees%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%(As of June 12, 1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                   %@AS@%Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Patrick J. Leahy, Vt.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Richard G. Lugar, Ind.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Appropriations%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Robert C. Byrd, W.V.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Mark O. Hatfield, Ore.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Armed Services%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Sam Nunn, Ga.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: John W. Warner, Va.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                    %@AS@%Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman:  Donald W. Riegle Jr., Mich.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Jake Garn, Utah%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Budget%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Jim Sasser, Tenn.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Pete V. Dominici, N.M. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                   %@AS@%Commerce, Science, and Transportation%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Ernest F. Hollings, S.C.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: John C. Danforth, Mo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Energy and Natural Resources%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: J. Bennett Johnston, La.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: James A. McClure, Ida. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Environment and Public Works%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Quentin N. Burdick, N.D.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: John H. Chafee, R.I.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Finance%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Lloyd Bentsen, Tex.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Bob Packwood, Ore.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Foreign Relations%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Claiborne Pell, R.I.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Jesse Helms, N.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                           %@AS@%Governmental Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: John Glenn, Ohio%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: William V. Roth Jr., Del. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Judiciary%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Joseph R. Biden Jr., Del.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Strom Thurmond, S.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                         %@AS@%Labor and Human Resources%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Edward M. Kennedy, Mass.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Orrin G. Hatch, Utah %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                         %@AS@%Rules and Administration%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Wendell H. Ford, Ky.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Ted Stevens, Alas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Small Business%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Dale Bumpers, Ark.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Rudy Boschwitz, Minn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Veterans' Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Alan Cranston, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Frank H. Murkowski, Alas.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                   %@AS@%Senate Select and Special Committees%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%(As of June 12, 1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Aging%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: David H. Pryor, Ark.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: John Heinz, Pa.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Ethics%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Howell Heflin, Ala.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Warren Rudman, N.H.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Indian Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Daniel K. Inouye, Ha.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: John McCain, Ariz.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                               %@AS@%Intelligence%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: David L. Boren, Okla. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%V. Chairman: William S. Cohen, Me. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Joint Committees of Congress %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Economic%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Rep. Lee H. Hamilton (D), Ind.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%V. Chairman: Sen. Paul S. Sarbanes (D), Md.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Library%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Rep. Frank Annunzio (D), Ill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%V. Chairman: Sen. Claiborne Pell (D), R.I. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Printing%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Sen. Wendell H. Ford (D), Ky. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%V. Chairman: Rep. Frank Annunzio (D), Ill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Taxation%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Rep. Dan Rostenkowski (D), III. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%V. Chairman: Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (D), Tex.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                        %@AS@%House Standing Committees %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%(As of June 14, 1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                                %@AS@%Agriculture%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: E de la Garza, Tex.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Edward R. Madigan, Ill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Appropriations%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Jamie L. Whitten, Miss.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Silvio O. Conte, Mass. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Armed Services%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Les Aspin, Wis.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: William L. Dickinson, Ala. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Henry B. Gonzalez, Tex.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Chalmers P. Wylie, Ohio %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Budget%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Leon E. Panetta, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Bill Frenzel, Mich.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%District of Columbia%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Ronald V. Dellums, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Stan Parris, Va. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Education and Labor%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Augustus F. Hawkins, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: William F. Goodling, Pa.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                            %@AS@%Energy and Commerce%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: John D. Dingell, Mich.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Norman F. Lent, N.Y. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Foreign Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Dante B. Fascell, Fla.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: William S. Broomfield, Mich. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                           %@AS@%Government Operations%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: John Conyers Jr., Mich.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Frank Horton, N.Y. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                           %@AS@%House Administration%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Frank Annunzio, Ill.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: William M. Thomas, Cal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Interior and Insular Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Morris K. Udall, Ariz.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Don Young, Alas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Judiciary%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Jack Brooks, Tex.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Hamilton Fish Jr., N.Y. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Merchant Marine and Fisheries%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Walter B. Jones, N.C.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Robert W. Davis, Mich.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Post Office and Civil Service%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: William D. Ford, Mich.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Benjamin A. Gilman, N.Y.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                      %@AS@%Public Works and Transportation%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Glenn M. Anderson, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: John Paul Hammerschmidt, Ark.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Rules%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: John Moakley, Mass.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: James H. Quillen, Tenn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                      %@AS@%Science, Space,  and Technology%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Robert A. Roe, N.J.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Robert S. Walker, Pa.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Small Business%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: John J. LaFalce, N.Y.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Joseph M. McDade, Pa. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Standards of Official Conduct%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Julian C. Dixon, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: John T. Myers, Ind.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Veterans' Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: G.V. Montgomery, Miss.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Bob Stump, Ariz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%Ways and Means%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Chairman: Dan Rostenkowski, Ill.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Bill Archer, Tex. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%House Select Committees %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Aging%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Edward R. Roybal, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Matthew J. Rinaldo, N.J. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Children, Youth, and Families%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: George Miller, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Thomas J. Bliley Jr., Va.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Hunger%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Tony P. Hall, Ohio%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Bill Emerson, Mo.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Intelligence%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Anthony C. Beilenson, Cal.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Henry J. Hyde, Ill.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Narcotics Abuse and Control%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chairman: Charles B. Rangel, N.Y.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ranking Rep.: Lawrence Coughlin, Pa.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Congress: Selected Characteristics, 1975-1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%       %@AI@%Congressional Quarterly, Congressional Directory%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(As of beginning of first session of each Congress. Figures for%@EH@%
%@AS@%Representatives exclude vacancies.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   39  3441 03 19 06 08 07 10 07 07 07 07 19 19 12 19 19 19 @%                                        Age       Age    Age    Age    Age    Age                Seniority%@AH@%1%@AE@%         Seniority%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Seniority%@AH@%1%@AE@%         Seniority%@AH@%1%@AE@%         Seniority%@AH@%1%@AE@%                   Male  Female  Black  Under 40  40-49  50-59  60-69  70-79  60 and over        Less than 2 years  2-9 years   10-19 years        20-29 years        30 years or more%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Representatives94th Cong., 1975   416   19      15     69        138    137    75     14     2                  96                 162         125                42                 1095th Cong., 1977   417   18      16     81        121    147    71     15     -                  71                 207         116                33                 896th Cong., 1979   417   16      16     86        125    145    63     14     -                  80                 206         105                32                 1097th Cong., 1981   416   19      17     94        142    132    54     12     1                  77                 231         96                 23                 898th Cong., 1983   413   21      21     86        145    132    57     13     1                  83                 224         88                 28                 1199th Cong., 1985   412   22      20     71        154    131    59     17     2                  49                 237         104                34                 10100th Cong., 1987  412   23      23     63        153    137    56     24     2                  51                 221         114                37                 12101st Cong., 1989  410   25      24     41        163    133    74     20     2                  39                 207         139                35                 13Senators94th Cong., 1975%@AH@%2%@AE@%  100   -       1      5         21     35     24     15     -                  11                 41          34                 10                 495th Cong., 1977   100   -       1      6         26     35     21     10     2                  18                 41          24                 12                 596th Cong., 1979   99    1       -      10        31     33     17     8      1                  20                 41          23                 12                 497th Cong., 1981   98    2       -      9         35     36     14     6      -                  19                 51          17                 11                 298th Cong., 1983   98    2       -      7         28     39     20     3      3                  5                  61          21                 10                 399th Cong., 1985   98    2       -      4         27     38     25     4      2                  8                  56          27                 7                  2100th Cong., 1987  98    2       -      5         30     36     22     5      2                  14                 41          36                 7                  2101st Cong., 1989  98    2       -      -         30     40     22     6      2                  23                 22          43                 10                 2%@TE:   39  3441 03 19 06 08 07 10 07 07 07 07 19 19 12 19 19 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%-%@AE@%Represents zero. NA=Not available. %@AH@%1%@AE@%Represents consecutive years of
service. %@AH@%2%@AE@%Includes Senator Durkin. NH., seated Sept. 1975. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@% %@AS@%Congress: Measures Introduced and Enacted, and Time in Session, 1971-1988%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AI@%Calendars of the U.S. House of Representatives and History of Legislation;%@EH@%
%@AI@%Vital Statistics on Congress, 1987-89.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%(excludes simple and concurrent resolutions)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   35  3461 02 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%                    92nd Cong.,         93rd Cong.,         94th Cong.,         95th Cong.,         96th Cong.,         97th Cong.,         98th Cong.,         99th Cong.,         100th Cong.,                     1971-72             1973-74             1975-76             1977-78             19779-80            1981-82             1983-84             1985-86             1987-88%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Measures            22,969              23,396              21,096              19,387              12,583              11,490              11,156              9,885               9,588introduced                                                                                                                                                                          Bills               21,363              21,950              19,762              18,045              11,722              10,582              10,134              8,697               8,515Joint resolutions   1,606               1,446               1,334               1,342               861                 908                 1,022               1,188               1,073Measures enacted    768                 774                 729                 803                 736                 529                 677                 483                 767Public              607                 651                 588                 633                 613                 473                 623                 466                 713Private             161                 123                 141                 170                 123                 56                  54                  17                  48House of RepresentativesNumber of days      298                 318                 311                 323                 326                 303                 266                 281                 298Number of hours     1,429               1,487               1,788               1,898               1,876               1,420               1,705               1,794               1,659Number of hours     4.8                 4.7                 5.7                 5.9                 5.8                 4.7                 6.4                 6.4                 5.6per day                                                                                                                                                                             SenateNumber of days      348                 334                 320                 337                 333                 312                 281                 313                 307Number of hours     2,294               2,028               2,210               2,510               2,324               2,158               1,951               2,531               2,341Number of hours     6.6                 6.1                 6.9                 7.4                 7.0                 6.9                 6.9                 8.1                 7.6per day                                                                                                                                                                             %@TE:   35  3461 02 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
NA=Not available.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Congressional Bills Vetoed, 1789-1990%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              Senate Library%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   44  3074 02 20 16 15 14 19 @%                    Regular vetoes  Pocket vetoes  Total vetoes  Vetoes overridden%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Washington          2               --             2             --John Adams          --              --             --            --Jefferson           --              --             --            --Madison             5               2              7             --Monroe              1               --             1             --John Q. Adams       --              --             --            --Jackson             5               7              12            --Van Buren           --              1              1             --William Harrison    --              --             --            --Tyler               6               4              10            1Polk                2               1              3             --Taylor              --              --             --            --Fillmore            --              --             --            --Pierce              9               --             9             5Buchanan            4               3              7             --Lincoln             2               5              7             --Andrew Johnson      21              8              29            15Grant               45              48             93            4Hayes               12              1              13            1Garfield            --              --             --            --Arthur              4               8              12            1Cleveland           304             110            414           2Benjamin Harrison   19              25             44            1Cleveland           42              128            170           5McKinley            6               36             42            --Theodore Roosevelt  42              40             82            1Taft                30              9              39            1Wilson              33              11             44            6Harding             5               1              6             --Coolidge            20              30             50            4Hoover              21              16             37            3Franklin Roosevelt  372             263            635           9Truman              180             70             250           12Eisenhower          73              108            181           2Kennedy             12              9              21            --Lyndon Johnson      16              14             30            --Nixon               26              17             43            7Ford                48              18             66            12Carter              13              18             31            2Reagan              39              39             78            9Bush%@AH@%1%@AE@%               14              1              15            0Total               1,452           1,052          2,485         103%@TE:   44  3074 02 20 16 15 14 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@%As of Oct. 11 1990.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                         %@AS@%UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%The Bush Administration %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%As of mid-1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Terms of office of the president and vice president, from Jan. 20, 1989 to%@EH@%
Jan. 20, 1993. No person may be elected president of the United States for
more than two 4-year terms. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%President%@AE@% %@4@%-- George Bush of Texas receives salary of $200,000 a year%@EH@%
taxable; in addition an expense allowance of $50,000 to assist in defraying
expenses resulting from his official duties. Also there may be expended not
exceeding $100,000, nontaxable, a year for travel expenses and $20,000 for
official entertainment available for allocation within the Executive Office
of the President. Congress has provided lifetime pensions of $69,630 a year,
free mailing privileges, free office space, and up to $96,000 a year for
office help for former Presidents except  for the first 30 month period
during which a former President is entitled to staff assistance for which an
amount up to $150,000 a year may be paid, and $20,000 annually for their
widows.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vice President%@AE@% %@4@%-- Dan Quayle of Indiana receives salary of $115,000 a year%@EH@%
and $10,000 for expenses, all of which is taxable. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For succession to presidency, see Succession in Index. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%The Cabinet %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%(Salary: $99,500 per annum) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of State%@AE@% %@4@%-- James A. Baker 3d, Tex. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Treasury%@AE@% %@4@%-- Nicholas F. Brady, N.J. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Defense%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard B. Cheney, Wyo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Attorney General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard "Dick" Thornburgh, Pa. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Interior%@AE@% %@4@%-- Manuel Lujan, N.M. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Agriculture%@AE@% %@4@%-- Clayton K. Yeutter, Neb. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Commerce%@AE@% %@4@%-- Robert A. Mosbacher, Tex. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Labor%@AE@% %@4@%-- Elizabeth Hanford Dole, N.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Health and Human Services%@AE@% %@4@%-- Louis W. Sullivan, Ga. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Housing and Urban Development%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jack F. Kemp, N.Y. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Transportation%@AE@% %@4@%-- Samuel K. Skinner, Ill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Energy%@AE@% %@4@%-- James D. Watkins, Cal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Education%@AE@% %@4@%-- Lauro F. Cavazos, Tex. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Veterans Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Edward J. Derwinski, Ill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%The White House Staff %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20500 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chief of Staff%@AE@% %@4@%-- John H. Sununu. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Asst. to the President & Deputy to the Chief of Staff%@AE@% %@4@%--  Andrew Card Jr.,%@EH@%
James W. Cicconi. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
                        Assistants to the President%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Counsel to the President%@AE@%%@4@%-- C. Boyden Gray. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Presidential Personnel%@AE@%%@4@%-- Charles G. Untermeyer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Events & Initiatives%@AE@%%@4@%-- Sigmund A. Rogich. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Science & Technology%@AE@%%@4@%-- Allan Bromley. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Press Secretary%@AE@%%@4@%-- Max Marlin Fitzwater. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislative Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Frederick D. McClure. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Communications%@AE@%%@4@%-- David Demarest Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Economic & Domestic Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Roger B. Porter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Management & Admin.%@AE@%%@4@%-- J. Bonnie Newman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cabinet Secy.%@AE@%%@4@%-- Edith Holiday. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Security%@AE@%%@4@%-- Brent Scowcroft. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Executive Agencies %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Council of Economic Advisers%@AE@% %@4@%-- Michael J. Boskin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Central Intelligence Agency%@AE@% %@4@%-- William H. Webster, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Office of National Drug Control Policy%@AE@% %@4@%-- William J. Bennett. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Office of Management and Budget%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard G. Darman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%U.S. Trade Representative%@AE@% %@4@%-- Carla Hills. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Council on Environmental Quality%@AE@% %@4@%-- Michael Deland, chmn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Department of State %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%2201 C St. NW 20520 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of State%@AE@% %@4@%-- James A. Baker 3d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Lawrence S. Eagleburger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Sec. for Political Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Robert M. Kimmitt. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Sec. for Security Assistance, Science and Technology%@AE@% %@4@%-- Reginald%@EH@%
Bartholomew. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Sec. for Economic Agricultural Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard T. McCormack. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secretary for Management%@AE@% %@4@%-- Ivan Selin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legal Advisor%@AE@% %@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Administration%@AE@%%@4@%-- Arthur W. Forte. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%African Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Herman J. Cohen. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%East Asian & Pacific Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Richard H. Solomon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Consular Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Elizabeth Tamposi. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Diplomatic Security%@AE@%%@4@%-- Sheldon Krys. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Economic & Business Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Eugene J. McAllister. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%European & Canadian Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Richard Seitz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Human Rights & Humanitarian Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Richard Schifter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Intelligence & Research%@AE@%%@4@%-- Douglas P. Mulholland. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislative Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Janet Mullins. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inter-American Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Bernard Aronson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%International Narcotics Matters%@AE@%%@4@%-- Melvin Levitsky. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%International Organizations%@AE@%%@4@%-- John R. Bolton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Near-Eastern & S. Asian Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- John H. Kelly. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Political-Military Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Richard Clarke. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs & Spokesman%@AE@%%@4@%-- Margaret DeB. Tutwiler. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Oceans, International Environmental & Scientific Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Frederick M.%@EH@%
Bernthal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dir. General, Foreign Service & Dir. of Personnel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Edward J. Perkins. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Management Policy%@AE@% %@4@%-- C. Edward Dillery, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Sherman M. Funk. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Policy Planning Staff%@AE@% %@4@%-- Dennis Rose. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Refugee Programs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Princeton Lyman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Treasury Department %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%1500 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20220 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of the Treasury%@AE@% %@4@%-- Nicholas F. Brady. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Sec. of the Treasury%@AE@% %@4@%-- John E. Robson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Sec. for Finance%@AE@% %@4@%-- Robert R. Glauber. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Sec. for International Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- David C. Mulford. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jeanne Archibald, act. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Assistant Secretaries:%@AE@% %@4@%-- Roger Bolton (Public Affairs & Public Liaison);%@EH@%
Charles H. Dallara (Intl. Affairs); Michael Basham, act. (Domestic Finance);
Peter Nunez (Enforcement); Gerald Murphy (Fiscal); Kenneth W. Gideon (Tax
Policy); Bryce Larry Harlow (Legislative Affairs); Sidney Jones (Economic
Policy); Hollis S. McLoughlin (Policy Management). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                 Bureaus:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms%@AE@%%@4@%-- Stephen E. Higgins, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Comptroller of the Currency%@AE@%%@4@%-- Robert Clarke. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Customs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Carol Hallett, comm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Engraving & Printing%@AE@%%@4@%-- Peter H. Daley, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Federal Law Enforcement Training Center%@AE@%%@4@%-- Charles F. Rinkevich, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Financial Management Service%@AE@%%@4@%-- William E. Douglas, comm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Internal Revenue Service%@AE@%%@4@%-- Fred T. Goldberg, comm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mint%@AE@%%@4@%-- Donna  Pope, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Debt%@AE@%%@4@%-- Richard L. Gregg, comm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Treasurer of the U.S.%@AE@%%@4@%-- Catalina Villalpando. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%U.S. Savings Bond Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- Jerrold B. Speers, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%U.S. Secret Service%@AE@%%@4@%-- John R. Simpson, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Department of Defense %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%The Pentagon 20301 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Defense%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard B. Cheney. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Donald J. Atwood Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Special Assistant%@AE@% %@4@%-- David S. Addington. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secy. for Acquisition%@AE@% %@4@%-- John A. Betti. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secy. for Policy%@AE@% %@4@%-- Paul Wolfowitz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                            Asst. Secretaries:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Atomic Energy%@AE@%%@4@%-- Robert B. Barker. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Command Control Communications & Intelligence%@AE@%%@4@%-- Duane P. Andrews. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Force Management & Personnel%@AE@%%@4@%-- Christopher Jehn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Health Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Enrique Mendez Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%International Security Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Henry S. Rowen. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%International Security Policy%@AE@%%@4@%-- Stephen J. Hadley. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislative Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- David Gribbin 3d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Products & Logistics%@AE@%%@4@%-- Colin R. McMillan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Program Analysis & Evaluation%@AE@%%@4@%-- David S.C. Chu. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Pete Williams. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Reserve Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Stephen M. Duncan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff%@AE@% %@4@%-- Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Terrance O'Donnell. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Admin. & Management%@AE@% %@4@%-- David O. Cooke, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Operational Test & Evaluation%@AE@% %@4@%-- Robert C. Duncan, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%Department of the Army %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                            %@AS@%The Pentagon 20310 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Secretary of the Army%@AE@% %@4@%-- Michael P.W. Stone. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- John W. Shannon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Civil Works%@AE@%%@4@%-- Robert W. Page. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Installations & Logistics %@AE@%%@4@%-- Susan Livingstone. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Financial Management%@AE@%%@4@%-- Douglas A. Brook. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Research, Development and Acquisition%@AE@%%@4@%-- Stephen Conver. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Manpower & Reserve Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- G. Kim Wincup. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chief of Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Brig. Gen. Charles W. McClain. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chief of Staff%@AE@% %@4@%-- Gen. Carl E. Vuono. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Lt. Gen. J.H. Corns. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                          Deputy Chiefs of Staff:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Logistics%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Jimmy D. Ross. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Operations & Plans%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Dennis J. Reymer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Personnel%@AE@%%@4@%-- Maj. Gen. William H. Reno. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Intelligence%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Charles B. Eichelberger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                                Commanders:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%U.S. Army Materiel  Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. William G.T. Tuttle Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%U.S. Army Forces Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. Edwin Burba. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. John W. Foss. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%First U.S. Army%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. James E. Thompson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Second U.S. Army%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. James W. Crysel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Third U.S. Army%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. John J. Yeosock. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Fourth U.S. Army%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. James R. Hall. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Fifth U.S. Army%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. George R. Stotser. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Sixth U.S. Army%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. William H. Harrison. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%Department of the Navy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                            %@AS@%The Pentagon 20350 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Secretary of the Navy%@AE@% %@4@%-- H. Lawrence Garrett 3d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- J. Daniel Howard. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Financial Management%@AE@%%@4@%-- Robert C. McCormack. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Installations & Environment%@AE@%%@4@%-- Jacqueline Schafer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Manpower, Reserve Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Barbara Spyridon Pope. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Research, Development & Acquisition%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gerald  Cann. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Judge Advocate General%@AE@% %@4@%--  RADM E. D. Stumbaugh. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chief of Naval Operations%@AE@% %@4@%-- ADM Frank B. Kelso 2d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chief of Information%@AE@% %@4@%-- RADM Brent Baker. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Military Sealift Command%@AE@% %@4@%-- VADM Francis R. Donovan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chief of Naval Personnel%@AE@% %@4@%-- VADM Jeremy M. Boorda. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                            %@AS@%U.S. Marine Corps: %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                         %@AS@%(Arlington Annex 20380) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Commandant%@AE@% %@4@%-- Gen. A.M. Gray. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Asst. Commandant%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. John R. Dailey. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chief of Staff%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. L.H. Buehl. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Department of the Air Force %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                            %@AS@%The Pentagon 20330 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Secretary of the Air Force%@AE@% %@4@%-- Donald B. Rice. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Anne N. Foreman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Financial Management%@AE@%%@4@%-- Michael B. Donley. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Space%@AE@%%@4@%-- Martin C. Faga. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Manpower & Reserve Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Jerome G. Cooper. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Acquisition%@AE@%%@4@%-- John J. Welch Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Brig. Gen. Hallie E. Robertson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Office of Space Systems%@AE@% %@4@%-- Brig. Gen. Donald R. Walker. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Chief of Staff%@AE@% %@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Bradley C. Hosmer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                          Deputy Chiefs of Staff:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Logistics & Engineering%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Henry Viccellio Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Programs & Resources%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Robert L. Rutherford. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Personnel%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Thomas J. Hickey. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@% Plans & Operations%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Jimmie V. Adams. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                            Major Air Commands:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%AF Logistics Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. Charles C. McDonald. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%AF Systems Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. Bernard P. Randolph. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Strategic Air Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. John T. Chain. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Tactical Air Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. Robert D. Russ. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Alaskan Air Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Thomas G. McInerney. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Pacific Air Forces%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. Merrill A. McPeak. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%USAF Europe%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. Robert C. Oaks. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Electronic Security Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Maj. Gen. Gary W. O'Shaughnessy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%AF Communications Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Maj. Robert H. Ludwig. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Air Training Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Joseph W. Ashy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Military Airlift Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gen. Duane H. Cassidy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%AF Space Command%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lt. Gen. Donald J. Kutyna. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%Department of Justice %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                  %@AS@%Constitution Ave. & 10th St. NW 20530 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Attorney General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard "Dick" Thornburgh. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Deputy Attorney General%@AE@% %@4@%-- William P. Barr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Solicitor General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Kenneth W. Starr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Liaison Services%@AE@% %@4@%--William Lucas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Intelligence Policy & Review%@AE@% %@4@%-- Mary Lawton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Professional Responsibility%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael E. Shaheen Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                                Assistants:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Antitrust Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- James F. Rill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Civil Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- Stuart M. Gerson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Civil Rights Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- John R. Dunne. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Criminal Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Justice Programs%@AE@%%@4@%--Richard Abell. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Justice Management Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- Harry H. Flickinger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Environment & Natural Resources Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- Richard B. Stewart. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Policy Development%@AE@%%@4@%-- Thomas M. Boyd. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legal Counsel%@AE@%%@4@%-- William B. Bark. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislative Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Bruce Navarro, act. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Tax Division%@AE@%%@4@%-- Shirley D. Peterson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fed. Bureau of Investigation%@AE@% %@4@%-- William S. Sessions, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Exec. Off. for Immigration Review%@AE@% %@4@%--  David L. Milhollan, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bureau of Prisons%@AE@% %@4@%-- J. Michael Quinlan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Comm. Relations Service%@AE@% %@4@%-- Grace F. Hughes. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Office of Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard J. Hankinson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment
%@AB@%Practices%@AE@% %@4@%-- Andrew Strotny, act. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Exec. Off. for U.S. Trustees%@AE@% %@4@%-- John Logan, act. dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Exec. Off. for U.S. Attorneys%@AE@% %@4@%-- Laurence S. McWhorter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- David R. Runkel, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Immigration and Naturalization Service%@AE@% %@4@%-- Gene McNary. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pardon Attorney%@AE@% %@4@%-- David C. Stephenson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%U.S. Parole Commission%@AE@% %@4@%-- Benjamin F. Baer, chmn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%U.S. Marshals Service%@AE@% %@4@%-- K. Michael Moore, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Foreign Claims Settlement Comm.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Stanley J. Glod. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Interpol, U.S. Natl. Central Bureau%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard C. Stiener, chief. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Department of the Interior %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%C St. between 18th & 19th Sts. NW 20240 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of the Interior%@AE@% %@4@%-- Manuel Lujan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Frank A. Bracken. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fish, Wildlife and Parks%@AE@%%@4@%-- Constance Harriman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Policy, Budget, and Administration%@AE@%%@4@%-- Lou Gallegos. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Indian Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Eddie Frank Brown.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Territorial & Intl. Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Stella Guerra. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bureau of Land Management%@AE@% %@4@%-- Cy Jamison, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bureau of Mines%@AE@% %@4@%-- T.S. Ary, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bureau of Reclamation%@AE@% %@4@%-- Dennis C. Underwood. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fish & Wildlife Service%@AE@% %@4@%-- John F. Turner, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Geological Survey%@AE@% %@4@%-- Dallas L. Peck,  dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%National Park Service%@AE@% %@4@%-- James M. Ridenour. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- I. Stephen Goldstein, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- James F. Spagnole. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Solicitor%@AE@% %@4@%-- Thomas L. Sansonetti. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Department of Agriculture %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%The Mall, 12th & 14th Sts. 20250   %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Agriculture%@AE@% %@4@%-- Clayton Yeutter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jack C. Parnell. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Administration%@AE@% %@4@%-- Adis Vila. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Internatl. Affairs & Commodity Programs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard T. Crowder. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Food & Consumer Services%@AE@% %@4@%-- Catherine A. Bertini. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Marketing & Inspection Services%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jo Ann Smith. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Small Community & Rural Development%@AE@% %@4@%-- Roland Vautour. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Economics%@AE@% %@4@%-- Bruce L. Gardner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Congressional Relations%@AE@% %@4@%-- Franklin E. Bailey. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Natural Resources & Environment%@AE@% %@4@%-- Patricia Kearney, act. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Alan Raul. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Science & Education%@AE@% %@4@%-- Charles Hess. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Leon Snead. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Paul E. Kindinger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Department of Commerce %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%              %@AS@%14th St. between Constitution & E St. NW 20230 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Commerce%@AE@% %@4@%-- Robert Mosbacher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Thomas Murrin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Wendell Willkie. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                          Assistant Secretaries:%@NL@%
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%@AB@%Administration%@AE@%%@4@%-- Thomas Collamore. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Economic Development Adm.%@AE@%%@4@%-- L. Joyce Hampers. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Intl. Economic Policy%@AE@%%@4@%-- Thomas Duesterberg. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Import Administration%@AE@%%@4@%-- Eric I. Garfinkel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislative Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Natl. Telecommunications Information Adm.%@AE@%%@4@%-- Janice Obuchowski. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Patent & Trademark Office%@AE@%%@4@%-- Harry F. Manbeck. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Trade Development%@AE@%%@4@%-- Michael Skarzynski. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bureau of the Census%@AE@% %@4@%-- Dr. Barbara E. Bryant, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bureau of Economic Analysis%@AE@% %@4@%-- Allan H. Young, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secy. for International Trade%@AE@% %@4@%-- J. Michael Farren. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secy. for Econ. Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Michael Darby. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secy. for Technology%@AE@% %@4@%-- Robert M. White. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Natl. Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- John A. Knauss. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Natl. Technical Info. Service%@AE@% %@4@%-- Joseph F. Caponio, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Natl. Institute For Standards & Technology%@AE@% %@4@%-- John W. Lyons. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Minority Business Development Agency%@AE@% %@4@%-- Kenneth Bolton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Marion Blakey, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Consumer Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- John Gibbons. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Department of Labor %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%200 Constitution Ave. NW 20210 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Labor%@AE@% %@4@%-- Elizabeth Dole. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Roderick A. DeArment. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Administration and Management%@AE@%%@4@%-- Thomas C. Komarek. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Congressional Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Kathleen M. Harrington. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Employment & Training%@AE@%%@4@%-- Roberts Jones. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Employment Standards%@AE@%%@4@%-- William C. Brooks. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Labor-Management Standards%@AE@%%@4@%-- William C. White. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mine Safety & Health%@AE@%%@4@%-- William Tattersall. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Occupational Safety & Health%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gerard F. Scannell. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pension & Welfare Benefit Programs%@AE@%%@4@%-- David Ball. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Policy%@AE@%%@4@%-- Jennifer Lynn Dorn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public and Intergovernmental Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Dale Triber Tate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Veterans Employment%@AE@%%@4@%-- Thomas E. Collins 3d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Solicitor of Labor%@AE@% %@4@%-- Robert P. Davis. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dep. Under Secy. for International Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Shellyn Gae McCaffrey. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dep. Under Secy. for Labor-Management Relations & Cooperative
%@AB@%Programs%@AE@% %@4@%-- John R. Stepp. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Office of Information  & Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Johanna Schneider, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Women's Bureau%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jean Curtis, act. dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Comm. of Labor Statistics%@AE@% %@4@%-- Janet L. Norwood. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%Department of Health and Human Services %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%200 Independence Ave. SW 20201 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of HHS%@AE@% %@4@%-- Louis W. Sullivan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Constance Horner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Management and Budget%@AE@%%@4@%-- Kevin E. Moley. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- Kay C. James. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Health%@AE@%%@4@%-- James Mason. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Planning and Evaluation%@AE@%%@4@%-- Martin Gerry. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Human Development Services%@AE@%%@4@%-- Mary Sheila Gall. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislation%@AE@%%@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Personnel Administration%@AE@%%@4@%-- Thomas McFee. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Michael Astrue. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Richard P. Kusserow. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Civil Rights%@AE@% %@4@%-- Edward Mercado. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Surgeon General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Antonia C. Novello. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Social Security Adm.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Gwendolyn S. King. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Consumer Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Bonnie Guiton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%Department of Housing and Urban Development %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%451 7th St. SW 20410 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Housing & Urban Development%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jack Kemp. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Alfred A. DelliBovi. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputies%@AE@%%@4@%-- Edwin I. Gardner, Stephen A. Glaude. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                        Assistant Secretaries for:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Administration%@AE@%%@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Community Planning & Development%@AE@%%@4@%-- S. Anna Kondratas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Housing & Federal Housing Commissioner%@AE@%%@4@%-- C. Austin Fitts. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislation & Congressional Relations%@AE@%%@4@%-- Timothy L. Coyle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Policy Development & Research%@AE@%%@4@%-- John Weicher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@%%@4@%-- vacant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public & Indian Housing%@AE@%%@4@%-- Joseph G. Schiff. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fair Housing & Equal Opportunity%@AE@%%@4@%-- Gordon H. Mansfield. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%President, Govt. Natl. Mortgage Assn.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Arthur J. Hill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%International Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Theodore Britton Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Francis A. Keating 2d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Paul A. Adams. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Indian & Alaska Native Programs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Elaine Dudley. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Board of Contract Appeals%@AE@% %@4@%-- David T. Anderson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chief Administrative Law Judge%@AE@% %@4@%-- Alan W. Heifetz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Department of Transportation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%400 7th St. SW 20590 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Transportation%@AE@% %@4@%-- Samuel K. Skinner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- Elaine Chao. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Assistant Secretaries%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jeffrey Shane (Policy and International Affairs);%@EH@%
Kate Moore (Budget and Programs); John H. Seymour (Administration); vacant
(Public Affairs); Galen Reser (Governmental Affairs). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Highway Traffic Safety Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jerry Curry. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%U. S. Coast Guard Commandant%@AE@% %@4@%-- Adm. Paul A. Yost Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Federal Aviation Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- James Busey. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Federal Highway Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Thomas Larson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Federal Railroad Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Gilbert Carmichael. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Maritime Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Capt. Warren LeBack. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Urban Mass Transportation Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Brian Clymer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Research & Special Programs Admin.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Travis Dungan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corp.%@AE@% %@4@%-- James L. Emery. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Department of Energy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%1000 Independence Ave. SW 20585 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Energy%@AE@% %@4@%-- James D. Watkins. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Secy.%@AE@% %@4@%-- W. Henson Moore. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- John C. Tuck. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Stephen A. Wakefield. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- John C. Layton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Assistant Secretaries%@AE@% %@4@%-- Jacqueline Knox Brown (Congressional,%@EH@%
Intergovernmental & Public Affairs); John C. Tuck (Defense Programs); James
J. Easton Jr. (International Affairs & Energy Emergencies); William A. Young
(Nuclear Energy); Robert H. Gentile (Fossil Energy); J. Michael Davis
(Conservation & Renewable Energy); Peter N. Brush (Environment, Safety &
Health). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Energy Information Adm.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Helmut A. Merklein. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Economic Regulatory Adm.%@AE@% %@4@%-- C. L. Van Orman, adm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Federal Energy Regulatory Comm.%@AE@% %@4@%-- Martin L. Allday, chmn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hearings & Appeals%@AE@% %@4@%-- George B. Breznay, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Energy Research%@AE@% %@4@%-- James F. Decker. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Civilian Radioactive Waste Management%@AE@% %@4@%-- John W. Bartlett. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Minority Economic Impact%@AE@% %@4@%-- Melva G. Wray, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Board of Contract Appeals%@AE@% %@4@%-- E. Barclay van Doren, chmn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Public Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- M.J. Jameson, dir. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Department of Education %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%400 Maryland Ave. SW 20202%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Education%@AE@% %@4@%-- Lauro F. Cavazos. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Under Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%-- John Theodore Sanders. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chief of Staff%@AE@% %@4@%-- Chino Chapa. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy Under Secretaries%@AE@% %@4@%-- George Pieler, Michelle Easton, Thomas E.%@EH@%
Anfinson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Edward C. Stringer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
                          Assistant Secretaries:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Legislation%@AE@%%@4@%-- Nancy Mohr Kennedy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Elementary and Secondary Education%@AE@%%@4@%-- John T. MacDonald. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Postsecondary Education%@AE@%%@4@%-- Leonard L. Haynes 3d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Educational Research and Improvement%@AE@%%@4@%-- Christopher T. Cross. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Adult & Vocational Education%@AE@%%@4@%-- Betsy Brand. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Special Education and Rehabilitative
%@AB@%Services%@AE@%%@4@%-- Robert Davila. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Civil Rights%@AE@%%@4@%-- William Smith, act. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bilingual & Minority Languages%@AE@%%@4@%-- Rita Esquivel.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Department of Veterans Affairs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%810 Vermont Ave. NW 20420%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary of Veterans Affairs%@AE@% %@4@%-- Edward J. Derwinski. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Deputy%@AE@% %@4@%-- Anthony J. Principi. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Inspector General%@AE@% %@4@%-- Dean Trodden. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Veterans Benefits Adm.%@AE@% %@4@%-- D'Wayne Gray. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Veterans Health Services & Research Adm.%@AE@% %@4@%-- James W. Holsinger Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%-- Raoul L. Carroll.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Judiciary of the U.S.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Data as of July 23, 1990%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%Justices of the United States Supreme Court %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Supreme Court comprises the chief justice of the United States and 8%@EH@%
associate justices, all appointed by the president with advice and consent
of the Senate. Salaries: chief justice $124,000 annually, associate justice
$118,600.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  113  7332 03 30 12 09 06 07 @%Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died%@AI@%Chief Justices in italics%@AE@%     Term        Yrs.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AI@%John Jay,%@AE@% N.Y.                1789-1795   5        1745  1829John Rutledge, S.C.           1789-1791   1        1739  1800 William Cushing, Mass.        1789-1810   20       1732  1810 James Wilson, Pa.             1789-1798   8        1742  1798 John Blair, Va.               1789-1796   6        1732  1800 James Iredell, N.C.           1790-1799   9        1751  1799 Thomas Johnson, Md.           1791-1793   1        1732  1819 William Paterson, N.J.        1793-1806   13       1745  1806 %@AI@%John Rutledge,%@AE@% S.C.           1795%@AH@%a%@AE@%       -        1739  1800 Samuel Chase, Md.             1796-1811   15       1741  1811 %@AI@%Oliver Ellsworth,%@AE@% Conn.       1796-1800   4        1745  1807 Bushrod Washington, Va.       1798-1829   31       1762  1829 Alfred Moore, N.C.            1799-1804   4        1755  1810 %@AI@%John Marshall,%@AE@% Va.            1801-1835   34       1755  1835 William Johnson, S.C.         1804-1834   30       1771  1834 Henry B. Livingston, N.Y.     1806-1823   16       1757  1823 Thomas Todd, Ky.              1807-1826   18       1765  1826 Joseph Story, Mass.           1811-1845   33       1779  1845 Gabriel Duval, Md.            1811-1835   22       1752  1844 Smith Thompson, N.Y.          1823-1843   20       1768  1843 Robert Trimble, Ky.           1826-1828   2        1777  1828 John McLean, Oh.              1829-1861   32       1785  1861 Henry Baldwin, Pa.            1830-1844   14       1780  1844 James M. Wayne, Ga.           1835-1867   32       1790  1867 %@AI@%Roger B. Taney,%@AE@% Md.           1836-1864   28       1777  1864 Philip P. Barbour, Va.        1836-1841   4        1783  1841 John Catron, Tenn.            1837-1865   28       1786  1865 John McKinley, Ala.           1837-1852   15       1780  1852 Peter V. Daniel, Va.          1841-1860   19       1784  1860 Samuel Nelson, N.Y.           1845-1872   27       1792  1873 Levi Woodbury, N.H.           1845-1851   5        1789  1851 Robert C. Grier, Pa.          1846-1870   23       1794  1870 Benjamin R. Curtis, Mass.     1851-1857   6        1809  1874 John A. Campbell, Ala.        1853-1861   8        1811  1889 Nathan Clifford, Me.          1858-1881   23       1803  1881 Noah H. Swayne, Oh.           1862-1881   18       1804  1884 Samuel F. Miller, Ia.         1862-1890   28       1816  1890 David Davis, Ill.             1862-1877   14       1815  1886 Stephen J. Field, Cal.        1863-1897   34       1816  1899 %@AI@%Salmon P. Chase,%@AE@% Oh.          1864-1873   8        1808  1873 William Strong, Pa.           1870-1880   10       1808  1895 Joseph P. Bradley, N.J.       1870-1892   21       1813  1892 Ward Hunt, N.Y.               1872-1882   9        1810  1886 %@AI@%Morrison R. Waite,%@AE@% Oh.        1874-1888   14       1816  1888 John M. Harlan, Ky.           1877-1911   34       1833  1911 William B. Woods, Ga.         1880-1887   6        1824  1887 Stanley Matthews, Oh.         1881-1889   7        1824  1889 Horace Gray, Mass.            1881-1902   20       1828  1902 Samuel Blatchford, N.Y.       1882-1893   11       1820  1893 Lucius Q.C. Lamar, Miss.      1888-1893   5        1825  1893 %@AI@%Melville W. Fuller,%@AE@% Ill.      1888-1910   21       1833  1910 David J. Brewer, Kan.         1889-1910   20       1837  1910 Henry B. Brown, Mich.         1890-1906   15       1836  1913 George Shiras Jr., Pa.        1892-1903   10       1832  1924 Howell E. Jackson, Tenn.      1893-1895   2        1832  1895 Edward D. White, La.          1894-1910   16       1845  1921 Rufus W. Peckham, N.Y.        1895-1909   13       1838  1909 Joseph McKenna, Cal.          1898-1925   26       1843  1926 Oliver W. Holmes, Mass.       1902-1932   29       1841  1935 William R. Day, Oh.           1903-1922   19       1849  1923 William H. Moody, Mass.       1906-1910   3        1853  1917 Horace H. Lurton, Tenn.       1909-1914   4        1844  1914 Charles E. Hughes, N.Y.       1910-1916   5        1862  1948 Willis Van Devanter, Wy.      1910-1937   26       1859  1941 Joseph R. Lamar, Ga.          1910-1916   5        1857  1916 %@AI@%Edward D. White,%@AE@% La.          1910-1921   10       1845  1921 Mahlon Pitney, N.J.           1912-1922   10       1858  1924 James C. McReynolds, Tenn.    1914-1941   26       1862  1946 Louis D. Brandeis, Mass.      1916-1939   22       1856  1941 John H. Clarke, Oh.           1916-1922   5        1857  1945 %@AI@%William H. Taft,%@AE@% Conn.        1921-1930   8        1857  1930 George Sutherland, Ut.        1922-1938   15       1862  1942 Pierce Butler, Minn.          1922-1939   16       1866  1939 Edward T. Sanford, Tenn.      1923-1930   7        1865  1930 Harlan F. Stone, N.Y.         1925-1941   16       1872  1946%@AI@%Charles E. Hughes,%@AE@% N.Y.       1930-1941   11       1862  1948 Owen J. Roberts, Pa.          1930-1945   15       1875  1955 Benjamin N. Cardozo, N.Y.     1932-1938   6        1870  1938 Hugo L. Black, Ala.           1937-1971   34       1886  1971 Stanley F. Reed, Ky.          1938-1957   19       1884  1980 Felix Frankfurter, Mass.      1939-1962   23       1882  1965 William O. Douglas, Conn.     1939-1975   36       1898  1980 Frank Murphy, Mich.           1940-1949   9        1890  1949 %@AI@%Harlan F. Stone,%@AE@% N.Y.         1941-1946   5        1872  1946 James F. Byrnes, S.C.         1941-1942   1        1879  1972 Robert H. Jackson, N.Y.       1941-1954   12       1892  1954 Wiley B. Rutledge, Ia.        1943-1949   6        1894  1949 Harold H. Burton, Oh.         1945-1958   13       1888  1964 %@AI@%Fred M. Vinson,%@AE@% Ky.           1946-1953   7        1890  1953 Tom C. Clark, Tex.            1949-1967   18       1899  1977 Sherman Minton, Ind.          1949-1956   7        1890  1965 %@AI@%Earl Warren,%@AE@% Cal.             1953-1969   16       1891  1974 John Marshall Harlan, N.Y.    1955-1971   16       1899  1971 William J. Brennan Jr., N.J.  1956-1990   33       1906  - Charles E. Whittaker, Mo.     1957-1962   5        1901  1973 Potter Stewart, Oh.           1958-1981   23       1915  1985 Byron R. White, Col.          1962--      -        1917  - Arthur J. Goldberg, Ill.      1962-1965   3        1908  - Abe Fortas, Tenn.             1965-1969   4        1910  1982 Thurgood Marshall, N.Y.       1967--      -        1908  - %@AI@%Warren E. Burger,%@AE@% Va.         1969-1986   17       1907  - Harry A. Blackmun, Minn.      1970--      -        1908  - Lewis F. Powell Jr., Va.      1972-1987   15       1907  - William H. Rehnquist, Ariz.   1972-1986   14       1924  - John Paul Stevens, Ill.       1975--      -        1920  - Sandra Day O'Connor, Ariz.    1981--      -        1930  - %@AI@%William H. Rehnquist,%@AE@% Ariz.   1986--      -        1924  - Antonin Scalia, Va.           1986--      -        1936  - Anthony M. Kennedy, Cal.      1988--      -        1936  - David H. Souter               1990--      -        1939  - %@TE:  113  7332 03 30 12 09 06 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%a%@AE@%Rejected Dec. 15, 1795.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%U.S. Court of International Trade %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%New York, NY 10007 (Salaries, $96,600) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chief Judge%@AE@% -- Edward D. Re. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Judges%@AE@% -- James L. Watson, Gregory W. Carman, Jane A. Restani, Dominick L.%@EH@%
DiCarlo, Thomas J. Aquilino Jr., Nicholas Tsoucalas, R. Kenton Musgrave. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%U.S. Claims Court %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%Washington, D.C. 20005 (Salaries, $96,600) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chief Judge%@AE@% -- Loren A. Smith. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Judges%@AE@% -- James F. Merow, John P. Wiese, Robert J. Yock, Reginald W. Gibson,%@EH@%
Lawrence S. Margolis, Christine C. Nettesheim, Moody R. Tidwell 3d, Marian
Blank Horn, Eric G. Bruggink, Bohdan A. Futey, Wilkes C. Robinson, Roger B.
Andewelt, James T. Turner, Randall R. Rader. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%U.S. Tax Court %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%Washington DC 20217 (Salaries, $96,600) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chief Judge%@AE@% -- Arthur L. Nims 3d. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Judges%@AE@% -- Herbert L. Chabot, Edna G. Parker, Jules J. Korner 3d, Meade%@EH@%
Whitaker, Mary Ann Cohen, John O. Colvin, Perry Shields, Charles E. Clapp
2d, Lapsley W. Hamblen Jr., Stephen J. Swift, Joel Gerber, Julien I. Jacobs,
Lawrence A. Wright, Carolyn Miller Parr, Robert P. Ruwe, Thomas B. Wells,
Laurence J. Whalen, B. John Williams Jr. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%U.S. Courts of Appeals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%(Salaries, $102,500. CJ means Chief Judge)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Circuit%@AE@% -- Howard T. Markey, CJ; Giles S. Rich, Helen W. Nies;%@EH@%
Pauline Newman, Glenn L. Archer Jr., H. Robert Mayer, Paul R. Michel, S. Jay
Plager; Clerk's Office, Washington, DC 20439. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%District of Columbia%@AE@% -- Patricia M. Wald, CJ; Abner J. Mikva, Harry T.%@EH@%
Edwards, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Laurence H. Silberman; James L. Buckley,
Stephen F. Williams, Douglas Ginsburg, David B. Sentelle; Clerk's Office,
Washington, DC 20001. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%First Circuit%@AE@% (Me., Mass., N.H., R.I., Puerto Rico) -- Stephen Breyer, CJ;%@EH@%
Levin H. Campbell, Hugh H. Bownes, Juan R. Torruella, Bruce M. Selya, Conrad
K. Cyr;  Clerk's Office, Boston, MA 02109. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Second Circuit%@AE@% (Conn., N.Y., Vt.) -- James L. Oakes, CJ; Wilfred Freiberg,%@EH@%
Thomas J. Meskill, Jon O. Newman, Amalya Lyle Kearse, Richard J. Cardamone,
Ralph K. Winter Jr., George C. Pratt, Roger J. Miner, Frank X. Altimari, J.
Daniel Mahoney, John M. Walker; Clerk's Office, New York, NY 10007. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Third Circuit%@AE@% (Del., N.J., Pa., Virgin Is.) -- A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., CJ;%@EH@%
Dolores K. Sloviter, Edward R. Becker, Carol Los Mansmann, Walter K.
Stapleton, Morton I. Ginsberg, Anthony J. Scirica, William D. Hutchinson,
Robert E. Cowen, Richard L. Nygaard; Clerk's Office, Philadelphia, PA 19106.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fourth Circuit%@AE@% (Md., N.C., S.C., Va., W.Va.) -- Sam J. Ervin 3d, CJ; Kenneth%@EH@%
K. Hall, Donald Stuart Russell, H. Emory Widener Jr., James D. Phillips Jr.,
Francis D. Murnaghan Jr., James M. Sprouse, Robert F. Chapman, J. Harvie
Wilkinson 3d, William W. Wilkins Jr.; Clerk's Office, Richmond, VA 23219. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fifth Circuit%@AE@% (La., Miss., Tex.) -- Charles  Clark, CJ; Thomas G. Gee, Alvin%@EH@%
B. Rubin, Thomas M. Reavley, Henry A. Politz, Carolyn D. King, Samuel D.
Johnson, Jerre S. Williams, William L. Garwood, E. Grady Jolly, Patrick E.
Higginbotham, W. Eugene Davis, Jerry E. Smith, Edith Hollan Jones, John M.
Duhe Jr.; Clerk's Office, New Orleans, LA 70130. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sixth Circuit%@AE@% (Ky., Mich., Ohio, Tenn.) -- Gilbert S. Merritt, CJ; Damon J.%@EH@%
Keith, Boyce F. Martin Jr., Nathaniel R. Jones, Robert B. Krupansky, Harry
W. Wellford, Cornelia G. Kennedy, H. Ted Milburn, Ralph B. Guy Jr., David A.
Nelson, James L. Ryan, Danny J. Boggs, Alan E. Norris; Clerk's Office,
Cincinnati, OH 45202. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Seventh Circuit%@AE@% (Ill., Ind., Wis.) -- William J. Bauer, CJ; Walter J.%@EH@%
Cummings, Harlington Wood Jr., Richard D. Cudahy, Richard A. Posner, John L.
Coffey, Joel M. Flaum, Frank H. Easterbrook, Kenneth F. Ripple, Daniel A.
Manion, Michael S. Kanne; Clerk's Office, Chicago, IL 60604. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eighth Circuit%@AE@% (Ark., Ia., Minn., Mo., Neb., N.D., S.D.) -- Donald P. Lay,%@EH@%
CJ; Theodore McMillian, Richard S. Arnold, John R. Gibson, George C. Fagg,
Pasco M. Bowman 2d, Roger L. Wollman, Frank J. Magill, C. Arlen Beam;
Clerk's Office, St. Louis, MO 63101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ninth Circuit%@AE@% (Alaska, Ariz., Cal., Ha., Ida., Mont., Nev., Ore., Wash.,%@EH@%
Guam, N. Mariana Islands) -- Albert T. Goodwin, CJ; James R. Browning, J.
Clifford Wallace, Procter Hug Jr., Thomas Tang, Jerome Farris, Betty B.
Fletcher, Mary M. Schroeder, Harry Pregerson, Arthur L. Alarcon, Cecil F.
Poole, Dorothy W. Nelson, William C. Canby Jr., William A. Norris, Stephen
Reinhardt, Robert R. Beezer, Cynthia M. Hall, Charles E. Wiggins, Melvin
Brunetti, Alex Kozinski, David R. Thompson, John T. Noonan, Diarmuid F.
O'Scannlain, Edward Leavy, Stephen S. Trout, Ferdinand F. Fernandez; Clerk's
Office, San Francisco, CA  94101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tenth Circuit%@AE@% (Col., Kan., N.M., Okla., Ut., Wy.) -- William J. Holloway%@EH@%
Jr., CJ; Monroe G. McKay, James K. Logan, Stephanie K. Seymour, John P.
Moore, Stephen H. Anderson, Deanell R. Tacha, Bobby R. Baldock, Wade Brorby,
David M. Ebel; Clerk's Office, Denver, CO 80294. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eleventh Circuit%@AE@% (Ala. Fla., Ga.) -- Gerald B. Tjoflat, CJ; Peter T. Fay,%@EH@%
Robert S. Vance, Phyllis A. Kravitch, Frank M. Johnson Jr., Joseph W.
Hatchett, R. Lanier Anderson 3d, Thomas A. Clark, J.L. Edmondson, Emmett R.
Cox; Clerk's Office, Atlanta GA 30303. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals%@AE@% -- Reynaldo G. Garza, CJ; Clerk's%@EH@%
Office, Washington, DC 20001 . %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%U.S. District Courts %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%(Salaries, $96,600. CJ means Chief Judge)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alabama%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% Sam C. Pointer Jr., CJ; James Hughes Hancock, Robert B.%@EH@%
Propst, E. B. Haltom Jr., U. W. Clemon, William M. Acker Jr., Edwin L.
Nelson;  Clerk's Office, Birmingham 35203. %@AB@%Middle:%@AE@% Truman M. Hobbs, CJ;
Myron H. Thompson, Joel F. Dubina; Clerk's Office, Montgomery 36101.
%@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% Alex T. Howard Jr., CJ; Charles R. Butler Jr.; Clerk's Office,
Mobile 36602. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alaska%@AE@% -- H. Russel Holland, CJ; Andrew J. Kleinfeld; Clerk's Office,%@EH@%
Anchorage 99513. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arizona%@AE@% -- Richard M. Bilby, CJ; Charles L. Hardy, Alfredo C. Marquez, Earl%@EH@%
H. Carroll, William D. Browning, Paul G. Rosenblat, Robert C. Bloomfield,
Roger G. Strand; Clerk's Office, Phoenix 85025. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arkansas%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Garnett Thomas Eisele, CJ; Henry Woods, George Howard%@EH@%
Jr., Stephen M. Reasoner; Clerk's Office, Little Rock 72203. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@%H.
Franklin Waters, CJ; George Howard Jr., Morris S. Arnold; Clerk's Office,
Fort Smith 72902. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%California%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% William A. Ingram, CJ; William W. Schwarzer, Robert%@EH@%
P. Aguilar, Thelton E. Henderson, Marilyn H. Patel, Eugene F. Lynch, John P.
Vukasin Jr, Charles A. Legge, D. Lowell Jensen, Fern M. Smith, Vaughn R.
Walker; Clerk's Office, San Francisco 94102. %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Robert E. Coyle, CJ;
Lawrence K. Karlton, Edward J. Garcia; Clerk's Office,  Sacramento 95814.
%@AB@%Central:%@AE@% Manuel L. Real, CJ;  Wm. Matthew Byrne Jr., Robert M. Takasugi,
Mariana R. Pfaelzer, Terry J. Hatter Jr., A. Wallace Tashima, Consuelo Bland
Marshall, David V. Kenyon, Richard A. Gadbois, Edward Rafeedie, Harry L.
Hupp, Alicemarie H. Stotler, James M. Ideman, William J. Rea, William D.
Keller, Stephen V. Wilson, J. Spencer Letts, Dickran M. Tevrizian Jr., John
G. Davies, Ronald S.W. Lew, Robert C. Bonner; Clerk's Office, Los Angeles
90012. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% Gordon Thompson Jr., CJ; William B. Enright, Judith N.
Keep, Earl B. Gilliam, J. Lawrence Irving, Rudi M. Brewster, John S. Rhoades
Sr.; Clerk's Office, San Diego 92189. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Colorado%@AE@% -- Sherman G. Finesilver, CJ; Richard P. Matsch, Jim R. Carrigan,%@EH@%
Zita L. Weinshienk, Lewis T. Babcock, Edward W. Nottingham; Clerk's Office,
Denver 80294. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Connecticut%@AE@% -- Ellen B. Burns, CJ; T.F. Gilroy Daly, Warren W. Eginton, Jose%@EH@%
A. Cabranes, Peter C. Dorsey, Alan H. Nevas; Clerk's Office, New Haven
06510. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Delaware%@AE@% -- Joseph J. Longobardi, CJ; Joseph J. Farnan Jr., Jane R. Roth;%@EH@%
Clerk's Office, Wilmington 19801. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%District of Columbia%@AE@% -- Aubrey E. Robinson Jr., CJ; Gerhard A. Gesell,%@EH@%
Charles R. Richey, Louis F. Oberdorfer, Harold H. Greene, John Garrett Penn,
Joyce Hens Green, Norma H. Johnson, Thomas P. Jackson, Thomas F. Hogan,
Stanley S. Harris, George H. Revercomb, Stanley Sporkin, Royce C. Lamberth;
Clerk's Office, Washington DC 20001. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Florida%@AE@% -- Northern: William H. Stafford Jr. CJ; Maurice M. Paul, C. Roger%@EH@%
Vinson; Clerk's Office, Tallahassee 32301. %@AB@%Middle:%@AE@% Susan H. Black, CJ;
William Terrell Hodges, Howell W. Melton, William J. Castagna; John H. Moore
2d, Elizabeth A. Kovachevich, George K. Sharp, Patricia C. Fawsett; Clerk's
Office, Jacksonville 32201. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% James Lawrence King, CJ; Norman C.
Roettger Jr.; William M. Hoeveler, Jose A. Gonzalez Jr., James C. Paine,
James W. Kehoe, Eugene P. Spellman, Edward B. Davis, Lenore C. Nesbitt,
Stanley Marcus, Thomas E. Scott, William J. Zloch, Kenneth L. Ryskamp;
Clerk's Office, Miami 33128. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georgia%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% William C. O'Kelley, CJ; Richard C. Freeman,   Harold%@EH@%
L. Murphy, Marvin H. Shoob, G. Ernest Tidwell, Orinda Dale Evans, Robert L.
Vining Jr., Robert H. Hall, Harold T. Ward, J. Owen Forrester, Jack T. Camp;
Clerk's Office, Atlanta 30335. %@AB@%Middle:%@AE@% Wilbur D. Owens Jr., CJ; J. Robert
Elliott, Duross Fitzpatrick; Clerk's Office, Macon 31202. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% B. Avant
Edenfield, CJ; Anthony A. Alaimo, Dudley H. Bowen Jr.; Clerk's Office,
Savannah 31412. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hawaii%@AE@% -- Harold M. Fong, CJ, Alan C. Kay, David A. Ezra; Clerk's Office,%@EH@%
Honolulu 96850. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Idaho%@AE@% -- Harold L. Ryan, CJ; Edward J. Lodge; Clerk's Office; Boise, 83724. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Illinois%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% John F. Grady, CJ; Nicholas J. Bua, Stanley J.%@EH@%
Roszkowski, James B. Moran, Marvin E. Aspen, Milton I. Shadur,  Charles P.
Kocoras, John A. Nordberg, William T. Hart, Paul E. Plunkett, Ilana Diamond
Rovner, Charles R. Norgle Sr., James F. Holderman Jr., Ann C. Williams,
Brian Barnett Duff, Harry D. Lienenweber, James B. Zagel, James H. Alesia,
Suzanne B. Conlon, George M. Marovich, George W. Lindberg; Clerk's Office,
Chicago 60604. %@AB@%Central:%@AE@% Harold Albert Baker, CJ; Michael M. Mihm, Richard
Mills; Clerk's Office, Springfield 62705. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% James L. Foreman, CJ;
William L. Beatty, William D. Stiehl; Clerk's Office, E. St. Louis 62202. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Indiana%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% Allen Sharp, CJ; William C. Lee, James T. Moody, Robert%@EH@%
L. Miller Jr., Rudy Lozano; Clerk's  Office, South Bend 46601. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@%
Gene E. Brooks, CJ; S. Hugh Dillin, Sarah E. Barker, Larry J. McKinney, John
D. Tinder; Clerk's Office, Indianapolis 46204. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Iowa%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% Donald E. O'Brien, CJ, David R. Hansen; Clerk's Office,%@EH@%
Cedar Rapids 52401. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% Harold D. Vietor, CJ; Charles R. Wolle;
Clerk's Office, Des Moines 50309. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kansas%@AE@% -- Earl E. O'Connor, CJ; Dale E. Saffels, Patrick F. Kelly, Sam A.%@EH@%
Crow, C. Thomas Van Bebber;  Clerk's Office, Wichita 67202. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kentucky%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Eugene E. Siler Jr., CJ; William Bertelsman, Henry R.%@EH@%
Wilhoit Jr., Karl S. Forester; Clerk's Office, Lexington 40586. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@%
Edward H. Johnstone, CJ; Thomas A. Ballantine, Ronald E. Meredith, Charles
R. Simpson 3d; Clerk's Office, Louisville 40202. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louisiana%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Frederick J. R. Heebe, CJ; Charles Schwartz Jr.,%@EH@%
Morley L. Sear, Adrian A. Duplantier, Robert F. Collins, George Arceneaux
Jr., Veronica D. Wicker, Patrick E. Carr, Peter Beer, A J. McNamara, Henry
A. Mentz Jr., Martin L. C. Feldman, Marcel Livaudais Jr.;  Clerk's Office,
New Orleans 70130. %@AB@%Middle:%@AE@% John V. Parker, CJ; Frank J. Polozola; Clerk's
Office, Baton Rouge 70821. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Tom Stagg, CJ; Earl Ernest Veron, John
M. Shaw, F. A. Little Jr., Donald E. Walter; Clerk's Office, Shreveport
71101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maine%@AE@% -- Conrad K. Cyr, CJ; Gene Carter; Clerk's Office, Portland 04112. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maryland%@AE@% -- Alexander Harvey 2d, CJ; Joseph C. Howard, Norman P. Ramsey,%@EH@%
William E. Black Jr., John R. Hargrove, J. Frederick Motz, Frederic N.
Smalkin, Paul V. Niemeyer, Marvin J. Garbis; Clerk's Office, Baltimore
21201. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Massachusetts%@AE@% -- Frank H. Freedman, CJ; Joseph L. Tauro, Walter Jay Skinner,%@EH@%
A. David Mazzone, Robert E. Keeton, John J. McNaught, Rya W. Zobel, David S.
Nelson, William G. Young, Mark L. Wolf, Douglas P. Woodlock, Edward F.
Harrington; Clerk's Office, Boston 02109. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michigan%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Julian A. Cook Jr., CJ; Stewart A. Newblatt, Avern%@EH@%
Cohn, Anna Diggs Taylor, Horace W. Gilmore, George E. Woods, Richard F.
Suhrheinrich, George La Plata, Barbara K. Hackett, Lawrence P. Zatkoff,
Patrick J. Duggan, Bernard A. Friedman, Paul V. Gadola; Clerk's Office,
Detroit 48226. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Douglas W. Hillman, CJ; Benjamin F. Gibson, Richard
A. Enslen, Robert H. Bell; Clerk's Office, Grand Rapids 49503. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Minnesota%@AE@% -- Donald D. Alsop, CJ; Harry H. MacLaughlin, Robert G. Renner,%@EH@%
Diana E. Murphy, Paul A. Magnuson, James M. Rosenbaum, David S. Doty;
Clerk's Office, St. Paul 55101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mississippi%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% L. T. Senter Jr., CJ; Neal Biggers, Glen H.%@EH@%
Davidson; Clerk's Office, Oxford 38655. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% William H. Barbour Jr.,
CJ; Harry T. Wingate, Tom S. Lee, Walter J. Gex 3d; Clerk's Office, Jackson
39201. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Missouri%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% John F. Nangle, CJ; Edward D. Filippine, William L.%@EH@%
Hungate, Clyde S. Cahill Jr., Stephen N. Limbaugh, George F. Gunn Jr.;
Clerk's Office, St. Louis 63101. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Scott O. Wright, CJ; Russell G.
Clark, Howard F. Sachs, Joseph E. Stevens Jr., D. Brook Bartlett, Dean
Whipple; Clerk's Office, Kansas City 64106. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Montana%@AE@% -- Paul G. Hatfield, CJ; Charles C. Lovell; Clerk's Office, Billings%@EH@%
59101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nebraska%@AE@% -- Lyle E. Strom,  CJ; Warren K. Urbom, William G. Cambridge;%@EH@%
Clerk's Office, Omaha 68101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nevada%@AE@% -- Edward C. Reed Jr., CJ; Lloyd D. George, Howard D. McKibben,%@EH@%
Philip M. Pro; Clerk's Office, Las Vegas 89101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Hampshire%@AE@% -- Shane Devine, CJ; Martin F. Loughlin; Clerk's Office,%@EH@%
Concord 03301. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Jersey%@AE@% -- John F. Gerry, CJ; Stanley S. Brotman, Anne E. Thompson, D. R.%@EH@%
Debevoise, H. Lee Sarokin, Harold A. Ackerman, John W. Bissell, Maryanne
Trump Barry, Joseph H. Rodriguez, Garrett E. Brown Jr., Alfred J. Lechner
Jr., Nicholas H. Politan, Alfred M. Wolin, John C. Lifland;  Clerk's Office,
Newark 07102. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Mexico%@AE@% -- Juan G. Burciaga, CJ; Santiago E. Campos, John E. Conway,%@EH@%
James A. Parker; Clerk's Office, Albuquerque 87103. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% Neal P. McCurn, CJ; Howard G. Munson, Thomas J.%@EH@%
McAvoy, Con G. Cholakis; Clerk's Office, Albany 12201. %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Thomas C.
Platt Jr., CJ; Jack B. Weinstein, Charles P. Sifton, Eugene H. Nickerson,
Joseph M. McLaughlin, Israel Leo Glasser, Raymond J. Dearie, Leonard D.
Wexler, Edward R. Korman, Reena Raggi; Clerk's Office, Brooklyn 11201.
%@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% Charles L. Brieant, CJ; David N. Edelstein,  Thomas P. Griesa,
Robert J. Ward, Kevin Thomas Duffy, Leonard B. Sand, Mary Johnson Lowe,
Gerard L. Goettel, Charles S. Haight Jr., Pierre N. Leval, Robert W. Sweet,
John E. Sprizzo, Shirley Wohl Kram, John F. Keenan, Peter K. Leisure, John
M. Walker, Louis L. Stanton, Miriam G. Cedarbaum, Michael B. Mukasey,
Kenneth Conboy, Kimba Wood, Robert P. Patterson Jr.; Clerk's Office N. Y.
City 10007. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Michael A. Telesca, CJ; Richard J. Arcara, David G.
Larimer; Clerk's Office, Buffalo 14202. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%North Carolina%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% W. Earl Britt, CJ; James C. Fox, Terrence W.%@EH@%
Boyle, Malcolm J. Howard; Clerk's Office, Raleigh 27611. %@AB@%Middle:%@AE@% Richard C.
Erwin, CJ; Frank W. Bullock, N. Carlton Tilley Jr.; Clerk's Office,
Greensboro 27402. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Robert D. Potter, CJ; Richard L. Woorhees;
Clerk's Office Asheville 28801. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%North Dakota%@AE@% -- Patrick A. Conmy, CJ, Rodney S. Webb; Clerk's Office,%@EH@%
Bismarck 58502. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ohio%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% Thomas D. Lambros, CJ; Frank J. Battisti, John M. Manos,%@EH@%
George W. White, Ann Aldrich, Alvin I. Krenzler, John W. Potter, David D.
Dowd Jr., Sam H. Bell, Alice M. Batchelder; Clerk's Office, Cleveland 44114.
%@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% John D. Holschuh, CJ; Carl B. Rubin, Walter H. Rice, S. Arthur
Spiegel, Herman J. Weber, James L. Graham, George C. Smith; Clerk's Office,
Columbus 43215.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oklahoma%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% H. Dale Cook, CJ;   James O. Ellison, Thomas R. Brett,%@EH@%
Clerk's Office, Tulsa 74103. %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Frank H. Shey, CJ; Clerk's Office,
Muskogee 74401. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Ralph G. Thompson, CJ; Wayne Alley,  Lee R. West,
Layn R. Phillips; Clerk's Office, Oklahoma City 73102. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oregon%@AE@% -- Owen M. Panner, CJ; James A. Redden, Helen J. Frye, Malcolm F.%@EH@%
Marsh; Clerk's Office, Portland 97205. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pennsylvania%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Louis Charles Bechtle, CJ; Joseph L. McGlynn Jr.,%@EH@%
Edward N. Cahn, Louis H. Pollak, Norma L. Shapiro, James T. Giles, James
McGirr Kelly, Thomas N. O'Neill Jr., Marvin Katz, Edmund V. Ludwig, Robert
F. Kelly, Franklin S. Van Antwerpen, Robert S. Gawthrop, Lowell A. Reed Jr.,
Jan E. Dubois, Herbert J. Hutton; Clerk's Office, Philadelphia 19106.
%@AB@%Middle:%@AE@% Richard P. Conaboy, CJ; Sylvia H. Rambo, William W. Caldwell, Edward
M. Kosik; Clerk's Office, Scranton 18501. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Maurice B. Cohill Jr.,
CJ; Paul A. Simmons, Gustave Diamond, Donald E. Ziegler, Alan N. Bloch,
Glenn E. Mencer, William L. Standish, D. Brooks Smith, Donald J. Lee;
Clerk's Office, Pittsburgh 15230. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rhode Island%@AE@% -- Francis J. Boyle, CJ; Ronald R. Lagueux, Ernest C. Torres;%@EH@%
Clerk's Office, Providence 02903. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%South Carolina%@AE@% -- Solomon Blatt Jr., CJ; C. Weston Houck, Falcon B. Hawkins,%@EH@%
Matthew J. Perry Jr., George R. Anderson Jr., Clyde H. Hamilton, Karen L.
Henderson, Joseph F. Anderson Jr.; Clerk's Office, Columbia 29202. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%South Dakota%@AE@% -- Donald J. Porter, CJ; Richard H. Battey, John Bailey Jones;%@EH@%
Clerk's Office, Sioux Falls 57102. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tennessee%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Thomas G. Hull, CJ; James H. Jarvis, R. Allan Edgar,%@EH@%
Leon Jordan; Clerk's Office, Knoxville 37901. %@AB@%Middle:%@AE@% Thomas A. Wiseman Jr,
CJ; Thomas A. Higgins, John T. Nixon; Clerk's Office, Nashville 37203.
%@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Odell Horton, CJ; Julia S. Gibbons, James D. Todd, Jerome Turner;
Clerk's Office, Memphis 38103. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Texas%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% Barefoot Sanders, CJ; Robert W. Porter, Mary Lou%@EH@%
Robinson, David O. Belew Jr., Jerry Buchmeyer, A. Joe Fish, Robert B.
Maloney, Sidney A. Fitzwater, Samuel R. Cummings; Clerk's Office, Dallas
75242. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% James De Anda, CJ; Norman W. Black, George P. Kazen,
Filemon B. Vela, Hayden W. Head Jr., Ricardo H. Hinojosa, Lynn N. Hughes,
David Hittner, Kenneth M. Hoyt, Simeon T. Lake 3d, Melinda Harmon; Clerk's
Office, Houston 77208. %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% William Wayne Justice, CJ; Robert M. Parker,
Howell Cobb, Sam B. Hall Jr., Paul N. Brown, Richard A. Schell; Clerk's
Office, Tyler 75702. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Lucius D. Bunton 3d, CJ; Harry Lee Hudspeth,
Hipolito F. Garcia, James R. Nowlin, Edward C. Prado, Walter S. Smith Jr.,
Emilio M. Garza; Clerk's Office, San Antonio 78206. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Utah%@AE@% -- Bruce S. Jenkins, CJ; J. Thomas Greene, David Sam, David K. Winder;%@EH@%
Clerk's Office, Salt Lake City 84101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vermont%@AE@% -- Franklin S. Billings Jr., CJ; Clerk's Office, Burlington 05402. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Virginia%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Albert V. Bryan Jr., CJ; J. Calvitt Clarke, Richard L.%@EH@%
Williams, James C. Cacheris, Robert G. Doumar, Claude M. Hilton, James R.
Spencer, Thomas S. Ellis 3d, Rebecca Beach Smith; Clerk's Office, Alexandria
22320. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% James C. Turk, CJ; James H. Michael Jr., Jackson L. Kiser;
Clerk's Office, Roanoke 24006. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Justin L. Quackenbush, CJ; Robert J. McNichols,  Alan%@EH@%
A. McDonald; Clerk's Office, Spokane 99210. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Barbara J. Rothstein,
CJ; Jack E. Tanner, John C. Coughenour, Carolyn R. Dimmick, Robert J. Bryan,
William L. Dwyer, Thomas Zilly; Clerk's Office, Seattle 98104. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%West Virginia%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Northern:%@AE@% Robert Earl Maxwell, CJ; Clerk's Office, Elkins%@EH@%
26241. %@AB@%Southern:%@AE@% Charles H. Haden 2d, CJ; Robert J. Staker, John T.
Copenhaver Jr., Elizabeth V. Hallanan; Clerk's Office, Charleston 25329. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wisconsin%@AE@% -- %@AB@%Eastern:%@AE@% Robert W. Warren, CJ; Terence T. Evans, Thomas J.%@EH@%
Curran, J.P. Stadtmueller; Clerk's Office, Milwaukee 53202. %@AB@%Western:%@AE@% Barbara
B. Crabb, CJ; John C. Shabaz; Clerk's Office, Madison 53701. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wyoming%@AE@% -- Clarence A. Brimmer, CJ; Alan B. Johnson; Clerk's Office,%@EH@%
Cheyenne 82001. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%U.S. Territorial District Courts %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Guam%@AE@% -- Cristobal C. Duenas; Clerk's Office, Agana 96910. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Puerto Rico%@AE@% -- Juan M. Perez-Gimenez, CJ; Gilberto Gierbolini, Carmen%@EH@%
Consuelo Cerezo, Jaime Pieras Jr., Raymond L. Acosta, Hector M. Laffitte,
Jose Antonio Fuste; Clerk's Office, San Juan 00904. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Virgin Islands%@AE@% -- vacancy CJ; Clerk's Office, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas%@EH@%
00801. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%(established by Congress in 1989)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%State Officials, Salaries, Party Membership %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Governors reflect results of Nov. 6, 1990 elections; other officials are as%@EH@%
%@AS@%of mid-1990; | Ind. or other party. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Alabama %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Guy Hunt, R., $70,222. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Jim Folsom Jr., D., $40 per legislative day, plus annual salary%@EH@%
of $1,900 per month plus $1,500 per month for expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Perry Hand, R., $36,234. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Don Siegelman, D., $77,420. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- George Wallace Jr., D., $49,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually the 3d Tuesday in Apr. (first year of term of%@EH@%
office, first Tuesday in Feb. (2d and 3d years), 2d Tuesday in Jan. (4th
year) at Montgomery. Members receive $10 a day salary, plus $1,900 per month
expenses, plus $40 per day expenses during legislative sessions, and mileage
of 10c per mile. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 27; Rep., 8. Total, 35. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 83; Rep., 22. Total, 105.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Alaska %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Walter Hickel, | $81,648. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Stephen McAlpine, D., $76,188. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. General%@AE@% -- Douglas Baily, D., $77,304. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Juneau, for 120 days with a 10-day%@EH@%
extension possible upon  vote. First session in odd years. Members receive
$22,140 per year plus  $80 a day per diem. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem.,  8; Rep., 12. Total, 20. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 24; Rep., 16. Total, 40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Arizona %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Fife Symington, R., $75,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Jim Shumway, $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Bob Corbin, R., $70,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Ray Rottas, R., $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Phoenix. Each member receives an%@EH@%
annual salary of $15,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 13; Rep., 17. Total, 30. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 26; Rep., 34. Total, 60. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Arkansas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Bill Clinton, D., $35,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Winston Bryant, D., $14,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- W. J. "Bill" McCuen, D., $22,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Steve Clark, D., $26,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Jimmie Lou  Fisher, D., $22,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Little Rock. Members receive%@EH@%
$7,500 per year, $74 a day while in regular session, plus 21 cents a mile
travel expense. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 31; Rep., 4. Total, 35. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 88; Rep. 11; 1 ind. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%California %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Pete Wilson, R., $102,079. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Leo T. McCarthy, D., $87,068. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- March Fong Eu, D., $87,068. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Controller%@AE@% -- Gray Davis, D., $87,068. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- John Van de Kamp, D., $93,073. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets at Sacramento; regular sessions commence on the first%@EH@%
Monday in Dec. of every even-numbered year; each session lasts 2 years.
Members receive $44,898 per year plus mileage and $65 per diem. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 24; Rep., 14, 1 ind., 1 vac.; Total, 40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Assembly%@AE@% -- Dem., 46; Rep., 33, 1 vac.; Total, 80. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Colorado %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Roy Romer, D., $70,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Mike Callihan, D., $48,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Secy. of State%@AE@% -- Natalie Meyer, R., $48,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Duane Woodard, D., $60,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Gail Schoettler, D., $48,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Denver. Members receive%@EH@%
$17,500 annually. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 11; Rep., 24. Total, 35. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 26; Rep., 39. Total, 65. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Connecticut %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Lowell Weicker, | $78,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Joseph J. Fauliso, D., $55,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Julia H. Tashjian, D., $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Francisco Borges, D., $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- J. Edward Caldwell, D., $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Clarine Nardi Riddle, Act., $60,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually odd years in January and even years in%@EH@%
February at Hartford. Salary $15,200 per year plus $4,500 (senator), $3,500
(representative) per year  for expenses, plus travel allowance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 23; Rep., 13. Total, 36. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 86; Rep., 65. Total, 151. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Delaware %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Michael N. Castle, R., $80,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Dale E. Wolf, R., $35,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Michael Harkins, R., $69,900. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Charles Oberly 3d, D., $81,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Janet C. Rzewnicki, R., $63,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% 55 day session beginning the 2d Tuesday in January until%@EH@%
June 30. Members receive $23,000 base salary, plus $5,500 expense account. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 13; Rep., 8. Total, 21. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 18; Rep., 23. Total, 41. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Florida %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Lawton Chiles, D., $100,883. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Bobby Brantley, R., $91,301. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Jim Smith, R., $91,301. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- Gerald Lewis, D., $91,301. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Robert Butterworth, D., $91,301. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Tim Gallagher, R., $81,967. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually at Tallahassee. Members receive $21,648 per year%@EH@%
plus expense allowance while on official business. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 23; Rep., 17. Total, 40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 72; Rep., 48. Total, 120. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Georgia %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Zell Miller, D., $88,872. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- vacant, $56,293. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Max Cleland,  D., $71,186. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Insurance Comm.%@AE@% -- Warren Evans, D., $71,174. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Michael J. Bowers,  $72,824. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually at Atlanta. Members receive $10,000 per%@EH@%
year, $59 per diem, and $4,800 expense reimbursement.  During session $59
per day for expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 45; Rep., 11. Total, 56. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 144; Rep., 36. Total, 180. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Hawaii %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- John Waihee, D., $80,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Benjamin Cayetano,  D., $76,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Warren Price, $68,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- Russel Nagata, $68,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dir. of Budget & Finance%@AE@% -- Yukio Takemoto, $68,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually on 3d Wednesday in January at Honolulu. Members%@EH@%
receive $27,000 per year plus expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 22. Rep., 3. Total, 25. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 45. Rep., 6. Total, 51. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Idaho %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Cecil D. Andrus, D., $55,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- C. L. "Butch" Otter, R., $15,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Pete T. Cenarrusa, R., $45,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Lydia Justice Edwards, R., $45,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Jim Jones, R., $48,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature%@AE@% meets annually the Monday on or nearest the 9th of January at%@EH@%
Boise. Members receive $30 per day during session, $15 per day when not in
session, plus certain travel and living allowances. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 19; Rep., 23. Total, 42. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 20; Rep., 64. Total, 84. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Illinois %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Jim Edgar, R., $93,266. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- George H. Ryan, R., $65,835. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Jim  Edgar, R., $82,294. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- Roland W. Burris, D., $71,321. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Neil F. Hartigan, D., $82,294. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Jerry  Cosentino, D., $71,321. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually  in January at Springfield. Members receive%@EH@%
$35,661 per annum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 31; Rep., 28. Total, 59. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 67; Rep., 51. Total, 118. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Indiana %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Evan Bayh, D., $77,000 plus discretionary expenses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Frank O'Bannon, D., $64,000 plus discretionary  expenses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Joseph Hogsett D., $46,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Linley E. Pearson, R., $51,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Marjorie H. O'Laughlin, R., $46,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Ann G. Devore, R., $46,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually in January. Members receive $11,600 per%@EH@%
year plus $75 per day while in session, $15 per day while not in session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 24; Rep., 26. Total, 50. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 50; Rep., 50. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Iowa %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Terry E. Branstad, R., $72,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Jo Ann Zimmerman, D., $25,100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Elaine Baxter, D., $55,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Tom Miller, D., $69,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Michael L. Fitzgerald, D., $55,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Richard D. Johnson, R., $55,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Secy. of Agriculture%@AE@% -- Dale M. Cochran, D., $53,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Des Moines. Members receive%@EH@%
$16,600 annually plus maximum expense allowance of $40 per day for first 110
days of first session, and first 100 days of 2d session; mileage expenses at
21c a mile. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 30; Rep., 20. Total, 50. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 61; Rep., 39. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Kansas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Joan Finney, D., $73,138. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Jack Walker, R., $20,688. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Bill Graves, R., $56,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Robert T. Stephan, R., $65,345. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Joan Finney, D., $56,816. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Topeka. Members receive $59 a day%@EH@%
plus $69 a day expenses while in session, plus $600 per month while not in
session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 18; Rep., 22. Total, 40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 57; Rep., 68. Total, 125. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Kentucky %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Wallace G. Wilkinson, D., $69,730. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Brereton Jones, D., $59,262. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Bremer Ehrler, D., $59,262. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Fred Cowan, D., $59,262. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Robert Meade, D., $59,262. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Bob Babbage, D., $59,262. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets even years in January at Frankfort. Members receive%@EH@%
$100 per day and $100 per day during session and $950 per month for expenses
for interim. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 30; Rep., 8. Total, 38. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 71; Rep., 29. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Louisiana %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Charles "Buddy" Roemer, D., $73,440. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Paul Hardy, R., $63,367. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Fox McKeithen, D., $60,169. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- William J. Guste Jr., D., $60,169. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Mary Landrieu, D., $60,169. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually for 60 legislative days commencing on 3d Monday%@EH@%
in April. Members receive $75 per day and mileage plus annual salary of
$16,800. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 33; Rep., 6. Total, 39. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 87; Rep., 18. Total, 105. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Maine %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- John R. McKernan Jr., R., $70,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- G. William Diamond D., $37,523. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- James  Tierney, D., $58,073. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Samuel Shapiro, D., $50,044. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in December at Augusta. Members receive $9,000%@EH@%
for first regular sessions, $6,000 for second regular session plus expenses;
presiding officers receive 50% more. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 20; Rep., 15. Total, 35. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 97; Rep., 54. Total, 151. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Maryland %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- William Donald Schaefer, D., $85,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Melvin Steinberg, D., $72,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- Louis L. Goldstein, D., $72,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- J. Joseph Curran Jr., D., $72,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Winfield M. Kelly Jr., D., $45,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Lucille Maurer, D., $72,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets 90 consecutive days annually beginning on the 2d%@EH@%
Wednesday in January at Annapolis. Members receive $25,000 per year plus
expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 40; Rep., 7. Total, 47. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 125; Rep., 16. Total, 141. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Massachusetts %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- William Weld, R., $75,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Evelyn Murphy, $60,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Michael Joseph Connolly, D., $60,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- James M. Shannon, D., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Robert Q. Crane, D., $60,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- A. Joseph DeNucci, D., $60,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Court (Legislature):%@AE@% meets each January in Boston. Salaries $30,000%@EH@%
per annum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 32; Rep., 8. Total, 40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 129; Rep., 31. Total, 160. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Michigan %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- John Engler, R., $100,100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Martha W. Griffiths, D., $67,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Richard H. Austin, D., $89,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Frank J. Kelley, D., $89,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Robert A. Bowman, N-P, $80,300. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Lansing. Members receive $42,670%@EH@%
per year, plus $8,100 expense allowance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 18; Rep., 20. Total, 38. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 61; Rep., 49. Total, 110. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Minnesota %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Arne Carlson, R., $103,860. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Marlene Johnson, DFL, $57,125. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Joan Anderson Growe, DFL., $57,125. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Hubert H. Humphrey 3d, DFL., $81,138. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Michael McGrath, DFL., $54,042. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Arnie Carlson, IR, $62,320. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets for a total of 120 days within every 2 years at St. Paul.%@EH@%
Members receive $26,395 per year,   plus expense allowance during session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- DFL., 44; IR, 23. Total, 67. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- DFL., 80; IR, 54. Total, 134. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(DFL means Democratic-Farmer-Labor. IR means Independent Republican.) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Mississippi %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Ray Mabus, D., $63,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Brad Dye, D., $40,800. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Dick Molpus, D., $54,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Mike Moore, D., $61,200. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Marshall Bennett, D., $54,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Jackson. Members receive $10,100%@EH@%
per regular session plus travel allowance, and $500 per month while not in
session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 45; Rep., 7. Total, 52. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 115; Rep., 7. Total, 122. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Missouri %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- John D. Ashcroft, R., $88,851. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Mel Carnahan, D., $53,277. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Roy D. Blunt, R., $70,909. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- William L. Webster, R., $76,786. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Wendell Bailey, R., $70,909. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%State Auditor%@AE@% -- Margaret Kelly, R., $70,909. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually in Jefferson City on the first Wednesday%@EH@%
after first Monday in January. Members receive $22,414 annually. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 22; Rep., 12. Total, 34. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 104; Rep., 59. Total, 163. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Montana %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Stan Stephens, R., $50,452. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Alan Kolstad, R., $36,141. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Mike Cooney, D., $33,342. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Marc Racicot, R., $46,016. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislative Assembly:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Helena. Members receive%@EH@%
$59.12 per legislative day plus $50 per day for expenses while in session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 27; Rep., 23. Total, 50. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 52; Rep., 48. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Nebraska %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% --  Ben Nelson, D., $58,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- William Nichol, R., $40,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Allen J. Beermann, R., $40,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Robert Spire, R., $57,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Frank Marsh, R., $35,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Lincoln. Members receive salary of%@EH@%
$12,000 annually plus travelling expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Unicameral body composed of 49 members who are elected on a nonpartisan%@EH@%
ballot and are classed as senators. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Nevada %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Robert Miller, D., $77,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- vacant, $12,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Frankie Sue Del Papa, D., $50,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- Darrel Daines, R., $49,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Brian McKay, R., $62,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Ken Santor, R., $49,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Carson City. Members receive $130%@EH@%
per day for 60 days (20 days for special sessions). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 8; Rep., 13. Total, 21. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Assembly%@AE@% -- Rep., 12; Dem., 30. Total, 42. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%New Hampshire %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Judd Gregg, R., $72,146. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- William M. Gardner, D., $50,675. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Stephen E. Merrill, $58,940. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Georgie A. Thomas, R., $50,675. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Court (Legislature):%@AE@% meets every year in January at Concord. Members%@EH@%
receive $200; presiding officers $250. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 8; Rep., 16. Total, 24. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Rep., 281; Dem., 119.  Total, 400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%New Jersey %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- James J. Florio, D., $85,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Joan Haberle, D., $95,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Robert J. Del Tuso, D., $95,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Douglas C. Berman, D., $95,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets throughout the year at Trenton. Members receive $25,000%@EH@%
per year, except president of Senate and speaker of Assembly who receive 1/3
more. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 23; Rep., 17. Total, 40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Assembly%@AE@% -- Dem., 43; Rep. 36, 1 vacancy; Total, 80. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%New Mexico %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Bruce King, D., $90,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Jack Stahl, R., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Rebecca Vigil-Giron, D., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Hal Stratton, R., $72,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- James Lewis, D., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets on the 3d Tuesday in January at Santa Fe; odd years for%@EH@%
60 days, even years for 30 days. Members receive $75 per day while in
session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 26; Rep., 16. Total, 42. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 45; Rep., 25. Total, 70. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%New York %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Mario M. Cuomo, D., $130,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Stan Lundine, D., $95,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Gail S. Shaffer, D., $87,338. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- Edward V. Regan, R., $110,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Robert  Abrams, D., $110,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Albany. Members receive $57,500%@EH@%
per year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 27; Rep., 34. Total, 61. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Assembly%@AE@% -- Dem., 93; Rep., 57. Total, 150. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%North Carolina %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- James G. Martin, R., $109,728 plus $11,500 per year expenses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- James C. Gardner, R., $66,972 per year, plus $11,500 per year%@EH@%
expense allowance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Rufus L. Edmisten, D., $66,972. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Lacy Thornberg, D., $66,972. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Harlan E. Boyles, D., $66,972. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Raleigh. Members receive%@EH@%
$11,124 annual salary and $5,500 annual expense allowance, plus $81 per diem
subsistence and travel allowance while in session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 37; Rep., 13. Total, 50. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 74; Rep., 46. Total, 120. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%North Dakota %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- George A. Sinner, D., $65,200. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Lloyd B. Omdahl, D., $53,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Jim Kusler, D., $49,300. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Nicholas Spaeth, D., $55,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Robert Hanson, D., $49,300. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislative Assembly:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Bismarck. Members%@EH@%
receive $90 per day expenses during session and $180 per month when not in
session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 32; Rep., 21. Total, 53. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 45; Rep., 61. Total, 106. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Ohio %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- George Voinovich, R., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Paul R. Leonard, $44,903. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Sherrod Brown, D., $67,005. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr., D., $67,005. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Mary Ellen Withrow, D., $67,005. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Thomas E. Ferguson, D., $67,005. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets odd years at Columbus on first Monday in January; no%@EH@%
limit on session. Members receive $34,905 per annum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 14; Rep., 19. Total, 33. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 59; Rep., 40. Total, 99. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Oklahoma %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- David Walters, D., $70,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Robert S. Kerr 3d, D., $40,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Hannah Diggs Atkins, D., $37,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Robert H. Henry, D., $55,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Ellis Edwards, D., $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually  in January at Oklahoma City. Members receive%@EH@%
$32,000 annually. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 33; Rep., 15. Total, 48. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 69; Rep., 32. Total, 101. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Oregon %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Barbara Roberts, D., $80,000, plus $500 monthly expenses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Barbara Roberts, D., $61,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- David B.  Frohnmayer, R., $66,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Tony Meeker, R., $61,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislative Assembly:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Salem. Members receive%@EH@%
$989 monthly and $66 expenses per day both during & out of session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 19; Rep., 11. Total, 30. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 32; Rep., 28. Total, 60. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Pennsylvania %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Robert Casey, D., $85,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Mark S. Singel, D., $67,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of the Commonwealth%@AE@% -- James J. Haggerty, D., $58,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Ernest R. Preate,  R., $84,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Catherine Baker Knoll, D., $84,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly%@AE@% -- convenes annually in January at Harrisburg. Members%@EH@%
receive $35,000 per year plus  expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 23; Rep., 27. Total, 50. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 103; Rep., 99; 1 vacancy. Total, 203. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Rhode Island %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Bruce Sundlun, D., $69,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Roger N. Begin, D., $52,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Kathleen S. Connell, D., $52,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- James E. O'Neil, D., $55,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Anthony J. Solomon, D., $52,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Providence. Members receive%@EH@%
$5 per day for 60 days, and travel allowance of 8c per mile. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 41; Rep., 9. Total, 50. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 83; Rep., 17. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%South Carolina %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Carroll A. Campbell Jr., R., $83,232. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Nick Theodore,  D., $36,414. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- John T. Campbell, D., $70,447. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller Gen.%@AE@% -- Earle E. Morris Jr., D., $70,447. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- T.T. Medlock, D., $70,447. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- G.L. Patterson Jr., D., $70,447. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Columbia. Members receive%@EH@%
$10,000 per year and expense allowance of $74 per day,  plus travel and
postage allowance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 35; Rep., 11. Total, 46. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem. 83; Rep., 40; 1 vacancy. Total, 124. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%South Dakota %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- George S. Mickelson, R., $60,819. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Walter Miller, R., $52,915. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Joyce Hazeltine, R., $41,308. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- David Volk, R., $41,308. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Roger Tellinghuisen, R., $51,625. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Vernon Larson, R., $41,308. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Pierre. Members receive $4,267 for%@EH@%
40-day session in odd-numbered years, and $3,733 for 35-day session in
even-numbered years, plus $75 per legislative day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 15; Rep., 20. Total, 35. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 24. Rep., 46. Total, 70. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Tennessee %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Ned Ray McWherter, D., $85,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- John S. Wilder, D., $49,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Bryant Millsaps, D., $65,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- William Snodgrass, D., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Charles W. Burson, D., $65,650. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Nashville. Members receive%@EH@%
$16,500 yearly plus $78.00 per diem plus office expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 22; Rep., 11. Total, 33. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 58; Rep., 41. Total, 99. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Texas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Ann Richards, D.,  $93,342. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Bill Hobby, D., $7,200. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- George S. Bayoud Jr., R., $64,890. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comptroller%@AE@% -- Bob Bullock, D., $74,698. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Jim Mattox, D., $74,698. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Ann W. Richards, D., $74,698. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Austin. Members receive annual%@EH@%
salary not exceeding $7,200, per diem while in session, and travel
allowance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 23; Rep., 8. Total, 31. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 93; Rep., 57. Total, 150. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Utah %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Norman Bangerter, R., $70,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- W. Val Oveson, R., $52,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- R. Paul Van Dam, D., $56,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Edward T. Alter, D., $53,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% convenes for 45 days on 2d Monday in January each year; members%@EH@%
receive $25 per day, $15 daily expenses, and mileage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 7; Rep., 22. Total, 29. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 28; Rep., 47. Total, 75. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Vermont %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% --  Peter Snelling, R., $75,800. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Howard Dean, D., $31,600. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- James H. Douglas, R., $47,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Jeffrey Amestoy, R., $57,300. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Paul W. Ruse Jr., D., $47,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor of Accounts%@AE@% -- Alexander V. Acebo, R., $47,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets odd years in January at Montpelier. Members receive%@EH@%
$6,750 plus $90 per day for special session, plus specified expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 16; Rep., 14. Total, 30. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 75; Rep., 75. Total, 150. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Virginia %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- L. Douglas Wilder, D., $85,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Donald S. Beyer Jr., $28,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Mary Sue Terry, D., $75,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of the Commonwealth%@AE@% -- Pamela Womack, D., $53,085. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Eddie N. Moore Jr., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Assembly:%@AE@% meets annually  in January at Richmond. Members receive%@EH@%
$18,000 annually plus expense and mileage allowances. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 30; Rep., 10. Total, 40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 59; Rep., 39; Ind., 2. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Washington %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Booth Gardner, D.,  $96,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Joel Pritchard, D., $51,100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Ralph Munro,  R., $52,600. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Ken Eikenberry, R., $75,700. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Daniel K. Grimm, D., $65,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually  in January at Olympia. Members receive $17,900%@EH@%
annually plus per diem of $66 per diem and 24[cent  ] per mile while in
session, and $66 per diem for attending meetings during interim. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 24; Rep., 25. Total, 49. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 63; Rep., 35. Total, 98. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%West Virginia %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Gaston Caperton, D., $72,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Ken Hechler, D., $43,200. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Roger W. Tompkins,  D., $50,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Tom Loehr, D., $50,400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Comm. of Agric.%@AE@% -- Cleve Benedict, R., $46,800. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Glen B. Gainer Jr., D., $46,800. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets annually in January at Charleston. Members receive%@EH@%
$6,500. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 29; Rep., 5. Total, 34. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 79; Rep., 21. Total, 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Wisconsin %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Tommy G. Thompson, R., $86,149. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Gov.%@AE@% -- Scott McCallum, R., $46,360. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Douglas La Follette, D., $42,089. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Charles P. Smith, D., $42,089. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Donald Hanaway, R., $73,930. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Superintendent of Public Instruction%@AE@% -- Herbert J. Grover, $66,536. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets in January at Madison. Members receive $31,236 annually%@EH@%
plus $55 per day expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 19; Rep., 14. Total, 33. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Assembly%@AE@% -- Dem., 55; Rep., 42.; 2 vacancies. Total, 99. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Wyoming %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Mike Sullivan, D., $70,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sec. of State%@AE@% -- Kathy Karpan, D., $52,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen.%@AE@% -- Joseph Meyer, $52,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% -- Stan Smith, R., $52,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auditor%@AE@% -- Jack Sidi, R., $52,500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% meets odd years in January, even years in February, at%@EH@%
Cheyenne. Members receive $75 per day while in session, plus $60 per day for
expenses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Senate%@AE@% -- Dem., 11; Rep., 19. Total, 30. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House%@AE@% -- Dem., 23; Rep. 41. Total, 64. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Puerto Rico %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Governor%@AE@% -- Rafael Hernandez-Colon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Secretary of State%@AE@% -- Antonio J. Colorado-Laguna. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Secy. of Justice%@AE@% -- Hector Rivera-Cruz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%These officials belong to the Popular Democratic Party. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Legislature:%@AE@% composed of a Senate of 27 members and a House of%@EH@%
Representatives of 53 members. Majority of the members of both chambers
belongs to the Popular Democratic Party. They meet annually on the 2d Monday
in January at San Juan.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%U.S. Government Independent Agencies %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                National Archives & Records Administration%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Address: Washington, DC. Location and ZIP codes of agencies in parentheses;%@EH@%
%@AS@%as of mid-1990. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%ACTION%@AE@% -- Jane A. Kenny, dir. (1100 Vermont Ave., NW, 20525). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Administrative Conference of the United States%@AE@% -- Marshall J. Breger, chmn.%@EH@%
(2120 L St. NW, 20037).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%African Development Foundation%@AE@% -- Leonard H. Robinson Jr., pres. (1625%@EH@%
Massachusetts Ave. NW, 20036). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%American Battle Monuments Commission%@AE@% -- Gen. Andrew J. Goodpaster, chmn.%@EH@%
(2020 Massachusetts Ave. NW, 20314).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Appalachian Regional Commission%@AE@% -- Winifred A. Pizzano, federal co-chmn.;%@EH@%
Gov. Carroll A. Campbell Jr. of South Carolina, states'  co-chmn. (1666
Connecticut Ave. NW, 20235). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Board for International Broadcasting%@AE@% -- Malcolm S. Forbes Jr., chmn. (1201%@EH@%
Connecticut Ave. NW. 20036).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Central Intelligence Agency%@AE@% -- William H. Webster, dir. (Wash., DC 20505). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Commission of Fine Arts%@AE@% -- J. Carter Brown, chmn. (708 Jackson Pl. NW,%@EH@%
20006).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Commission on Civil Rights%@AE@% -- Arthur A. Fletcher, chmn. (1121 Vermont Ave.%@EH@%
NW, 20425). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Commodity Futures Trading Commission%@AE@% -- Wendy L. Gramm, chmn. (2033 K St.%@EH@%
NW, 20581). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Consumer Product Safety Commission%@AE@% -- Jacquline Jones-Smith, chmn. (5401%@EH@%
Westbard Ave., Bethesda, MD 20207). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Environmental Protection Agency%@AE@% -- William K. Reilly, adm. (401 M St., SW,%@EH@%
20460). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Equal Employment Opportunity Commission%@AE@% -- Evan J. Kemp. Jr., chmn. (1801 L%@EH@%
St. NW., 20507). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Export-Import Bank of the United States%@AE@% -- John D. Macomber, pres. and chmn.%@EH@%
(811 Vermont Ave. NW 20571). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Farm Credit Administration%@AE@% -- Harold B. Steele, chmn., Federal Farm Credit%@EH@%
Board (1501 Farm Credit Drive, McLean, VA 22102). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Communications Commission%@AE@% -- Alfred C. Sikes, chmn. (1919 M St. NW,%@EH@%
20554). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation%@AE@% -- L. William Seidman, chmn. (550 17th%@EH@%
St. NW, 20429). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Election Commission%@AE@% -- Lee Ann Elliott, chmn. (999 E. St. NW,%@EH@%
20463). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Emergency Management Agency%@AE@% -- Robert H. Morris, act. dir. (500 C%@EH@%
St. SW, 20472).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Housing Finance Board%@AE@% -- Jack Kemp, act. chmn. (777 F St. NW.,%@EH@%
20006).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Labor Relations Authority%@AE@% -- Jean McKee, chmn. (500 C St. SW,%@EH@%
20424).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Maritime Commission%@AE@% -- James J. Carey, act. chmn. (1100 L St. NW%@EH@%
20573).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service%@AE@% -- Bernard E. DeLury, dir. (2100%@EH@%
K St. NW, 20427). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Reserve System%@AE@% -- Chairman, board of governors: Alan Greenspan.%@EH@%
(20th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, 20551). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Trade Commission%@AE@% -- Janet D. Steiger, chmn. (Pennsylvania Ave. at%@EH@%
6th St. NW, 20580). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Accounting Office%@AE@% -- Comptroller General of the U.S.; Charles A.%@EH@%
Bowsher (441 G St. NW, 20548). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%General Services Administration%@AE@% -- Richard G. Austin, act. adm. (18th & F%@EH@%
Sts. NW, 20405). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Government Printing Office%@AE@% -- Public printer: Robert W. Houk. (North Capitol%@EH@%
and H Sts. NW, 20401). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Inter-American Foundation%@AE@% -- Victor Blanco, chmn. (1515 Wilson Blvd.,%@EH@%
Rosslyn, VA 22209).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Interstate Commerce Commission%@AE@% -- Edward J. Philbin, chmn. (12th St. &%@EH@%
Constitution Ave. NW, 20423). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Library of Congress%@AE@% -- James H. Billington, librarian (101 Independence Ave.%@EH@%
SE, 20540). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Merit Systems Protection Board%@AE@% -- Daniel R. Levinson, chmn. (1120 Vermont%@EH@%
Ave. NW, 20419).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Aeronautics and Space Administration%@AE@% -- Richard H. Truly, adm. (600%@EH@%
Independence Ave., SW 20546). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Archives & Records Administration%@AE@% -- Don W. Wilson archivist (7th &%@EH@%
Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20408). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Credit Union Administration%@AE@% -- Roger W. Jepsen, chmn. (1776 G St.%@EH@%
NW, 20456). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities%@AE@% -- John E. Frohnmayer,%@EH@%
(arts) 1100 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20506; Lynne V. Cheney, chmn. (humanities)
same address. Institute of Museum Services: Daphne W. Murray, dir., same
address. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Labor Relations Board%@AE@% -- James M. Stephens, chmn. (1717%@EH@%
Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20570). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Mediation Board%@AE@% -- Joshua M. Javits, chmn. (1425 K St. NW, 20572). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Science Foundation%@AE@% -- Mary L. Good, chmn., National Science Board%@EH@%
(1800 G St. NW, 20550). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Transportation Safety Board%@AE@% -- James L. Kolstad, chmn. (800%@EH@%
Independence Ave. SW, 20594). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nuclear Regulatory Commission%@AE@% -- Kenneth M. Carr, chmn. (1717 H St. NW,%@EH@%
20555). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission%@AE@%-- Edwin G. Foulke Jr.,%@EH@%
chmn. (1825 K St. NW, 20006). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Office of Personnel Management%@AE@% -- Constance B. Newman, dir., (1900 E St. NW,%@EH@%
20415).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peace Corps%@AE@% -- Paul D. Coverdell, dir. (1990 K St. NW, 20526).%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Postal Rate Commission%@AE@% -- George W. Haley, chmn. (1333 H. St. NW,%@EH@%
20268-0001). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Railroad Retirement Board%@AE@% -- Glen L. Bower, chmn. (2000 L. St. NW, 20036),%@EH@%
Main Office (844 Rush St., Chicago, IL 60611). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Securities and Exchange Commission%@AE@% -- Richard C. Breeden, chmn. (450 5th St.%@EH@%
NW, 20549). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Selective Service System%@AE@% -- Samuel K. Lessey Jr., dir. (1023 31st St. NW,%@EH@%
20435). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Small Business Administration%@AE@% -- Susan S. Engeleiter, adm. (1441 L St. NW,%@EH@%
20416). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Smithsonian Institution%@AE@% -- Robert McC. Adams, secy. (1000 Jefferson Dr. SW,%@EH@%
20560).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tennessee Valley Authority%@AE@% -- Chairman, board of directors: Marvin Runyon.%@EH@%
(400 W. Summit Hill Dr., Knoxville, TN 37902 and Capitol Hill Office Bldg.,
Room 300, 412 1st St. SE, Washington, DC 20444).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%United States Arms Control & Disarmament Agency%@AE@% -- Ronald F. Lehman 2d, dir.%@EH@%
(320 21st St. NW 20451).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%United States Information Agency%@AE@% -- Bruce S. Gelb, dir. (301 4th St. SW,%@EH@%
20547). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%United States International Development Cooperation Agency%@AE@% -- Mark Edelman,%@EH@%
act. dir. (320 21st St. NW 20523). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%United States International Trade Commission%@AE@% -- Anne E. Brunsdale, chmn.%@EH@%
(500 E St. NW, 20436). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%United States Postal Service%@AE@% -- Anthony M. Frank, postmaster general (475%@EH@%
L'Enfant Plaza West SW, 20260). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Governors of States and Possessions%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%        %@AS@%(Reflecting Preliminary Results of Nov. 6, 1990 Elections)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   56  5661 02 16 18 25 07 12 14 15 @%State           Capital           Governor                 Party  Term years  Term expires  Annual salary%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         Montgomery        Guy Hunt                 Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     $70,222Alaska          Juneau            Walter Hickel            Ind.   4           Dec. 1994     81,648 Arizona         Phoenix           Fife Symington           Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     75,000 Arkansas        Little Rock       Bill Clinton             Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     35,000 California      Sacramento        Pete Wilson              Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     102,079 Colorado        Denver            Roy Romer                Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     70,000 Connecticut     Hartford          Lowell Weicker           Ind.   4           Jan. 1995     78,000 Delaware        Dover             Michael N. Castle        Rep.   4           Jan. 1993     80,000 Florida         Tallahassee       Lawton Chiles            Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     100,883 Georgia         Atlanta           Zell Miller              Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     88,872 Hawaii          Honolulu          John Waihee              Dem.   4           Dec. 1994     80,000 Idaho           Boise             Cecil D. Andrus          Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     55,000 Illinois        Springfield       Jim Edgar                Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     93,266 Indiana         Indianapolis      Evan Bayh                Dem.   4           Jan. 1993     77,000 Iowa            Des Moines        Terry E. Branstad        Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     72,500 Kansas          Topeka            Joan Finney              Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     73,138 Kentucky        Frankfort         Wallace G. Wilkinson     Dem.   4           Dec. 1991     69,730 Louisiana       Baton Rouge       Charles "Buddy" Roemer   Dem.   4           May 1992      73,440 Maine           Augusta           John McKernan Jr.        Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     70,000 Maryland        Annapolis         William Donald Schaefer  Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     85,000 Massachusetts   Boston            William Weld             Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     75,000 Michigan        Lansing           John Engler              Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     100,100 Minnesota       St. Paul          Arne Carlson             Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     103.860 Mississippi     Jackson           Ray Mabus                Dem.   4           Jan. 1992     63,000 Missouri        Jefferson City    John D. Ashcroft         Rep.   4           Jan. 1993     88,851 Montana         Helena            Stan Stephens            Rep.   4           Jan. 1993     50,452 Nebraska        Lincoln           Ben Nelson               Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     58,000 Nevada          Carson City       Robert Miller            Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     77,500 New Hampshire   Concord           Judd Gregg               Rep.   2           Jan. 1993     72,146 New Jersey      Trenton           James Florio             Dem.   4           Jan. 1994     85,000 New Mexico      Santa Fe          Bruce King               Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     90,000 New York        Albany            Mario M. Cuomo           Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     130,000 North Carolina  Raleigh           James G. Martin          Rep.   4           Jan. 1993     109,728 North Dakota    Bismarck          George A. Sinner         Dem.   4           Jan. 1993     65,200 Ohio            Columbus          George Voinovich         Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     65,000 Oklahoma        Oklahoma City     David Walters            Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     70,000 Oregon          Salem             Barbara Roberts          Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     80,000 Pennsylvania    Harrisburg        Robert Casey             Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     85,000 Rhode Island    Providence        Bruce Sundlun            Dem.   2           Jan. 1993     69,000 South Carolina  Columbia          Carroll A. Campbell Jr.  Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     83,232 South Dakota    Pierre            George S. Mickelson      Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     60,819 Tennessee       Nashville         Ned Ray McWherter        Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     85,000 Texas           Austin            Ann Richards             Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     93,342 Utah            Salt Lake City    Norman Bangerter         Rep.   4           Jan. 1993     70,000 Vermont         Montpelier        Peter Snelling           Rep.   2           Jan. 1993     78,800 Virginia        Richmond          L. Douglas Wilder        Dem.   4           Jan. 1994     85,000 Washington      Olympia           Booth Gardner            Dem.   4           Jan. 1993     96,700 West Virginia   Charleston        Gaston Caperton          Dem.   4           Jan. 1993     72,000 Wisconsin       Madison           Tommy G. Thompson        Rep.   4           Jan. 1995     86,149 Wyoming         Cheyenne          Mike Sullivan            Dem.   4           Jan. 1995     70,000 Amer. Samoa     Pago Pago         Peter T. Coleman         Rep.   4           Jan. 1993     - Guam            Agana             Joseph Ada               Dem.   4           Jan. 1991     - Puerto Rico     San Juan          Rafael Hernandez Colon   P.D.   4           Jan. 1993     - Virgin Islands  Charlotte Amalie  Alexander Farreley       Dem.   4           Jan. 1991     -%@TE:   56  5661 02 16 18 25 07 12 14 15 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%The Race for Governor: 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%               News Election Service (preliminary returns) %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           %@AS@%(bold face denotes winner, write-ins not included.) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   38  4630 02 16 26 11 26 11 16 09 @%State           Republican                Vote       Democrat                  Vote       Independent     Vote%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         %@AB@%Guy Hunt%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%                 %@AB@%629,554%@AE@%    Paul R. Hubbert           583,444Alaska          Arliss Sturgylewski       4,156      Tony Knowles              50,775     %@AB@%Walter Hickel%@AE@%   %@AB@%63,558%@AE@%Arizona         %@AB@%Fife Symington%@AE@%            %@AB@%519,558%@AE@%    Terry Goddard             515,999Arkansas        Sheffield Nelson          285,324    %@AB@%Bill Clinton%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%             %@AB@%380,924%@AE@%California      %@AB@%Pete Wilson%@AE@%               %@AB@%3,435,145%@AE@%  Dianne Feinstein          3,256,858Colorado        John Andrews              362,670    %@AB@%Roy Romer%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%                %@AB@%624,775%@AE@%Connecticut     John G. Rowland           426,448    Bruce Morrison            232,901    %@AB@%Lowell Weicker%@AE@%  %@AB@%459,818%@AE@%Florida         Bob Martinez%@AH@%*%@AE@%             1,487,302  %@AB@%Lawton Chiles%@AE@%             %@AB@%1,938,174%@AE@%Georgia         Johnny Isakson            638,573    %@AB@%Zell Miller%@AE@%               %@AB@%758,664%@AE@%Hawaii          Fred Hemmings             131,310    %@AB@%John Waihee%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%              %@AB@%203,491%@AE@%Idaho           Roger Fairchild           96,069     %@AB@%Cecil Andrus%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%             %@AB@%199,467%@AE@%Illinois        %@AB@%Jim Edgar%@AE@%                 %@AB@%1,633,706%@AE@%  Neil Hartigan             1,536,711Iowa            %@AB@%Terry Branstad%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%           %@AB@%583,897%@AE@%<   Donald Avenson            375,839Kansas          Mike Hayden%@AH@%*%@AE@%              332,351    %@AB@%Joan Finney%@AE@%               %@AB@%379,974%@AE@%Maine           %@AB@%John McKernan Jr.%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%        %@AB@%235,736%@AE@%    Joseph Brennan            222,519Maryland        William Shepard           435,361    %@AB@%William Donald Schaefer%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%  %@AB@%644,528%@AE@%Massachusetts   %@AB@%William Weld%@AE@%              %@AB@%1,056,971%@AE@%  John Silber               993,159Michigan        %@AB@%John Engler%@AE@%               %@AB@%1,253,525%@AE@%  James J. Blanchard%@AH@%*%@AE@%       1,240,702Minnesota       %@AB@%Arne Carlson%@AE@%              %@AB@%753,265%@AE@%    Rudy Perpich%@AH@%*%@AE@%             732,866Nebraska        Kay Orr%@AH@%*%@AE@%                  281,827    %@AB@%Ben Nelson%@AE@%                %@AB@%286,608%@AE@%Nevada          Jim Gallaway              95,445     %@AB@%Bob Miller%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%               %@AB@%207,053%@AE@%New Hampshire   %@AB@%Judd Gregg%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%               %@AB@%176,560%@AE@%    J. Joseph Grandmaison     101,496 New Mexico      Frank M. Bond             187,549    %@AB@%Bruce King%@AE@%                %@AB@%223,526%@AE@%New York        Pierre Rinfret            851,482    %@AB@%Mario Cuomo%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%              %@AB@%2,098,784%@AE@%Ohio            %@AB@%George Voinovich%@AE@%          %@AB@%1,924,198%@AE@%  Anthony Celebrezze Jr.    1,527,150Oklahoma        Bill Price                296,588    %@AB@%David Walters%@AE@%             %@AB@%525,511%@AE@%Oregon          Dave Frohnmayer           402,384    %@AB@%Barbara Roberts%@AE@%           %@AB@%469,802%@AE@%Pennsylvania    Barbara Hafer             986,010    %@AB@%Bob Casey%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%                %@AB@%2,057,377%@AE@%Rhode Island    Edward DiPrete%@AH@%*%@AE@%           87,961     %@AB@%Bruce Sundlun%@AE@%             %@AB@%255,495%@AE@%South Carolina  %@AB@%Carroll A. Campbell Jr.%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%  %@AB@%520,493%@AE@%    Theo Mitchell             209,878South Dakota    %@AB@%George Mickelson%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%         %@AB@%150,953%@AE@%    Bob Samuelson             105,298Tennessee       Dwight Henry              286,668    %@AB@%Ned McWherter%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%            %@AB@%476,996%@AE@%Texas           Clayton Williams          1,816,856  %@AB@%Anne Richards%@AE@%             %@AB@%1,913,882%@AE@%Vermont         %@AB@%Richard Snelling%@AE@%          %@AB@%108,208%@AE@%    Peter Welch               96,259Wisconsin       %@AB@%Tommy G. Thompson%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%        %@AB@%801,426%@AE@%    Thomas Loftus             575,669Wyoming         Mary Mead                 55,426     %@AB@%Mike Sullivan%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%            %@AB@%104,500%@AE@%%@TE:   38  4630 02 16 26 11 26 11 16 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Incumbent.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Mayors and City Managers of Selected U.S. Cities %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%Reflecting Nov. 6, 1990 elections %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%              %@AS@%D, Democrat; R, Republican; N-P, Non-Partisan %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  608 54091 02 25 35 13 @%City                     Name                               Term%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Abilene, Tex.            Gary McCaleb, N-P                  %@AB@%1993, May.%@AE@%Abington, Pa.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Albert Herrmann                   %@AB@%1978, May%@AE@%Akron, Oh.               D.L. Plusquellic, D                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Alameda, Cal.            Chuck Corica, N-P                  %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Albany, Ga.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Nicholas M. Meiszer               %@AB@%1985, Sept.%@AE@%Albany, N.Y.             Thomas M. Whalen,3d,D              %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Albuquerque, N.M.        Louis Saavedra, N-P                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Alexandria, La.          Edward Randolph Jr., D.            %@AB@%1994, Oct.%@AE@%Alexandria, Va.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Vola Lawson                       %@AB@%1985, Sept.%@AE@%Alhambra, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Kevin J. Murphy.                  %@AB@%1983, May%@AE@%Allentown, Pa.           Joseph S. Daddona, D               %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Altoona, Pa.             Alan Mikula, D                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Amarillo, Tex.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Ward                         %@AB@%1983, June%@AE@%Ames, Ia.                %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steven L. Schainker               %@AB@%1982, Oct.%@AE@%Anaheim, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Roth                        %@AB@%1990, May%@AE@%Anchorage, Alas.         Tom Fink, N-P                      %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Anderson, Ind.           J. Mark Lawler, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Anderson, S.C.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Burnette                  %@AB@%1976, Sept.%@AE@%Ann Arbor, Mich.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Del Borgsdorf                     %@AB@%1988, Aug.%@AE@%Appleton, Wis.           Dorothy Johnson, N-P               %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%Arcadia, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%George J. Watts                   %@AB@%1981, Feb.%@AE@%Arlington, Mass.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Donald R. Marquis                 %@AB@%1966, Nov.%@AE@%Arlington, Tex.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Kirchhoff                 %@AB@%1985, Oct.%@AE@%Arlington Hts., Ill.     William Maki, N-P                  %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Arvada, Col.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Neal G. Berlin                    %@AB@%1986, Mar.%@AE@%Asheville, N.C.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Douglas Bean                      %@AB@%1986, Apr.%@AE@%Athens, Ga.              Dwain Chambers, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Atlanta, Ga.             Maynard Jackson, D                 %@AB@%1993, Oct.%@AE@%Atlantic City, N.J.      Jim Whelan, N-P                    %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%Auburn, N.Y.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bruce Clifford                    %@AB@%1966, Aug.%@AE@%Augusta, Ga.             Charles Devaney, D                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Aurora, Col.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Griesemer                   %@AB@%1984, Jan.%@AE@%Aurora, Ill.             David L. Pierce, N-P               %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Austin, Tex.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Camille Barnett                   %@AB@%1989, Mar.%@AE@%Bakersfield, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%J. Dale Hawley                    %@AB@%1988, Jan.%@AE@%Baldwin Park, Cal.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%Donald Penman                     %@AB@%1990, Jan.%@AE@%Baltimore, Md.           Kurt Schmoke, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Bangor, Me.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%John W. Flynn                     %@AB@%1977, Feb.%@AE@%Baton Rouge, La.         Tom Ed McHugh, D                   %@AB@%1992, Oct.%@AE@%Battle Creek, Mich.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Rance L. Leaders                  %@AB@%1988, June%@AE@%Bay City, Mich.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%David D. Barnes                   %@AB@%1979, May%@AE@%Bayonne, N.J.            Richard Rutkowski, N-P             %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%Baytown, Tex.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bobby Rountree                    %@AB@%1989, May%@AE@%Beaumont, Tex.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ray A. Riley                      %@AB@%1989, Feb.%@AE@%Belleville, Ill.         Terry Lukens, N-P                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Bellevue, Wash.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Phillip Kushlan                   %@AB@%1985, Feb.%@AE@%Bellflower, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jack Simpson                      %@AB@%1980, July%@AE@%Beloit, Wis.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%David Wilcox                      %@AB@%1986, Feb.%@AE@%Berkeley, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Hal Cronkite                      %@AB@%1986, Apr.%@AE@%Bessemer, Ala.           Quittman Mitchell, N-P             %@AB@%1994, July%@AE@%Bethlehem, Pa.           Kenneth Smith, R.                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Beverly Hills, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Edward Kreins                     %@AB@%1979, Oct.%@AE@%Billings, Mont.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Alan Tandy                        %@AB@%1985, May%@AE@%Biloxi, Miss.            Peter Halat, D                     %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@%Binghamton, N.Y.         Juanita M. Crabb, D                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Birmingham, Ala.         Richard Arrington Jr., D           %@AB@%1991, Oct.%@AE@%Bismarck, N.D.           Bill Sorensen, N-P                 %@AB@%1994, Apr.%@AE@%Bloomfield, N.J.         James Gasparini, D                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Bloomington, Ill.        Jesse Smart, D                     %@AB@%1993,  Apr.%@AE@%Bloomington, Ind.        Tomilea Allison, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Bloomington, Minn.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Pidgeon                      %@AB@%1967, Dec.%@AE@%Boca Raton, Fla.         Emil Danciu, N-P                   %@AB@%1991, Mar.%@AE@%Boise, Ida.              Dirk Kempthorne, N-P               %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Boston, Mass.            Raymond L. Flynn, D                %@AB@%1991 Nov.%@AE@%Boulder, Col.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Joseph deRaines                   %@AB@%1989, Apr.%@AE@%Bowie, Md.               %@AH@%*%@AE@%Charles Moore                     %@AB@%1976, Mar.%@AE@%Bowling Green, Ky.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%Charles W. Coates                 %@AB@%1977, Feb.%@AE@%Bridgeport, Conn.        Mary Moran, R.                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Bristol, Conn.           John Leone, D                      %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Brockton, Mass.          Carl Pitaro, D                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Brooklyn Center, Minn.   %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gerald G. Splinter                %@AB@%1977, Oct.%@AE@%Brownsville, Tex.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steve Fitzgibbons                 %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Bryan, Tex.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ernest R. Clark                   %@AB@%1979, Feb.%@AE@%Buena Park, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Kevin O'Rourke                    %@AB@%1985, Nov.%@AE@%Buffalo, N.Y.            James D. Griffin, D                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Burbank, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bud Ovrom                         %@AB@%1984, June%@AE@%Burlington, Vt.          Peter Clavelle, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Mar.%@AE@%Calumet City, Ill.       Robert C. Stefaniak, D             %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Cambridge, Mass.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Healy,                     %@AB@%1981, July%@AE@%Camden, N.J.             Melvin Primas Jr., D               %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@%Canton, Oh.              Sam Purses, D                      %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Cape Girardeau, Mo.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%J. Ronald Fischer                 %@AB@%1988, Feb.%@AE@%Carson, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jack Smith                        %@AB@%1988, Dec.%@AE@%Casper, Wyo.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Forslund                   %@AB@%1988, June%@AE@%Cedar Rapids, Ia.        Jon Crews, N-P                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Champaign, Ill.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steven C. Carter                  %@AB@%1985, Feb.%@AE@%Charleston, S.C.         Joseph P. Riley Jr., D             %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Charleston, W. Va.       Charles Gardner, R                 %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Charlotte, N.C.          Sue Myrick, R                      %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Charlottesville, Va.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%Cole Hendrix                      %@AB@%1970, Jan.%@AE@%Chattanooga, Tenn.       Gene Roberts, R                    %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Chesapeake, Va.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%James W. Rein                     %@AB@%1987, Mar.%@AE@%Chester, Pa.             Willie Mae James Leake, R          %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Cheyenne, Wyo.           Gary Schaeffer, R                  %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Chicago, Ill.            Richard M. Daley, D                %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Chicago Hts., Ill.       Charles Panici, R                  %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Chicopee, Mass.          Joseph Chessey, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Chino, Cal.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Rowe                      %@AB@%1985, Feb.%@AE@%Chula Vista, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Goss                         %@AB@%1983, Jan.%@AE@%Cincinnati, Oh.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gerald Newfarmer                  %@AB@%1990, Sept.%@AE@%Clearwater, Fla.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ronald H. Rabun                   %@AB@%1988, Apr.%@AE@%Cleveland, Oh.           Michael Wright, N-P.               %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Cleveland Hgts., Oh.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Downey                     %@AB@%1985, Jan.%@AE@%Col. Spgs., Col.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Roy Pederson                      %@AB@%1989, Jan.%@AE@%Columbia, Mo.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Raymond A. Beck                   %@AB@%1985, Aug.%@AE@%Columbia, S.C.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Miles Hadley                      %@AB@%1989, Dec.%@AE@%Columbus, Ga.            Frank Martin, D                    %@AB@%1994, Nov.%@AE@%Columbus, Oh.            Dana Rinehart, R                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Commerce, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Hinderliter                %@AB@%1973, Aug.%@AE@%Compton, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Howard Caldwell                   %@AB@%1989, June%@AE@%Concord, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Michael Uberuaga                  %@AB@%1986, May%@AE@% Coon Rapids., Minn.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Thistle                   %@AB@%1979, July%@AE@%Coral Gables, Fla.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%H.C. Eads Jr.                     %@AB@%1988, May%@AE@%Corpus Christi, Tex.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%Juan Garza                        %@AB@%1988, Apr.%@AE@%Corvallis, Ore.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gerald Seals                      %@AB@%1988, Feb.%@AE@%Costa Mesa, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Allan L. Roeder                   %@AB@%1985, Oct.%@AE@%Council Bluffs, Ia.      Tom Hanafan, N-P                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Covington, Ky.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Arnold Simpson                    %@AB@%1986, Nov.%@AE@%Cranston, R.I.           Michael Traficante, R              %@AB@%1994, Nov.%@AE@%Crystal, Minn.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Irving                       %@AB@%1963, Jan.%@AE@%Culver City, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Dale Jones                        %@AB@%1967, Sept.%@AE@%Cuyahoga Falls, Oh.      Don L. Robart, R                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Dallas, Tex.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Knight                    %@AB@%1986, Dec.%@AE@%Daly City, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%David R. Rowe                     %@AB@%1969, Sept.%@AE@%Danbury, Conn.           Gene Eriquez, N-P                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Danville, Va.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Charles Church                    %@AB@%1981, June%@AE@%Davenport, Ia.           Thomas W. Hart, R                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Dayton, Oh.              Richard Clay Dixon, D.             %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Daytona Bch., Fla.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%Howard D. Tipton                  %@AB@%1978, Oct.%@AE@%Dearborn , Mich.         Michael Guido, N-P                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Dearborn Hts., Mich.     Lyle Van Houton, R                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Decatur, Ill.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Bacon Jr.                   %@AB@%1988, Oct.%@AE@%Denton, Tex.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Larry Harrell                     %@AB@%1986, Feb.%@AE@% Denver, Col.             Federico Pena, D                   %@AB@%1991, May%@AE@%Des Moines, Ia.          John Dorrian, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Des Plaines, Ill.        Michael Albrecht, N-P              %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Detroit, Mich.           Coleman A. Young, N-P              %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Dotham, Ala.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Don J. Marnon                     %@AB@%1987, May%@AE@%Dover, Del.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%vacantDowners Grove, Ill.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%James R. Griesemer                %@AB@%1972, Sept.%@AE@%Downey, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gerald Caton                      %@AB@%1989, Oct.%@AE@%Dubuque, Ia.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%W. Kenneth Gearhart               %@AB@%1979, Aug.%@AE@%Duluth, Minn.            John Fedo, N-P                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Durham, N.C.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Orville Powell                    %@AB@%1983, Mar.%@AE@%E. Chicago, Ind.         Robert A. Pastrick, D              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%E. Hartford, Conn.       Susan Kniep, R.                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%E. Lansing, Mich.        Liz Schweitzer, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%E. Orange, N.J.          Cardell Cooper, D                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Eau Claire, Wis.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Eric Anderson                     %@AB@%1984, Jan.%@AE@%Edina, Minn.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Kenneth Rosland                   %@AB@%1977, Nov.%@AE@%Edison, N.J.             Thomas Paterniti, D                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%El Cajon, Cal.           Joan Shoemaker, R.                 %@AB@%1994, June%@AE@%El Monte, Cal.           Don McMillen, N-P                  %@AB@%1994, Apr.%@AE@%El Paso, Tex.            Suzie Azar, N-P                    %@AB@%1991, May%@AE@%Elgin, Ill.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Larry L. Rice                     %@AB@%1989, Oct.%@AE@%Elizabeth, N.J.          Thomas G. Dunn, D                  %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Elkhart, Ind.            James Perron, D                    %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Elmhurst, Ill.           Charles Garrigues, N-P             %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Elmira, N.Y.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%W. Gregg LaMar                    %@AB@%1987, July%@AE@%Elyria, Oh.              Michael Keys, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Enfield, Conn.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert J. Mulready.               %@AB@%1983, Feb.%@AE@%Enid, Okla.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jim Ferree                        %@AB@%1990, May%@AE@%Erie, Pa.                Joyce Savocchio, D                 %@AB@%1994, Nov.%@AE@%Escondido, Cal.          Jerry Harmon, D                    %@AB@%1992, June%@AE@%Euclid, Oh.              David Lynch, R                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Eugene, Ore.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Michael Gleason                   %@AB@%1981, Jan.%@AE@%Evanston, Ill.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Joel Asprooth                     %@AB@%1982, May%@AE@%Evansville, Ind.         Frank McDonald, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Everett, Mass.           John McCarthy, D                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Everett, Wash.           Pete Kinch, N-P                    %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Fairborn, Oh.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Michael Hammond                   %@AB@%1985, Dec.%@AE@%Fairfield, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Charles Long                      %@AB@%1988, Sept.%@AE@%Fair Lawn, N.J.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Joseph Garger                     %@AB@%1979, Oct.%@AE@%Fall River, Mass.        Carlton Viveiros, N-P              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Fargo, N.D.              Jon Lindgren, D                    %@AB@%1994, Apr.%@AE@%Farmington Hills, Mich.  %@AH@%*%@AE@%William M. Costick                %@AB@%1981, Jan.%@AE@%Fayetteville, Ark.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%Scott Linebaugh                   %@AB@%1990, May%@AE@%Fayetteville, N.C.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%John P. Smith                     %@AB@%1981, Jan.%@AE@%Fitchburg, Mass.         Jeffrey Bean, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Flagstaff, Ariz.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Frank Abeyta                      %@AB@%1981, Jan.%@AE@%Flint, Mich.             Matthew Collier, N-P               %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@% Florissant, Mo.          James J. Eagan, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Fond du Lac, Wis.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jack Howley                       %@AB@%1989, Aug.%@AE@%Ft. Collins, Col.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steven Burkett                    %@AB@%1986, Apr.%@AE@%Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%George Hanbury 2d                 %@AB@%1990, Apr.%@AE@%Ft. Lee, N.J.            Nicholas Corbiscello, R            %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Ft. Smith, Ark.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Vines, N-P                %@AB@%1990, Nov.%@AE@%Ft. Wayne, Ind.          Paul Helmke, R                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Ft. Worth, Tex.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%David Ivory                       %@AB@%1989, Sept.%@AE@%Fountain Valley, Cal.    %@AH@%*%@AE@%Judy Kelsey                       %@AB@%1984, May%@AE@%Fremont, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Charles Kent McClain              %@AB@%1981, May%@AE@%Fresno, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%vacantFullerton, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%William C. Winter                 %@AB@%1979, Oct.%@AE@%Gadsden, Ala.            David Nolen, D                     %@AB@%1994, July%@AE@%Gainesville, Fla.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%W.D. Higginbotham Jr.             %@AB@%1984, Sept.%@AE@%Galesburg, Ill.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Knabel                     %@AB@%1989, Feb.%@AE@%Galveston, Tex.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Douglas W. Matthews               %@AB@%1985, Mar.%@AE@%Gardena, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Kenneth Landau                    %@AB@%1985, Apr.%@AE@%Garden Grove, Cal.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%Delbert L. Powers                 %@AB@%1980, July%@AE@%Garfield Hts., Oh.       Thomas Longo, D                    %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Garland, Tex.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%James K. Spore                    %@AB@%1985, Mar.%@AE@%Gary, Ind.               Thomas Barnes, D                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Gastonia, N.C.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gary Hicks                        %@AB@%1973, Dec.%@AE@%Glendale, Ariz.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Martin Vanacour                   %@AB@%1985, Mar.%@AE@%Glendale, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%David Ramsay                      %@AB@%1988, May%@AE@%Grand Forks, N.D.        Michael Polovitz, D                %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%Grand Island, Neb        Ernie Dobesh, N-P                  %@AB@%1994, Nov.%@AE@%Gr. Prairie, Tex.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Wendel Hulse                      %@AB@%1987, Apr.%@AE@%Gr. Rapids, Mich.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Kurt Kimball                      %@AB@%1987, Apr.%@AE@%Great Falls, Mont.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%G. Allen Johnson                  %@AB@%1981, Jan.%@AE@%Greeley, Col.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Sam Sasaki                        %@AB@%1987, Mar.%@AE@%Green Bay, Wis.          Samuel Halloin, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Greensboro, N.C.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%W.H. Carstarphen                  %@AB@%1984, June%@AE@%Greenville, S.C.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Dullea                       %@AB@%1971, Oct.%@AE@%Greenwich, Conn.         John Margenot, D, first selectman  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Groton, Conn.            Catherine Kolnaski, D.             %@AB@%1991, May%@AE@%Gulfport, Miss.          Ken Combs, R.                      %@AB@%1993, June%@AE@%Hackensack, N.J.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Lacava                      %@AB@%1990, Feb.%@AE@%Hagerstown, Md.          Stephen Sager                      %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@% Hamden, Conn.            John L. Carusone, D                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Hamilton, Oh.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Hal Shepherd                      %@AB@%1989, Apr.%@AE@%Hammond, Ind.            Thomas McDermott, R                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Hampton, Va.             James Eason, D.                    %@AB@%1992, May%@AE@%Harlingen, Tex.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Mike Perez                        %@AB@%1989, July%@AE@%Harrisburg, Pa.          Stephen Reed, D                    %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Hartford, Conn.          Carrie Saxon Perry, D              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Hattiesburg, Miss.       Ed Morgan, D                       %@AB@%1993, June%@AE@%Haverhill, Mass.         Theodore Pelosi, R                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Hawthorne, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Mitsch                      %@AB@%1990, Dec.%@AE@%Hayward, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Louis Garcia                      %@AB@%1989, Jan.%@AE@%Hialeah, Fla.            Raul Martinez, D                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%High Point, N.C.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%H. Lewis Price                    %@AB@%1983, July%@AE@%Hollywood, Fla.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Irving Rosenbaum                  %@AB@%1988, Aug.%@AE@%Holyoke, Mass.           Michael Dunn, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Honolulu, Ha.            Frank Fasi, R                      %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Hot Springs, Ark.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gus Pappas                        %@AB@%1989, Mar.%@AE@%Houston, Tex.            Kathryn Whitmire, N-P              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Huntington, W. Va.       Robert Nelson, D                   %@AB@%1993, June%@AE@%Huntington Beach, Cal.   %@AH@%*%@AE@%Michael Ubervaga                  %@AB@%1990, Feb.%@AE@%Huntsville, Ala.         Steve Hettinger, N-P               %@AB@%1992, Aug.%@AE@%Hutchinson, Kan.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Joe Palacioc                      %@AB@%1989, Jan.%@AE@%Idaho Falls, Ida.        Thomas Campbell, N-P               %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Independence, Mo.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%L.C. Kaufman                      %@AB@%1990, Aug.%@AE@%Indianapolis, Ind.       William Hudnut, R                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Inglewood, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Paul Eckles                       %@AB@%1975, Nov.%@AE@%Inkster, Mich.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%S. Thomas White                   %@AB@%1990, Feb.%@AE@%Iowa City, Ia.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Stephen Atkins                    %@AB@%1986, July%@AE@%Irving, Tex.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jack Huffman                      %@AB@%1974, Jan.%@AE@%Irvington, N.J.          Michael Steele, D                  %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%Jackson, Mich.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%William P. Buchanan               %@AB@%1985, Nov.%@AE@%Jackson, Miss.           Kane Ditto, D                      %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@%Jackson, Tenn.           Charles Farmer, D                  %@AB@%1991, May%@AE@% Jacksonville, Fla.       Tommy Hazouri, D                   %@AB@%1991, May%@AE@%Janesville, Wis.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steven Sheiffer                   %@AB@%1987, May%@AE@%Jersey City, N.J.        Gerald McCann, N-P                 %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@%Johnson City, Tenn.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%John G. Campbell                  %@AB@%1984, June%@AE@%Johnstown, Pa.           Herbert Pfuhl Jr., R               %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Joliet, Ill.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%John M. Mezera                    %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Joplin, Mo.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Leonard A. Martin                 %@AB@%1986, Sept.%@AE@%Kalamazoo, Mich.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Holgersson                  %@AB@%1989, June%@AE@%Kansas City, Kan.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%David Isabell                     %@AB@%1985, June%@AE@%Kansas City, Mo.         Richard Berkley, R                 %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Kenner, La.              Aaron Broussard, N-P               %@AB@%1994, June%@AE@%Kenosha, Wis.            Patrick Moran, N-P                 %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%Kettering, Oh.           Richard Hartmann, R.               %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Key West, Fla.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%G. Felix Cooper                   %@AB@%1990, May%@AE@%Killeen, Tex.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Daniel Hobbs                      %@AB@%1990, Jan.%@AE@%Knoxville, Tenn.         Victor Ashe, R                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Kokomo, Ind.             Robert Sargent, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%LaCrosse, Wis.           Patrick Zielke, N-P                %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%La Habra, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Lee Risner                        %@AB@%1970, Nov.%@AE@%La Mesa, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%David Wear                        %@AB@%1990, Apr.%@AE@%La Mirada, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gary K. Sloan                     %@AB@%1981, Apr.%@AE@%Lafayette, Ind.          James Riehle, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Lafayette, La.           Dud Lastrapes, R                   %@AB@%1992, Mar.%@AE@%Lake Charles, La.        James Sudduth, D                   %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Lakeland, Fla.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%E.S. Strickland                   %@AB@%1986, Feb.%@AE@%Lakewood, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Howard L. Chambers                %@AB@%1976, June%@AE@%Lakewood, Col.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Larry Rice                        %@AB@%1986, May%@AE@%Lakewood, Oh.            Anthony Sinagra, R                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Lancaster, Pa.           Janice Stork, D.                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Lansing, Mich.           Terry John McKane, N-P             %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Laredo, Tex.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Marvin Townsend                   %@AB@%1982, June%@AE@%Largo, Fla.              George McGough, R                  %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Las Cruces, N.M.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Dana Miller                       %@AB@%1983, Feb.%@AE@%Las Vegas, Nev.          Ron Lurie, D                       %@AB@%1991, June%@AE@%Lawrence, Kan.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Buford M. Watson Jr.              %@AB@%1970, Jan.%@AE@%Lawrence, Mass.          Kevin Sullivan, N-P                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Lawton, Okla.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Hopkins                    %@AB@%1990, Jan.%@AE@%Lewiston, Me.            James Howaniec, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Lexington, Ky.           Scotty Baesler, N-P                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Lima, Oh.                David Berger, N-P                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Lincoln, Neb.            Bill Harris, D                     %@AB@%1991, May%@AE@% Little Rock, Ark.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Dalton                     %@AB@%1986, June%@AE@%Livermore, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Leland Horner                     %@AB@%1978, Oct.%@AE@%Livonia, Mich.           Robert Bennett, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Lombard, Ill.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Lichter                   %@AB@%1985,Jan.%@AE@% Long Beach, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Hankla                      %@AB@%1987, Mar.%@AE@%Long Beach, N.Y.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Edwin Eaton                       %@AB@%1979, June%@AE@%Longmont,Col.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Geoff Dolan                       %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Longview, Tex.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%C. Ray Jackson                    %@AB@%1980, Apr.%@AE@%Lorain, Oh.              Alex Olejko, D                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Los Angeles, Cal.        Thomas Bradley, N-P                %@AB@%1993, June%@AE@%Louisville, Ky.          Jerry Abramson, D                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Lowell, Mass.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Campbell                    %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%L. Merion, Pa.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas B. Fulweiler               %@AB@%1968, Jan.%@AE@%Lubbock, Tex.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Larry Cunningham                  %@AB@%1976, Sept.%@AE@%Lynchburg, Va.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%E. Allen Culverhouse              %@AB@%1979, June%@AE@%Lynn, Mass.              Albert DiVirgilio, D               %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Lynwood, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Charles Gomez                     %@AB@%1982, Mar.%@AE@%Macon, Ga.               William L. Robinson, D             %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Madison, Wis.            Paul Soglin, R                     %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Malden, Mass.            James S. Conway, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Manchester, N.H.         Ray Wiecvorek, R                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Manitowoc, Wis.          Kevin Crawford, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Mansfield, Oh.           Edward Meehan, R                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Marion, Ind.             Robert Mitchell, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Marion, Oh.              Robert S. Brown, R                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%McAllen, Tex.            Othal Brand, R                     %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%McKeesport, Pa.          Lou Washowich, D                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Medford, Mass.           Michael McGlynn, N-P               %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Melbourne, Fla.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Samuel Halter                     %@AB@%1978, July%@AE@%Memphis, Tenn.           Richard C. Hackett, N-P            %@AB@%1991, Oct.%@AE@%Mentor, Oh.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Julian Suso                       %@AB@%1990, Mar.%@AE@%Meriden, Conn.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Michael Aldi                      %@AB@%1988, Mar.%@AE@%Meridian, Miss.          Jimmy Kemp, R                      %@AB@%1993, June%@AE@%Mesa, Ariz.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%C.K. Luster                       %@AB@%1979, June%@AE@%Mesquite, Tex.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Prugel                      %@AB@%1987, Dec.%@AE@%Miami, Fla.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Cesar H. Odio                     %@AB@%1985, Dec.%@AE@%Miami Beach, Fla.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Rob Parkins                       %@AB@%1982, Apr.%@AE@% Middletown, Oh.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Klosterman                %@AB@%1988, July%@AE@%Midland, Tex.            Carroll M. Thomas, N-P             %@AB@%1992, May%@AE@% Midwest City, Okla.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Charles Johnson                   %@AB@%1984, Nov.%@AE@%Milford, Conn.           Frederick Lisman, R.               %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Milwaukee, Wis.          John Norquist, D                   %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%Minneapolis, Minn.       Donald Fraser, D                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Minnetonka, Minn.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%James F. Miller                   %@AB@%1980, Jan.%@AE@%Minot, N.D.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Schempp, R                 %@AB@%1977, Nov.%@AE@%Mobile, Ala.             Michael Dow, N-P                   %@AB@%1993, Aug.%@AE@%Modesto, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Garth Lipsky                      %@AB@%1974, Jan.%@AE@%Monroe, La.              Robert Powell, D                   %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%Montclair, N.J.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bertrand Kendall                  %@AB@%1980, Sept.%@AE@%Montebello, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Torres                    %@AB@%1989, May%@AE@%Monterey Park, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Mark Lewis                        %@AB@%1988, July%@AE@% Montgomery, Ala.         Emory Folmar, R                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Mt. Lebanon, Pa.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Cain                        %@AB@%1982, Apr.%@AE@%Mt. Prospect, Ill.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%John F. Dixon                     %@AB@%1987, Mar.%@AE@%Mt. Vernon, N.Y.         Roland Blackwood, D                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Mountain View, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bruce Liedstrand                  %@AB@%1976, June%@AE@%Muncie, Ind.             James Carey, D                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Muskegon, Mich.          Norman Kruse, R.                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Muskogee, Okla.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Walter Beckham                    %@AB@%1984, Feb.%@AE@% Napa, Cal.               %@AH@%*%@AE@%Patricia Thompson                 %@AB@%1989, Oct.%@AE@%Naperville, Ill.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ralph DeSantis                    %@AB@%1986, June%@AE@%Nashua, N.H.             James Donchess, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Nashville, Tenn.         Bill Boner, D                      %@AB@%1991, Aug.%@AE@%National City, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Tom McCabe                        %@AB@%1979, Mar.%@AE@%New Bedford, Mass.       John Bullard, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%New Britain, Conn.       Donald DeFronzo, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%New Castle, Pa.          Richard Christofer, D              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%New Haven, Conn.         John Daniels, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%New London, Conn.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%C.F. Driscoll                     %@AB@%1969, May%@AE@%New Orleans, La.         Sidney Barthelemy, D               %@AB@%1994, Mar.%@AE@% New Rochelle, N.Y.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%C. Samuel Kissinger               %@AB@%1975, Apr.%@AE@%New York, N.Y.           David Dinkins, D                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Newark, N.J.             Sharpe James, D                    %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%Newark, Oh.              William Moore, R                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Newport, R.I.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Francis Edwards                   %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Newport Beach, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert L. Wynn                    %@AB@%1971, Aug.%@AE@%Newport News, Va.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ed Maroney                        %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Newton, Mass.            Theodore Mann, R                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Niagara Falls, N.Y.      Michael O'Laughlin, D              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Norfolk, Va.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%James B. Oliver Jr.               %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Norman, Okla.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ron Wood                          %@AB@%1989, May%@AE@%Norristown, Pa.          William DeAngelis, D.              %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%North Charleston, S.C.   John Bourne Jr., R                 %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%North Las Vegas          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Michael Dyal                      %@AB@%1982, May%@AE@%No. Little Rock, Ark.    Patrick Hayes, D                   %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Norwalk, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ray Gibbs                         %@AB@%1984, Feb.%@AE@%Norwalk, Conn.           Frank Esposito, R                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Norwich, Conn.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ernert Zmyslinski                 %@AB@%1988, July%@AE@%Novato, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Phillip J. Brown                  %@AB@%1975, May%@AE@%Oak Park, Ill.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%J.N. Nielsen                      %@AB@%1986, July%@AE@%Oak Ridge, Tenn.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jeffrey J. Broughton              %@AB@%1986, Sept.%@AE@%Oakland, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Henry L. Gardner                  %@AB@%1981, June%@AE@%Oceanside, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Turner                      %@AB@%1990, Aug.%@AE@%Odessa, Tex.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Brown Jr.                 %@AB@%1987, Nov.%@AE@%Ogden, Ut.               Scott Sneddon, N-P                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Oklahoma City, Okla.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%Paula Hearn                       %@AB@%1989, Oct.%@AE@%Omaha, Neb.              P.J. Morgan, D                     %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@%Ontario, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Roger Hughbanks, N-P              %@AB@%1975, July%@AE@%Orange, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%J. William Little                 %@AB@%1984, Jan.%@AE@%Orange, N.J.             Robert L. Brown, D                 %@AB@%1992, May%@AE@% Orlando, Fla.            Bill Frederick, N-P                %@AB@%1992, Sept.%@AE@%Oshkosh, Wis.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%W. O. Frueh                       %@AB@%1976, Aug.%@AE@%Overland Park, Kan.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Donald Pipes                      %@AB@%1977, June%@AE@%Owensboro, Ky.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Max Rhoads                        %@AB@%1959, Sept.%@AE@%Oxnard, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Vernon Hazen                      %@AB@%1990, Aug.%@AE@%Pacifica, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Daniel Pincetich                  %@AB@%1985, Dec.%@AE@%Palm Springs, Cal.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%Dallas Flicek                     %@AB@%1990, Aug.%@AE@%Palo Alto, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Zaner                     %@AB@%1979, Sept.%@AE@%Park Ridge, Ill.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Martin Butler, N-P                %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Parkersburg, W. Va.      Helen Albright, R                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Parma, Oh.               Michael Ries, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Pasadena, Cal.           Jeff Hughston, N-P                 %@AB@%1992, May%@AE@%Pasadena, Tex.           John Ray Harrison                  %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@%Paterson, N.J.           William Pascrell, D                %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%Pawtucket, R.I.          Brian Sarault, D.                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Peabody, Mass.           Peter Torigian, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Pekin, Ill.              Larry Homerin, D                   %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Pensacola, Fla.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steve Garman                      %@AB@%1986, June%@AE@%Peoria, Ill.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Mikulecky                  %@AB@%1987, July%@AE@%Perth Amboy, N.J.        George J. Otlowski, D              %@AB@%1992, May%@AE@%Petersburg, Va.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard M. Brown                  %@AB@%1984, Oct.%@AE@%Philadelphia, Pa.        W. Wilson Goode, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Phoenix, Ariz.           Terry Goddard, N-P                 %@AB@%1991, Oct.%@AE@%Pico Rivera, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Dennis Courtemarche               %@AB@%1984, Nov.%@AE@%Pine Bluff, Ark          Carolyn Robinson, D                %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Pittsburgh, Pa.          Sophie Masloff, D                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Pittsfield, Mass.        Anne E. Wojtkowski, D.             %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Plainfield, N.J.         Harold Mitchell, D.                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Plano, Tex.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Muehlenbeck                %@AB@%1987, Dec.%@AE@%Pocatello, Ida.          Peter Angstadt, N-P                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Pomona, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Julio Fuentes                     %@AB@%1989, Dec.%@AE@%Pompano Beach, Fla.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Roy Stype                         %@AB@%1989, Oct.%@AE@%Pontiac, Mich.           Wallace Holland, N-P               %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Port Arthur, Tex.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Cornelius Boganey                 %@AB@%1990, Apr.%@AE@%Port Huron, Mich.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gerald R. Bouchard                %@AB@%1965, June%@AE@%Portland, Me.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Ganley                     %@AB@%1986, Sept.%@AE@%Portland, Ore.           Bud Clark, N-P                     %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Portsmouth, Oh.          Franklin Gerlach, N-P              %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Portsmouth, Va.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%George  Hanbury                   %@AB@%1982, June%@AE@%Poughkeepsie, N.Y.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%William J. Theysohn               %@AB@%1982,  Mar.%@AE@%Prichard, Ala.           Margie M. Wilson D.                %@AB@%1992, Aug.%@AE@%Providence, R.I.         Undecided                          %@AB@%1994, Nov.%@AE@%Provo, Ut.               Joseph Jenkins, R                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Pueblo, Col.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Lewis A. Quigley                  %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Quincy, Ill.             Verne Hagstorm, D.                 %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Quincy, Mass.            James Sheets, N-P                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Racine, Wis.             N. Owen Davies, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Raleigh, N.C.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Dempsey Benton                    %@AB@%1983, Dec.%@AE@%Rapid City, S.D.         Keith Carlyle, N-P                 %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Reading, Pa.             William Haggerty Jr., D.           %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Redding, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Christofferson             %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Redlands, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%vacant  Redondo Beach, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%R.H. Griest                       %@AB@%1990, July%@AE@%Redwood City, Cal.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%James M. Smith                    %@AB@%1982, Feb.%@AE@%Reno, Nev.               %@AH@%*%@AE@%Harold Schilling                  %@AB@%1986, Mar.%@AE@%Revere, Mass.            George V. Colella, D               %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Richardson, Tex.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bob Hughey                        %@AB@%1974, Jan.%@AE@%Richfield, Minn.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Prosser                     %@AB@%1986, Sept.%@AE@%Richmond, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Larry Moore                       %@AB@%1987, Aug.%@AE@%Richmond, Ind.           Frank Waltermann, D                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Richmond, Va.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert C. Bobb                    %@AB@%1986, July%@AE@%Riverside, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%John E. Holmes                    %@AB@%1990, Oct.%@AE@%Roanoke, Va.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%W.R. Herbert                      %@AB@%1985, Nov.%@AE@%Rochester, Minn.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steven Kvenvold                   %@AB@%1979, June%@AE@%Rochester, N.Y.          Thomas Ryan Jr., D                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Rock Hill, S.C.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Joe Lanford                       %@AB@%1979, July%@AE@%Rock Island, Ill.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Phillips                     %@AB@%1986, Nov.%@AE@%Rockford, Ill.           Charles Box, D                     %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Rockville, Md.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bruce Romer                       %@AB@%1988, Sept.%@AE@%Rome, N.Y.               Carl Eilenberg, R                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Roseville, Mich.         Jeanne Riesterer, N-P              %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Roswell, N.M.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ralph Fresquez                    %@AB@%1986, Jan.%@AE@%Royal Oak, Mich.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Baldridge                 %@AB@%1975, Sept.%@AE@%Sacramento, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Walter Slipe                      %@AB@%1976, Mar.%@AE@%Saginaw, Mich.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Vernon E. Stoner                  %@AB@%1987, Feb.%@AE@%St. Clair Shores, Mich.  %@AH@%*%@AE@%Mark Wollenweber                  %@AB@%1990, Jan.%@AE@%St. Cloud, Minn.         Charles Winkleman, N-P             %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%St. Joseph, Mo.          Glenda Kelly, N-P                  %@AB@%1994, Apr.%@AE@% St. Louis, Mo.           Vincent  Schoemehl, D              %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%St. Louis Park, Minn.    %@AH@%*%@AE@%William C. Dixon                  %@AB@%1988, Oct.%@AE@%St. Paul, Minn.          James Scheibel, N-P                %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%St. Petersburg, Fla.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Obering                    %@AB@%1985, Oct.%@AE@%Salem, Mass.             Neil Harrington, N-P               %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Salem, Ore.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gary Eide                         %@AB@%1988, Jan.%@AE@%Salina, Kan.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Dennis Kissinger                  %@AB@%1988, Jan.%@AE@%Salinas, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Roy Herte                         %@AB@%1988, Sept.%@AE@%Salt Lake City, Ut.      Palmer DePaulis, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%San Angelo, Tex.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Stephen  Brown                    %@AB@%1982, May%@AE@%San Antonio, Tex.        Lila Cockrell, D                   %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%San Bernardino, Cal.     Bob Holcomb, D                     %@AB@%1993, May%@AE@%San Bruno, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Lew Pond                          %@AB@%1990, May%@AE@%San Diego, Cal.          Maureen O'Connor, N-P              %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%San Francisco, Cal.      Art Agnos, D                       %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%San Jose, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Leslie White                      %@AB@%1989, May%@AE@%San Leandro, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard H. Randall                %@AB@%1986, July%@AE@%San Mateo, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Delong                    %@AB@%1976, Sept.%@AE@%San Rafael, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Pamela Nicolai                    %@AB@%1985, Dec.%@AE@%Sandusky, Oh.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Frank Link                        %@AB@%1972, Jan.%@AE@%Sandy City, Ut.          Larry Smith, N-P                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Santa Ana, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%David Ream                        %@AB@%1986, July%@AE@%Santa Barbara, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Thomas                    %@AB@%1977, Jan.%@AE@%Santa Clara, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jennifer Sparacino                %@AB@%1987, Mar.%@AE@%Santa Cruz, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Wilson                    %@AB@%1981, June%@AE@%Santa Fe, N.M.           Sam Pick, D                        %@AB@%1994, Mar.%@AE@%Santa Maria, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Wayne Schwammel                   %@AB@%1989, June%@AE@%Santa Monica, Cal.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Jalili                       %@AB@%1984, Dec.%@AE@% Santa Rosa, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Kenneth Blackman                  %@AB@%1970, July%@AE@%Sarasota, Fla.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%David Sollenberger                %@AB@%1987, Mar.%@AE@%Savannah, Ga.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Arthur A. Mendonsa                %@AB@%1962, July%@AE@%Schenectady, N.Y.        Karen Johnson, D                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Scottsdale, Ariz.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jorge Carrasco                    %@AB@%1988, Oct.%@AE@%Scranton, Pa.            James Connors, R                   %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Seattle, Wash.           Norman Rice, N-P                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Shaker Heights, Oh.      Stephen Alfred, N-P                %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Sheboygan, Wis.          Richard Schneider, N-P             %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Shreveport, La.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Judy Purgerson                    %@AB@%1988, Aug.%@AE@%Simi Valley, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%M.L. Koester                      %@AB@%1979, Sept.%@AE@%Sioux City, Ia.          Robert Scott, N-P                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Sioux Falls, S.D.        Jack White, R                      %@AB@%1991, June%@AE@%Skokie, Ill.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Albert Rigoni                     %@AB@%1987, Jan.%@AE@%Somerville, Mass.        Michael Capuano, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%South Bend, Ind.         Joseph Kernan, D                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%South Gate, Cal.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%vacant Southfield, Mich.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Robert Block                      %@AB@%1985, Jan.%@AE@%Sparks, Nev.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Patricia Thompson                 %@AB@%1983, Sept.%@AE@%Spartanburg, S.C.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Wayne Bowers                      %@AB@%1984, Sept.%@AE@%Spokane, Wash.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Terry Novak                       %@AB@%1978, July%@AE@%Springfield, Ill.        Ossie Langfelder, D                %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@% Springfield, Mass        Mary Hurley, N-P                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@% Springfield, Mo.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Tinnie                     %@AB@%1990, Apr.%@AE@%Springfield, Oh.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Matthew Kridler                   %@AB@%1988, Oct.%@AE@%Springfield, Ore.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Michael Kelly                     %@AB@%1989, Jan.%@AE@%Stamford, Conn.          Thom Serrani, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Sterling Hts., Mich.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steve Duchane                     %@AB@%1987, Nov.%@AE@%Stillwater, Okla.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Carl Weinaug                      %@AB@%1983, Apr.%@AE@%Stockton, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Alan N. Harvey                    %@AB@%1988, Aug.%@AE@%Stratford, Conn.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ronald Owens                      %@AB@%1984, July%@AE@%Sunnyvale, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Lewcock                    %@AB@%1980, Apr.%@AE@%Syracuse, N.Y.           Thomas G. Young, D                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Tacoma, Wash.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ray Corpuz Jr.                    %@AB@%1990, Jan.%@AE@%Tallahassee, Fla.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Daniel A. Kleman                  %@AB@%1974, Aug.%@AE@%Tampa, Fla.              Sandra Friedman, N-P               %@AB@%1991, Mar.%@AE@%Taunton, Mass.           Richard Johnson, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Taylor, Mich.            Cameron  Priebe, D                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Teaneck, N.J.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Werner H. Schmid                  %@AB@%1959, Mar.%@AE@%Tempe, Ariz.             Harry E. Mitchell, D               %@AB@%1992, Mar.%@AE@%Temple, Tex.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jack Parker                       %@AB@%1985, Apr.%@AE@%Terre Haute, Ind.        P. Pete Chalos, D                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Thousand Oaks, Cal.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Grant Brimhall                    %@AB@%1978, Jan.%@AE@%Titusville, Fla.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Norman Hickey                     %@AB@%1974, June%@AE@%Toledo, Oh.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Hoover                     %@AB@%1990, Sept.%@AE@%Topeka, Kan.             Butch Felker, N-P                  %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Torrance, Cal.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%Leroy J. Jackson                  %@AB@%1983, Jan.%@AE@%Trenton, N.J.            Douglas Palmer, N-P                %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%Troy, Mich.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Frank Gerstenecker                %@AB@%1970, Feb%@AE@%Troy, N.Y.               %@AH@%*%@AE@%Steven Dworsky                    %@AB@%1986, July%@AE@%Tucson, Ariz.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Thomas Wilson                     %@AB@%1990, July%@AE@%Tulsa, Okla.             Rodger Randle, D                   %@AB@%1994, Apr.%@AE@%Tuscaloosa, Ala.         Alvin DuPont, D                    %@AB@%1993, Oct.%@AE@%Tyler, Tex.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Gary Gwyn                         %@AB@%1982, Nov.%@AE@%Union City, N.J.         Robert Menendez, D                 %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%Univ. City, Mo.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Frank Ollendorff                  %@AB@%1980, Mar.%@AE@%Upland, Cal.             %@AH@%*%@AE@%Ray Silver                        %@AB@%1988, Dec.%@AE@%Upper Arlington, Oh.     %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard King                      %@AB@%1984, Aug.%@AE@%Utica, N.Y.              Louis La Polla, R                  %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Vallejo, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Edward Wohlenberg                 %@AB@%1989, Apr.%@AE@%Vancouver, Wash.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Paul Grattet                      %@AB@%1980, Aug.%@AE@%Ventura, Cal.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Baker                        %@AB@%1986, Nov.%@AE@%Victoria, Tex.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%James J. Miller                   %@AB@%1980, June%@AE@%Vineland, N.J.           Harry Curley, N-P                  %@AB@%1992, May%@AE@%Virginia Beach, Va.      Meyera Oberndorf, N-P.             %@AB@%1992, May%@AE@%Waco, Tex.               %@AH@%*%@AE@%John Harrison                     %@AB@%1977, Sept.%@AE@%Walnut Creek, Cal.       %@AH@%*%@AE@%Donald Blubaugh                   %@AB@%1988, Apr.%@AE@%Waltham, Mass.           William Stanley, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Warren, Mich.            Ronald Bonkowski, N-P              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Warren, Oh.              Daniel Sferra, D                   %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Warwick, R.I.            Charles Donovan, N-P               %@AB@%1994, Nov.%@AE@%Wash, D.C.               Sharon Dixon, D                    %@AB@%1994, Nov.%@AE@%Waterbury, Conn.         Joseph Santopietro, R              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Waterloo, Ia.            Bernard L. McKinley, N-P           %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Waukegan, Ill.           Haig Paravonian, R                 %@AB@%1993, Apr.%@AE@%Waukesha, Wis.           Paul Vrakas, N-P                   %@AB@%1994, Apr.%@AE@%Wausau, Wis.             John Robinson, D                   %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%Wauwatosa, Wis.          James Brundahl, N-P                %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%W. Allis, Wis.           Fred Cashmore, N-P                 %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%W. Covina, Cal.          %@AH@%*%@AE@%Herman Fast                       %@AB@%1976, Aug.%@AE@%W. New York, N.J.        Anthony DeFino, D                  %@AB@%1991, May%@AE@%W. Orange, N.J.          Samuel Spina, D                    %@AB@%1994, May%@AE@%W. Palm Beach, Fla.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Paul Steinbrenner                 %@AB@%1986, Jan.%@AE@%Westland, Mich.          Robert Thomas, D                   %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Westminster, Cal.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jerry Kenny                       %@AB@%1989, Jan.%@AE@%Westminster, Col.        %@AH@%*%@AE@%William Christopher               %@AB@%1978, June%@AE@%Wheaton, Ill.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Donald Rose                       %@AB@%1980, Nov.%@AE@%Wheeling, W. Va.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%Jimmy Curnes                      %@AB@%1990, May%@AE@%White Plains, N.Y.       Alfred Del Vecchio, R              %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Whittier, Cal.           Thomas Sawyer, N-P                 %@AB@%1992, Apr.%@AE@%Wichita, Kan.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Chris Cherches                    %@AB@%1985, Oct.%@AE@%Wichita Falls, Tex.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Berzina                     %@AB@%1983, June%@AE@%Wilkes-Barre, Pa.        Lee Namey, D                       %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Williamsport, Pa.        Jessie Bloom, D                    %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Wilmington, Del.         Daniel Frawley, D                  %@AB@%1992, Nov.%@AE@%Wilmington, N.C.         %@AH@%*%@AE@%William B. Farris                 %@AB@%1983, May%@AE@%Winston-Salem, N.C.      %@AH@%*%@AE@%Bryce A. Stuart                   %@AB@%1980, Jan.%@AE@%Woonsocket, R.I.         Francis Lanctot, D                 %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Worcester, Mass.         Jordan Levy, D                     %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%Wyandotte, Mich.         James R. DeSana, D                 %@AB@%1991, Apr.%@AE@%Wyoming, Mich.           %@AH@%*%@AE@%James Sheeran                     %@AB@%1976, Nov.%@AE@%Yakima, Wash.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Richard Zais Jr.                  %@AB@%1979, Jan.%@AE@%Yonkers, N.Y.            %@AH@%*%@AE@%Neil De Luca                      %@AB@%1988, Jan.%@AE@%York, Pa.                William Althaus, R                 %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Youngstown, Oh.          Patrick Ungaro, D                  %@AB@%1993, Nov.%@AE@%Yuma, Ariz.              %@AH@%*%@AE@%Doug Lowe, R                      %@AB@%1984, Jan.%@AE@%Zanesville, Oh.          Donald Lewis Mason, R              %@AB@%1991, Nov.%@AE@%%@TE:  608 54091 02 25 35 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Asterisk before name denotes city manager. All others are mayors. For
mayors, dates are those of next election; for city managers, they are dates
of appointment. %@NL@%
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%@2@%                         %@AS@%How a Bill Becomes a Law %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. A Senator or Representative introduces a bill by sending it to the clerk%@EH@%
of the House, who assigns it a number and title. This procedure is termed
the %@AI@%first reading.%@AE@% The clerk then refers the bill to the appropriate Senate
or House committee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. If the committee opposes the bill, they immediately %@AI@%table,%@AE@% or kill it.%@EH@%
Otherwise, the committee holds hearings to listen to opinions and facts
offered by members and other interested people. The committee then debates
the bill and possibly offers amendments. A vote is taken, and if favorable,
the bill is sent back to the clerk of the House. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. The clerk reads the bill to the House. This is termed the %@AI@%second reading.%@AE@%%@EH@%
Members may then debate the bill and suggest amendments. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. %@AI@%The third reading%@AE@% is simply by title, and the bill is put to a voice or%@EH@%
roll call vote. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%5. The bill then goes to the other house, where it may be defeated, or%@EH@%
passed with or without amendments. If defeated, the bill dies. If passed
with amendments, a joint Congressional committee works out the differences
and arrives at a compromise. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%6. After its final passage by both houses, the bill is sent to the%@EH@%
President. If he signs it, the bill becomes a law. However, he may %@AI@%veto%@AE@% the
bill by refusing to sign it and sending it back to the house where it
originated, with his reasons for the veto. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%7. The President's objections are then read and debated, and a roll-call%@EH@%
vote taken. If the bill receives less than a two-thirds vote, it is
defeated. If it receives at least two-thirds, it is sent to the other house.
If that house also passes it by at least two-thirds, the President's veto is
%@AI@%overridden,%@AE@% and the bill becomes a law. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%8. If the President wishes neither to sign nor to veto the bill, he may%@EH@%
retain it for 10 days--not including Sunday--after which it automatically
becomes a law even without his signature. However, if Congress has adjourned
within those 10 days, the bill is automatically killed; this indirect
rejection is termed a %@AI@%pocket veto%@AE@%.%@NL@%
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%@1@%                                 %@AS@%ECONOMICS%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@2@%               %@AS@%U.S. Budget Receipts and Outlays--1986-1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%(Fiscal years end Sept. 30) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(millions of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  109  9421 02 48 13 13 13 13 @%Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fiscal 1988  Fiscal 1989%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Net ReceiptsIndividual income taxes                         $348,959     $392,557     $401,181     $445,690Corporation income taxes                        63,143       83,926       94,195       103,291 Social insurance taxes and contributions:Federal old-age and survivors insurance         182,518      194,541      220,337      240,595 Federal disability insurance                    17,711       18,861       21,154       23,071 Federal hospital insurance                      51,335       55,992       59,859       65,396 Railroad retirement fund                        2,103        3,634        3,743        3,798 Total employment taxes and contributions        255,062      273,028      305,093      332,859 Other insurance and retirement:Unemployment                                    24,098       25,575       24,584       22,011 Federal employees retirement                    4,645        4,613        4,537        4,428 Civil service retirement and disability         96           102          122          119 Total social insurance taxes and contributions  283,901      303,318      334,335      359,416 Excise taxes                                    32,919       32,457       35,540       34,386 Estate and gift taxes                           6,958        7,493        7,594        8,745 Customs duties                                  13,323       15,085       15,411       16,334 Deposits of earnings-Federal Reserve Banks      18,374       16,817       17,163       19,604 All other miscellaneous receipts                1,514        2,490        2,746        3,323 Net Budget Receipts                             $769,091     $854,143     $908,166     $990,789Net Outlays Legislative Branch                              $1,665       $1,812       $1,852       $2,094 The Judiciary                                   1,069        1,178        1,337        1,493 Executive Office of the President:The White House Office                          23           25           26           27 Office of Management and Budget                 37           37           41           42 Total Executive Office                          107          109          121          124Funds appropriated to the President:International security assistance               10,371       6,820        4,273        1,012 Multinational assistance                        1,838        1,306        1,498        1,492 Agency for International Development            1,220        1,294        1,404        1,225 International Development Assistance            3,121        2,673        2,980        2,790 Total funds appropriated to the President       11,379       10,406       7,252        4,302 Agriculture Department:Food stamp program                              12,443       12,405       13,145       13,725 Farmer's Home Admin.                            8,001        3,748        7,277        7,608 Forest service                                  2,284        2,221        2,688        2,944 Total Agriculture Department                    58,666       49,593       44,003       48,414 Commerce Department                             2,083        2,156        2,279        2,571 Bureau of the Census                            -            217          333          557 Defense Department:Military personnel                              71,511       72,020       76,337       80,676 Operation and maintenance                       75,259       76,178       84,475       87,001 Procurement                                     76,517       80,744       77,166       81,620 Research, development, test, evaluation         32,283       33,596       34,792       37,002 Military construction                           5,067        5,853        5,874        5,275 Total Defense Department (military)             265,636      273,938      281,935      294,876 Defense Department (civil)                      20,243       20,659       22,047       23,427 Education Department                            17,673       16,800       18,246       21,608 Energy Department                               11,025       10,688       11,166       11,387 Health and Human Services Department:Food and Drug Administration                    417          422          463          510 National Institutes of Health                   5,115        5,222        6,334        6,992 Public Health Service                           9,504        9,886        11,408       12,250 Health Care Financing Adm.                      119,307      130,472      144,654      163,028 Human Development Services                      5,412        5,448        5,886        6,850 Total Health and Human Services Dept.           143,252      148,893      158,991      172,301 Social Security                                 190,684      202,422      214,178      227,473 Housing and Urban Development Department        14,139       15,464       18,956       19,772 Interior Department                             4,791        5,045        5,147        5,308 Justice Department:Federal Bureau of Investigation                 1,183        1,216        1,384        1,528 Total Justice Department                        3,768        4,333        5,426        6,232 Labor Department:Unemployment Trust Fund                         21,819       20,527       18,598       18,730 Total Labor Department                          24,141       23,453       21,870       22,657 State Department                                2,865        2,788        3,421        3,722 Transportation Department                       27,365       25,431       26,404       26,689 Federal Aviation Adm                            4,673        4,895        5,192        5,822 Treasury Department:Internal Revenue Service                        7,188        7,513        9,363        11,049 Interest on the public debt                     190,151      195,390      214,145      240,863 Total Treasury Department                       179,189      180,345      201,644      230,573 Veterans Affairs Dept.                          -            -            18,528       18,794 Environmental Protection Agency                 4,869        4,903        4,872        4,906 General Services Administration                 286          74           -281         -462National Aeronautics and Space Administration   7,403        7,591        9,092        11,036 Office of Personnel Management                  23,955       26,966       29,191       29,073 Small Business Administration                   490          -72          -54          83Independent agencies:Action                                          154          159          153          163 Board for International Broadcasting            127          156          194          199 Corporation for Public Broadcasting             160          200          214          228 District of Columbia                            530          560          550          538 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission         159          158          176          182 Export-Import Bank of the United States         -1,167       -2,300       -894         47Federal Communications Commission               92           79           52           49 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation           705          -1,438       2,146        2,784Federal Trade Commission                        62           66           69           65 Interstate Commerce Comm.                       -            -            43           44 Intragovernmental Agencies                      218          203          200          165 Legal Services Corporation                      305          309          306          307 National Archives & Record Adm.                 96           96           102          126 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities  320          310          322          331 National Labor Relations Board                  132          127          132          136 National Science Foundation                     1,550        1,562        1,665        1,752 Nuclear Regulatory Commission                   421          393          232          189 Railroad Retirement Board                       3,980        4,196        4,147        4,315 Securities and Exchange Commission              104          108          126          140 Smithsonian Institution                         224          242          260          288 Tennessee Valley Authority                      906          1,091        1,089        348 U.S. Information Agency                         780          830          843          888 Total independent agencies                      11,865       14,266       23,446       32,323 Undistributed offsetting receipts               -64,914      -72,400      -78,474      -89,155Net Budget Outlays                              990,231      1,003,804    1,063,318    1,142,869 Less net receipts                               769,091      854,143      908,166      990,789 Deficit                                         -221,140     -149,661     -155,151     -152,080%@TE:  109  9421 02 48 13 13 13 13 @%

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%@2@%                       %@AS@%U.S. Net Receipts and Outlays%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% U.S. Treasury Department; annual statements for year ending June 30%@EH@%
(thousands of dollars)%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24   999 02 16 11 12 @%Yearly average  Receipts   Outlays%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1789-1800%@AH@%1%@AE@%      5,717      5,7761801-1810%@AH@%2%@AE@%      13,056     9,086 1811-1820%@AH@%2%@AE@%      21,032     23,943 1821-1830%@AH@%2%@AE@%      21,928     16,162 1831-1840%@AH@%2%@AE@%      30,461     24,495 1841-1850%@AH@%2%@AE@%      28,545     34,097 1851-1860       60,237     60,163 1861-1865       160,907    683,785 1866-1870       447,301    377,642 1871-1875       336,830    287,460 1876-1880       288,124    255,598 1881-1885       366,961    257,691 1886-1890       375,448    279,134 1891-1895       352,891    363,599 1896-1900       434,877    457,451 1901-1905       559,481    535,559 1906-1910       628,507    639,178 1911-1915       710,227    720,252 1916-1920       3,483,652  8,065,333 1921-1925       4,306,673  3,578,989 1926-1930       4,069,138  3,182,807 1931-1935%@AH@%3%@AE@%      2,770,973  5,214,874 %@TE:   24   999 02 16 11 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Average for period March 4, 1789, to Dec. 31, 1800. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Years ended Dec. 31,
1801 to 1842; average for 1841-1850 is for the period Jan. 1, 1841, to June
30, 1850. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Expenditures for years 1932 through 1935 have been revised to
include Government corps. (wholly owned) etc. (net). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%  %@AS@%Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (--); 1934-1985%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%(In millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   56  2742 03 21 10 09 24 @%                     Total     Total    TotalYear                 Receipts  Outlays  Surplus or Deficit (-)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1934                 2,955     6,541    -3,5861935                 3,609     6,412    -2,8031936                 3,923     8,228    -4,3041937                 5,387     7,580    -2,1931938                 6,751     6,840    -891939                 6,295     9,141    -2,8461940                 6,548     9,468    -2,9201941                 8,712     13,653   -4,9411942                 14,634    35,137   -20,5031943                 24,001    78,555   -54,5541944                 43,747    91,304   -47,5571945                 45,159    92,712   -47,5531946                 39,296    55,232   -15,9361947                 38,514    34,496   4,0181948                 41,560    29,764   11,7961949                 39,415    38,835   5801950                 39,443    42,562   -3,1191951                 51,616    45,514   6,1021952                 66,167    67,686   -1,5191953                 69,608    76,101   -6,4931954                 69,701    70,855   -1,1541955                 65,451    68,444   -2,9931956                 74,587    70,640   3,9471957                 79,990    76,578   3,4121958                 79,636    82,405   -2,7691959                 79,249    92,098   -12,8491960                 92,492    92,191   3011961                 94,388    97,723   -3,3351962                 99,676    106,821  -7,1461963                 106,560   111,316  -4,7561964                 112,613   118,528  -5,9151965                 116,817   118,228  -1,4111966                 130,835   134,532  -3,6981967                 148,822   157,464  -8,6431968                 152,973   178,134  -25,1611969                 186,882   183,640  3,2421970                 192,807   195,649  -2,8421971                 187,139   210,172  -23,0331972                 207,309   230,681  -23,3731973                 230,799   245,707  -14,9081974                 263,224   269,359  -6,1351975                 279,090   332,332  -53,2421976                 298,060   371,779  -73,719Transition quarter%@AH@%1%@AE@%  81,232    95,973   -14,7411977                 355,559   409,203  -53,6441978                 399,561   458,729  -59,1681979                 463,302   503,464  -40,1621980                 517,112   590,920  -73,8081981                 599,272   678,209  -78,9361982                 617,766   745,706  -127,9401983                 600,562   808,327  -207,7641984                 666,457   851,781  -185,3241985                 734,057   946,316  -212,260%@TE:   56  2742 03 21 10 09 24 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Effective fiscal year 1977, fiscal year is reckoned Oct. 1-Sept. 30;
Transition Quarter covers July 1, 1976-Sept. 30, 1976. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%The Federal Budget Process %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  123  5186 03 26 23 26 @%Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget                                                  process%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Agencies subject to       Sept. 1executive branch review   submit initial budget     request materials.        Fiscal year begins.       Oct. 1                 Fiscal year begins.President's initial %@AH@%GRH%@AE@%                          sequester order takes                            effect (amounts are                              withheld from obligation                         pending issuance of                              final order).                                                              Oct. 10                %@AH@%CBO%@AE@% issues revised %@AH@%GRH%@AE@%                                                  report to %@AH@%OMB%@AE@% and                                                  Congress.%@AH@%OMB%@AE@% reports on changes    Oct. 15in initial %@AH@%GRH%@AE@% estimates  and determinations        resulting from            legislation enacted and   regulations promulgated   after its initial report  to Congress. President    issues final %@AH@%GRH%@AE@%          sequester order, which    is effective immediately,  and transmits message to  Congress within 15 days   of final order. Agencies  not subject to executive  branch review submit      budget request materials.                            Nov. 15                Comptroller General                                                  issues %@AH@%GRH%@AE@% compliance                                                  report. Legislative branch and    Nov.-Dec.the judiciary submit      budget request materials.  President transmits the   1st Mon. after Jan. 3  Congress receives the budget to Congress.                              President's budget. %@AH@%OMB%@AE@% sends allowance       Jan.-Feb.letters to agencies.                                Feb. 15                %@AH@%CBO%@AE@% reports to the                                                  Budget Committees on the                                                 President's budget.                           Feb. 25                Committees submit views                                                  and estimates to Budget                                                  Committee in their own                                                  house.%@AH@%OMB%@AE@% and the President     Apr.-Juneconduct reviews to        establish presidential    policy to guide agencies  in developing the next    budget.                                             Apr. 1                 Senate Budget Committee                                                  reports concurrent                                                  resoluion on the budget.                          Apr. 15                Congress completes                                                  action on concurrent                                                  resolution.                          May 15                 House may consider                                                  appropriations bills in                                                  the absence of a                                                  concurrent resolution on                                                 the budget.                          June 10                House Appropriations                                                  Committee reports last                                                  appropriations bill.                           June 15                Congress completes                                                  action on reconciliation                                                 legislation.                          June 30                House completes action                                                  on annual appropriations                                                 bills. President transmits the   July 15                Congress receives mid-session                                      mid-session review of review,updating the                              the budget.budget estimates.                                %@AH@%OMB%@AE@% provides agencies     July-Aug.with policy guidance for  the upcoming budget.      Date of "snapshot" of     Aug. 15projected deficits for    the up-coming fiscal      year for initial %@AH@%OMB%@AE@% and  %@AH@%CBO%@AE@% %@AH@%GRH%@AE@%                                             Aug. 20                %@AH@%CBO%@AE@% issues its initial %@AH@%%@AE@%                                                 %@AH@%GRH%@AE@% report to %@AH@%OMB%@AE@%  and                                                  Congress.%@AH@%OMB%@AE@% issues its initial %@AH@%%@AE@%   Aug. 25%@AH@%GRH%@AE@% report providing      estimates and             determinations to the     President and Congress.   President issues initial  %@AH@%GRH%@AE@% sequester order and   sends message to          Congress within 15 days.  %@TE:  123  5186 03 26 23 26 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%CBO%@AE@% = Congressional Budget Office; %@AH@%GRH%@AE@% = Gramm-Rudman-Hollings (%@AI@%Balanced
%@AI@%Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985%@AE@%); %@AH@%OMB%@AE@% = Office of
Management and Budget. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Public Debt of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             U.S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Public Debt %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   31  2630 02 13 17 21 26 25 @%Fiscal year  Debt (billions)  Per. cap. (dollars)  Interest paid (billions)  Pct. of federal outlays%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1870         $2.4             $61.06               -                         -1880         2.0              41.60                -                         - 1890         1.1              17.80                -                         - 1900         1.2              16.60                -                         - 1910         1.1              12.41                -                         - 1920         24.2             228                  -                         - 1930         16.1             131                  -                         - 1940         43.0             325                  $1.0                      10.51945         258.7            1,849                3.8                       4.11950         256.1            1,688                5.7                       13.41955         272.8            1,651                6.4                       9.41960         284.1            1,572                9.2                       10.01965         313.8            1,613                11.3                      9.6 1970         370.1            1,814                19.3                      9.9 1975         533.2            2,475                32.7                      9.81976         620.4            2,852                37.1                      10.01977         698.8            3,170                41.9                      10.21978         771.5            3,463                48.7                      10.6 1979         826.5            3,669                59.8                      11.91980         907.7            3,985                74.9                      12.7 1981         997.9            4,338                95.6                      14.1 1982         1,142.0          4,913                117.4                     15.71983         1,377.2          5,870                128.8                     15.9 1984         1,572.3          6,640                153.8                     18.1 1985         1,823.1          7,598                178.9                     18.9 1986         2,125.3          8,774                190.2                     19.2 1987         2,350.3          9,615                195.4                     19.5 1988         2,602.3          10,534               214.1                     20.1 1989         2,857.4          11,545               240.8                     25.0 %@TE:   31  2630 02 13 17 21 26 25 @%

%@NL@%
Note: Through 1976 the fiscal year ended June 30. From 1977 on, fiscal year
ends Sept. 30.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%U.S. International Transactions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(millions of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   88  6018 02 60 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 11 @%                                                            1960     1965     1970     1975     1980      1985      1988      1989%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Exports of goods services and income%@AH@%1%@AE@%                       30,556   42,722   68,387   157,936  343,241   366,049   533,438   603,169Merchandise, adjusted, excluding military%@AH@%2%@AE@%                  19,650   26,461   42,469   107,088  224,269   215,935   320,337   360,465 Transfers under U.S. military agency sales contracts        2,030    2,465    4,214    6,256    9,029     8,699     9,520     8,331 Travel                                                      919      1,380    2,331    4,697    10,588    17,663    28,935    34,432 Passenger fares                                             175      271      544      1,039    2,591     4,323     8,771     10,101 Other transportation                                        1,607    2,175    3,125    5,840    11,618    14,674    18,939    20,416 Royalties and license fees%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                 837      1,534    2,331    4,300    7,085     5,995     10,858    11,815 Other private services                                      570      714      1,294    2,920    6,276     15,601    25,359    29,461 U.S. Government miscellaneous services                      153      285      332      446      398       878       672       613 Income receipts on U.S. assets abroad:                      4,616    7,437    11,748   25,351   71,388    82,282    110,048   127,536 Direct investment                                           3,621    5,506    8,169    16,595   37,146    28,295    49,819    53,617 Other private receipts                                      646      1,421    2,671    7,644    31,680    48,487    53,530    68,377 U.S. Government receipts                                    349      510      907      1,112    2,562     5,499     6,699     5,542Imports of goods, services and income                       -23,670  -32,708  -59,901  -33,745  -333,774  -473,998  -647,295  -698,483 Merchandise, adjusted, excluding military%@AH@%2%@AE@%                  -14,758  -21,510  -39,866  -98,185  -249,750  -338,083  -447,323  -475,329 Direct defense expenditures                                 -3,087   -2,952   -4,855   -4,795   -10,851   -12,795   -14,972   -14,651 Travel                                                      -1,750   -2,438   -3,980   -6,417   -10,397   -25,155   -33,098   -34,977 Passenger fares                                             -513     -717     -1,215   -2,263   -3,607    -6,650    -7,932    -8,522 Other transportation                                        -1,402   -1,951   -2,843   -5,708   -11,790   -15,643   -19,675   -20,791 Royalties and license fees%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                 -74      -135     -244     -472     -724      -891      -2,054    -2,245 Other private services                                      -593     -461     -827     -1,551   -2,909    -5,840    -11,843   -11,481 U.S. Government miscellaneous services                      -254     -457     -576     -789     -1,214    -1,735    -1,960    -2,040 Income payments on foreign assets in the U.S.Direct investment                                           -394     -657     -875     -2,234   -8,635    -6,079    -16,748   -14,004 Other private payments                                      -511     -942     -3,617   -5,788   -21,214   -37,064   -61,526   -78,489 U.S. Government payments                                    -332     -489     -1,024   -4,542   -12,684   -22,972   -30,164   -35,955 Unilateral transfers, net                                   -4,062   -4,583   -6,156   -7,075   -8,349    -15,473   -15,005   -14,720 U.S. Government grants                                      -3,367   -3,444   -4,449   -5,101   -5,486    -11,268   -10,744   -10,963 U.S. Government pensions and other transfers                -273     -463     -611     -1,068   -1,818    -2,138    -2,491    -2,432 Private remittances and other transfers                     -423     -677     -1,096   -906     -1,044    -2,068    -1,770    -1,326U.S. assets abroad, net (increase/capital outflow (-))      -4,099   -5,716   -9,337   -39,703  -86,118   -27,721   -84,176   -127,061 U.S. official reserve assets, net                           2,145    1,225    2,481    -849     -8,155    -3,858    3,912     -25,293 U.S. Government assets, other than official reserve assets,  -1,100   -1,605   -1,589   -3,474   -5,162    -2,821    2,969     1,185 net                                                                                                                           U.S. private assets, net                                    -5,144   -5,336   -10,229  -35,380  -72,802   -21,043   -83,232   -102,953 Foreign assets in U.S., net (increase/capital inflow (+))   2,294    742      6,359    15,670   58,112    130,012   221,442   214,652Statistical discrepancy (sum of above items with sign       -1,019   -457     -219     5,917    25,736    20,041    -8,404    22,443 reversed)                                                                                                                     Memoranda:Balance on merchandise tradeBalance on services                                         4,892    4,951    2,603    8,903    -25,481   -122,148  -126,986  -114,864 Balance on investment income                                3,379    5,350    6,233    12,707   28,856    16,166    1,610     913 Balance on goods, services, and income                      -1,385   -287     -349     3,501    6,093     -877      11,519    20,463 Balance on current account                                  2,824    5,431    2,331    18,116   1,119     -122,332  -128,862  -110,034%@TE:   88  6018 02 60 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Excludes transfers of goods and services under U.S. military grant
programs. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Excludes exports of goods under U.S. military agency sales
contracts identified in Census export documents, excludes imports of goods
under direct defense expenditures identified in Census import documents, and
reflects various other adjustments. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Redefined in 1982.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%U.S. Direct Investment Abroad in Selected Countries %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%Department(millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   58  3353 02 32 09 09 10 @%                                1987     1988     1989%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All countries                   314,307  333,501  373,436Africa                          5,869    5,468    5,024 Egypt                           1,669    1,670    1,802 Libya                           310      315      311 Nigeria                         894      660      461 S. Africa                       1,497    1,269    714 Asia and Pacific (excl. Japan)  17,010   18,515   20,991 Hong Kong                       4,389    5,244    5,853 India                           439      436      549 Indonesia                       3,070    2,925    3,696 Malaysia                        952      1,135    1,098 Philippines                     1,396    1,511    1,682 Singapore                       2,384    2,290    2,213 South Korea                     1,178    1,501    1,889 Taiwan                          1,372    1,622    1,949 Thailand                        1,274    1,132    1,279 Australia                       11,363   13,186   14,495 Bermuda                         19,215   19,040   17,849 Canada                          57,783   62,610   66,856 Europe                          150,439  156,932  176,736 European Communities            119,428  125,590  143,360 Belgium                         7,267    7,448    8,290 Denmark                         1,070    1,163    1,246 France                          11,868   13,150   14,747 Germany, West                   24,388   21,742   23,059 Greece                          132      195      265 Ireland                         5,425    6,212    6,237 Italy                           9,264    9,540    10,634 Luxembourg                      660      850      904 Netherlands                     14,842   16,047   17,168 Portugal                        495      546      612 Spain                           4,076    4,979    6,002 United Kingdom                  44,512   49,274   60,810 Non E.E.C.                      31,010   31,342   33,375 Austria                         619      688      688 Finland                         389      408      484 Norway                          3,843    4,371    3,640 Sweden                          1,139    1,119    1,102 Switzerland                     19,665   18,357   19,952 Turkey                          207      246      312 Japan                           15,684   17,927   19,341 South America                   21,227   21,690   23,557 Argentina                       2,744    2,597    2,624 Brazil                          10,951   12,460   14,687 Chile                           348      691      1,018 Colombia                        3,104    2,248    1,900 Ecuador                         466      431      395 Peru                            1,022    986      912 Venezuela                       2,095    1,897    1,537 Central America                 12,218   13,119   15,880 Mexico                          4,913    5,694    7,079 Panama                          6,622    6,632    7,906 Middle East                     4,084    3,806    3,886 Israel                          635      700      770 Saudi Arabia                    2,092    1,782    1,812 United Arab Emirates            694      672      674 %@TE:   58  3353 02 32 09 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%National Income by Industry%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(billions of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  2419 02 56 07 07 08 09 09 09 10 @%                                                        1960   1965   1970    1975     1980     1988     1989 %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%National income without capital consumption adjustment  428.6  583.6  835.1   1,315.0  2,263.9  3,957.2  4,228.5Domestic industries                                     425.1  577.8  827.8   1,297.4  2,216.3  3,923.7  4,190.9Private industries                                      371.6  500.8  695.4   1,088.3  1,894.5  3,357.5  3,584.9 Agriculture, forestry, fisheries                        17.8   21.0   25.9    46.5     61.4     94.7     101.0 Mining                                                  5.6    6.1    8.4     21.2     43.8     35.2     36.4 Construction                                            22.5   32.3   47.4    69.9     126.6    215.8    225.1 Manufacturing                                           125.3  171.6  215.6   317.5    532.1    782.2    803.8 Durable goods                                           73.4   105.6  127.7   185.0    313.7    453.7    465.6 Nondurable goods                                        52.0   66.1   87.9    132.5    218.4    328.6    338.2 Transportation, public utilities                        35.8   47.0   64.4    101.1    177.3    298.2    314.2 Transportation                                          18.5   23.7   31.5    48.0     85.8     131.2    136.6 Communication                                           8.2    11.5   17.6    26.8     48.1     80.3     87.4 Electric, gas, and sanitary services                    9.1    11.7   86.8    90.2     43.4     86.8     90.2 Wholesale trade                                         25.0   32.5   47.5    83.0     143.3    228.6    247.4 Retail trade                                            41.3   55.1   79.9    123.1    189.4    340.9    360.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate                     51.3   67.4   96.4    143.9    279.5    562.0    613.8 Services                                                46.9   67.9   109.8   182.1    341.0    799.9    883.0 Government, government enterprises                      53.5   76.9   132.4   209.1    321.8    566.2    606.9Rest of the world                                       3.5    5.8    7.3     17.5     47.6     33.5     37.6 %@TE:   21  2419 02 56 07 07 08 09 09 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%National Income by Type of Income%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(billions of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  2525 02 56 07 07 07 09 09 09 10 @%                                                        1960   1965   1970   1975     1980     1988     1989 %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%National income%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                        424.9  585.2  832.6  1,289.1  2,203.5  3,984.9  4,223.3Compensation of employees                               296.7  399.8  618.3  948.7    1,638.2  2,905.1  3,079.0 Wages and salaries                                      272.8  363.7  551.5  814.7    1,372.0  2,431.1  2,573.2 Government                                              49.2   69.9   117.1  176.1    260.1    446.6    476.6 Other                                                   223.7  293.8  434.3  638.6    1,111.8  1,984.5  2,096.6 Supplements to wages, salary                            23.8   36.1   66.8   134.0    266.3    474.0    505.8 Employer contrib. for social ins.                       12.6   18.3   34.3   68.0     127.9    248.5    263.9 Other labor income                                      11.2   17.8   32.5   65.9     138.4    225.5    241.9 Proprietors' income                                     52.1   65.1   80.2   125.4    180.7    354.2    379.3 Farm                                                    11.6   13.0   14.7   25.4     20.5     43.7     48.6 Nonfarm                                                 40.5   52.1   65.4   100.0    160.1    310.5    330.7 Rental income of persons with capital consump. adjust.  15.3   18.1   18.2   13.5     6.6      16.3     8.2 Corp. prof., with inv. adjust.                          49.8   76.2   69.5   123.9    194.0    289.8    286.1 Corp. profits before tax                                49.9   77.4   76.0   134.8    237.1    316.7    307.7 Corp. profits tax liability                             22.7   30.9   34.4   50.9     84.8     136.2    135.1 Corp. profits after tax                                 27.2   46.5   41.7   83.9     152.3    180.5    172.6 Dividends                                               12.9   19.1   22.5   29.6     54.7     110.0    123.5 Undistributed profits                                   14.3   27.4   19.2   54.3     97.6     70.5     49.1 Inventory valuation adjustment                          -.2    -1.2   -6.6   -11.0    -43.1    -27.0    -21.7 Net interest                                            11.3   20.9   41.2   83.8     200.9    371.8    445.1 %@TE:   22  2525 02 56 07 07 07 09 09 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% %@AI@%National income%@AE@% is the aggregate of labor and property earnings which
arises in the current production of goods and services. It is the sum of
employee compensation, proprietors' income, rental income, corporate
profits, and net interest. It measures the total factor costs of the goods
and services producted by the economy. Income is measured before deduction
of taxes on income.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Gross National Product, Net National Product, National Income, and Personal%@EH@%
%@AS@%Income %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(billions of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   38  2375 02 60 07 09 09 09 09 10 @%                                                            1960   1970     1975     1980     1988     1989%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Gross national product%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                     515.3  1,015.5  1,598.4  2,732.0  4,873.7  5,200.8Less: Capital consumption allowances                        46.4   88.8     161.8    303.8    514.3    554.4Equals: Net national product                                468.9  926.6    1,436.6  2,428.1  4,359.4  4,646.4Less: Indirect business tax and nontax liability            45.3   94.0     140.0    213.3    388.7    414.0Business transfer payments                                  2.0    4.1      7.4      12.1     30.3     32.4Statistical discrepancy                                     -2.8   -1.1     2.5      4.9      -28.2    -17.0Plus: Subsidies less current surplus of government          .4     2.9      2.4      5.7      16.2     6.3enterprises                                                                                            Equals: National income                                     424.9  832.6    1,289.1  2,203.5  3,984.9  4,223.3Less: Corporate profits with inventory valuation and        49.5   74.7     117.6    177.2    337.6    311.6capital consumption adjustment                                                                         Net interest                                                11.3   41.2     83.8     200.9    371.8    445.1Contributions for social insurance                          21.9   62.2     118.5    216.5    442.6    476.8Wage accruals less disbursement                             .0     .0       .1       .0       0        0Plus: Government transfer payment to persons                27.5   81.8     185.7    312.6    557.4    604.5Personal interest income                                    24.9   69.3     122.5    271.9    547.9    643.2Personal dividend income                                    12.9   22.2     28.7     52.9     102.2    114.4Business transfer payments                                  2.0    4.1      7.4      12.1     30.3     32.4Equals: Personal income                                     409.4  831.8    1,313.4  2,258.5  4,070.8  4,384.3 %@TE:   38  2375 02 60 07 09 09 09 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Gross National Product is the market value of all goods and services that
have been bought for final use during a year. The GNP is considered the most
comprehensive measure of a nation's economic activity.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%Stock Exchanges%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%N.Y. Stock Exchange Transactions%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   27  1035 03 06 16 18 @%      Yearly volume   Yearly volumeYear  Stock shares    Bonds par values%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1900  138,981,000     $579,293,0001905  260,569,000     1,026,254,0001910  163,705,000     634,863,000 1915  172,497,000     961,700,0001920  227,636,000     3,868,422,0001925  459,717,623     3,427,042,2101929  1,124,800,410   2,996,398,000 1930  810,632,546     2,720,301,800 1935  381,635,752     3,339,458,0001940  207,599,749     1,669,438,000 1950  524,799,621     1,112,425,170 1960  766,693,818     1,346,419,750 1970  2,937,359,448   4,494,864,6001975  4,693,427,000   5,178,300,000 1980  11,352,294,000  5,190,304,000 1981  11,853,740,659  5,733,071,000 1982  16,458,036,768  7,155,443,0001983  21,589,576,997  7,572,315,0001984  23,071,031,447  6,982,291,0001985  27,510,706,353  9,046,453,0001986  35,680,016,341  10,475,399,0001987  47,801,308,660  9,726,244,0001988  40,438,346,358  7,594,644,0001989  41,698,538,270  8,836,374,000%@TE:   27  1035 03 06 16 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%American Stock Exchange Transactions%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20   757 03 06 15 21 @%      Yearly volume  Yearly volumeYear  Stock shares   Bonds%@AH@%1%@AE@% princ. amts.%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1929  476,140,375    $513,551,0001930  222,270,065    863,541,000 1940  42,928,337     303,902,000 1945  143,309,392    167,333,000 1950  107,792,340    47,549,000 1960  286,039,982    32,670,000 1970  843,116,260    641,270,000 1980  1,626,072,625  355,723,000 1981  1,343,400,220  301,226,000 1982  1,485,831,536  325,240,000 1983  2,081,270,000  395,190,000 1984  1,545,010,000  371,990,000 1985  2,100,860,000  645,182,000 1986  2,978,540,000  810,264,000 1987  3,505,950,000  684,965,000 1988  2,515,210,000  604,950,000 1989  3,125,030,000  708,836,000 %@TE:   20   757 03 06 15 21 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Corporate%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Components of Dow Jones Industrial Average %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Allied-Signal %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Aluminum Co. of Amer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
American Express%@NL@%
%@NL@%
AT&T%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Bethlehem Steel%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Boeing%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Chevron%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Coca-Cola%@NL@%
%@NL@%
DuPont%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Eastman Kodak%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Exxon%@NL@%
%@NL@%
General Electric%@NL@%
%@NL@%
General Motors%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Goodyear%@NL@%
%@NL@%
IBM%@NL@%
%@NL@%
International Paper%@NL@%
%@NL@%
McDonald's%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Merck%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Minn. Mining & Manuf. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Navistar%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Philip Morris%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Primerica%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Procter & Gamble %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Sears, Roebuck%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Texaco%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Union Carbide%@NL@%
%@NL@%
United Technologies%@NL@%
%@NL@%
USX Corp.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Westinghouse%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Woolworth%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Components of Dow Jones Transportation Average %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
AMR Corp.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Airborne Freight%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Alaska Air%@NL@%
%@NL@%
American President%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Burlington Northern%@NL@%
%@NL@%
CSX%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Carolina Freight%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Consolidated Freightways%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Consolidated Rail%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Delta Air Lines %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Federal Express%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Norfolk Southern%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Pan Am%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Ryder System%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Santa Fe Pacific %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Southwest Air Lines %@NL@%
%@NL@%
UAL%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Union Pacific%@NL@%
%@NL@%
USAir Group%@NL@%
%@NL@%
XTRA Corp%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Components of Dow Jones Utility Average %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
American Electric Power %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Centerior Energy%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Columbia Gas System %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Commonwealth Edison%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Consolidated Edison%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Consolidated Natural Gas %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Detroit Edison%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Houston Industries%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Niagara Mohawk Power %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Pacific Gas & Electric %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Panhandle Eastern%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Peoples Energy%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Philadelphia Electric%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Public Service Enterprises %@NL@%
%@NL@%
SCE%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Dow Jones Industrial Average Since 1954 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   39  2435 02 07 06 09 07 07 05 10 @%High   High  High     Year   Low    Low  Low%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Dec.   31    404.39   %@AB@%1954%@AE@%   Jan.   11   279.87Dec.   30    488.40   %@AB@%1955%@AE@%   Jan.   17   388.20 Apr.   6     521.05   %@AB@%1956%@AE@%   Jan.   23   462.35 July   12    520.77   %@AB@%1957%@AE@%   Oct.   22   419.79 Dec.   31    583.65   %@AB@%1958%@AE@%   Feb.   25   436.89 Dec.   31    679.36   %@AB@%1959%@AE@%   Feb.   9    574.46 Jan.   5     685.47   %@AB@%1960%@AE@%   Oct.   25   566.05 Dec.   13    734.91   %@AB@%1961%@AE@%   Jan.   3    610.25 Jan.   3     726.01   %@AB@%1962%@AE@%   June   26   535.76 Dec.   18    767.21   %@AB@%1963%@AE@%   Jan.   2    646.79 Nov.   18    891.71   %@AB@%1964%@AE@%   Jan.   2    766.08 Dec.   31    969.26   %@AB@%1965%@AE@%   June   28   840.59 Feb.   9     995.15   %@AB@%1966%@AE@%   Oct.   7    744.32 Sept.  25    943.08   %@AB@%1967%@AE@%   Jan.   3    786.41 Dec.   3     985.21   %@AB@%1968%@AE@%   Mar.   21   825.13 May    14    968.85   %@AB@%1969%@AE@%   Dec.   17   769.93 Dec.   29    842.00   %@AB@%1970%@AE@%   May    6    631.16 Apr.   28    950.82   %@AB@%1971%@AE@%   Nov.   23   797.97 Dec.   11    1036.27  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%   Jan.   26   889.15 Jan.   11    1051.70  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%   Dec.   5    788.31 Mar.   13    891.66   %@AB@%1974%@AE@%   Dec.   6    577.60 July   15    881.81   %@AB@%1975%@AE@%   Jan.   2    632.04 Sept.  21    1014.79  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%   Jan.   2    858.71 Jan.   3     999.75   %@AB@%1977%@AE@%   Nov.   2    800.85 Sept.  8     907.74   %@AB@%1978%@AE@%   Feb.   28   742.12 Oct.   5     897.61   %@AB@%1979%@AE@%   Nov.   7    796.67 Nov.   20    1000.17  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%   Apr.   21   759.13 Apr.   27    1024.05  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%   Sept.  25   824.01 Dec.   27    1070.55  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%   Aug.   12   776.92 Nov.   29    1287.20  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%   Jan.   3    1027.04 Jan.   6     1286.64  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%   July   24   1086.57 Dec.   16    1553.10  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%   Jan.   4    1184.96 Dec.   2     1955.57  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%   Jan.   22   1502.29 Aug.   25    2722.42  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%   Oct.   19   1738.74 Oct.   21    2183.50  %@AB@%1988%@AE@%   Jan.   20   1879.14 Oct.   9     2791.41  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%   Jan.   3    2144.64 July   16    2999.75  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%  Oct.   11   2365.10 %@TE:   39  2435 02 07 06 09 07 07 05 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@% As of 10/15/90 %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Most Active Common Stocks in 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   56  2068 03 29 47 @%New York Exchange            New York ExchangeStock                        Volume (millions of shares)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%AT&T                         462.1IBM                          402.3General Electric             357.6Exxon                        336.2Union Carbide                316.9Texaco                       297.3USX                          286.6Eastman Kodak                281.9Philip Morris                280.3Ford Motor                   263.9Warner Comm.                 256.1General Motors               252.3Citicorp                     238.8American Express             236.7Texas Utilities              230.8BankAmerica                  225.8Bristol-Myers                224.5BAT Industries               173.7Wang Labs "B"                123.6Texas Air                    119.1Amdahl                       99.0Echo Bay Mines               84.4Fruit of the Loom            82.3DWG                          64.4ENSCO                        56.9Diasonics                    50.3Bolar Pharm                  43.5Hasbro                       40.0New York Times               35.9Home Shopping                35.1Atari                        34.5Western Digital              34.1Magma Copper                 33.5OMI                          32.0Carnival Cruise              31.6MCI                          485.4Apple Computer               454.6Intel                        384.3Sun Microsystems             295.8Seagate Technology           199.2Jaguar                       196.7Tele-Comm. "A"               184.9Oracle Systems               182.2First Executive              168.0Liz Claiborne                154.2Microsoft                    135.4Laidlaw Transpt "B"          131.9Lin Broadcasting             130.0Lotus Development            129.8Reuters Holdings             122.9Micron Technology            122.4McCaw Technology             116.93 Com                        116.6%@TE:   56  2068 03 29 47 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Top Mutual Funds %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      Lipper Analytical Services Inc.%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   79  3702 04 38 38 @%Ten Years                             Ten Years12/31/79 To 12/31/89                  12/31/79 To 12/31/89                                      Percent%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Fidelity Magellan                     1123.85Merrill Lynch Pacific A               940.74 Japan Fund                            663.90 Loomis-Sayles Capital                 624.22 Phoenix: Growth                       620.91 Lindner Fund                          592.25 New England: Growth                   569.91 Janus Fund                            558.51 Phoenix: Stock                        555.17 Lindner Dividend                      553.83 AIM: Weingarten Equity                545.90 20th Century: Select                  542.24 GT Global Growth: Pacific             540.00 IDS New Dimensions                    536.16 New York Venture                      535.48 Amev Capital                          526.48 Windsor Fund                          524.81 Amev Growth                           524.67 SteinRoe Special                      523.27 Fidelity Destiny I                    520.47 Vanguard High Yield Stock             515.11 United Vanguard                       513.98 SoGen International                   513.53 Washington Mutual Inv                 512.88 Sequoia Fund                          499.46 New England Zenith Cap Growth         497.61 Fidelity Overseas                     353.21 Merrill Lynch Pacific A               328.87 Japan Fund                            314.44 Trustees Commingled Intl              292.02 Alliance International                285.43 Vanguard World: Intl Growth           285.22 Kleinwort Benson: Intl Eq             282.49 GAM International                     278.01 T Rowe Price Intl Stock               268.97 20th Century: Giftrust                261.33 GT Global Growth: Pacific             258.40 Financial Port: Pacific               256.53 Intl Fd for Institutions              255.00 Oppenheimer Global                    250.21 FT International                      249.64 PaineWebber Classic: Atlas            246.79 Scudder International                 241.92 Bailard, Biehl&Kaiser Intl            240.06 Financial Port: Health                239.20 Putnam Intl Equities                  234.70 Kemper International                  232.68 First Inv Global                      231.79 Oppenheimer Gld & Sp Min              227.01 Templeton Foreign                     224.52 Alger: Small Capital                  65.08 United Services Gold Shrs             64.73 Strategic Investments                 61.21 GT Global Growth: Japan               60.73 Financial Port: Health                59.72 Fidelity Sel Energy Ser               59.44 Fidelity Sel Medical                  58.02 Vista: Growth & Inc                   56.85 GT Global Growth: America             54.77 SLH Amer Telecom: Income              52.22 20th Century: Vista Inv               52.20 Eagle Growth Shares                   52.09 International Investors               51.27 Fidelity Sel Telecom                  50.88 Janus Twenty                          50.85 20th Century: Giftrust                50.21 Delaware: Trend                       49.69 Flag Inv Telephone Inc                48.86 One Hundred                           48.31 GT Global Growth: Pacific             48.12 Sherman, Dean                         47.27 Kaufmann Fund                         46.85 Janus Fund                            46.32 Medical Research Inv                  45.51 Amev Advntge: Capital App             45.02 %@TE:   79  3702 04 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%NASDAQ in 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%NASDAQ, The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations%@EH@%
reported turnover volume of 33.3 billion shares in 1989. This was an
increase of 7.9% over 1988. The number of companies with shares traded in
this market was 4,963 at the start of 1990, making NASDAQ the third-largest
market in the world, after the New York and Tokyo exchanges. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Employee Stock Ownership Plans %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  National Center for Employee Ownership %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12   474 02 06 17 31 @%Year  Number of plans  Employees in ESOPs (millions)%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1980  5,009            4.0481981  5,680            4.5371982  6,082            4.7451983  6,456            5.3971984  6,904            6.5761985  7,402            7.3531986  8,046            7.8601987  8,777            8.8601988  9,700            9.7001989  10,000%@AH@%1%@AE@%          10,000%@AH@%2%@AE@%%@TE:   12   474 02 06 17 31 @%

%@NL@%
One of the fastest growing forms of employee compensation is the employee
stock ownership plan (ESOP). The following table shows how ESOPs have grown
during the 1980s. %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Estimated. %@AH@%2%@AE@% As of May 25, 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Foreign Stock Markets %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13   696 02 25 15 25 @%Index                    Close 9/28/90  Pct.change year-to-date%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Sydney (All Ordinaries)  1398.3         -15.20Toronto (300 comp.)      3159.4         -20.41Dow Jones industrials    2452.48        -10.92Amsterdam (CBS-all sh.)  167.6          -17.36Hong Kong (Hng. Sng.)    2760.8         -2.67London (FTSE 100)        1990.2         -17.85Zurich (Swiss index)     894.5          -21.39Paris (CAC 40)           1491.8         -25.45Singapore (Str. Times)   1098.7         -25.83Frankfurt (DAX avg.)     1334.9         -25.44Tokyo (Nikkei average)   20,983.5       -46.08%@TE:   13   696 02 25 15 25 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Leading U.S. Businesses in 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 FORTUNE Magazine; World Almanac Research %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%(millions of sales, unless otherwise noted) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  278 12462 01 37 39 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aerospace                            Aerospace Boeing                               $20,276United Technologies                  19,766McDonnell Douglas                    14,995Rockwell International               12,633Allied-Signal                        12,021General Dynamics                     10,053Lockheed                             9,932Textron                              7,440Martin Marietta                      5,814Northrop                             5,200Apparel                              Apparel Levi Strauss                         $3,628VF                                   2,540Claiborne (Liz)                      1,411Fruit of the Loom                    1,321Hartmarx                             1,312Crystal Brands                       857Leslie Fay                           786Kellwood                             754Russell                              688Phillips-Van Heusen                  642Beverages                            Beverages Pepsico                              $15,420Anheuser-Busch                       9,481Coca-Cola                            9,171Seagold Vineyards Hldg.              3,005Coors (Adolph)                       1,770Brown-Forman                         1,012Building Materials                   Building Materials Owens-Illinois                       $3,692American Standard                    3,631Owens-Corning Fiber.                 3,021Corning                              2,469Manville                             2,228USG                                  2,201Norton                               1,535Lafarge                              1,497Certainteed                          1,365National Gypsum                      1,364Chemicals                            Chemicals Du Pont (E.I.) De Nemours            $35,209Dow Chemical                         17,730Union Carbide                        8,744Monsanto                             8,681Grace (W.R.)                         6,115Hoechst Celanese                     6,016Hanson Ind. NA                       5,933PPG Industries                       5,825Bayer USA                            5,425BASF                                 5,422Computers (incl. office equip.)      Computers (incl. office equip.) IBM                                  $63,438Digital Equipment                    12,866Hewlett-Packard                      11,899Unisys                               10,097NCR                                  5,956Apple Computer                       5,284Wang Laboratories                    3,078Pitney Bowes                         2,959Control Data                         2,952Compaq Computer                      2,876Electronics                          Electronics General Electric                     $55,264Westinghouse Electric                12,844Motorola                             9,620Raytheon                             8,796TRW                                  7,408Honeywell                            7,242Emerson Electric                     7,071Texas Instruments                    6,592Whirlpool                            6,289North American Philips               6,203Food                                 Food Philip Morris                        $39,069RJR Nabisco                          15,224Sara Lee                             11,738Conagra                              11,340Archer Daniels                       8,057Borden                               7,593Ralston Purina                       6,712Heinz (H.J.)                         5,832General Mills                        5,798Quaker Oats                          5,724Forest Products                      Forest Products International Paper                  $11,378Georgia-Pacific                      10,171Weyerhaeuser                         10,106James River                          5,902Kimberly-Clark                       5,777Stone Container                      5,361Champion International               5,254Scott Paper                          5,066Mead                                 4,647Boise Cascade                        4,338Furniture                            Furniture Johnson Controls                     $3,690Interco                              3,278Lear Siegler Seating                 1,015Leggett & Platt                      992Miller (Herman)                      799Ohio Mattress Hldg.                  706Hon Industries                       608Kimball International                597La-Z-Boy Chair                       556Industrial and Farm Equip.           Industrial and Farm Equip. Tenneco                              $14,439Caterpillar                          11,126Deere                                7,221Dresser Industries                   4,023Cummins Engine                       3,511Ingersoll-Rand                       3,447Black & Decker                       3,221Parker Hannifin                      2,520Baker Hughes                         2,328Dover                                2,136Life Insurance%@AH@%1%@AE@%                      Life Insurance%@AH@%1%@AE@%Prudential of America                $129,118Metropolitan Life                    98,740Equitable Life Assurance             52,512Aetna Life                           52,023Teachers Insurance & Annuity         44,374New York Life                        37,302Connecticut General Life             33,991Travelers                            32,088John Hancock Mutual Life             30.925Northwestern Mutual Life             28,500Metal Products                       Metal Products Gillette                             $3,850Masco                                3,151Illinois Tool Works                  2,173McDermott                            2,121Stanley Works                        1,981Crown Cork & Seal                    1,910Harsco                               1,351Ball                                 1,222Hillenbrand Ind.                     1,144Newell                               1,123Metals                               Metals Aluminum Co. of Amer.                $11,162LTV                                  6,362Reynolds Metals                      6,201Bethlehem Steel                      5,306Inland Steel Ind.                    4,147Amax                                 3,915Phelps Dodge                         2,726National Steel                       2,577Armco                                2,494Maxxam                               2,423Motor Vehicles and Parts             Motor Vehicles and Parts General Motors                       $126,974Ford Motor                           96,933Chrysler                             36,156Dana                                 5,157Navistar                             4,296Eaton                                4,249Paccar                               3,373Mack Trucks                          1,958Masco Industries                     1,687Fleetwood Enterprises                1,632Petroleum Refining                   Petroleum Refining Exxon                                $86,656Mobil                                50,976Texaco                               32,416Chevron                              29,443Amoco                                24,214Shell Oil                            21,703USX                                  17,755Atlantic Richfield                   15,905Phillips Petroleum                   12,492Unocal                               10,417Pharmaceuticals                      Pharmaceuticals Johnson & Johnson                    $9,844Bristol-Myers Squibb                 9,422American Home Products               6,747Merck                                6,698Pfizer                               5,904Abbott Laboratories                  5,454Warner-Lambert                       4,272Lilly (Eli)                          4,176Schering-Plough                      3,243Upjohn                               2,916Publishing & Printing                Publishing & Printing Time Warner                          $7,642Gannett                              3,523Times Mirror                         3,517Donnelly (R.R.)                      3,128Berkshire Hathaway                   2,484Tribune                              2,455Knight-Ridder                        2,343Reader's Digest                      1,871New York Times                       1,807McGraw-Hill                          1,789Retail%@AH@%2%@AE@%                              Retail%@AH@%2%@AE@%Sears Roebuck                        $53,913K Mart                               29,557Wal-Mart Stores                      25,922American Stores                      22,004Kroger                               19,088J.C. Penney                          16,405Safeway Stores                       14,325Dayton Hudson                        13,645May Department Stores                12,043Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea         10,073Rubber and Plastics Products         Rubber and Plastics Products Goodyear Tire                        $11,045Premark                              2,601Uniroyal Goodrich                    2,267Rubbermaid                           1,349Raychem                              1,104Cooper Tire & Rubber                 870Tredegar Ind.                        638Schulman                             626Standard Products                    560Carlisle                             558Scientific and Photographic Equip.   Scientific and Photographic Equip. Eastman Kodak                        $18,398Xerox                                17,635Minnesota Mining                     11,990Baxter International                 7,399Polaroid                             1,942Becton Dickinson                     1,921EG&G                                 1,655Tektronix                            1,439Bausch & Lomb                        1,231Perkin-Elmer                         1,105Soaps, Cosmetics                     Soaps, Cosmetics Procter & Gamble                     $21,689Unilever U.S.                        8,114Colgate-Palmolive                    5,110Avon Products                        3,396Revlon Group                         2,739Clorox                               1,471International Flavors                870Alberto-Culver                       717Helene Curtis Ind.                   629Chemed                               594Textiles                             Textiles Wickes                               $4,802Armstrong World Ind.                 2,864West Point-Pepperell                 2,568Burlington Holdings                  2,198Springs Industries                   1,909Amoskeag                             1,402DWG                                  1,185Shaw Industries                      1,176JPS Textile Group                    821Cone Mills                           715Tobacco                              Tobacco American Brands                      $7,265Universal                            2,920Lorillard                            1,475Standard Commercial                  951Dibrell Brothers                     689UST                                  670Transportation%@AH@%3%@AE@%                      Transportation%@AH@%3%@AE@%United Parcel Service                $12,380AMR                                  10,590UAL                                  9,915Delta Air Lines                      8,090CSX                                  7,821Texas Air                            6,769Union Pacific                        6,590NWA                                  6,554USAir Group                          6,257Federal Express                      5,183Utilities%@AH@%1%@AE@%                           Utilities%@AH@%1%@AE@%GTE                                  $31,987BellSouth                            30,050Bell Atlantic                        26,220NYNEX                                25,909US West                              25,426Pacific Gas & Electric               21,352Pacific Telesis Group                21,194Southwestern Bell                    21,161Southern                             20,086American Information Tech.           19,833%@TE:  278 12462 01 37 39 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Millions of assets as of Dec. 31, 1989; %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes revenues from
nonretailing activities; %@AH@%3%@AE@% Includes revenues from nontransportation
activities.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%U.S. Industrial Corporations with Largest Sales in 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AI@%FORTUNE Magazine%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  103  2912 02 29 18 29 @%Company (1988 rank)          Sales%@AH@%1%@AE@%(billions)  Income%@AH@%1%@AE@%(or loss)(millions) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%General Motors (1)           $127.0            $4,224Ford Motor (2)               96.9              3,835Exxon (3)                    86.6              3,510IBM (4)                      63.4              3,758General Electric (5)         55.3              3,939Mobil (6)                    60.0              1,809Philip Morris (10)           39.1              2,946Chrysler (7)                 36.1              359Du Pont (9)                  35.2              2,480Texaco (8)                   32.4              2,413Chevron (11)                 29.4              251Amoco (12)                   24.2              1,610Shell Oil (13)               21.7              1,405Procter & Gamble (15)        21.7              1,206Boeing (19)                  20.3              973Occidental Petroleum (14)    20.1              285United Technologies (16)     19.8              702Eastman Kodak (18)           18.4              529USX (23)                     17.7              965Dow Chemical (21)            17.7              2,487Xerox (22)                   17.6              704Atlantic Richfield (17)      15.9              1,953Pepsico (26)                 15.4              901RJR Nabisco (20)             15.2              (1,149)McDonnell Douglas (25)       15.0              219Tenneco (24)                 14.4              584Digital Equipment (30)       12.9              1,072Westinghouse Electric (27)   12.8              922Rockwell International (28)  12.6              734Phillips Petroleum (31)      12.5              219Allied-Signal (29)           12.0              528Minnesota Mining &           12.0              1,244Manufacturing (34)                             Hewlett-Packard (39)         11.9              829Sara Lee (36)                11.7              410International Paper (42)     11.4              864ConAgra (44)                 11.3              197ALCOA (40)                   11.2              944Caterpillar (35)             11.1              497Goodyear (32)                11.0              206Unocal (47)                  10.4              260Georgia Pacific (43)         10.2              661Weyerhaeuser (37)            10.1              341Unisys (38)                  10.1              (639)General Dynamics (41)        10.0              293Lockheed (33)                9.9               2Sun (48)                     9.9               98Johnson & Johnson (45)       9.8               1,082Motorola (52)                9.6               498Anheuser-Busch (46)          9.5               767Bristol-Myers Squibb (73)    9.4               747%@TE:  103  2912 02 29 18 29 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Fiscal year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Largest Corporate Mergers or Acquisitions in U.S.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%(as of mid-1990)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   58  3901 02 25 25 11 07 @%Company                  Acquirer                 Dollars    Year%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%RJR Nabisco              Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  24.9 bln.  1988Warner Communications    Time                     13.9 bln.  1989Gulf Oil                 Chevron                  13.3 bln.  1984 Kraft                    Philip Morris            11.5 bln.  1988Squibb                   Bristol-Myers            11.5 bln.  1989Getty Oil                Texaco                   10.1 bln.  1984Conoco                   DuPont                   8.0 bln.   1981Standard Oil             British Petroleum        7.9 bln.%@AH@%*%@AE@%  1987Federated Dept. Stores   Campeau                  7.4 bln.   1988Marathon Oil             U.S. Steel               6.5 bln.   1981Contel                   GTE                      6.2 bln.   1990Beatrice                 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  6.2 bln.   1986RCA                      General Electric         6.2 bln.   1986Superior Oil             Mobil Oil                5.7 bln.   1984Pillsbury                Grand Metropolitan       5.7 bln.   1988General Foods            Philip Morris            5.6 bln.   1986Safeway Stores           Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  5.3 bln.   1986Farmers Group            B.A.T. Industries        5.2 bln.   1988Southern Pacific         Santa Fe Railroad        5.2 bln.   1983Southland                J.T. Acquisition         5.1 bln.   1987Hughes Aircraft          General Motors           5.0 bln.   1985Nabisco                  R.J. Reynolds            4.9 bln.   1985Signal Cos.              Allied Corp.             4.9 bln.   1986Sperry                   Burroughs                4.8 bln.   1986Connecticut General      INA                      4.3 bln.   1981Borg-Warner              AV Holdings              4.2 bln.   1987Texasgulf                Elf Aquitaine            4.2 bln.   1981Cities Service           Occidental Petroleum     4.0 bln.   1982 Dome Petroleum           Amoco                    3.8 bln.   1987 R.H. Macy                various investors        3.7 bln.   1986American Hospital        Baxter Travenol          3.7 bln.   1986Owens-Illinois           Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  3.6 bln.   1987Belridge Oil             Shell Oil                3.6 bln.   1979NWA                      Checchi Group            3.6 bln.   1988Allied Stores            Campeau                  3.5 bln.   1986Fort Howard Paper        Morgan Stanley Group     3.5 bln.   1988ABC Broadcasting         Capital Cities Comm.     3.5 bln.   1985Columbia Pictures        Sony                     3.4 bln.   1989Viacom                   National Amusements      3.4 bln.   1987McCaw Cellular           LIN Broadcasting         3.3 bln.   1989Panhandle Eastern        Texas Eastern            3.2 bln.   1989Chesebrough-Pond's       Unilever N.V.            3.1 bln.   1987MidCon                   Occidental Petroleum     3.0 bln.   1986American Medical Intl.   IMA Holdings             3.0 bln.   1989Texas Oil and Gas        USX Corp.                3.0 bln.   1986 Emhart                   Black & Decker           2.8 bln.   1989Carnation                Nestle                   2.8 bln.   1984Celanese                 American Hoechst         2.7 bln.   1987Esmark                   Beatrice Foods           2.7 bln.   1984 G.D. Searle              Monsanto                 2.7 bln.   1986Continental Group        Kiewit-Murdock           2.7 bln.   1984St. Joe Minerals         Fluor                    2.6 bln.   1981Electronic Data Systems  General Motors           2.6 bln.   1984Firestone Tire           Bridgestone              2.6 bln.   1988Macmillan                Maxwell Comm.            2.6 bln.   1988Associated Dry Goods     May Dept. Stores         2.5 bln.   1986%@TE:   58  3901 02 25 25 11 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@% For the 45% of Standard Oil that British Petroleum did not already own. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Highest Paid Business Executives in 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AI@%Business Week%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  1125 02 41 35 @%Executive, Company                       1989 Compensation (in millions)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Craig O. McCaw, McCaw Cellular           $53.9 Steven J. Ross, Time Warner              34.2 Donald A. Pels, Lin Broadcasting         22.8 Jim P. Manzi, Lotus Development          16.4 Paul Fireman, Reebok International       14.6 Ronald K. Richey, Torchmark              12.7 Martin S. Davis, Paramount               11.6 Roberto C. Goizueta, Coca-Cola           10.7 Michael D. Eisner, Walt Disney           9.6 August A. Busch III, Anheuser-Busch      8.9 William G. McGowan, MCI                  8.7 James R. Moffett, Freeport-McMoRan       7.3 Donald E. Petersen, Ford Motor           7.1 P. Roy Vagelos, Merck                    6.8 W. Michael Blumenthal, Unisys            6.5 S. Parker Gilbert, Morgan Stanley        5.5 Harry A. Merlo, Louisiana-Pacific        5.3 Reuben Mark, Colgate-Palmolive           5.0 Robert J. Pfeiffer, Alexander & Baldwin  5.0 William P. Stiritz, Ralston Purina       4.9%@TE:   22  1125 02 41 35 @%

%@NL@%
The annual compensation survey of Business Week Magazine showed that U.S.
chief executive officers make more than 3 times as much as Japanese CEOs and
33 percent more than their European counterparts. Compensation includes
stock options and other performance bonuses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Distribution of Total Personal Income %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(in billions) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  2487 03 06 17 16 28 18 18 32 @%                                                                                     Personal Savings  Personal SavingsYear  Personal income  Personal taxes  Disposable Personal income  Personal outlays  Amount            As a pct. of disposable income%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1960  $402.3           $50.4           $352.0                      $332.3            $19.7             5.6%1965  540.7            64.9            475.8                       442.1             33.7              7.1 1970  811.1            115.8           695.3                       639.5             55.8              8.01974  1,168.6          170.2           998.3                       913.2             85.1              8.51975  1,265.0          168.9           1,096.1                     1,001.8           94.3              8.61976  1,391.2          196.8           1,194.4                     1,111.9           82.5              6.91977  1,540.4          226.4           1,314.0                     1,236.0           78.0              5.91978  1,732.7          258.7           1,474.0                     1,384.6           89.4              6.11979  1,951.2          301.0           1,650.2                     1,553.5           96.7              5.91980  2,165.3          336.5           1,828.9                     1,718.7           110.2             6.01981  2,429.5          387.7           2,041.7                     1,904.3           137.4             6.71982  2,584.6          404.1           2,180.5                     2,044.5           136.0             6.21983  2,838.6          410.5           2,428.1                     2,297.4           130.6             5.41984  3,108.7          440.2           2,668.6                     2,504.5           164.1             6.11985  3,325.3          486.6           2,838.7                     2,713.3           125.4             4.41986  3,526.2          512.9           3,013.3                     2,888.5           124.9             4.11987  3,776.6          571.7           3,205.9                     3,104.1           101.8             3.21988  4,070.8          591.6           3,479.2                     3,333.6           145.6             4.21989  4,384.3          658.8           3,725.5                     3,553.7           171.8             4.6%@TE:   22  2487 03 06 17 16 28 18 18 32 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Consumer Price Index %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in prices%@EH@%
over time of basic consumer goods and services. From Jan. 1978, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics began publishing CPI's for two population groups: (1) a
CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) which covers about 80% of the total
population; and (2) a CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
(CPI-W) which covers about 32% of the total population. The CPI-U includes,
in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, groups such as
professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed,
short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees and others not in the labor
force. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuels, transportation%@EH@%
fares, charges for doctors' and dentists' services, drugs, and the other
goods and services bought for day-to-day living. The index had been
measuring price changes from a designated reference date--1967--which
equaled 100.0. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Beginning with the release of data for January 1988, the standard reference%@EH@%
base period for the Consumer Price Index is 1982-84. The rebasing is in
keeping with the government's policy that index bases should be updated
periodically. The 1982-84 period was chosen to coincide with the time period
of the updated CPI's expenditure weights, which are based upon the Consumer
Expenditure Surveys for 1982, 1983, and 1984. All of the CPI figures in the
following tables have been changed to reflect the new reference base.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Consumer Price Indexes, 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   37  4023 05 22 20 22 22 22 20 22 22 22 @%                      CPI-U               CPI-U                 CPI-U                                       CPI-W               CPI-W                 CPI-W                      Unadjusted indexes  Unadjusted percent    Unadjusted percent    Seasonally adjusted   Unadjusted indexes  Unadjusted percent    Unadjusted percent    Seasonally adjusted                                           change to June 1990   change to June 1990   percent change from-                      change to June 1990   change to June 1990   percent change from-                                          from-                 from-                                                           from-                 from-                 (1982-84=100)         June 1990           June 1989             May 1990              May to June           June 1990           June 1989             May 1990              May to June%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Food, beverages       131.7               5.4                   0.5                   0.7                   131.5               5.5                   0.6                   0.7Housing               128.3               4.4                   0.9                   0.6                   126.2               4.2                   0.9                   0.6Apparel, upkeep       123.3               4.7                   -1.8                  -0.1                  122.4               4.7                   -1.8                  0 Transportation        118.2               2.0                   0.4                   0.4                   117.7               1.5                   0.5                   0.4Medical care          161.9               9.0                   0.7                   0.7                   161.8               8.7                   0.6                   0.6Entertainment%@AH@%1%@AE@%        131.9               4.5                   0.2                   0.2                   131.0               4.4                   0.2                   0.2Other goods,          157.8               7.9                   0.8                   0.9                   157.8               7.9                   1.0                   1.1 services                                                                                                                                                                    Services              138.8               5.5                   0.9                   0.7                   137.4               5.2                   0.9                   0.6Special IndexesAll items less food   129.4               4.4                   0.5                   0.5                   127.4               4.2                   0.6                   0.5Commodities less      115.8               2.7                   -0.1                  0.3                   115.4               2.6                   0.1                   0.4food                                                                                                                                                                        Nondurables%@AH@%1%@AE@%          124.6               4.7                   0.3                   0.3                   124.4               4.7                   0.4                   0.4Energy                99.5                0.5                   2.9                   0.6                   99.2                0.3                   3.0                   0.8All items less        134.2               5.1                   0.4                   0.6                   132.5               4.8                   0.4                   0.5energy                                                                                                                                                                      %@TE:   37  4023 05 22 20 22 22 22 20 22 22 22 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Consumer Price Indexes for Selected Items and Groups %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%               Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Dept. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%(all urban consumers = CPI-U) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           %@AS@%(1982-84 = 100. Annual averages of monthly figures) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   49  4434 02 35 06 07 06 07 07 07 07 09 @%                                   1970  1975   1980  1985   1986   1987   1988   1989%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All Items                          38.8  53.8   82.4  107.6  109.6  113.6  118.3  124.0 Food and beverages                 40.1  60.2   86.7  105.6  109.1  113.5  118.2  124.9Food                               39.2  59.8   86.8  105.6  109.0  113.5  118.2  125.1 Food at home                       39.9  61.8   88.4  104.3  107.3  111.9  116.6  124.2 Cereals, bakery prods.             37.1  62.9   83.9  107.9  110.9  114.8  122.1  132.4 Meats, poultry, fish, eggs         44.6  67.0   92.0  100.1  104.5  110.5  114.3  121.3 Dairy prods.                       44.7  62.6   90.9  103.2  103.3  105.9  108.4  115.6 Fruits, vegetables                 37.8  56.9   82.1  106.4  109.4  119.1  128.1  138.0 Sugar, sweets                      30.5  65.3   90.5  105.8  109.0  111.0  114.0  119.4 Fats, oils                         39.2  73.5   89.3  106.9  106.5  108.1  113.1  121.2 Nonalcoholic beverages             27.1  41.3   91.4  104.3  110.4  107.5  107.5  111.3 Other prepared foods               39.6  58.9   83.6  106.4  109.2  113.8  118.0  125.5 Food away from home                37.5  54.5   83.4  108.3  112.5  117.0  121.8  127.4 Alcoholic beverages                52.1  65.9   86.4  106.4  111.1  114.1  118.6  123.5 Housing                            36.4  50.7   81.1  107.7  110.9  114.2  118.5  123.0  Shelter                            35.5  48.8   81.0  109.8  115.8  121.3  127.1  132.8 Rent                               46.5  58.0   80.9  111.8  118.3  123.1  127.8  132.8 Maintenance, repairs               35.8  54.1   82.4  106.5  107.9  111.8  114.7  118.0 Fuel, other utilities              29.1  45.4   75.4  106.5  104.1  103.0  104.4  107.8 Electricity                        31.8  50.0   75.8  106.9  110.4  110.0  111.5  114.7 Household furnishings & operation  46.8  63.4   86.3  103.8  105.2  107.1  109.4  111.2 House furnishings                  55.5  69.8   88.5  101.7  102.2  103.6  105.1  105.5 Apparel & upkeep                   59.2  72.5   90.9  105.0  105.9  110.6  115.4  118.6  Apparel commodities                63.3  76.7   92.9  104.0  104.2  108.9  113.7  116.7 Men's & boys'                      62.2  75.5   89.4  105.0  106.2  109.1  113.4  117.0 Women's & girls'                   71.8  85.5   96.0  104.9  104.0  110.4  114.9  116.4 Footwear                           56.8  69.6   91.8  102.3  101.9  105.1  109.9  114.4 Transportation                     37.5  50.1   83.1  106.4  102.3  105.4  108.7  114.1  Private                            37.5  50.6   84.2  106.2  101.2  104.2  107.6  112.9 New cars                           53.0  62.9   88.4  106.1  110.6  114.6  116.9  119.2 Used cars                          31.2  43.8   62.3  113.7  108.8  113.1  118.0  120.4 Gasoline                           27.9  45.1   97.5  98.6   77.0   80.1   80.8   88.5 Auto insurance                     42.0  48.4   82.0  119.2  135.0  146.2  156.6  166.6 Public                             35.2  43.5   69.0  110.5  117.0  121.1  123.3  129.5 Airline fares                      28.3  38.0   68.0  112.5  117.1  122.8  124.2  131.6 Medical care                       34.0  47.5   74.9  113.5  122.0  130.1  138.6  149.3  Prescription drugs                 47.4  51.2   72.5  120.1  130.4  140.8  152.0  165.2 Physicians' services               34.5  48.1   76.5  113.3  121.5  130.4  139.8  150.1 Dental services                    39.2  53.2   78.9  114.2  120.6  128.8  137.5  146.1 Hospital room                      23.6  38.3   68.0  115.4  122.3  131.1  143.3  158.1 Entertainment                      47.5  62.0   83.6  107.9  111.6  115.3  120.3  126.5  Other goods & services             40.9  53.9   75.2  114.5  121.4  128.5  137.0  147.7  Tobacco products                   43.1  54.7   72.0  116.7  124.7  133.6  145.8  164.4 Personal care                      43.5  57.9   81.9  106.3  111.9  115.1  119.4  125.0 Toilet goods                       42.7  58.0   79.6  107.6  111.3  113.9  118.1  123.2 Personal care services             44.2  57.7   83.7  108.9  112.5  116.2  120.7  126.8 Personal, educational expenses     35.5  48.7   70.9  119.1  128.6  138.5  147.9  158.1 %@TE:   49  4434 02 35 06 07 06 07 07 07 07 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Consumer Price Indexes Annual Percent Change %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1548 02 24 07 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 06 06 06 @%                        1977%@AH@%1%@AE@%  1978  1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1985  1986   1987  1988  1989%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All items               6.5    7.6   11.3  13.5  10.3  6.2   3.2   3.6   1.9    3.6   4.1   4.8Food                    6.3    9.9   11.0  8.6   7.8   4.1   2.1   2.3   3.2    4.1   4.1   5.8 Shelter                 6.6    10.2  13.9  17.6  11.7  7.1   2.3   5.6   5.5    4.7   4.8   4.5 Rent, residential       6.1    6.9   7.2   8.9   8.7   7.6   5.8   6.2   5.8    4.1   3.8   3.9 Fuel & other utilities  10.7   6.9   10.8  16.4  14.6  9.8   5.6   1.6   -2.3   -1.1  -1.4  3.3 Apparel and upkeep      4.5    3.6   4.3   7.1   4.8   2.6   2.5   2.8   0.9    4.4   4.3   2.8 Private transportation  7.4    4.7   14.7  17.4  11.4  3.5   2.3   2.5   -4.7   -3.0  3.3   4.9 New cars                5.2    7.7   7.9   8.1   6.0   3.9   2.6   3.2   4.2    3.6   2.0   2.0 Gasoline                5.7    4.2   35.5  38.9  11.3  -5.3  -3.3  .8    -21.9  -4.0  0.9   9.5 Public transportation   4.6    3.0   6.6   25.7  24.1  10.9  4.8   4.5   5.9    3.5   1.8   5.0 Medical care            9.6    8.4   9.2   11.0  10.7  11.6  8.8   6.3   7.5    6.6   6.5   7.7 Entertainment           4.9    5.3   6.7   9.0   7.8   6.5   4.3   3.9   3.4    3.3   4.3   5.2 Commodities             5.8    7.2   11.3  12.3  8.4   4.1   2.9   2.1   -0.9   3.2   3.5   4.7 %@TE:   15  1548 02 24 07 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 06 06 06 @%

%@NL@%
The Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by all urban consumers. %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Change from 1976.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Consumer Price Index by Region and Selected Cities%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   77  7164 04 36 15 15 15 36 15 15 15 36 @%                                    CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Indexes                                      CPI-W Indexes  CPI-W Indexes  CPI-W Indexes                                                                                 Percent change to June 1990 from--                                               Percent change to June 1990 from--Area (1982-84 = 100)                Apr. 1990      May 1990       June 1990      June 1989                           Apr. 1990      May 1990       June 1990      June 1989%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%U.S. city average                   128.9          129.2          129.9          4.7                                 127.3          127.5          128.3          4.5Northeast urban                     134.5          134.7          134.9          5.0                                 133.1          133.3          133.6          4.9  More than 1,200,000                 135.4          135.4          135.4          4.9                                 133.1          133.1          133.3          4.9 500,000 to 1,200,000                133.5          133.6          134.4          5.8                                 132.0          132.1          132.9          5.6 50,000 to 500,000                   132.0          132.5          133.4          4.5                                 134.4          134.9          135.7          4.1 North Central urban                 125.8          126.0          126.9          4.2                                 123.7          123.9          124.8          4.1  More than 1,200,000                 127.3          127.4          128.6          4.6                                 124.4          124.4          125.6          4.4 360,000 to 1,200,000                124.8          125.3          125.6          3.9                                 122.3          122.8          123.1          3.9 50,000 to 360,000                   125.6          125.9          126.5          3.6                                 124.4          124.6          125.2          3.5 Less than 50,000                    121.1          121.4          122.3          4.2                                 120.8          121.1          122.0          4.1  South urban                         126.1          126.5          127.3          4.6                                 125.3          125.6          126.4          4.2 More than 1,200,000                 126.8          127.1          127.8          4.4                                 125.6          125.9          126.7          4.1 450,000 to 1,200,000                127.4          128.0          128.2          4.2                                 124.8          125.4          125.7          3.9 50,000 to 450,000                   124.6          124.5          125.3          4.1                                 125.0          124.9          125.7          3.8 Less than 50,000                    125.3          125.8          128.2          6.5                                 126.0          126.4          128.5          5.9 West urban                          129.6          130.0          130.8          5.0                                 128.0          128.3          129.1          4.7 More than 1,250,000                 131.5          132.0          132.6          5.0                                 128.4          128.8          129.4          4.7 50,000 to 330,000                   126.2          126.4          127.7          4.3                                 125.5          125.7          126.8          4.2Selected areasChicago, Ill.-Gary-Lake County,     130.4          130.4          131.7          4.8                                 126.5          126.5          127.9          5.0 Ill., Ind., Wis.                                                                                                                                                  L.A.-Anaheim, Riverside, Cal.       134.2          134.6          135.0          4.9                                 130.2          130.7          131.1          4.6 New York, N.Y.-Northern N.J., Long  137.3          137.2          137.1          5.1                                 135.0          134.9          135.0          4.9 Island, N.Y.                                                                                                                                                      Philadelphia, Wilmington, Trenton,  134.3          134.6          135.1          4.9                                 134.4          134.9          135.5          5.1 Pa., Del., N.J.                                                                                                                                                   San Francisco-Oakland, San Jose,    130.7          130.8          131.6          4.3                                 129.8          129.9          130.7          4.1 Cal.                                                                                                                                                              Baltimore, Md.                      -              129.0          -              -                                   -              128.3          -              - Boston, Lawrence, Salem, Mass.,     -              137.0          -              -                                   -              137.3          -              - N.H.                                                                                                                                                              Cleveland, Akron, Lorain Oh.        -              128.1          -              -                                   -              122.1          -              - Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.         -              126.4          -              -                                   -              124.6          -              - St. Louis, E. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill.   -              126.7          -              -                                   -              126.0          -              - Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.            -              134.0          -              -                                   -              132.8          -              - Dallas-Fort Worth, Tex.             122.9          -              123.8          3.2                                 122.2          -              123.2          2.7  Detroit, Ann Arbor, Mich.           126.9          -              127.7          4.6                                 123.9          -              124.7          4.5 Houston, Galveston, Brazoria, Tex.  118.3          -              119.7          4.9                                 118.6          -              120.0          4.8  Pittsburgh, Beaver Valley, Pa.      124.9          -              125.0          3.8                                 120.1          -              120.3          3.8  %@TE:   77  7164 04 36 15 15 15 36 15 15 15 36 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Personal Consumption Expenditures in the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(billions of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  145 11695 03 51 09 09 09 09 09 51 51 @%                                                                                                Average Annual % change                            Average Annual % change                                                   1985     1986     1987     1988     1989     1980-1985                                          1985-1989 %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Personal consumption expenditures                  2,629.0  2,797.4  3,009.4  3,238.2  3,450.1  8.7                                                6.2    Food & Tobacco                                     503.8    533.7    566.4    599.6    636.9    6.4                                                5.3  Food purchased for off-premise consumption         322.7    339.1    353.7    372.6    395.4    5.9                                                4.5Purchased meals and beverages                      139.9    151.6    165.5    176.6    188.8    6.9                                                6.9Tobacco products                                   32.2     33.6     35.6     36.9     41.7     9.1                                                5.9Clothing, accessories, jewelry                     193.3    207.5    222.3    240.0    257.8    7.4                                                6.7Shoes                                              22.9     24.3     25.9     27.5     29.8     6.3                                                6.0Clothing and accessories less shoes                133.4    142.4    152.5    163.4    174.7    7.7                                                6.2Jewelry and watches                                20.5     22.8     24.7     26.4     27.4     5.9                                                6.7Personal care                                      38.8     41.4     44.4     48.5     52.3     7.4                                                7.0   Toilet articles, preparations                      23.1     24.6     26.3     27.9     29.7     -                                                  5.7Barbershops, beauty parlors, baths, health clubs   15.7     16.8     18.2     20.4     22.6     -                                                  8.8Housing                                            403.0    434.2    468.9    502.3    533.9    9.0                                                6.5Owner-occupied nonfarm dwellings space rent        272.7    293.7    316.9    339.2    361.7    8.9                                                6.5Tenant-occupied nonfarm dwellings rent             103.8    114.3    123.6    132.9    141.2    10.9                                               7.2Rental value of farm dwellings                     10.9     9.7      10.3     10.4     10.3     -.2                                                -1.1Household operation                                334.1    347.5    363.3    386.1    404.9    7.5                                                4.2Furniture, incl. bedding                           28.0     30.4     31.8     32.9     33.6     6.0                                                3.3Kitchen, other household appliances                23.7     25.5     26.7     28.4     29.4     -                                                  4.8China, glassware, tableware, utensils              13.0     14.3     15.3     16.5     18.0     -                                                  7.7Other durable house furnishings                    28.2     30.6     33.5     37.0     39.2     -                                                  7.8Semidurable house furnishings                      14.0     15.2     16.0     17.3     18.7     7.0                                                6.7Cleaning, household supplies, paper products       26.4     27.8     29.1     30.8     32.8     5.6                                                4.8Household utilities                                124.2    122.4    125.8    132.6    139.3    8.2                                                2.4Telephone, telegraph                               40.4     42.7     44.1     47.2     48.7     7.8                                                4.1Medical care                                       327.5    357.6    399.0    444.0    483.5    11.8                                               9.5Drug preparations, sundries                        28.1     30.2     32.3     34.3     36.4     8.4                                                5.9Physicians                                         73.5     80.6     94.0     106.1    113.0    11.8                                               10.7Dentists                                           21.5     22.8     25.0     27.1     29.0     9.4                                                7.0Privately controlled hospitals and sanitariums     140.2    152.4    166.3    182.9    201.1    11.3                                               8.7Health insurance                                   21.6     22.4     25.3     27.7     29.6     11.9                                               7.4Personal business                                  169.9    192.5    215.4    227.1    243.1    11.9                                               8.6Brokerage charges, investment counseling           14.8     19.7     20.5     17.6     19.2     -                                                  5.9Bank service charges, trust services, safe         11.7     13.0     14.6     15.6     17.5     -                                                  9.9deposit box rental                                                                                                                                 Legal services                                     28.0     30.9     35.0     39.6     42.9     15.2                                               10.6Funeral, burial expenses                           6.3      6.6      7.0      7.5      7.9      7.4                                                5.1Transportation                                     359.5    366.3    379.7    407.5    425.7    8.6                                                3.7   User-operated transportation                       330.1    335.9    346.3    371.0    387.6    8.8                                                3.5New autos                                          87.4     101.3    93.5     101.1    99.7     13.5                                               2.8Used autos                                         35.1     33.6     38.5     40.9     41.6     18.7                                               3.7Repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage,       49.1     52.0     55.9     63.2     69.6     8.7                                                8.4rental                                                                                                                                             Gasoline and oil                                   90.6     73.5     75.3     77.3     83.8     1.6                                                -1.5Tolls                                              1.4      1.7      1.9      1.7      1.7      -                                                  4.3Insurance premiums less claims paid                9.9      12.6     15.4     16.7     17.0     -                                                  14.3Purchased local transportation                     7.2      7.8      8.2      8.7      8.9      4.4                                                4.7Transit systems                                    3.6      3.8      4.0      4.2      4.3      8.4                                                3.8Taxicab                                            3.1      3.3      3.5      3.8      3.9      -                                                  5.2Railway (commutation)                              .5       .6       .7       .7       .7       10.8                                               8.0Purchased intercity transportation                 22.2     22.6     25.5     27.7     29.2     6.9                                                6.3Railway (excl. commutation)                        .6       .7       .7       .8       .9       -                                                  10.0Bus                                                1.2      1.1      1.4      1.6      1.3      -                                                  1.6Airline                                            18.5     18.8     20.8     22.8     24.2     6.7                                                6.2Recreation                                         185.7    201.2    223.2    245.1    264.4    10.1                                               8.5   Books, maps                                        8.1      8.6      9.5      10.5     11.4     -                                                  8.1Magazines, newspapers, sheet music                 13.2     13.9     15.4     17.0     18.5     4.9                                                8.0Nondurable toys and sport supplies                 21.1     23.1     26.2     28.0     30.2     7.6                                                8.6Wheel goods, durable toys, sports equipment,       26.7     29.7     33.2     35.4     36.2     -                                                  7.1boats, pleasure aircraft                                                                                                                           Radio and TV receivers, records, musical           37.0     38.8     41.6     47.1     51.1     13.2                                               7.6instruments                                                                                                                                        Flowers, seeds, potted plants                      5.5      5.8      7.0      7.5      8.1      -                                                  9.5Admissions to specified spectator amusements       9.5      10.2     11.3     12.1     13.4     -                                                  8.2Motion picture theaters                            3.6      3.9      4.2      4.4      5.0      -                                                  7.8Legitimate theater, opera                          3.0      3.3      4.0      4.5      4.9      -                                                  12.7Spectator sports                                   2.9      2.9      3.0      3.2      3.5      -                                                  4.1Clubs, fraternal organizations                     4.8      5.0      5.5      5.9      6.3      -                                                  6.3Commerical amusements                              15.1     16.0     17.1     18.7     20.2     -                                                  6.8Private education, research                        43.3     46.6     50.9     57.7     64.3     9.7                                                9.7Higher education                                   15.7     16.9     17.7     19.3     20.9     -                                                  6.6Elementary and secondary schools                   13.8     14.5     15.5     17.0     18.6     -                                                  7.0Religious and welfare activities                   57.1     62.9     68.1     75.9     82.9     9.2                                                9.0%@TE:  145 11695 03 51 09 09 09 09 09 51 51 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Percent Change in Consumer Prices in Selected Countries%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                       International Monetary Fund %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  1518 02 16 17 17 17 17 @%Country         1970-1975, avg.  1975-1980, avg.  1980-1985, avg.  1986-1987, avg.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%United States   6.7              8.9              5.5              3.7Australia       10.2             10.6             8.3              8.5 Austria         7.3              5.3              4.9              1.4 Belgium         8.4              6.4              7.0              1.6 Canada          7.3              8.7              7.4              4.4 France          8.8              10.5             9.6              3.3 Germany, W.     6.1              4.1              3.9              0.3 Greece          12.3             16.3             20.7             16.4 Italy           11.3             16.3             13.7             4.7 Japan           11.5             6.5              2.7              0 Netherlands     8.6              6.0              4.2              -0.5Norway          8.4              8.4              9.0              8.7 Portugal        15.4             21.8             23.2             9.3 Spain           12.1             18.6             12.2             5.3 Sweden          8.0              10.5             9.0              4.2 Switzerland     7.7              2.3              4.3              1.4 Turkey          18.6             50.1             37.8             38.8 United Kingdom  13.0             14.4             7.2              4.2%@TE:   20  1518 02 16 17 17 17 17 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%Inflation%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%Inflation started the 1980s in double digits but sank to as low as 1.1%@EH@%
percent in 1986. For the decade, prices rose 64.4 percent from the start of
1980 through December 1989. This was a marked improvement over the 1970s
when inflation exploded 103.0 percent, mostly as the result of soaring oil
prices. The 1960s saw inflation rise 28.2 percent, and the 1950s 24.6
percent.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Index of Leading Economic Indicators %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%         Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%The index of leading economic indicators, which is issued to project the%@EH@%
economy's performance six months or a year ahead, was unchanged in July
1990. Analysts said that the increase suggests that the economy may be on
the verge of a recession. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The index is made up of eleven measurements of economic activity that tend%@EH@%
to change direction long before the overall economy does. The volatility of
the index, caused in part by the fact that many of the statistics covered do
not reach the Commerce Department until weeks after the initial report,
usually results in at least one revision after the initial reporting.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Leading Indicators: Component Analysis %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   36  1153 03 38 38 @%Components                            Contribution to change June to July                                       1990%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Average workweek of production        -0.07workers in manufacturing              Average weekly claims for state       -0.01 unemployment insurance%@AH@%1%@AE@%               New orders for consumer goods and     -0.00materials, adjusted for inflation     Vendor performance (companies         -0.17 receiving slower deliveries from      suppliers)                            Contracts and orders for plant and    +0.21 equipment, adjusted for inflation     New building permits issued           -0.07 Change in manufactureres unfilled     -0.08 orders, durable goods                 Change in sensitive materials prices  +0.12 Index of stock prices                 -0.01 Money supply: M-2, adjusted for       -0.08 inflation                             Index of consumer expectations        +0.03 Leading indicators index, percent     0.00change                                %@TE:   36  1153 03 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Series is inverted in computing index; that is, a decrease in the series
is considered upward movement.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%State Finances %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Revenues, Expenditures, Debts, Taxes, and U.S. Aid %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    Census Bureau, U.S. Commerce Dept. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%(fiscal year 1989) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   53  6969 02 21 20 25 17 15 16 19 @%State, bond rating%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Revenue (millions)  Expenditures (millions)  Debt (millions)  Per cap. debt  Per cap. taxes  Per cap. U.S. aid%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%          $8,278              $7,401                   $4,078           $990           $889            $428Alaska, %@AH@%AA-%@AE@%          5,112               4,448                    5,611            10,647         2,674           1,142Arizona, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%          7,578               7,157                    2,069            581            1,141           290Arkansas, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%         4,300               3,840                    1,767            734            902             426 California, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%      81,708              72,583                   26,207           901            1,418           493 Colorado, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%         6,967               5,878                    2,171            654            875             380 Connecticut, %@AH@%AA+%@AE@%     9,045               8,972                    9,573            2,955          1,484           489Delaware, %@AH@%AA+%@AE@%        2,257               1,929                    2,831            4,206          1,679           460 Florida, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%          22,160              19,977                   8,967            707            983             279Georgia, %@AH@%AA+%@AE@%         11,898              10,835                   3,039            472            986             415Hawaii, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%           4,041               3,184                    3,063            2,754          1,993           453Idaho, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%            2,195               1,858                    834              822            996             465Illinois, %@AH@%AA+%@AE@%        22,243              20,346                   14,158           1,214          1,008           360 Indiana, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%          10,733              9,668                    3,587            641            1,055           362Iowa, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%             6,441               5,892                    1,618            569            1,112           431Kansas, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%           4,630               4,206                    344              136            993             350Kentucky, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%         8,028               7,401                    5,136            1,378          1,083           459Louisiana, %@AH@%BBB+%@AE@%      9,558               8,734                    12,160           2,775          905             477Maine, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%           3,164               2,837                    2,032            1,662          1,301           547Maryland, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%        11,501              10,117                   5,834            1,242          1,319           406Massachusetts, %@AH@%BBB%@AE@%   16,000              17,320                   16,336           2,762          1,534           500Michigan, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%         22,707              20,881                   8,198            884            1,199           456Minnesota, %@AH@%AA+%@AE@%       12,390              10,584                   3,601            827            1,469           478Mississippi, %@AH@%AA-%@AE@%     5,055               4,528                    1,346            513            882             496Missouri, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%        8,703               7,738                    4,893            948            908             314Montana, %@AH@%AA-%@AE@%         2,087               1,880                    1,347            1,670          903             647Nebraska, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%         2,864               2,559                    1,411            875            900             385Nevada, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%           2,784               2,532                    1,423            1,280          1,206           302New Hampshire, %@AH@%AA+%@AE@%   1,840               1,851                    2,946            2,661          553             318New Jersey, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%      21,869              20,812                   17,393           2,248          1,357           430New Mexico, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%       4,596               3,962                    1,896            1,240          1,237           494New York, %@AH@%A%@AE@%          60,678              54,073                   43,306           2,412          1,480           654North Carolina, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%  13,533              12,366                   2,950            448            1,121           380North Dakota, %@AH@%AA-%@AE@%    1,756               1,725                    927              1,404          1,007           663Ohio, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%             27,478              22,975                   10,513           963            991             386Oklahoma, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%         7,011               6,212                    3,577            1,109          1,027           446Oregon, %@AH@%AA-%@AE@%          6,767               5,686                    6,737            2,388          917             525Pennsylvania, %@AH@%AA-%@AE@%    25,681              22,987                   10,540           875            1,048           413Rhode Island, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%     2,960               2,744                    3,343            3,349          1,161           612South Carolina, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%  8,061               6,958                    3,775            1,074          1,058           418South Dakota, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%     1,407               1,253                    1,860            2,601          654             596Tennessee, %@AH@%AA+%@AE@%       8,325               7,742                    2,574            520            823             454Texas, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%            29,389              24,226                   6,665            392            822             329Utah, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%            3,693               3,513                    1,694            992            831             536Vermont, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%          1,530               1,434                    1,108            1,953          1,118           666Virginia, %@AH@%AAA%@AE@%        13,096              11,724                   5,510            903            1,085           338Washington, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%       13,507              11,650                   5,364            1,126          1,367           458West Virginia, %@AH@%AA-%@AE@%   3,985               3,820                    2,452            1,320          1,030           445Wisconsin, %@AH@%AA%@AE@%        13,132              10,514                   5,931            1,218          1,316           462Wyoming, %@AH@%NR%@AE@%          1,843               1,566                    926              1,950          1,225           1,023United States        $586,560            $525,077                 $295,618         $1,193.76      $1,147.02       $437%@TE:   53  6969 02 21 20 25 17 15 16 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Standard & Poor's long-term bond ratings for the states. The assessments
range from %@AH@%AAA%@AE@% to %@AH@%BBB%@AE@% depending on the credit agency's estimate of their
ability to pay principal and interest and their susceptibility to adverse
economic conditions. Ratings as of Mar. 1990. %@AH@%NR%@AE@% = States that have no
outstanding debt or have never applied for a rating. Totals do not add up
due to rounding. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Federal Aid to State and Local Governments %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   U.S. Office of Management and Budget %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(million of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26  2798 02 51 08 08 08 09 09 09 @%Type of aid, function, and major program           1970    1975    1980    1985     1988     1989%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Grant-in-aid shared revenue                        24,065  49,791  91,451  105,897  115,294  123,563National defense                                   37      74      93      157      188      232 Natural resources & environment                    411     2,437   5,363   4,069    3,747    3,736 Energy                                             25      43      499     529      475      437 Agriculture                                        604     404     569     2,420    2,069    1,715 Transportation%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                    4,599   5,864   13,087  17,055   18,083   18,188 Airports                                           83      292     590     789      825      1,123 Highways                                           4,395   4,702   9,209   12,841   926      13,509 Railroads                                          -       (z)     54      35       22       25 Urban mass transit                                 105     689     3,129   2,797    3,227    3,434 Commerce & housing credit                          4       2       3       2        1        -Community & regional development%@AH@%2%@AE@%                  1,780   2,842   6,486   5,221    4,267    4,316 Education, employment, training, social services%@AH@%2%@AE@%  6,393   12,133  21,862  17,817   19,882   22,359 Health%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                            3,849   8,810   15,758  24,451   586      36,615 Alcohol, drug abuse, & mental health%@AH@%3%@AE@%              146     590     679     501      720      927 Medicaid%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                          2,727   6,840   13,957  22,655   462      34,292 Income security%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                   5,819   9,352   18,495  27,153   620      33,389 Assistance payment program%@AH@%3%@AE@%                        4,142   5,121   6,888   8,592    764      11,322 Food stamps, administration                        559     136     413     886      113      1,373 Child nutrition & special milk programs%@AH@%3%@AE@%           379     1,565   3,388   3,480    158      4,491 Housing assistance%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                436     1,326   3,435   6,407    618      9,166 Veterans benefits & services                       18      33      90      91       106      128 Administration of justice                          42      725     529     95       338      359 General government%@AH@%4%@AE@%                                49      101     138     182      1,950    2,090 %@TE:   26  2798 02 51 08 08 08 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%       %@AS@%Percent Change in Federal Aid to State and Local Governments %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   U.S. Office of Management and Budget %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  1542 02 51 11 11 11 11 @%Type of aid, function, and major program           1970-1975  1975-1980  1980-1985  1985-1989%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Grant-in-aid shared revenue                        106%       83%        15%        16%National defense                                   100        25         68         47Natural resources & environment                    492        120        -24        -8Energy                                             72         1,060      6          -17Agriculture                                        -33        40         325        -29Transportation%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                    27         123        30         6Commerce & housing credit                          -50        50         -33        -Community & regional development%@AH@%2%@AE@%                  59         128        -19        -17Education, employment, training, social services%@AH@%2%@AE@%  89         80         -18        25Health%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                            128        78         55         49Income security%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                   60         97         46         22Veterans benefits & services                       83         172        1          40Administration of justice                          1,626      -27        -82        277General government%@AH@%4%@AE@%                                106        36         31         1,048%@TE:   16  1542 02 51 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Estimate. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes items not shown separately. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Incl. grants for
payments to individuals. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Incl. general purpose fiscal assistance.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(billions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    9   632 02 16 07 07 06 07 07 07 08 @%                1970   1975   1980  1985   1987   1988   1989%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All Countries   13.2   27.6   83.0  184.6  271.7  328.8  401.0Canada          3.1    5.3    12.1  17.1   24.0   27.3   32.0 Netherlands     2.1    5.3    19.1  37.0   49.1   48.9   60.0 Switzerland     1.5    2.1    5.0   10.5   14.6   15.8   - United Kingdom  4.1    6.3    14.1  43.5   79.6   101.9  119.0 W. Germany      0.680  1.4    7.5   14.8   20.3   23.8   28.0 Japan           0.229  0.591  4.7   19.3   35.1   53.3   70.0 %@TE:    9   632 02 16 07 07 06 07 07 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
Five countries accounted for 77 percent of the $401 billion worth of foreign
direct investment in the U.S. at the end of 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Consumer Credit Outstanding, 1970 to 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          Federal Reserve System %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(billions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Estimated amounts of credit outstanding as of end of year. Seasonally%@EH@%
%@AS@%adjusted.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   17  2089 02 47 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 @%Type of Credit                                 1970   1975   1980   1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Credit outstanding                             131.6  204.9  349.4  381.1  430.4  511.8  592.4  647.2  679.2  728.9Ratio to disposable personal income%@AH@%1%@AE@%(percent)  18.3   17.9   18.2   16.9   17.7   19.1   20.8   21.4   21.2   21.0Installment                                    103.9  167.0  297.6  323.5  367.9  442.5  517.8  572.0  607.7  659.5 Automobile paper                               36.3   56.9   111.9  124.2  143.7  173.7  209.6  247.3  266.0  281.2 Revolving                                      4.9    14.5   54.8   66.2   78.6   100.2  122.0  137.0  153.9  174.8 Mobile home paper                              2.4    15.3   18.6   22.8   23.7   25.7   26.8   27.4   26.4   25.7 All other loans                                60.2   80.1   112.1  110.2  121.6  142.8  159.2  160.4  161.5  177.8 Commercial banks                               48.6   82.9   145.5  149.1  169.3  209.1  241.6  263.0  282.9  318.9 Finance companies                              27.2   32.7   61.9   74.9   82.9   89.5   111.0  133.9  140.3  145.2 Credit unions                                  12.8   25.4   43.6   46.8   52.9   65.5   71.9   76.2   80.1   86.1 Retailers%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                     12.9   16.6   26.1   29.4   34.1   37.2   39.1   39.4   41.0   43.5 Other%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                         2.3    9.2    20.3   23.2   28.4   41.1   53.9   59.4   63.5   65.8 Noninstallment                                 27.7   37.9   51.8   57.6   62.5   69.2   74.7   75.1   71.4   69.4 Single-payment loans                           18.9   26.8   39.6   45.5   48.8   54.6   59.1   58.4   53.0   49.0 Charge accounts                                8.7    11.0   12.1   12.0   13.6   14.6   15.6   16.7   18.5   20.4 %@TE:   17  2089 02 47 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Based on fourth quarter seasonally adjusted disposable personal income at
annual rates as published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. %@AH@%2%@AE@%
Excludes 30-day charge credit held by travel and entertainment companies. %@AH@%3%@AE@%
Comprises savings institutions and gasoline companies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Philanthropy in the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Giving USA, 1989; a publication of the American Association of Fund-Raising%@EH@%
%@AS@%Counsel Trust for Philanthropy%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(billions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Sources of Contributors%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8  1048 02 14 14 13 13 10 10 13 13 14 14 @%Corporations  Corporations  Foundations  Foundations  Bequests  Bequests  Individuals  Individuals  Total Amount  Total Amount%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1970          .797          1970         1.90         1970      2.13      1970         16.19        1970          21.021975          1.202         1975         1.65         1975      2.23      1975         23.53        1975          28.611980          2.359         1980         2.81         1980      2.86      1980         40.71        1980          48.741985          4.472         1985         4.90         1985      4.77      1985         66.17        1985          80.311988          4.800         1988         6.15         1988      6.57      1988         86.35        1988          103.871989          5.000         1989         6.70         1989      6.70      1989         6.57         1989          96.43%@TE:    8  1048 02 14 14 13 13 10 10 13 13 14 14 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Uses of Contributions%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8   928 02 06 10 11 08 15 28 24 07 @%      Religion  Education  Health  Human service  Arts, culture & humanities  Public/society benefit  Other%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1970  9.34      2.60       3.44    2.92           .663                        .455                    2.641975  12.81     2.83       3.61    2.94           1.56                        .790                    4.401980  22.23     4.96       5.34    4.91           3.15                        1.46                    6.681985  37.46     8.17       7.72    8.50           5.08                        2.22                    11.161988  48.09     10.23      9.58    10.49          6.79                        3.21                    15.471989  54.32     10.69      10.04   11.39          7.49                        3.62                    17.15%@TE:    8   928 02 06 10 11 08 15 28 24 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Federal Reserve System %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%(as of Aug. 1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Federal Reserve System is the central bank for the United States. The%@EH@%
system was established on December 23, 1913, originally to give the country
an elastic currency, to provide facilities for discounting commercial paper,
and to improve the supervision of banking. Since then, the System's
responsibilities have been broadened. Over the years, stability and growth
of the economy, a high level of employment, stability in the purchasing
power of the dollar, and reasonable balance in transactions with foreign
countries have come to be recognized as primary objectives of governmental
economic policy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Federal Reserve System consists of the Board of Governors, the 12%@EH@%
District Reserve Banks and their branch offices, and the Federal Open Market
Committee. Several advisory councils help the Board meet its varied
responsibilities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The hub of the System is the seven member Board of Governors in Washington.%@EH@%
The members of the Board are appointed by the President and confirmed by the
Senate, to serve 14-year terms. The President also appoints the Chairman and
Vice-Chairman of the Board from among the board members for 4-year terms
that may be renewed. Currently, the board members are: Alan Greenspan,
Chairman; Edward W. Kelley, Jr.; Martha R. Seger; Wayne D. Angell; John P.
La Ware. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Board is the policy-making body. In addition to its policy making%@EH@%
responsibilities, it supervises the budget and operations of the Reserve
Banks, approves the appointments of their presidents and appoints 3 of each
District Bank's directors, including the chairman and vice chairman of each
Reserve Bank's board. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 12 Reserve Banks and their branch offices serve as the decentralized%@EH@%
portion of the System, carrying out day-to-day operations such as
circulating currency and coin, providing fiscal agency functions and
payments mechanism services. The District Banks are located in Boston, New
York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis,
Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas and San Francisco. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The System's principal function is monetary policy, which it controls using%@EH@%
three tools: reserve requirements, the discount rate and open market
operations. Uniform reserve requirements, set by the Board, are applied to
the transaction accounts and nonpersonal time deposits of all depository
institutions. Responsibility for setting the discount rate (the interest
rate at which depository institutions can borrow money from the Reserve
Banks) is shared by the Board of Governors and the Reserve Banks. Changes in
the discount rate are recommended by the individual Boards of Directors of
the Reserve Banks and are subject to approval by the Board of Governors. The
most important tool of monetary policy is open market operations (the
purchase and sale of government securities). Responsibility for influencing
the cost and availability of money and credit through the purchase and sale
of government securities lies with the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC).
This committee is composed of the 7 members of the Board of Governors, the
president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and 4 other Federal
Reserve Bank presidents, who serve one-year terms on a rotating basis. The
committee bases its decisions on current economic and financial developments
and outlook, setting yearly growth objectives for key measures of money
supply and credit. The decisions of the committee are carried out by the
Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Federal Reserve Act prescribes a Federal Advisory Council, consisting of%@EH@%
one member from each Federal Reserve District, elected annually by the Board
of Directors of each of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. They meet with the
Federal Reserve Board four times a year to discuss business and financial
conditions and to make advisory recommendations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Consumer Advisory Council is a statutory body, including both consumer%@EH@%
and creditor representatives, which advises the Board of Governors on its
implementation of consumer regulations and other consumer-related matters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Following the passage of the Monetary Control Act of 1980, the Board of%@EH@%
Governors established the Thrift Institutions Advisory Council to provide
information and views on the special needs and problems of thrift
institutions. The group is comprised of representatives of mutual savings
banks, savings and loan associations, and credit unions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Federal Reserve Board Discount Rate %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The discount rate is the rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that%@EH@%
member banks are charged when borrowing money through the Federal Reserve
System%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   31  1685 02 25 25 06 @%Effective Date           Effective Date           Rate%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1980:                    Feb. 15                  13                         May 30                   12                         June 13                  11                         July 28                  10                         Sept. 26                 11                         Nov. 17                  12                         Dec. 5                   131981:                    May 5                    14                         Nov. 2                   13                         Dec. 4                   121982:                    July 20                  11                         Aug. 2                   11                         Aug. 16                  10                         Aug. 27                  10                         Oct. 12                  9                         Nov. 22                  9                         Dec. 15                  81984:                    April 9                  9                         Nov. 21                  8                         Dec. 24                  81985:                    May 20                   71986:                    March 7                  7                         April 21                 6                         July 11                  6                         Aug. 21                  51987:                    Sept. 4                  61988:                    Aug. 9                   61989:                    Feb. 24                  7In effect Aug. 30, 1990  In effect Aug. 30, 1990  7 %@TE:   31  1685 02 25 25 06 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Gold Reserves of Central Banks and Governments%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            IMF, %@AI@%International Financial Statistics%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%(Million fine troy ounces) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   19  2519 02 10 16 15 08 07 09 08 14 07 13 13 16 @%Year end  All countries%@AH@%1%@AE@%  United States  Canada  Japan  Belgium  France  West Germany  Italy  Netherlands  Switzerland  United Kingdom%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1973      1,022.24        275.97         21.95   21.11  42.17    100.91  117.61        82.48  54.33        83.20        21.011974      1,020.24        275.97         21.95   21.11  42.17    100.93  117.61        82.48  54.33        83.20        21.03 1975      1,018.71        274.71         21.95   21.11  42.17    100.93  117.61        82.48  54.33        83.20        21.03 1976      1,014.23        274.68         21.62   21.11  42.17    101.02  117.61        82.48  54.33        83.28        21.03 1977      1,029.19        277.55         22.01   21.62  42.45    101.67  118.30        82.91  54.63        83.28        22.23 1978      1,036.82        276.41         22.13   23.97  42.59    101.99  118.64        83.12  54.78        83.28        22.83 1979      944.44          264.60         22.18   24.23  34.21    81.92   95.25         66.71  43.97        83.28        18.25 1980      952.99          264.32         20.98   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        18.84 1981      953.72          264.11         20.46   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.03 1982      949.16          264.03         20.26   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.01 1983      947.84          263.39         20.17   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.01 1984      946.79          262.79         20.14   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.03 1985      949.39          262.65         20.11   24.33  34.18    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.03 1986      949.11          262.04         19.72   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.01 1987      944.49          262.38         18.52   24.23  33.63    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.01 1988      944.92          261.87         17.14   24.23  33.67    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        19.00 1989      938.95          261.93         16.10   24.23  30.23    81.85   95.18         66.67  43.94        83.28        18.99 %@TE:   19  2519 02 10 16 15 08 07 09 08 14 07 13 13 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Covers IMF members with reported gold holdings. For countries not listed
above, see %@AI@%International Financial Statistics,%@AE@% a monthly publication of the
International Monetary Fund.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%The Savings and Loan Crisis %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The savings and loan industry had its worst year ever in 1989 as losses%@EH@%
soared to $19.2 billion. This exceeded the previous biggest shortfall, which
came in 1988, when savings and loans lost $13.4 billion. There is no way to
forecast how much the U.S. government will eventually pay to save the
troubled industry. The following is the General Accounting Office estimate
of the cost of the bailout as of June 1990. (%@AI@%See Chronology for additional
%@AI@%information.%@AE@%) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In June 1990, The Resolution Trust Corporation, the government organization%@EH@%
created in 1989 to handle the savings & loan industry bailout, released its
list of real estate for sale. It included 35,908 properties with a book
value of $14.9 billion. The properties had been owned by 148 failed savings
and loans in liquidation.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Type of Property %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nearly 84 percent of the property for sale was residential property, mainly%@EH@%
in Texas. The remaining 16 percent was commercial property; less than 1
percent was undeveloped land. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Properties by State and Type %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  2342 02 22 12 06 13 @%                      Commercial  Land  Residential%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama               102         11    314Alaska                21          0     331 Arizona               349         6     1,576Arkansas              60          2     303 California            81          4     222Colorado              444         10    1,384Connecticut           0           0     7Delaware              1           0     1District of Columbia  0           0     3Florida               276         6     1,174Georgia               34          5     622Hawaii                1           0     1Idaho                 2           0     12Illinois              30          3     334Indiana               7           1     16Iowa                  20          1     77Kansas                65          2     410Kentucky              0           0     35Louisiana             395         9     2,486Maine                 1           0     1Maryland              3           0     14Massachusetts         0           0     3Michigan              2           0     9Minnesota             20          1     131Mississippi           76          1     263Missouri              11          1     150Montana               0           1     1Nebraska              12          0     67Nevada                4           0     38New Jersey            2           0     7New Mexico            148         6     649New York              0           0     18North Carolina        13          0     47North Dakota          15          0     59Ohio                  10          0     113Oklahoma              153         3     1,770Oregon                10          1     156Pennsylvania          15          1     263South Carolina        19          0     113Tennessee             34          21    298Texas                 3,063       127   15,156Utah                  45          2     440Virginia              11          0     140Washington            21          0     65West Virginia         1           0     3Wisconsin             23          3     20Wyoming               13          0     43State not known       86          4     631Puerto Rico           0           0     1Total                 5,699       232   29,977%@TE:   52  2342 02 22 12 06 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Capital Gains Tax %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Chamber of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%The following shows how the world's stock market indexes performed for the%@EH@%
%@AS@%first 9 months of 1990 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13   444 02 20 56 @%Year                Effective rate (percent)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1960                25.01968                26.91969                27.51970                32.21971                34.41972                45.51976                49.11979                28.01981                20.01987                28.01988                33.0%@TE:   13   444 02 20 56 @%

%@NL@%
The following shows how the top effective tax rate on capital gains has
changed since 1960.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%Chapter 11 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chapter 11 refers to the provisions in the Federal Bankruptcy Act for%@EH@%
court-supervised reorganization of debtor companies. A company files for
Chapter 11 protection when it can no longer pay its creditors or when it
expects future liabilities it cannot hope to pay, like product liability
damage awards. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Process %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. Judge issues automatic stay%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Creditors cannot press suits for repayment.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Debts are frozen.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Company's day-to-day operations continue.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Significant spending must have judge's approval.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Secured creditors can ask court for hardship exemption from debt%@EH@%
freeze.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. Unsecured creditors form a committee%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Representatives are chosen to deal with the company.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Creditors can ask the court to appoint an examiner to investigate%@EH@%
possible fraud or mismanagement.%@NL@%
%@4@%        *  Court can name a trustee to run the company.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. The committee and company negotiate a reorganization plan.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Parties hammer out a repayment plan for frozen debts. This step%@EH@%
can take months or years.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. Creditors approve the plan%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%        *  Must have assent of majority of creditors as well as creditors%@EH@%
who are owed two-thirds of the debt.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. Judge approves the plan%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Reorganized Company Emerges %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  It must meet the terms of the agreed repayment plan.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  It operates as a normal company.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Bankruptcy Petitions, 1905-1988%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Annual Report of the Director%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(In thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26   490 02 06 07 09 @%Year  Filed  Pending%@AB@%──────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1905  17     281910  18     281915  28     441920  14     301925  46     601930  63     611935  69     651940  53     551945  13     211950  33     381955  59     561960  110    951965  180    1621970  194    1911975  254    2021980  278    3461981  360    3621982  368    4611983  375    5371984  344    5781985  365    6091986  478    7291987  561    8091988  594    815%@TE:   26   490 02 06 07 09 @%

%@NL@%
For fiscal years ending in year shown. Covers all U.S. bankruptcy courts.
Bankruptcy petitions "Filed" means the commencement of a proceeding through
the presentation of a petition to the clerk of the bankruptcy court;
"Pending" is a proceeding in which the administration has not been
completed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Notable Bankruptcy Filings %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15   667 02 28 06 19 @%Company                     Year  Assets (billions)%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Texaco                      1987  $35.89Financial Corp. of America  1988  33.86MCorp.                      1989  20.23Baldwin-United              1983  9.38Southmark                   1989  9.16Allied/Federated            1990  9.13Penn Central                1970  6.85Lomas Financial             1989  6.64LTV Corp.                   1986  6.31American Continental        1989  5.10Drexel Burnham Lambert      1990  3.60Manville                    1982  2.00Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel   1985  1.00%@TE:   15   667 02 28 06 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%All Banks in U.S.--Number, Deposits %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          Federal Reserve System %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   39  4487 05 06 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%      Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Total deposits  Total deposits  Total deposits  Total deposits  Total deposits  Total deposits      banks           banks           banks           banks           banks           banks           (millions of    (millions of    (millions of    (millions of    (millions of    (millions of                                                                                                       dollars)        dollars)        dollars)        dollars)        dollars)        dollars)                      F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  Nonmembers      Nonmembers      F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  Nonmembers      NonmembersYear  Total all       Total           Nat'l           State           Mutual savings  Other           Total all       Total           Nat'l           State           Mutual savings  Other      banks                                                                                           banks                                                                           %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1925  26,479          9,538           8,066           1,472           621             18,320          $51,641         $32,457         $19,912         $12,546         $7,089          $12,0951930  23,855          8,315           7,247           1,068           604             14,936          59,828          38,069          23,235          14,834          9,117           12,642 1935  16,047          6,410           5,425           985             569             9,068           51,149          34,938          22,477          12,461          9,830           6,381 1940  14,955          6,398           5,164           1,234           551             8,008           70,770          51,729          33,014          18,715          10,631          8,410 1945  14,542          6,840           5,015           1,825           539             7,163           151,033         118,378         76,534          41,844          14,413          18,242 1950  14,674          6,885           4,971           1,914           527             7,262           163,770         122,707         82,430          40,277          19,927          21,137 1955  14,309          6,611           4,744           1,867           525             7,173           208,850         154,670         98,636          56,034          27,310          26,870 1960  14,006          6,217           4,542           1,675           513             7,276           249,163         179,519         116,178         63,341          35,316          34,328 1965  14,295          6,235           4,803           1,432           504             7,556           362,611         259,743         171,528         88,215          50,980          51,889 1970  14,167          5,805           4,638           1,167           496             7,866           502,542         346,289         254,322         91,967          69,285          86,968 1975  15,108          5,787           4,741           1,046           475             8,846           896,879         590,999         447,590         143,409         110,569         195,311 1980  15,145          5,422           4,425           997             460             9,263           1,333,399       843,030         651,848         191,182         150,000         340,369 1985  14,713          6,044           4,964           1,080           344             8,325           1,973,816       1,285,562       1,033,631       251,931         137,535         500,179 1987  14,068          5,736           4,630           1,106           371             7,961           2,150,569       1,415,436       1,139,441       275,995         168,320         566,813 1988  13,500          5,435           4,363           1,072           376             7,689           2,287,274       1,510,695       1,223,410       287,285         183,045         593,533 1989  13,102          5,245           4,198           1,047           375             7482            2,412,373       1,606,860       1,307,953       298,907         188,628         616,885 %@TE:   39  4487 05 06 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
Comprises all national banks in the United States and all state commercial
banks, trust companies, mutual stock savings banks, private and industrial
banks, and special types of institutions that are treated as banks by the
federal bank supervisory agencies. Data as of June 30 prior to 1975.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@% The primary purpose of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is%@EH@%
to insure  deposits in all banks approved for insurance coverage benefits
under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. The major functions of the FDIC are
to pay off depositors of insured banks closed without adequate provision
having been made to pay depositors' claims, to act as receiver for all
national banks placed in receivership and for state banks placed in
receivership when appointed receiver by state authorities, and to prevent
the continuance or development of unsafe and unsound banking practices. The
FDIC's entire income consists of assessments on insured banks and income
from investments; it receives no appropriations from Congress. It may borrow
from the U.S. Treasury not to exceed $3 billion outstanding, but has made no
such borrowings since it was organized in 1933. The FDIC surplus (Deposit
Insurance Fund) as of Jan. 1, 1990 was $13.2 billion.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%      %@AS@%Assets and Liabilities of Individuals in the U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          Federal Reserve System%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(billions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   27  2718 02 33 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 @%                                 1960    1965    1970    1975    1980    1985    1988     1989%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total financial assets           1010.1  1501.9  1963.5  2625.6  4680.0  8057.1  10391.7  11700.1Checkable deposits & currency    91.4    107.0   136.9   186.2   298.8   447.9   574.7    586.8 Time & savings deposits          164.8   289.7   427.4   766.3   1276.8  2025.6  2394.8   2529.0 Money market fund shares         -       -       -       3.7     64.9    214.5   287.0    371.9 Securities                       513.3   763.6   923.2   906.7   1604.8  2817.6  3551.5   4149.1 U.S. savings bonds               45.6    49.7    52.1    67.4    72.5    79.8    109.6    117.7 Other U.S. Treasury securities   27.3    26.5    33.5    50.6    150.6   409.3   479.0    498.3 U.S. Govt. agency securities     1.0     1.1     15.9    8.0     45.4    98.0    218.4    326.1 Tax-exempt obligations           31.0    36.5    47.1    67.2    78.2    219.2   282.0    298.8 Corporate & foreign bonds        10.9    9.0     33.8    68.2    53.2    38.0    93.9     147.5 Open-market paper                2.0     5.8     13.6    8.0     41.4    85.7    143.9    157.2 Mutual fund shares               17.0    34.4    44.5    38.7    52.1    203.0   415.9    463.1 Other corporate equities         378.4   600.5   682.7   598.6   1111.3  1684.7  1809.0   2140.4 Private life insurance res.      78.8    98.9    123.3   158.5   207.4   246.5   314.4    342.0 Private insured pension res.     18.9    27.3    41.0    72.3    172.0   400.0   627.7    735.9 Private noninsured pension res.  38.1    74.4    112.0   225.0   469.6   848.1   1116.7   1250.4 Govt. insurance & pension res.   40.2    60.8    95.2    154.7   283.6   563.7   825.3    966.6 Miscellaneous financial assets   64.5    80.3    104.4   152.1   302.3   493.1   699.5    768.5 Total liabilities                287.1   448.7   650.3   1127.2  2180.0  3642.9  4809.3   5182.4 Mtg. debt on nonfarm homes       139.1   216.3   292.2   473.3   950.3   1485.4  2166.2   2383.4 Other mortgage debt%@AH@%2%@AE@%             34.0    63.3    117.4   223.4   413.8   768.1   994.7    1045.6 Consumer credit                  61.3    97.5    134.0   207.6   355.4   601.8   743.7    790.6 Security credit                  5.4     9.1     10.4    12.1    28.5    56.8    53.5     54.3 Policy loans                     5.7     8.3     17.0    25.5    42.6    55.5    56.4     59.8 Other liabilities%@AH@%2%@AE@%               41.7    54.2    79.2    185.3   389.4   675.3   794.7    848.7 %@TE:   27  2718 02 33 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Combined statement for households, farm business, and nonfarm noncorporate
business.%@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes corporate farms. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Largest U.S. Commercial Banks %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            American Banker; based on deposits Dec. 31, 1989. %@EH@%%@NL@%
                                %@3@%%@AS@%(thousands)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   72  4696 02 54 22 @%Bank                                                  Deposits%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Citibank NA, New York                                 $111,487,000Bank of America NT&SA, San Francisco                  73,295,000Chase Manhattan Bank NA, New York                     61,720,245Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., New York             42,736,000Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., New York                   40,953,451Security Pacific National Bank, Los Angeles           40,597,338Wells Fargo Bank NA, San Francisco                    36,462,605Bank of New York                                      34,411,451Chemical Bank, New York                               32,312,000Bankers Trust Co., New York                           27,879,571First National Bank, Chicago                          26,403,340NCNB Texas National Bank, Dallas                      25,623,428First National Bank, Boston                           22,061,157Continental Bank NA, Chicago                          18,178,226Marine Midland Bank NA, Buffalo, N.Y.                 18,021,665First Interstate Bank of California, Los Angeles      17,849,795Mellon Bank NA, Pittsburgh                            15,022,808Republic National Bank, New York                      14,250,340National Westminster Bank USA, New York               12,740,471Southeast Bank NA, Miami                              12,715,951National Bank of Detroit                              12,288,133Union Bank, San Francisco                             11,637,088Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. NA, Winston-Salem, N.C.     11,344,443NCNB National Bank of North Carolina, Charlotte       10,585,048First Union National Bank, Charlotte, N.C.            10,507,659Pittsburgh National Bank                              10,263,540Sovran Bank NA, Richmond                              10,193,846Seattle-First National Bank                           9,660,669NCNB National Bank of Florida, Tampa                  9,637,057Citizens & Southern National Bank, Atlanta            9,468,585Bank of New England NA, Boston                        9,208,787First Bank NA, Minneapolis                            9,104,370First Fidelity Bank NA, Newark, N.J.                  8,615,504Banc One, Texas NA, Dallas                            8,525,136Connecticut Bank & Trust Co. NA, Hartford             8,450,053Meridian Bank, Reading, Pa.                           8,394,187Valley National Bank, Phoenix                         8,370,893Connecticut National Bank, Hartford                   8,196,372Michigan National Bank, Farmington Hills              7,888,735Midlantic National Bank, Newark, N.J.                 7,791,480Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co.                       7,782,273Crestar Bank, Richmond                                7,631,619Comerica Bank-Detroit                                 7,561,148Philadephia National Bank                             7,261,814First Union National Bank of Florida, Jacksonville    7,090,935AmeriTrust Co. NA, Cleveland                          7,072,134United States National Bank, Portland, Ore.           6,994,001Manufacturers National Bank, Detroit                  6,946,034Bank of Hawaii, Honolulu                              6,940,435Fidelity Bank NA, Philadelphia                        6,919,305Harris Trust & Savings Bank, Chicago                  6,854,159Maryland National Bank, Baltimore                     6,631,568Huntington National Bank, Columbus, Oh.               6,566,863Security Pacific Bank Washington, Seattle             6,439,119Texas Commerce Bank NA, Houston                       6,416,672Society National Bank, Cleveland                      6,280,633First National Bank, Atlanta                          6,139,163State Street Bank & Trust Co., Boston                 6,137,917Fleet National Bank, Providence, R.I.                 6,111,457First Interstate Bank of Arizona NA, Phoenix          6,105,115Florida National Bank, Jacksonville                   6,055,322First Interstate Bank of Texas NA, Houston            5,881,038Bank of Tokyo Trust Co., New York                     5,805,020AmSouth Bank NA, Birmingham, Ala.                     5,787,896Riggs National Bank, Washington, D.C.                 5,702,593Provident National Bank, Philadelphia                 5,692,972Norwest Bank Minnesota NA, Minneapolis                5,654,443Hibernia National Bank, New Orleans                   5,604,612Sanwa Bank California, San Francisco                  5,564,162National City Bank, Cleveland                         5,528,397%@TE:   72  4696 02 54 22 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Largest Foreign Banks %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%American Banker; based on deposits Dec. 31, 1989, or nearest fiscal%@EH@%
year-end.%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%(thousands of U.S. dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   42  3103 02 60 16 @%Bank, country                                               Deposits%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                     $314,780,128 Sumitomo Bank Ltd., Osaka, Japan                            288,242,189 Mitsubishi Bank Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                          278,806,753 Fuji Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                               278,642,535 Sanwa Bank Ltd., Osaka, Japan                               275,972,496 Industrial Bank of Japan, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                213,287,599 Banque Nationale de Paris, France                           192,525,992 Mitsubishi Trust & Banking Corp., Tokyo, Japan              192,294,268 Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, Germany                           184,378,643 Tokai Bank Ltd., Nagoya, Japan                              179,030,994 Norinchukin Bank, Tokyo, Japan                              176,329,604 Credit Lyonnais, Paris, France                              176,099,988 Sumitomo Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan            171,664,091 Credit Agricole Mutuel, Paris, France                       169,711,546 Barclays Bank Pic, London, U.K.                             167,127,661 National Westminster Bank Pic, London, U.K                  163,014,110 Mitsui Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan              159,219,084 Mitsui Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                             157,894,949 Bank of Tokyo, Ltd., Japan                                  152,933,845 Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan Ltd., Tokyo, Japan           148,398,357 Societe Generale, Paris, France                             141,977,467 Taiyo Kobe Bank, Ltd., Kobe, Japan                          136,538,177 Dresdner Bank, Frankfurt, Germany                           135,670,068 Yasuda Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan              135,105,776 Daiwa Bank, Ltd., Osaka, Japan                              131,680,308 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp., Hong Kong              118,504,960 Commerzbank, Frankfurt, Germany                             106,668,460 Swiss Bank Corp., Basle, Switzerland                        100,865,736 Toyo Trust & Banking Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                 100,172,771 Union Bank of Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland              96,977,909 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale, Duesseldorf, Germany  96,532,850 Bayerische Vereinsbank, Munich, Germany                     95,993,000 Nippon Credit Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                      88,179,792 Midland Bank Plc, London, U.K.                              88,034,800 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Rome, Italy                     84,811,188 Lloyds Bank Plc, London, U.K.                               84,355,950 Bayerische Hypotheken-und Wechsel-Bank, Munich, Germany     83,191,003 Istituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino, Turin, Italy         79,614,718 Kyowa Bank, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan                               78,919,007 Banca Commerciale Italiana, Milan, Italy                    77,865,384 %@TE:   42  3103 02 60 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Bank Failures%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      Federal Deposit Insurance Corp%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   37  1162 02 26 50 @%Year                      Closed%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1934                      611935                      321936                      721937                      841938                      811939                      721940                      481955                      51959                      31960                      21961                      91963                      21964                      81965                      91966                      81967                      41969                      91970                      81971                      61972                      31973                      61975                      141976                      171978                      71979                      101980                      101981                      101982                      421983                      481984                      791985                      1201986                      1381987                      1841988                      2001989                      206%@TE:   37  1162 02 26 50 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%United States Mint%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               United States Mint, U.S. Treasury Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%The United States Mint was created by Act of Congress April 2, 1792, which%@EH@%
established the U.S. national coinage system. Initially, operations were
conducted at Philadelphia, then the nation's capital. Supervision of the
Mint was a function of the secretary of state, but in 1799, it became an
independent agency reporting directly to the president. The Mint was made a
statutory bureau of the Treasury Department in 1873, with a director
appointed by the president to oversee its operations from headquarters
offices in the Treasury Department in Washington, D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Mint manufactures all U.S. coins and distributes them through the%@EH@%
Federal Reserve banks and branches. The Mint also maintains physical custody
of the treasury's monetary stocks of gold and silver, moving, storing and
releasing from custody as authorized. There are 6 field facilities. Mints
are located in Philadelphia and Denver; the San Francisco Mint and San
Francisco Old Mint perform coinage operations and numismatic functions; two
depositories, one at Fort Knox, Ky., for the storage of gold, and the other
at West Point, N.Y., where gold and silver are stored and coinage is
produced by congressional authorization. A museum is maintained at the San
Francisco Old Mint. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The traditional 90% silver coinage was phased out and cupronickel clad%@EH@%
coinage introduced when the Coinage Act of 1965 removed all silver from the
dime and quarter and reduced the silver content of the half dollar to 40%.
In 1970, legislative action removed the remaining silver from the half
dollar and in providing for the resumption of dollar coinage, directed that
both denominations produced for circulation also be cupronickel clad metal.
Changes in the design, weight and size of the standard silver dollar were
approved by Congress in 1978, and beginning in 1979, a smaller cupronickel
dollar coin bearing the likeness of Susan B. Anthony and the Apollo II moon
landing was released. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A change in the composition of the cent was effected in 1982, when the%@EH@%
current copper-plated zinc cent was introduced to replace the traditional
95% copper cent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Mint manufactures and sells bronze medals of a national character,%@EH@%
produces numismatic coins and coin sets. Special government-sponsored
numismatic coinage includes congressionally authorized 90% silver half
dollars produced in 1982 to mark the 250th anniversary of George
Washington's birth, and 90% gold $10 coins dated 1984 and two 90% silver
dollars dated 1983 and 1984, respectively, commemorating the 1984 Olympic
games, and a 90% gold $5 coin, a 90% silver dollar coin and a cupronickel
half dollar for the Statue of Liberty Centennial in 1986. The Mint issued a
1987 dated 90% gold $5 coin and a 1987 dated 90% silver dollar coin honoring
the 200th Anniversary of the U.S. Constitution. Other Congressionally
authorized commeroratives include the 1990 Eisenhower silver dollar and the
1991 Mt. Rushmore gold, silver and lead coin series. Congress has also
directed the U.S. Mint to commence the production and sale of legal tender
gold and silver bullion coins designated as "American Eagle Bullion Coins"
by the mint. The coins in the series contain .9167 fine gold, and have a
face value of $50 (1 oz.), $25 (1/2 oz.), $10 (1/4 oz.), and $5 (1/10 oz.).
The American Eagle silver bullion coin has a face value of $1 and contains 1
troy ounce of .999 fine silver. Information concerning these and other Mint
coin programs and coin availability, may be secured from the United States
Mint, 10001 Aerospace Road, Lanham, MD 20706. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Domestic Coin Production %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  1198 02 06 16 15 15 15 12 17 @%      Cents           Nickels        Dimes          Quarters       Halves      Total%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1980  12,554,803,660  1,095,327,448  1,454,524,321  1,154,159,487  77,590,449  16,426,066,0731981  12,864,985,677  1,022,305,843  1,388,934,143  1,177,438,833  57,383,533  16,520,790,0291982  16,725,504,368  666,081,544    1,062,188,584  980,973,788    23,959,102  19,458,707,3861983  14,219,554,428  1,098,341,276  1,377,154,224  1,291,341,446  66,611,244  18,053,002,6181984  13,720,317,906  1,264,444,146  1,561,472,976  1,223,028,064  52,291,158  17,821,554,2501985  10,935,889,813  1,106,862,408  1,293,180,932  1,295,781,850  38,520,996  14,670,235,9991986  8,934,262,191   898,702,633    1,155,976,667  1,055,497,993  28,473,778  12,072,913,2621987  9,561,856,445   782,090,085    1,415,912,883  1,238,094,177  99,481      12,998,053,0711988  11,346,550,443  1,435,131,652  1,992,935,488  1,158,862,687  25,626,096  15,959,106,3661989  12,837,140,268  1,497,523,652  2,240,355,488  1,417,290,422  41,196,188  18,033,506,018 %@TE:   12  1198 02 06 16 15 15 15 12 17 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%     %@AS@%Portraits on U.S. Treasury Bills, Bonds, Notes and Savings Bonds%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1071 02 14 15 15 14 14 @%Denomination  Savings bonds  Treas. bills   Treas. bonds  Treas.notes%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%50            Washington     Washington     Jefferson     Jefferson75            Adams          Adams          Adams         Adams  100           Jefferson      Jefferson      Jackson       Jackson200           Madison        Madison        Madison       Madison  500           Hamilton       Hamilton       Washington    Washington1,000         Franklin       H. McCulloch   Lincoln       Lincoln5,000         Revere         J.G. Carlisle  Monroe        Monroe10,000        Wilson         J. Sherman     Cleveland     Cleveland50,000                       C. Glass       C. Glass      C. Glass 100,000                      A Gallatin     Grant         Grant1,000,000                    O. Wolcott     T. Roosevelt  T. Roosevelt100,000,000                                               Madison500,000,000                                               McKinley%@TE:   15  1071 02 14 15 15 14 14 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Large Denominations of U.S. Currency Discontinued %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14   704 02 11 12 31 @%Amt.       Portrait    Embellishment on back%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%$1         Washington  Great Seal of U.S.2          Jefferson   Signers of Declaration5          Lincoln     Lincoln Memorial10         Hamilton    U.S. Treasury20         Jackson     White House50         Grant       U.S. Capitol100        Franklin    Independence Hall500        McKinley    Ornate denominational marking1,000      Cleveland   Ornate denominational marking5,000      Madison     Ornate denominational marking10,000     Chase       Ornate denominational marking100,000%@AH@%*%@AE@%   Wilson      Ornate denominational marking%@TE:   14   704 02 11 12 31 @%

%@NL@%
The largest denomination of United States currency now being issued is the
$100 bill. Issuance of currency in denominations larger than $100 was
discontinued in 1969.%@NL@%
As large denomination bills reach the Federal Reserve Bank they are removed
from circulation.%@NL@%
Because some of the discontinued currency is expected to be in the hands of
holders for many years, the description of the various denominations below
is continued: %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@% For use only in transactions between Federal Reserve System and Treasury
Department.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%U.S. Currency and Coin %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%  %@AS@%U.S. Treasury Department; Financial Management Service (Mar. 31, 1990)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Amounts Outstanding and in Circulation%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13  1349 03 27 21 24 24 24 @%                                                Less amounts held by:   Less amounts held by:                           Amounts outstanding  United States Treasury  Federal Reserve Banks%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Amounts in circulation%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%CurrencyFederal Reserve notes%@AH@%1%@AE@%     $278,708,725,606     $6,901,702              $39,764,853,750         $238,936,970,154United States notes        325,520,966          32,563,039              213                     292,957,714 Currency no longer issued  266,409,785          224,029                 13,282                  266,172,474 Total                      $279,300,656,357     $39,688,770             $39,764,867,245         $239,496,100,342 Coin%@AH@%2%@AE@%Dollars%@AH@%3%@AE@%                   $2,024,703,898       $332,383,689            $105,494,856            $1,596,825,353 Fractional coin            17,224,335,000       190,490,530             462,405,815             16,571,438,655 Total                      $19,249,038,898      $512,874,219            $567,900,671            $18,168,264,008 Total currency and coin    $298,549,695,255     $552,562,989            $40,332,767,916         $257,664,364,350 %@TE:   13  1349 03 27 21 24 24 24 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Currency in Circulation by Denominations%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  1662 02 18 31 24 14 27 @%Denomination      Total currency in circulation  Federal Reserve Notes%@AH@%1%@AE@%  U.S. Notes    Currency no longer issued%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 Dollar          $4,637,138,793                 $4,485,760,535          $143,481      $151,234,7772 Dollars         813,797,428                    680,965,674             132,818,858   12,896 5 Dollars         5,772,195,480                  5,624,058,815           111,783,055   36,353,610 10 Dollars        11,657,610,095                 11,633,396,500          5,950         24,207,645 20 Dollars        63,607,774,344                 63,587,626,680          3,380         20,144,284 50 Dollars        31,156,036,500                 31,144,482,950          -             11,553,550 100 Dollars       121,523,382,100                121,453,055,000         48,202,900    22,124,200 500 Dollars       149,620,000                    149,431,000             -             189,000 1,000 Dollars     173,305,000                    173,098,000             -             207,000 5,000 Dollars     1,790,000                      1,745,000               -             45,000 10,000 Dollars    3,450,000                      3,350,000               -             100,000 Fractional parts  487                            --                      --            487Partial notes%@AH@%4%@AE@%    115                            --                      90            25Total currency    $239,496,100,342               $238,936,970,154        $292,957,714  $266,172,474%@TE:   16  1662 02 18 31 24 14 27 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Comparative Totals of Money in Circulation -- Selected %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24  1171 02 15 23 13 @%Date           Dollars (in millions)  Per capita%@AH@%5%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mar. 31, 1990  257,664.4              1,028.71June 30, 1989  249,182.7              1,002.54 June 30, 1988  235,415.9              956.57 June 30, 1987  215,158.6              883.45 June 30, 1986  199,309.2              883.45 June 30, 1985  185,890.7              778.58 June 30, 1984  175,059.6              739.64 June 30, 1980  127,097.2              558.28 June 30, 1975  81,196.4               380.08 June 30, 1970  54,351.0               265.39 June 30, 1965  39,719.8               204.14 June 30, 1960  32,064.6               177.47 June 30, 1955  30,229.3               182.90 June 30, 1950  27,156.3               179.03 June 30, 1945  26,746.4               191.14 June 30, 1940  7,847.5                59.40 June 30, 1935  5,567.1                43.75 June 30, 1930  4,522.0                36.74 June 30, 1925  4,815.2                41.56 June 30, 1920  5,467.6                51.36 June 30, 1915  3,319.6                33.01 June 30, 1910  3,148.7                34.07%@TE:   24  1171 02 15 23 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Issued on and after July 1, 1929.%@AH@%2%@AE@% Excludes coin sold to collectors at
premium prices.%@AH@%3%@AE@% Includes $481,781,898 in standard silver dollars. %@AH@%4%@AE@%
Represents value of certain partial denominations not presented for
redemption. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Based on Bureau of the Census estimates of population.  %@NL@%
The requirement for a gold reserve against U.S. notes was repealed by Public
Law 90-269 approved Mar. 18, 1968. Silver certificates issued on and after
July 1, 1929 became redeemable from the general fund on June 24, 1968. The
amount of security after those dates has been reduced accordingly. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Seigniorage on Coin and Silver Bullion %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  1046 02 45 31 @%Fiscal year                                  Dollars%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Jan. 1, 1935-June 30, 1965, cumulative       2,525,927,763.841968                                         383,141,339.00%@AH@%1%@AE@%1970                                         274,217,884.01 1972                                         580,586,683.00 1974                                         320,706,638.49 1975                                         660,898,070.69 1980                                         662,814,791.48 1983                                         477,479,387.58 1984                                         498,371,724.09 1985                                         515,906,969.31 1986                                         392,445,674.57 1987                                         458,070,694.43 1988                                         470,409,480.20 Cumulative Jan. 1, 1935-Sept. 30, 1988       13,727,374,271.32%@TE:   16  1046 02 45 31 @%

%@NL@%
Seigniorage is the profit from coining money; it is the difference between
the monetary value of coins and their cost, including the manufacturing
expense. %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Revised to include seigniorage on clad coins.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                %@AS@%AGRICULTURE%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@% U.S. Farms%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      U.S. Department of Agriculture%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  1702 03 15 11 10 @%Number of      Number ofState          Farms      % Change%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama        47,000     -2.1Alaska         600        -3.2Arizona        8,100      0.0Arkansas       49,000     0.0California     84,000     0.0Colorado       27,300     0.0Connecticut    4,000      0.0Delaware       3,000      0.0Florida        41,000     0.0Georgia        48,000     -2.0Hawaii         4,650      0.0Idaho          22,300     -0.9Illinois       86,000     -2.3Indiana        71,000     -4.1Iowa           105,000    -1.9Kansas         69,000     0.0Kentucky       96,000     -1.0Louisiana      35,000     6.1Maine          7,300      0.0Maryland       15,600     -2.5Mass.          6,900      0.0Michigan       55,000     -1.8Minnesota      90,000     -2.2Mississippi    41,000     -2.4Missouri       108,000    -1.8Montana        24,700     0.4Nebraska       57,000     -1.7Nevada         2,500      -3.8New Hampshire  3,200      0.0New Jersey     8,300      0.0New Mexico     14,000     0.0New York       39,000     -4.9N. Carolina    65,000     -4.4N. Dakota      33,500     0.0Ohio           87,000     2.4Oklahoma       69,000     -1.4Oregon         37,000     1.4Pennsylvania   54,000     -1.8Rhode Island   770        0.0S. Carolina    25,500     -1.9S. Dakota      35,000     0.0Tennessee      91,000     0.0Texas          186,000    -0.5Utah           13,000     -2.3Vermont        7,100      0.0Virginia       47,000     -2.1Washington     38,000     0.0West Virginia  21,000     0.0Wisconsin      81,000     -1.2Wyoming        8,900      0.0Total          2,173,220  -1.1%@TE:   54  1702 03 15 11 10 @%

%@NL@%
The Department of Agriculture estimated the number of U.S. farms in June,
1989 at 2.17 million, a drop of 1.1 percent from June, 1988, when there were
2.19 million farms. The decline continued a slide that began in 1982, when
there were 2.4 million farms. The size of the average U.S. farm increased in
1989 to 456 acres, from 453 acres in 1988. Overall, about 991 million U.S.
acres were devoted to agriculture, as of June 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Farm Income--Marketings and Government Payments %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%        Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%(1,000 dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  8199 03 07 22 22 24 22 22 24 21 @%       1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings    1989 Farm marketings  1989 Farm marketings  1989 Farm marketingsState  Total                 Crops                 Livestock and products  Total                 Crops                 Livestock and products  Government payments%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%AL     2,422,328             727,686               1,694,642               2,627,670             695,506               1,932,164               120,859AK     30,128                20,198                9,930                   28,632                19,817                8,815                   1,143AZ     1,968,560             1,176,873             791,687                 1,902,460             1,158,261             744,199                 85,106AR     3,831,380             1,551,698             2,279,682               4,131,042             1,470,176             2,660,866               439,675CA     16,651,568            11,969,628            4,681,940               17,514,795            12,422,046            5,092,749               372,090CO     3,699,885             1,034,111             2,665,774               3,898,614             1,249,557             2,649,057               183,442CT     397,741               214,465               183,276                 404,360               218,060               186,300                 2,200DE     595,191               151,654               443,537                 622,568               159,619               502,949                 4,818FL     5,819,668             4,687,549             1,132,119               6,202,954             4,982,354             1,220,600               38,323GA     3,569,538             1,553,763             2,015,775               3,868,531             1,598,141             2,270,390               173,058HI     578,897               490,277               88,620                  586,934               494,982               91,952                  267ID     2,324,460             1,285,380             1,039,080               2,715,312             1,669,802             1,045,510               99,089IL     6,182,225             3,927,100             2,255,125               6,710,436             4,458,464             2,251,972               725,941IN     4,036,261             2,320,256             1,716,005               4,318,493             2,501,584             1,816,909               333,691IA     8,774,969             3,787,193             4,987,776               9,119,202             3,910,522             5,208,680               981,206KS     6,319,703             2,195,389             4,124,314               6,324,292             2,078,981             4,245,311               588,446KY     2,509,516             979,590               1,529,926               2,928,062             1,257,742             1,670,320               118,423LA     1,876,454             1,294,525             581,929                 1,661,437             1,047,694             613,743                 249,758ME     414,176               197,489               216,687                 447,383               232,742               214,641                 7,143MD     1,224,339             456,736               767,603                 1,346,228             476,367               869,861                 23,735MA     409,928               305,295               104,633                 428,892               316,779               112,113                 3,863MI     2,739,381             1,534,589             1,204,792               2,940,387             1,627,449             1,312,938               261,971MN     6,066,701             2,649,046             3,417,655               6,525,541             2,809,080             3,716,461               599,852MS     2,304,852             1,132,802             1,172,050               2,291,761             1,000,023             1,291,738               325,161MO     3,757,664             1,746,152             2,011,512               3,900,434             1,732,009             2,168,425               356,391MT     1,432,966             616,704               816,262                 1,609,736             710,482               899,254                 289,382NE     7,799,582             2,409,260             5,390,322               8,521,087             2,878,449             5,642,638               542,306NV     237,998               78,872                159,126                 235,109               94,055                141,054                 6,301NH     136,120               77,436                58,684                  142,085               78,748                63,337                  2,302NJ     644,581               452,040               192,541                 660,078               462,769               197,309                 21,483NM     1,283,132             374,528               908,604                 1,423,759             449,663               974,096                 64,675NY     2,668,132             865,499               1,802,633               2,856,650             911,132               1,945,518               76,025NC     4,037,795             1,850,167             2,187,628               4,550,587             2,046,063             2,504,524               93,917ND     2,358,232             1,507,398             850,834                 2,107,575             1,465,427             642,148                 474,846OH     3,563,523             1,979,660             1,583,863               3,812,118             2,114,380             1,697,738               274,003OK     3,354,415             1,111,886             2,242,529               3,594,261             1,185,277             2,408,984               234,817OR     2,181,559             1,508,477             673,082                 2,297,095             1,557,620             739,475                 60,384PA     3,295,551             963,662               2,331,889               3,581,168             985,791               2,595,377               68,396RI     79,072                65,732                13,340                  79,022                66,150                12,872                  90SC     1,106,007             615,714               490,293                 1,225,491             674,571               550,920                 72,696SD     2,944,782             895,056               2,049,726               2,992,072             883,954               2,108,118               340,262TN     1,932,702             876,954               1,055,748               1,920,550             860,628               1,059,922               141,049TX     10,251,368            3,689,338             6,562,030               10,760,414            3,897,010             6,863,404               1,248,713UT     701,250               173,025               528,225                 748,188               173,933               574,255                 34,536VT     401,222               50,603                350,619                 425,541               51,005                374,536                 7,064VA     1,913,993             614,333               1,299,660               2,057,820             685,423               1,372,397               38,599WA     3,336,153             2,196,242             1,139,911               3,638,971             2,437,817             1,201,154               131,132WV     285,930               68,179                217,751                 313,961               64,115                249,846                 11,599WI     4,979,643             764,405               4,215,238               5,277,971             940,548               4,337,423               522,332WY     761,204               176,995               584,209                 855,570               186,353               669,217                 34,142U.S.   150,192,425           71,371,609            78,820,816              159,173,299           75,449,120            83,724,179              10,886,702%@TE:   54  8199 03 07 22 22 24 22 22 24 21 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Farms--Number and Acreage by State, 1980 and 1990  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture  Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  5579 03 16 15 15 16 16 18 18 @%                Farms (1,000)  Farms (1,000)  Acreage (mil.)  Acreage (mil.)  Acreage per Farm  Acreage per FarmState           1980           1990           1980            1990            1980              1990%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%U.S.            2,437          2,143          1,039           988             426               461Alabama         59             47             12              10              207               219Alaska          %@AH@%(z)%@AE@%            1              2               1               3,378             1,724Arizona         7              8              38              36              5,080             4,615Arkansas        58             47             17              16              280               330California      79             85             34              31              417               362Colorado        26             27             36              33              1,358             1,249Connecticut     4              4              %@AH@%(z)%@AE@%             %@AH@%(z)%@AE@%             117               108Delaware        4              3              1               1               186               197Florida         38             41             13              11              344               266Georgia         59             49             15              13              254               255Hawaii          4              5              2               2               458               372Idaho           24             22             15              14              623               628Illinois        108            83             29              29              269               343Indiana         88             68             17              16              193               240Iowa            121            104            34              34              284               322Kansas          75             69             48              48              644               694Kentucky        103            93             15              14              143               152Louisiana       37             34             10              9               273               265Maine           8              7              2               1               195               199Maryland        17             15             3               2               157               148Massachusetts   6              7              1               1               116               99Michigan        66             54             11              11              175               200Minnesota       104            89             30              30              291               337Mississippi     56             40             15              13              265               325Missouri        121            108            31              30              261               281Montana         24             25             62              61              2,601             2,449Nebraska        65             57             48              47              734               826Nevada          3              3              9               9               3,100             3,560New Hampshire   3              3              1               %@AH@%(z)%@AE@%             160               163New Jersey      10             8              1               1               109               107New Mexico      13             14             47              45              3,467             3,296New York        48             39             9               8               200               218North Carolina  92             62             12              10              126               156North Dakota    41             34             42              41              1,043             1,191Ohio            96             84             16              16              171               187Oklahoma        72             70             35              33              481               471Oregon          34             37             18              18              517               488Pennsylvania    61             53             9               8               145               153Rhode Island    1              1              %@AH@%(z)%@AE@%             %@AH@%(z)%@AE@%             87                92South Carolina  35             25             6               5               188               212South Dakota    39             35             45              44              1,169             1,266Tennessee       96             89             14              12              142               139Texas           192            186            138             132             715               710Utah            13             13             12              11              919               856Vermont         7              7              2               2               226               215Virginia        59             46             10              9               169               198Washington      37             37             16              16              429               432West Virginia   20             21             4               4               191               180Wisconsin       94             80             19              18              200               220Wyoming         9              10             35              35              3,846             3,910%@TE:   54  5579 03 16 15 15 16 16 18 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%z%@AE@% Less than 500 farms or 500,000 acres %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Livestock on Farms in the U.S.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%(thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  1398 02 18 12 11 11 09 @%Year (On Jan. 1)  All cattle  Milk cows  All sheep  Hogs%@AH@%3%@AE@%%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1890              60,014      15,000     44,518     48,1301900              59,739      16,544     48,105     51,055 1910              58,993      19,450     50,239     48,072 1920              70,400      21,455     40,743     60,159 1925              63,373      22,575     38,543     55,770 1930              61,003      23,032     51,565     55,705 1935              68,846      26,082     51,808     39,066 1940              68,309      24,940     52,107     61,165 1945              85,573      27,770     46,520     59,373 1950              77,963      23,853     29,826     58,937 1955              96,592      23,462     31,582     50,474 1960              96,236      19,527     33,170     59,026 1965              109,000     %@AH@%2%@AE@%16,981    25,127     56,1061970              112,369     13,303     20,423     57,046 1975              132,028     11,220     14,515     54,693 1980              111,242     10,758     10,716     67,318 1985              109,749     10,805     10,145     54,073 1988              99,622      10,311     10,945     54,384 1989              99,180      10,212     10,858     55,469 1990              99,337      10,149     11,368     53,852 %@TE:   22  1398 02 18 12 11 11 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Total estimated value on farms as of Jan. 1, 1990, was (avg. value per
head in parentheses): cattle & calves $63,627,207 ($641); sheep & lambs
$997,809,000 ($87.80); hogs & pigs $4,258,285,000 ($79.10). %@AH@%2%@AE@% New series,
milk cows & heifers that have calved, from 1965. %@AH@%3%@AE@% As of Dec. 1 of preceding
year.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%U.S. Meat and Lard Production and Consumption%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(million lbs.) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10  1993 03 06 12 14 12 14 17 17 21 21 12 14 12 14 @%      Beef        Beef          Veal        Veal          Lamb and mutton  Lamb and mutton  Pork (exclud. lard)  Pork (exclud. lard)  All meats%@AH@%3%@AE@%  All meats%@AH@%3%@AE@%    Lard        LardYear  Production  Consumption%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Production  Consumption%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Production       Consumption%@AH@%1%@AE@%     Production           Consumption%@AH@%1%@AE@%         Production  Consumption%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Production  Consumption%@AH@%2%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1940  7,175       7,257         981         981           876              873              10,044               9,701                19,076      18,812        2,288       1,9011950  9,534       9,529         1,230       1,206         597              596              10,714               10,390               22,075      21,721        2,631       1,891 1960  14,728      15,465        1,109       1,118         769              857              13,905               14,057               30,511      31,497        2,562       1,358 1970  21,685      23,391        588         610           551              663              14,699               14,871               37,523      39,535        1,913       939 1980  21,643      23,513        400         418           318              349              16,617               16,690               38,978      40,953        1,207       588 1985  23,728      25,472        515         533           359              386              14,807               15,733               39,409      42,125        927         425 1989  23,082      24,326        355         356           342              406              15,813               16,576               39,592      41,664        %@AH@%(4)%@AE@%         %@AH@%(4)%@AE@% %@TE:   10  1993 03 06 12 14 12 14 17 17 21 21 12 14 12 14 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes shipments. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Direct use. Excludes lard used in indirect food use
such as table spreads and shortenings. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Meats may not add to total. %@AH@%4%@AE@%
Discontinued series.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Selected Indexes of Farm Inputs: 1960 to 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(1977 = 100. Inputs based on physical quantities of resources used in%@EH@%
%@AS@%production.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    9  1101 02 38 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%Input                                 1960  1965  1970  1975  1980  1981  1982  1983  1985  1986  1987  1988%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                                 99    97    96    97    103   102   99    97    92    87    86    85Farm labor                            177   144   112   100   96    96    93    97    85    80    78    75Farm real estate%@AH@%2%@AE@%                     103   103   105   97    103   104   102   101   95    93    92    91Mechanical power and machinery        83    80    85    96    101   98    92    88    80    75    72    71Agricultural chemicals%@AH@%3%@AE@%               32    49    75    83    123   129   118   105   123   110   111   113Feed, seed, and livestock purchases%@AH@%4%@AE@%  77    86    96    93    114   108   108   110   106   103   111   107Taxes and interest                    95    101   102   100   100   99    92    97    91    93    92    86%@TE:    9  1101 02 38 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Preliminary. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes service buildings, improvements. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Includes
fertilizer, lime, and pesticides. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Nonfarm portion.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Residence of the Population, 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the%@EH@%
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988. %@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(Numbers in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12   785 02 28 10 14 17 @%Residence                   Total     Metropolitan  Nonmetropolitan%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                       240,887%@AH@%1%@AE@%  187,106       53,781Urban                       176,089   157,392       18,697Rural                       64,798    29,714        35,084 Rural nonfarm               59,847    28,415        31,432 Rural farm                  4,951     1,299         3,652 Percent distribution Total  100.0     77.7          22.3Urban                       100.0     89.4          10.6Rural                       100.0     45.9          54.1Rural nonfarm               100.0     47.5          52.5Rural farm                  100.0     26.2          73.8%@TE:   12   785 02 28 10 14 17 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Refers only to civilian noninstitutionalized population. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Age and Sex of the Farm and Nonfarm Population, 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the%@EH@%
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988. %@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(Numbers in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   35  2739 03 22 12 07 08 12 09 09 @%                      Farm        Farm   Farm    Nonfarm     Nonfarm  NonfarmAge                   Both sexes  Male   Female  Both sexes  Male     Female%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All ages              4,951       2,586  2,366   235,936     114,060  121,875Under 15 years        1,000       519    481     51,945      26,575   25,37115 to 19              421         219    202     17,435      8,788    8,64720 to 24              279         161    117     18,155      8,769    9,387 25 to 29              268         149    119     21,023      10,299   10,72430 to 34              316         162    154     21,003      10,324   10,680 35 to 39              321         170    151     18,535      9,073    9,461 40 to 44              344         175    169     15,585      7,588    7,99745 to 49              337         166    171     12,584      6,107    6,47750 to 54              304         158    146     10,778      5,192    5,58655 to 59              343         171    172     10,495      4,996    5,49960 to 64              321         165    156     10,482      4,861    5,62065 to 69              276         149    126     9,557       4,313    5,24370 to 74              199         105    94      7,484       3,205    4,28075 years and over     222         115    107     10,874      3,970    6,904%@AB@%Median age (years)%@AE@%    %@AB@%38.0%@AE@%        %@AB@%37.4%@AE@%   %@AB@%38.6%@AE@%    %@AB@%32.2%@AE@%        %@AB@%31.3%@AE@%     %@AB@%33.2%@AE@%Percent DistributionAll ages              100.0       100.0  100.0   100.0       100.0    100.0Under 15 years        20.2        20.1   20.3    22.0        23.3     20.8 15 to 19              8.5         8.5    8.5     7.4         7.7      7.120 to 24              5.6         6.2    4.9     7.7         7.7      7.725 to 29              5.4         5.8    5.0     8.9         9.0      8.830 to 34              6.4         6.3    6.5     8.9         9.1      8.835 to 39              6.5         6.6    6.4     7.9         8.0      7.840 to 44              6.9         6.8    7.1     6.6         6.7      6.645 to 49              6.8         6.4    7.2     5.3         5.4      5.350 to 54              6.1         6.1    6.2     4.6         4.6      4.655 to 59              6.9         6.6    7.3     4.4         4.4      4.560 to 64              6.5         6.4    6.6     4.4         4.3      4.665 to 69              5.6         5.8    5.3     4.1         3.8      4.370 to 74              4.0         4.1    4.0     3.2         2.8      3.575 years and over     4.5         4.4    4.5     4.6         3.5      5.7%@TE:   35  2739 03 22 12 07 08 12 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Persons in Farm Occupations, 1820-1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the%@EH@%
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988. %@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(Numbers in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16   940 03 14 16 18 18 @%                              Farm occupations  Farm occupationsYear          Total workers%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Number            % of total%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1820          2,881           2,069             71.81850          7,697           4,902             63.71870          12,925          6,850             53.01900          29,030          10,888            37.51920          42,206          11,390            27.01930          48,686          10,321            21.21940          51,742          8,995             17.41950          59,230          6,858             11.61960          67,990          4,132             6.11970          79,802          2,881             3.61980          104,058         2,818             2.71985 (March)  106,214         2,949             2.81988 (March)  113,299         2,891             2.6%@TE:   16   940 03 14 16 18 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Total workers for 1985 to 1988 are employed workers 15 years and over;
total workers for 1970 and 1980 are members of the experienced civilian
labor force 16 years and over; total workers for 1900 to 1960 are members of
the experienced civilian labor forced 14 years and over; and total workers
for 1820 to 1890 are gainful workers 10 years and over. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%Grain, Hay, Potato, Cotton, Soybean, Tobacco Production %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  105  9983 03 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   All Hay 1,000 tons  Oats 1,000 bushels  Potatos 1,000 cwt.  Soybeans 1,000      Tobacco 1,000       All Wheat 1,000                 bushels             bushels             bales                                                                           bushels             pounds              bushels%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         --                  14,580              390                 1,540               1,375               2,571               11,970              --                  6,600Alaska          -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -Arizona         1,236               1,885               1,115               1,280               -                   1,827               -                   -                   10,722Arkansas        -                   7,076               850                 2,228               3,796               -                   76,800              -                   52,800California      13,440              27,200              2,688               8,524               3,150               17,991              -                   -                   52,605Colorado        12,160              134,850             -                   3,450               3,025               22,587              -                   -                   62,100Connecticut     -                   -                   -                   171                 -                   66                  -                   2,793               -Delaware        2,200               13,300              -                   73                  -                   1,152               7,250               -                   3,108Florida         -                   5,920               34                  598                 -                   8,304               2,640               17,755              1,885Georgia         -                   52,250              350                 1,620               4,130               -                   28,600              87,200              22,400Hawaii          -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -                   -Idaho           59,500              6,250               -                   4,043               4,080               102,475             -                   -                   91,420Illinois        -                   1,322,250           -                   3,526               17,000              858                 354,000             -                   105,020Indiana         -                   691,600             -                   2,365               6,840               960                 168,350             13,327              51,920Iowa            -                   1,445,500           -                   6,650               54,000              270                 322,920             -                   3,290Kansas          576                 155,000             1                   5,620               9,000               -                   49,950              -                   213,600Kentucky        1,139               136,880             -                   5,501               480                 -                   36,855              366,551             22,500Louisiana       -                   12,540              875                 781                 -                   27                  33,600              -                   10,850Maine           -                   -                   -                   420                 2,590               22,000              -                   -                   -Maryland        4,000               44,000              -                   629                 1,320               315                 16,500              8,103               8,600Massachusetts   -                   -                   -                   237                 -                   600                 -                   746                 -Michigan        2,320               222,610             -                   5,205               20,100              9,200               38,880              -                   33,920Minnesota       44,000              700,000             -                   6,400               46,750              15,750              185,000             -                   102,504Mississippi     -                   9,800               1,560               1,560               -                   -                   40,000              -                   15,300Missouri        -                   219,840             269                 6,764               3,600               -                   123,975             5,450               86,950Montana         68,800              320                 -                   4,470               6,670               2,228               -                   -                   145,030Nebraska        650                 852,000             -                   5,800               8,640               3,126               81,920              -                   55,350Nevada          990                 -                   -                   1,463               -                   2,600               -                   -                   1,200New Hampshire   -                   -                   -                   167                 -                   -                   -                   -                   -New Jersey      472                 7,242               -                   241                 264                 888                 3,616               -                   1,365New Mexico      375                 9,765               122                 1,260               -                   4,025               -                   -                   3,200New York        -                   53,010              -                   4,538               9,145               6,628               -                   -                   5,850North Carolina  2,064               88,350              140                 1,161               3,135               2,310               41,850              541,056             21,420North Dakota    98,050              34,875              -                   3,020               20,150              15,070              13,860              -                   242,320Ohio            -                   342,200             -                   4,553               15,750              1,462               127,360             15,925              62,730Oklahoma        900                 9,204               180                 5,025               2,040               -                   6,840               -                   153,900Oregon          12,060              3,520               -                   2,890               6,860               23,308              -                   -                   53,835Pennsylvania    5,015               98,880              -                   4,709               13,770              4,175               10,370              17,925              7,955Rhode Island    -                   -                   -                   17                  -                   300                 -                   -                   -South Carolina  560                 30,940              155                 564                 2,360               -                   20,160              103,680             17,835South Dakota    19,250              190,800             -                   4,290               44,000              1,980               48,880              -                   83,080Tennessee       -                   56,710              473                 3,499               -                   60                  29,760              79,820              18,900Texas           480                 148,400             3,028               9,582               6,600               3,408               12,450              -                   60,000Utah            9,006               2,640               -                   1,986               1,258               1,495               -                   -                   5,950Vermont         -                   -                   -                   754                 -                   -                   -                   -                   -Virginia        4,875               40,150              3                   2,565               495                 1,440               17,280              93,184              12,650Washington      28,420              15,750              -                   2,814               2,835               64,310              -                   -                   110,610West Virginia   -                   4,370               -                   1,036               300                 -                   -                   1,885               516Wisconsin       3,705               310,800             -                   8,080               46,860              23,460              15,170              11,391              9,320Wyoming         7,200               3,895               -                   1,776               1,410               578                 -                   -                   4,708Total U.S.      403,443             7,527,152           12,233              145,445             373,778             370,497             1,926,806           1,367,331           2,035,818%@TE:  105  9983 03 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Production of Chief U.S. Crops %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%  National Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   23  2432 03 06 21 21 21 21 21 19 21 21 21 @%Year  Corn for grain       Oats 1,000 bushels   Barley 1,000         Sorghumfor grain     All Wheat 1,000      Rye 1,000 bushels  Flax-seed 1,000      Cotton lint 1,000    Cotton seed 1,000       1,000 bushels                             bushels              1,000 bushels        bushels                                 bushels              bales                tons%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1970  4,152,243            915,236              416,091              683,179              1,351,558            36,840             29,416               10,192               4,0681975  5,828,961            638,960              379,162              754,354              2,126,927            15,924             15,553               8,302                3,218 1980  6,639,396            458,792              361,135              579,343              2,380,934            15,958             7,728                11,122               4,470 1982  8,235,101            592,630              515,935              835,083              2,764,967            19,533             10,278               11,963               4,744 1984  7,672,130            473,661              598,034              866,241              2,594,777            32,407             7,022                12,982               5,149 1985  8,875,453            518,490              590,213              1,120,271            2,424,115            20,337             8,293                13,432               5,279 1986  8,249,864            386,356              610,522              938,124              2,091,635            19,522             11,538               9,731                3,801 1987  7,131,300            373,713              521,499              730,809              2,107,685            19,526             7,444                14,760               5,769 1988  4,928,681            217,600              289,994              576,686              1,812,201            14,689             1,615                15,412               6,062 1989  7,527,152            373,778              403,443              617,860              2,035,818            13,482             1,355                12,233               4,766 %@TE:   23  2432 03 06 21 21 21 21 21 19 21 21 21 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  2244 02 06 20 20 29 28 20 24 21 27 @%Year  Tobacco 1,000 lbs.  All Hay 1,000 tons  Beans dry edible 1,000 cwt.  Peas dry edible 1,000 cwt.  Peanuts 1,000 lbs.  Soybeans 1,000 bushels  Potatoes 1,000 cwt.  Sweet potatoes 1,000 cwt.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1970  1,906,453           126,969             17,399                       3,315                       2,983,121           1,127,100               325,716              13,1641975  2,182,304           132,397             17,442                       2,731                       3,846,722           1,548,344               321,978              12,8911980  1,786,225           130,740             26,729                       3,285                       2,302,762           1,797,543               303,905              10,9531982  1,994,494           149,241             25,563                       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                          3,440,255           2,190,297               355,131              14,8331984  1,727,962           150,582             21,070                       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                          4,405,945           1,860,863               362,039              12,9021985  1,511,638           148,719             22,298                       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                          4,122,787           2,099,056               406,609              14,5731986  1,163,940           155,529             22,886                       3,196                       3,700,745           1,940,101               361,511              12,6741987  1,188,868           147,457             26,031                       3,385                       3,616,010           1,937,722               389,320              11,6111988  1,369,500           126,010             19,253                       3,868                       3,980,917           1,548,841               356,438              10,9451989  1,414,179           145,445             24,333                       3,883                       4,030,050           1,926,806               370,344              11,997%@TE:   12  2244 02 06 20 20 29 28 20 24 21 27 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  2339 02 06 17 22 24 19 20 20 21 22 25 @%Year  Rice 1,000 cwt.  Sugarcane 1,000 tons  Sugar beets 1,000 tons  Pecans 1,000 tons  Almonds 1,000 tons  Walnuts 1,000 tons  Filberts 1,000 tons  Oranges%@AH@%*%@AE@% 1,000 boxes  Grapefruit%@AH@%*%@AE@% 1,000 boxes%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1970  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%               23,996                26,378                  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                  111.8               9.3                  185,770               53,9101975  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%               28,344                29,704                  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                  199.3               12.1                 237,810               61,6101980  146,150          26,963                23,502                  91.8               264.4               197.0               15.4                 273,630               73,2001982  153,637          29,770                20,894                  109.3              283.5               234.0               18.8                 176,690               70,5501984  138,810          27,340                22,134                  116.2              467.2               213.0               13.4                 169,440               53,8401985  134,913          28,213                22,529                  122.2              375.6               219.0               24.6                 158,350               56,1501986  133,356          30,311                25,167                  136.4              201.3               180.0               15.1                 175,710               57,4701987  129,603          29,218                28,072                  131.1              519.0               247.0               21.8                 181,175               63,7751988  159,897          29,904                24,810                  154.0              451.9               209.0               16.5                 200,250               68,7001989  154,487          29,570                25,553                  108.8              367.6               215.0               13.0                 208,950               69,500%@TE:   12  2339 02 06 17 22 24 19 20 20 21 22 25 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Not available. %@AH@%*%@AE@% Crop year ending in year cited. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Harvested Acreage of Principal U.S. Crops %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% National Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Department of Agriculture%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(thousands of acres)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  2190 02 16 09 09 09 @%State           1987     1988     1989%@AH@%p%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         2,358    2,389    2,356Arizona         723      784      830 Arkansas        7,132    7,538    7,595 California      4,950    5,107    4,891 Colorado        5,634    5,609    5,677 Connecticut     132      124      128 Delaware        514      504      537 Florida         1,108    1,115    1,137 Georgia         3,601    3,754    4,210 Hawaii          87       86       80 Idaho           4,141    4,018    4,333 Illinois        20,335   21,581   22,977 Indiana         10,781   11,082   11,631 Iowa            20,956   23,092   24,097 Kansas          19,924   19,191   18,795 Kentucky        4,975    4,968    5,491 Louisiana       3,905    4,308    3,933 Maine           356      346      364 Maryland        1,493    1,493    1,603 Massachusetts   158      143      136 Michigan        6,124    6,401    6,390 Minnesota       17,397   18,767   18,661 Mississippi     5,020    5,149    4,613 Missouri        12,436   12,684   13,249 Montana         9,242    7,118    9,475 Nebraska        15,932   16,765   17,641 Nevada          558      549      554 New Hampshire   102      99       93 New Jersey      381      368      380 New Mexico      953      936      926 New York        3,628    3,439    3,560 North Carolina  4,155    4,104    4,526 North Dakota    19,415   16,216   20,660 Ohio            9,698    9,731    10,259 Oklahoma        8,353    8,482    9,380 Oregon          2,257    2,168    2,339 Pennsylvania    4,257    4,199    4,199 Rhode Island    13       11       10 South Carolina  1,925    2,022    2,283 South Dakota    14,601   13,508   15,294 Tennessee       4,463    4,548    4,564 Texas           16,267   16,527   16,644 Utah            1,080    1,026    983 Vermont         465      453      442 Virginia        2,732    2,708    2,767 Washington      3,902    3,890    4,045 West Virginia   657      644      664 Wisconsin       8,351    8,430    8,614 Wyoming         1,796    1,674    1,628%@AH@%*%@AE@%Total U.S.     289,422  289,846  305,641%@TE:   52  2190 02 16 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%p%@AE@% Preliminary. %@AH@%*%@AE@% States may not add due to rounding. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Average Prices Received by U.S. Farmers%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Agriculture Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  2288 02 06 07 15 15 07 07 13 10 27 10 09 06 07 @%Year  Hogs   Cattle (beef)  Calves (veal)  Sheep  Lambs  Cows (milk)  All milk  Chickens (excl. broilers)  Broilers  Turkeys  Eggs  Wool%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1930  8.84   7.71           9.68           4.74   7.76   74           2.21      . . .                      . . .     20.2     23.7  19.51940  5.39   7.56           8.83           3.95   8.10   61           1.82      13.0                       17.3      15.2     18.0  28.4 1950  18.00  23.30          26.30          11.60  25.10  198          3.89      22.2                       27.4      32.8     36.3  62.1 1960  15.30  20.40          22.90          5.61   17.90  223          4.21      12.2                       16.9      25.4     36.1  42.0 1970  22.70  27.10          34.50          7.51   26.40  332          5.71      9.1                        13.6      22.6     39.1  35.4 1975  46.10  32.20          27.20          11.30  42.10  412          8.75      9.9                        26.3      34.8     54.5  44.8 1979  41.80  66.10          88.80          26.30  66.70  1,040        12.00     14.4                       25.9      41.3     58.3  86.3 1980  38.00  62.40          76.80          21.30  63.60  1,190        13.05     11.0                       27.7      41.3     56.3  88.1 1984  47.10  57.30          59.90          16.40  60.10  895          13.46     15.9                       33.7      48.9     72.3  79.5 1985  44.00  53.70          62.10          23.90  67.70  860          12.76     14.8                       30.1      49.1     57.2  63.3 1986  49.30  52.60          61.10          25.60  69.00  820          12.51     12.5                       34.5      47.0     61.5  66.8 1987  51.20  61.10          78.50          29.50  77.60  920          12.54     11.0                       28.7      34.8     54.7  91.7 1988  42.30  66.60          89.20          25.60  69.10  990          12.26     9.2                        33.1      38.6     52.8  1.38 1989  42.50  69.50          90.80          24.40  66.10  10.30        13.56     14.9                       36.6      40.9     68.9  1.22 %@TE:   16  2288 02 06 07 15 15 07 07 13 10 27 10 09 06 07 @%

%@NL@%
The figures represent dollars per 100 lbs. for hogs, beef cattle, veal
calves, sheep, lamb, and milk (wholesale), dollars per head for milk cows;
cents per lb. for milk fat (in cream), chickens, broilers, turkeys, and
wool; cents for eggs per dozen. %@NL@%
Weighted calendar year prices for livestock and livestock products other
than wool. 1943 through 1963, wool prices are weighted on marketing year
basis. The marketing year has been changed (1964) from a calendar year to a
Dec.-Nov. basis for hogs, chickens, broilers and eggs.%@NL@%
The figures represent cents per lb. for cotton, apples, and peanuts; dollars
per bushel for oats, wheat, corn, barley, and soybeans; dollars per 100 lbs.
for rice, sorghum, and potatoes; dollars per ton for cottonseed and baled
hay. %@NL@%
Weighted crop year prices. Crop years are as follows: apples, June-May;
wheat, oats, barley, hay and potatoes, July-June; cotton, rice, peanuts and
cottonseed, August-July; soybeans, September-August; and corn and sorghum
grain, October-September.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  2013 02 06 06 07 16 07 08 07 10 09 09 12 07 10 08 @%Year  Corn  Wheat  Upland cotton%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Oats   Barley  Rice   Soybeans  Sorghum  Peanuts  Cottonseed  Hay    Potatoes  Apples%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1930  .598  .663   9.46            0.311  .420    1.74   1.34      1.02     5.01     22.00       11.00  1.47      . . . 1940  .618  .674   9.83            0.298  .393    1.80   .892      .873     3.72     21.70       9.78   .850      . . . 1950  1.52  2.00   39.90           0.788  1.19    5.09   2.47      1.88     10.9     86.60       21.10  1.50      . . . 1960  1.00  1.74   30.08           0.599  .840    4.55   2.13      1.49     10.0     42.50       21.70  2.00      2.721970  1.33  1.33   21.86           0.623  .973    5.17   2.85      2.04     12.8     56.40       26.10  2.21      6.521975  2.54  3.55   51.10           1.45   2.42    8.35   4.92      4.21     19.6     97.00       52.10  4.48      8.801979  2.52  3.78   62.3            1.36   2.29    10.50  6.28      4.18     20.6     121.00      59.50  3.43      15.40 1980  3.11  3.91   74.4            1.79   2.86    12.80  7.57      5.25     25.1     129.00      71.00  6.55      12.11984  2.63  3.39   58.7            1.67   2.29    8.04   5.84      4.15     27.9     99.50       72.70  5.69      15.51985  2.23  3.08   56.8            1.23   1.98    6.53   5.05      3.45     24.4     66.00       67.60  3.92      17.31986  1.50  2.42   51.5            1.21   1.61    3.75   4.78      2.45     29.2     80.00       59.70  5.03      19.11987  1.94  2.57   63.7            1.56   1.81    7.27   5.88      3.04     27.7     82.50       65.10  4.35      12.71988  2.55  3.72   54.8            2.61   2.79    6.70   7.55      4.07     26.9     119.00      87.10  5.49      10.81989  2.33  3.72   63.3            1.49   2.42    7.53   5.60      3.66     2.79     105.00      86.00  6.85      13.4%@TE:   16  2013 02 06 06 07 16 07 08 07 10 09 09 12 07 10 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@%Beginning 1964, 480 lb. net weight bales.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%        %@AS@%Grain Storage Capacity at Principal Grain Centers in U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%     Chicago Board of Trade Market Information Department, Aug. 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%(bushels) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   36  1675 02 40 36 @%Cities                                  Capacity %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlantic Coast                          31,700,000Great LakesToledo                                  53,600,000Buffalo                                 15,200,000Chicago                                 52,400,000Milwaukee                               6,600,000Duluth                                  64,300,000River PointsMinneapolis                             105,800,000Peoria                                  3,300,000St. Louis                               17,700,000Sioux City                              7,800,000Omaha-Council Bluffs                    23,100,000Atchison                                16,500,000St. Joseph                              22,300,000Kansas City, Mo.                        92,200,000 SouthwestFort Worth                              68,600,000Texas High Plains                       79,500,000Enid                                    79,700,000 Gulf PointsSouth Mississippi                       44,700,000North Texas Gulf                        24,200,000South Texas Gulf                        15,300,000 PlainsWichita                                 37,400,000Topeka                                  54,100,000Salina                                  49,500,000Hutchinson                              42,000,000Hastings-Grand Island                   25,300,000Lincoln                                 33,700,000 Pacific N.W.Puget Sound (incl. Portland)            35,100,000California ports                        %@AH@%NA%@AE@%%@TE:   36  1675 02 40 36 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%Atlantic Coast%@AE@%--Albany, N.Y., Philadelphia, Pa., Baltimore, Md., Norfolk,
Va. %@AB@%Gulf Points%@AE@%--New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Ama. Belle Chase, La., Mobile,
Ala. %@AB@%North Texas Gulf%@AE@%--Houston, Galveston, Beaumont, Port Arthur, Texas.
%@AB@%South Texas Gulf%@AE@%--Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Texas. %@AB@%Pacific N.W.%@AE@%--Seattle,
Tacoma, Wash., Portland, Oreg., Columbia River. %@AB@%Texas High Plains%@AE@%--Amarillo,
Lubbock, Hereford, Plainview, Texas. %@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Not available. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Consumption of Major Food Commodities per Person%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic Research Service: U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   61  3644 02 36 08 07 08 @%Commodity%@AH@%1%@AE@%                          1987    1988   1989%@AH@%p%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Red Meats%@AH@%2,3%@AE@%                        113.3   115.1  111.3Beef%@AH@%2%@AE@%                               69.2    68.2   65.0 Veal%@AH@%2%@AE@%                               1.3     1.1    1.0 Lamb and mutton%@AH@%2%@AE@%                    1.0     1.0    1.1 Pork%@AH@%2%@AE@%                               41.8    44.7   44.3Poultry%@AH@%2,3%@AE@%                          55.3    57.1   60.5 Chicken%@AH@%2%@AE@%                            43.2    44.5   47.0 Turkey%@AH@%2%@AE@%                             12.0    12.6   13.5 %@AB@%Fish%@AE@%%@AH@%2%@AE@%                               15.5    15.0   15.7 %@AB@%Eggs%@AE@%                                32.1    31.0   29.7 Dairy products:Cheese (natural equivalent)         24.0    23.6   23.7 Condensed and evaporated milk       3.4     3.5    3.0 Fluid milk and cream                237.4   233.4  230.5 Whole milk                          111.1   105.2  95.3 Lowfat milk%@AH@%4%@AE@%                        100.1   100.0  103.6 Skim milk                           14.0    16.0   19.7 Cream%@AH@%5%@AE@%                              4.6     4.6    4.7 Yogurt                              4.4     4.6    4.3 Specialty cream products%@AH@%6%@AE@%           2.9     3.0    3.0 Ice cream                           18.3    17.2   16.0 Fats and Oils--Total fat content    62.7    62.7   60.7 Butter                              4.6     4.5    4.3 Margarine                           10.5    10.2   10.1 Lard (direct use)                   1.8     1.7    1.8 Edible tallow (direct use)          1.0     0.8    0.9 Shortening                          21.3    21.2   21.2 Salad and cooking oils              24.7    24.8   23.6 Other edible fats and oils          1.3     1.3    1.3 Fruits:Fresh%@AH@%7%@AE@%                              96.9    94.4   %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Citrus%@AH@%7%@AE@%                             24.7    25.6   %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Noncitrus%@AH@%7%@AE@%                          72.2    68.8   %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Processed:Canned fruit                        8.8     8.8    %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Frozen fruit                        3.9     3.8    %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Dried Fruit                         2.7     2.9    %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Vegetables:Fresh%@AH@%7,8%@AE@%                            95.4    98.7   101.9 For canning%@AH@%7%@AE@%                        87.1    83.1   %@AH@%NA%@AE@% For freezing%@AH@%7%@AE@%                       16.8    17.9   16.9 Potatoes%@AH@%7%@AE@%                           125.4   123.5  123.3 Grains:Wheat flour                         129.3   129.3  122.7 Rice                                13.5    14.3   15.7 Pasta (excl. fresh)                 11.9    12.2   12.8 Caloric and noncaloric sweeteners%@AH@%9%@AE@%  151.4   153.0  %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Caloric sweeteners                  132.4   133.0  133.3 Refined cane and beet sugar         62.4    62.0   62.2 Corn sweeteners                     68.6    69.6   69.7 High fructose                       47.1    48.0   47.8 Low-calorie sweeteners%@AH@%10%@AE@%            19.0    20.0   %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Other:Coffee (beans)                      10.2    10.2   10.2 Tea                                 0.7     0.7    0.7 Cocoa (beans)                       4.8     4.9    5.0 Peanuts (shelled)                   6.4     6.8    7.1 Tree nuts                           2.2     2.2    2.5 Dry edible beans                    5.0     5.7    %@AH@%NA%@AE@% %@TE:   61  3644 02 36 08 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Quantity in pounds, retail weight unless otherwise shown. Data on calendar
year basis except for dried fruits, fresh citrus fruits, and peanuts which
are on a crop-year basis, and rice and eggs which are on a marketing year
basis. Data are as of August 1990. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Boneless, trimmed weight. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Total may
not add due to rounding. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Includes plain lowfat, flavored, and buttermilk.
%@AH@%5%@AE@% Includes heavy cream, light cream, and half and half. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Includes eggnog
and sour cream and dip. %@AH@%7%@AE@% Farm weight. %@AH@%8%@AE@% Commercial production for sale as
fresh produce. %@AH@%9%@AE@% Dry weight. %@AH@%10%@AE@% Sugar-sweetness equivalent. %@AH@%p%@AE@% Preliminary.
%@AH@%NA%@AE@% = not available. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%U.S. Egg Production %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%(millions of eggs)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   53  2022 02 08 08 08 08 08 @%State   1986    1987    1988    1989%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ala.    2,723   2,605   2,596   2,184Alas.   12.8    6.6     0.7     0.7Ariz.   121     98      86      79Ark.    3,731   3,874   3,784   3,352Cal.    7,850   8,023   7,718   7,317Col.    575     641     784     824Conn.   1,281   1,200   1,121   935Del.    135     144     146     147Fla.    2,683   2,568   2,758   2,602Ga.     4,318   4,476   4,294   4,233Ha.     227     223     224.4   226.5Ida.    230     238     217     217Ill.    663     709     780     794Ind.    5,561   5,750   5,644   5,529Ia.     1,441   1,534   2,140   2,140Kan.    463     486     387     387Ky.     420     466     407     407La.     336     323     311     299Me.     1,239   1,827   1,300   1,138Md.     890     926     932     965Mass.   315     273     262     238Mich.   1,644   1,656   1,553   1,454Minn.   2,312   2,263   2,250   2,236Miss.   1,274   1,259   1,251   1,289Mo.     1,351   1,397   1,526   1,485Mont.   201     205     194     180Neb.    829     869     902     1,037Nev.    2.2     2.2     2.2     2.3N.H.    95      76      51      53N.J.    501     475     486     437N.M.    280     302     287     294N.Y.    1,523   1,115   1,013   1,036N.C.    3,400   3,251   3,396   3,312N.D.    118     61      59      47Oh.     3,873   4,351   4,477   4,353Okla.   809     805     863     885Ore.    659     638     617     678Pa.     4,692   4,853   5,317   5,232R.I.    58      55      52      46S.C.    1,615   1,604   1,432   1,342S.D.    395     358     348     373Tenn.   663     670     532     318Tex.    3,355   3,424   3,363   3,304Ut.     457     496     490     460Vt.     57      60      54      36Va.     914     937     911     894Wash.   1,295   1,303   1,327   1,299W. Va.  109     128     126     121Wis.    830     877     881     852Wyo.    4.5     4.3     3.6     2.3Total%@AH@%*%@AE@%  68,407  68,398  69,655  67,100%@TE:   53  2022 02 08 08 08 08 08 @%

%@NL@%
Note: The egg and chicken production year runs from Dec. 1 of the previous
year through Nov. 30. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Included are eggs destroyed because of possible PCB
contamination. %@AH@%*%@AE@%States may not add to total. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%      %@AS@%Farm-Real Estate Debt Outstanding by Lender Groups%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic  Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  3217 04 09 30 21 41 41 41 13 @%                                                            Amounts held by principal lender groups  Amounts held by principal lender groups  Amounts held by principal lender groupsDec. 31  Total farm-real estate debt%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Federal land banks%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Farmers Home Administration%@AH@%3%@AE@%             Life insurance companies%@AH@%4%@AE@%                All commercial banks                     Other%@AH@%5%@AE@%         $1,000                        $1,000               $1,000                                   $1,000                                   $1,000                                   $1,000%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1955     9,048,676                     1,480,000            413,000                                  2,272,000                                1,275,000                                3,609,000 1960     12,867,524                    2,539,000            723,000                                  2,975,000                                1,592,000                                5,039,000 1965     21,220,912                    4,240,000            1,497,000                                4,802,000                                2,607,000                                8,070,000 1970     30,492,357                    7,145,363            2,440,043                                5,610,300                                3,772,377                                11,524,000 1975     49,852,888                    16,029,468           3,368,747                                6,726,000                                6,296,286                                17,432,000 1980     97,486,996                    36,196,103           8,163,270                                12,927,800                               8,563,457                                31,636,000 1982     111,312,036                   47,821,589           9,169,874                                12,801,546                               8,391,800                                33,127,000 1985     105,739,201                   44,583,842           10,426,971                               11,830,400                               11,384,920                               27,507,000 1986     95,879,799                    37,757,626           10,348,597                               10,940,200                               12,710,650                               24,123,000 1987     87,717,601                    32,637,687           10,083,239                               9,895,800                                14,455,162                               20,646,000 1988     82,952,518                    30,326,707           9,606,796                                9,581,700                                15,416,700                               18,020,000 1989     80,476,478                    28,501,000           8,719,822                                9,597,900                                16,646,179                               17,011,577%@TE:   16  3217 04 09 30 21 41 41 41 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes opertator households. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes data for joint stock land banks
and real estate loans by Agricultural Credit Assn. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Includes loans made
directly by FmHA for farm ownership, soil and water loans to individuals,
Indian tribe land acquisition, grazing associations, and half of economic
emergency loans. Also includes loans for rural housing on farm tracts and
labor housing. %@AH@%4%@AE@% American Council of Life Insurance. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Estimated by ERS,
USDA. Includes CCC storage and drying facility loans. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Government Payments by Programs and State%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%(thousands)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   53  5840 02 16 12 10 10 12 10 15 16 13 @%1989 State      Feed Grain  Wheat     Rice      Cotton      Wool Act  Conservation%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Miscellaneous%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Total%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         $8,573      $2,132    0         $44,156     $6        $28,951        $37,041         $120,859Alaska          23          0         0         0           4         1,075          41              1,143Arizona         2,527       1,176     0         73,089      1,179     2,031          5,104           85,106Arkansas        12,708      11,195    $275,616  70,957      72        16,157         52,970          439,675California      10,331      10,426    124,811   148,324     3,203     13,684         61,311          372,090Colorado        45,314      22,761    0         0           2,517     87,262         25,588          183,442Connecticut     624         0         0         0           10        326            1,240           2,200Delaware        2,057       58        0         0           2         281            2,420           4,818Florida         4,546       499       38        3,166       6         9,578          20,490          38,323Georgia         27,331      7,937     0         33,427      9         33,032         71,322          173,058Hawaii          0           0         0         0           0         267            0               267Idaho           4,862       18,721    0         0           1,216     38,555         35,735          99,089Illinois        437,335     9,610     0         0           247       50,585         228,164         725,941Indiana         204,923     5,045     0         0           114       28,084         95,525          333,691Iowa            578,178     248       0         0           784       154,809        247,187         981,206Kansas          166,126     103,644   0         37          593       160,417        157,629         588,446Kentucky        41,522      2,493     0         0           61        28,335         46,012          118,423Louisiana       6,608       2,225     105,932   90,576      12        8,769          35,636          249,758Maine           651         0         0         0           30        4,376          2,086           7,143Maryland        9,918       285       0         0           33        2,042          11,457          23,735Massachusetts   256         0         0         0           13        478            3,116           3,863Michigan        98,903      6,385     0         0           569       15,433         140,681         261,971Minnesota       257,740     28,691    0         0           505       101,057        211,859         599,852Mississippi     7,370       3,801     53,764    171,377     8         34,187         54,654          325,161Missouri        94,961      14,846    18,702    23,238      357       101,412        102,875         356,391Montana         11,344      48,614    0         0           2,589     105,442        121,393         289,382Nebraska        377,604     24,256    0         0           478       76,744         63,224          542,306Nevada          92          268       0         0           292       1,167          4,482           6,301New Hampshire   193         0         0         0           9         671            1,429           2,302New Jersey      2,870       177       0         0           11        633            17,792          21,483New Mexico      10,596      2,950     0         8,802       3,416     21,588         17,323          64,675New York        27,879      1,626     0         0           118       7,962          38,440          76,025North Carolina  41,464      2,584     0         11,513      25        10,590         27,741          93,917North Dakota    38,688      86,525    0         0           568       101,104        247,961         474,846Ohio            120,695     7,194     0         0           533       18,336         127,245         274,003Oklahoma        10,968      48,418    129       31,399      1,840     53,630         88,433          234,817Oregon          2,699       12,633    0         0           945       29,968         14,139          60,384Pennsylvania    17,083      434       0         0           193       9,392          41,294          68,396Rhode Island    1           0         0         0           2         65             22              90South Carolina  17,698      3,487     0         16,578      1         14,434         20,498          72,696South Dakota    101,989     28,893    0         0           2,362     63,749         143,269         340,262Tennessee       18,730      3,405     69        40,826      18        26,178         51,823          141,049Texas           165,919     38,589    91,921    416,170     50,131    177,398        308,585         1,248,713Utah            1,368       1,523     0         0           2,069     12,176         17,400          34,536Vermont         525         3         0         0           34        1,882          4,620           7,064Virginia        14,514      1,277     0         181         275       7,358          14,994          38,599Washington      8,077       35,241    0         0           198       54,270         33,346          131,132West Virginia   1,806       36        0         0           142       2,447          7,168           11,599Wisconsin       122,410     961       0         0           176       39,967         358,818         522,332Wyoming         2,197       1,725     0         0           3,428     12,330         14,462          34,142Total U.S.      $3,140,796  $602,997  $670,982  $1,183,816  $81,403   $1,770,664     $3,436,044      $10,886,702%@TE:   53  5840 02 16 12 10 10 12 10 15 16 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes both cash payments and payment-in-kind (PIK). %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes amount
paid under agriculture and conservation programs (Conservation Bonus,
Conservation Reserve, Agriculture Conservation, Emergency Conservation, and
Great Plains Program). %@AH@%3%@AE@% The programs included: Rural Clean Water, Clean
Lakes, Animal Waste Management, Forest Incentive, Water Bank, Milk
Indemnity, Dairy Termination, Emergency Feed, Extended Warehouse Storage,
Extended Farm Storage, Milk Diversion, Disaster Program Crops, Disaster
Program Non-Crops, Colorado River Salinity, Warehouse Storage Deduction,
Livestock Emergency Assistance, Interest Penalty Payments, Disaster, and
Loan Deficiency. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Federal Food Assistance Programs%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Agriculture Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  2377 02 55 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 @%                                                       1981    1982    1983    1984    1985    1986    1987    1988    1989    1990%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Food StampPgm.%@AH@%2,%@AE@%%@AH@%6%@AE@%                                      10,328  10,159  11,863  11,595  11,721  11,694  11,644  12,356  12,908  15,518P.R. Nutrition Asstnce. Grant%@AH@%3%@AE@%                         908     898     825     825     824     824     853     879     908     937 Natl. School Lunch Pgm.%@AH@%4%@AE@%                               3,276   2,942   3,203   3,335   3,380   3,537   3,685   3,730   3,772   4,342 School Breakfast Pgm.                                  332     317     344     364     379     406     447     482     513     537 Special Supp. Food Pgm. for Women, Infants, Children%@AH@%5%@AE@%  872     949     1,126   1,388   1,489   1,583   1,680   1,798   1,909   2,128 Summer Food Service Pgm.%@AH@%4%@AE@%                              106     87      93      96      112     115     129     133     147     164 Child and Adult Care Food Pgm.%@AH@%4%@AE@%                        340     324     356     407     452     496     506     623     697     879 Special Milk Pgm.                                      101     18      17      16      16      16      15      19      19      21 Nutrition Pgm. for the Elderly%@AH@%4%@AE@%                        94      102     120     127     134     137     139     146     144     144 Needy Family Pgm.%@AH@%4%@AE@%                                     37      41      44      51      60      60      63      62      66      60 Commodity Supp. Food Pgm.%@AH@%4,%@AE@%%@AH@%7%@AE@%                           28      28      41      48      48      48      56      62      73      78 Food Distribution to Charities Inst.%@AH@%4,%@AE@%%@AH@%8%@AE@%                78      117     154     190     170     240     158     159     136     141 Other Costs%@AH@%9%@AE@%                                           56      233     1,079   1,126   1,080   952     904     697     364     417 Total%@AH@%10%@AE@%                                                16,556  16,216  19,264  19,568  19,865  20,107  20,279  21,146  21,656  25,366 %@TE:   16  2377 02 55 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Data are for Fiscal (not Calendar) years. 1989 and prior years are updated
per current reports; 1990 data represent the program level under current law
in the 1991 budget. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Excludes Puerto Rico. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Grant was initiated in June
1982; prior data are Food Stamp costs. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Includes the value of commodities
(entitlement, bonus and cash-in-lieu). %@AH@%5%@AE@% Includes program studies; excludes
Farmers Market Demo. Projects. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Includes SAE, other program costs, and
transfers. %@AH@%7%@AE@% Includes Elderly Feeding Projects. %@AH@%8%@AE@% Includes Summer Camps. %@AH@%9%@AE@%
Includes Child Nutrition State Admin. Expenses, CN Nutrition Studies &
Education, Temporary Emergency Food Assist. Program (commodity and admin.
costs), and the costs of entitlement foods distributed to Soup Kitchens/Food
Banks. %@AH@%10%@AE@% Excludes food program administration (FPA) costs, Northern
Marianas Nutrition Assistance Grant, and Disaster Relief. The Northern
Marianas Grant was $0.9 million in FY 1982, and $3.7 million for subsequent
years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%World Wheat, Rice and Corn Production, 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%(thousands of metric tons) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   68  3164 02 17 09 09 09 @%Country          Wheat    Rice     Corn%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%World, total     509,952  483,466  405,460Afghanistan      2,900    490      839Argentina        7,769    383      9,200Australia        14,102   740      208Austria          1,430    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       1,640Bangladesh       1,048    21,900   3Belgium%@AH@%1%@AE@%         1,327    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       40Brazil           5,436    11,804   24,709Bulgaria         4,713    60       1,625Canada           15,655   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       5,369Chile            1,734    162      661China            87,505   172,365  73,820Colombia         63       1,775    908Cuba             %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       488      95Czechoslovakia   6,547    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       996Denmark          2,080    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Ecuador          31       420      387Egypt            2,839    1,900    4,088Ethiopia         825      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       1,650Finland          285      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%France           29,677   65       13,996Germany (GDR)    3,697    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       1Germany (FDR)    12,044   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       1,435Greece           2,550    116      2,116Hungary          6,962    52       6,027India            45,096   101,950  7,500Indonesia        %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       41,769   6,668Iran             8,200    1,757    60Iraq             1,200    250      62Ireland          418      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Israel           211      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       25Italy            7,945    1,094    6,318Japan            1,021    12,419   1Kampuchea        %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       2,000    100Korea (DPR)      880      6,350    2,950Korean Republic  3        8,400    130Laos             %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       1,003    40Madagascar       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       2,100    150Malaysia         %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       1,669    31Mexico           3,700    420      11,800Myanmar          241      14,000   300Nepal            745      2,787    890Netherlands      816      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       5New Zealand      235      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       190Pakistan         12,675   4,577    1,150Panama           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       166      97Peru             134      1,080    880Philippines      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       8,971    4,428Poland           7,582    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       204Portugal         401      151      663Romania          9,000    150      19,500South Africa     3,400    3        6,900Soviet Union     84,500   2,900    16,000Spain            6,514    499      3,577Sri Lanka        %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       2,466    43Sweden           1,357    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Switzerland      553      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       237Syria            2,067    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       61Thailand         %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       20,813   5,166Turkey           20,500   263      2,100United Kingdom   11,605   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       1United States    49,295   7,237    125,003Uruguay          390      381      118Venezuela        1        385      1,400Vietnam          %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       15,200   580Yugoslavia       6,303    36       7,697%@TE:   68  3164 02 17 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes Luxembourg. %@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Some figures are FAO estimates. %@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Not
available.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%    %@AS@%Wheat, Rice and Corn--Exports and Imports of 10 Leading Countries %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%(thousands of metric tons)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   36  3445 03 19 10 10 10 19 10 10 10 @%Leading Exporters  Exports%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Exports%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Exports%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Leading Importers  Imports%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Imports%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Imports%@AH@%1%@AE@%                   1980      1988      1989%@AH@%p%@AE@%                        1980      1988      1989%@AH@%p%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Wheat                                            WheatUnited States      41,204    38,619    33,557    USSR               16,000    15,500    14,000France             13,423    18,843    19,100    China              13,789    15,500    13,000 Canada             16,262    12,420    17,500    Egypt              5,423     7,000     7,000 Australia          9,577     11,375    11,000    Japan              5,840     5,405     5,400 Argentina          3,845     4,034     5,900     Italy              3,028     5,500     5,100 United Kingdom     1,100     2,200     4,500     Iran               1,896     3,200     5,100 Germany, Fed Rep   1,502     3,700     2,800     Algeria            2,294     4,200     4,300 Italy              1,620     3,600     2,400     Iraq               1,366     2,800     3,400 Saudi Arabia       0         2,000     1,900     Turkey             0         300       3,000 Hungary            700       1,900     1,500     South Korea        2,095     2,822     2,200Rice                                             RiceThailand           3,049     6,037     4,000     Iran               583       1,000     900 United States      3,028     2,786     2,497     USSR               1,283     600       640 Vietnam            5         1,400     2,000     Philippines        0         195       575 Pakistan           1,163     792       850       Saudi Arabia       356       525       525 Italy              475       443       525       Iraq               350       570       500 Australia          468       500       461       Indonesia          2,040     33        412 India              900       400       400       China              110       1,400     400 China              580       320       300       Hong Kong          362       380       400 Uruguay            184       209       290       Senegal            340       410       385 Burma              674       456       200       Malaysia           167       350       360Corn                                             CornUnited States      60,737    51,525    59,693    USSR               11,800    18,600    18,100 France             2,380     6,685     7,470     Japan              13,989    15,900    16,300 China              125       3,700     2,500     South Korea        2,355     5,700     6,800 Argentina          9,098     1,800     2,400     Taiwan             2,703     4,100     5,000 Thailand           2,142     1,560     1,250     Mexico             3,833     3,120     4,700 South Africa       4,955     4,400     1,200     Netherlands        2,638     1,996     2,020 Zimbabwe           305       400       400       United Kingdom     2,349     1,400     1,535 Indonesia          15        225       350       Malaysia           717       1,375     1,500 Kenya              0         125       260       Spain              4,251     2,150     1,500 Hungary            300       152       170       Brazil             0         100       1,500 %@TE:   36  3445 03 19 10 10 10 19 10 10 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Marketing years; %@AH@%p%@AE@% Preliminary.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                %@AS@%EMPLOYMENT%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%U.S. Labor Force, Employment and Unemployment%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(numbers in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   811 03 22 17 17 17 09 09 09 09 @%                      Annual averages  Annual averages  Annual averages  1990     1990     1990     1990Employment status     1987             1988             1989             Jan.     March    May      July%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Civilian labor force  119,865          121,669          123,869          124,397  124,829  125,004  124,767Employed              112,440          114,968          117,342          117,863  118,334  118,350  117,953Unemployed            7,425            6,701            6,528            6,535    6,495    6,653    6,814Unemployment rate     6.2              5.5              5.3              5.3      5.2      5.3      5.5%@TE:    7   811 03 22 17 17 17 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Selected Unemployment Indicators %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%(quarterly averages, seasonally adjusted) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   33  4040 03 49 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%                                                 1987  1987  1987  1988  1988  1988  1988  1989  1989  1989  1989  1990  1990Category                                         II    III   IV    I     II    III   IV    I     II    III   IV    I     II%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%CharacteristicTotal (all civilian workers)                     6.3   6.0   5.8   5.7   5.5   5.5   5.3   5.2   5.3   5.3   5.3   5.2   5.3Men, 20 years and over                           5.6   5.3   5.0   4.9   4.8   4.7   4.6   4.4   4.4   4.6   4.6   4.6   4.8 Women, 20 years and over                         5.4   5.3   5.2   5.1   4.9   4.9   4.7   4.6   4.8   4.7   4.8   4.7   4.6 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years                       17.0  16.2  16.6  16.0  15.1  15.5  14.5  15.0  15.0  15.0  15.2  14.5  14.8 White                                            5.4   5.1   5.0   4.9   4.7   4.8   4.6   4.4   4.5   4.5   4.5   4.6   4.6 Black and other                                  11.7  11.4  11.0  11.0  10.6  10.0  9.9   10.2  9.8   9.8   10.3  9.6   9.3 Black                                            13.1  12.7  12.3  12.3  12.0  11.4  11.3  11.5  11.3  11.3  11.8  10.8  10.4 Hispanic origin                                  8.7   8.1   8.5   8.1   8.8   7.9   7.8   7.3   8.0   8.6   8.1   7.5   7.6 Married men, spouse present                      4.1   3.8   3.5   3.4   3.2   3.2   3.1   3.0   3.0   3.1   3.0   3.2   3.3 Married women, spouse present                    4.3   4.2   4.2   4.1   3.8   3.9   3.7   3.5   3.9   3.8   3.9   3.7   3.6 Women who maintain  families                     9.5   9.1   8.6   8.2   8.3   8.0   7.9   8.0   8.0   8.1   8.0   7.8   7.6 Full-time workers                                5.9   5.6   5.5   5.3   5.1   5.1   5.0   4.9   4.9   5.0   5.0   4.9   5.0 Part-time workers                                8.2   8.2   8.2   8.0   7.6   7.7   7.1   7.1   7.3   7.2   7.4   7.2   7.4 Unemployed 15 weeks and over%@AH@%1%@AE@%                    1.7   1.6   1.5   1.4   1.3   1.3   1.2   1.1   1.1   1.1   1.1   1.1   1.1 Labor force time lost%@AH@%2%@AE@%                           7.2   6.9   6.7   6.6   6.3   6.4   6.2   6.0   6.0   6.0   5.9   5.9   6.0 IndustryNonagricultural private wage and salary workers  6.3   6.0   5.8   5.7   5.5   5.5   5.4   5.3   5.3   5.4   5.4   5.5   5.5 Goods-producing industries                       7.5   7.0   6.6   6.8   6.4   6.5   6.4   6.1   6.0   6.3   6.3   6.6   6.5 Mining                                           11.1  8.2   7.5   7.8   8.4   7.1   8.1   6.9   4.8   6.8   5.2   5.9   3.8 Construction                                     12.0  11.4  10.9  11.2  10.6  10.1  10.4  10.0  9.8   10.2  9.6   9.4   10.6 Manufacturing                                    6.1   5.7   5.4   5.4   5.2   5.4   5.1   5.0   5.0   5.2   5.4   5.8   5.4 Durable goods                                    6.0   5.7   5.0   5.4   4.8   5.1   4.9   4.7   4.6   4.8   5.3   5.6   5.3 Nondurable goods                                 6.3   5.8   6.0   5.6   5.7   5.8   5.5   5.4   5.5   5.6   5.6   6.1   5.5 Service-producing industries                     5.7   5.5   5.3   5.2   5.0   5.0   5.0   4.9   5.0   5.0   4.9   5.0   5.0 Transportation and public utilities              4.5   4.3   4.5   3.9   4.0   3.7   3.9   3.9   4.0   4.1   3.6   3.9   3.5 Wholesale and retail trade                       7.1   6.7   6.4   6.5   6.1   6.2   6.0   5.9   5.8   6.0   6.2   6.1   6.2 Finance and service industries                   4.9   4.9   4.7   4.6   4.5   4.4   4.4   4.4   4.5   4.4   4.3   4.4   4.5 Government workers                               3.4   3.4   3.3   3.0   2.9   2.9   2.6   2.7   2.8   2.8   2.7   2.4   2.5 Agricultural wage and salary workers             8.9   10.2  11.3  11.1  10.6  11.2  9.5   9.2   10.0  8.6   10.6  9.6   9.6 %@TE:   33  4040 03 49 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Aggregate hours
lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a
percent of potentially available labor force hours.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Employed Persons by Occupation, Sex, and Age%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24  3773 04 53 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%                                                     Total              Total              Men                Men                Women              Women                                                     16 years and over  16 years and over  16 years and over  16 years and over  16 years and over  16 years and overOccupation                                           1988               1989               1988               1989               1988               1989%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                                                114,968            117,342            63,273             64,315             51,696             53,027Managerial and professional specialty                29,190             30,398             16,139             16,652             13,050             13,746Executive, administrative and managerial             14,216             14,848             8,626              8,944              5,590              5,904Professional specialty                               14,974             15,550             7,513              7,708              7,460              7,842Technical, sales and administrative support          35,532             36,127             12,494             12,687             23,038             23,440Technicians and related support                      3,521              3,645              1,833              1,887              1,688              1,759Sales occupations                                    13,747             14,065             7,025              7,124              6,722              6,941Administrative support, including clerical           18,264             18,416             3,636              3,676              14,628             14,741Service occupations                                  15,332             15,556             6,056              6,164              9,275              9,391Private household                                    909                872                34                 36                 875                836Protective service                                   1,944              1,960              1,664              1,654              279                305Service, except private household and protective     12,479             12,724             4,358              4,474              8,121              8,250Precision production, craft, and repair              13,664             13,818             12,474             12,627             1,190              1,190Mechanics and repairers                              4,454              4,550              4,307              4,397              147                153Construction trades                                  5,098              5,142              4,991              5,034              107                108Other precision production, craft, and repair        4,112              4,126              3,176              3,196              936                929Operators, fabricators, and laborers                 17,814             18,022             13,234             13,327             4,580              4,695Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors        8,117              8,248              4,806              4,878              3,311              3,370Transportation and material moving occupations       4,831              4,886              4,397              4,436              434                450Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers  4,866              4,888              4,031              4,013              835                875%@TE:   24  3773 04 53 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Selected Unemployment Insurance Data by State %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%Calendar year 1989, state programs only. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   56  8091 02 07 20 16 14 17 16 44 32 @%       Insured claimants%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Beneficiaries%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Exhaustions%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Initial claims%@AH@%4%@AE@%  Benefits paid%@AH@%5%@AE@%  Avg. weekly benefit for total unemployment  Employers subject to state law%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%AL     172,035             151,376         27,858        64,267           $155,821,512    $108.78                                     79,183AK     36,364              33,093          13,972        354,277          72,743,596      157.17                                      13,552AZ     108,583             73,524          19,738        213,522          125,151,023     116.97                                      78,119AR     117,317             83,388          20,339        171,548          126,156,831     131.14                                      48,862CA     1,258,789           1,023,682       287,428       2,559,133        1,704,985,041   120.51                                      756,039CO     96,996              74,111          25,133        139,383          148,021,233     160.94                                      88,829CT     126,385             119,473         22,904        219,229          271,438,839     191.12                                      94,990DE     27,564              22,049          2,213         34,381           33,564,096      163.31                                      17,839DC     26,793              19,462          10,208        46,935           71,896,747      200.32                                      21,198FL     254,036             186,715         63,265        388,179          339,811,769     145.39                                      306,721GA     285,901             209,516         50,190        401,529          253,551,957     136.24                                      140,240HI     26,250              19,098          3,395         46,581           38,779,522      176.59                                      25,758ID     41,997              36,539          10,069        138,358          54,827,684      139.30                                      24,951IL     291,363             302,991         95,294        98,592           767,866,371     159.73                                      243,162IN     171,622             115,811         22,511        688,648          121,397,965     104.88                                      107,022IA     89,264              73,393          15,970        323,160          130,014,218     155.75                                      61,425KS     86,072              69,306          19,550        161,241          153,437,954     167.22                                      58,716KY     143,125             113,154         19,744        286,997          159,210,022     125.70                                      70,799LA     126,097             99,250          32,900        249,293          164,542,924     105.42                                      80,597ME     55,431              44,387          8,677         486,565          68,194,923      149.12                                      33,432MD     146,689             88,861          19,697        212,442          199,349,371     167.15                                      110,801MA     151,987             260,788         69,468        119,044          819,279,901     211.73                                      152,071MI     304,853             393,128         101,631       941,068          938,913,234     189.86                                      185,924MN     146,184             122,906         34,140        239,919          321,214,321     185.32                                      98,727MS     97,717              71,642          18,034        431,059          93,474,660      109.27                                      45,954MO     201,464             160,747         42,282        208,775          244,231,722     127.09                                      125,077MT     27,608              21,827          7,296         45,476           35,246,124      131.54                                      23,616NE     36,720              27,469          6,988         703,263          35,986,902      259.41                                      39,326NV     50,095              35,647          7,741         31,898           65,279,320      153.24                                      27,164NH     43,145              32,041          923           57,377           26,376,311      127.22                                      33,728NJ     326,645             267,941         88,531        55,776           757,055,702     192.45                                      203,033NM     35,501              28,267          9,850         511,566          57,245,958      125.34                                      32,923NY     594,845             544,073         160,305       59,284           1,401,610,242   165.68                                      441,844NC     312,000             210,837         27,817        74,910           223,396,524     146.20                                      131,776ND     17,231              15,217          6,447         1,098,028        26,884,963      134.42                                      17,954OH     385,419             305,056         64,506        673,746          479,446,349     129.05                                      205,964OK     67,790              49,749          16,470        123,224          95,386,044      145.01                                      64,705OR     126,707             105,684         22,757        270,060          206,562,095     154.57                                      75,140PA     501,204             406,243         88,757        1,043,877        993,924,350     182.31                                      230,947PR     100,087             107,584         47,055        216,432          111,076,342     75.90                                       51,117RI     61,359              46,217          12,058        98,955           109,602,344     181.81                                      28,112SC     151,554             96,588          16,227        305,966          104,026,053     120.67                                      68,749SD     10,590              8,284           925           21,620           10,545,939      119.46                                      18,626TN     218,317             164,170         39,543        450,229          196,655,235     109.18                                      92,485TX     458,543             340,411         133,002       711,368          751,510,465     160.31                                      312,596UT     46,980              31,371          8,890         56,247           58,424,474      160.28                                      31,831VT     24,171              19,300          2,102         316,479          29,853,017      140.95                                      18,804VA     176,453             130,971         18,567        5,324            135,932,901     141.12                                      126,919VI     4,965               1,267           404           38,439           3,328,724       124.24                                      3,175WA     219,574             168,682         44,690        456,679          371,652,302     155.89                                      122,699WV     54,157              52,999          10,961        382,559          95,504,918      141.50                                      34,540WI     213,505             172,008         37,757        90,401           317,879,374     156.39                                      101,611WY     15,237              10,407          3,024         30,206           23,631,317      159.55                                      15,267Total  8,871,280           7,368,700       1,940,203     17,153,514       14,301,901,725  152.08                                      5,624,639%@TE:   56  8091 02 07 20 16 14 17 16 44 32 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Claimants whose base-period earnings or whose employment, covered by the
unemployment insurance program, was sufficient to make them eligible for
unemployment insurance benefits as provided by state law. %@AH@%2%@AE@% First payments.
%@AH@%3%@AE@% Final payments. Claimants who exhaust their benefit rights in one benefit
year may be entitled to further benefits in the following benefit year. %@AH@%4%@AE@%
Excludes intrastate transitional claims. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Adjusted for voided benefit
checks and transfers under interstate combined wage plan.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Employment and Unemployment in the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  %@AS@%Civilian labor force, persons 16 years of age and over (in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   18   716 02 07 10 12 19 @%Year%@AH@%*%@AE@%  Employed  Unemployed  Unemployment Rate%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1940%@AH@%1%@AE@%  47,520    8,120       14.6% 1950   58,918    3,288       5.01960   65,778    3,852       5.51970   78,678    4,093       4.91975   85,846    7,929       8.51978   96,048    6,202       6.11980   99,303    7,637       7.11981   100,397   8,273       7.61982   99,526    10,678      9.71983   100,834   10,717      9.61984   105,005   8,539       7.51985   107,150   8,312       7.21986%@AH@%2%@AE@%  109,597   8,237       7.01987   112,440   7,425       6.21988   114,988   6,701       5.51989   117,342   6,528       5.3%@TE:   18   716 02 07 10 12 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Persons 14 years of age and over; %@AH@%2%@AE@% Not strictly comparable with prior
years.%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%%@AB@%Early unemployment rates:%@AE@% 1915, 9.7; 1916, 4.8; 1917, 4.8; 1918, 1.4; 1919,
2.3; 1920, 4.0; 1921, 11.9; 1922, 7.6; 1923, 3.2; 1924, 5.5; 1925, 4.0;
1926, 1.9; 1927, 4.1; 1928, 4.4; 1929, 3.2; 1930, 8.7; 1931, 15.9; 1932,
23.6; 1933, 24.9; 1934, 21.7; 1935, 20.1; 1936, 16.9; 1937, 14.3; 1938,
19.0; 1939, 17.2.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%        %@AS@%Employment and Training Services and Unemployment Insurance%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Employment Service %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Federal-State Employment Service consists of the United States%@EH@%
Employment Service and affiliated state employment services which make up
the nation's public employment service system. During program year 1987, the
public employment service listed 7.2 million job openings and placed more
than 3.8 million people in jobs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The employment service refers employable applicants to job openings that use%@EH@%
their highest skills and helps the unemployed obtain services or training to
make them employable. It also provides special attention to handicapped
workers, migrants and seasonal farmworkers, workers who lose their jobs
because of foreign trade competition, and other worker groups. Veterans
receive priority services including referral to jobs and training. During
program year 1987, 455,813 veterans were placed in jobs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Job Training %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), which became fully operational on%@EH@%
October 1, 1983, provides job training and employment services for
economically disadvantaged youth and adults, dislocated workers, and others
who face significant employment barriers. The goal of the Act is to move as
many jobless workers as possible into permanent, unsubsidized,
self-sustaining employment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Since its inception, JTPA has provided approximately four and a half million%@EH@%
Americans with training and employment services. Its placement rate is 68
percent, making it one of the most successful job and training efforts ever
undertaken. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Title I of the Act's five titles basically establishes an administrative%@EH@%
structure for the delivery of job and training services. Generally, state
governors receive bloc grants from the Labor Department, and the funds are
then distributed to Service Delivery Areas -- areas of 200,000 population or
more where local elected officials work with Private Industry Councils to
plan and conduct local training projects. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Title II is in two parts, with Title II-A spelling out the Act's provision%@EH@%
of employment and training projects for the economically disadvantaged. In
program year 1987 (July 1, 1987 to June 30, 1988), these projects served
more than 1.3 million people. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Title II-A outlines a summer youth program offering basic and remedial%@EH@%
education, institutional and on-the-job training, work experience, and
supportive services. This program had nearly 640,000 participants in program
year 1987. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Title III, Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance, provides%@EH@%
for job and training help for dislocated workers -- workers who lose jobs
and are unlikely to return to their previous industries or occupations. This
includes workers who lose their jobs because of plant closings or mass
layoffs; long-term unemployed persons with limited local opportunities for
jobs in their fields; farmers, ranchers, and other self-employed persons who
become jobless due to general economic conditions or natural disasters; and,
under certain circumstances, displaced homemakers. Such assistance
benefitted nearly 183,000 workers in program year 1987. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Title IV authorizes programs to address the employment and training needs of%@EH@%
specific groups facing significant barriers to productive employment,
including Native Americans, migrant and seasonal farmworkers, and the
disabled. In program year 1987, these programs served 33,000 Native
Americans; 46,800 migrant and seasonal farmworkers; and 8,550 disabled
persons. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In addition, Title IV includes the Job Corps, which each year enrolls%@EH@%
approximately 100,000 young people between the ages of 16 and 21 in 107
residential job training centers throughout the United States; the National
Commission for Employment Policy; and nationally administered programs for
technical assistance, labor market information, research and evaluation, and
pilots and demonstrations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Title V contains miscellaneous provisions, including amendments to the%@EH@%
Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933 -- the legislation authorizing the federal-state
Employment Service. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Trade Ajustment Assistance for Workers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) is available to workers who lose their%@EH@%
jobs or whose hours of work and wages are reduced as a result of increased
imports. TAA includes a variety of benefits and reemployment services to
help unemployed workers prepare for and obtain suitable employment. Workers
may be eligible for training, job search, relocation and other reemployment
services. Additionally, weekly trade readjustment allowances (TRA) may be
payable to eligible workers following their exhaustion of unemployment
insurance benefits. In fiscal year 1989, about 23,700 workers received $186
million in TRA payments; about 15,200 workers entered training; about 900
workers were involved in  job search visits; and about 1,000 workers
relocated in order to obtain long term jobs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The TAA program is administered by the Employment and Training%@EH@%
Administration's Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance. State employment
security agencies serve as agents of the U.S., under an agreement with the
Secretary of Labor, for administering the TAA benefit provisions in the
Trade Act of 1974. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Unemployment Insurance %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Unlike old-age and survivors insurance, entirely a federal program, the%@EH@%
unemployment insurance program is a Federal-State system that provides
insured wage earners with partial replacement of wages lost during
involuntary unemployment. The program protects most workers.   During
calendar year 1989, an estimated 104.8 million workers in commerce,
industry, agriculture, and government, including the armed forces, were
covered under the Federal-State system. In addition, an estimated 308,000
railroad workers were insured against unemployment by the Railroad
Retirement Board. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Each state, as well as the District of Columbia,  Puerto Rico, and the%@EH@%
Virgin Islands, has its own law and operates its own program. The amount and
duration of the weekly benefits are determined by state laws, based on prior
wages and length of employment. States are required to extend the duration
of benefits when unemployment rises to and remains above specified state
levels; costs of extended benefits are shared by the state and federal
governments. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, as amended in 1985, the tax rate is%@EH@%
6.2% on the first $7,000 paid to each employee of employers with one or more
employees in 20 weeks of the year or a quarterly payroll of $1,500. A credit
of up to 5.4% is allowed for taxes paid under state unemployment insurance
laws that meet certain criteria, leaving the federal share at 0.8% of
taxable wages. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Social Security Requirement %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Social Security Act requires, as a condition of such grants, prompt%@EH@%
payment of due benefits. The Federal Unemployment Tax Act provides
safeguards for workers' right to benefits if they refuse jobs that fail to
meet certain labor standards. Through the Unemployment Insurance Service of
the Employment and Training Administration, the Secretary of Labor
determines whether states qualify for grants and for tax offset credit from
employers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Benefits are financed solely by employer contributions, except in Alaska,%@EH@%
Pennsylvania and New Jersey where employees also contribute. Benefits are
paid through the states' public employment offices, at which unemployed
workers must register for work and to which they must report regularly for
referral to a possible job during the time when they are drawing weekly
benefit payments. During the fiscal year 1989, $14.30 billion in benefits
was paid under state unemployment insurance programs to 7 million
beneficiaries. They received an average weekly payment of $152.08 for total
unemployment for an average of 13.3 weeks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Average Annual Pay, by State %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   55  3882 03 22 21 21 10 @%                      Average annual pay%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Average annual pay%@AH@%1%@AE@%  % ChangeState                 1988%@AH@%2%@AE@%                1989%@AH@%2%@AE@%                1988-89%@AH@%3%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%U.S.                  $21,872              $22,567              3.2Alabama               19,003               19,593               3.1Alaska                28,033               29,704               6.0Arizona               20,383               20,808               2.1Arkansas              17,023               17,418               2.3California            24,126               24,921               3.3Colorado%@AH@%4%@AE@%             21,472               21,940               2.2Connecticut           26,234               27,500               4.8Delaware              21,977               23,268               5.9District of Columbia  30,253               32,106               6.1Florida               19,523               20,072               2.8Georgia               20,504               21,071               2.8Hawaii                20,444               21,624               5.8Idaho                 17,648               18,146               2.8Illinois              23,608               24,211               2.6Indiana               20,437               20,931               2.4Iowa                  17,928               18,420               2.7Kansas                19,030               19,474               2.3Kentucky              18,545               19,001               2.5Louisiana             19,330               19,750               2.2Maine                 18,347               19,202               4.7Maryland              22,515               23,466               4.2Massachusetts         24,143               25,233               4.5Michigan              24,193               24,853               2.7Minnesota             21,481               22,155               3.1Mississippi           16,522               17,047               3.2Missouri              20,295               20,899               3.0Montana               16,957               17,224               1.6Nebraska              17,190               17,694               2.9Nevada                20,548               21,342               3.9New Hampshire         20,749               21,551               3.9New Jersey            25,748               26,780               4.0New Mexico            18,259               18,667               2.2New York              26,347               27,303               3.6North Carolina        18,636               19,320               3.7North Dakota          16,508               16,932               2.6Ohio                  21,501               21,986               2.3Oklahoma              19,098               19,530               2.3Oregon                19,637               20,303               3.4Pennsylvania          21,485               22,312               3.8Rhode Island          20,206               21,128               4.6South Carolina        18,009               18,797               4.4South Dakota          15,424               15,810               2.5Tennessee             19,209               19,712               2.6Texas                 21,130               21,740               2.9Utah                  18,910               19,362               2.4Vermont               18,640               19,497               4.6Virginia              21,053               21,879               3.9Washington            20,806               21,617               3.9West Virginia         19,341               19,789               2.3Wisconsin             19,743               20,204               2.3Wyoming               19,097               19,230               0.7%@TE:   55  3882 03 22 21 21 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Data are preliminary.
%@AH@%3%@AE@% Percent changes were computed from unrounded average annual pay data and
may differ from those computed using data rounded to the nearest dollar.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Employment Growth, By State, 1979-1987 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  2198 02 07 15 16 14 @%State  State          '87-'89 % chg.  '79-'87 rank%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1.     Nevada         17.1            52.     Idaho          11.5            453.     Washington     10.5            184.     Hawaii         8.8             155.     Oregon         8.7             376.     Utah           8.7             207.     Florida        8.4             18.     Alaska         8.4             79.     Maine          7.5             1010.    S. Carolina    7.4             1411.    Iowa           7.2             4612.    Montana        6.9             4713.    California     6.6             1214.    N. Carolina    6.5             1115.    Kentucky       6.4             3116.    Indiana        6.2             3417.    Minnesota      6.0             2918.    New Mexico     6.0             2419.    Wisconsin      5.9             3320.    Virginia       5.9             621.    S. Dakota      5.8             3222.    Kansas         5.8             3623.    Arkansas       5.8             2624.    Wyoming        5.7             5025.    Mississippi    5.3             3926.    Tennessee      5.3             2127.    Georgia        5.2             428.    Delaware       4.9             929.    Nebraska       4.8             3530.    Arizona        4.7             231.    Vermont        4.6             832.    Ohio           4.5             4033.    Maryland       4.4             1334.    Missouri       4.2             3035.    Texas          4.2             2336.    Oklahoma       4.0             4437.    Alabama        4.0             2838.    Illinois       3.9             4339.    Colorado       3.7             2240.    Michigan       3.7             3841.    New Jersey     3.2             1642.    Pennsylvania   2.9             4143.    N. Dakota      2.5             4244.    W. Virginia    2.1             4945.    New York       1.9             2746.    Louisiana      1.2             4847.    Connecticut    0.7             1948.    Rhode Island   0.3             2549.    Massachusetts  0.2             1750.    New Hampshire  0.9             3%@TE:   52  2198 02 07 15 16 14 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Employment Status of Women 16 Years and Over By Presence and Age of Own%@EH@%
%@AS@%Children, March 1988 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(Numbers in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10  1115 02 32 08 34 23 23 @%                                Total   Total With Own Children Under 18  With Children Under 6  With Children Under 3%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                           96,516  33,098                            15,812                 9,451In Labor Force                  53,987  21,528                            8,865                  4,959Labor Force Participation Rate  55.9    65.0                              56.1                   52.5Employed                        51,027  20,132                            8,104                  4,492Full time                       37,448  14,682                            5,628                  3,067Part time                       13,579  5,450                             2,476                  1,425Unemployed                      2,960   1,396                             761                    467Unemployment Rate               5.5     6.5                               8.6                    9.4%@TE:   10  1115 02 32 08 34 23 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Earnings by Occupation and Sex%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by%@EH@%
%@AS@%occupation and sex, annual averages) %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  126  8564 04 25 25 25 24 24 @%                         Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Median weekly earnings  Median weekly earnings                         thousands)               thousands)                                       Occupation               1989                     1990                     1989                    1990 %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%MenManagerial and           12,125                   12,588                   $675                    $726professional specialty                                                                             Executive,               6,324                    6,534                    670                     743administrative, and                                                                                managerial                                                                                         Professional specialty   5,801                    6,054                    678                     712 Technical, sales, and    9,109                    9,472                    482                     496 administrative support                                                                             Technicians and related  1,645                    1,729                    543                     563 support                                                                                            Sales occupations        4,467                    4,701                    484                     506 Administrative support,  2,996                    3,041                    435                     432 including clerical                                                                                 Service occupations      4,086                    4,229                    305                     323 Private household        11                       0                        (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)                     (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)Protective service       1,389                    1,518                    458                     481 Service, except private  2,686                    2,712                    266                     270 household and                                                                                      protective                                                                                         Precision production,    10,142                   10,109                   467                     486 craft, and repair                                                                                  Mechanics and repairers  3,777                    3,693                    452                     480 Construction trades      3,369                    3,524                    448                     468 Other precision          2,997                    2,892                    494                     511 production, craft, and                                                                             repair                                                                                             Operators, fabricators,  11,025                   10,758                   361                     382 and laborers                                                                                       Machine operators,       4,525                    4,449                    369                     396 assemblers, and                                                                                    inspectors                                                                                         Transportation and       3,584                    3,502                    403                     416 material moving                                                                                    occupations                                                                                        Handlers, equipment      2,915                    2,807                    294                     314 cleaners, helpers, and                                                                             laborers                                                                                           Farming, forestry, and   1,037                    1,020                    $249                    $261 fishing                                                                                            WomenManagerial and           10,261                   10,501                   487                     506 professional specialty                                                                             Executive,               4,681                    4,651                    456                     467 administrative, and                                                                                managerial                                                                                         Professional specialty   5,580                    5,851                    505                     533 Technical, sales, and    15,180                   16,239                   314                     326 administrative support                                                                             Technicians and related  1,330                    1,443                    394                     419 support                                                                                            Sales occupations        3,046                    3,560                    281                     287 Administrative support,  10,804                   11,236                   313                     326 including clerical                                                                                 Service occupations      4,405                    4,350                    213                     232 Private household        334                      292                      179                     186 Protective service       172                      189                      386                     388 Service, except private  3,899                    3,870                    214                     233 household and                                                                                      protective                                                                                         Precision production,    1,003                    921                      302                     310 craft, and repair                                                                                  Mechanics and repairers  149                      149                      366                     429 Construction trades      52                       56                       (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)                     (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)Other precision          802                      716                      293                     295 production, craft, and                                                                             repair                                                                                             Operators, fabricators,  3,752                    3,493                    241                     261 and laborers                                                                                       Machine operators,       2,944                    2,691                    240                     260 assemblers, and                                                                                    inspectors                                                                                         Transportation and       253                      238                      317                     318 material moving                                                                                    occupations                                                                                        Handlers, equipment      554                      565                      217                     236 cleaners, helpers, and                                                                             laborers                                                                                           Farming, forestry, and   152                      124                      203                     206fishing                                                                                            %@TE:  126  8564 04 25 25 25 24 24 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Data not shown where base is less than 100,000.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%Occupations with Projected Largest Job Growth, 1988-2000 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  Bureau of Labor Statistics; May, 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(Numbers in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   41  4060 03 51 12 12 18 10 @%                                                   Employment  EmploymentOccupation                                         1988        2000        Numerical change  % change%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Paralegals                                         83          145         62                75.3Medical assistants                                 149         253         104               70.0Radiologic technologists and technicians           132         218         87                66.0Homemaker-home health aides                        327         537         207               63.3Data processing equipment repairers                71          115         44                61.2Medical record technicians                         47          75          28                59.9Medical secretaries                                207         327         120               58.0Physical therapists                                68          107         39                57.0Surgical technicians                               35          55          20                56.4Operations research analysts                       55          85          30                55.4Securities and financial services sales workers    200         309         109               54.8Travel agents                                      142         219         77                54.1Actuaries                                          16          24          8                 53.6Computer systems analysts                          403         617         214               53.3Physical and corrective therapy assistants         39          60          21                52.5Subway and streetcar operators                     8           13          4                 52.0EEG technologists                                  6           10          3                 50.4Occupational therapists                            33          48          16                48.8Computer programmers                               519         769         250               48.1Human services workers                             118         171         53                44.9Occupational therapy assistants  and aides         8           13          4                 44.7Respiratory therapists                             56          79          23                41.3Correction officers                                186         262         76                40.8Employment interviewers                            81          113         33                40.5Electrical and electronics engineers               439         615         176               40.1Receptionists                                      833         1,164       331               39.8Registered nurses                                  1,577       2,190       613               38.9Flight attendants                                  88          123         34                38.7Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers  7           10          3                 37.2Recreational therapists                            26          35          10                36.9Licensed practical nurses                          626         855         229               36.6Guards                                             795         1,050       256               32.2Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants           1,184       1,562       378               31.9Lawyers                                            582         763         180               31.0Waiters and waitresses                             1,786       2,338       551               30.9Food service and lodging managers                  560         721         161               28.8Child care workers                                 670         856         186               27.8Cooks, restaurant                                  572         728         155               27.2%@TE:   41  4060 03 51 12 12 18 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@% %@AS@%Women Employed as Executives, Administrators, and Managers, by Industry %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(1988 annual averages) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   17  1648 02 37 25 21 30 @%Industry (in thousands)              Employed Women Managers  Women as % of Total  % of Employed Woman Managers%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                                5,590                    39.3                 100.0Agriculture                          23                       %@AH@%*%@AE@%                    %@AH@%*%@AE@%Mining                               28                       %@AH@%*%@AE@%                    %@AH@%*%@AE@%Construction                         129                      12.9                 2.3Manufacturing                        647                      26.3                 11.6Durable Goods                        365                      24.3                 6.5Nondurable Goods                     282                      29.4                 5.0Transportation and Public Utilities  274                      29.9                 4.9Wholesale and Retail Trade           865                      42.5                 15.5Wholesale Trade                      167                      32.5                 3.0Retail Trade                         698                      45.9                 12.5Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate  1,014                    50.7                 18.1Services%@AH@%**%@AE@%                           2,114                    47.4                 37.8Professional Services                1,336                    54.7                 23.9Public Administration                496                      42.8                 8.9%@TE:   17  1648 02 37 25 21 30 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Percentage not shown where base is less than 35,000. %@AH@%**%@AE@%Includes business
and repair services; personal services, except private household;
entertainment and recreation services; professional and related services;
and forestry and fisheries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Percent of People, Age 16-64, with a Work Disability %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    Bureau of the Census; 1988 figures%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   27  2026 03 28 12 12 07 08 09 09 @%                            Both sexes  Both sexes  Males  Males   Females  FemalesCharacteristics             Total       Severe      Total  Severe  Total    Severe%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                       8.6         4.8         8.7    4.9     8.4      4.6Age16 to 24 years              3.8         1.7         4.1    1.9     3.6      1.625 to 34 years              5.6         2.7         5.9    3.1     5.4      2.435 to 44 years              7.1         3.6         7.7    4.3     6.5      3.045 to 54 years              10.3        6.0         10.3   6.0     10.2     6.055 to 64 years              22.3        14.0        22.4   13.7    22.2     14.2Years of School Completed%@AH@%1%@AE@%Less than 8 years           29.7        23.4        29.1   23.2    30.2     23.78                           24.6        16.8        23.9   15.8    25.2     17.89 to 11                     17.7        11.6        17.5   11.7    17.9     11.412                          8.8         4.5         9.3    5.1     8.4      4.113 to 15                    7.5         3.2         8.4    3.4     6.7      3.016 or more                  3.8         1.3         3.8    1.4     3.8      1.2Income to Poverty RatioLess than 1.00              21.9        15.5        24.4   17.9    20.3     13.81.00 to 1.24                17.8        12.4        19.0   14.6    16.8     10.51.25 to 1.49                13.4        8.3         13.4   8.6     13.4     8.11.50 to 1.99                11.3        6.9         12.8   8.4     9.9      5.62.00 and over               5.6         2.4         5.8    2.4     5.3      2.3Race and Hispanic Origin%@AH@%2%@AE@%White                       7.9         4.1         8.2    4.3     7.7      3.9Black                       13.7        9.9         13.7   10.3    13.8     9.5Hispanic Origin             8.2         5.6         8.4    5.9     7.9      5.2%@TE:   27  2026 03 28 12 12 07 08 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Persons 25-64 years old. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@% %@AS@%Full-Time Employees Participating in Selected Employee Benefit Programs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%(In percent; medium and large firms, 1989)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   59  3149 03 27 15 27 27 27 @%Employee benefit program   All employees  Professional and           Technical and clerical     Production and service                                           administrative employees   employees                  employees%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Paid:Holidays                   97             97                         96                         97Vacations                  97             98                         99                         95Personal leave             22             28                         30                         14Lunch period               10             4                          4                          16Rest period                71             57                         69                         80Funeral leave              84             87                         86                         80Jury duty leave            90             95                         92                         87Military leave             53             61                         57                         45Sick leave                 68             93                         87                         44Maternity leave            3              4                          2                          3Paternity leave            1              2                          1                          1Unpaid:Maternity leave            37             39                         37                         35Paternity leave            18             20                         17                         17Sickness and accident      43             29                         29                         58insurance                                                                                       Long-term disability       45             65                         57                         27insurance                                                                                       Medical care               92             93                         91                         93Dental care                66             69                         66                         65Life insurance             94             95                         94                         93Defined benefit pension    63             64                         63                         63Defined contribution       48             59                         52                         40Retirement%@AH@%2%@AE@%                36             43                         39                         31Capital accumulation%@AH@%3%@AE@%      14             18                         14                         11All retirement%@AH@%4%@AE@%            81             85                         81                         80Flexible benefits plans    9              14                         15                         3Reimbursement accounts     23             36                         31                         11%@TE:   59  3149 03 27 15 27 27 27 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Survey coverage excludes executives and employees in constant travel
status, such as airline pilots, as well as data for Alaska and Hawaii.
Except for maternity and paternity leave and reimbursement accounts,
benefits paid for entirely by the employee were excluded from the
tabulations. Professional-administrative and technical-clerical workers are
often discussed jointly as white-collar workers. Production-service workers
are often called blue-collar workers. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes money purchase pension,
profit sharing, savings and thrift, stock bonus, and employee stock
ownership plans in which employer contributions must remain in the
participant's account until retirement age, death, disability, separation
from service, age 59, or hardship. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Includes plans in which participants
may withdraw employer contributions from their accounts without regard to
the conditions listed in footnote 2. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Includes defined benefit pension
plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Many employees participated
in both types of plans.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Injuries and Illnesses in Industry%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(in thousands)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   37  4389 04 34 14 14 20 20 34 34 15 15 @%Industry division                 Total cases%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Total cases%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Lost workday cases  Lost workday cases  Nonfatal cases without lost       Nonfatal cases without lost       Lost workdays  Lost workdays                                                                                                      workdays                          workdays                                                                           1987          1988          1987                1988                1987                              1988                              1987           1988%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Injuries and Illnesses%@AH@%2%@AE@%           6,035.9       6,438.6       2,801.6             2,975.9             3,230.6                           3,458.8                           50,941.4       56,942.9Agriculture, forestry, and        99.6          101.9         50.8                52.7                48.8                              49.0                              837.7          952.1 fishing%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                                 Mining%@AH@%3%@AE@%                           61.5          64.4          35.1                37.7                26.2                              26.3                              1,039.5        1,113.2 Construction                      638.3         656.5         295.0               307.8               342.3                             347.8                             5,895.3        6,396.8 Manufacturing                     2,212.6       2,464.8       976.5               1,079.2             1,235.2                           1,384.8                           17,689.9       20,254.7 Durable goods                     1,385.6       1,601.7       597.0               671.2               788.1                             930.0                             10,699.2       12,538.9 Nondurable goods                  827.0         863.1         379.5               408.0               447.1                             454.8                             6,990.7        7,715.8 Transportation and public         429.2         464.8         250.6               264.6               178.1                             199.5                             5,497.2        6,165.6 utilities                                                                                                                                                                                Wholesale and retail trade        1,470.5       1,534.8       654.8               684.0               815.1                             850.2                             10,725.2       11,933.3 Wholesale trade                   408.7         432.9         205.4               216.9               202.9                             215.7                             3,525.7        3,915.8 Retail trade                      1,061.8       1,101.9       449.4               467.1               612.2                             634.5                             7,199.4        8,017.5 Finance, insurance, and real      115.3         119.4         51.2                55.6                63.9                              63.8                              832.9          1,022.6 estate                                                                                                                                                                                   Services                          1,009.0       1,031.9       487.5               494.3               521.0                             537.4                             8,423.6        9,104.6 Injuries                          5,845.5       6,197.7       2,721.3             2,878.4             3,120.8                           3,315.7                           49,069.6       54,286.8 Illnesses                         190.4         240.9         80.3                97.5                109.8                             143.1                             1,871.7        2,656.1 %@TE:   37  4389 04 34 14 14 20 20 34 34 15 15 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes fatalities; %@AH@%2%@AE@% Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees; %@AH@%3%@AE@%
Excludes independent mining contractors. %@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Becauseof rounding,
components may not add to totals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Projected Job Growth in Metropolitan Areas: 1985-2000 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      National Planning Association %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%        %@AS@%Following are the top 30 metro area for employment growth:%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   33  1821 02 22 22 20 @%City                  Year 2000 job totals  1985-2000 increase%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Los Angeles           5,306,000             1,032,000Boston                3,056,800             754,700 Anaheim               1,849,900             701,500 San Jose              1,453,600             539,200 Phoenix               1,453,700             537,000 Washington            2,622,100             509,000 Houston               2,191,500             497,700 Chicago               3,627,700             493,500 Dallas                1,853,700             485,000 Atlanta               1,875,900             462,700 San Diego             1,438,200             422,400 Tampa                 1,245,400             421,500 Philadelphia          2,700,000             406,100 New York              4,700,800             383,600 San Francisco         1,435,700             360,400 Denver                1,283,700             354,800 Minneapolis-St. Paul  1,652,800             352,000 Detroit               2,177,300             328,500 Nassau-Suffolk, NY    1,498,500             318,500 Orlando               773,700               308,600 Fort Lauderdale       796,400               299,400 Miami                 1,198,400             284,100 Oakland               1,149,000             277,700 Seattle               1,202,500             268,400 Baltimore             1,445,800             249,000 Middlesex Cty., NJ    736,000               206,100 Riverside, CA         816,500               200,500 West Palm Beach       534,200               196,400 Newark                1,232,300             195,300 Hartford              844,800               190,200United States         140.1 mil.            26.1 mil%@TE:   33  1821 02 22 22 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Unpaid Volunteer Workers, May 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(Numbers in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   62  6414 05 21 21 19 19 21 19 19 21 19 19 @%                     Total both sexes     Total both sexes   Total both sexes   Men                  Men                Men                Women                Women              Women                                          Volunteer workers  Volunteer workers                       Volunteer workers  Volunteer workers                       Volunteer workers  Volunteer workersCharacteristic       Civilian             Number             % of population    Civilian             Number             % of population    Civilian             Number             % of populationTotal                noninstitutional                                           noninstitutional                                           noninstitutional                                             population                                                 population                                                 population                              %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total, 16 years and  186,181              38,042             20.4               88,656               16,681             18.8               97,525               21,361             21.9over                                                                                                                                                                               16-19 years          14,231               1,902              13.4               7,133                879                12.3               7,098                1,023              14.420-24 years          18,114               2,064              11.4               8,784                935                10.6               9,330                1,129              12.125-34 years          42,868               8,680              20.2               21,110               3,678              17.4               21,758               5,002              23.035-44 years          35,775               10,337             28.9               17,483               4,683              26.8               18,292               5,655              30.945-54 years          24,668               5,670              23.0               11,957               2,601              21.8               12,711               3.069              24.155-64 years          21,373               4,455              20.8               10,053               1,987              19.8               11,320               2,468              21.865 years and over    29,153               4,934              16.9               12,135               1,917              15.8               17,017               3,106              17.7Race and Hispanic OriginWhite                159,200              34,823             21.9               76,395               15,273             20.0               82,805               19,550             23.6Black                20,985               2,505              11.9               9,422                1,082              11.5               11,563               1,423              12.3Hispanic origin      13,728               1,289              9.4                6,793                587                8.6                6,935                702                10.1Marital StatusSingle, never        46,071               6,327              13.7               24,976               3,102              12.4               21,095               3,225              15.3married                                                                                                                                                                            Married, spouse      106,117              26,344             24.8               53,234               12,131             22.8               52,883               14,213             26.9present                                                                                                                                                                            Married, spouse      5,772                765                13.2               2,276                275                12.1               3,496                489                14.0absent                                                                                                                                                                             Divorced             14,551               2,510              17.3               5,942                908                15.3               8,609                1,602              18.6Widowed              13,671               2,096              15.3               2,227                266                11.9               11,444               1,831              16.0Educational AttainmentLess than 4 years    35,240               2,939              8.3                16,594               1,295              7.8                18,646               1,644              8.8of high school                                                                                                                                                                     4 years of high      59,156               11,105             18.8               25,671               4,120              16.0               33,485               6,985              20.9school                                                                                                                                                                             1 to 3 years of      26,992               7,572              28.1               12,649               3,042              24.0               14,343               4,531              31.6college                                                                                                                                                                            4 years of college   32,448               12,459             38.4               17,823               6,410              36.0               14,624               6,049              41.4or more                                                                                                                                                                            %@TE:   62  6414 05 21 21 19 19 21 19 19 21 19 19 @%

%@NL@%
Data relate to persons 25 years and over. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Data on volunteer workers relate to persons who performed unpaid work
for an organization or institution during the year ended May 1989. Detail
for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not add to totals because data for
the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both
the white and black population groups. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Employed Wage and Salary Workers Paid at or Below Minimum Hourly Wage Rate,%@EH@%
%@AS@%1989 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   57  6350 05 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 @%                      Number of Workers%@AH@%1%@AE@%     Number of Workers%@AH@%1%@AE@%     Number of Workers%@AH@%1%@AE@%     Percent Distribution  Percent Distribution  Percent Distribution  Percent of all        Percent of all                       (1,000)               (1,000)               (1,000)                                                                                 Workers Paid Hourly   Workers Paid Hourly                                                                                                                                                           Rates                 RatesCharacteristic        Total paid hourly     At $3.35              Below $3.35           Total paid Hourly     At $3.35              Below $3.35           At $3.35              Below $3.35                      rates                                                             rates                                                                                   %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total, 16 years and   62,389                1,790                 1,372                 100.0                 100.0                 100.0                 2.9                   2.2over%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                           16 to 24 years        15,635                1,050                 673                   25.1                  58.7                  49.1                  6.7                   4.316 to 19 years        6,077                 710                   369                   9.7                   39.7                  26.9                  11.7                  6.125 years and over     46,754                739                   699                   74.9                  41.3                  50.9                  1.6                   1.5Male, 16 years and    31,687                733                   379                   50.8                  40.9                  27.6                  2.3                   1.2over                                                                                                                                                                            16 to 24 years        8,135                 497                   220                   13.0                  27.8                  16.0                  6.1                   2.716 to 19 years        3,066                 343                   118                   4.9                   19.2                  8.6                   11.2                  3.825 years and over     23,552                237                   159                   37.8                  13.2                  11.6                  1.0                   0.7Women, 16 years and   30,702                1,056                 994                   49.2                  59.0                  72.4                  3.4                   3.2over                                                                                                                                                                            16 to 24 years        7,500                 553                   453                   12.0                  30.9                  33.0                  7.4                   6.016 to 19 years        3,011                 367                   251                   4.8                   20.5                  18.3                  12.2                  8.325 years and over     23,203                503                   540                   37.2                  28.1                  39.4                  2.2                   2.3White                 52,249                1,380                 1,213                 83.7                  77.1                  88.4                  2.6                   2.3Black                 8,152                 372                   119                   13.1                  20.8                  8.7                   4.6                   1.5Hispanic origin%@AH@%3%@AE@%      5,692                 192                   85                    9.1                   10.7                  6.2                   3.4                   1.5Full-time workers     47,059                585                   455                   75.4                  32.7                  33.2                  1.2                   1.0Part-time workers%@AH@%4%@AE@%    15,330                1,204                 918                   24.6                  67.3                  66.9                  7.9                   6.0Private sector        54,540                1,590                 1,305                 87.4                  88.8                  95.1                  2.9                   2.4Goods-producing       19,468                234                   89                    31.2                  13.1                  6.5                   1.2                   0.5industries%@AH@%5%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                     Service-producing     35,072                1,356                 1,215                 56.2                  75.8                  88.6                  3.9                   3.5industries%@AH@%6%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                     Retail trade          13,314                868                   847                   21.3                  48.5                  61.7                  6.5                   6.4Services              14,133                413                   328                   22.7                  23.1                  23.9                  2.9                   2.3Public sector         7,849                 199                   68                    12.6                  11.1                  5.0                   2.5                   0.9%@TE:   57  6350 05 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Excludes the incorporated self-employed. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes races not shown
separately. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Working fewer
than 35 hours per week. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Includes agriculture, mining, construction, and
manufacturing. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Includes transportation and public utilities; wholesale
trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; private households; and other
service industries, not shown separately.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Federal Minimum Hourly Wage Rates Since 1950 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        U.S. Department of Labor. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  2902 05 16 27 27 27 27 @%                Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum Rates for Nonfarm                Workers                    Workers                    Workers                    WorkersEffective date  Laws prior to 1966%@AH@%1%@AE@%        Percent, avg earnings%@AH@%2%@AE@%     1966 and later%@AH@%3%@AE@%            Minimum rates for farm                                                                                                  workers%@AH@%4%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Jan. 25, 1950   $.75                       54                         (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)Mar. 1, 1956    1.00                       52                         (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)Sept. 3, 1961   1.15                       50                         (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)Sept. 3, 1963   1.25                       51                         (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%X%@AE@%)Feb. 1, 1967    1.40                       50                         $1.00                      $1.00Feb. 1, 1968    1.60                       54                         1.15                       1.15Feb. 1, 1969    (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        1.30                       1.30Feb. 1, 1970    (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        1.45                       (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)Feb. 1, 1971    (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        1.60                       (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)May 1, 1974     2.00                       46                         1.90                       1.60Jan. 1, 1975    2.10                       45                         2.00                       1.80Jan. 1, 1976    2.30                       46                         2.20                       2.00Jan. 1, 1977    (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)                        2.30                       2.20Jan. 1, 1978    2.65                       44                         2.65                       2.65Jan. 1, 1979    2.90                       45                         2.90                       2.90Jan. 1, 1980    3.10                       45                         3.10                       3.10Jan. 1, 1981    3.35                       43                         3.35                       3.35Apr. 1, 1990    3.80%@AH@%6%@AE@%                                                                            3.80%@AH@%6%@AE@%Apr. 1, 1991    4.25%@AH@%6%@AE@%                                                                            4.25%@AH@%6%@AE@%%@TE:   43  2902 05 16 27 27 27 27 @%

%@NL@%
(Employee estimates as of September 1984, except as indicated. The Fair
Labor Standards Act of 1938 and subsequent amendments provide for minimum
wage coverage applicable to specified nonsupervisory employment categories.
Exempt from coverage are executives and administrators or professionals).%@NL@%
%@AH@%X%@AE@% Not applicable. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Applies to workers covered prior to 1961 Amendments and,
after Sept. 1965, to workers covered by 1961 Amendments. Rates set by 1961
Amendments were: Sept. 1961, $1.00; Sept. 1964, $1.15; and Sept. 1965,
$1.25. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Percent of gross average hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Applies to workers newly covered by Amendments of 1966,
1974, and 1977, and Title IX of Education Amendments of 1972. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Included in
coverage as of 1966, 1974, and 1977 Amendments. %@AH@%5%@AE@% No change in rate. %@AH@%6%@AE@%
Training wage for workers age 16-19 in first six months of first job: 1990,
$3.35; 1991, $3.61.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers%@AH@%1%@AE@% by Major Industry, 1966-1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%(annual averages) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26  2368 02 06 09 14 15 37 17 @%Year  Mining   Construction  Manufacturing  Transportation and public utilities  Wholesale trade%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1966  $130.24  $146.26       $112.19        $128.13                              $111.111967  135.89   154.95        114.49         130.82                               116.061968  142.71   164.49        122.51         138.85                               122.311969  154.80   181.54        129.51         147.74                               129.851970  164.40   195.45        133.33         155.93                               137.261971  172.14   211.67        142.44         168.82                               144.181972  189.14   221.19        154.71         187.86                               151.691973  201.40   235.89        166.46         203.31                               160.341974  219.14   249.25        176.80         217.48                               170.331975  249.31   266.08        190.79         233.44                               183.051976  273.90   283.73        209.32         256.71                               194.661977  301.20   295.65        228.90         278.90                               209.131978  332.88   318.69        249.27         302.80                               228.141979  365.07   342.99        269.34         325.58                               247.931980  397.06   367.78        288.62         351.25                               267.961981  438.75   399.26        318.00         382.18                               291.061982  459.88   426.82        330.26         402.48                               309.851983  479.40   442.97        354.08         420.81                               329.181984  503.58   458.51        374.03         438.13                               342.271985  519.93   464.46        386.37         450.30                               351.741986  525.81   466.75        396.01         458.64                               358.111987  531.70   480.44        406.31         471.58                               365.761988  541.44   495.73        418.81         475.69                               380.241989  569.75   512.41        430.09         490.53                               394.82%@TE:   26  2368 02 06 09 14 15 37 17 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Production or nonsupervisory workers or private nonagriculture payrolls %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Work Stoppages (Strikes) in the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%(involving 1,000 workers or more)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   29  1955 02 06 19 31 29 @%Year  Number stoppages%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Workers involved%@AH@%1%@AE@% (thousands)  Work days idle%@AH@%1%@AE@% (thousands)%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1955  363                2,055                          21,1001960  222                896                            13,2601965  268                999                            15,1401966  321                1,300                          16,0001967  381                2,192                          31,3201968  392                1,855                          35,5671969  412                1,576                          29,3971970  381                2,468                          52,7611971  298                2,516                          35,5381972  250                975                            16,7641973  317                1,400                          16,2601974  424                1,796                          31,8091975  235                965                            17,5631976  231                1,519                          23,9621977  298                1,212                          21,2581978  219                1,006                          23,7741979  235                1,021                          20,4091980  187                795                            20,8441981  145                729                            16,9081982  96                 656                            9,0611983  81                 909                            17,4611984  62                 376                            8,4991985  54                 324                            7,0791986  69                 533                            11,8611987  46                 174                            4,4811988  40                 118                            4,3641989  51                 452                            16,996%@TE:   29  1955 02 06 19 31 29 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% The number of stoppages and workers relate to stoppages that began in the
year. Days of idleness include all stoppages in effect. Workers are counted
more than once if they were involved in more than one stoppage during the
year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Civilian Employment of the Federal Government%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Workforce Analysis and Statistics Division, U.S. Office of Personnel%@EH@%
Management as of May 1990 %@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%(Payroll in thousands of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   81 11101 03 32 12 11 15 15 17 17 12 10 @%                                All Areas   All Areas  United States  United States  Wash., D.C. MSA  Wash., D.C. MSA  Overseas    OverseasAgency                          Employment  Payroll    Employment     Payroll        Employment       Payroll          Employment  Payroll%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total, all agencies%@AH@%1%@AE@%            3,496,573   8,178,282  3,354,214      7,836,373      359,177          1,105,910        142,359     341,909 Legislative branch              38,149      113,984    38,094         113,793        35,810           106,341          55          191 Congress                        20,000      54,306     20,000         54,306         20,000           54,306           -           - U.S. Senate                     7,581       20,690     7,581          20,690         7,581            20,690           -           - House of Rep Summary            12,404      33,575     12,404         33,575         12,404           33,575           -           - Comm. on Scty & Coop in Eur     15          41         15             41             15               41               -           - Architect of the Capitol        2,246       5,080      2,246          5,080          2,246            5,080            -           - Botanic Garden                  66          150        66             150            66               150              -           - Committee on Agricltl. Workers  5           11         5              11             5                11               -           - Comm Int Mig&Coop Econ Dev      9           33         9              33             9                33               -           - Congressional Budget Ofc        218         1,033      218            1,033          218              1,033            -           - Copyright Royalty Tribunal      9           36         9              36             9                36               -           - General Accounting Ofc          5,309       17,486     5,260          17,682         3,460            11,857           49          164 Government Printing Ofc         5,017       21,142     5,017          21,142         4,539            19,534           -           - Library of Congress             4,722       12,647     4,716          12,620         4,716            12,620           6           27 Nat Comm on AIDS Syndrome       8           30         8              30             7                28               -           - Nat Comm Prev Infant Mort       10          20         10             20             10               20               -           - Ofc Technology Assessment       193         458        193            458            193              458              -           - Physician Payment Rev Comm      1           1          1              1              1                1                -           - Prosptv Paymt Assessmt Com      5           5          5              5              5                5                -           - U.S. Tax Court                  331         1,186      331            1,186          326              1,169            -           -Judicial Branch                 22,903      63,012     22,644         62,296         1,965            5,925            259         716 Supreme Court                   346         869        346            869            346              869              -           - U.S. Courts                     22,525      62,042     22,266         61,326         1,587            4,955            259         716 U.S. Court of Vets Appeals      32          101        32             101            32               101              -           - Executive Branch                3,435,521   8,001,286  3,293,476      7,660,284      321,402          993,644          12,045      341,002 Exec Ofc of the President       1,682       5,777      1,673          5,729          1,673            5,729            9           48 White House Office              386         1,156      386            1,156          386              1,156            -           - Ofc of Vice President           21          75         21             75             21               75               -           - Ofc of Mgt & Budget             536         2,047      536            2,047          536              2,047            -           - Office of Administration        217         567        217            567            217              567              -           - Council Economic Advisors       27          112        27             112            27               112              -           - Council on Environ Qual         17          63         17             63             17               63               -           - Ofc of Policy Development       37          103        37             103            37               103              -           - Exec Residence at WH            90          338        90             338            90               338              -           - Natl Crit Materials Coun        1           6          1              6              1                6                -           - National Security Council       65          235        65             235            65               235              -           - National Space Council          3           13         3              13             3                13               -           - Ofc of Natl Drug Control        91          325        91             325            91               325              -           - Ofc of Sci and Tech Policy      21          113        21             113            21               113              -           - Ofc of U.S. Trade Rep           170         624        161            576            161              576              9           48Executive Departments           2,432,594   5,491,012  2,310,965      5,199,228      242,178          748,516          121,629     291,784 State                           25,222      70,568     9,366          28,622         8,345            25,339           15,856      41,946 Treasury                        164,753     381,585    163,692        378,159        21,540           68,096           1,061       3,426 Defense, Total                  1,054,279   2,755,549  958,099        2,531,493      89,247           267,633          96,180      224,056 Dept of the Army                374,930     879,961    329,530        788,687        28,087           59,698           45,400      91,274 Dept of the Navy                338,790     949,715    315,454        916,225        37,824           131,434          23,336      33,490 Dept of the Air Force           247,124     66,757     232,862        613,781        6,624            17,783           14,262      52,976 Defense Log Agcy                51,480      118,038    51,074         116,603        3,306            11,774           406         1,435 Other Defense Activities        41,955      141,078    29,179         96,197         13,406           46,944           12,776      44,881 Justice                         81,690      241,111    80,266         236,321        19,511           59,321           1,424       4,790 Interior                        76,301      176,868    75,917         175,809        9,131            26,639           384         1,059 Agriculture                     118,959     258,484    117,430        255,734        12,542           36,792           1,529       2,750 Commerce                        421,153     277,521    420,252        274,441        19,362           57,736           901         3,080 Labor                           17,844      54,963     17,807         54,817         6,135            19,959           37          146 Health and Human Services       122,514     315,915    121,825        314,149        27,905           84,816           689         1,766 Housing & Urban Dev             13,313      36,628     13,194         36,285         3,353            11,243           119         343 Transportation                  66,617      242,413    66,097         240,370        9,512            35,565           520         2,043 Energy                          17,473      57,717     17,468         57,685         6,180            22,262           5           32 Education                       4,831       14,461     4,826          14,446         3,289            10,313           5           15 Veterans Affairs                247,645     607,229    244,726        600,897        6,126            22,802           2,919       6,332 Independent agencies%@AH@%1%@AE@%           1,001,245   2,504,497  980,838        2,455,327      77,551           239,399          20,407      49,170 Environmtl Protect Agcy         16,625      47,767     16,608         47,705         5,583            17,998           17          62 Equal Employ Opp Comm           2,795       7,803      2,795          7,803          686              2,202            -           - Federal Deposit Ins Corp.       14,415      44,483     14,401         44,433         2,049            7,652            14          50 Fed Emergency Mgmt Agcy         3,479       9,098      3,263          8,794          1,545            4,703            216         304 General Svcs Admin.             20,258      51,367     20,177         51,139         6,802            19,979           81          228 Natl Archives & Recds, Admin.   3,032       5,015      3,032          5,015          1,183            2,706            -           - Natl Aero Space Admin           24,561      96,262     24,553         96,202         5,339            21,540           8           60 Nuclear Regulatory Comm         3,318       14,908     3,318          14,908         2,172            10,048           -           - Office of Personnel Mgmt        6,705       13,574     6,680          13,538         2,697            6,937            25          36 Panama Canal Commission         8,289       15,713     18             47             7                24               8,271       15,666 Small Business Admin            5,376       14,642     5,057          13,834         993              3,135            319         808 Smithsonian, Summary            5,060       11,810     4,912          11,500         4,656            10,732           148         310 Tennessee Valley Auth           26,769      89,533     26,767         89,529         10               28               2           4 U.S. Information Agency         8,635       28,146     4,283          16,930         4,041            15,529           4,352       11,216 U.S. Intnatl Dev Coop Agcy      4,826       16,439     2,452          8,169          2,442            8,123            2,374       8,270 U.S. Postal Service             823,314     1,964,407  819,677        1,954,148      22,367           59,967           3,637       10,259 %@TE:   81 11101 03 32 12 11 15 15 17 17 12 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Included in Total are other independent agencies with fewer than 2,500
employees. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Labor Union Directory%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%         Bureau of Labor Statistics; World Almanac questionnaire %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%        %@AS@%(*) Independent union; all others affiliated with AFL-CIO. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%American Federation of Labor & Congress of Industrial
%@AB@%Organizations (AFL-CIO),%@AE@% %@4@%815 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; 14.5 mln.%@EH@%
members.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actors and Artistes of America, Associated (AAAA),%@AE@% %@4@%165 W. 46th St., New%@EH@%
York, NY 10036; founded 1919; Theodore Bikel, Pres.; no individual members,
9 National Performing Arts Unions are affiliates; approx. 220,000 combined
membership. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actors' Equity Association,%@AE@% %@4@%165 W. 46th St., New York, NY 10036; founded%@EH@%
1913; Colleen Dewhurst, Pres.; 39,000 active members. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Air Line Pilots Association,%@AE@% %@4@%1625 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC%@EH@%
20036. Henry A. Duffy, Pres.; 41,000 members. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Aluminum Brick & Glass Workers International Union (ABGWIU),%@AE@% %@4@%3362 Hollenberg%@EH@%
Drive, Bridgeton, MO 63044;  founded 1953; Ernie Labaff, Pres. (since 1985);
51,800 members, 390 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of
%@AB@%America, International Union, United (UAW),%@AE@% %@4@%8000 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit,%@EH@%
MI 48214; founded 1935; Owen Bieber, Pres. (since 1983); 1,000,000 members,
1,194 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bakery, Confectionery & Tobacco Workers International Union
%@AB@%(BC&T),%@AE@% %@4@%10401 Connecticut  Ave.,  Kensington, MD 20895; founded 1886; John%@EH@%
DeConcini, Pres. (since 1978); 139,000 members, 139 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and
%@AB@%Helpers, International Brotherhood of (IBBISB/BF&H),%@AE@% %@4@%570 New Brotherhood%@EH@%
Bldg., 753 State Ave., Kansas City, KS 66101; founded 1880; Charles W.
Jones, Pres. (since 1983) 95,000 members, 375 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bricklayers and Allied Craftsmen, International Union of,%@AE@% %@4@%815 15th St. NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20005; John T. Joyce, Pres.; 106,000 members, 525 locals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of,%@AE@% %@4@%101 Constitution%@EH@%
Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; founded 1881; Sigurd Lucassen, Gen. Pres.;
595,000 members, 1,500 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chemical Workers Union, International (ICWU),%@AE@% %@4@%1655 West Market St., Akron,%@EH@%
OH 44313; founded 1944; Frank D. Martino, Pres. (since 1975); 50,000
members, 350 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Clothing and Textile Workers Union, Amalgamated (ACTWU),%@AE@% %@4@%15 Union Square,%@EH@%
New York, NY 10003; founded 1976; union founded 1914; Jack Sheinkman, Pres.
(since 1987); 272,669 members, 1,400 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Communications Workers of America, (AFL-CIO, CLC)%@AE@% %@4@%1925 K St. NW, Washington,%@EH@%
DC 20006; Morton Bahr, Pres.; 700,000  members, 1,200 locals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Distillery, Wine & Allied Workers International Union (DWU),%@AE@% %@4@%66 Grand Ave.,%@EH@%
Englewood, NJ 07631; founded 1940; George J. Orlando, Pres. (since 1984);
15,500 members, 57 locals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Education Association, National,%@AE@% %@4@%1201 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036;%@EH@%
Keith Geiger, Pres. (since 1989); 2,000,000 members, 12,000 affiliates. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of (IBEW),%@AE@% %@4@%1125 15th St., NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20005; founded 1891; J.J. Barry, Int'l Pres.; 1,000,000
members, 1,400 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers,
%@AB@%International Union of (IUE),%@AE@% %@4@%1126 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036;%@EH@%
founded 1949; William H. Bywater, Pres. (since 1982); 190,000 members, 530
locals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Farm Workers of America, United (UFW),%@AE@% %@4@%P.O. Box 62, Keene, CA 93531; founded%@EH@%
1962; Cesar E. Chavez, Pres. (since 1962); 100,000 members. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Federal Employees, National Federation of (NFFE),%@AE@% %@4@%1016 16th St. NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20036; founded 1917; James M. Peirce Jr., Pres. (since 1976);
60,000+  members, 487 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fire Fighters, International Association of,%@AE@% %@4@%1750 New York Ave. NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20006; John A. Gannon, Pres.; 172,401 members, 1,943 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Firemen and Oilers, International Brotherhood of,%@AE@% %@4@%1100 Circle 75 Parkway,%@EH@%
Suite 350, Atlanta, GA 30339; Jimmy L. Walker, Pres.; 30,000 members. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United, (UFCW)%@AE@% %@4@%1775 K St.,%@EH@%
NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1979 following merger; William H. Wynn,
Int'l Pres. (since 1977); 1.3 million members, 600 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Garment Workers of America, United (UGWA),%@AE@% %@4@%4207 Lebanon Rd., Hermitage, TN%@EH@%
37076; founded 1891; Earl W. Carroll, Gen. Pres. (since 1987); 25,000
members, 125 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics & Allied Workers Intl. Union
%@AB@%(GMP),%@AE@% %@4@%608 E. Baltimore Pike, P.O. Box 607, Media, PA 19063; founded 1842;%@EH@%
James E. Hatfield, Int'l Pres. (since 1977); 90,000 members, 435 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Government Employees, American Federation of (AFGE) AFL-CIO,%@AE@% %@4@%80 F St., NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20001; founded 1932; John N. Sturdivant, Natl. Pres. (since
1988); 210,000 members, 1,300 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Grain Millers, American Federation of (AFGM),%@AE@% %@4@%4949 Olson Memorial Hwy.,%@EH@%
Minneapolis, MN 55422; founded 1948; Robert W. Willis, Gen. Pres.; 30,000
members, 210 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Graphic Communications International Union (GCIU),%@AE@% %@4@%1900 L St., NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20036; founded 1983; James J. Norton, Pres. (since 1985);
182,706 members, 520 locals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union,%@AE@% %@4@%1219-28th St.,%@EH@%
NW, Washington, DC 20007; Edward T. Henley, Gen. Pres.; 330,000 members, 190
locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Industrial Workers of America, International Union, Allied
%@AB@%(AIW),%@AE@% %@4@%3520 W. Oklahoma Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53215; founded 1935; Dominick%@EH@%
D'Ambrosio, Intl. Pres. (since 1975); 61,000 members, 330 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Iron Workers, International Association of Bridge Structural
%@AB@%and Ornamental,%@AE@% %@4@%1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; Jake West, Gen.%@EH@%
Pres.; 145,000 members, 300 locals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA),%@AE@% %@4@%905 16th St. NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20006; founded 1903; Angelo Fosco, Gen. Pres. (since 1976);
450,000 members, 696 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ladies Garment Workers Union, International (ILGWU),%@AE@% %@4@%1710 Broadway, New%@EH@%
York, NY 10019; founded 1900; Jay Mazur, Pres. (since 1986); 175,000
members, 340 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers' Union,
%@AB@%International,%@AE@% %@4@%265 W. 14th St., New York, NY 10011; Domenic DiPaolo, Gen.%@EH@%
Pres.; 20,000 members, 85 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Letter Carriers, National Association of (NALC),%@AE@% %@4@%100 Indiana Ave. NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20001; founded 1889; Vincent R. Sombrotto, Pres. (since
1978); 315,281 members, 3,622 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of (BLE),%@AE@% %@4@%The Standard Bldg., Cleveland,%@EH@%
OH 44113; founded 1863; Larry McFather, Pres. (since 1987); 56,000 members,
650 divisions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Longshoremen's Association, International,%@AE@% %@4@%17 Battery Pl., New York, NY%@EH@%
10004; Thomas W. Gleason, Pres.; 76,579 members, 367 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Longshoremen's & Warehousemen's Union, International
%@AB@%(ILWU),%@AE@% %@4@%1188 Franklin St., San Francisco, CA 94109; founded 1937; James R.%@EH@%
Herman, Pres. (since 1977); 55,000 members, 58 locals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Association
%@AB@%of (IAM),%@AE@% %@4@%1300 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036; founded 1888;%@EH@%
George J. Kourpias, Int'l Pres.; 826,875 members, 1,700 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Maintenance of Way Employes, Brotherhood of (BMWE),%@AE@% %@4@%12050 Woodward Ave.,%@EH@%
Detroit, MI 48203; founded 1887; Geoffrey N. Zeh, Pres. (since 1986); 75,000
members, 910 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Marine & Shipbuilding Workers of America, Industrial Union
%@AB@%of (IUMSWA),%@AE@% %@4@%5101 River Rd., #110, Bethesda, MD 20816; founded 1934; (merged%@EH@%
with Machinists and Aerospace Workers, effective Dec. 1, 1990). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Marine Engineer Beneficial Assn./National Maritime Union
%@AB@%(MEBA/NMU),%@AE@% %@4@%444 N. Capitol St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20001; C.E.%@EH@%
DeFries, Pres.; 50,000 members. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Mine Workers of America, United
%@AB@%(UMWA),%@AE@% %@4@%900 15th St. NW, Washington, DC 20005; founded 1890; Richard Trumka,%@EH@%
Int'l Pres. (since 1982); 186,000 members, 800 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Musicians of the United States and Canada, American
%@AB@%Federation of (AF of M),%@AE@% %@4@%1501 Broadway, Suite 600, New York, NY 10036;%@EH@%
founded 1896; J. Martin Emerson, Pres. (since 1987); 206,000 members, 480
locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Newspaper Guild, The (TNG),%@AE@% %@4@%8611 Second Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910;%@EH@%
founded 1933; Charles Dale, Pres. (since 1987); 33,000 members, 80 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Novelty & Production Workers, Intl. Union of Allied,%@AE@% %@4@%1815 Franklin Ave.,%@EH@%
Valley Stream, NY 11581; Julius Isaacson, Pres. 30,000 members, 18 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Nurses Association, American,%@AE@% %@4@%2420 Pershing Rd., Kansas City, MO 64108;%@EH@%
Lucille A. Joel, Ed.D, R.N., F.A.A.N., Pres.; 53 constituent state assns.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU),%@AE@% %@4@%265 W. 14th%@EH@%
St., New York, NY 10011; founded 1945 (AFL Charter); John Kelly, Int'l Pres.
(since 1979); 135,000 members, 300 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (OCAW),%@AE@% %@4@%PO Box 2812,%@EH@%
Denver, CO 80201; Joseph M. Misbrener, Pres. (since 1983); 100,000 members,
400 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Operating Engineers, International Union of (IUOE),%@AE@% %@4@%1125 17th St. NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20036; founded 1896; Larry Dugan, Jr., Gen. Pres. (since
1985); 375,000 members, 200 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Painters and Allied Trades, International Brotherhood of
%@AB@%(IBPAT),%@AE@% %@4@%1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1887; William%@EH@%
A. Duval, Gen. Pres. (since 1984); 156,597 members, 640 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Paperworkers International Union, United (UPIU),%@AE@% %@4@%3340 Perimeter Hill Dr.,%@EH@%
Nashville, TN 37202; founded 1884; Wayne E. Glenn, Pres. (since 1978);
230,000 members, 1,100 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Plant Guard Workers of America, International Union,
%@AB@%United (UPGWA),%@AE@% %@4@%25510 Kelly Rd., Roseville, MI 48066; founded 1948; Gene%@EH@%
McConville,  Pres.; 28,000 members, 176 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Plasterers' and Cement Mason's International Association of
%@AB@%the United States & Canada; Operative,%@AE@% %@4@%1125 17th St. NW, Washington, DC%@EH@%
20036; Robert J. Holton, Pres.; Vincent J. Panepinto, Secy.-Treas.; 65,000
members, 365 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and
%@AB@%Canada, United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the,%@AE@% %@4@%901%@EH@%
Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; Marvin J. Boede, Pres.; 325,000
members. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Police, Fraternal Order of,%@AE@% %@4@%2100 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40205; Dewey%@EH@%
R. Stokes, Natl. Pres. and Charles R. Orms, Natl. Secy.; 212,000 members,
1,843 affiliates. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Postal Supervisors, National Association of,%@AE@% %@4@%490 L'Enfant Plaza SW, Suite%@EH@%
3200, Washington, DC 20024-2120; Rubin Handelman,  Pres.; 44,000 members,
443 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Postal Workers Union, American (APWU),%@AE@% %@4@%1300 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20005;%@EH@%
founded 1971; Moe Biller, Pres. (since 1980); 365,000 members, 2,000 locals.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Railway Carmen Division of Transportation Communications Int'l.
%@AB@%Union (BRC Division/TCU),%@AE@% %@4@%4929 Main St., Kansas City, MO 64112; founded%@EH@%
1888; W.G. Fairchild, Gen. Pres. (since 1989); 50,000 members, 310 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union,%@AE@% %@4@%30 E. 29th St., New York, NY%@EH@%
10016; Lenore Miller, Pres.; 200,000 members, 250 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Roofers, Waterproofers & Allied  Workers, United
%@AB@%Union of,%@AE@% %@4@%1125 17th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Earl J. Kruse, Pres.;%@EH@%
27,000 members, 138 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America,
%@AB@%United (URW),%@AE@% %@4@%87 South High St., Akron, OH 44308; founded 1935; Milan Stone;%@EH@%
Int'l Pres. (since 1981); 109,000 members, 411 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Rural Letter Carriers' Association, National,%@AE@% %@4@%Suite 100, 1448 Duke St.,%@EH@%
Alexandria, VA 22314; founded 1903; Vernon H. Meier, Pres. (since 1989);
80,000 members; 47 state organizations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Seafarers International Union of North America (SIUNA),%@AE@% %@4@%5201 Auth Way, Camp%@EH@%
Springs, MD 20746; founded 1938; Michael Sacco, Pres.; 90,000 members. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Service Employees International Union (SEIU),%@AE@% %@4@%1313 L St. NW, Washington, DC%@EH@%
20005; founded 1921; John J. Sweeney, Pres. (since 1980); 850,000 members,
300 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (SMWIA),%@AE@% %@4@%1750 New York Ave.%@EH@%
NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1888; Edward J. Carlough, Gen. Pres.
(since 1970); 150,000 members, 245 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation
%@AB@%of,%@AE@% %@4@%1625 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Gerald McEntee, Pres.; 1,200,000%@EH@%
members, 2,991 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Steelworkers of America, United (USWA),%@AE@% %@4@%5 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, PA%@EH@%
15222; founded 1936; Lynn Williams, Int'l Pres. (since 1984); 750,000
members, 3,500 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Teachers, American Federation of (AFT),%@AE@% %@4@%555 New Jersey Ave. NW, Washington,%@EH@%
DC 20001; founded 1916; Albert Shanker, Pres. (since 1974); 750,000 members,
2,400 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of
%@AB@%America, International Brotherhood of (IBT),%@AE@% %@4@%25 Louisiana Ave. NW,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20001; founded 1903; William J. McCarthy, Gen. Pres.;
1,600,000 members, 700 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Television and Radio Artists, American Federation of,%@AE@% %@4@%260 Madison Ave., New%@EH@%
York, NY 10016; founded 1937; Reed Farrell, Pres.; 67,000 members, 38
locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Textile Workers of America, United (UTWA),%@AE@% %@4@%2 Echelon Plaza, Laurel Rd., P.O.%@EH@%
Box 749, Voorhees, NJ 08043-0749; founded 1901; Vernon Mustard, Intl. Pres.
(since 1986); 26,000 members, 180 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theatrical Stage Employes and Moving Picture Machine Operators of
%@AB@%the United States and Canada, International Alliance of,%@AE@% %@4@%1515 Broadway, New%@EH@%
York, NY 10036; Alfred W. Di Tolla, Pres.; 61,471 members, 750 locals.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Transit Union, Amalgamated (ATU),%@AE@% %@4@%5025 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC%@EH@%
20016; founded 1892; James La Sala, Intl. Pres. (since 1986); 165,000
members, 275 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Transport Workers Union of America,%@AE@% %@4@%80 West End Ave., New York, NY 10023;%@EH@%
founded 1934; George Leitz, Int'l Pres. (since 1985); 100,000 members, 94
locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Transportation Communications International Union (TCU),%@AE@% %@4@%3 Research Place,%@EH@%
Rockville, MD 20850; Richard I. Kilroy, Int'l Pres. (since 1981); 160,000
members, 750 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Transportation Union, United (UTU),%@AE@% %@4@%14600 Detroit Ave., Cleveland, OH%@EH@%
44107; founded 1969; Fred A. Hardin, Pres. (since 1979); 100,000 members;
769 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Treasury Employees Union, National (NTEU),%@AE@% %@4@%1730 K St. NW, Suite 1101,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20006; founded 1938; Robert M. Tobias, Natl. Pres. (since
1983); 120,000 represented, 250 chapters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%*University Professors, American Association of (AAUP),%@AE@% %@4@%1012-14th St.,%@EH@%
Washington, DC 20005; founded 1915; Carol Simpson Stern, Pres.; 40,000
members, 600 chapters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Upholsterers' International Union of North America (UIU),%@AE@% %@4@%25 N. 4th St.,%@EH@%
Philadelphia, PA 19106; founded 1882; John Serembus, Pres.; 31,827 members,
133 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Utility Workers Union of America (UWUA),%@AE@% %@4@%815 16th St. NW, Washington, DC%@EH@%
20006; founded 1945; James Joy Jr., Natl. Pres. (since 1980); 60,000
members, 220 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%International Woodworkers of America --U.S. (IWA--U.S.),%@AE@% %@4@%25 Cornell,%@EH@%
Gladstone, OR 97027; founded 1987; Wilson (Bill) Hubbell, Natl. Pres.;
28,000 members, 100 locals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%U.S. Union Membership, 1930-1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  1385 02 06 26 28 09 @%Year  Labor%@AH@%1%@AE@% Force (thousands)  Union%@AH@%2%@AE@% Members (thousands)  Percent%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1930  29,424                    3,401                       11.61935  27,053                    3,584                       13.21940  32,376                    8,717                       26.91945  40,394                    14,322                      35.51950  45,222                    14,267                      31.51955  50,675                    16,802                      33.21960  54,234                    17,049                      31.41965  60,815                    17,299                      28.41970  70,920                    19,381                      27.31975  76,945                    19,611                      25.51980  90,564                    19,843                      21.91983  88,290                    17,717                      20.11984  92,194                    17,340                      18.81985  94,521                    16,996                      18.01986  96,903                    16,975                      17.51987  99,303                    16,913                      17.01988  101,407                   17,002                      16.81989  103,480                   16,960                      16.4%@TE:   20  1385 02 06 26 28 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Does not include agricultural employment; from 1983 data do not include
self-employed or unemployed persons. %@AH@%2%@AE@% From 1930 to 1980 data are the number
of dues paying members of traditional trade unions with members counted
regardless of employment status; from 1983 members include employee
associations that engage in collective bargaining with employers.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                  %@AS@%TAXES %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Federal Income Tax %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%George W. Smith III, CPA, %@AI@%Cut Your Own Taxes and Save,%@AE@% Pharos Books. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%During the past decade, Congress enacted the most dramatic changes in our%@EH@%
tax law in over fifty years. Its purpose was to create a more equitable
income tax system for all taxpayers. Many of the provisions resulting from
these massive changes in legislation will affect all taxpayers filing their
1990 income tax return. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%History of the United States Income Tax %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The history of taxation in the United States centers primarily around the%@EH@%
income tax and is consistent with the pattern of taxation in almost every
highly developed country. Although the Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted an
income tax in 1643, the first U.S. income tax was not created until the
Civil War. However, this infant income tax had little vitality and it
expired soon after the war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1894, another income tax act was passed by Congress. By this time, income%@EH@%
tax had become a very important political issue, but in the following year,
the Supreme Court held that the income tax law was unconstitutional and
invalidated the entire statute. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress did not give up and passed the Sixteenth Amendment to the United%@EH@%
States Constitution. This amendment was passed by Congress on July 12, 1909
and laid the foundation for the basic framework of our modern income tax
system. It was ratified by the required number of state legislatures early
in 1913 and states broadly and explicitly: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from%@EH@%
whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and
without regard to any census or enumeration."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress quickly expanded on this newly sanctioned source of revenue.%@EH@%
Corporations as well as individuals became subject to the new income tax.
Since then various revenue acts have been passed. One of the most important
of these acts was the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943. This act instituted
for the first time the "pay-as-you go" system. This system, which requires
the regular withholding of tax from each employee's paycheck and the filing
of estimated tax payments, remains the basic method for the collection of
our income taxes today. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%During the past few decades, Congress enacted several major tax acts.%@EH@%
However, the Tax Reform Act of 1986 represents the most extensive overhaul
of the tax code since 1954. This Act contains approximately 1,850 separate
Code amendments. Because of the scope and magnitude of these amendments
Congress decided to redesignate the 1954 Code as the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%Tax Law Changes and Recent Developments %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Interest earned on Series EE bonds issued in 1990 or later may be exempt%@EH@%
from federal income tax if used to pay tuition and fees for a taxpayer,
spouse or dependents to attend a college, university or qualified technical
school during the year the bonds are redeemed. This exclusion is subject to
an income phaseout. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Parents may elect to include on their income tax return the unearned%@EH@%
income of a dependent child under age 14 whose income is more than $500 but
less than $5,000. The income must consist solely of interest, dividends or
Alaska Permanent Fund dividends. This election is not available if estimated
tax payments were made in the child's name. Form 8814, Parent's Election to
Report Child's Interest and Dividends, is required to report this income. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  For individuals age 55 or over, the 3 out of 5 year home use rule for the%@EH@%
sale of a principal residence has been expanded. Certain incapacitated
individuals who reside in state licensed facilities may exclude from gross
income up to $125,000 of gain resulting from the sale of their house if the
house was used as their principal residence for at least one year out of the
last 5 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  For a taxpayer to be eligible for the child and dependent care credit,%@EH@%
the dependent must be under age 13. The taxpayer must also report the name,
address, and identification number of the child care provider on their
income tax return or the taxpayer will not be entitled to the credit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  An individual may not claim an exemption for a dependent child for 1990%@EH@%
who qualifies as a full time student and is over age 23 at the end of the
year unless the child's gross income is less than $2,050. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  A taxpayer must list the social security number of any dependent claimed%@EH@%
on his income tax return who is at least 2 years old by the end of the tax
year. The penalty for noncompliance can be $50 per omitted number. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  A business deduction is not allowed for the base rate on the first%@EH@%
telephone line into a personal residence. This disallowance does not affect
the deductibility of long distance calls or optional services such as call
waiting, call forwarding, three-way calling or extra directory listings as
long as they are business related. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  IRA investments are allowed for certain gold and silver coins issued by%@EH@%
the U.S. Government. Investments also may include coins issued by a state
government. However, only certain state coins issued after November 10, 1988
qualify. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Jury duty pay surrendered by an employee to an employer in return for his%@EH@%
normal salary is deductible as an adjustment to income--not as an itemized
deduction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Starting with 1990, the IRS does not require the filing of Form 4562,%@EH@%
Depreciation and Amortization, for individuals claiming a deduction for
depreciation on nonlisted property placed in service in a previous year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  For 1990, the standard mileage rate for business use of an automobile has%@EH@%
been increased to 26 cents per mile. This rate applies to all business miles
driven and not just for the first 15,000 miles as in prior years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Starting with 1990, the business use of a cellular phone must be for the%@EH@%
convenience of the employer and a condition of employment to be an allowable
business deduction for employees. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  For 1990, self-employed persons will be entitled to an income tax%@EH@%
deduction up to one-half of the social security self-employment (SE) tax
liability. The SE tax rate for 1990 is 15.3 percent of the first $51,300 of
net earnings from self-employment or a maximum tax of $7,848.90. The
deduction is also taken into account when computing SE net income and may
reduce the SE tax liability. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%1990 Individual Tax Rates %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There will be only two rates for 1990 -- 15% and 28%. The dollar bracket%@EH@%
amounts have been adjusted for inflation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   27   882 02 38 38 @%Tax Rates                             Bracket%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Single                                Single15%                                   $0 to $19,45028%                                   Over $19,450Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying  Married Filing Jointly or QualifyingWidow(er)                             Widow(er)15%                                   $0 to $32,45028%                                   Over $32,450Married Filing Separately             Married Filing Separately15%                                   $0 to $16,22528%                                   Over $16,225Head of Household                     Head of Household15%                                   $0 to $26,05028%                                   Over $26,050%@TE:   27   882 02 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Certain higher incomes will be subject to an additional 5% tax. This 5% rate%@EH@%
adjustment phases out the benefit of the lower 15% tax rate. For married
taxpayers filing jointly, the 5% phaseout begins with taxable income of
$78,400 and is fully phased out at $162,770. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Heads of household with taxable income over $67,200 but not exceeding%@EH@%
$134,930 will be subject to the 5% adjustment as will single individuals
with taxable income over $47,050 but not exceeding $97,620. The phaseout for
married taxpayers filing separately will apply when taxable income is over
$39,200 but not exceeding $123,570. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Standard Deduction %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The standard deduction is a flat amount that is subtracted from adjusted%@EH@%
gross income for taxpayers who do not itemize their deductions. The amount
of the basic standard deduction depends upon the taxpayer's filing status
and is adjusted annually for inflation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Taxpayers with itemized deductions such as medical expenses, charitable%@EH@%
contributions, interest, taxes, etc., totaling more than the standard
deduction amount should not use the standard deduction. Instead, they should
itemize their deductions.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   11   457 02 45 31 @%1990 Basic Standard Deduction                1990 Basic Standard Deduction%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Single                                       $3,250Married filing jointly or Qualifying         $5,450widow(er)                                    Married filing separately                    $2,725Head of household                            $4,750%@TE:   11   457 02 45 31 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An individual claimed as a dependent on another person's income tax return%@EH@%
may claim on their return the larger of $500, or the amount of earned income
up to the amount of the standard deduction which the taxpayer would normally
be allowed. Earned income includes wages, salaries, commissions, tips, net
profit from self-employment--any money received as compensation for personal
services rendered. It also includes any part of a scholarship or fellowship
grant that must be included in gross income. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Example:%@AE@% A dependent parent, age 60, had unearned income (interest and%@EH@%
dividends) of $1,700 during 1990. He had no earned income. His basic
standard deduction would be $500. He would have taxable income of $1,200.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Example:%@AE@% A dependent son had $10,000 of unearned income and $100 of earned%@EH@%
income. He is entitled to a $500 standard deduction. He is limited to this
amount because he is a dependent and his earned income is less than $500.
The taxpayer would, therefore, have $9,600 in taxable income. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Example:%@AE@% A dependent daughter with $4,000 of earned income and $600 of%@EH@%
unearned income would claim a maximum $3,250 standard deduction because her
earned income of $4,000 is greater than the standard deduction. She would
have taxable income of $1,350. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%           %@AS@%Additional Standard Deduction for Age and Blindness %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Elderly or blind taxpayers may also claim an additional standard deduction.%@EH@%
Taxpayers who are age 65 or over or blind at the end of 1990, qualify for
the additional standard deduction for age and/or blindness. Taxpayers who
claim the additional standard deduction for blindness must attach a doctor's
statement to their income tax return. Taxpayers who itemize their deductions
will lose the additional standard deduction. This standard deduction is
adjusted each year for inflation.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16   633 02 40 36 @%1990 Additional Standard Deduction      1990 Additional Standard Deduction%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Single or Head of household, age 65 or  $800over or blind                           Single or Head of household, age 65 or  $1,600over and blind                          Married filing jointly, or Qualifying   $650widow(er), age 65 or over or blind      (per person)                            Married filing jointly or Qualifying    $1,300widow(er), age 65 or over and blind     (per person)                            %@TE:   16   633 02 40 36 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Example:%@AE@% A single, sixty-five year old individual would have a standard%@EH@%
deduction of $4,050 computed as follows: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    4   298 01 52 24 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Basic standard deduction for a single person        $3,250Additional standard deduction for age               800Total                                               $4,050%@TE:    4   298 01 52 24 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Example:%@AE@% A seventy year old husband and a fifty-eight year old blind wife%@EH@%
filing jointly would be entitled to a standard deduction totaling $6,750
computed as follows. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    5   378 01 58 18 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Basic standard deduction for married filing jointly       $5,450Additional standard deduction for (husband's) age         650Additional standard deduction for (wife's) blindness      650Total                                                     $6,750%@TE:    5   378 01 58 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Exemptions%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 1990 personal exemption amount is $2,050 and is adjusted each year for%@EH@%
inflation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Adjustments to Income %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Taxpayers with earned income may still make contributions to their IRAs;%@EH@%
however, there may be limits as to the amount that can be deducted on their
income tax return if they are covered by a qualified retirement plan by
their employer. Income earned from IRAs will remain tax-free until the
taxpayer withdraws it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For 1990, married taxpayers filing jointly with adjusted gross income of%@EH@%
$40,000 or less may take an IRA deduction whether or not they are active
participants in a qualified retirement plan. Single taxpayers in qualified
retirement plans may also deduct IRAs if their adjusted gross income is
$25,000 or less. The IRA deduction phases out over the next $10,000 of
adjusted gross income if taxpayers are active participants in a qualified
retirement plan. Consequently, married couples filing jointly with adjusted
gross income over $50,000 or single filers with adjusted gross income over
$35,000 may not deduct any contributions to their IRAs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Taxpayers who do not have a qualified retirement plan where they are%@EH@%
employed may take an IRA deduction up to the lesser of $2,000, or the amount
of their earned income, regardless of their total income. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Taxpayers who are eligible to participate in their employers' qualified%@EH@%
plans are considered to belong to the plan even if they choose not to
participate.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A qualified retirement plan generally includes: (1) a qualified pension,%@EH@%
profit-sharing or stock bonus plan; (2) a qualified annuity plan; (3) a
simplified employee pension plan; or (4) a plan established for its
employees by the federal, state or other political subdivision or by an
agency of these entities.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Itemized Deductions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Medical expenses are deductible, but only for the amount that exceeds 7.5%@EH@%
percent of adjusted gross income. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  1990 is the final year for the consumer interest deduction such as%@EH@%
finance charges on personal credit cards and installment interest on
personal automobile loans. Only 10% of this interest is deductible in 1990.
Beginning in 1991, there will be no consumer interest deduction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Investment interest for 1990 is deductible to the extent of net%@EH@%
investment income plus up to 10% of the next $10,000 of investment interest
expense ($5,000 for a married person filing separately). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Mortgage interest on a taxpayer's first and second homes remains fully%@EH@%
deductible. However, there are limitations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Home equity loans are deductible up to the first $100,000 in equity debt.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Charitable contributions by an individual to qualified charities for%@EH@%
business purposes are deductible but only if the taxpayer itemizes
deductions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  State and local income taxes, real estate taxes, and personal property%@EH@%
taxes remain fully deductible. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Casualty and theft losses are deductible subject to the 10% and $100%@EH@%
limitations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Miscellaneous deductions, such as union and professional dues, tax%@EH@%
preparation fees, safe deposit box rental and employee business expenses are
deductible, but only for the amount that exceeds 2 percent of adjusted gross
income.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Moving Expenses %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Taxpayers who change jobs during the year can usually deduct some of their%@EH@%
moving expenses. These expenses include the cost of moving household goods,
travel to the new home, househunting trips, temporary living quarters, and
other related expenses. To qualify, the move must be job-related and it must
meet several other requirements including a distance and time test. The
expenses for moving household goods and traveling to a new home have some
limitations. All other deductible moving expenses, such as househunting
trips or temporary living quarters, are subject to a $3,000 ceiling. Meal
expenses are only 80% deductible. Moving expenses are deductible only if the
taxpayer itemizes deductions on Schedule A of Form 1040.  Moves within the
U.S. are reported on Form 3903. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Employee Business Expense %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All employee business expenses including travel, automobile, and%@EH@%
entertainment are allowed only as itemized miscellaneous deductions. Only
80% of the cost of customer meals and entertainment is deductible. These
expenses are then subject to the 2% of adjusted gross income limitation for
miscellaneous deductions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Earned Income Credit %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Low income workers who have dependent children and maintain a household are%@EH@%
eligible for a refundable earned income credit. The credit for 1990 is
calculated on earned income with a maximum credit of $953. When income is
more than $10,730, the credit begins to phase out until it is completely
phased out at $20,264. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If an individual qualifies, the credit is refundable even if the taxpayer is%@EH@%
not required to file an income tax return. However, a tax return must be
filed in order to receive the credit. To assist individuals, the IRS
publishes a table showing the earned income credit at various levels of
income. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Taxing Children's Income %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A child who may be claimed as a dependent by another taxpayer may not claim%@EH@%
their own exemption on their tax return. Further, children under age 14 with
at least one living parent may use up to $500 of their standard deduction
against unearned income. Unearned income includes dividends and interest
income. If the child's unearned income is more than $1,000, that income will
be taxed at the child's tax rate, or the parent's rate, whichever is higher.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The effect of this is to charge a higher tax rate on children's unearned%@EH@%
income by taxing it at the parent's rate when that rate is higher. The
parent has the option of including the child's unearned income on their tax
return. However, if the unearned income is reported on the child's tax
return, only the amount over $1,000 is subject to this treatment. Therefore,
the child does get the benefit of a lower tax rate on the first $1,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For example, assuming the child has $3,000 of interest income, the child's%@EH@%
taxable income would be $2,500, allowing for the $500 standard deduction.
Assuming that the parent's rate is 28%, the child's tax would be $637 ($77
from the tax table plus 28% of $2,000). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Who Must File%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Whether U.S. citizens or resident aliens living in the United States must%@EH@%
file an income tax return depends on their gross income, filing status, and
age. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Generally, U.S. citizens or resident aliens will have to file an income tax%@EH@%
return if their gross income for the year is at least as much as the amount
shown in the following table.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16   701 02 37 39 @%Filing Status                        1990 Gross Income%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%SingleUnder 65                             $5,30065 or older                          $6,100 Married filing jointly Both spouses under 65                $9,550 One spouse 65 or older               $10,200 Both spouses 65 or older             $10,850 Married filing separately            $2,050 Head of household Under 65                             $6,800 65 or older                          $7,600 Qualifying widow(er) Under 65                             $7,500 65 or older                          $8,150%@TE:   16   701 02 37 39 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Example:%@AE@% John and Mary Smith intend to file a joint return for 1990. John's%@EH@%
income is all from wages. Mary receives no income subject to tax. Neither
John nor Mary is blind. John is 67 years old but Mary will not be 65 until
next year. For 1990, their combined gross income subject to tax will be
$10,750. They will have to file a tax return because their gross income will
be at least $10,200. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If Mary were age 65, they would not have to file a 1990 tax return because%@EH@%
their gross income would be less than $10,850 as shown in the table. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Some Exceptions to Filing Requirements.%@AE@% An individual must file a tax return%@EH@%
if: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Net earnings from self employment for the year are $400 or more. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Advance earned income credit payments were received during the year from%@EH@%
their employer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Qualifications for the earned income credit are met. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  An income tax refund is due. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Gross income is less than the filing requirement amount but additional%@EH@%
taxes are owed for: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Social security tax on unreported tips; %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Alternative minimum tax; %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Recapture of investment credit; %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Tax attributable to qualified retirement plans (including IRAs),%@EH@%
annuities, and modified endowment contracts.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%When to File %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For 1990, U.S. individual income tax returns are required to be filed with%@EH@%
the Internal Revenue Service no later than Monday, April 15, 1991. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If an income tax return cannot be completed by the due date, file Form 4868,%@EH@%
Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income
Tax Return, to receive an automatic four-month extension. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The automatic extension does not extend time for paying the tax liability.%@EH@%
If a return is filed late, it may be subject to penalties and interest on
any unpaid tax liability. Form 4868 must be filed on or before April 15,
1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Which Form to File %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%You may be able to use the short Form 1040EZ if:%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You are single and do not claim any dependents. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You are not 65 or older or blind. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have income only from wages, salaries, tips, taxable scholarships or%@EH@%
fellowships, and not more than $400 of interest income. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Your taxable income is less than $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You do not itemize deductions or claim any adjustments to income or tax%@EH@%
credits. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You did not make estimated tax payments.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%You may be able to use Form 1040A if:%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have income from wages, salaries, tips, taxable scholarships or%@EH@%
fellowships, interest, and dividends. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have income from Individual Retirement Account (IRA) distributions,%@EH@%
pensions, annuities, unemployment compensation, and social security
benefits. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Your taxable income is less than $50,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You do not itemize deductions. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You claim a deduction for qualified contributions to an IRA. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You claim a credit for child and dependent care expenses, credit for the%@EH@%
elderly or the disabled, or the earned income credit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have made estimated tax payments. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You filed for an extension of time to file.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Either use Form 1040EZ or Form 1040A unless filing Form 1040 allows you to%@EH@%
pay a lower tax. Forms 1040EZ and 1040A are easier to complete than the
longer Form 1040. Even if you do meet the above tests, you will have to file
Form 1040 if any of the following situations apply. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%You must use Form 1040 if:%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Your taxable income is $50,000 or more. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You itemize deductions. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You receive any nontaxable dividends or capital gain distributions. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have foreign accounts and/or foreign trusts. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have taxable refunds of state and local income taxes. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have business, farm or rental income. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have miscellaneous income not allowed on Form 1040EZ or 1040A such as%@EH@%
alimony or lottery winnings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have certain adjustments to income such as alimony paid. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You can claim a foreign tax credit or certain other credits to which you%@EH@%
are entitled. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You have other taxes such as self-employment tax or the alternative%@EH@%
minimum tax. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  You file any of these forms:%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Form 2555,%@AE@% Foreign Earned Income. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Form 3903,%@AE@% Moving Expense. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Form 8814,%@AE@% Parent's Election To Report Child's Interest and Dividends.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Electronic Filing %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Electronic filing is a process of transmitting completed personal income tax%@EH@%
returns to the Internal Revenue Service. Originating as a pilot program in
1986, almost 4,000,000 returns were filed electronically during 1990. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If a refund is due on your 1990 income tax return, you may be able to have%@EH@%
your return filed electronically. Electronic filing shortens the average
time for processing returns to within 3 weeks. Refunds may also be deposited
directly into your savings or checking account. Since electronic filing
automates most of the manual steps needed to process standard paper returns,
processing is faster, less expensive, and more accurate. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The electronic filing method can be used by many tax return preparers. These%@EH@%
preparers are equipped to send tax return information over telephone lines
to an Internal Revenue Service Center. The preparer will ask you to sign a
declaration form, Form 8453, U.S. Individual Income Tax Declaration for
Electronic Filing. This form is not a power of attorney and it does not
authorize your tax preparer to receive information from the IRS about your
account. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Frequently Used Tax Forms %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%      %@AS@%706 U.S. Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used for the estate of a deceased United States resident or citizen. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%709-A U.S. Short Form Gift Tax Return %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by married couples to report nontaxable gifts of more than $10,000 but%@EH@%
less than $20,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%1040 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by citizens and residents of the United States to report income tax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%1040-ES Estimated Tax for individuals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to make estimated tax payments as a means for paying currently any%@EH@%
income tax (including self-employment tax and the alternative minimum tax)
due in excess of the tax withheld from wages, salaries, and other payments
for personal services. It is not required unless the total tax exceeds
withholding (if any) and applicable tax credits by $500 or more. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%1040NR U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by all nonresident alien individuals who file a U.S. tax return,%@EH@%
whether or not engaged in a trade or business within the United States. Also
used as required for filing nonresident alien fiduciary (estate and trust)
returns. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%1040X Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to correct Form 1040, Form 1040A or 1040EZ that you have already filed.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%1041 U.S. Fiduciary Income Tax Return %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by a fiduciary for domestic estate or domestic trust. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%1065 U.S. Partnership Return of Income %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by partnerships as an information return. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%1116 Computation of Foreign Tax Credit--Individual, Fiduciary, or%@EH@%
%@AS@%Nonresident Alien Individual %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to figure and support the foreign tax credit claimed for the amount of%@EH@%
any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued during the
tax year to any foreign country or U.S. possession. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%1120 U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by a corporation to report income tax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%            %@AS@%1120S U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by S corporations to report taxes under Subchapter S of the IRC and as%@EH@%
an information return. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%            %@AS@%1139 Corporation Application for Tentative Refund %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by corporations that have certain carrybacks and desire a quick refund%@EH@%
of taxes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     %@AS@%1310 Statement of Person Claiming Refund Due a Deceased Taxpayer %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by a claimant to secure payment of refund on behalf of a deceased%@EH@%
taxpayer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%2106 Employee Business Expenses %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For use by employee and outside salespersons to support deductions from%@EH@%
income for travel, transportation, and expenses (except moving expenses). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%2119 Sale of Your Home %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For use by individuals who sold their principal residence. Also used by%@EH@%
those individuals 55 or older who elect to exclude gain on the sale of their
principal residence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%2120 Multiple Support Declaration %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used as a statement to disclaim as an income tax exemption an individual to%@EH@%
whose support the taxpayer and others have contributed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%2441 Child and Dependent Care Expenses %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to figure the credit for child and dependent care expenses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%2688 Application for Additional Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual%@EH@%
%@AS@%Income Tax Return %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to apply for an additional extension of time to file Form 1040. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%         %@AS@%2848 Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used as an authorization for one person to act for another in any tax matter%@EH@%
(except alcohol and tobacco taxes and firearms activities). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%3903 Moving Expenses %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For optional use to support deductions from income for expenses of travel,%@EH@%
transportation (including meals and lodging), and certain expenses of
selling an old residence and buying a new residence for employees or
self-employed individuals moving to a new job location in the U.S. or its
possessions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%4562 Depreciation and Amortization %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For use by: individuals, estates and trusts, partnerships, and corporations%@EH@%
claiming depreciation, amortization, and section 179 expense deduction. Also
used to provide required information for automobiles and all other "listed
property."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%4684 Casualties and Thefts %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For use by all taxpayers for reporting gains and losses from casualties and%@EH@%
thefts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%4868 Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual%@EH@%
%@AS@%Income Tax Return %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to apply for an automatic 4-month extension of time to file Form 1040. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%5329 Return for Additional Taxes Attributable to Qualified Retirement Plans%@EH@%
%@AS@%(Including IRAs), Annuities, and Modified Endowment Contracts %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to report tax on excess contributions, premature distributions, excess%@EH@%
distributions and excess accumulations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%5500EZ Annual Return of One-Participant (Owners and Their Spouses) Pension%@EH@%
%@AS@%Benefit Plan %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to report on a pension, profit-sharing, etc., plan covering an%@EH@%
individual, partner or an individual and spouse or partners and spouses who
wholly own a business. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%6251 Alternative Minimum Tax--Individuals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by individuals to report tax preference items and to figure their%@EH@%
alternative minimum tax liability. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%7004 Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File Corporation Income%@EH@%
%@AS@%Tax Return %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by corporations and certain exempt organizations to request an%@EH@%
automatic extension of 6 months to file their income tax returns. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%8283 Noncash Charitable Contributions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used by taxpayers to report contributions of property in which the total%@EH@%
claimed fair market value of all property contributed exceeds $500. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%8582 Passive Activity Loss Limitations %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to determine limitations on passive activity losses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%8606 Nondeductible IRA Contributions, IRA Basis, and Nontaxable IRA%@EH@%
%@AS@%Distributions %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to report the nondeductible amount of IRA, contributions and%@EH@%
distributions. It is also used to determine IRA basis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%8615 Computation of Tax for Children Under Age 14 Who Have Investment Income%@EH@%
%@AS@%of More Than $1,000 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Used to figure the tax on unearned income of more than $1,000 belonging to a%@EH@%
child under age 14. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Internal Revenue Service Audit %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There are two important facts that should be remembered regarding the IRS%@EH@%
audit program. First, fewer than one out of every hundred individual tax
returns will be audited in 1991. Second, the IRS is good at selecting
returns for audit that will yield additional income taxes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Returns to be audited are chosen by one of the following six methods and%@EH@%
also by random selection: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  The Discriminate Function System (DIF) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Matching Information Documents %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Targeted Group Projects %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Discrepancies in Your Return %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Tips from Informants%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If your return is audited and you feel you are not being treated fairly, or%@EH@%
that proper attention is not being paid to your statements, you have a right
to ask for a hearing at the IRS appellate level. If you are still
dissatisfied, you can take your case to the United States Tax Court. If the
total amount in question is less than $10,000, your case can be handled
under the Small Tax Case procedures. If you are still dissatisfied, your
next move would be the United States Circuit Court of Appeals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Your Rights As a Taxpayer %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress responded to complaints that taxpayers were not being treated%@EH@%
fairly by the IRS and passed a comprehensive law to force the IRS to
explain, in easy to understand language, the actions it proposes to take
against a taxpayer and to relax some of its audit and collection procedures.
This law is called "The Taxpayer Bill of Rights."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Some of the features of this bill of rights are: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Plain English statements %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Allowing recordings of audit conferences %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Not requiring taxpayers to attend the examination %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  New audit location rules %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Guidelines for installment payment of taxes %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Acting on wrong IRS advice %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Hardship relief %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Specific basis of IRS decision %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Levies on property %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Suing the IRS for damages%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%You can obtain the IRS Publication, "Your Rights As a Taxpayer," free by%@EH@%
calling 1-800-424-FORM. Ask for Publication 1. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Federal Death Taxes and the State "Pick-Up" Credit %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%         Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Federal death taxes are made up of two components--gift taxes and estate
taxes. Gift taxes are levied on the donor, %@AI@%while the donor is alive,%@AE@% on
transfers above $10,000 ($20,000 for joint gifts), %@AI@%per donee,%@AE@% for a single
year. Estate taxes are levied on the entire taxable estate (gross estate
less administrative expenses, bequests to spouse, debts, charitable
contributions, and funeral expenses) %@AI@%after the death of the donor.%@AE@% Gift
taxes paid during the donor's lifetime are credited dollar for dollar
against estate taxes due at time of death. %@NL@%
Although estate and gift tax rates begin at the first dollar of taxable
estate, there is a unified credit of $192,800 against transfer tax
liability. This is equivalent to a $600,000 exemption. In addition to the
unified credit, a credit for state death taxes is also allowed; see the
table below for maximum state death tax credit ("Pick-Up"). %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% For decedents dying from 1984 through 1992. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Taxable estate less $60,000.
%@AH@%3%@AE@% On taxable estates between $10,000,000 and $21,040,000, an additional tax
of 5% of the transfer above $10,000,000 is imposed.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   23  3764 03 29 29 29 32 32 32 @%Unified Transfer Tax Rates%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Unified Transfer Tax Rates%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Unified Transfer Tax Rates%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Maximum State Death Tax Credit  Maximum State Death Tax Credit  Maximum State Death Tax CreditTaxable Estate               Tax on Lower Amount          Rate on Excess               Adjusted Taxable Estate%@AH@%2%@AE@%        Federal Credit                  Rate on Excess%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%$10,000 or less              $0                           18%                          $40,000-89,999                  $0                              0.8%10,000-19,999                1,800                        20                           90,000-139,999                  400                             1.620,000-39,999                3,800                        22                           140,000-239,999                 1,200                           2.4 40,000-59,999                8,200                        24                           240,000-439,999                 3,600                           3.260,000-79,999                13,000                       26                           440,000-639,999                 10,000                          4.080,000-99,999                18,200                       28                           640,000-839,999                 18,000                          4.8100,000-149,999              23,800                       30                           840,000-1,039,999               27,600                          5.6150,000-249,999              38,800                       32                           1,040,000-1,539,999             38,800                          6.4250,000-499,999              70,800                       34                           1,540,000-2,039,999             70,800                          7.2500,000-749,999              155,800                      37                           2,040,000-2,539,999             106,800                         8.0750,000-999,999              248,300                      39                           2,540,000-3,039,999             146,800                         8.8 1,000,000-1,249,999          345,800                      41                           3,040,000-3,539,999             190,800                         9.6 1,250,000-1,499,999          448,300                      43                           3,540,000-4,039,999             238,800                         10.41,500,000-1,999,999          555,800                      45                           4,040,000-5,039,999             290,800                         11.22,000,000-2,499,999          780,800                      49                           5,040,000-6,039,999             402,800                         12.0 2,500,000-2,999,999          1,025,800                    53                           6,040,000-7,039,999             522,800                         12.8over 3,000,000%@AH@%3%@AE@%              1,290,800                    55                           7,040,000-8,039,999             650,800                         13.6                                                                                       8,040,000-9,039,999             786,800                         14.4                                                                                       9,040,000-10,039,999            930,800                         15.2                                                                                       over 10,040,000                 1,082,800                       16.0%@TE:   23  3764 03 29 29 29 32 32 32 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Federal Tax Filing Dates, 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%January 15%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals.%@AE@% File an estimated tax payment for 1990 if you did not pay your%@EH@%
income tax for the year through withholding (or did not pay in enough tax
that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the final installment date for 1990
estimated tax. However, you do not have to make this payment if you file
your 1990 return (Form 1040) and pay any tax due by January 31, 1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Farmers and fishermen.%@AE@% Pay your estimated tax for 1990 using Form 1040-ES.%@EH@%
You can then file your 1990 income tax return (Form 1040) by April 15. If
you do not pay at this time, file your 1990 return by March 1.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%January 31%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%All employers.%@AE@% Give your employees their Form W-2 for 1990. In addition,%@EH@%
furnish Notice 797, %@AI@%You May Be Eligible for a Refund on Your Federal Income
%@AI@%Tax Return Because of the Earned Income Credit (EIC),%@AE@% to each employee you
employed during 1990 who did not have any tax withheld during 1990.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals.%@AE@% File your income tax return (Form 1040) for 1990 if you did not%@EH@%
pay your last installment of estimated tax by January 15. Filing your return
now prevents any penalty for late payment of the last installment.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%February 15%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals.%@AE@% If you claimed exemption from income tax withholding last year%@EH@%
on Form W-4, you must file a new Form W-4 by this date to continue your
exemption for another year with your employer.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%March 1%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Farmers and fishermen.%@AE@% File your 1990 income tax return (Form 1040) to avoid%@EH@%
an underpayment penalty if you owe estimated tax. However, you have until
April 15 if you paid your 1990 estimated tax by January 15, 1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%March 15 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Corporations.%@AE@% File a 1990 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120 or%@EH@%
1120-A) and pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 6-month extension,
file Form 7004 and deposit what you estimate you owe.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%S Corporations.%@AE@% File a 1990 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120S) and%@EH@%
pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 6-month extension, file Form 7004
and deposit what you estimate you owe.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Corporations.%@AE@% File Form 2553 to choose to be treated as an S corporation,%@EH@%
beginning with calendar year 1991. If Form 2553 is filed late, S treatment
will begin with calendar year 1992.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%April 15%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals.%@AE@% File an income tax return for 1990 (Form 1040, 1040A, or%@EH@%
1040EZ) and pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 4-month extension,
file Form 4868 and pay any tax you estimate will be due. Then file Form 1040
or 1040A by August 15. If you want an additional extension, file Form 2688
as soon as possible so that your application can be acted on before August
15.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals.%@AE@% If you are not paying your 1991 income tax through withholding%@EH@%
(or will not pay in enough tax during the year that way), pay the first
installment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date. Use Form 1040-ES.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Partnerships.%@AE@% File a 1990 calendar year return (Form 1065).%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C and S Corporations.%@AE@% Deposit the 1st installment of your estimated income%@EH@%
tax for 1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%June 17%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals.%@AE@% Make a payment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date if you%@EH@%
are not paying your income tax for the year through withholding (or will not
pay in enough tax that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the 2nd installment
date for estimated tax in 1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C and S Corporations.%@AE@% Deposit the 2nd installment of your estimated income%@EH@%
tax for 1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%August 15%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals.%@AE@% If you were given an automatic 4-month extension to file your%@EH@%
income tax return for 1990, file Form 1040 and pay any tax, interest, and
penalties due.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%September 16%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Individuals. %@AE@%Make a payment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date, if you%@EH@%
are not paying your income tax for the year through withholding (or will not
pay in enough tax that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the 3rd installment
date for estimated tax in 1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Corporations.%@AE@% File a 1990 income tax return (Form 1120 or 1120A) and pay any%@EH@%
tax due. This due date applies only if you were given an automatic 6-month
extension from March 15.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%S Corporations.%@AE@% File a 1990 income tax return (Form 1120S) and pay any tax%@EH@%
due. This due date applies only if you were given an automatic 6-month
extension from March 15.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C and S Corporations.%@AE@% Deposit the 3rd installment of your estimated income%@EH@%
tax for 1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%December 16%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C and S Corporations.%@AE@% Deposit the 4th installment of your estimated income%@EH@%
tax for 1991. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Free IRS Tax Services %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%IRS Information and Assistance %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Internal Revenue Service provides over 100 publications on various%@EH@%
topics to help taxpayers understand the complex tax laws. Most of these
publications are revised annually. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Most taxpayers should be able to meet the requirements of the tax laws by%@EH@%
using information such as tax package instructions, publications, taxpayer
education programs, films, and library programs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Toll-free telephone numbers and walk-in assistance are available to answer%@EH@%
questions on a taxpayer's account, IRS procedures, or technical inquiries on
tax-related matters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Telephone Service %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Toll-free telephone assistance is available in all 50 states, the District%@EH@%
of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Through the toll-free
system, taxpayers may obtain assistance on their questions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%During periods of peak demand for telephone assistance, it may be difficult%@EH@%
to get through. Generally, early in the morning and later in the week are
the best times to call the IRS. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Telephone service for deaf taxpayers.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Toll-free telephone assistance for deaf taxpayers is available for those who%@EH@%
have access to TV/Telephone-TTY equipment. The hours of operation for this
service are 8:00 a.m. to 6:45 p.m. Eastern Standard Time for January thru
April 15 and 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. for April 16 thru December. Residents of
Indiana may call 1-800-382-4059. Residents elsewhere in the U.S. including
Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands may call 1-800-428-4732.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Information for the Blind %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Braille materials are available at Regional Libraries for the Blind and%@EH@%
Physically Handicapped in conjunction with the Library of Congress. These
materials include Publications 17 and 334, Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ,
and Schedules A and B, and instructions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Walk-In Service %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%While the Internal Revenue Service will not prepare tax returns, assistors%@EH@%
are available in most IRS offices throughout the country to help taxpayers
prepare their own returns. Taxpayers will be expected to help themselves to
the maximum extent possible. However, they will be provided assistance and,
at the same time, provided the opportunity of learning how to research and
prepare their own tax returns. An assistor will "walk-through" a return with
a number of taxpayers in a group setting. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In many IRS offices a walk-in counter is available to help with inquiries%@EH@%
that do not involve preparation of a return, such as receipt of an IRS
notice or bill. Certain technical information or publications may also be
obtained at most IRS offices. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Taxpayers who wish assistance with their tax returns should bring in their%@EH@%
tax packages, Forms W-2 and 1099, and any other information (such as a copy
of last year's return) which will enable the IRS to help. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Taxpayer Education Programs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Internal Revenue Service has a number of programs designed to educate%@EH@%
the public about our nation's voluntary compliance tax system and each
citizen's share in it so that the system works as smoothly as possible. The
more that citizens understand about their role in this tax system, the
better they will be able to carry out their responsibilities with the
minimum amount of confusion. Most of these taxpayer education programs offer
opportunity for citizen involvement through service as a volunteer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Understanding Taxes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%This is a tax education program that begins in the schools, where young%@EH@%
people are taught about their tax rights and responsibilities under our
voluntary compliance tax system. They also learn how to fill out basic tax
returns. Since many of them already are working, often at their first job,
this learning has immediate practical value. They also learn about the
history of taxes and current issues in taxation, such as tax reform. All
materials a teacher may need are available free of charge, including a
series of video programs. These films were produced in cooperation with the
states. Workshops are conducted during the year to help prepare teachers for
course instruction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Small Business Workshops%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%These workshops help people start small businesses by providing them with%@EH@%
the information they need to carry out their tax responsibilities, including
tax withholding, making correct and timely tax deposits, and filing a
business return. Some sessions focus on the needs of the self-employed,
minority entrepreneurs, and specialized business groups. Active or retired
businesspersons often volunteer their services and provide invaluable
information. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Volunteer Income Tax Assistance%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program (VITA) provides free tax%@EH@%
assistance to elderly, non-English-speaking, handicapped people, and also to
members of the military. Generally, those who receive these services can't
afford professional tax assistance. After completing the IRS training,
volunteers provide free help at special locations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Tax Counseling for the Elderly %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) provides free tax assistance to people%@EH@%
60 or older, especially those who are disabled or have other special needs.
Non-profit organizations under cooperative agreements with the IRS provide
local assistance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Both VITA and TCE sites are usually located in neighborhood centers,%@EH@%
libraries, churches, and other places in the community. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%Community Outreach Tax Assistance%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%This is a year-round program of assistance to groups who need help%@EH@%
understanding the tax laws, especially as they apply to members of their
profession or group, such as teaching, business, or farming. Seminars are
conducted at times and locations in the community that are convenient for
members of the group. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%State Government Individual Income Taxes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(As of October 1989. Only basic rates, brackets, and exemptions are shown.%@EH@%
%@AS@%Local income tax rates, even those mandated by the state, are not included.
%@AS@%Taxable income rates and brackets listed below apply to single taxpayers and
%@AS@%married taxpayers filing "combined separate" returns in states where this is
%@AS@%permitted.) %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  126 15403 05 09 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%         Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal           Personal           Personal           Standard           Standard           Standard          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions         Exemptions         Exemptions         Deduction%@AH@%a%@AE@%         Deduction%@AH@%a%@AE@%         Deduction%@AH@%a%@AE@%State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single             Married-Joint      Dependents         Percent            Single             Married-Joint      Federal Income          in percent)        Under              Over                                  Return                                                                      Return             Tax Deductible%@AH@%b%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%AL%@AH@%+%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%     2.0-5.0%           $500               $3,000             $1,500             $3,000             $300               20%                $2,000             $4,000             yesAK       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxAZ%@AH@%c%@AE@%      2.0-8.0            1,290              7,740              2,229              4,458              1,337              22.29              1,115              2,229              yesAR       1.0-7.0            3,000              25,000             20                 40                 20                 10                 1,000              1,000              noCA%@AH@%c%@AE@%      1.0-9.3            4,020              26,380             55%@AH@%d%@AE@%                110%@AH@%d%@AE@%               55%@AH@%d%@AE@%                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 2,070              4,140              noCO       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of          modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified federal          taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable income CT*      Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxDE%@AH@%+%@AE@%      3.2-7.7            1,000              40,000             1,250              2,500              1,250              10                 1,300              1,600              noDC       6.0-9.5            10,000             20,000             1,160              2,320              1,160              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 2,000              2,000              noFL       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax GA       1.0-6.0            750                7,000              1,500              3,000              1,500              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 2,300              3,000              noHI%@AH@%*%@AE@%      2.0-10.0           1,500              20,500             1,040              2,080              1,040              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 1,500              1,900              noID       2.0-8.2            1,000              20,000             Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   no IL       3.0                Flat rate          Flat rate          1,000              2,000              1,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 no IN%@AH@%+%@AE@%      3.4                Flat rate          Flat rate          1,000              2,000              1,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 noIA%@AH@%c%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%     0.4-9.98           1,016              45,720             20%@AH@%d%@AE@%                40%@AH@%d%@AE@%                15%@AH@%d%@AE@%                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 1,230              3,030              yesKS%@AH@%*%@AE@%      4.5-5.95           27,500             27,500             2,000              4,000              2,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 3,000              5,000              yesKY%@AH@%+%@AE@%      2.0-6.0            3,000              8,000              20                 40                 20                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 650                650                yesLA       2.0-6.0            10,000             50,000             4,500              9,000              1,000              Combined with      Combined with      Combined with      yes                                                                                                                           exemptions         exemptions         exemptions         ME       2.0-8.5            4,000              16,000             2,000              4,000              2,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 3,100              5,200              noMD%@AH@%+%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%     2.0-5.0            1,000              3,000              1,100              2,200              1,100              15                 2,000              4,000              noMA%@AH@%*%@AE@%      5.0-10.0           Flat rate          Flat rate          2,200              4,400              1,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 noMI%@AH@%+%@AE@%      4.6                Flat rate          Flat rate          2,000              4,000              2,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 noMN%@AH@%*%@AE@%      6.0-8.0            13,000             13,000             Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   noMS       3.0-5.0            5,000              10,000             6,000              9,500              1,500              15                 2,300              3,400              noMO%@AH@%+%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%     1.5-6.0            1,000              9,000              1,200              2,400              400                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 Same as federal    Same as federal    yesMT%@AH@%c%@AE@%      2.0-11.0           1,500              52,500             1,200              2,400              1,200              20                 2,250              4,500              yesNE       2.0-5.9            1,800              27,000             1,180              2,360              1,180              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 Same as federal    Same as federal    noNV       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxNH%@AH@%*%@AE@%      Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxNJ%@AH@%*%@AE@%      2.0-3.5            20,000             50,000             1,000              2,000              1,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 noNM       1.8-8.5            5,200              64,000             2,000              4,000              2,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 3,000              5,000              noNY%@AH@%+%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%     4.0-7.5            5,500              13,000             0                  0                  1,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 6,000              9,500              no NC%@AH@%*%@AE@%      6.0-7.0            12,750             12,750             2,000              4,000              2,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 3,000              5,000              noND%@AH@%*%@AE@%      2.6-12.0           3,000              50,000             Same as federal    Same as federal    Same as federal    Same as federal    Same as federal    Same as federal    yesOH%@AH@%+%@AE@%%@AH@%*%@AE@%     0.743-6.9          5,000              100,000            650                1,300              650                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 noOK%@AH@%*%@AE@%      0.5-6.0            1,000              7,500              1,000              2,000              1,000              15                 2,000              2,000              yesOR%@AH@%*%@AE@%%@AH@%c%@AE@%     5.0-9.0            2,000              5,000              94%@AH@%d%@AE@%                188%@AH@%d%@AE@%               94%@AH@%d%@AE@%                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 1,800              3,000              yesPA%@AH@%+%@AE@%      2.1                Flat rate          Flat rate          %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 no RI       22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   no         federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income              tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      SC%@AH@%c%@AE@%      3.0-7.0            4,000              10,000             Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   Same as federal%@AH@%e%@AE@%   noSD       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxTN*      Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxTX       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxUT%@AH@%*%@AE@%      2.55-7.2           750                3,750              75 percent of      75 percent of      75 percent of      Same as federal    Same as federal    Same as federal    yes                                                                  federal            federal            federal                                                                                                                                       exemptions         exemptions         exemptions                                                                  VT%@AH@%*%@AE@%      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      no         federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income     federal income              tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      VA%@AH@%*%@AE@%      2.0-5.75           3,000              16,000             800                1,600              800                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 3,000              5,000              noWA       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                taxWV%@AH@%*%@AE@%      3.0-6.5            10,000             60,000             2,000              4,000              2,000              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 noWI%@AH@%*%@AE@%      4.9-6.93           7,500              15,000             0                  0                  50%@AH@%d%@AE@%                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%                 5,200              8,900              noWY       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income    No state income          tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax                tax%@TE:  126 15403 05 09 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%Notes:%@AE@% %@AH@%NA%@AE@% = not applicable. %@AH@%+%@AE@% = states in which one or more local
governments levy a local income tax. %@AH@%a%@AE@% The lesser of %@AH@%1%@AE@% the percentage
indicated, multiplied by adjusted gross income, or %@AH@%2%@AE@% the dollar value
listed. In some states, when a standard deduction computed using a
percentage of AGI is less than the fixed amount shown above, a minimum
dollar deduction is allowed. Maryland and Utah have a minimum deduction as
well. %@AH@%b%@AE@% A state provision that allows the taxpayer to deduct fully the
federal income tax reduces the effective marginal tax rate for persons in
the highest state and federal tax brackets by approximately 30% of the
nominal tax rate--the deduction is of a lesser benefit to other taxpayers
with lower federal and state top tax brackets. %@AH@%c%@AE@% Indexed by an inflation
factor. %@AH@%d%@AE@% Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $25
credit. %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%%@AB@%State Notes:%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alabama:%@AE@% Social Security taxes are included in itemized deductions. Taxable
income brackets for married filing joint over $6,000, taxed at highest rate.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arizona:%@AE@% Federal income taxes are deducted from taxable income. An
additional deduction from income is allowed in the amount of 65% of federal
tax liability or $600, whichever is greater, but not to exceed $10,000 for
married filing joint or $5,000 for all other filers.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arkansas:%@AE@% Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $20
credit. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Colorado:%@AE@% Modifications for federal interest income, non-Colorado state and
local interest income, and Colorado pension exclusion. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Connecticut:%@AE@% There is an income tax on interest, capital gains, and dividend
income only. The rate of this tax ranges from 1% of interest and dividend
income for taxpayers with an AGI of $54,000-$57,999 to 12% of such income of
taxpayers with an AGI over $100,000. Capital gains are taxed at 7% after an
exemption of $100 is applied.%@NL@%
%@AB@%District of Columbia:%@AE@% Exemption will increase to $1,370 by 1991. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Hawaii:%@AE@% A refundable tax credit of $45 per exemption is granted; credit of
$1.25 per exemption is granted for 1989; a refundable medical services
excise tax credit of 4% of qualified medical expenses, subject to
limitation, is granted. Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older
receive a $20 credit.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Idaho:%@AE@% Idaho allows a refundable $15/exemption credit. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Illinois:%@AE@% Effective 1/1/90 an additional $1,000 exemption for persons 65
years of age or older. An additional $1,000 exemption for persons who are
blind. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Indiana:%@AE@% Additional $1,000 exemption if taxpayer or spouse is over 65 or
blind.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Iowa:%@AE@% Tax may not reduce after-tax income of taxpayer below $5,000 (single)
or $7,500 (married filing joint, head-of-household, surviving spouse). Only
limitation for the standard deduction is that the deduction otherwise
allowable of $1,230 or $3,030 may not exceed the amount of income remaining
after the federal tax deduction.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kansas:%@AE@% A child care credit equal to 25% of the federal child care credit is
allowed to taxpayers claiming the federal credit. These rates and brackets
apply to single persons not deducting federal income tax. For individuals
deducting the tax, rates range from 4.75% of the first $2,000 to 8.5% on
income over $30,000. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Kentucky:%@AE@% Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $60
credit.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Maryland:%@AE@% All counties have a local income tax surcharge of at least 20% of
the state tax liability; most counties have a surcharge of 50%. Personal
exemption increases to $1,200 in 1990. Blind and elderly get an additional
exemption of $1,000 beginning with 1989.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Massachusetts:%@AE@% 10% (flat rate) imposed on net capital gains, interest, and
dividends of residents, and Massachusetts business income of nonresidents.
All other net income taxed at 5%. No tax is imposed on a single person whose
gross income is $8,000 or less ($12,000 married). Social Security taxes are
deducted from taxable income up to $2,000 per taxpayer.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Missouri:%@AE@% For taxpayers itemizing deductions, Social Security taxes are
deductible.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Minnesota:%@AE@% Additional rate of 0.5% on certain income classes to reflect
federal phaseout of personal exemptions and the 15% federal rate bracket.
Total rate on brackets of higher income is 8.5%. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Montana:%@AE@% Taxable income brackets, personal exemption level, and standard
deduction levels are indexed annually for inflation. %@NL@%
%@AB@%New Hampshire:%@AE@% There is a 5% tax on interest and dividends (excluding income
from savings bank deposits) in excess of $1,200 ($2,400 married). There is
no filing requirement for an individual whose total interest and dividend
income, after deducting all interest from U.S. obligations, New Hampshire
and Vermont banks or credit unions; and dividends from New Hampshire
non-holding company bonds is less than $1,200 ($2,400 for joint filers) for
a taxable period. %@NL@%
%@AB@%New Jersey:%@AE@% No taxpayer is subject to tax if gross income is $3,000 or less
($1,500 married, filing separately). %@NL@%
%@AB@%New Mexico:%@AE@% Several rebates are available for lower income taxpayers. %@NL@%
%@AB@%New York:%@AE@% Rates are scheduled to be reduced further in 1990, when the top
rate will be 7%.%@NL@%
%@AB@%North Carolina:%@AE@% Breaking point for higher marginal tax rate varies according
to filing status. Taxable income brackets shown are for single taxpayers. %@NL@%
%@AB@%North Dakota:%@AE@% Information in table  applies to the long form method. As an
alternative, taxpayers may use the short form method where the tax is 14% of
the adjusted federal income tax liability.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ohio:%@AE@% Taxpayers take a $20 tax credit per exemption. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Oklahoma:%@AE@% These rates and brackets apply to single persons not deducting
federal income tax. For individuals deducting the tax, rates range from 0.5%
of the first $1,000 to 10% on income over $23,000.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Oregon:%@AE@% Federal tax deduction limited to $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing
separately). %@NL@%
%@AB@%Tennessee:%@AE@% Interest and dividends taxed at 6%. Persons over 65 having total
annual gross income derived from any and all sources of $9,000 or less are
exempt. Blindness is a basis for total exemption.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Utah: %@AE@% One-half of federal tax liability is deductible. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Vermont:%@AE@% Refundable state earned income tax credit (25% of federal credit,
maximum $227.50).%@NL@%
%@AB@%Virginia:%@AE@% Top tax bracket is increased to $17,000 in 1990.%@NL@%
%@AB@%West Virginia: %@AE@% Eliminated standard deduction; all itemized deductions
prohibited and replaced with larger personal exemptions.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wisconsin:%@AE@% The standard deduction is gradually phased out as income
increases; deduction is completely phased out at $50,830 of AGI for single
filers and $55,000 of AGI for joint filers.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Estimated State and Local Taxes Paid by a Family of Four in Selected Large%@EH@%
%@AS@%Cities, by Income Level: 1988 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Finance and Revenue %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(Preliminary. Data based on average family of four, two wage earners and two%@EH@%
%@AS@%school age children, owning their own home and living in a city where taxes
%@AS@%apply. Comprises state and local sales, income, auto, and real estate taxes.
%@AS@%%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   67  6579 04 20 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 @%                    Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes Paid by   Percent of Income by  Percent of Income by  Percent of Income by  Percent of Income by                    Gross Family Income   Gross Family Income   Gross Family Income   Gross Family Income   Income Level          Income Level          Income Level          Income Level                    Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)                                                                            City                $25,000               $50,000               $75,000               $100,000              $25,000               $50,000               $75,000               $100,000%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albuquerque, NM     1,898                 3,944                 6,296                 8,796                 7.6                   7.9                   8.4                   8.8Atlanta, GA         2,107                 4,403                 7,014                 9,208                 8.4                   8.8                   9.4                   9.2Baltimore, MD       2,809                 5,712                 8,594                 11,374                11.2                  11.4                  11.5                  11.4Bridgeport, CT      2,188                 3,653                 6,033                 7,622                 8.8                   7.3                   8.0                   7.6Burlington, VT      2,015                 4,055                 6,653                 9,031                 8.1                   8.1                   8.9                   9.0Charleston, WV      2,097                 4,134                 7,166                 9,623                 8.4                   8.3                   9.6                   9.6Charlotte, NC       2,255                 4,539                 6,815                 9,440                 9.0                   9.1                   9.1                   9.4Chicago, IL         2,031                 3,913                 5,762                 7,468                 8.1                   7.8                   7.7                   7.5Cleveland, OH       2,508                 5,256                 8,148                 11,219                10.0                  10.5                  10.9                  11.2Columbia, SC        2,131                 4,540                 7,394                 9,718                 8.5                   9.1                   9.9                   9.7Des Moines, IA      2,640                 5,444                 8,451                 11,183                10.6                  10.9                  11.3                  11.2Detroit, MI         3,002                 6,068                 9,236                 12,864                12.0                  12.1                  12.3                  12.9Honolulu, HI        2,522                 5,299                 8,054                 10,949                10.1                  10.6                  10.7                  10.9Indianapolis, IN    2,239                 3,943                 6,299                 8,059                 9.0                   7.9                   8.4                   8.1Jackson, MS         1,921                 3,863                 6,556                 8,553                 7.7                   7.7                   8.7                   8.6Louisville, KY      2,193                 4,417                 6,586                 8,614                 8.8                   8.8                   8.8                   8.6Memphis, TN         1,890                 3,163                 4,522                 5,733                 7.6                   6.3                   6.0                   5.7Milwaukee, WI       3,425                 7,299                 11,044                14,564                13.7                  14.6                  14.7                  14.6Newark, NJ          2,751                 5,572                 8,542                 11,249                11.0                  11.1                  11.4                  11.2New York City, NY   2,465                 6,393                 10,151                13,797                9.9                   12.8                  13.5                  13.8Norfolk, VA         2,327                 4,444                 7,258                 9,399                 9.3                   8.9                   9.7                   9.4Omaha, NE           2,241                 4,257                 7,002                 9,324                 9.0                   8.5                   9.3                   9.3Philadelphia, PA    3,073                 5,781                 8,356                 10,949                12.3                  11.6                  11.1                  10.9Portland, ME        1,966                 4,890                 8,482                 11,270                7.9                   9.8                   11.3                  11.3Portland, OR        3,332                 7,018                 10,973                14,574                13.3                  14.0                  14.6                  14.6Providence, RI      2,614                 4,986                 8,297                 11,006                10.5                  10.0                  11.1                  11.0St. Louis, MO       2,076                 3,969                 6,090                 7,848                 8.3                   7.9                   8.1                   7.8Salt Lake City, UT  2,285                 4,771                 7,254                 9,538                 9.1                   9.5                   9.7                   9.5Sioux Falls, SD     2,337                 4,052                 5,724                 7,181                 9.3                   8.1                   7.6                   7.2Washington, DC      2,514                 5,427                 8,557                 11,662                10.1                  10.9                  11.4                  11.7Median%@AH@%1%@AE@%             2,031                 4,001                 6,574                 8,936                 8.1                   8.0                   8.8                   8.9%@TE:   67  6579 04 20 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Median of all 51 cities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%      %@AS@%Residential Property Tax Rates in Selected Large Cities: 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Finance and Revenue. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  106  5896 03 20 27 27 27 23 @%                    Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per                     $100                       $100City                Rank                       Rate                       Assessment level (percent)  Nominal rate per $100%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Detroit, MI         1                          4.10                       49.5                       8.28Milwaukee, WI       2                          3.69                       99.4                       3.71Newark, NJ          3                          3.20                       22.2                       14.46Portland, OR        4                          3.10                       100.0                      3.10Des Moines, IA      5                          2.97                       80.0                       3.71Baltimore, MD       6                          2.64                       42.5                       6.21Sioux Falls, IA     7                          2.47                       46.0                       5.37Providence, RI      8                          2.39                       100.0                      2.39Philadelphia, PA    9                          2.38                       30.2                       7.87Omaha, NE           10                         2.29                       88.0                       2.61Minneapolis, MN     11                         2.15                       17.9                       12.02Cleveland, OH       12                         2.10                       35.0                       6.00Jacksonville, FL    13                         1.97                       97.3                       2.02Boise City, ID      14                         1.93                       100.0                      1.93Memphis, TN         15                         1.77                       25.0                       7.09Burlington, VT      16                         1.76                       81.0                       2.17Manchester, NH      17                         1.71                       17.0                       10.07Fargo, ND           18                         1.62                       4.5                        36.11Portland, ME        19                         1.57                       48.0                       3.28Indianapolis, IN    20                         1.57                       15.0                       10.48Wilmington, DE      21                         1.56                       100.0                      1.56Bridgeport, CT      22                         1.55                       27.0                       5.74Chicago, IL         23                         1.55                       16.0                       9.66Houston, TX         24                         1.53                       100.0                      1.53Atlanta, GA         25                         1.50                       28.9                       5.20Anchorage, AK       26                         1.48                       90.3                       1.64New Orleans, LA     27                         1.39                       10.0                       14.63Jackson, MS         28                         1.39                       10.0                       13.92Louisville, KY      29                         1.33                       100.0                      1.33Billings, MT        30                         1.30                       3.9                        33.65Charlotte, NC       31                         1.25                       100.0                      1.25Seattle, WA         32                         1.24                       92.5                       1.34Norfolk, VA         33                         1.22                       90.6                       1.35Wichita, KS         34                         1.17                       7.8                        14.97St. Louis, MO       35                         1.16                       19.0                       6.13Columbia, SC        36                         1.13                       4.0                        28.25Washington, DC      37                         1.13                       92.4                       1.22New York City, NY   38                         1.13                       12.1                       9.27Salt Lake City, UT  39                         1.11                       100.0                      1.11Boston, MA          40                         1.08                       100.0                      1.08Charleston, WV      41                         1.07                       62.0                       1.73Little Rock, AR     42                         1.02                       20.0                       5.10Albuquerque, NM     43                         1.01                       33.3                       3.03Denver, CO          44                         .94                        16.0                       5.89Las Vegas, NV       45                         .88                        32.5                       2.71Oklahoma City, OK   46                         .81                        11.0                       7.35Casper, WY          47                         .70                        9.1                        7.74Birmingham, AL      48                         .70                        10.0                       6.95Phoenix, AZ         49                         .68                        5.4                        12.53Los Angeles, CA     50                         .64                        61.2                       1.04Honolulu, HI        51                         .59                        89.0                       .66 %@TE:  106  5896 03 20 27 27 27 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Tax Revenues--Selected Countries: 1975 to 1987 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   %@AS@%(Covers national and local taxes and Social Security contributions.)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   46  4979 04 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%                Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues as     Tax Revenues as     Tax Revenues as     Tax Revenues as     Percent Change in   Percent Change in   Percent Change in                                                         Percent of Gross    Percent of Gross    Percent of Gross    Percent of Gross    Total Tax Revenue   Total Tax Revenue   Total Tax Revenue                                                         Domestic Product    Domestic Product    Domestic Product    Domestic Product    as Expressed in     as Expressed in     as Expressed in                                                                                                                                         National Currency   National Currency   National CurrencyCountry         Total (bil. dol.)   Per capita (dol.)   1975                1980                1985                1987                1975-1980           1980-1985           1986-1987%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%United States%@AE@%   %@AB@%$1,316.1%@AE@%            %@AB@%$5,396%@AE@%              %@AB@%29.0%@AE@%                %@AB@%29.5%@AE@%                %@AB@%29.2%@AE@%                %@AB@%30.0%@AE@%                %@AB@%76.7%@AE@%                %@AB@%46.5%@AE@%                %@AB@%10.1%@AE@%Australia       64.6                3,975               27.9                29.2                30.3                31.3                88.9                80.4                13.8Austria         49.6                6,550               38.6                41.2                42.5                42.3                61.5                41.8                2.8Belgium         65.8                6,665               41.1                43.6                46.9                46.1                61.5                47.2                4.9Canada          146.5               5,710               32.4                31.6                33.1                34.5                75.5                59.1                12.8Denmark         52.6                10,257              41.4                45.5                49.2                52.0                90.1                77.6                6.4Finland         32.1                6,515               35.3                33.3                37.3                35.9                73.7                95.1                3.0France          394.9               7,099               37.4                42.5                45.6                44.8                116.2               78.2                6.5Greece          17.6                1,764               24.6                28.6                35.1                37.4                195.7               231.9               17.1Italy           273.9               4,778               25.1                30.0                34.7                36.2                222.0               139.2               9.7Japan           727.5               5,959               20.9                25.5                28.0                30.2                5.7                 43.5                9.4Netherlands     102.9               7,012               43.7                45.8                45.0                48.0                60.6                21.7                5.7New Zealand     13.5                4,076               31.3                33.0                34.3                38.6                120.1               99.7                23.3Norway          39.9                9,546               44.8                47.1                47.8                48.3                101.1               77.3                4.8Portugal        11.6                1,185               24.7                28.7                31.1                31.4                286.4               208.1               10.3Spain           95.5                2,459               19.6                24.1                28.8                33.0                210.3               119.8               19.1Sweden          89.9                10,707              43.9                49.4                50.5                56.7                96.4                68.0                13.9Switzerland     54.7                8,267               29.6                30.8                32.1                32.0                26.3                39.2                3.1United Kingdom  253.4               4,451               35.4                35.3                38.1                37.5                116.6               64.5                6.7West Germany    420.7               6,880               35.7                38.0                37.8                37.6                53.2                23.6                4.0%@TE:   46  4979 04 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                        %@AS@%MANUFACTURES AND MINERALS %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Industrial Production Indexes, by Industry %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          Federal Reserve System %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26  2083 02 33 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 @%Major Industry Group             1970  1975  1980  1985  1986  1987  1988%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%Industrial production%@AE@%            %@AB@%79%@AE@%    %@AB@%85%@AE@%    %@AB@%109%@AE@%   %@AB@%124%@AE@%   %@AB@%125%@AE@%   %@AB@%134%@AE@%   %@AB@%137%@AE@%Manufacturing                    77    83    100   126   129   135   143 Durable goods                    78    83    109   127   128   133   142 Lumber and products              81    81    93    113   124   130   137 Furniture and fixtures           75    80    109   140   144   153   162 Clay, glass, and stone products  76    83    102   116   118   119   123 Primary metals                   95    88    90    81    75    81    89 Fabricated metal products        82    83    102   107   108   111   121 Nonelectrical machinery          73    85    123   145   145   153   171 Electrical machinery             69    77    130   168   166   172   181 Transportation equipment         75    81    97    121   128   129   132 Instruments                      60    81    122   139   140   144   154 Nondurable goods                 76    85    107   125   130   137   144 Food                             82    90    111   130   134   138   143 Tobacco products                 92    100   106   100   97    104   105 Textile mill products            81    85    101   103   109   116   116 Paper and products               81    85    111   128   137   144   150 Printing and publishing          82    84    115   154   161   172   184 Chemicals and products           67    83    106   127   132   140   152 Petroleum products               80    87    94    87    93    94    96 Rubber and plastic products      58    73    108   147   151   164   174 Leather and products             117   102   93    69    61    60    60 Mining                           99    97    112   109   100   101   103 Utilities                        81    94    107   112   109   110   114 %@TE:   26  2083 02 33 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 @%

%@NL@%
1977 = 100. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Manufacturing Production Worker Statistics %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14  1739 02 07 06 15 20 19 22 22 18 @%Year   Year  All employees  Production workers  Constant Dollars%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Avg. weekly earnings  Avg. hourly earnings  Avg hrs. per wk.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1955   1955  16,882,000     13,288,000          -                  $75.30                $1.85                 40.71960   1960  16,796,000     12,586,000          183.5              89.72                 2.26                  39.71965   1965  18,062,000     13,434,000          206.4              107.53                2.61                  41.21970   1970  19,367,000     14,044,000          208.0              133.33                3.35                  39.81975   1975  18,323,000     13,043,000          214.9              190.79                4.83                  39.51980   1980  20,285,000     14,214,000          212.0              288.62                7.27                  39.71985   1985  19,260,000     13,092,000          220.15             386.37                9.54                  40.51987   1987  19,024,000     12,970,000          220.10             406.31                9.91                  41.01988   1988  19,403,000     13,254,000          217.80             418.40                10.18                 41.11989   1989  19,612,000     13,375,000          -                  429.27                10.47                 41.01990%@AH@%p%@AE@%  Jan.  19,231,000     13,018,000          -                  429.95                10.59                 40.6       July  19,289,000     13,068,000          -                  440.64                10.88                 40.5%@TE:   14  1739 02 07 06 15 20 19 22 22 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Earnings in current dollars divided by the Consumer Price Index on a 1977
basis. (%@AH@%p%@AE@% -- preliminary) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%International Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%(1982=100) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  4341 02 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%Country         1960                1965                1970                1975                1980                1985                1987                1988                1989%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%                Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour United States   56.9                70.2                75.2                86.9                95.3                115.9               124.7               127.6               130.1Canada          51.6                66.1                76.9                90.1                99.9                119.8               119.2               121.2               123.8 Japan           17.2                25.9                48.0                65.0                90.9                119.4               130.7               136.9               144.8 France          30.7                41.4                58.5                72.7                90.6                108.8               113.8               119.6               125.1 West Germany    36.9                49.4                65.2                82.5                97.8                112.4               109.5               114.4               119.6 Italy           28.9                40.0                54.3                67.1                95.1                122.1               126.5               130.1               133.8 Norway          47.8                58.0                74.5                88.6                96.3                116.0               120.4               123.9               131.7 Sweden          36.5                50.4                69.6                86.4                96.4                112.6               115.7               117.4               119.3 United Kingdom  49.4                58.4                70.8                83.7                89.9                118.0               130.1               137.1               144.1                 Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs                 in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars United States   39.5                37.5                47.7                61.6                87.8                95.9                95.6                96.8                99.0 Canada          40.6                34.4                44.1                63.6                83.1                88.2                98.6                109.7               121.6 Japan           26.2                32.5                35.9                79.6                107.3               97.0                156.9               172.7               161.8 France          32.2                37.4                36.2                78.8                125.2               87.7                137.2               137.3               128.2 West Germany    21.7                27.2                35.8                74.1                123.6               84.5                154.1               157.1               146.8 Italy           29.6                37.6                46.2                90.2                116.8               87.7                137.6               140.3               143.4 Norway          18.7                23.2                29.8                69.2                110.2               85.7                131.8               140.5               130.0 Sweden          31.0                36.6                42.5                86.9                130.2               84.9                129.7               142.1               147.4 United Kingdom  23.4                27.0                28.7                54.9                118.1               77.1                101.3               110.9               106.9 %@TE:   43  4341 02 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage & salary, the
self-employed, and unpaid family workers) in the U.S. and Canada, and all
employees (wage & salary earners) in the other countries.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%    %@AS@%Sales and Profits of Manufacturing Corporations by Industry Group %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Bureau of the Census--Economic Surveys Division %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   31  3771 03 45 09 09 09 20 20 20 @%                                             Sales    Sales    Sales    Income after taxes  Income after taxes  Income after taxesIndustry group                               1Q 1989  4Q 1989  1Q 1990  1Q 1989             4Q 1989             1Q 1990%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All manufacturing corporations               665,974  690,248  667,193  37,851              28,645              27,766Nondurable manufacturing corporations        334,317  350,541  343,382  21,911              19,821              16,100Food and kindred products                    93,573   101,259  95,179   3,865               5,406               3,493Textile mill products                        13,686   13,883   13,345   340                 158                 (47)Paper and allied products                    27,594   28,661   28,534   1,998               1,160               1,389Printing and publishing                      32,220   36,537   34,233   1,605               2,774               1,026Chemicals and allied products                69,490   67,523   68,960   6,960               4,510               5,467Industrial chemicals and synthetics          28,892   25,978   26,592   3,006               1,120               1,687Drugs                                        12,458   13,552   14,075   2,102               2,043               2,107Petroleum and coal products                  61,325   68,090   70,386   5,679               5,262               4,071Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products   19,217   18,819   18,649   786                 326                 430Other nondurable manufacturing corporations  17,213   15,770   14,096   679                 226                 271Durable manufacturing corporations           331,656  339,706  323,811  15,940              8,824               11,666Stone, clay, and glass products              12,765   13,961   12,933   (26)                282                 (6)Primary metal industries                     29,475   26,497   27,451   1,704               441                 1,035Iron and steel                               14,306   12,821   13,356   475                 163                 316Nonferrous metals                            15,169   13,677   14,095   1,228               278                 720Fabricated metal products                    36,960   34,836   34,617   1,629               781                 1,369Machinery, except electrical                 59,524   65,674   61,672   2,550               2,505               2,378Electrical and electronic equipment          53,447   57,605   51,961   2,364               2,508               2,053Transportation equipment                     87,991   87,110   82,397   5,221               370                 2,684Motor vehicles and equipment                 58,837   52,186   48,855   3,950               (249)               1,345Aircraft, guided missiles, and parts         26,490   31,625   30,435   1,237               610                 1,222Instruments and related products             23,974   25,505   24,782   1,574               1,330               1,472Other durable manufacturing corporations     27,520   28,518   27,998   925                 607                 681All mining corporations%@AH@%*%@AE@%                     8,603    9,929    9,822    486                 314                 693All retail trade corporations%@AH@%*%@AE@%               132,746  173,025  NA       2,365               4,603               NAAll wholesale trade corporations%@AH@%*%@AE@%            165,367  183,743  187,513  1,857               1,260               1,530%@TE:   31  3771 03 45 09 09 09 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%With assets over $50 million. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%     %@AS@%Annual Percent Change in Productivity and Related Data, 1979-1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   18  1627 02 32 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 @%Item                            1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1988  1989%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Business sector:Output per hour of all persons  1.1   -0.3  1.5   -0.7  2.4   2.6   2.0   2.3   1.2   1.7   1.1Real compensation per hour%@AH@%1%@AE@%     -1.4  -2.6  -0.9  1.2   0.6   -0.2  0.8   3.3   0.2   0.6   0.6Unit labor cost                 11.1  10.9  7.7   8.3   1.4   1.5   2.3   2.8   2.6   3.0   4.4Unit nonlabor payments          5.3   5.4   13.5  1.4   7.3   7.0   2.8   0.7   2.6   2.9   2.9Implicit price deflator%@AH@%2%@AE@%        9.0   9.0   9.6   5.9   3.3   3.3   2.5   2.1   2.6   2.9   3.9Nonfarm business sector:Output per hour of all persons  -1.5  -0.4  1.1   -0.9  3.0   2.1   1.3   2.0   1.1   2.0   0.9Real compensation per hour%@AH@%1%@AE@%     -1.6  -2.6  -0.7  1.1   0.7   -0.4  0.5   3.2   -0.1  0.5   0.6Unit labor cost                 11.2  11.0  8.3   8.4   1.0   1.8   2.8   3.0   2.6   2.7   4.5Unit nonlabor payments          4.5   7.1   12.7  2.2   8.7   5.5   3.6   0.9   2.7   2.7   2.5Implicit price deflator%@AH@%2%@AE@%        8.9   9.7   9.7   6.3   3.5   3.0   3.0   2.3   2.6   2.7   3.8Manufacturing:Output per hour of all persons  0.0   0.0   2.3   2.5   5.2   5.4   4.5   3.8   3.7   2.7   2.8Real compensation per hour      -1.4  -1.6  -0.5  2.6   -0.7  -0.9  1.2   2.6   -1.0  -0.5  -0.5Unit labor cost                 9.7   11.7  7.3   6.2   -2.5  -1.9  0.3   0.7   -1.0  0.9   1.5%@TE:   18  1627 02 32 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Adjusted for changes in the CPI for all urban consumers;%@AH@%2%@AE@% Current dollar
gross product divided by constant dollar grossproduct.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%U.S. Reliance on Foreign Supplies of Minerals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   50  3388 02 23 26 38 38 @%Mineral                Percent imported in 1989  Major sources (1985-88)               Major uses%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Columbium              100%                      Brazil, Canada, Thailand              Steelmaking and aerospace alloysGraphite               100                       Mexico, China, Brazil, Madagascar     Metallurgical processes Manganese              100                       Gabon, S. Africa                      Steelmaking  Mica (sheet)           100                       India, Belgium, France, Japan         Electronic and electrical equipment Strontium (Celestite)  100                       Mexico, Spain, China                  Television picture tubes,                                                                                        pyrotechnics  Bauxite and alumina    97                        Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Suriname  Aluminum production  Platinum group         95                        South Africa, Britain, USSR           Catalytic converters for autos,                                                                                        electrical and electronic equipment Fluorspar              91                        Mexico, South Africa                  Raw material for metallurgical and                                                                                        chemical industries  Diamonds (industrial)  90                        South Africa, Britain, Ireland,       Machinery for grinding and cutting                                                   Zaire                                 Cobalt                 86                        Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Norway         Aerospace alloys  Tantalum               85                        Thailand, Brazil, Australia, Canada   Electronic components  Chromium               79                        South Africa, Zimbabwe, Turkey,       Stainless steel                                                   Yugoslavia                            Tungsten               73                        China, Bolivia, Germany, Canada       Lamp filaments Tin                    73                        Brazil, Indonesia, Bolivia            Cans, electrical construction  Barite                 71                        China, Morocco, India                 Oil drilling fluids  Potash                 70                        Canada, Israel, East Germany, USSR    Fertilizer Zinc                   69                        Canada, Mexico, Peru, Spain           Construction and transportation                                                                                        materials  Nickel                 65                        Canada, Australia, Norway             Stainless steel and other alloys   Cadmium                62                        Canada, Australia, Mexico, West       Batteries, plating and coating of                                                  Germany                               metals Silver                 NA                        Canada, Mexico, Britain, Peru         Photography, electrical and                                                                                        electronic prods. %@TE:   50  3388 02 23 26 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%Minerals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%        Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department, as of mid-1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aluminum:%@AE@% the most abundant metal element in the Earth's crust. Bauxite is%@EH@%
the main source of aluminum; convert to aluminum equivalent by multiplying
by 0.211. Guinea and Australia have 46 percent of the world's reserves.
Aluminum is used in the U.S. in packaging 31%, transportation 22% and
building 19%. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chromium:%@AE@% some 99 percent of the world's chromite is found in South Africa%@EH@%
and Zimbabwe. The chemical and metallurgical industries use about 85% of the
chromite consumed in the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cobalt:%@AE@% used in superalloys for jet engines; chemicals (paint driers,%@EH@%
catalysts, magnetic coatings); permanent magnets; and cemented carbides for
cutting tools. Principal cobalt producing countries include Zaire, Zambia,
and the USSR. The U.S. uses about one-third of total world consumption.
Although its resources are relatively large, the U.S. has produced no cobalt
since 1971; cobalt resources are low grade and production from these
deposits is not economically feasible. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Columbium:%@AE@% used mostly as an additive in steel making and in superalloys.%@EH@%
Brazil and Canada are the world's leading producers. There is no U.S.
columbium mining industry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Copper:%@AE@% main uses of copper in the U.S. are in nonelectrical building%@EH@%
construction 15%, electrical and electronic products 72%, industrial
machinery and equipment 6%, transportation 3%. The leading producer is
Chile, followed by the U.S., USSR, Canada, Zambia, and Zaire. Principal
mining states are Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gold:%@AE@% used in the U.S. in jewelry and arts 56%, industrial (mainly%@EH@%
electronic) 36%, dental 8%. South Africa has about half of the world's
resources; significant quantities are also present in the U.S., Canada,
USSR, and Brazil. Gold mining in the U.S. takes place in nearly all of the
western states and Alaska. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Iron ore:%@AE@% the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel%@EH@%
industries. Major iron ore producers include the USSR, Brazil, Australia,
and China. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lead:%@AE@% the U.S. is the world's largest producer and consumer of lead metal.%@EH@%
Transportation accounted for the major end use in the U.S. with 71% used in
batteries, gasoline additives, and other applications. Other uses include
emergency power supply batteries, construction sheeting, sporting ammunition
and TV tubes. Other major mine producers include the USSR, Australia, and
Canada. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Manganese:%@AE@% essential to iron and steel production. The U.S., Japan, and%@EH@%
Western Europe are all nearly deficient in economically minable manganese.
South Africa and the USSR have over 70% of the world's reserves. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nickel:%@AE@% vital to stainless steel industry and played a key role in the%@EH@%
development of the chemical and aerospace industries. Leading producers
include the USSR, Canada, Japan and Australia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Platinum-Group Metals:%@AE@% the platinum group comprises 6 closely related%@EH@%
metals: platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. They
commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic
elements. They are consumed in the U.S. by the following industries:
automotive 37%, electrical and electronic 25%, and chemical 11%. The USSR
and South Africa have nearly all the world's reserves. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Silver:%@AE@% used in the following U.S. industries: photography; electrical and%@EH@%
electronic products; sterlingware, electroplated ware, and jewelry. Silver
is mined in more than 56 countries. Nevada produces over 30% of the U.S.
silver. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tantalum:%@AE@% a refractory metal with unique electrical, chemical, and physical%@EH@%
properties used mostly in the U.S to produce electronic components tantalum
capacitors. Thailand, Australia, Brazil and Canada are the leading
producers. There is no U.S. tantalum mining industry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Titanium:%@AE@% a metal which is mostly used in jet engines, airframes, and space%@EH@%
and missile applications. It is produced in the USSR, Japan, and the western
and central U.S., the United Kingdom, and China. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vanadium:%@AE@% used as an alloying element in steel, as an alloying agent in%@EH@%
aerospace titanium alloys, and as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric
acid and maleic anhydride. The USSR and South Africa are the world's largest
producers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Zinc:%@AE@% used as protective coating on steel, as diecastings, as an alloying%@EH@%
metal with copper to make brass, and as chemical compounds in rubber and
paints. It is mined in over 50 countries with Canada the leading producer,
followed by the USSR, Australia, Peru and China. In the U.S., mine
production comes mostly from Tennessee, Missouri, New York and Alaska. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%World Mineral Reserve Base %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   18  1042 02 30 46 @%Mineral                       Reserve Base%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aluminum                      25,000 mln. metric tons%@AH@%2%@AE@%Chromium                      6,800 mln. metric tonsCobalt                        8,340 thou. metric tons.Columbium                     9,100 mln. lbs.Copper                        570 mln. metric tonsGold                          1,510 mln. troy oz.Iron                          210,000 mln. metric tons%@AH@%3%@AE@%Lead                          125 mln. metric tonsManganese                     3,900,000 thousand short tonsNickel                        121,000 thousand short tonsPlatinum--Group Metals        2,140 mln. troy oz.Silver                        420,000 metric tons Tantalum                      76 mln. lbs.Titanium                      320 mln. metric tonsVanadium                      18,300 thousand short tonsZinc                          295 mln. metric tons%@TE:   18  1042 02 30 46 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes demonstrated resources that are currently economic  (reserves),
marginally economic (marginal reserves), and some of those that are
currently subeconomic. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Bauxite. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Crude ore.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%U.S. Nonfuel Mineral Production--Leading States in 1988%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   34  1418 02 14 19 43 @%State         Value (thousands)  Principal minerals%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Arizona       $2,733,411         Copper, gold, sand and gravel. California    2,708,768          Cement, boron minerals, sand and gravel                                  (construction), stone (crushed).  Nevada        1,944,566          Gold, sand & gravel (construction),                                  silver. Michigan      1,587,561          Cement, sand & gravel, stone.  Texas         1,468,818          Cement, stone (crushed), sand and gravel                                  (construction), salt.  Florida       1,391,881          Stone (crushed), cement, phosphate rock. Georgia       1,373,825          Clays, stone (crushed).  Minnesota     1,267,499          Iron ore, sand and gravel (construction),                                 stone (crushed).  Pennsylvania  1,042,493          Cement, stone (crushed), lime, sand and                                  gravel (construction). New Mexico    1,022,072          Potassium salts, copper. Utah          1,014,847          Cement, lime, sand and gravel. Missouri      967,949            Cement, lead, stone (crushed). Ohio          737,252            Stone (crushed), sand and gravel                                  (construction), salt, lime. %@TE:   34  1418 02 14 19 43 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%U.S. Nonfuel Mineral Production%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or           marketable%@EH@%
%@AS@%production (including consumption by producers) %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  125 11567 03 60 60 11 19 12 19 @%                                                                                                                        1987       1987               1988        1988                                                                                                                        Quantity   Value (thousands)  Quantity    Value (thousands)%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Metals                                                      MetalsAntimony (ore and concentrate)                              short tons                                                  %@AH@%W%@AE@%          %@AH@%W%@AE@%                  %@AH@%W%@AE@%           %@AH@%W%@AE@%Bauxite                                                     metric tons, dried equivalent                               576        $10,916            587,889     $10,566Beryilium concentrates                                      short tons                                                  --         --                 5,851       6Copper (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                  metric tons                                                 1,243,638  2,261,833          1,419,645   3,771,570Gold (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                    troy ounces                                                 947,040    216,027            6,459,539   2,831,281Iron ore, usable (includes byproduct material)              thousand metric tons                                        47,983     1,503,087          57,113      1,716,661Iron oxide pigments, crude                                  short tons                                                  42,773     3,598              43,774      3,815Lead (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                    metric tons                                                 311,381    246,720            384,983     315,222Magnesium metal                                             short tons                                                  137,123    381,914            156,509     469,767Manganiferous ore (5% to 35% Mn)                            short tons, gross weight                                    %@AH@%W%@AE@%          %@AH@%W%@AE@%                  %@AH@%W%@AE@%           %@AH@%W%@AE@%Molybdenum (content of ore and concentrate)                 thousand pounds                                             69,868     179,286            99,738      266,899Nickel (content of ore and concentrate)                     short tons                                                  --         --                 --          --Silver (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                  troy ounces                                                 39,896     279,675            53,415,677  349,339Tungsten ore and concentrate                                metric tons                                                 %@AH@%W%@AE@%          %@AH@%W%@AE@%                  %@AH@%W%@AE@%           %@AH@%W%@AE@%Zinc (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                    metric tons                                                 216,327    199,924            244,314     324,249Combined value of antimony, mercury, platinum-group          Combined value of antimony, mercury, platinum-group          %@AH@%XX%@AE@%         139,596            %@AH@%XX%@AE@%          159,409metals,rare-earth metal concentrates, tin, titanium         metals,rare-earth metal concentrates, tin, titanium                                                   concentrates(ilmenite and rutile), valadium zircon          concentrates(ilmenite and rutile), valadium zircon                                                    concentrate, andvalues indicated by symbol W                concentrate, andvalues indicated by symbol W                                                          Total metals                                                Total metals                                                %@AH@%XX%@AE@%         7,423,000          %@AH@%XX%@AE@%          10,219,000Industrial Minerals (except fuels)                          Industrial Minerals (except fuels)Abrasive stones%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                            short tons                                                  12,773     957                14,675      1,183Asbestos                                                    metric tons                                                 50,600     17,198             %@AH@%W%@AE@%           %@AH@%W%@AE@%Barite                                                      thousand short tons                                         448        15,810             445         15,512Boron minerals                                              do                                                          1,385      475,092            1,267       429,667Bromine                                                     thousand pounds                                             335,000    107,000            360,000     144,000Cement:Masonry                                                     thousand short tons                                         3,680      259,926            3,574       243,941Portland                                                    do                                                          74,868     3,646,561          74,074      3,575,906Clays                                                       short tons                                                  47,657     1,202,284          49,069,375  1,400,820Diatomite                                                   thousand short tons                                         658        134,239            693         143,774Emory                                                       short tons                                                  1,945      %@AH@%W%@AE@%                  %@AH@%W%@AE@%           %@AH@%W%@AE@%Feldspar                                                    do                                                          720,000    26,100             715,484     28,082Fluorspar                                                   do                                                          68,839     11,725             %@AH@%W%@AE@%           %@AH@%W%@AE@%Garnet (abrasive)                                           do                                                          42,277     4,350              46,855      4,707Gem stones                                                                                                              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%         21,389             %@AH@%NA%@AE@%          43,508Gypsum                                                      thousand short tons                                         15,612     106,977            16,390      109,205Helium (crude)                                              million cubic feet                                          730        16,068             %@AH@%W%@AE@%           %@AH@%W%@AE@%Helium (Grade A)                                            do                                                          2,230      82,540             2,574       95,238Iodine                                                      lbs.                                                        %@AH@%W%@AE@%          %@AH@%W%@AE@%                  2,238,152   %@AH@%W%@AE@%Lime                                                        thousand short tons                                         15,733     786,125            17,293      828,007Mica (scrap)                                                do                                                          161        8,201              143         6,793Peat                                                        do                                                          958        26,170             929         19,933Perlite                                                     do                                                          533        16,494             576         17,652Phosphate rock                                              metric tons                                                 40,954     793,280            45,389,000  887,809Potassium salts K%@AH@%2%@AE@%O equivalent                              thousand metric tons,                                       1,485      195,700            1,427       240,300Pumice                                                      thousand short tons                                         392        4,493              389         4,129Salt                                                        do                                                          36,493     684,170            37,997      680,174Sand and gravel (construction)                              do                                                          895,200    3,002,500          923,400     3,126,000Sand and gravel (industrial)                                do                                                          28,010     364,100            28,480      388,000Sodium sulfate (natural)                                    do                                                          382        33,086             398         31,377Stone%@AH@%2%@AE@% (crushed)                                            do                                                          1,200,100  5,248,600          1,247,800   5,558,000Stone%@AH@%2%@AE@% (dimension)                                          short tons                                                  1,183,849  190,153            1,189,333   196,289Sulfur, Frasch process                                      thousand metric tons                                        3,610      386,834            4,341       430,814Talc and pyrophyllite                                       short tons                                                  1,281,789  28,782             1,376,560   29,444Tripoli                                                     do                                                          114,926    975                110,152     864Vermiculite                                                 do                                                          302,926    33,105             303,544     33,948Combined value of aplite, asphalt (native), graphite,       Combined value of aplite, asphalt (native), graphite,       %@AH@%XX%@AE@%         374,832            %@AH@%XX%@AE@%          442,620kyanite,lithium minerals, magnesite, marl (greensand),      kyanite,lithium minerals, magnesite, marl (greensand),                                                olivine,staurolite, wollastonite, calcium chloride          olivine,staurolite, wollastonite, calcium chloride                                                    (natural), andvalues indicated by symbol W                  (natural), andvalues indicated by symbol W                                                            Total nonmetals                                             Total nonmetals                                             %@AH@%XX%@AE@%         18,894,000         %@AH@%XX%@AE@%          19,803,000Grand total                                                 Grand total                                                 %@AH@%XX%@AE@%         26,317,000         %@AH@%XX%@AE@%          30,022,000%@TE:  125 11567 03 60 60 11 19 12 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%W%@AE@% Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data;included in
"Combined value" figures. %@AH@%XX%@AE@% Not applicable. %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Not available.%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Grindstones, pulpstones, sharpening stones, excludes millliners & grinding
pebbles.%@NL@%
%@AH@%2%@AE@% Excludes abrasive stone, bituminous limestoneand sandstone; all included
elsewhere in table.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%U.S. Pig Iron and Raw Steel Output%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                     American Iron and Steel Institute%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%(net tons)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   17   618 02 06 16 13 @%Year  Total pig iron  Raw steel%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1940  46,071,666      66,982,6861945  53,223,169      79,701,6481950  64,586,907      96,836,0751955  76,857,417      117,036,0851960  66,480,648      99,281,6011965  88,184,901      131,461,6011970  91,435,000      131,514,0001975  101,208,000     116,642,0001980  68,721,000      111,835,0001984  51,904,000      92,528,0001985  50,446,000      88,259,0001986  43,952,000      81,606,0001987  48,410,000      89,151,0001988  55,745,000      99,924,0001989  55,873,000      97,943,000%@TE:   17   618 02 06 16 13 @%

%@NL@%
Steel figures include only that portion of the capacity and production   of
steel for castings used by foundries which were operated by companies
producing steel ingots.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%U.S. Copper, Lead, and Zinc Production%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1845 03 06 24 16 24 16 24 16 @%Year  Copper                  Copper          Lead                    Lead            Zinc                    Zinc      Quantity (metric tons)  Value ($1,000)  Quantity (metric tons)  Value ($1,000)  Quantity (metric tons)  Value ($1,000)%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1950  827                     379,122         390,839                 113,078         565,516                 167,0001960  1,037                   733,706         223,774                 57,722          395,013                 112,3651965  1,226                   957,028         273,196                 93,959          554,429                 178,2841970  1,560                   1,984,484       518,698                 178,609         484,560                 163,6501975  1,282                   1,814,763       563,783                 267,230         425,792                 366,0971980  1,181                   2,666,931       550,366                 515,189         317,103                 261,6711983  1,038                   1,751,476       449,295                 214,745         275,294                 251,2041984  1,103                   1,625,000       322,677                 181,745         252,768                 270,8331985  1,105                   1,631,000       413,955                 174,008         226,545                 201,6071986  1,144                   1,666,000       339,793                 165,150         202,983                 170,0501987  1,244                   2,262,000       311,381                 246,720         216,281                 200,5291988  1,420                   3,772,000       384,983                 315,222         244,314                 324,249%@TE:   15  1845 03 06 24 16 24 16 24 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%World Gold Production%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%(Troy Ounces)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   17  3406 03 07 13 14 09 09 25 25 25 25 11 11 13 11 @%                    Africa        Africa   Africa   North and South America  North and South America  North and South America  North and South America  Other      Other      Other        OtherYear   World prod.  South Africa  Ghana    Zaire    United States            Canada                   Mexico                   Colombia                 Australia  China      Philippines  USSR%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1972   44,843,374   29,245,273    724,051  140,724  1,449,943                2,078,567                146,061                  188,137                  754,866    -          606,730      -1975   38,476,371   22,937,820    523,889  103,217  1,052,252                1,653,611                144,710                  308,864                  526,821    -          502,577      -1977   38,906,145   22,501,886    480,884  80,418   1,100,347                1,733,609                212,709                  257,070                  624,270    -          558,554      -1978   38,983,019   22,648,558    402,034  76,077   998,832                  1,735,077                202,003                  246,446                  647,579    -          586,531      -1979   38,768,978   22,617,179    362,000  69,992   964,390                  1,644,265                190,364                  269,369                  596,910    -          535,166      -1980   39,197,315   21,669,468    353,000  39,963   969,782                  1,627,477                195,991                  510,439                  547,591    --         753,452      8,425,0001982   43,082,814   21,355,111    331,000  62,233   1,465,686                2,081,230                214,349                  472,674                  866,815    1,800,000  834,439      8,550,0001983   45,163,364   21,847,310    276,000  192,930  2,002,526                2,363,411                198,177                  426,517                  983,522    1,850,000  816,536      8,600,0001984   46,929,444   21,860,933    287,000  117,115  2,084,615                2,682,786                270,998                  730,670                  1,295,963  1,900,000  827,149      8,650,0001985   49,283,691   21,565,230    299,363  63,022   2,427,232                2,815,118                265,693                  1,142,385                1,881,491  1,950,000  1,062,997    8,700,0001986   51,534,056   20,513,665    287,127  167,827  3,739,015                3,364,700                250,615                  1,285,878                2,413,842  2,100,000  1,296,400    8,850,0001987   53,033,614   19,176,500    327,598  140,561  4,947,040                3,724,000                256,822                  853,600                  3,558,954  2,300,000  1,048,081    8,850,0001988%@AH@%p%@AE@%  58,453,814   19,881,126    372,979  140,000  6,459,539                4,110,000                296,689                  933,000                  4,887,000  2,500,000  1,134,920    9,000,0001989%@AH@%e%@AE@%  63,369,158   19,386,892    429,469  112,528  8,537,329                5,093,957                266,851                  870,963                  6,523,377  2,550,000  1,125,275    9,150,000%@TE:   17  3406 03 07 13 14 09 09 25 25 25 25 11 11 13 11 @%

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%@AH@%e%@AE@% estimated %@AH@%p%@AE@% preliminary%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%U.S. and World Silver Production%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%(metric tons)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Largest production of silver in the United States in 1915--2,332 metric%@EH@%
%@AS@%tons.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   18   587 02 07 15 08 @%Year   United States  World%@AB@%──────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1930   1,578          7,7361935   1,428          6,8651940   2,164          8,5651945   904            5,0391950   1,347          6,3231955   1,134          6,9671960   1,120          7,5051965   1,238          8,0071970   1,400          9,6701975   1,087          9,4281980   1,006          10,5561985   1,227          13,0511986   1,074          12,9701987   1,241          13,7571988%@AH@%p%@AE@%  1,661          14,1671989%@AH@%e%@AE@%  2,007          14,452%@TE:   18   587 02 07 15 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%p%@AE@% preliminary. %@AH@%e%@AE@% estimate.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Aluminum Summary, 1980 to 1988%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  1355 02 26 18 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 @%Item                      Unit              1980    1983    1984    1985    1986    1987    1988%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%U.S. production           1,000 metric ton  5,914   4,917   5,859   5,262   4,810   5,329   6,066Primary aluminum          1,000 metric ton  4,654   3,353   4,099   3,500   3,037   3,343   3,944Plant capacity, U.S.      1,000 metric ton  (%@AH@%NA%@AE@%)    5,001   (%@AH@%NA%@AE@%)    4,706   4,038   3,895   3,960Secondary aluminum%@AH@%1%@AE@%       1,000 metric ton  1,260   1,564   1,760   1,762   1,773   1,986   2,122Primary aluminum          Bil. dol          7.3     5.8     7.3     6.3     5.4     5.3     9.6Price (Primary alum.)%@AH@%2%@AE@%    Cents/lb          71.6    77.8    81.0    81.0    81.0%@AH@%5%@AE@%   72.3%@AH@%6%@AE@%   110.1%@AH@%6%@AE@%Imports for consumption%@AH@%3%@AE@%  1,000 metric ton  647     1,091   1,477   1,420   1,967   1,850   1,620Exports%@AH@%3%@AE@%                  1,000 metric ton  1,346   776     734     908     753     917     1,247World production, est.    1,000 metric ton  15,383  13,904  15,705  15,398  15,354  16,378  17,304World plant capacity      1,000 metric ton  16,978  17,737  18,215  18,010  17,855  17,968  18,480%@TE:   12  1355 02 26 18 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Recoverable aluminum content from scrap, old and new;%@AH@%2%@AE@% Average prices for
primary aluminum, quoted by %@AI@%MetalsWeek;%@AE@% %@AH@%3%@AE@% Crude and semicrude (including
metaland alloys, plates, bars,  etc., and scrap).%@NL@%
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%@1@%                         %@AS@%TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%U.S. Foreign Trade with Leading Countries%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    Office of Industry and Trade Information, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(millions of dollars)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  160  9305 04 60 09 09 09 09 09 09 @%Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports  Exports  Imports  Imports  Importsand imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:                                                                                                             1980     1988     1989     1980     1988     1989%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                                                       220,705  320,385  363,812  240,834  459,925  473,211Western Hemisphere                                          74,114   113,155  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       78,489   135,135  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Canada                                                      35,395   69,233   78,809   41,455   81,434   87,95320 Latin American Republics                                 36,030   40,077   44,396   29,851   51,194   54,816Central American Common Market                              1,951    2,254    2,580    1,849    2,154    2,277Dominican Republic                                          795      1,362    1,645    786      1,479    1,646Panama                                                      699      633      724      330      297      268Bahamas                                                     396      741      772      1,382    426      462Jamaica                                                     305      758      1,006    383      472      509Netherlands Antilles                                        448      432      412      2,564    440      383Trinidad and Tobago                                         680      328      563      2,378    773      768 Western Europe                                              71,372   87,995   100,165  47,849   105,035  101,764OECDcountries (excludes depend. and Yugo.)                  66,654   87,236   99,456   45,952   103,996  100,859European Economic Community                                 53,679   75,926   86,331   35,958   88,748   85,153Belgium and Luxembourg                                      6,661    7,405    8,522    1,914    4,719    4,555Denmark                                                     863      970      1,051    725      1,756    1,535France                                                      7,485    10,086   11,579   5,247    12,689   13,014Germany, Federal Republic of                                10,960   14,331   16,862   11,681   27,421   24,833Greece                                                      922      649      697      292      589      473Ireland                                                     836      2,182    2,483    411      1,425    1,566Italy                                                       5,511    6,782    7,215    4,313    12,277   11,933Netherlands                                                 8,669    10,095   11,364   1,910    4,874    4,810 Portugal                                                    911      752      925      256      738      800Spain                                                       3,179    4,217    4,796    1,209    3,470    3,317United Kingdom                                              12,694   18,404   20,837   9,755    18,740   18,319Austria                                                     448      748      873      388      1,137    1,136Finland                                                     505      763      969      439      1,297    1,370Iceland                                                     79       98       179      200      200      208Norway                                                      843      932      1,037    2,632    1,561    1,991Sweden                                                      1,767    2,705    3,139    1,617    5,217    4,892Switzerland                                                 3,781    4,207    4,911    2,787    4,745    4,714Turkey                                                      540      1,843    2,003    175      1,071    1,372Yugoslavia                                                  756      534      499      446      925      799 Eastern Europe                                              3,860    3,650    5,307    1,433    2,385    2,064USSR                                                        1,513    2,768    4,284    453      649      709 Asia                                                        60,168   99,705   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       78,848   200,360  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Near East                                                   11,900   10,857   11,126   17,280   12,483   15,120Iran                                                        23       73       55       339      9        9Iraq                                                        724      1,156    1,169    352      1,605    2,415Israel                                                      2,045    3,248    2,827    943      3,068    3,239Jordan                                                      407      373      380      3        13       8Kuwait                                                      886      690      853      472      507      973Lebanon                                                     303      123      94       33       42       30Saudi Arabia                                                5,769    3,799    3,574    12,509   6,237    7,157Syria                                                       239      89       91       26       42       98Japan                                                       20,790   37,732   44,493   30,701   93,168   93,553East and South Asia                                         27,478   46,061   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       30,867   85,438   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Bangladesh                                                  292      258      282      85       413      428China, People's Republic of                                 3,755    5,039    5,755    1,054    9,270    11,990China (Taiwan)                                              4,337    12,131   11,335   6,850    26,256   24,313Hong Kong                                                   2,686    5,691    6,291    4,736    10,810   9,722India                                                       1,689    2,498    2,458    1,098    3,167    3,315Indonesia                                                   1,545    1,056    1,248    5,183    3,494    3,529Korea, Republic of                                          4,685    11,290   13,459   4,147    21,209   19,737Malaysia                                                    1,337    2,139    2,870    2,577    3,853    4,744Pakistan                                                    642      1,093    1,134    733      498      523Philippines                                                 1,999    1,880    2,202    1,730    2,906    3,068Singapore                                                   3,033    5,770    7,345    1,920    8,226    9,003Thailand                                                    1,263    1,964    2,288    816      3,424    4,380 Oceania                                                     4,876    8,242    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       3,392    5,299    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Australia                                                   4,093    6,981    8,331    2,509    3,856    3,873New Zealand and Samoa                                       599      946      1,121    703      1,306    1,212 Africa                                                      9,060    7,431    6,044    32,251   11,710   12,626Algeria                                                     542      733      756      6,577    1,972    1,829Botswana                                                    . . .    41       30       . . .    9        17Egypt                                                       1,874    2,340    2,612    458      243      227Gabon                                                       48       56       46       278      199      437Ghana                                                       127      117      121      206      210      127Ivory Coast                                                 185      75       79       288      313      234Kenya                                                       141      92       133      54       69       68Liberia                                                     113      68       98       128      116      106Libya                                                       509      (%@AH@%z%@AE@%)      (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)      7,124    .1       .1Morocco                                                     344      428      394      35       102      98Nigeria                                                     1,150    356      490      10,905   3,536    5,284South Africa, Rep. of                                       2,464    1,690    1,659    3,321    1,589    1,531Sudan                                                       143      109      81       17       24       20Tunisia                                                     174      185      160      60       46       55Zaire                                                       155      125      122      361      384      330%@TE:  160  9305 04 60 09 09 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%z%@AE@% = Less than one-half of rounded unit. %@AH@%NA%@AE@% = not available. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%U.S. Exports and Imports of Leading Commodities %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    Office of Industry and Trade Information,  U.S. Commerce Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   69  7232 03 51 09 09 09 09 09 11 @%Commodity                                          Exports  Exports  Exports  Imports  Imports  Imports                                                   1980     1987     1988     1980     1987     1988%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Food and live animals                              27,744   19,179   26,415   15,763   20,547   20,107Cattle, except for breeding                        . . .    . . .    . . .    228      417      595  Meat and preparations                              1,293    1,768    2,430    2,346    2,786    2,738  Dairy products and eggs                            255      385      496      318      442      402  Fish                                               915      1,588    2,177    2,612    4,788    5,327  Grains and preparations                            18,079   8,058    12,281   . . .    . . .    . . .   Wheat, including flour                             6,586    3,248    5,080    . . .    . . .    . . .   Rice                                               1,285    576      802      . . .    . . .    . . .   Grains and Animal feed                             2,878    3,907    6,064    331      815      1,011  Vegetables and Fruit                               . . .    2,956    3,488    1,188    4,476    4,662  Sugar                                              . . .    . . .    . . .    1,988    438      436  Coffee, crude                                      . . .    . . .    . . .    3,872    2,706    2,289  Cocoa or cacao beans                               . . .    . . .    . . .    395      504      405  Tea                                                . . .    . . .    . . .    131      106      130Beverages and tobacco                              2,663    3,667    4,548    2,772    4,105    4,139  Alcoholic beverages                                . . .    . . .    . . .    2,220    3,268    3,414  Tobacco, unmanufactured                            2,390    1,091    1,252    422      588      448Crude materials, inedible, except fuels            23,791   20,416   25,135   10,496   11,528   13,398  Hides and skins                                    694      1,450    1,639    88       82       102  Oilseeds, oil nuts, oil kernels                    5,883    4,343    4,816    . . .    58       94  Synthetic rubber and rubber latex                  695      761      858      . . .    . . .    . . . Lumber and rough wood                              2,675    3,007    4,086    2,134    3,341    3,179  Wood pulp and pulpwood                             2,454    3,084    4,002    1,725    2,110    2,663  Textile fibers and wastes                          2,864    1,631    1,975    242      438      524  Ores and metal scrap                               4,518    3,018    4,279    3,696    2,446    3,264Mineral fuels and related materials                7,982    7,713    8,186    9,058    44,220   41,088  Coal                                               4,523    6,740    8,054    . . .    . . .    . . .   Petroleum and products                             2,833    3,922    3,679    73,771   41,529   38,175  Natural gas                                        . . .    . . .    . . .    5,155    2,504    2,577Animal and vegetable oils and fats                 1,946    981      945      533      568      849Chemicals                                          20,740   26,381   32,300   8,583    16,213   19,876  Medicines and pharmaceuticals                      1,932    3,782    3,941    508      1,456    1,859  Fertilizers, manufactured                          2,265    2,259    2,497    1,104    795      1,021  Plastic materials and resins                       3,884    5,493    7,277    . . .    . . .    . . .   Machinery and transport equip.                     84,629   108,596  135,135  60,546   177,809  197,053  Machinery                                          55,790   69,637   88,432   31,904   99,433   117,281  Aircraft engines and parts                         1,915    4,390    5,502    . . .    4,475    5,168  Auto engines and parts                             1,688    2,406    3,812    . . .    . . .    . . .   Agricultural machinery                             3,104    1,493    1,956    682      1,836    2,123  Tractors and parts                                 1,809    625      885      . . .    391      1,189  Office machines and computers                      8,709    18,692   23,128   2,929    18,462   22,601  Transport equipment                                28,839   38,959   46,703   28,642   57,024   79,772  Road motor vehicles and parts                      14,590   20,879   8,312    24,134   61,598   71,346  Aircraft and parts except engines                  12,816   16,903   20,004   1,885    4,475    5,168Other manufactured goods                           42,714   19,409   22,885   55,900   118,539  132,101  Tires and tubes                                    511      514      772      1,143    2,271    2,448  Wood and manufactures, exc. furniture              2,675    . . .    . . .    632      . . .    . . .   Paper and manufactures                             2,831    3,180    313      3,587    7,310    8,336  Glassware and pottery                              . . .    . . .    . . .    1,224    2,871    2,975  Diamonds, excl. industrial                         . . .    . . .    . . .    2,252    3,423    4,306  Nonmetallic mineral manuf.                         2,209    2,289    2,861    . . .    . . .    . . .   Metal manufactures                                 4,205    3,534    . . .    8,053    . . .    11,415  Pig iron and ferroalloys                           3,123    . . .    2,173    . . .    . . .    . . .   Iron and steel-mill products                       2,998    1,229    2,017    6,686    8,490    10,274  Nonferrous base metals                             2,964    1,853    . . .    7,623    7,991    10,302  Textiles, other than clothing                      3,632    677      709      2,493    6,511    6,373  Clothing                                           1,203    1,156    1,574    6,427    20,491   21,518  Footwear                                           . . .    . . .    . . .    2,808    7,237    8,041  Furniture                                          521      624      837      . . .    . . .    . . .   Professional, scientific, controlling instruments  6,763    7,388    8,890    . . .    4,509    5,173  Printed matter                                     1,097    1,562    1,918    613      1,494    1,581  Clocks and watches                                 133      93       125      1,097    1,702    1,909  Toys, games, sporting goods                        1,012    885      1,272    1,914    5,987    6,719  Artworks and antiques                              . . .    . . .    . . .    2,672    1,925    2,044  Other transactions                                 8,496    20,381   27,483   7,183    12,672   12,672Total                                              220,705  252,866  308,014  240,834  405,901  441,282  %@TE:   69  7232 03 51 09 09 09 09 09 11 @%

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%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%  %@AS@%U.S. Exports and General Imports by Principal Commodity Groupings,1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    Office of Industry and Trade Information, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            %@AS@%(in millions of dollars, not seasonally adjusted)  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  177  6621 02 54 11 11 @%Item                                                  Exports    Imports%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                                                 363,811.5  473,210.8Agricultural commodities                              41,319.4   22,035.3Animal feeds                                          3,081.1    279.0Cereal flour; and flour preparations                  694.5      558.1Cocoa                                                 22.0       732.0Coffee                                                12.7       2,273.5Corn                                                  6,734.2    55.1Cotton, raw                                           2,244.1    3.3Dairy products; eggs                                  446.5      440.9Grain sorghum; rye; oats                              1,045.2    162.6Hides and skins, undressed                            1,576.6    97.9Meat and preparations                                 2,963.8    2,560.0Oils/fats, vegetable                                  739.6      655.5Rice                                                  981.4      61.9Soybeans                                              4,011.5    23.9Sugar                                                 3.3        605.3Tobacco, unmanufactured                               1,339.9    667.6Vegetables and fruit                                  4,530.4    4,908.6Wheat                                                 5,907.1    57.5Other agricultural                                    41,319.4   22,035.3Manufactured goods                                    272,166.4  379,425.4ADP equipment; office machinery                       23,992.2   25,714.5Airplanes                                             14,432.6   2,947.8Airplane parts                                        8,791.6    2,929.1Aluminum                                              2,988.2    3,143.5Artwork/antiques                                      1,653.0    2,172.2Chemicals-dyeing tanning                              1,248.9    1,131.0Chemicals-fertilizers                                 2,707.8    1,003.2Chemicals-medicinal pharmaceutical                    3,692.5    2,087.6Chemicals-organic/inorganic                           14,710.4   10,248.3Chemicals-perfume materials; polishing and cleaning   1,553.5    1,157.6preparations                                                     Chemicals-plastic                                     8,559.1    3,308.9Chemicals-turpentine; waxes and products, n.s.p.f.    4,884.3    1,777.1Clothing and footwear                                 2,530.5    32,931.2Electrical machinery                                  25,409.3   32,373.0Fixtures-plumbing, heating/lighting                   623.7      1,159.5Furniture and parts                                   1,294.8    4,907.9Gem diamonds                                          1,097.6    4,347.3General industrial machinery                          15,034.5   14,486.9Glass                                                 979.0      788.8Iron and steel mill products                          3,599.2    9,392.7Metal manufacturers, n.s.p.f.                         4,494.4    6,371.6Metalworking machinery                                2,738.5    3,867.9Motorcycles/parts, bicycles/trailers                  729.2      1,552.5Musical instruments/recording media                   2,957.2    2,446.5Paper/paperboard/and articles                         4,585.5    8,491.8Photographic apparatus/supplies                       2,535.0    3,435.6Power generating machinery                            15,348.7   14,257.1Printed matter                                        3,002.2    1,617.8Plastic articles, n.e.s.                              1,700.0    2,998.6Rubber articles, n.e.s.                               670.5      912.5Scientific instruments and parts                      11,488.6   5,848.9Specialized industrial machinery                      14,351.9   12,839.4Telecommunications apparatus; equipment; and parts    8,131.7    23,233.8Textile yarns, fabrics, and articles                  4,301.7    6,087.1Tires and tubes--automotive                           819.1      2,383.8Toys/games/sporting goods                             1,630.9    8,396.1Travel goods                                          114.0      2,127.6Vehicles and parts:Cars, new Canadian                                    6,823.7    12,870.6Cars, new Japanese                                    326.8      19,912.2Cars, new other countries                             2,274.2    11,370.7Trucks                                                2,842.8    8,807.2Chassis/bodies                                        207.3      1,095.0Parts                                                 13,224.8   15,248.3Vessels/floating structures/parts                     1,050.2    578.7Watches/clocks/parts                                  177.3      907.7Wood manufacturers                                    1,064.9    2,028.7Other manufactured goods                              18,187.7   28,202.8Petroleum and petroleum products                      5,021.1    49,704.2Crude petroleum                                       205.4      35,529.2Other petroleum products                              4,185.6    14,175.0Mineral fuels, excluding petroleum products           4,658.9    2,553.5Coal                                                  4,087.1    84.1Natural gas                                           215.5      1,849.7Crude materials excluding agricultural and fuels      16,390.6   11,562.1Cork, wood, lumber                                    5,203.5    3,499.4Pulp & waste paper                                    4,394.5    3,050.4Metal ores; scrap                                     5,520.9    3,866.4Other crude material                                  1,271.6    1,145.8Fish and preparations                                 3,296.2    5,388.8Fish--fresh; chilled; frozen                          1,436.8    2,132.2Beverages; tobacco excl. agricultural                 3,954.9    1,906.1Cigarettes                                            3,362.4    49.3Distilled alcoholic beverages                         222.4      1,587.7Other beverages; tobacco excluding agricultural       370.1      269.1All other domestic exports and general imports        1,429.9    114.2%@TE:  177  6621 02 54 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
Note: Details may not equal totals due to rounding and other statistical
procedures. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%Value of U.S. Exports, Imports, and Merchandise Balance %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%     Office of Trade and Investment Analysis, U.S. Dept. of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  3214 05 06 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 21 @%      Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade  Other Census totals     Other Census totals     Other Census totals      totals                  totals                  totals                  totals                  totals                                                                  Year  U.S. exports and        U.S. general imports     U.S. merchandise        U.S. General imports     U.S. balance exports     Military grant-aid      Exports of domestic     Re-exports      reexports excluding     f.a.s. transaction      balance f.a.s.%@AH@%1%@AE@%         c.i.f.                  f.a.s. imports c.i.f.   shipments               merchandise                   military grant-aid      values%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                                                                                                                         %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1950  9,997                   8,954                   1,043                   --                      --                      282                     10,146                  1331955  14,298                  11,566                  2,732                   --                      --                      1,256                   15,426                  1281960  19,659                  15,073                  4,586                   --                      --                      949                     20,408                  2011965  26,742                  21,520                  5,222                   --                      --                      779                     27,178                  3431970  42,681                  40,356                  2,325                   42,833                  -152                    565                     42,612                  6341975  107,652                 98,503                  9,149                   105,935                 1,716                   461                     106,622                 1,4901980  220,626                 244,871                 -24,245                 256,984                 -36,358                 156                     216,668                 4,1151985  213,133                 345,276%@AH@%2%@AE@%                -132,143                361,626                 -148,493                13                      206,925                 6,2211987  252,853%@AH@%3%@AE@%                405,910%@AH@%2%@AE@%                -153,035                424,082                 -171,223                13                      243,859                 9,0071988  322,418                 440,952                 -118,534                459,542                 -137,124                8                       310,049                 12,3771989  363,805                 473,211                 -109,405                493,196                 -129,391                6                       347,527                 16,285%@TE:   28  3214 05 06 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 21 @%

%@NL@%
Note: Export values include both commercially-financed shipments and
shipments under government-financed programs such as AID and PL-480. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Prior
to 1974, imports are customs values, i.e. generally at prices in principal
foreign markets. %@AH@%2%@AE@% In 1981 import value changes back to customs value. %@AH@%3%@AE@%
Includes undocumented exports to Canada. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Major Merchant Fleets of the World %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            Maritime Administration, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(tonnage in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   37  7077 04 21 08 12 11 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%                                                    Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel  Type of Vessel                     Total   Total       Total      Freighters      Freighters      Freighters      Bulk Carriers   Bulk Carriers   Bulk Carriers   Tankers         Tankers         Tankers                     Number  Gross Tons  Dwt. Tons  Number          Gross Tons      Dwt. Tons       Number          Gross Tons      Dwt. Tons       Number          Gross Tons      Dwt. Tons%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All Countries%@AH@%1%@AE@%       22,983  366,764     604,489    12,195          94,780          118,060         5,335           131,135         233,139         5,133           137,129         251,923United States%@AH@%2%@AE@%       655     16,265      24,417     371             6,643           7,237           26              739             1,270           239             8,604           15,754 Privately owned      407     13,096      20,439     171             4,360           4,439           26              739             1,270           206             7,903           14,693 Government owned     248     3,169       3,978      200             2,283           2,798           -               -               -               33              701             1,061 Brazil               293     5,766       9,755      114             827             1,127           94              2,930           5,071           83              2,007           3,555 British Colonies     545     14,046      24,810     252             1,913           2,444           176             5,548           9,810           111             6,551           12,542 China%@AH@%*%@AE@%               1,281   12,747      19,611     860             6,140           8,664           240             4,735           8,098           168             1,745           2,778 Cyprus               1,054   16,580      29,729     537             3,326           5,082           410             8,750           15,742          104             4,482           8,899 Denmark              199     4,100       6,288      136             1,683           1,799           9               281             505             54              2,136           3,984 Germany (Fed. Rep.)  310     3,125       3,954      244             2,409           2,918           10              242             356             50              408             646 Greece               914     19,799      36,537     238             1,902           2,781           442             9,941           18,365          203             7,722           15,285 India                296     5,885       9,843      112             1,138           1,705           118             2,977           5,101           63              1,755           3,030 Indonesia            323     1,394       2,219      217             703             1,098           13              144             213             86              540             897 Italy                479     6,437       10,514     181             1,134           1,381           67              2,418           4,334           222             2,704           4,737 Japan                1,007   23,285      36,237     411             4,459           3,575           287             10,063          18,468          295             8,635           14,144 Korea (Rep. of)      429     7,244       11,909     211             1,677           1,883           154             4,673           8,415           64              894             1,611 Liberia              1,409   47,711      88,275     311             4,236           4,843           511             14,867          27,989          574             28,299          55,366 Malta                293     3,601       6,257      144             754             1,196           79              1,398           2,441           68              1,430           2,614 Nassau, Bahamas      530     11,723      19,719     225             1,680           2,233           114             2,934           5,020           159             6,532           12,322 Netherlands          326     2,697       3,638      256             1,663           2,149           13              263             436             53              662             1,035 Norway               587     15,991      28,800     138             1,148           1,441           177             5,494           10,299          261             9,117           17,009 Panama               3,189   44,051      70,537     1,707           13,858          17,164          854             18,151          31,817          590             11,565          21,340 Philippines          558     8,891       14,948     225             1,394           1,753           285             7,102           12,479          38              352             691 Poland               245     3,020       4,258      143             1,248           1,408           92              1,607           2,593           7               145             247 Romania%@AH@%*%@AE@%             304     3,698       5,789      220             1,241           1,647           70              1,807           2,993           14              650             1,149 Singapore            407     7,048       11,494     216             2,345           2,997           70              1,891           3,391           121             2,812           5,106 Spain                301     2,885       5,492      178             438             694             43              799             1,477           80              1,648           3,321 Sweden               162     1,824       2,246      80              921             904             17              327             522             61              509             800 Taiwan               226     5,274       7,985      147             2,375           2,804           63              2,352           4,212           15              545             969 Turkey               317     2,904       5,061      202             715             1,099           58              1,416           2,553           53              754             1,402 United Kingdom       198     3,761       4,708      89              1,569           1,578           29              684             1,200           68              1,243           1,854 U.S.S.R.%@AH@%*%@AE@%            2,428   18,917      25,735     1,732           9,621           11,543          244             4,395           7,060           420             4,625           7,061 Yugoslavia           272     3,704       5,943      167             1,380           1,954           90              1,990           3,451           12              317             533 %@TE:   37  7077 04 21 08 12 11 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
Fleets of oceangoing steam and motor ships totalling 1 million gross tons
and over as of Jan. 1, 1990. Excludes ships operating exclusively on the
Great Lakes and inland waterways and special types such as channel ships,
icebreakers, cable ships, etc., and  merchant ships owned by any military
force. Gross tonnage is a volume measurement; each cargo gross ton
represents 100 cubic ft. of enclosed space. Deadweight tonnage is the
carrying capacity of a ship in long tons (2,240 lbs.). Tonnage figures may
not add, due to rounding. %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes Combination Passenger & Cargo Ships; %@AH@%2%@AE@% Excludes non-merchant type
and/or Navy-owned vessels that are currently in the Nat. Reserve Fleet.
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Source material limited. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Top 50 U.S. Industrial Exporters %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AI@%FORTUNE Magazine, July 16, 1990%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  4783 03 06 06 25 23 23 23 @%Rank  Rank                           Export sales % change  Export sales % change1989  1988  Company                  $ Millions             1988-89                Exports as % of Sales%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1     3     Boeing                   11,021.0               40.4                   54.42     1     General Motors           10,185.1               8.4                    8.03     2     Ford Motor               8,602.0                -2.5                   8.94     4     General Electric         7,268.0                26.5                   13.25     5     Int'l Business Machines  5,476.0                10.6                   8.66     7     E.I. Du Pont De Nemours  4,844.0                15.4                   13.87     6     Chrysler                 4,649.0                7.0                    12.98     10    United Technologies      3,307.4                16.1                   16.79     9     Caterpillar              3,291.0                12.3                   29.610    8     McDonnell Douglas        2,896.0                -16.6                  19.311    11    Eastman Kodak            2,874.0                3.7                    15.612    13    Hewlett-Packard          2,634.0                27.6                   22.113    14    Unisys                   2,400.1                2.0                    23.814    16    Motorola                 2,319.0                33.1                   24.115    15    Philip Morris            2,288.0                22.8                   5.916    12    Digital Equipment        2,103.3                4.2                    16.317    17    Occidental Petroleum     1,995.0                18.5                   9.918    19    Allied-Signal            1,692.0                15.6                   14.119    20    Weyerhaeuser             1,574.0                12.6                   15.620    21    Union Carbide            1,561.0                12.5                   17.921    18    General Dynamics         1,522.1                -4.7                   15.122    22    Raytheon                 1,340.0                2.5                    15.223    23    Textron                  1,210.0                7.4                    16.324    26    Archer Daniels Midland   1,208.5                11.1                   15.025    25    Dow Chemical             1,157.0                4.3                    6.526    24    Westinghouse Electric    1,131.0                1.4                    8.827    28    International Paper      1,100.0                10.0                   9.728    27    Monsanto                 1,070.0                -1.2                   12.329    29    Hoechst Celanese         1,039.0                7.4                    17.330    40    Merck                    1,038.6                39.3                   15.531    32    Minnesota Mining & Mfg.  1,019.0                21.9                   8.532    30    Exxon                    1,019.0                8.8                    1.233    31    Intel                    997.9                  7.8                    30.434    43    Aluminum Co. of America  935.0                  20.8                   8.435    41    Compaq Computer          896.1                  46.5                   31.236    39    Rockwell International   800.0                  29.0                   6.337    *     Xerox                    770.0                  93.0                   4.438    33    Bayer USA                759.5                  7.3                    14.039    34    Lockheed                 754.0                  9.9                    7.640    *     Sun Microsystems         751.0                  99.3                   42.441    38    Deere                    742.0                  19.3                   10.342    42    Honeywell                718.0                  17.7                   9.943    44    North American Philips   693.6                  17.9                   11.244    48    Abbott Laboratories      685.0                  25.2                   12.645    46    Amoco                    668.0                  15.6                   2.846    *     Tenneco                  644.0                  28.8                   4.547    *     Bristol-Myers Squibb     638.0                  N.A.                   6.848    37    FMC                      631.4                  -2.5                   18.249    49    Ethyl                    592.7                  9.2                    21.550    *     Cooper Industries        571.5                  27.8                   11.1            Total                    $110,081.7%@TE:   54  4783 03 06 06 25 23 23 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Notable Ocean Passages by Ships %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Compiled by N.R.P. Bonsor %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   99 10932 04 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels                                                                                                                        Time                Time                TimeDate                Ship                                    From                To                  Nautical miles      D.                  H.                  M.                  Speed (knots)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1846                Yorkshire           Yorkshire           Liverpool           New York            3150                16.                 0.                  0                   8.46%@AH@%|%@AE@%1853                Northern Light      Northern Light      San Francisco       Boston              --                  76.                 6.                  0                   --1854                James Baines        James Baines        Boston Light        Light Rock          --                  12.                 6.                  0                   --1854                Flying Cloud        Flying Cloud        New York            San Francisco       15091               89.                 0.                  0                   7.07%@AH@%|%@AE@%1868-9              Thermopylae         Thermopylae         Liverpool           Melbourne           --                  63.                 18.                 15                  ----                  Red Jacket          Red Jacket          New York            Liverpool           3150                13.                 1.                  25                  10.05%@AH@%|%@AE@%--                  Starr King          Starr King          50 S. Lat           Golden Gate         --                  36.                 0.                  0                   ----                  Golden Fleece       Golden Fleece       Equator             San Francisco       --                  12.                 12.                 0                   --1905                Atlantic            Atlantic            Sandy Hook          England             3013                12.                 4.                  0                   10.32Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships1819 (5/22 - 6/20)  Savannah (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)        US                  Savannah            Liverpool           --                  29.                 4.                  0                   --1838 (5/7 - 5/22)   Great Western       Br                  New York            Avonmouth           3218                14.                 15.                 59                  9.141840 (8/4 - 8/14)   Britannia (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)       Br                  Halifax             Liverpool           2610                9.                  21.                 44                  10.98%@AH@%|%@AE@%1854 (6/28 - 7/7)   Baltic              US                  Liverpool           New York            3037                9.                  16.                 52                  13.041856 (8/6 - 8/15)   Persia              Br                  Sandy Hook          Liverpool           3046                8.                  23.                 19                  14.15%@AH@%|%@AE@%1876 (12/16-12/24)  Britannic           Br                  Sandy Hook          Queenstown          2882                7.                  12.                 41                  15.941895 (5/18 - 5/24)  Lucania             Br                  Sandy Hook          Queenstown          2897                5.                  11.                 40                  22.001898 (3/30 - 4/5)   Kaiser Wilhelmder   Ger                 Needles             Sandy Hook          3120                5.                  20.                 0                   22.29                    Grosse                                                                                                                                                          1901 (7/10 - 7/17)  Deutschland         Ger                 Sandy Hook          Eddystone           3082                5.                  11.                 5                   23.511907 (10/6 - 10/10)  Lusitania           Br                  Queenstown          Sandy Hook          2780                4.                  19.                 52                  23.991924 (8/20 - 8/25)  Mauretania          Br                  Ambrose             Cherbourg           3198                5.                  1.                  49                  26.251929 (7/17 - 7/22)  Bremen%@AH@%*%@AE@%             Ger                 Cherbourg           Ambrose             3164                4.                  17.                 42                  27.831933 (6/27 - 7/2)   Europa              Ger                 Cherbourg           Ambrose             3149                4.                  16.                 48                  27.921933 (8/11 - 8/16)  Rex                 It                  Gibraltar           Ambrose             3181                4.                  13.                 58                  28.921935 (5/30 - 6/3)   Normandie%@AH@%*%@AE@%          Fr                  Bishop Rock         Ambrose             2971                4.                  3.                  2                   29.981938 (8/10 - 8/14)  Queen Mary          Br                  Ambrose             Bishop Rock         2938                3.                  20.                 42                  31.691952 (7/11 - 7/15)  United States       US                  Bishop Rock         Ambrose             2906                3.                  12.                 12                  34.511952 (7/3 - 7/7)    United States%@AH@%*%@AE@% (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)  US                  Ambrose             Bishop Rock         2942                3.                  10.                 40                  35.59Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages1928 (June)         USS Lexington       USS Lexington       San Pedro           Honolulu            2226                3.                  0.                  36                  30.661944 (Jul-Sep)      St. Roch (%@AH@%c%@AE@%) (Can)  St. Roch (%@AH@%c%@AE@%) (Can)  Halifax             Vancouver           7295                86.                 0.                  0                   --1945 (7/16-7/19)    USS Indianapolis (%@AH@%%@AE@%  USS Indianapolis (%@AH@%%@AE@%  San Francisco       Oahu, Hawaii        2091                3.                  2.                  20                  28.07                    %@AH@%d%@AE@%)                  %@AH@%d%@AE@%)                                                                                                                                          1945 (11/26)        USS Lake Champlain  USS Lake Champlain  Gibraltar           Newport News        3360                4.                  8.                  51                  32.041950 (Jul-Aug)      USS Boxer           USS Boxer           Japan               San Francisco       5000                7.                  18.                 36                  26.80%@AH@%|%@AE@%1951 (6/1-6/9)      USS Philippine Sea  USS Philippine Sea  Yokohama            Alameda             5000                7.                  13.                 0                   27.62%@AH@%|%@AE@%1958 (2/25-3/4)     USS Skate (%@AH@%f%@AE@%)       USS Skate (%@AH@%f%@AE@%)       Nantucket           Portland, Eng       3161                8.                  11.                 0                   15.571958 (3/23-3/29)    USS Skate (%@AH@%f%@AE@%)       USS Skate (%@AH@%f%@AE@%)       Lizard, Eng         Nantucket           --                  7.                  5.                  0                   --1958 (7/23-8/7)     USS Nautilus (%@AH@%g%@AE@%)    USS Nautilus (%@AH@%g%@AE@%)    Pearl Harbor        Iceland (via N.     --                  15.                 0.                  0                   --                                                                                Pole)                                                                                               1960 (2/16-5/10)    USS Triton (%@AH@%h%@AE@%)      USS Triton (%@AH@%h%@AE@%)      New London          Rehoboth, Del       41500               84.                 0.                  0                   20.59%@AH@%|%@AE@%1960 (8/15-8/20)    USS Seadragon (%@AH@%i%@AE@%)   USS Seadragon (%@AH@%i%@AE@%)   Baffin Bay          NW Passage, Pac     850                 6.                  0.                  0                   --1962 (10/30-11/11)  African Comet%@AH@%*%@AE@%      African Comet%@AH@%*%@AE@%      New York            Cape Town           6786                12.                 16.                 22                  22.03                    (U.S.)              (U.S.)                                                                                                                                      1973 (8/20)         Sea-Land Exchange   Sea-Land Exchange   Bishop Rock         Ambrose             2912                3.                  11.                 24                  34.92                    (%@AH@%k%@AE@%) (U.S.)          (%@AH@%k%@AE@%) (U.S.)                                                                                                                                  1973 (8/24)         Sea-Land Trade      Sea-Land Trade      Kobe                Race Rock, BC       4126                5.                  6.                  0                   32.75                    (U.S.)              (U.S.)                                                                                                                                      %@TE:   99 10932 04 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%|%@AE@% The time taken and/or distance covered is approximate and so, therefore,
is the average speed. %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@% Maiden voyage. %@AH@%a%@AE@% The Savannah, a fully rigged sailing vessel with steam
auxiliary (over 300 tons, 98.5 ft. long, beam 25.8 ft., depth 12.9 ft.) was
launched in the East River in 1818. It was the first ship to use steam in
crossing any ocean. It was supplied with engines and detachable iron paddle
wheels. On its famous voyage it used steam 105 hours. %@AH@%b%@AE@% First Cunard liner.
%@AH@%c%@AE@% First ship to complete NW Passage in one season. %@AH@%d%@AE@% Carried Hiroshima
atomic bomb in World War II. %@AH@%e%@AE@% Set world speed record; average speed
eastbound on maiden voyage 35.59 knots (about 41 m.p.h.). %@AH@%f%@AE@% First atomic
submarine to cross Atlantic both ways submerged. %@AH@%g%@AE@% World's first atomic
submarine also first to make undersea voyage under polar ice cap, 1,830 mi.
from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Atlantic Ocean, Aug. 1-4, 1958, reaching North
Pole Aug. 3. Second undersea transit of the North Pole made by submarine USS
Skate Aug. 11, 1958, during trip from New London, Conn., and return. %@AH@%h%@AE@%
World's largest submarine. Nuclear-powered Triton was submerged during
nearly all its voyage around the globe. It duplicated the route of Ferdinand
Magellan's circuit (1519-1522) 30,708 mi., starting from St. Paul Rocks off
the NE coast of Brazil, Feb. 24-Apr. 25, 1960, then sailed to Cadiz, Spain,
before returning home. %@AH@%i%@AE@% First underwater transit of Northwest Passage. %@AH@%k%@AE@%
Fastest freighter crossing of Atlantic.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Commerce at Principal U.S. Ports %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%(by tonnage, 1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   42  2056 02 24 13 13 @%                        Total        Foreign%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%New Orleans, La.        175,500,858  67,596,175New York, N.Y.          155,061,783  55,644,950 Houston, Tex.           124,886,883  64,617,686 Valdez Harbor, Ak.      107,144,515  7,357 Baton Rouge, La.        78,857,473   27,995,133 Corpus Christi, Tex.    57,931,945   34,212,215 Tampa Harbor, Fla.      50,252,299   20,823,125 Norfolk Harbor, Va.     46,872,002   36,164,879 Long Beach, Calif.      46,559,885   21,496,646 Los Angeles, Calif.     45,213,855   22,021,515 Texas City, Tex.        42,746,698   23,026,869 Baltimore Hrbr., Md.    41,925,745   28,732,108 Duluth-Supr., Minn.     40,002,268   7,059,821 Philadelphia, Pa.       37,826,999   23,321,765 Lake Charles, La.       37,311,924   17,837,502 Mobile, Ala.            36,476,377   16,781,670 Pittsburgh, Pa.         34,373,364   0 Portland, Ore.          31,970,940   19,339,492 Beaumont, Tex.          31,947,319   9,740,115 Marcus Hook, Pa.        29,815,233   16,371,785 St. Louis, Metro., Mo.  29,011,497   0 Pascagoula, Miss.       28,527,726   16,873,038 Port Arthur, Tex.       23,801,409   15,091,001 Chicago, Il.            22,893,740   2,978,802 Paulsboro, NJ.          22,004,472   12,498,533 Newport News, Va.       21,391,195   19,041,729 Tacoma Harbor., Wa.     20,667,517   15,067,865 Boston, Ma., Port of    20,641,073   12,476,648 Richmond, Calif.,       18,912,900   4,801,797 Seattle, Wa.            18,645,664   11,376,322 Huntington, WVa.        17,700,717   0 Lorain Harbor, Oh.      17,475,549   31,822 Indiana Harbor, In.     16,643,362   488,722 Jacksonville, Fla.      15,805,551   7,155,320 Detroit, Mi.            15,331,351   3,189,250 Freeport, Tex.          15,137,891   6,314,920 Toledo Harbor, Oh.      14,741,752   5,978,700 Cleveland, Oh.          14,550,876   2,543,005 Port Everglades, Fla.   14,207,239   4,699,919 Savannah, Ga.           13,980,978   11,079,180 %@TE:   42  2056 02 24 13 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Commerce on U.S. Inland Waterways%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26   949 04 38 38 @%Mississippi River System and          Mississippi River System and GulfIntracoastal Waterway             GulfIntracoastal Waterway Waterway                              Tons%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mississippi River, Minneapolis to     441,546,399 the Gulf                              Mississippi River, Minneapolis to St.  82,016,213 Louis                                 Mississippi River, St. Louis to       106,068,681 Cairo                                 Mississippi River, Cairo to Baton     169,016,176 Rouge                                 Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to     305,874,107 New Orleans                           Mississippi River, New Orleans to     266,707,139 Gulf                                  Gulf Intracoastal Waterway            117,712,086 Mississippi River System              601,625,327%@TE:   26   949 04 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Commerce on U.S. Inland Waterways%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   18   683 04 38 38 @%Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on     Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on InlandWaterways                       InlandWaterways System                                Ton-miles%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlantic Coast Waterways              28,122,048 Gulf Coast Waterways                  44,638,479 Pacific Coast Waterways               24,538,563Mississippi River System,             257,806,540 includingOhio River and Tributaries   Great Lakes System, U.S. Commerce     83,078,874only                                  Total:                                438,184,504%@TE:   18   683 04 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Important Waterways and Canals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The St. Lawrence & Great Lakes,%@AE@% Waterway the largestinland navigation system%@EH@%
on the continent, extends from the Atlantic Ocean to Duluth at the western
end of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,342 miles. With the deepening of
channels and locks to 27 ft., ocean carriers are able to penetrate to ports
in the Canadian interior and the American midwest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The major canals are those of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes waterway -- the 3%@EH@%
new canals of the St. Lawrence Seaway, with their 7 locks, providing
navigation for vessels of 26-foot draught from Montreal to Lake Ontario; the
Welland Ship Canal by-passing the Niagara River between Lake Ontario and
Lake Erie with its 8 locks, and the Sault Ste. Marie Canal and lock between
Lake Huron and Lake Superior. These 16 locks overcome a drop of 580 ft. from
the head of the lakes to Montreal. From Montreal to Lake Ontario the former
bottleneck of narrow, shallow canals and of slow passage through 22 locks
has been overcome, giving faster and safer movement for larger vessels. The
new locks and linking channels now accommodate all but the largest
ocean-going vessels and the upper St. Lawrence and Great Lakes are open to
80% of the world's saltwater fleet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Subsidiary Canadian canals or branches include the St. Peters Canal between%@EH@%
Bras d'Or Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean in Nova Scotia; the St. Ours and
Chambly Canals on the Richelieu River, Quebec; the Ste. Anne and Carillon
Canals on the Ottawa River; the Rideau Canal between the Ottawa River and
Lake Ontario, the Trent and Murrary Canals between Lake Ontario and Georgian
Bay in Ontario and the St. Andrew's Canal on the Red River. The commercial
value of these canals is not great but they are maintained to control water
levels and permit the passage of small vessels and pleasure craft. The Canso
Canal, completed 1957, permits shipping to pass through the causeway
connecting Cape Breton Island with the Nova Scotia mainland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Welland Canal%@AE@% overcomes the 326-ft. drop ofNiagara Falls and the rapids%@EH@%
of the Niagara River. It has 8 locks, each 859 ft. long, 80 ft. wide and 30
ft. deep. Regulations permit ships of 730-ft. length and 75-ft. beam to
transit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency%@EH@%
Hydrographic/Topographic Center %@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115%@EH@%
%@AS@%feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   40  2182 03 25 10 10 08 @%                         FROM      FROM      FROMTO                       New York  Montreal  Colon%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Algiers, Algeria         3,617     3,592     4,745Amsterdam, Netherlands   3,418     3,162     4,825 Baltimore, Md.           410       1,820     1,901 Barcelona, Spain         3,710     3,695     4,842 Boston, Mass.            378       1,309     2,157 Buenos Aires, Argentina  5,871     6,455     5,346%@AB@%Cape Town, S. Africa%@AE@%%@AH@%2%@AE@%    6,766     7,115     6,429 Cherbourg, France        3,127     2,878     4,541 Cobh, Ireland            2,879     2,603     4,308 Copenhagen, Denmark      3,720     3,241     5,129 Dakar, Senegal           3,335     3,562     3,694 Galveston, Tex.          1,895     3,165     1,492Gibraltar%@AH@%3%@AE@%               3,204     3,184     4,329 Glasgow, Scotland        3,065     2,691     4,746 Halifax, N.S.            600       958       2,295 Hamburg, W. Germany      3,636     3,398     5,054 Hamilton, Bermuda        697       1,621     1,659 Havana, Cuba             1,199     2,473     998 Helsinki, Finland        4,208     3,778     5,902 Istanbul, Turkey         5,001     4,981     6,129 Kingston, Jamaica        1,474     2,690     551 Lagos, Nigeria           4,883     5,130     5,033 Lisbon, Portugal         2,980     2,941     4,155 Marseille, France        3,891     3,870     5,019 Montreal, Quebec         1,516               3,126 Naples, Italy            4,181     4,159     5,309 Nassau, Bahamas          962       2,274     1,166 New Orleans, La.         1,761     2,991     1,389 New York, N.Y.                     1,516     1,974 Norfolk, Va.             287       1,697     1,779 Oslo, Norway             3,701     3,222     5,306 Piraeus, Greece          4,687     4,661     5,806%@AB@%Port Said, Egypt%@AE@%         5,123     5,093     6,238 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil   4,770     5,342     4,367 St. John's, Nfld.        1,093     1,038     2,345 San Juan, Puerto Rico    1,399     2,445     993 Southampton, England     3,156     3,063     4,514%@TE:   40  2182 03 25 10 10 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency%@EH@%
Hydrographic/Topographic Center %@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115%@EH@%
%@AS@%feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26  1557 03 26 12 11 09 @%                          FROM        FROM       FROMTO                        San. Fran.  Vancouver  Panama%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Acapulco, Mexico          1,833       2,645      1,426 Anchorage, Alas.          1,872       1,347      5,117 Bombay, India             9,791       9,519      9,248 Calcutta, India           9,006       8,728      10,929%@AB@%Colon, Panama%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%            3,289       4,076      44 Jakarta, Indonesia        7,642       7,413      10,570 Haiphong, Vietnam         6,657       6,358      9,806 Hong Kong                 6,044       5,756      9,195 Honolulu, Hawaii          2,091       2,423      4,685 Los Angeles, Cal.         369         1,162      2,913 Manila, Philippines       6,221       5,756      9,347 Melbourne, Australia      6,970       7,342      7,928 Pusan, S. Korea           4,914       4,623      8,074 Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam  6,878       6,606      10,017 San Francisco, Cal.                   812        3,245 Seattle, Wash.            796         126        4,020 Shanghai, China           5,398       5,110      8,566%@AB@%Singapore%@AE@%                 7,353       7,078      10,505 Suva, Fiji                4,749       5,199      6,325 Valparaiso, Chile         5,140       5,915      2,616 Vancouver, B.C.           812                    4,032 Vladivostok, USSR         4,563       4,262      7,739 Yokohama, Japan           4,536       4,262      7,682%@TE:   26  1557 03 26 12 11 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency%@EH@%
Hydrographic/Topographic Center %@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115%@EH@%
%@AS@%feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14   838 03 26 11 12 11 @%                          FROM       FROM        FROMTO                        Port Said  Cape Town%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Singapore%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bombay, India             3,046      4,616       2,441 Calcutta, India           4,691      5,638       1,649 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania   3,238      2,365       4,042 Jakarta, Indonesia        5,293      5,212       526 Hong Kong                 6,472      7,006       1,454 Kuwait                    3,306      5,169       3,845 Manila, Philippines       6,348      6,777       1,330 Melbourne, Australia      7,837      6,104       3,844 Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam  5,667      6,263       649 Singapore                 5,018      5,611 Yokohama, Japan           7,907      8,503       2,889%@TE:   14   838 03 26 11 12 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Colon on the Atlantic is 44 nautical miles from Panama (port) on the
Pacific. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Cape Town is 35 nautical miles northwest of the Cape of Good
Hope. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Gibraltar (port) is 24 nautical miles east of the Strait of
Gibraltar. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%        %@AS@%Fastest Scheduled Passenger Train Runs in U.S. and Canada %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          Darrell J. Smith, figures are based on 1990 timetables%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14  1600 02 10 38 16 16 12 11 12 @%Railroad  Train                                 From            To              Dis. miles  Time min.  Speed mph.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Amtrak    20 Metroliner/Service trains          Baltimore%@AH@%1%@AE@%      Wilmington      68.4        43         95.0Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 203  Metropark       Washington      201.0       129        93.5Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 223  New York        New Carrollton  216.0       143        90.8Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 202  New Carrollton  New York        216.0       145        89.3Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 222  Washington      Metropark       201.0       137        88.2Amtrak    Four Metroliner/Service trains        Newark          Philadelphia    80.7        56         86.8Amtrak    Six Metroliner/Service trains         Newark          Philadelphia    80.7        57         84.9VIA       Renaissance                           Dorval          Kingston        165.0       118        83.8Amtrak    Nine Metroliner/Service trains        Philadelphia    Newark          80.7        58         83.2VIA       York                                  Cornwall        Kingston        108.0       78         83.1VIA       Renaissance                           Kingston        Dorval          165.0       120        82.5VIA       York                                  Kingston        Cornwall        108.0       79         81.8%@TE:   14  1600 02 10 38 16 16 12 11 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%       %@AS@%Fastest Scheduled Passenger Train Runs in Foreign Countries %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           Donald M. Steffee, figures based on 1989 time tables %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   11  1184 02 15 28 12 13 12 11 12 @%Railroad       Train                       From        To           Dis. miles  Time min.  Speed mph.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%France         TGV trains (2 runs)         Paris       Macon        225.7       100        135.4Japan          Yamabiko trains (6 runs)    Morica      Sendi        106.3       50         127.6Great Britain  High Speed Trains (3 runs)  Swindon     Reading      41.5        23         108.3West Germany   Intercity trains (7 runs)   Celle       Uelzen       32.5        19         102.6Italy          IC501                       Milan       Bologna      135.8       86         94.7Soviet Union   High Speed Train%@AH@%2%@AE@%           Leningrad%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Moscow%@AH@%3%@AE@%      403.6       270        89.7Sweden         Seven trains                Skvode      Hallsberg    70.8        48         88.5Spain          Talgos 120 and 121          Alcazar%@AH@%1%@AE@%    Albacete     80.7        57         84.9Australia      Riverina XPT                Culcairn    Wagga Wagga  47.0        35         80.6%@TE:   11  1184 02 15 28 12 13 12 11 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Runs listed in both directions. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Once weekly: Thursday from Leningrad,
Fri. from Moscow. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Probable operating stop at Bologuye; times unavailable%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Ownership of Motor Vehicles by Household, 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   75  3805 04 26 26 23 24 26 @%                                                    Average Per Household  Average Per Household   Average Per HouseholdCharacteristic            Number of Households      Number of Vehicles     Vehicle Miles Traveled  Fuel Consumption                           (Million)                                                                (Gallons)%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Average Number of Vehicles Per Household:Fewer than 1              3.9                       .6                     5,271                   3161                         24.5                      1.0                    10,170                  526Between 1 and 2           9.1                       1.5                    17,049                  9362                         24.3                      2.0                    20,251                  1,100Between 2 and 3           8.2                       2.4                    25,456                  1,3863                         5.9                       3.0                    28,995                  1,614Between 3 and 4           2.8                       3.4                    36,820                  2,0784 or more                 2.7                       4.3                    42,332                  2,407Census Region:Northeast                 15.2                      1.7                    17,997                  917Midwest                   20.4                      1.8                    18,518                  1,016South                     28.3                      1.8                    18,859                  1,046West                      17.3                      1.9                    18,783                  1,046Metropolitan Status:Metropolitan              63.0                      1.8                    18,586                  995Central city              24.0                      1.6                    15,669                  852Outside Central City      39.0                      1.9                    20,385                  1,083Nonmetropolitan           18.3                      1.8                    18,627                  1,081Household Size:1 Person                  16.9                      1.2                    10,813                  5862 Persons                 28.6                      1.8                    16,817                  9283 Persons                 14.2                      2.0                    22,679                  1,2094 Persons                 12.6                      2.1                    23,323                  1,2575 or More Persons         8.9                       2.3                    25,930                  1,4491987 Family Income:Less than $10,000         10.2                      1.3                    10,932                  652$10,000-$14,999           11.8                      1.4                    12,978                  762$15,000-$19,999           8.3                       1.6                    15,837                  879$20,000-$24,999           8.6                       1.7                    17,813                  980$25,000-$34,999           16.0                      1.8                    18,617                  1,025$35,000-$49,999           12.9                      2.2                    24,170                  1,275$50,000-$74,999           8.8                       2.3                    25,555                  1,330$75,000 or More           4.5                       2.4                    27,428                  1,391U.S. Total                81.3                      1.8                    18,595                  1,014%@TE:   75  3805 04 26 26 23 24 26 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Personal Consumption Expenditures for Transportation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%(in millions)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   25  3167 02 56 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 @%                                                        1978        1980        1982        1984        1987        1988        1989%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%User-Operated TransportationNew Autos                                               $48,521     $46,395     $53,336     $77,560     $93,497     $101,157    $100,378 Net Purchases of Used Autos                             13,704      14,905      19,648      30,151      38,155      43,047      43,051 Other Motor Vehicles%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                   19,150      12,298      15,637      26,412      35,128      36,122      38,020 Tires, Tubes and Accessories and Parts                  13,706      16,684      20,234      23,319      28,693      31,294      32,420 Repair, Greasing, Washing, Parking, Storage and Rental  28,016      32,327      35,441      42,838      55,501      62,476      69,754 Gasoline and Oil                                        51,301      83,721      89,090      90,006      75,162      76,786      83,952 Bridge, Tunnel, Ferry and Road Tolls                    955         1,061       1,224       1,300       1,878       1,986       2,142 Insurance Premiums, Less Claims Paid                    8,340       9,383       9,054       9,993       15,379      16,809      16,625Total User-Operated Transportation                      $183,693    $216,774    $243,664    $301,579    $343,393    $369,677    $386,342 Purchased Local TransportationTransit Systems                                         $2,243      $2,431      $3,038      $3,428      $3,967      $4,110      $4,158 Taxicabs                                                2,617       3,082       2,953       3,042       3,530       3,802       3,916 Railway Commutation                                     242         300         395         458         658         518         485 Total Purchased Local Transportation                    $5,102      $5,813      $6,386      $6,928      $8,155      $8,430      $8,559Purchased Intercity TransportationRailway Excluding Commutation                           $261        $362        $445        $582        $714        $825        $946 Bus                                                     847         1,171       1,252       1,227       1,413       1,640       1,781 Airline                                                 9,331       13,425      14,653      17,536      21,190      23,292      23,969 Other                                                   639         939         1,236       1,640       2,231       2,490       2,762 Total Purchased Intercity Transportation                $11,078     $15,897     $17,586     $20,985     $25,548     $28,247     $29,458 Total Transportation                                    $199,873    $238,484    $267,636    $329,492    $377,096    $406,354    $424,359 Total Personal Consumption Expenditures                 $1,403,501  $1,732,559  $2,050,661  $2,430,455  $3,010,821  $3,235,095  $3,471,089 %@TE:   25  3167 02 56 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% New and used trucks, recreation vehicles, etc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Delays at U.S. Airports %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    U.S. Department of Transportation %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   32  2593 02 23 30 20 37 @%City                   Departures on time (overall)  Worst hours to fly  Departures on time (at worst hours)%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Philadelphia           76                            5 to 6 P.M.         67.3Chicago (O'Hare)       76.4                          8 to 9 P.M.         62.2New York (La Guardia)  76.6                          6 to 7 P.M.         65Denver                 77                            10 to 11 P.M.       67.4New York (Kennedy)     78.4                          5 to 6 P.M.         73Boston                 78.5                          5 to 6 P.M.         65Pittsburgh             78.9                          9 to 10 A.M.        71.5Dallas-Fort Worth      78.9                          6 to 7 P.M.         68.5Atlanta                79.3                          8 to 9 P.M.         70.6Newark                 79.7                          10 to 11 P.M.       67.9Seattle                80.2                          9 to 10 P.M.        79.7Houston                80.3                          8 to 9 P.M.         70.9Phoenix                81.2                          8 to 9 P.M.         70.5San Francisco          81.2                          1 to 2 P.M.         72Detroit                82                            10 to 11 A.M.       74.5San Diego              82.1                          7 to 8 P.M.         72.9Orlando                82.2                          7 to 8 P.M.         62.6Tampa                  83.2                          11 P.M. to 6 A.M.   71Charlotte, N.C.        82.3                          8 to 9 P.M.         73.3Kansas City            83.6                          11 P.M. to 6 A.M.   66.9Miami                  83.9                          7 to 8 P.M.         74.3Minneapolis-St. Paul   84                            9 to 10 P.M.        73St. Louis              84.2                          10 to 11 P.M.       79.7Washington (National)  84.3                          3 to 4 P.M.         78Baltimore              84.3                          9 to 10 P.M.        78.7Washington (Dulles)    85.7                          7 to 8 P.M.         76Los Angeles            85.9                          5 to 6 P.M.         78Salt Lake City         85.4                          8 to 9 P.M.         63Las Vegas              85.9                          noon to 1 P.M.      81.9Memphis                87.4                          10 to 11 P.M.       74.5%@TE:   32  2593 02 23 30 20 37 @%

%@NL@%
The following is the percentage of flights that left within 15 minutes of
their scheduled departure time at 30 major U.S. airports from January
through April, 1990. Delays caused by mechanical problems are not counted.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Motorcycles, 1970-1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      Federal Highway Administration %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10  1682 03 06 39 26 36 19 28 35 @%                                                                                                           Fuel Consumption   Fuel ConsumptionYear  Number of registered vehicles (1,000)  Travel (mil. veh. miles)  Average travel per vehicle (miles)  Total (mil. gal.)  Average per vehicle (gal.)  Average miles per gallon consumed%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1970  2,824                                  2,979                     1,055                               59.6               21                          501975  4,964                                  5,629                     1,134                               112.6              23                          501980  5,694                                  10,214                    1,794                               204.3              36                          501985  5,444                                  9,086                     1,669                               181.7              33                          501986  5,262                                  9,414                     1,789                               188.3              36                          501987  4,917                                  9,506                     1,933                               190.1              39                          501988  4,584                                  10,022                    2,186                               200.4              44                          50%@TE:   10  1682 03 06 39 26 36 19 28 35 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Motor Vehicle Production, by Country, 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  1733 02 17 16 18 12 @%Country          Passenger Cars  Trucks and Buses  Total%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Argentina        107,597         20,227            127,824Australia        330,492         27,772            358,264Austria          6,638           5,026             11,664Belgium          304,055         84,524            388,579Brazil           731,013         280,970           1,011,983Canada           1,001,588       937,914           1,939,502China            21,568          467,907           489,475Czechoslovakia   188,611         50,570            239,181France           3,409,017       510,759           3,919,776Germany, East    215,000         42,000            257,000Germany, West    4,563,673       287,974           4,851,647Hungary          -               11,930            11,930India            117,190         155,325           332,515Italy            1,971,969       248,805           2,220,774Japan            9,052,406       3,973,272         13,025,678Korea, South     871,898         257,572           1,129,470Mexico           439,538         202,241           641,779The Netherlands  130,000         33,330            163,330Poland           285,600         53,000            338,600Spain            1,638,615       406,942           2,045,557Sweden           384,206         81,670            465,876United Kingdom   1,299,082       326,590           1,625,672United States    6,823,097       4,028,958         10,852,055U.S.S.R.         1,200,000       900,000           2,100,000Yugoslavia       302,985         39,949            342,934Total            35,455,838      13,435,227        48,891,065%@TE:   28  1733 02 17 16 18 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Passenger Car Production, U.S. Plants %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   91  4935 02 25 11 11 11 @%                         1987       1988       1989%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Renault Alliance         16,004     --         --Total Eagle              16,004     -          -Horizon                  45,663     78,794     32,937Reliant                  136,109    100,462    -Sundance                 89,678     104,310    100,618Acclaim                  -          7,241      125,292Caravelle                42,955     9,834      -Gran Fury                7,180      13,059     -Total Plymouth           321,585    313,700    258,847LeBaron                  64,089     7,912      10LeBaron GTS              37,508     9,539      2,946Le Baron J               113,858    90,449     93,670Fifth Avenue             65,675     33,280     32,623New Yorker (C)           18,916     106,832    74,375New Yorker (E)           57,102     -          -Total Chrysler-Plymouth  678,733    561,712    462,471Omni                     40,039     77,332     34,621Shadow                   96,073     103,190    104,145Daytona                  64,054     79,657     75,452Aries                    127,948    91,998     -Spirit                   -          8,090      108,046Dodge 600                39,773     8,549      -Lancer                   23,123     9,365      1,528Dynasty                  8,486      114,156    132,636Diplomat                 15,188     18,796     -Total Dodge              414,684    511,133    453,428Total Chrysler Corp.     1,109,421  1,072,845  915,899Thunderbird              157,507    111,533    137,326Taurus                   405,640    395,512    362,144Tempo                    145,812    183,124    146,928Escort                   394,699    414,596    347,271Mustang                  214,128    200,054    172,217Total Ford               1,317,786  1,304,819  1,165,886Cougar                   138,464    87,765     114,250Sable                    121,641    135,436    116,874Topaz                    46,975     70,565     66,554Lynx                     21,352     -          -Town Car                 142,017    123,110    127,486Mark                     28,546     28,734     21,544Continental              13,595     55,312     64,487Total Lincoln--Mercury   512,590    500,922    511,195Total Ford Motor Co.     1,830,376  1,805,741  1,677,081Geo, Prizm               142,934    73,743     112,111Cavalier                 315,328    357,807    355,075Camaro                   121,550    99,820     100,613Beretta--Corsica         348,806    434,313    370,741Celebrity                285,111    189,912    70,365Monte Carlo              72,745     -          -Chevrolet                200,583    203,494    162,792Corvette                 28,514     22,878     25,256Total Chevrolet          1,515,571  1,381,967  1,196,953Sunbird                  89,470     113,736    151,177Fiero                    33,935     13,296     -Firebird                 77,731     66,456     56,441Grand Am                 247,701    242,121    226,8826000                     67,943     94,663     78,910Bonneville H             125,014    121,914    90,886Total Pontiac            657,281    806,356    732,177Firenza                  17,978     5,230      -Calais                   115,085    119,690    87,747Ciera                    108,766    38,053     87,908Cutlass Supreme          76,751     140,513    115,084Delta 88                 193,737    167,785    148,411Oldsmobile 98            73,004     76,341     71,497Toronado                 16,453     15,308     10,334Total Oldsmobile         601,774    562,920    520,981Skyhawk                  34,517     28,037     6,913Somerset and Skylark     63,612     55,343     68,464Century                  152,892    142,454    122,766Regal                    40,425     -          -LeSabre                  152,836    144,924    164,856Electra                  94,485     92,099     80,049Riviera                  13,468     13,631     20,626Reatta                   332        8,363      6,378Total Buick              552,567    484,851    470,052Cimarron                 10,404     3,693      -Cadillac                 218,741    200,118    236,877Eldorado                 20,538     35,385     29,161Seville                  21,395     23,514     24,319Allante                  4,803      2,320      3,232Total Cadillac           275,881    265,030    293,589Total General Motors     3,603,074  3,501,124  3,213,752Dramond Star             -          -          90,727Honda                    324,065    366,354    362,274Mazda                    4,200      163,289    216,501Nissan                   117,334    109,897    115,584Toyota                   43,744     55,480     231,279Volkswagen of America    66,696     35,998     -Total Passenger Cars     7,098,910  7,110,728  6,823,097%@TE:   91  4935 02 25 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Best-Selling Cars in the U.S., 1978 and 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AI@%Ward's Automotive Reports%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
1978%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Chevrolet (full-size model) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Ford Fairmont%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Chevrolet Malibu%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Chevrolet Monte Carlo%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Ford LTD%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Ford Thunderbird%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Oldsmobile 88%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Chevrolet Camaro%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Cadillac%@NL@%
%@NL@%
1989%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Honda Accord%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Ford Taurus%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Ford Escort%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Chevrolet Corsica/Beretta%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Chevrolet Cavalier%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Toyota Camry%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Ford Tempo%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Nissan Sentra%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Pontiac Grand Am%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Toyota Corolla%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Selected Motor Vehicle Statistics %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Federal Highway Adm.; National Transportation  Safety Board; Insurance%@EH@%
Institute for Highway Safety %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  110 10601 05 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%                Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1989 Registered     State gas tax gal.  1988 Vehicle-Miles  1989 Motorfuel      1989 Motorfuel      Safety belt use                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers%@AH@%3%@AE@%            autos, buses &      cents               of Travel           consumption%@AH@%3%@AE@%        consumption%@AH@%3%@AE@%        law%@AH@%4%@AE@%                                                                            trucks%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                                                                             State           (%@AH@%1%@AE@%) Regular         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%) Juvenile        (mins.)             (mins.)             (April 1, 1990)     (mins.)             Highway (min)       Non-Highway (min)   (Aug 1, 1990)                                                                                                                                        gallons             gallons             %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         16                  --                  2.1                 4.1                 13                  39,684              2,605               59                  NoAlaska          16                  -                   .3                  .4                  8                   3,841               241                 30                  SArizona         16                  -                   2.4                 2.8                 17                  34,247              1,966               43                  S%@AH@%*%@AE@%Arkansas        16                  -                   1.7                 1.4                 13.5                19,219              1,624               43                  NoCalifornia      16/18               14                  19.3                21.7                9                   241,575             14,708              349                 SColorado        18                  16                  2.2                 2.9                 20                  27,665              1,654               39                  SConnecticut     16/18               -                   2.4                 2.7                 20                  26,062              1,556               32                  PDelaware        16/18               -                   .5                  .5                  16                  6,404               395                 13                  NoDist. of Col.   18                  16                  .4                  .3                  18                  3,405               202                 4                   SFlorida         16                  -                   9.0                 11.4                9.7                 105,319             6,582               287                 SGeorgia         16                  -                   4.5                 5.4                 7.5                 62,262              4,399               110                 SHawaii          15                  -                   .6                  .7                  11                  7,419               390                 21                  PIdaho           16                  14                  .7                  1.0                 18                  8,127               557                 40                  SIllinois        16/18               -                   7.3                 8.1                 19                  78,483              5,560               113                 SIndiana         16/18               -                   3.8                 4.3                 15                  51,124              3,306               83                  SIowa            16/18               -                   1.9                 2.6                 20                  21,907              1,666               95                  PKansas          16                  14                  1.7                 2.2                 15                  21,161              1,525               55                  SKentucky        16                  -                   2.4                 2.8                 15                  31,614              2,377               63                  NoLouisiana       15/17               15                  2.6                 3.0                 20                  34,682              2,377               102                 SMaine           16/17               16                  .9                  1.0                 17                  11,401              743                 29                  NoMaryland        16/18               16                  3.2                 3.5                 18.5                37,498              2,401               70                  SMassachusetts   17/18               16                  4.3                 3.8                 11                  43,334              2,680               67                  NoMichigan        16/18               14                  6.4                 7.3                 15                  77,899              4,750               144                 SMinnesota       16/18               15                  2.5                 3.3                 20                  36,447              2,342               132                 SMississippi     15                  -                   1.8                 1.8                 18                  22,043              1,508               56                  PMissouri        16                  -                   3.6                 3.9                 11                  45,570              3,254               74                  SMontana         15/16               13                  .5                  .7                  20                  8,138               521                 33                  SNebraska        16                  14                  1.1                 1.3                 22                  13,407              937                 59                  NoNevada          16                  14                  .8                  .8                  16.25               8,989               727                 17                  SNew Hampshire   16/18               16                  .8                  1.0                 14                  9,507               571                 11                  NoNew Jersey      17                  16                  5.5                 5.9                 10.5                58,671              3,963               89                  SNew Mexico      15/16               -                   1.1                 1.2                 16.2                15,283              1,008               23                  PNew York        17/18               16                  10.3                10.2                8                   103,692             6,347               160                 PNorth Carolina  16/18               -                   4.5                 5.2                 21.7                57,943              3,864               111                 PNorth Dakota    16                  14                  .4                  .7                  17                  5,765               407                 43                  NoOhio            16/18               14                  7.4                 8.8                 18                  81,990              5,618               209                 SOklahoma        16                  -                   2.3                 2.6                 16                  32,388              1,962               72                  SOregon          16                  14                  2.2                 2.4                 18                  25,204              1,612               45                  NoPennsylvania    17/18               16                  7.8                 7.9                 12                  81,238              5,519               106                 SRhode Island    16/18               -                   .7                  .7                  20                  5,853               422                 14                  NoSouth Carolina  16                  15                  2.3                 2.5                 16                  31,759              1,769               82                  SSouth Dakota    16                  14                  .5                  .7                  18                  6,634               452                 34                  NoTennessee       16                  14                  3.2                 4.4                 21                  44,193              3,152               78                  STexas           16/18               15                  11.1                12.6                15                  156,458             9,626               377                 PUtah            16/18               -                   1.0                 1.2                 19                  13,263              875                 21                  SVermont         18                  16                  .4                  .5                  16                  5,553               327                 10                  NoVirginia        16/19               -                   4.2                 4.7                 17.7                57,453              3,604               80                  SWashington      16/18               -                   3.2                 4.1                 18                  41,813              2,542               70                  SWest Virginia   16/18               16                  1.3                 1.3                 15.5                13,884              1,022               29                  NoWisconsin       16/18               14                  3.2                 4.0                 20.8                42,458              2,423               86                  SWyoming         16                  14                  .4                  .5                  9                   5,658               434                 25                  STotal%@AH@%5%@AE@%                                                  164.9               183.7                                   2,025,586           131,072             4,037%@TE:  110 10601 05 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Unrestricted operation of private passenger car. When 2 ages are shown,
license is issued at lower age upon completion of approved driver education
course. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Juvenile license issued with consent of parent or guardian. %@AH@%3%@AE@%
Estimated, 1989. %@AH@%4%@AE@% P = an officer may stop a vehicle for a violation
(primary); S = an officer may only issue a seat belt citation when the
vehicle is stopped for another moving violation (secondary); %@AH@%5%@AE@% Figures may
not add, due to rounding. %@AH@%*%@AE@%Law goes into effect 12/31/90. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Automobile Factory Sales %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   18  1280 02 06 23 28 14 @%Year  Passenger cars Number  Motor trucks, buses Number  Total Number%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1900  4,192                  --                          4,1901910  181,000                6,000                       187,000 1920  1,905,560              321,789                     2,227,349 1930  2,787,456              575,364                     3,362,820 1940  3,717,385              754,901                     4,472,286 1950  6,665,863              1,337,193                   8,003,056 1960  6,665,863              1,194,475                   7,869,271 1970  6,546,817              1,692,440                   8,239,257 1981  6,255,340              1,700,908                   7,956,248 1982  5,049,184              1,906,455                   6,955,639 1983  6,739,223              2,413,897                   9,153,120 1985  8,002,259              3,356,905                   11,359,164 1986  7,516,189              3,392,885                   10,909,074 1987  7,085,147              3,821,410                   10,906,557 1988  7,104,617              4,120,574                   11,225,191 1989  6,807,416              4,061,950                   10,869,366%@TE:   18  1280 02 06 23 28 14 @%

%@NL@%
After July 1, 1964 all tactical vehicles are excluded. Federal excise taxes
are excluded in all years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Road Mileage Between Selected U.S. Cities%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  3199 02 20 09 08 09 12 11 08 08 12 09 09 @%                    Atlanta  Boston  Chicago  Cincinnati  Cleveland  Dallas  Denver  Des Moines  Detroit  Houston%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlanta, Ga.        . . .    1,037   674      440         672        795     1,398   870         699      789Boston, Mass.       1,037    . . .   963      840         628        1,748   1,949   1,280       695      1,804Chicago, Ill.       674      963     . . .    287         335        917     996     327         266      1,067Cincinnati, Oh.     440      840     287      . . .       244        920     1,164   571         259      1,029Cleveland, Oh.      672      628     335      244         . . .      1,159   1,321   652         170      1,273Dallas Tex.         795      1,748   917      920         1,159      . . .   781     684         1,143    243Denver, Col.        1,398    1,949   996      1,164       1,321      781     . . .   669         1,253    1,019Detroit, Mich.      699      695     266      259         170        1,143   1,253   584         . . .    1,265Houston, Tex.       789      1,804   1,067    1,029       1,273      243     1,019   905         1,265    . . . Indianapolis, Ind.  493      906     181      106         294        865     1,058   465         278      987Kansas City, Mo.    798      1,391   499      591         779        489     600     195         743      710Los Angeles, Cal.   2,182    2,979   2,054    2,179       2,367      1,387   1,059   1,727       2,311    1,538Memphis, Tenn.      371      1,296   530      468         712        452     1,040   599         713      561Milwaukee, Wis.     761      1,050   87       374         422        991     1,029   361         353      1,142Minneapolis, Minn.  1,068    1,368   405      692         740        936     841     252         671      1,157New Orleans, La.    479      1,507   912      786         1,030      496     1,273   978         1,045    356New York, N.Y.      841      206     802      647         473        1,552   1,771   1,119       637      1,608Omaha, Neb.         986      1,412   459      693         784        644     537     132         716      865Philadelphia, Pa.   741      296     738      567         413        1,452   1,691   1,051       573      1,508Pittsburgh, Pa.     687      561     452      287         129        1,204   1,411   763         287      1,313Portland Ore.       2,601    3,046   2,083    2,333       2,418      2,009   1,238   1,786       2,349    2,205St. Louis, Mo.      541      1,141   289      340         529        630     857     333         513      779San Francisco       2,496    3,095   2,142    2,362       2,467      1,753   1,235   1,815       2,399    1,912Seattle, Wash.      2,618    2,976   2,013    2,300       2,348      2,078   1,307   1,749       2,279    2,274Tulsa, Okla.        772      1,537   683      736         925        257     681     443         909      478Washington, D.C.    608      429     671      481         346        1,319   1,616   984         506      1,375%@TE:   28  3199 02 20 09 08 09 12 11 08 08 12 09 09 @%

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%@TH:   28  3798 02 20 14 13 13 12 09 11 13 13 10 08 @%                    Indianapolis  Kansas City  Los Angeles  Louisville  Memphis  Milwaukee  Minneapolis  New Orleans  New York  Omaha%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlanta, Ga.        493           798          2,182        382         371      761        1,068        479          841       986Boston, Mass.       906           1,391        2,979        941         1,296    1,050      1,368        1,507        206       1,412Chicago, Ill.       181           499          2,054        292         530      87         405          912          802       459Cincinnati, Oh.     106           591          2,179        101         468      374        692          786          647       693Cleveland Oh.       294           779          2,367        345         712      422        740          1,030        473       784Dallas, Tex.        865           489          1,387        819         452      991        936          496          1,552     644Denver, Col.        1,058         600          1,059        1,120       1,040    1,029      841          1,273        1,771     537Detroit, Mich.      278           743          2,311        360         713      353        671          1,045        637       716Houston, Tex.       987           710          1,538        928         561      1,142      1,157        356          1,608     865Indianapolis, Ind.  . . .         485          2,073        111         435      268        586          796          713       587Kansas City, Mo.    485           . . .        1,589        520         451      537        447          806          1,198     201Los Angeles, Cal.   2,073         1,589        . . .        2,108       1,817    2,087      1,889        1,883        2,786     1,595Memphis, Tenn.      435           451          1,817        367         . . .    612        826          390          1,100     652Milwaukee, Wis.     268           537          2,087        379         612      . . .      332          994          889       493Minneapolis, Minn.  586           447          1,889        697         826      332        . . .        1,214        1,207     357New Orleans, La.    796           806          1,883        685         390      994        1,214        . . .        1,311     1,007New York, N.Y.      713           1,198        2,786        748         1,100    889        1,207        1,311        . . .     1,251Omaha, Neb.         587           201          1,595        687         652      493        357          1,007        1,251     . . . Philadelphia, Pa.   633           1,118        2,706        668         1,000    825        1,143        1,211        100       1,183Pittsburgh, Pa.     353           838          2,426        388         752      539        857          1,070        368       895Portland, Ore.      1,227         1,809        959          2,320       2,259    2,010      1,678        2,505        2,885     1,654St. Louis, Mo.      235           257          1,845        263         285      363        552          673          948       449San Francisco       2,256         1,835        379          2,349       2,125    2,175      1,940        2,249        2,934     1,683Seattle, Wash.      2,194         1,839        1,131        2,305       2,290    1,940      1,608        2,574        2,815     1,638Tulsa, Okla.        631           248          1,452        659         401      757        695          647          1,344     387Washington, D.C.    558           1,043        2,631        582         867      758        1,076        1,078        233       1,116%@TE:   28  3798 02 20 14 13 13 12 09 11 13 13 10 08 @%

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%@TH:   29  3666 02 20 14 12 10 11 16 15 09 08 08 12 @%                    Philadelphia  Pittsburgh  Portland  St. Louis  Salt Lake City  San Francisco  Seattle  Toledo  Tulsa   Washington%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlanta, Ga.        741           687         2,601     541        1,878           2,496          2,618    640     772     608Boston, Mass.       296           561         3,046     1,141      2,343           3,095          2,976    739     1,537   429Chicago, Ill.       738           452         2,083     289        1,390           2,142          2,013    232     683     671Cincinnati, Oh.     567           287         2,333     340        1,610           2,362          2,300    200     736     481Cleveland Oh.       413           129         2,418     529        1,715           2,467          2,348    111     925     346Dallas, Tex.        1,452         1,204       2,009     630        1,242           1,753          2,078    1,084   257     1,319Denver, Col.        1,691         1,411       1,238     857        504             1,235          1,307    1,218   681     1,616Detroit, Mich.      576           287         2,349     513        1,647           2,399          2,279    59      909     506Houston, Tex.       1,508         1,313       2,205     779        1,438           1,912          2,274    1,206   478     1,375Indianapolis, Ind.  633           353         2,227     235        1,504           2,256          2,194    219     631     558Kansas City, Mo.    1,118         838         1,809     257        1,086           1,839          687      248     1,043Los Angeles, Cal.   2,706         2,426       959       1,845      715             379            1,131    2,276   1,452   2,631Memphis, Tenn.      1,000         752         2,259     285        1,535           2,125          2,290    654     401     867Milwaukee, Wis.     825           539         2,010     363        1,423           2,175          1,940    319     757     758Minneapolis, Minn.  1,143         857         1,678     552        1,186           1,940          1,608    637     695     1,076New Orleans, La.    1,211         1,070       2,505     673        1,738           2,249          2,574    986     647     1,078New York, N.Y.      100           368         2,885     948        2,182           2,934          2,815    578     1,344   233Omaha, Neb.         1,183         895         1,654     449        931             1,683          1,638    681     387     1,116Philadelphia, Pa.   . . .         288         2,821     868        2,114           2,866          2,751    514     1,264   133Pittsburgh, Pa.     288           . . .       2,535     588        1,826           2,578          2,465    228     984     221Portland, Ore.      2,821         2,535       . . .     2,060      767             636            172      2,315   1,913   2,754St. Louis, Mo.      868           588         2,060     . . .      1,337           2,089          2,081    454     396     793San Francisco       2,866         2,578       636       2,089      752             . . .          808      2,364   1,760   2,799Seattle, Wash.      2,751         2,465       172       2,081      836             808            . . .    2,245   1,982   2,684Tulsa, Okla.        1,264         984         1,913     396        1,172           1,760          1,982    850     . . .   1,189Washington, D.C.    133           221         2,754     793        2,047           2,799          2,684    447     1,189   . . . %@TE:   29  3666 02 20 14 12 10 11 16 15 09 08 08 12 @%

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%@TH:   28  3129 02 18 09 09 08 08 11 09 09 11 10 09 @%                  Bangkok  Beijing  Berlin  Cairo   Cape Town  Caracas  Chicago  Hong Kong  Honolulu  Lima%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bangkok           . . .    2,046    5,352   4,523   6,300      10,555   8,570    1,077      6,609     12,244Bejing            2,046    . . .    4,584   4,698   8,044      8,950    6,604    1,217      5,077     10,349 Berlin            5,352    4,584    . . .   1,797   5,961      5,238    4,414    5,443      7,320     6,896 Cairo             4,523    4,698    1,797   . . .   4,480      6,342    6,141    5,066      8,848     7,726 Cape Town         6,300    8,044    5,961   4,480   . . .      6,366    8,491    7,376      11,535    6,072 Caracas           10,555   8,950    5,238   6,342   6,366      . . .    2,495    10,165     6,021     1,707 Chicago           8,570    6,604    4,414   6,141   8,491      2,495    . . .    7,797      4,256     3,775 Hong Kong         1,077    1,217    5,443   5,066   7,376      10,165   7,797    . . .      5,556     11,418 Honolulu          6,609    5,077    7,320   8,848   11,535     6,021    4,256    5,556      . . .     5,947 London            5,944    5,074    583     2,185   5,989      4,655    3,958    5,990      7,240     6,316 Los Angeles       7,637    6,250    5,782   7,520   9,969      3,632    1,745    7,240      2,557     4,171 Madrid            6,337    5,745    1,165   2,087   5,308      4,346    4,189    6,558      7,872     5,907 Melbourne         4,568    5,643    9,918   8,675   6,425      9,717    9,673    4,595      5,505     8,059 Mexico City       9,793    7,753    6,056   7,700   8,519      2,234    1,690    8,788      3,789     2,639 Montreal          8,338    6,519    3,740   5,427   7,922      2,438    745      7,736      4,918     3,970 Moscow            4,389    3,607    1,006   1,803   6,279      6,177    4,987    4,437      7,047     7,862 New York          8,669    6,844    3,979   5,619   7,803      2,120    714      8,060      4,969     3,639 Paris             5,877    5,120    548     1,998   5,786      4,732    4,143    5,990      7,449     6,370 Rio de Janeiro    9,994    10,768   6,209   6,143   3,781      2,804    5,282    11,009     8,288     2,342 Rome              5,494    5,063    737     1,326   5,231      5,195    4,824    5,774      8,040     6,750 San Francisco     7,931    5,918    5,672   7,466   10,248     3,902    1,859    6,905      2,398     4,518 Singapore         883      2,771    6,164   5,137   6,008      11,402   9,372    1,605      6,726     11,689 Stockholm         5,089    4,133    528     2,096   6,423      5,471    4,331    5,063      6,875     7,166 Tokyo             2,865    1,307    5,557   5,958   9,154      8,808    6,314    1,791      3,859     9,631 Warsaw            5,033    4,325    322     1,619   5,935      5,559    4,679    5,147      7,366     7,215 Washington, D.C.  8,807    6,942    4,181   5,822   7,895      2,047    596      8,155      4,838     3,509%@TE:   28  3129 02 18 09 09 08 08 11 09 09 11 10 09 @%

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%@TH:   28  3343 02 18 08 13 08 11 13 10 08 11 10 09 @%                  London  Los Angeles  Madrid  Melbourne  Mexico City  Montreal  Moscow  New Delhi  New York  Paris%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bangkok           5,944   7,637        6,337   4,568      9,793        8,338     4,389   1,813      8,669     5,877 Bejing            5,074   6,250        5,745   5,643      7,753        6,519     3,607   2,353      6,844     5,120 Berlin            583     5,782        1,165   9,918      6,056        3,740     1,006   3,598      3,979     548 Cairo             2,185   7,520        2,087   8,675      7,700        5,427     1,803   2,758      5,619     1,998 Cape Town         5,989   9,969        5,308   6,425      8,519        7,922     6,279   5,769      7,803     5,786 Caracas           4,655   3,632        4,346   9,717      2,234        2,438     6,177   8,833      2,120     4,732 Chicago           3,958   1,745        4,189   9,673      1,690        745       4,987   7,486      714       4,143 Hong Kong         5,990   7,240        6,558   4,595      8,788        7,736     4,437   2,339      8,060     5,990 Honolulu          7,240   2,557        7,872   5,505      3,789        4,918     7,047   7,412      4,969     7,449 London            . . .   5,439        785     10,500     5,558        3,254     1,564   4,181      3,469     214 Los Angeles       5,439   . . .        5,848   7,931      1,542        2,427     6,068   7,011      2,451     5,601 Madrid            785     5,848        . . .   10,758     5,643        3,448     2,147   4,530      3,593     655 Melbourne         10,500  7,931        10,758  . . .      8,426        10,395    8,950   6,329      10,359    10,430 Mexico City       5,558   1,542        5,643   8,426      . . .        2,317     6,676   9,120      2,090     5,725 Montreal          3,254   2,427        3,448   10,395     2,317        . . .     4,401   7,012      331       3,432 Moscow            1,564   6,068        2,147   8,950      6,676        4,401     . . .   2,698      4,683     1,554 New York          3,469   2,451        3,593   10,359     2,090        331       4,683   7,318      . . .     3,636 Paris             214     5,601        655     10,430     5,725        3,432     1,554   4,102      3,636     . . .  Rio de Janeiro    5,750   6,330        5,045   8,226      4,764        5,078     7,170   8,753      4,801     5,684 Rome              895     6,326        851     9,929      6,377        4,104     1,483   3,684      4,293     690 San Francisco     5,367   347          5,803   7,856      1,887        2,543     5,885   7,691      2,572     5,577 Singapore         6,747   8,767        7,080   3,759      10,327       9,203     5,228   2,571      9,534     6,673 Stockholm         942     5,454        1,653   9,630      6,012        3,714     716     3,414      3,986     1,003 Tokyo             5,959   5,470        6,706   5,062      7,035        6,471     4,660   3,638      6,757     6,053 Warsaw            905     5,922        1,427   9,598      6,337        4,022     721     3,277      4,270     852 Washington, D.C.  3,674   2,300        3,792   10,180     1,885        489       4,876   7,500      205       3,840%@TE:   28  3343 02 18 08 13 08 11 13 10 08 11 10 09 @%

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%@TH:   28  3416 02 18 16 08 15 11 11 09 08 08 08 14 @%                  Rio de Janiero  Rome    San Francisco  Singapore  Stockholm  Teheran  Tokyo   Vienna  Warsaw  Wash., D.C. %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bangkok           9,994           5,494   7,931          883        5,089      3,391    2,865   5,252   5,033   8,807 Bejing            10,768          5,063   5,918          2,771      4,133      3,490    1,307   4,648   4,325   6,942 Berlin            6,209           737     5,672          6,164      528        2,185    5,557   326     322     4,181 Cairo             6,143           1,326   7,466          5,137      2,096      1,234    5,958   1,481   1,619   5,822 Cape Town         3,781           5,231   10,248         6,008      6,423      5,241    9,154   5,656   5,935   7,895 Caracas           2,804           5,195   3,902          11,402     5,471      7,320    8,808   5,372   5,559   2,047 Chicago           5,282           4,824   1,859          9,372      4,331      6,502    6,314   4,698   4,679   596 Hong Kong         11,009          5,774   6,905          1,605      5,063      3,843    1,791   5,431   5,147   8,155 Honolulu          8,288           8,040   2,398          6,726      6,875      8,070    3,859   7,632   7,366   4,838 London            5,750           895     5,367          6,747      942        2,743    5,959   771     905     3,674 Los Angeles       6,330           6,326   347            8,767      5,454      7,682    5,470   6,108   5,922   2,300 Madrid            5,045           851     5,803          7,080      1,653      2,978    6,706   1,128   1,427   3,792 Melbourne         8,226           9,929   7,856          3,759      9,630      7,826    5,062   9,790   9,598   10,180 Mexico City       4,764           6,377   1,887          10,327     6,012      8,184    7,035   6,320   6,337   1,885 Montreal          5,078           4,104   2,543          9,203      3,714      5,880    6,471   4,009   4,022   489 Moscow            7,170           1,483   5,885          5,228      716        1,532    4,660   1,043   721     4,876 New York          4,801           4,293   2,572          9,534      3,986      6,141    6,757   4,234   4,270   205 Paris             5,684           690     5,577          6,673      1,003      2,625    6,053   645     852     3,840 Rio de Janeiro    . . .           5,707   6,613          9,785      6,683      7,374    11,532  6,127   6,455   4,779 Rome              5,707           . . .   6,259          6,229      1,245      2,127    6,142   477     820     4,497 San Francisco     6,613           6,259   . . .          8,448      5,399      7,362    5,150   5,994   5,854   2,441 Singapore         9,785           6,229   8,448          . . .      5,936      4,103    3,300   6,035   5,843   9,662 Stockholm         6,683           1,245   5,399          5,936      . . .      2,173    5,053   780     494     4,183 Tokyo             11,532          6,142   5,150          3,300      5,053      4,775    . . .   5,689   5,347   6,791 Warsaw            6,455           820     5,854          5,843      494        1,879    5,689   347     . . .   4,472 Washington, D.C.  4,779           4,497   2,441          9,662      4,183      6,341    6,791   4,438   4,472   . . .  %@TE:   28  3416 02 18 16 08 15 11 11 09 08 08 08 14 @%

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%@1@%                                %@AS@%AEROSPACE %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@2@%                      %@AS@%Memorable Manned Space Flights %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   National Aeronautics and Space Administration and The World Almanac. %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  126 12000 02 60 20 09 10 10 60 @%Crew, date                                                  Mission name        Orbits%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Duration  Duration  Remarks%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Yuri A. Gagarin (4/12/61)                                   Vostok 1            1        1h        48m       First manned orbital flight.Alan B. Shepard Jr. (5/5/61)                                Mercury-Redstone 3  (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                15m 22s   First American in space.Virgil I. Grissom (7/21/61)                                 Mercury-Redstone 4  (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                15m 37s   Spacecraft sank. Grissom rescued.Gherman S. Titov (8/6-7/61)                                 Vostok 2            16       25h       18m       First space flight of more than 24 hrs.John H. Glenn Jr.(2/20/62)                                  Mercury-Atlas 6     3        4h        55m 23s   First American in orbit.M. Scott Carpenter (5/24/62)                                Mercury-Atlas 7     3        4h        56m 05s   Manual retrofire error caused 250 mi. landing overshoot.Andrian G. Nikolayev (8/11-15/62)                           Vostok 3            64       94h       22m       Vostok 3 and 4 made first group flight.Pavel R. Popovich (8/12-15/62)                              Vostok 4            48       70h       57m       On first orbit it came within 3 miles of Vostok 3.Walter M. Schirra Jr. (10/3/62)                             Mercury-Atlas 8     6        9h        13m 11s   Closest splashdown to target to date (4.5 mi.).L. Gordon Cooper (5/15-16/63)                               Mercury-Atlas 9     22       34h       19m 49s   First U.S. evaluation of effects on man of one day in                                                                                                              space.Valery F. Bykovsky (6/14-6/19/63)                           Vostok 5            81       119h      06m       Vostok 5 and 6 made 2d group flight.Valentina V. Tereshkova (6/16-19/63)                        Vostok 6            48       70h       50m       First woman in space.Vladimir M. Komarov, Konstantin P. Feoktistov, Boris B.     Voskhod 1           16       24h       17m       First 3-man orbital flight: first without space suits.Yegorov (10/12/64)                                                                                           Pavel I. Belyayev, Aleksei A. Leonov (3/18/65)              Voskhod 2           17       26h       02m       Leonov made first "space walk"(10 min.)Virgil I. Grissom, John W. Young (3/23/65)                  Gemini-Titan 3      3        4h        53m 00s   First manned spacecraft to change its orbital path.James A. McDivitt, Edward H. White 2d, (6/3-7/65)           Gemini-Titan 4      62       97h       56m 11s   White was first American to "walk in space" (20 min.).L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Charles Conrad Jr. (8/21-29/65)       Gemini-Titan 5      120      190h      55m 14s   First use of fuel cells for electric power; evaluated                                                                                                              guidance andnavigation system.Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr. (12/4-18/65)              Gemini-Titan 7      206      330h      35m 31s   Longest duration Gemini flightWalter M. Schirra Jr., Thomas P. Stafford (12/15-16/65)     Gemini-Titan 6-A    16       25h       51m 24s   Completed world's first spacerendezvous with Gemini 7.Neil A. Armstrong, David R. Scott (3/16-17/66)              Gemini-Titan 8      6.5      10h       41m 26s   First docking of one space vehicle with another; mission                                                                                                              aborted,control malfunction.John W. Young, Michael Collins (7/18-21/66)                 Gemini-Titan 10     43       70h       46m 39s   First use of Agena target vehicle's propulsion systems.Charles Conrad Jr., Richard F. Gordon Jr. (9/12-15/66)      Gemini-Titan 11     44       71h       17m 08s   Docked, made 2 revolutions of earth tethered; set Gemini                                                                                                              altituderecord (739.2 mi.).James A. Lovell Jr., Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. (11/11-15/66)      Gemini-Titan 12     59       94h       34m 31s   Final Gemini mission; record 5 hrs. of extravehicular                                                                                                              activity.Vladimir M. Komarov (4/23/67)                               Soyuz 1             17       26h       40m       Crashed after re-entry killing Komarov.Walter M. Schirra Jr., Donn F. Eisele, R. Walter            Apollo-Saturn 7     163      260h      09m 03s   First manned flight of Apollo spacecraft command-service Cunningham (10/11-22/68)                                                                                     module only.Georgi T. Beregovoi (10/26-30/68)                           Soyuz 3             64       94h       51m       Made rendezvous with unmanned Soyuz 2.Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr., William A. Anders        Apollo-Saturn 8     10%@AH@%3%@AE@%      147h      00m 42s   First flight to moon (command-service module only); views (12/21-27/68)                                                                                                oflunar surface televised to earth.Vladimir A. Shatalov (1/14-17/69)                           Soyuz 4             45       71h       14m       Docked with Soyuz 5.Boris V. Volyanov, Aleksei S. Yeliseyev, Yevgeny V.         Soyuz 5             46       72h       46m       Docked with Soyuz 4; Yeliseyev and Khrunov transferred to Khrunov (1/15-18/69)                                                                                         Soyuz 4.James A. McDivitt, David R.Scott, Russell L. Schweickart    Apollo-Saturn 9     151      241h      00m 54s   First manned flight of lunar module.(3/3-13/69)                                                                                                  Thomas P. Stafford, Eugene A. Cernan, John W. Young         Apollo-Saturn 10    31%@AH@%4%@AE@%      192h      03m 23s   First lunar module orbit of moon.(5/18-26/69)                                                                                                 Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., Michael Collins     Apollo-Saturn 11    30%@AH@%3%@AE@%      195h      18m 35s   First lunar landing made by Armstrong and Aldrin; (7/16-24/69)                                                                                                 collected 48.5lbs. of soil, rock samples; lunar stay time                                                                                                              21 h, 36m, 21 s.Georgi S. Shonin, Valery N. Kubasov (10/11-16/69)           Soyuz 6             79       118h      42m       First welding of metals in space.Anatoly V. Filipchenko, Vladislav N. Volkov, Viktor V.      Soyuz 7             79       118h      41m       Space lab construction tests made; Soyuz 6, 7 and 8 -- Gorbatko (10/12-17/69)                                                                                       firsttime 3 spacecraft 7 crew orbited earth at once.Charles Conrad Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Alan L. Bean          Apollo-Saturn 12    45%@AH@%3%@AE@%      244h      36m 25s   Conrad and Bean made 2d moon landing; collected 74.7 (11/14-24/69)                                                                                                lbs.of samples, lunar stay time 31 h, 31 m.James A. Lovell Jr., Fred W. Haise Jr., John L. Swigart Jr.  Apollo-Saturn 13    . . .    142h      54m 41s   Aborted after service module oxygen tank ruptured; (4/11-17/70)                                                                                                 crewreturned safely using lunar module oxygen and power.Alan B. Shepard Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell     Apollo-Saturn 14    34%@AH@%3%@AE@%      216h      01m 57s   Shepard and Mitchell made 3d moon landing, collected 96 (1/31-2/9/71)                                                                                                lbs.of lunar samples; lunar stay 33 h, 31 m.Georgi T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, Viktor I.       Soyuz 11            360      569h      40m       Docked with Salyut space station; and orbited in Salyut Patsayev (6/6-30/71)                                                                                         for 23days; crew diedduring re-entry from loss of                                                                                                              pressurization.David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, James B. Irwin            Apollo-Saturn 15    74%@AH@%3%@AE@%      295h      11m 53s   Scott and Irwin made 4th moon landing; first lunar rover (7/26-8/7/71)                                                                                                use; firstdeep space walk; 170 lbs. of samples; 66 h, 55 m,                                                                                                             stay.Charles M. Duke Jr., Thomas K. Mattingly, John W. Young     Apollo-Saturn 16    64%@AH@%3%@AE@%      265h      51m 05s   Young and Duke made 5th moon landing; collected 213 lbs. (4/16-27/72)                                                                                                 oflunar samples; lunar stay line 71 h, 2 m.Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, Harrison H. Schmitt      Apollo-Saturn 17    75%@AH@%3%@AE@%      301h      51m 59s   Cernan and Schmitt made 6th manned lunar landing; (12/7-19/72)                                                                                                 collected243 lbs. of samples; record lunar stay of 75 h.Charles Conrad Jr., Joseph P. Kerwin, Paul J. Weitz         Skylab 2            . . .    672h      49m 49s   First American manned orbiting space station; made (5/25-6/22/73)                                                                                               long-flightstests, crew repaired damage caused during                                                                                                              boost.Alan L. Bean, Jack R. Lousma, Owen K. Garriott              Skylab 3            . . .    1,427h    09m 04s   Crew systems and operational tests, exceeded (7/28-9/25/73)                                                                                               pre-missionplans for scientific activities; space walk                                                                                                              total 13h, 44 m.Gerald P. Carr, Edward G. Gibson, William Pogue             Skylab 4            . . .    2,017h    16m 30s   Final Skylab mission; record space walk of 7 h, 1 m., (11/16/73-2/8/74)                                                                                            recordspace walks total for a mission 22 h, 21 m.Alexi Leonov, Valeri Kubasov (7/15-7/21/75)                 Soyuz 19            96       143h      31mVance Brand, Thomas P. Stafford, Donald K. Slayton          Apollo 18           136      217h      30m       U.S.-USSR joint flight. Crews linked-up in space, (7/15-7/24/75)                                                                                               conductedexperiments, shared meals, and held a joint news                                                                                                              conference.Leonid Kizim, Vladmir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov (2/8-10/2/84)    Salyut 7            . . .    237 days  237 days  Set space endurance record. (since broken)%@TE:  126 12000 02 60 20 09 10 10 60 @%

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%@AH@%1%@AE@% The U.S. measures orbital flights in revolutions while theSoviets use
"orbits." %@AH@%2%@AE@% Suborbital. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Moon orbitsin command module. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Moon orbits.%@NL@%
Fire aboard spacecraft Apollo I on the ground at Cape Kennedy, Fla. killed
Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H.White and Roger B. Chaffee on Jan. 27, 1967.
They were the only U.S.astronauts killed in space tests.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                            %@AS@%U.S. Space Shuttles%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  140  7153 02 34 42 @%Name, date                        Crew%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Columbia (4/12-14/81)             Robert L. Crippen, John W.  Young. Columbia (11/12-14/81)            Joe Engle, Richard Truly. Columbia (3/22-30/82)             Jack Lousma, C. Gordon Fullerton. Columbia (6-27/7-4/82)            Thomas Mattingly 2d, Henry Hartsfield Jr.Columbia (11/11-16/82)            Vance Brand, Robert Overmyer, William                                   Lenoir, Joseph Allen. Challenger (4/4-9/83)             Paul Weitz, Karol Bobko, Story Musgrave,                                  Donald Peterson.  Challenger (6/18-24/83)           Robert L. Crippen, Norman Thagard, John                                   Fabian, Frederick Hauck,  Sally K. Ride                                   (1st U.S. woman in space).  Challenger (8/30-9/5/83)          Richard Truly, Daniel Brand- enstein,                                   William Thornton, Guion Bluford (1st U.S.                                  black in space), Dale Gardner.  Columbia (11/28-12/8/83)          John Young, Brewster Shaw Jr., Robert                                   Parker, Owen  Garriott, Byron                                   Lichtenberg, Ulf Merbold.  Challenger (2/3-11/84)            Vance Brand, Robert Gibson, Ronald                                   McNair, Bruce McCandless, Robert Stewart.Challenger (4/6-13/84)            Robert L. Crippen, Francis R. Scobee,                                   George D. Nelson, Terry J. Hart, James D.                                  Van Hoften. Discovery (8/30-9/5/84)           Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Michael L.                                   Coats, Steven A. Hawley, Judith A.                                   Resnik, Richard M. Mullane, Charles D.                                   Walker.  Challenger (10/5-13/84)           Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride,                                   Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, Marc                                  Garneau (first Canadian), David C.                                   Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power.  Discovery (11/8-16/84)            Frederick H. Hauck, David M. Walker, Dr.                                  Anna L. Fisher, Joseph P. Allen, Dale A.                                  Gardner. Discovery (1/24-27/85)            Thomas K. Mattingly, Loren J. Shriver,                                   James F. Buchli, Ellison S. Onizuka,                                   Gary E. Payton. Discovery (4/12-19/85)            Karol J. Bobko, Donald E. Williams, Sen.                                  Jake Garn, Charles D. Walker, Jeffrey A.                                  Hoffman, S. David Griggs, M. Rhea Seddon.Challenger (4/29-5/6/85)          Robert F. Overmyer, Frederick D. Gregory,                                  Don L. Lind, Taylor G. Wang, Lodewijk                                   van den Berg, Norman Thagard, William                                    Thornton.  Discovery (6/17-6/24/85)          John O. Creighton, Shannon W. Lucid,                                   Steven R. Nagel, Daniel C. Brandenstein,                                  John W. Fabian, Prince Sultan Salman                                   al-Saud (first Arab), Patrick Baudry. Challenger (7/29-8/6/85)          Roy D. Bridges Jr., Anthony W. England,                                   Karl G. Henize, F. Story Musgrave, C.                                   Gordon Fullerton, Loren W. Acton,                                   John-David F. Bartoe.  Discovery (8/27-9/3/85)           John M. Lounge, James D. van Hoften,                                   William F. Fisher, Joe H. Engle, Richard                                  O. Covey.  Atlantis (10/4-10/7/85)           Karol J. Bobko, Ronald J. Grabe, David C.                                  Hilmers, William A. Pailes, Robert C.                                   Stewart. Challenger (10/30-11/6/85)        Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Steven R. Nagel,                                  Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion                                  S. Bluford Jr., Ernst Messerschmid,                                   Reinhard Furrer, Wubbo J. Ockels. Atlantis (11/26-12/3/85)          Brewster H. Shaw Jr., Bryan D. O'Connor,                                  Charles Walker, Rodolfo Neri (first                                   Mexican), Jerry L. Ross, Sherwood C.                                   Spring, Mary L. Cleave. Columbia (1/12-1/18/86)           Robert L. Gibson, Charles F. Bolden Jr.,                                  George D. Nelson, Bill Nelson (first                                   congressman), Franklin R. Chang-Diaz,                                   Steven A. Hawley, Robert J. Cenker.  Challenger (1/28/86-              Francis R. Scobee, Michaelexploded after takeoff)           J. Smith, Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S.                                   Onizuka, Judith A. Resnik, Gregory B.                                   Jarvis, Sharon Christa McAuliffe.Discovery (9/29-10/3/88)          Frederick H. Hauck, Richard O. Covey,                                   David C. Hilmers, George D. Nelson, John                                  M. Lounge.  Atlantis (12/3-12/6/88)           Robert L. Gibson, Guy S. Gardner,                                   Richard M. Mullane, Jerry L. Ross,                                   William M. Shepherd.  Discovery (3/13-3/18/89)          Michael L. Coats, John E. Blaha, James F.                                  Buchli, Robert C. Springer, James P.                                   Bagian.  Atlantis (5/4-5/8/89)             David M. Walker, Ronald J. Grabe, Mary L.                                  Cleave, Norman E. Thagard, Mark C. Lee. Columbia (8/8-8/13/89)            Brewster H. Shaw Jr., Richard N.                                   Richards, David C. Leestma, James C.                                   Adamson, Mark N. Brown.  Atlantis (10/18-10/23/89)         Donald E. Williams, Michael J. McCulley,                                  Shannon W. Lucid, Ellen S. Baker,                                   Franklin R. Chang-Diaz. Discovery (11/22-11/27/89)        Frederick D. Gregory, John E. Blaha,                                   Manley L. Carter, F. Story Musgrave,                                   Katherine C. Thornton. Colombia (1/9-1/20/90)            Daniel C. Brandenstein, Bonnie J. Dunbar,                                  James D. Wetherbee, Marsha S. Ivins, G.                                   David Low. Atlantis (2/28-3/4/90)            John O. Creighton, John H. Casper, David                                  C. Hilmers, Richard M. Mullane, Pierre J.                                  Thuot. Discovery (4/24-4/29/90)          Bruce McCandless 2d, Kathryn D. Sullivan,                                  Loren J. Shriver, Charles F. Bolden Jr.,                                  Steven A. Hawley. %@TE:  140  7153 02 34 42 @%

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%@2@%                       %@AS@%International Space Projects %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AI@%Omni Space Almanac,%@AE@% Pharos Books %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   16   835 02 34 42 @%Date                              Event%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1991%@AE@%                              Eureca, Europe's first free-flying,                                   retrievable space platform, launched.%@AB@%1992%@AE@%                              Japan's H-2 launch rocket operational. %@AB@%1995%@AE@%                              Europe's Columbus module and Japan's                                   space station module launched. %@AB@%1995%@AE@%                              Europe's Ariane 5 heavy-lift launch                                   vehicle becomes operational. %@AB@%1997%@AE@%                              Europe's spaceplane, Hermes, built by                                   France. %@TE:   16   835 02 34 42 @%

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%@2@%               %@AS@%Notable U.S. Unmanned and Planetary Missions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   49  3559 02 12 19 47 47 @%Spacecraft  Launch date (GMT)  Mission                                        Remarks %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mariner 2   Aug. 27, 1962      Venus                                          Passed within 22,000 miles from Venus                                                                               12/14/62; contact lost 1/3/63 at 54 million                                                                               milesRanger 7    July 28, 1964      Moon                                           Yielded over 4,000 photosMariner 4   Nov. 28, 1964      Mars                                           Passed behind Mars 7/14/65; took 22 photos                                                                               from 6,000 milesRanger 8    Feb. 17, 1965      Moon                                           Yielded over 7,000 photosSurveyor 3  Apr. 17, 1967      Moon                                           Scooped and tested lunar soilMariner 5   June 14, 1967      Venus                                          In solar orbit; closest Venus fly-by 10/19/67Mariner 6   Feb. 25, 1969      Mars                                           Came within 2,000 miles of Mars 7/31/69; sent                                                                              back data, photosMariner 7   Mar. 27, 1969      Mars                                           Came within 2,000 miles of Mars 8/5/69Mariner 9   May 30, 1971       Mars                                           First craft to orbit Mars 11/13/71; sent back                                                                              over 7,000 photosPioneer 10  Mar. 3, 1972       Jupiter                                        Passed Jupiter 12/3/73; exited the solar                                                                               system 6/14/83Mariner 10  Nov. 3, 1973       Venus, Mercury                                 Passed Venus 2/5/74; arrived Mercury 3/29/74.                                                                              First time gravity of one planet (Venus) used                                                                              to whip spacecraft toward another (Mercury)Viking 1    Aug. 20, 1975      Mars                                           Landed on Mars 7/20/76; did scientific                                                                               research, sent photos; functioned 6 1/2 yearsViking 2    Sept. 9, 1975      Mars                                           Landed on Mars 9/3/76; functioned 3 1/2 yearsVoyager 1   Sept. 5, 1977      Jupiter, Saturn                                Encountered Jupiter 3/5/79; Saturn 11/13/80Voyager 2   Aug. 20, 1977      Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune               Encountered Jupiter 7/9/79; Saturn 8/26/81;                                                                               Uranus 1/8 and 1/27/86; Neptune 8/24/89Pioneer 12  May 20, 1978       Venus                                          Entered Venus orbit 12/4/78Pioneer 13  Aug. 8, 1978       Venus                                          Encountered Venus 12/9/78Titan 4     June 14, 1989      Orbit Earth                                    First of 41 such rockets whose primary                                                                               purpose is defense%@TE:   49  3559 02 12 19 47 47 @%

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%@2@%                 %@AS@%Successful Space Launches: 1957 to 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   %@AS@%(Criterion of success is attainment of Earth orbit or Earth escape) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   13  1128 02 11 08 07 15 07 23 07 07 @%Year       Total%@AH@%1%@AE@%  USSR   United States  Japan  European Space Agency  India  China%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total      2,976   2,016  875            34     16                     3      191957-1959  21      6      15             -      -                      -      -1960-1964  268     76     192            -      -                      -      -1965-1969  586     302    279            -      -                      -      -1970-1974  555     405    139            5      -                      -      21975-1979  607     461    126            10     1                      -      61980-1984  605     483    93             12     8                      3      61985       121     98     17             2      3                      -      11986       103     91     6              2      2                      -      21987       110     95     8              3      2                      -      21988       116     90     12             2      7                      -      4%@TE:   13  1128 02 11 08 07 15 07 23 07 07 @%

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%@2@%                   %@AS@%Notable Proposed U.S. Space Missions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%              National Aeronautics and Space Administration %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   58  4390 02 13 13 49 49 @%Year, Month  Year, Month  Mission                                          Purpose%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1991%@AE@%         Jan.         Tethered Satellite System (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)                    Study gas clouds and electrical fields in space             Feb.         International Microgravity Lab (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)               Establish system for life-science studies             May          Atmospheric Lab for Applications & Science (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)   Study variations in solar spectrum and Earth's                                                                            atmosphere             July         Spacelab (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)                                     Low-gravity experiments             Aug.         Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                 Catalog ultraviolet spectrum of stars and                                                                            galaxies             Oct.         Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)          Study physical processes of upper atmosphere             Nov.         Doppler Imaging Interferometer (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)               Study upper-atmospheric winds                          Small Explorer-1 (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                             First of a series to study space physics and                                                                            atmospheric science%@AB@%1992%@AE@%         May          Space Radar Lab (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)                              Acquire radar images of Earth's surface             June         TOPEX/Poseidon (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                               Study relationship of ocean systems to climate             Sept.        Mars Observer (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                                Study climate and surface of Mars                          Shuttle High-energy Astrophysics Lab (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)         Study X-ray sources and spectrum in space%@AB@%1993%@AE@%         June         Gravity Probe (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)                                Prototype of mission to test Einstein's theory                                                                            of relativity                          Polar (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                                        Study physical properties of the aurora                                                                            borealis             Nov.         Waves in Space Plasmas (%@AH@%c%@AE@%)                       Study gaslike particles in space with                                                                            radio-signal experiments%@AB@%1994%@AE@%                      X-ray Timing Explorer (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                        Study compact X-ray sources such as neutron                                                                            stars and black holes%@AB@%1995%@AE@%                      Advanced X-ray Astronomy Facility (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)            Observatory with high-resolution telescope; to                                                                            be in orbit 15 years%@AB@%1996%@AE@%                      Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)              Study origin and evolution of solar system%@AB@%1997%@AE@%                      Earth Observing System (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                       Orbit and study Earth%@AB@%1998%@AE@%                      Cassini (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                                      Study Saturn%@AB@%1999%@AE@%                      Space Infrared Telescope Facility (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)            Measure infrared emissions from Milky Way to                                                                            get clearer picture of galaxy%@AB@%2000%@AE@%                      Mars Rover Sample Return (%@AH@%d%@AE@%)                     Collect Martian-soil samples and return to                                                                            Earth for observation (a) Launched by                                                                            expendable rocket. (b) Launched by shuttle. (c)                                                                           Carried aboard shuttle. (d) To be determined. %@TE:   58  4390 02 13 13 49 49 @%

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shuttle. %@AH@%d%@AE@% To be determined.%@NL@%
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%@2@%           %@AS@%Notable Around the World and Intercontinental Trips %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  121 12731 02 37 37 37 15 15 15 06 37 @%                                     From/To                              Miles                                Time           Time           Time           Time  Date %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Nellie Bly                           New York/New York                    New York/New York                    72d            06h            11m                  1889George Francis Train                 New York/New York                    New York/New York                    67d            12h            03m                  1890 Charles Fitzmorris                   Chicago/Chicago                      Chicago/Chicago                      60d            13h            29m                  1901 J. W. Willis Sayre                   Seattle/Seattle                      Seattle/Seattle                      54d            09h            42m                  1903 J. Alcock-A.W. Brown (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)             Newfoundland/Ireland                 1,960                                               16h            12m                  June 14-15, 1919 Two U.S. Army airplanes              Seattle/Seattle                      26,103                               35d            01h            11m                  1924 Richard E. Byrd (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                  Spitsbergen/N. Pole                  1,545                                               15h            30m                  May 9, 1926 Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile            Spitsbergen/Teller, Alaska           Spitsbergen/Teller, Alaska                          80h                                 May 11-14,1926 Expedition                                                                                                                                                        E.S. Evans and L. Wells (N. Y.World)  New York/New York                    18,400                               28d            14h            36m            05s   June 16-July 14, 1926 (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)                                                                                                                                                               Charles Lindbergh(%@AH@%4%@AE@%)                 New York/Paris                       3,610                                               33h            29m            30s   May 20-21, 1927 Amelia Earhart, W. Stultz, L.        Newfoundland/Wales                   Newfoundland/Wales                                  20h            40m                  June 17-18, 1928 Gordon                                                                                                                                                            Graf Zeppelin                        Friedrichshafen, Ger./Lakehurst,     6,630                                4d             15h            46m                  Oct. 11-15, 1928                                     N.J.                                                                                                                         Graf Zeppelin                        Friedrichshafen, Ger./Lakehurst,     21,700                               20d            04h                                 Aug. 14-Sept. 4, 1929                                     N.J.                                                                                                                         Wiley Post and Harold Gatty          New York/New York                    15,474                               8d             15h            51m                  July 1, 1931 (Monoplane Winnie Mae)                                                                                                                                            C. Pangborn-H. Herndon Jr. (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)       Misawa, Japan/Wenatchee, Wash.       4,458                                               41h            34m                  Oct. 3-5, 1931 Amelia Earhart (%@AH@%6%@AE@%)                   Newfoundland/Ireland                 2,026                                               14h            56m                  May 20-21, 1932 Wiley Post (Monoplane Winnie Mae) (%@AH@%%@AE@%  New York/New York                    15,596                                              115h           36m            30s   July 15-22, 1933 %@AH@%7%@AE@%)                                                                                                                                                                Hindenburg Zeppelin                  Lakehurst, N.J./Frankfort, Ger.      Lakehurst, N.J./Frankfort, Ger.                     42h            53m                  Aug. 9-11, 1936 H. R. Ekins (Scripps-Howard          Lakehurst, N.J./Lakehurst, N.J.      25,654                               18d            11h            14m            33s   Sept, 30-Oct. 19, 1936 Newspapers in race)(Zeppelin                                                                                                                                      Hindenburgto Germany air planes                                                                                                                                   from Frankfurt)                                                                                                                                                   Howard Hughes and 4 assistants       New York/New York                    14,824                               3d             19h            08m            10s   July 10-13, 1938  Douglas Corrigan                     New York/Dublin                      New York/Dublin                                     28h            13m                  July 17-18, 1938 Mrs. Clara Adams (Pan American       Port Washington, N.Y./Newark, N.J.   Port Washington, N.Y./Newark, N.J.   16d            19h            04m                  June 28-July 15, 1939 Clipper)                                                                                                                                                          Globester, U.S. Air Transport        Wash., D.C./Wash., D.C.              23,279                                              149h           44m                  Oct. 4, 1945 Command                                                                                                                                                           Capt. William P. Odom (A-26          New York/New York                    20,000                                              78h            55m            12s   Apr. 12-16, 1947 Reynolds Bombshell)                                                                                                                                               America, Pan American 4-engine       New York/New York                    22,219                                              101h           32m                  June 17-30, 1947  Lockheed Constellation (%@AH@%8%@AE@%)                                                                                                                                        Col. Edward Eagan                    New York/New York                    20,559                                              147h           15m                  Dec. 13, 1948  USAF B-50 Lucky Lady II (Capt.       Ft. Worth, Tex./Ft. Worth, Tex.      23,452                                              94h            01m                  Feb. 26-Mar. 2, 1949 James Gallagher) (%@AH@%9%@AE@%)                                                                                                                                              Col. D. Schilling, USAF (%@AH@%10%@AE@%)         England/Limestone, Me.               3,300                                               10h            01m                  Sept. 22, 1950 C.F. Blair Jr.                       Norway/Alaska                        3,300                                               10h            29m                  May 29, 1951 Two U.S. S-55                        Massachusetts/Scotland               3,410                                               42h            30m                  July 15-31, 1952 Canberra Bomber (%@AH@%11%@AE@%)                 N. Ireland/Newfoundland              2,073                                               04h            34m                  Aug. 26, 1952Canberra Bomber (%@AH@%11%@AE@%)                 Newfoundland/N. Ireland              2,073                                               03h            25m                  Aug. 26, 1952 Three USAF B-52 Stratofortresses (%@AH@%%@AE@%   Merced, Cal./Cal.                    24,325                                              45h            19m                  Jan. 15-18, 1957 %@AH@%12%@AE@%)                                                                                                                                                               Max Conrad                           Chicago/Rome                         5,000                                               34h            03m                  Mar. 5-6, 1959 USSR TU-114 (%@AH@%13%@AE@%)                     Moscow/New York                      5,092                                               11h            06m                  June 28, 1959 Boeing 707-320                       New York/Moscow                      c.5090                                              08h            54m                  July 23, 1959 Peter Gluckmann (solo)               San Francisco/San Francisco          22,800                               29d                                                Aug. 22-Sept. 20, 1959 Sue Snyder                           Chicago/Chicago                      21,219                                              62h            59m                  June 22-24, 1960 Max Conrad (solo)                    Miami/Miami                          25,946                               8d             18h            35m            57s   Feb. 28-Mar. 8, 1961 Sam Miller & Louis Fodor             New York/New York                    New York/New York                                   46h            28m                  Aug. 3-4, 1963 Robert & Joan Wallick                Manila/Manila                        23,129                               5d             06h            17m            10s   June 2-7, 1966 Arthur Godfrey, Richard Merrill      New York/New York                    23,333                                              86h            9m             01s   June 4-7, 1966 Fred Austin, Karl Keller                                                                                                                                          Trevor K. Brougham                   Darwin, Australia/Darwin             24,800                               5d             05h            57m                  Aug. 5-10, 1972 Walter H. Mullikin, Albert Frink,    New York/New York                    23,137                               1d             22h                           50s   May 1-3,1976 Lyman Watt, Frank Cassaniti, Edward                                                                                                                               Shields                                                                                                                                                           David Kunst (%@AH@%15%@AE@%)                     Waseca, Minn./Waseca, Minn.          14,500                               4yrs 3mos 16d  4yrs 3mos 16d  4yrs 3mos 16d        June 10, 1970-Oct. 5, 1974 Arnold Palmer                        Denver/Denver                        22,985                                              57h            25m            42s   May 17-19, 1976 Boeing 747 (%@AH@%14%@AE@%)                      San Francisco/San Francisco          26,382                                              54h            7m             12s   Oct. 28-31, 1977 Concorde                             London/Wash., D.C.                   1,023 mph                                           03h            34m            48s   May 29, 1976 Concorde                             Paris/New York                       1,037.50 mph                                        03h            30m            11s   Aug. 22, 1978 Richard Rutan & Jeana Yeager (%@AH@%16%@AE@%)    Edwards AFB, Cal.                    24,986                               9d                            03m            44s   Dec. 14-23, 1986 %@TE:  121 12731 02 37 37 37 15 15 15 06 37 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Non-stop transatlantic flight. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Polar flight.%@AH@%3%@AE@% Mileage by train and auto,
4,110; by plane, 6,300; by steamship,8,000. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Solo transatlantic flight in
the Ryan monoplane the"Spirit of St. Louis". %@AH@%5%@AE@% Non-stop Pacific flight.%@AH@%6%@AE@%
Woman's transoceanic solo flight. %@AH@%7%@AE@% First to fly soloaround northern
circumference of the world, also first to fly twicearound the world. %@AH@%8%@AE@%
Inception of regular commercial global air service.%@AH@%9%@AE@% First non-stop
round-the-world flight, refueled 4 times in flight.%@AH@%10%@AE@% Non-stop jet
transatlantic flight. %@AH@%11%@AE@% Transatlantic round trip onsame day. %@AH@%12%@AE@% First
non-stop global flight by jet planes; refueled inflight by KC-97 aerial
tankers; average speed approx. 525 mph.%@AH@%13%@AE@% Non-stop between Moscow and New
York. %@AH@%14%@AE@% Speed record around theworld over both the earth's poles. %@AH@%15%@AE@% First
to circle the earth on foot.%@AH@%16%@AE@% Circled the earth nonstop without refueling.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%International Aeronautical Records %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%The National Aeronautic Association, 1763 R St. NW, Washington, DC 20009,%@EH@%
representative in the United States of the Federation Aeronautique
Internationale, certifying agency for world aviation and space records. The
International Aeronautical Federation was formed in 1905 by representatives
from Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and
the United States, with headquarters in Paris. Regulations for the control
of official records were signed Oct. 14, 1905. World records are defined as
maximum performance, regardless of class or type of aircraft used. Records
to mid-1990. %@NL@%
%@3@%         %@AS@%World Absolute Records--Maximum Performance in Any Class %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed over a straight course%@AE@% -- 2,193.16 mph -- Capt. Elden W. Joersz, USAF,%@EH@%
Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 28, 1976.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed over a closed circuit%@AE@% -- 2,092.294 mph -- Maj. Adolphus H. Bledsoe%@EH@%
Jr., USAF, Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 27, 1976. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed around the world, non-stop, nonrefueled%@AE@% -- 115.65 mph  -- Richard%@EH@%
Rutan & Jeana Yeager, U.S., Voyager, Edwards AFB, Cal., Dec. 14-23, 1986. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Altitude%@AE@% -- (123,523.58 feet) -- Alexander Fedotov, USSR, E-266M;%@EH@%
Podmoskovnoye, USSR, Aug. 31, 1977.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Altitude in horizontal flight%@AE@% -- 85,068.997 ft. -- Capt. Robert C. Helt,%@EH@%
USAF, Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 28, 1976. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Class K Spacecraft %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Duration%@AE@% -- 326 days, 11 hours, 15 minutes -- Col. Yuri V. Romanenko, USSR,%@EH@%
space station %@AI@%MIR;%@AE@% Feb. 5 --Dec. 29, 1987.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Altitude%@AE@% -- 234,672.5 mi. -- Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr., William%@EH@%
Anders, Apollo 8; Dec. 21-27, 1968.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Greatest mass lifted%@AE@% -- 282,197 lbs. -- Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr.,%@EH@%
William Anders, Apollo 8; Dec. 21-27, 1968.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Distance%@AE@% -- 87,436,800 mi. -- Anatoly Beresovoy & Valentin Lebedev, USSR,%@EH@%
Salyut 7, Soyuz T5, Soyuz T7; May 13-Dec. 10, 1982.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%World "Class" Records %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All other records, international in scope, are termed World "Class" records%@EH@%
and are divided into classes: airships, free balloons, airplanes, seaplanes,
amphibians, gliders, and rotorplanes. Airplanes (Class C) are sub-divided
into four groups: Group 1 -- piston engine aircraft, Group II -- turboprop
aircraft, Group III -- jet aircraft, Group IV -- rocket powered aircraft. A
partial listing of world records follows: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%              %@AS@%Airplanes (Class C-I, Group I--piston engine) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Distance, closed circuit%@AE@% -- 24,986.727 mi. -- Richard Rutan & Jeana Yeager,%@EH@%
U.S., Voyager; Edwards AFB, Cal., Dec. 14-23, 1986.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 100 kilometers (62.137 miles) without payload %@AE@%-- 469.549 mph --%@EH@%
Jacqueline Cochran, U.S.; North American P-51; Coachella Valley, Cal., Dec.
10, 1947.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 1,000 kilometers (621.369 miles) without payload%@AE@% -- 431.09 mph --%@EH@%
Jacqueline Cochran, U.S.; North American P-51; Santa Rosasummit, Cal. --
Flagstaff, Ariz. course, May 24, 1948.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 5,000 kilometers (3,106.849 miles) without payload%@AE@% -- 338.39 mph%@EH@%
-- Capt. James Bauer, USAF, Boeing B-29; Dayton, Oh., June 28, 1946.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed around the world%@AE@% -- 203.64 mph -- D.N. Dalton, Australia; Beechcraft%@EH@%
Duke; Brisbane, Aust., July 20-25, 1975. Time: 5 days, 2 hours, 19 min., 57
sec.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Light Airplanes--(Class C-1.d) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great Circle distance without landing%@AE@% --  7,929.71 mi. -- Peter Wilkins,%@EH@%
Australia, Piper Malibu, Sydney, Aust. to Phoenix, Ariz., Mar. 30-Apr. 1,
1987.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 100 kilometers%@AE@% -- (62,137 miles) in a closed circuit -- 322.780%@EH@%
mph -- Ms. R. M. Sharpe, Great Britain; Vickers Supermarine Spitfire 5-B;
Wolverhampton, June 17, 1950.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Helicopters (Class E-1) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great Circle distance without landing%@AE@% -- 2,213.04 mi. -- Robert G. Ferry,%@EH@%
U.S.; Hughes YOH-6A helicopter; Culver City, Cal., to Ormond Beach, Fla.,
Apr. 6-7, 1966.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed around the world%@AE@% --35.40 mph -- H. Ross Perot Jr.; Bell 206 L-11 Long%@EH@%
Ranger N39112; Dallas, Tex.-Dallas, Tex.; Sept. 1-30, 1982; 29 days, 3 hrs.,
8 min., 13 sec.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%Gliders (Class D-I--single seater) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Distance, straight line%@AE@% -- 907.7 mi. -- Hans Werner Grosse, West Germany;%@EH@%
ASK12 sailplane; Luebeck to Biarritz, Apr. 25, 1972.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Distance to a goal & return%@AE@% -- 1,023.25 mi. -- Thomas Knauff, U.S. Nimbus%@EH@%
III; Williamsport, Pa., Apr. 25, 1983. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%Airplanes (Class C-I, Group II--Turboprop) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great Circle distance without landing%@AE@% -- 8,732.09 mi.-- Lt. Col. Edgar L.%@EH@%
Allison Jr., USAF, Lockheed HC-130 Hercules aircraft; Taiwan to Scott AFB,
Ill.; Feb. 20, 1972.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Altitude%@AE@% -- (51,014 ft.) -- Donald R. Wilson, U.S.; LTV L450F aircraft;%@EH@%
Greenville, Tex., Mar. 27, 1972.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 1,000 kilometers (621.369 miles) without payload%@AE@% -- 541.449 mph --%@EH@%
Ivan Soukhomline, USSR; TU-114 aircraft;   Sternberg, USSR; Mar. 24, 1960.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 5,000 kilometers (3,106.849 miles) without payload%@AE@% -- 545.072 mph%@EH@%
-- Ivan Soukhomline, USSR; TU-114 aircraft,   Sternberg, USSR; Apr. 9, 1960.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed around the world%@AE@% --304.80 mph -- Joe Harnish, U.S., Gulfstream%@EH@%
Commander 695A, Elkhart, Ind., Mar. 21-24, 1983. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%Airplanes (Class C-1, Group III--Engine) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great Circle distance without landing%@AE@% -- 12,532.28 mi. -- Maj. Clyde P.%@EH@%
Evely, USAF, Boeing B-52-H, Kadena, Okinawa to Madrid, Spain, Jan. 10-11,
1962.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Distance in a closed circuit%@AE@% -- 12,521.78 mi. -- Vladimir Tersky, USSR,%@EH@%
AN-124, Podmoskovnoye, USSR, May 6-7, 1987.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Altitude%@AE@% -- 123,523.58 ft. -- Alexander Fedotov, USSR; E-226M airplane;%@EH@%
Podmoskovnoye, USSR, Aug. 31, 1977.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 100 kilometers in a closed circuit%@AE@% -- 1,618.7 mph -- Alexander%@EH@%
Fedotov, USSR; E-266 airplane, Apr. 8, 1973.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 500 kilometers in a closed circuit%@AE@% -- 1,852.61 mph -- Mikhail%@EH@%
Komarov, USSR; E-266 airplane, Oct. 5, 1967.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 1,000 kilometers in a closed circuit%@AE@% -- 2,092.294 mph -- Maj.%@EH@%
Adolphus H. Bledsoe Jr., USAF; Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 27,
1976.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed for 2,000 kilometers without payload%@AE@% -- 1,250.42 mph -- S. Agapov,%@EH@%
USSR; Podmoscovnde, USSR; July 20, 1983.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Speed around the world%@AE@% -- 637.71 mph -- Allen E. Paulson, U.S., Gulfstream%@EH@%
IV, Houston, Tex., Feb. 26-28, 1988. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Balloons-Class  A %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Altitude%@AE@% -- (113,739.9 ft.) -- Cmdr. Malcolm D. Ross, USNR; Lee Lewis%@EH@%
Memorial Winzen Research Balloon; Gulf of Mexico, May 4, 1961. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Distance%@AE@% --(5,208.67 mi.) -- Ben Abruzzo; Raven Experimental; Nagashima,%@EH@%
Japan to Covello, Cal., Nov. 9-12, 1981.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Duration --%@AE@%137 hr., 5 min., 50 sec. -- Ben Abruzzo and Maxie Anderson;%@EH@%
Double Eagle II; Presque Isle, Maine to Miserey, France (3,107.61 mi.); Aug.
12-17, 1978. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%FAI Course Records %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Los Angeles to New York%@AE@% -- 1,214.65 mph -- Capt. Robert G. Sowers, USAF;%@EH@%
Convair B-58 Hustler; elapsed time: 2 hrs. 58.71 sec., Mar. 5, 1962.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York to Los Angeles%@AE@% -- 1,081.80 mph -- Capt. Robert G. Sowers, USAF;%@EH@%
Convair B-58 Hustler; elapsed time: 2 hrs. 15 min. 50.08 sec., Mar. 5, 1962.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York to Paris%@AE@% -- 1,089.36 mph -- Maj. W. R. Payne, U.S.; Convair B-58%@EH@%
Hustler; elapsed time: 3 hrs 19 min. 44 sec., May 26, 1961.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%London to New York%@AE@% -- 587.457 mph -- Maj. Burl  Davenport, USAF; Boeing%@EH@%
KC-135;    elapsed time: 5 hrs. 53 min. 12.77 sec.; June 27, 1958. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Baltimore to Moscow, USSR%@AE@% -- 563.36 mph -- Col. James B. Swindal, USAF;%@EH@%
Boeing VC-137 (707); elapsed time: 8 hrs. 33 min. 45.4 sec., May 19, 1963.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York to London%@AE@% -- 1,806.964 mph -- Maj. James V. Sullivan, USAF;%@EH@%
Lockheed SR-71; elapsed time 1 hr. 54 min. 56.4 sec., Sept. 1, 1974.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%London to Los Angeles%@AE@% -- 1,435.587 mph -- Capt. Harold B. Adams, USAF;%@EH@%
Lockheed SR-71; elapsed time: 3 hrs. 47 min. 39 sec., Sept. 13, 1974. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%The Busiest U.S. Airports in 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   Air Transport Association of America%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%(Passengers arriving & departing) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1063 01 35 41 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Chicago O'Hare                     59,130,007Dallas/Ft. Worth                   47,579,046 Los Angeles                        44,967,221 Atlanta                            43,312,285 New York (JFK)                     30,323,077 San Francisco                      29,939,835 Denver                             27,568,033 Miami                              23,385,010 New York (LGA)                     23,158,317 Honolulu                           22,617,340 Boston                             23,272,690 Detroit                            21,495,159 Newark                             20,927,946 Phoenix                            20,710,790 St. Louis                          20,015,015 Minneapolis/St. Paul               19,400,815 Orlando                            17,232,351 Pittsburgh                         17,145,272 Las Vegas                          16,684,036 Houston                            16,007,355 %@TE:   21  1063 01 35 41 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Busiest Foreign Airports in 1989%@AH@%*%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 Airport Operators Council International %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%(passengers arriving & departing) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  1187 01 44 32 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%London, UK, Heathrow                        39,905,200Tokyo, Japan, Haneda                        36,567,738 Frankfurt, W. Germany                       26,006,900 Paris, France, Orly                         24,288,440 Osaka, Japan                                21,873,831 London, UK, Gatwick                         21,293,200 Paris, France, Charles De Gaulle            20,669,542 Toronto, Canada, Lester B. Pearson          20,418,094 Hong Kong                                   17,431,124 New Tokyo-Narita                            16,982,055 Rome, Italy, Fiumicino                      16,117,277 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Schiphol            15,998,174 Stockholm, Sweden, Arlanda                  14,278,156 Singapore, Changi                           12,973,237 Bangkok                                     12,669,102 Copenhagen, Denmark                         12,436,654 Zurich, Switzerland                         12,150,558 Athens                                      10,514,367 Munich-Riem, W. Germany                     10,100,858 %@TE:   20  1187 01 44 32 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Does not include airports that did not respond to the AOCI survey. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%U.S. Scheduled Airline Traffic%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   Air Transport Association of America%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%(thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14  1045 02 42 13 13 14 @%                                          1987         1988         1989%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Passenger trafficRevenue passengers enplaned               447,678      454,614      453,692Revenue passenger miles                   404,471,484  423,301,559  432,714,309 Available seat miles                      648,720,938  676,802,328  684,375,876 Revenue passenger load factor(%)          62.3         62.5         63.2 Cargo traffic (ton miles)                 10,016,111   11,469,193   12,185,968Freight and express                       8,260,278    9,632,219    10,274,534 U.S. Mail                                 1,721,263    1,836,974    1,911,434 Overall traffic and serviceTotal revenue ton miles--charter service  4,448,871    4,597,536    5,616,380 Total revenue ton miles--all services     54,917,632   58,397,186   61,073,778 Total available ton miles--all services   99,152,795   105,372,555  109,360,431 %@TE:   14  1045 02 42 13 13 14 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%U.S. Airline Safety %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   National Transportation Safety Board %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  1208 02 06 23 17 12 40 @%      Departures (millions)  Fatal Accidents  Fatalities  Fatal accidents per 100,000 departures%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1976  4.8                    2                38          0.0411977  4.9                    3                78          0.061 1978  5.0                    5                160         0.100 1979  5.4                    4                351         0.074 1980  5.4                    0                0           0.000 1981  5.2                    4                4           0.077 1982  5.0                    4                233         0.060 1983  5.0                    4                15          0.079 1984  5.4                    1                4           0.018 1985  5.8                    4                197         0.069 1986  6.4                    2                5           0.016 1987  6.6                    4%@AH@%1%@AE@%               231         0.046%@AH@%1%@AE@%1988  6.7                    3%@AH@%1%@AE@%               285         0.030%@AH@%1%@AE@%1989  6.6                    11               278         0.167%@TE:   16  1208 02 06 23 17 12 40 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Sabotage-caused accidents are incl. in the Accidents but not in the
Accident rates. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Leading Passenger Airlines in 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(In thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22   897 02 30 46 @%Airline                       Passengers%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%American                      72,359Delta                         68,200United                        54,919USAir                         44,495Northwest                     38,627Continental                   34,957Trans World                   25,150Southwest                     20,241Pan American                  17,174Piedmont                      16,657Eastern                       14,517America West                  13,300Hawaiian                      5,277Alaska                        4,963Midway                        4,681Braniff                       4,316Aloha                         4,002Air Wisconsin                 2,195West Air                      1,819Horizon Air                   1,587%@TE:   22   897 02 30 46 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Aircraft in Operation and Aircraft Age: 1983 to 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          AVMARK, Arlington, VA. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(As of January 1. For U.S. domestic major and national services. Major%@EH@%
%@AS@%carriers have operating revenues of $1 billion of more; national carriers
%@AS@%have operating revenues of $75 million to $1 billion) %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  2852 03 26 23 23 23 23 18 18 18 18 @%                          Aircraft in Operation  Aircraft in Operation  Aircraft in Operation  Aircraft in Operation  Mean Age (years)  Mean Age (years)  Mean Age (years)  Mean Age (years)Type of Aircraft          1983                   1985                   1987                   1989                   1983              1985              1987              1989%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Industry total            2,360                  2,790                  2,816                  3,190                  10.5              10.8              11.8              12.0Boeing 727%@AH@%1%@AE@%               1,001                  996                    993                    956                    10.5              12.0              13.9              15.5Boeing 737                270                    365                    547                    698                    8.9               9.1               8.8               8.2Boeing 747                130                    136                    124                    136                    10.9              11.8              15.0              15.8Boeing 757                2                      23                     73                     107                    1.0               2.0               2.4               3.6Boeing 767                14                     54                     61                     111                    1.0               2.6               3.9               4.3Airbus A300/A310          30                     134                    59                     76                     3.4               1.9               5.7               5.3Lockheed L-1011%@AH@%1%@AE@%          119                    184                    107                    111                    7.3               7.5               11.0              13.0McDonnell Douglas DC-8%@AH@%1%@AE@%   98                     72                     52                     40                     15.8              17.2              18.8              20.9McDonnell Douglas DC-9%@AH@%1%@AE@%   541                    658                    433                    455                    11.9              9.9               16.7              18.5McDonnell Douglas DC-10%@AH@%1%@AE@%  155                    168                    161                    159                    9.1               9.8               12.5              14.6McDonnell Douglas MD-80   %@AH@%X%@AE@%                      %@AH@%X%@AE@%                      206                    341                    %@AH@%X%@AE@%                 %@AH@%X%@AE@%                 3.1               3.9%@TE:   15  2852 03 26 23 23 23 23 18 18 18 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%X%@AE@% Not applicable. %@AH@%1%@AE@% No longer in production.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%NASA Outlays for Operations & Research and Development%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   U.S. Office of Management and Budget%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8  1541 03 06 15 17 13 14 28 25 12 14 28 25 @%                                      Performance  Performance   Performance                 Performance              Facilities  Facilities    Facilities                  FacilitiesYear  Total outlays  Percent change%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Total        Space flight  Space science applications  Air transport and other  Total       Space flight  Space science applications  Air transport and other%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1970  $3,753         -11.7            $3,699       $2,195        $963                        $541                     $54         $14           $21                         $191975  3,266          .3               3,181        1,500         1,076                       606                      85          35            9                           421980  4,850          15.8             4,710        2,556         1,341                       482                      140         38            5                           971985  7,251          2.9              7,004        3,852         1,834                       594                      247         70            23                          1541988  9,092          19.8             8,693        4,882         1,777                       1,018                    399         130           48                          221%@TE:    8  1541 03 06 15 17 13 14 28 25 12 14 28 25 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Change from immediate prior year.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%National Aviation Hall of Fame %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%The National Aviation Hall of Fame at Dayton, Oh., is dedicated to honoring%@EH@%
%@AS@%the outstanding pioneers of air and space. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Allen, William M. %@NL@%
Andrews, Frank M.%@NL@%
Armstrong, Neil A.%@NL@%
Arnold, Henry H. "Hap"%@NL@%
Atwood, John Leland%@NL@%
Balchen, Bernt%@NL@%
Baldwin, Thomas S.%@NL@%
Beachey, Lincoln%@NL@%
Beech, Olive A.%@NL@%
Beech, Walter H.%@NL@%
Bell, Alexander Graham%@NL@%
Bell, Lawrence D.%@NL@%
Boeing, William E.%@NL@%
Bong, Richard I.%@NL@%
Borman, Frank%@NL@%
Boyd, Albert%@NL@%
Brown, George "Scratchley"%@NL@%
Byrd, Richard E.%@NL@%
Cessna, Clyde V.%@NL@%
Chamberlin, Clarence D.%@NL@%
Chanute, Octave%@NL@%
Chennault, Claire L.%@NL@%
Cochran (Odlum), Jacqueline%@NL@%
Collins, Michael%@NL@%
Conrad Jr., Charles%@NL@%
Crossfield, A. Scott%@NL@%
Cunningham, Alfred A.%@NL@%
Curtiss, Glenn H.%@NL@%
deSeversky, Alexander P.%@NL@%
Doolittle, James H.%@NL@%
Douglas, Donald W.%@NL@%
Draper, Charles S.%@NL@%
Eaker, Ira C.%@NL@%
Earhart, (Putnam), Amelia%@NL@%
Eielson, C. Benjamin%@NL@%
Ellyson, Theodore G. %@NL@%
Ely, Eugene B.%@NL@%
Everest, Frank K.%@NL@%
Fairchild, Sherman M.%@NL@%
Fleet, Reuben H.%@NL@%
Fokker, Anthony H.G.%@NL@%
Ford, Henry%@NL@%
Foss, Joseph%@NL@%
Foulois, Benjamin D.%@NL@%
Gabreski, Francis S.%@NL@%
Glenn Jr., John H.%@NL@%
Goddard, George W.%@NL@%
Goddard, Robert H. %@NL@%
Godfrey, Arthur%@NL@%
Goldwater, Barry M.%@NL@%
Grissom, Virgil I.%@NL@%
Gross, Robert E.%@NL@%
Grumman, Leroy R.%@NL@%
Guggenheim, Harry F.%@NL@%
Haughton, Daniel J.%@NL@%
Hegenberger, Albert F.%@NL@%
Heinemann, Edward H.%@NL@%
Hoover, Robert A.%@NL@%
Hughes, Howard R.%@NL@%
Ingalls, David S.%@NL@%
Jeppesen, Elrey B.%@NL@%
Johnson, Clarence L.%@NL@%
Kenney, George C.%@NL@%
Kettering, Charles F.%@NL@%
Kindelberger, James H.%@NL@%
Knabenshue, A. Roy%@NL@%
Knight, William J.%@NL@%
Lahm, Frank P.%@NL@%
Langley, Samuel P.%@NL@%
Lear, William P. Sr.%@NL@%
LeMay, Curtis E.%@NL@%
LeVier, Anthony W.%@NL@%
Lindbergh, Anne M.%@NL@%
Lindbergh, Charles A. %@NL@%
Link, Edwin A.%@NL@%
Lockheed, Allan H.%@NL@%
Loening, Grover %@NL@%
Luke Jr., Frank%@NL@%
Macready, John A.%@NL@%
Martin, Glenn L.%@NL@%
McDonnell, James S.%@NL@%
Mitscher, Marc A.%@NL@%
Meyer, John C.%@NL@%
Mitchell, William "Billy"%@NL@%
Montgomery, John J.%@NL@%
Moorer, Thomas H.%@NL@%
Moss, Sanford A.%@NL@%
Neumann, Gerhard%@NL@%
Northrop, John K.%@NL@%
Patterson, William A.%@NL@%
Piper Sr., William T.%@NL@%
Post, Wiley H.%@NL@%
Read, Albert C.%@NL@%
Reeve, Robert C. %@NL@%
Rentschler, Frederick B.%@NL@%
Richardson, Holden C.%@NL@%
Rickenbacker, Edward V.%@NL@%
Rodgers, Calbraith P.%@NL@%
Rogers, Will %@NL@%
Rushworth, Robert A.%@NL@%
Ryan, T. Claude%@NL@%
Schirra, Walter M.%@NL@%
Schriever, Bernard A. %@NL@%
Selfridge, Thomas E. %@NL@%
Shepard Jr., Alan B. %@NL@%
Sikorsky, Igor I.%@NL@%
Six, Robert F. %@NL@%
Smith, C.R.%@NL@%
Spaatz, Carl A.%@NL@%
Sperry Sr., Elmer A.%@NL@%
Sperry Sr., Lawrence B.%@NL@%
Stanley, Robert M.%@NL@%
Stapp, John P.%@NL@%
Stearmam, Lloyd C.%@NL@%
Taylor, Charles E.%@NL@%
Towers, John H.%@NL@%
Trippe, Juan T.%@NL@%
Turner, Roscoe%@NL@%
Twining, Nathan F.%@NL@%
von Braun, Wernher%@NL@%
von Karman, Theodore%@NL@%
von Ohain, Hans P.%@NL@%
Vought, Chance M.%@NL@%
Wade, Leigh%@NL@%
Walden, Henry W.%@NL@%
Wilson, Thornton A.%@NL@%
Wright, Orville%@NL@%
Wright, Wilbur%@NL@%
Yeager, Charles E.%@NL@%
Young, John W.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                  %@AS@%ENERGY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Major Energy Developments %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@% Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Annual Energy Review 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. total energy consumption in 1989 reached a record high of 81%@EH@%
quadrillion Btu (3)--an increase of 1.3 percent from 1988--as growth in the
economy promoted an increase in energy demand. The inability of members of
the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to restrain
production played a role in keeping oil prices low during the post-1986
period. Domestic production of crude oil continued to suffer from the
effects of four years of low oil prices. Because of close ties between the
price of crude oil and market conditions, in 1989 three key oil exploration
indicators fell to their lowest level in at least 41 years. In contrast, the
domestic refinery industry benefited from market conditions in 1989, when
low crude oil prices and strong product demand tended to increase profit
margins in the refining industry. Record energy demand coupled with a slight
decline in energy production led to continued growth in net energy
imports--up 7 percent from the 1988 level to 14 quadrillion Btu--a level
that continued to fuel concerns about U.S. dependence on foreign sources of
supply. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(See %@AI@%Chronology and Index%@AE@% for 1990 information.)%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%World Production of Crude Oil%@AH@%1%@AE@%, 1960-1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 1989        %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%(millions of barrels per day) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   25  2406 02 21 13 08 07 08 06 06 07 07 13 @%Year                 Total%@AH@%2%@AE@% OPEC  Canada  China  Mexico  U.K.  U.S.  USSR   Other  Total World%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1960                 8.70         0.52    0.10   0.27    (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   7.04  2.91   1.42   20.961965                 14.34        0.81    0.23   0.32    (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   7.80  4.79   2.01   30.301970                 23.41        1.26    0.60   0.49    (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   9.64  6.97   3.50   45.871971                 25.33        1.35    0.78   0.49    (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   9.46  7.44   3.64   48.481972                 27.09        1.53    0.90   0.51    (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   9.44  7.88   3.77   51.131973                 30.99        1.80    1.09   0.47    (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   9.21  8.33   3.80   55.681974                 30.73        1.55    1.32   0.57    (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   8.77  8.86   3.86   55.661975                 27.15        1.43    1.49   0.71    0.01  8.38  9.47   4.14   52.781976                 30.74        1.31    1.67   0.83    0.25  8.13  9.99   4.36   57.271977                 31.30        1.32    1.87   0.98    0.77  8.25  10.49  4.62   59.591978                 29.88        1.32    2.08   1.21    1.08  8.71  10.95  4.78   60.001979                 31.00        1.50    2.12   1.46    1.57  8.55  11.19  5.09   62.481980                 26.99        1.44    2.11   1.94    1.62  8.60  11.46  5.20   59.351981                 22.84        1.29    2.01   2.31    1.81  8.57  11.55  5.39   55.781982                 19.15        1.27    2.05   2.75    2.07  8.65  11.62  5.65   53.181983                 17.89        1.36    2.12   2.69    2.29  8.69  11.68  6.25   52.971984                 17.86        1.44    2.30   2.78    2.48  8.88  11.58  6.90   54.201985                 16.63        1.47    2.51   2.75    2.53  8.97  11.25  7.54   53.651986                 18.75        1.47    2.62   2.44    2.55  8.68  11.54  7.85   55.891987                 18.58        1.53    2.69   2.54    2.48  8.35  11.69  8.23   56.101988                 20.90        1.61    2.73   2.51    2.23  8.14  11.68  8.66   58.461989                 22.63        1.56    2.76   2.51    1.79  7.61  11.36  9.24   59.461990(Jan.-Mar.Avg.)  24.17        1.51    2.78   2.51    1.90  7.46  11.21  9.62   61.16%@TE:   25  2406 02 21 13 08 07 08 06 06 07 07 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids;%@AH@%2%@AE@% Current
membership of the Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries consist
of Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, andVenezuela; production from the
Neutral Zone between Kuwait and SaudiArabia is included in  "Total OPEC"
production. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Less han 5,000 barrels per day.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%U.S. Net Imports%@AH@%1%@AE@% of Energy by Source %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Monthly Energy Review,        March 1990%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%(Quadrillion Btu)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13  1536 02 19 09 12 21 13 14 11 09 @%Annual total       Coal     Crude Oil%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Petroleum Products%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Natural Gas  Electricity%@AH@%4%@AE@%  Coal Coke  Total%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1973               -1.422   6.883       6.097                0.981        0.148         -0.007     12.6801975               -1.738   8.708       3.800                .904         .064          .014       11.7521980               -2.391   10.586      2.912                .957         .217          -.035      12.2471981               -2.918   8.854       2.522                .857         .347          -.016      9.6461982               -2.768   6.917       2.128                .898         .306          -.022      7.4601983               -2.013   6.731       2.351                .887         .372          -.016      8.3111984               -2.119   6.918       2.970                .792         .409          -.011      8.9591985               -2.389   6.381       2.570                .896         .423          -.013      7.8681988               -2.446   10.698      3.308                1.221        .325          .040       13.1461989               -2.581   12.286%@AH@%R%@AE@%     3.046%@AH@%R%@AE@%               1.309        .114%@AH@%E%@AE@%         .030       14.204%@AH@%R%@AE@%1990 (Jan.-Mar.)   -.571    3.159       .861                 .368         -0.28%@AH@%E%@AE@%        -.001      3.789%@TE:   13  1536 02 19 09 12 21 13 14 11 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Net imports equals imports minus exports. Minus sign indicatesexports are
greater than imports. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes crude oil, leasecondensate, and imports of
crude oil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.%@AH@%3%@AE@% Includes petroleum products,
unfinished oils, pentanes plus, andgasoline blending components. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Assumed
to be hydroelectricity andestimated at the average input heat rate for
fossil fuel steam-electricpower plant generation, which has ranged from 10.3
to 10.5 thousandBtu per kilowatthour since 1973. %@AH@%E%@AE@% = Estimate; %@AH@%R%@AE@% = Revised.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Notes:%@AE@% Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District ofColumbia.
Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%U.S Dependence on Petroleum Net Imports%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Monthly Energy Review,        March 1990%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   30  3649 06 21 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 @%                     Net Imports%@AH@%2%@AE@%             Net Imports%@AH@%2%@AE@%             Net Imports%@AH@%2%@AE@%             Net Imports%@AH@%2%@AE@%             Net Imports as % of U.S.  Net Imports as % of U.S.  Net Imports as % of U.S.                                                                                                                         Petroleum Products       Petroleum Products       Petroleum Products                                                                                                                          Supplied                 Supplied                 SuppliedAnnual Average Rate  From Arab OPEC%@AH@%3%@AE@%          From OPEC%@AH@%4%@AE@%               From All Countries       Petroleum Products       From Arab OPEC%@AH@%3%@AE@%          From OPEC%@AH@%4%@AE@%               From all Countries                                                                                                Supplied                                                                                        Thousand Barrels per     Thousand Barrels per     Thousand Barrels per     Thousand Barrels per     Percent                  Percent                  Percent                     Day                      Day                      Day                      Day                                                                        %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1973                 914                      2,991                    6,025                    17,308                   5.3                      17.3                     34.81975                 1,382                    3.599                    5.846                    16,322                   8.5                      22.0                     35.81980                 2,549                    4,293                    6,365                    17,056                   14.9                     25.2                     37.31981                 1,844                    3,315                    5,401                    16,058                   11.5                     20.6                     33.61982                 852                      2,136                    4,298                    15,296                   5.6                      14.0                     28.11983                 630                      1,843                    4,312                    15,231                   4.1                      12.1                     28.31984                 817                      2,037                    4,715                    15,726                   5.2                      13.0                     30.01985                 470                      1,821                    4,286                    15,726                   3.0                      11.6                     27.31988                 1,837                    3,513                    6,587                    17,283                   10.6                     20.3                     38.11989                 2,128%@AH@%R%@AE@%                   4,124 %@AH@%R%@AE@%                  7,202 %@AH@%R%@AE@%                  17,325 %@AH@%R%@AE@%                 12.3                     23.8                     41.6 %@AH@%R%@AE@%1990 (Jan.-Mar.)     2,399                    4,578                    7,661                    17,025                   14.1                     26.9                     45.0%@TE:   30  3649 06 21 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Beginning in October 1977, Strategic Petroleum Reserves areincluded. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Net
imports equals imports minus exports. Imports frommembers of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)exclude indirect
imports, which are petroleum products imported primarilyfrom Caribbean and
West European areas and refined from crude oil producedby OPEC. %@AH@%3%@AE@% The Arab
members of OPEC are Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and
the United Arab Emirates. Net imports from theNeutral Zone between Kuwait
and Saudi Arabia are included in  net importsfrom "Arab OPEC."  %@AH@%4%@AE@% OPEC
consists of Ecuador, Gabon,Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, and Venezuela, as well
as the Arab members.%@AH@%R%@AE@% = Revised data.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Notes:%@AE@% Geographic coverage is the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia.
Annual averages may not  equal average of quartersdue to independent
rounding.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%U.S. Total Energy Production by Source, 1960-1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Annual Energy Review, 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%(quadrillion Btu, except as noted) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   19  3040 02 18 07 14 12 27 22 25 13 07 17 @%Year              Coal   Natural Gas%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Crude Oil%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Natural Gas Plant Liquids  Hydroelectric Power%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Nuclear Electric Power%@AH@%4%@AE@%  Geothermal%@AH@%4%@AE@%  Total  Percent Change%@AH@%5%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1960              10.82  12.66         14.93       1.46                       1.61                  0.01                     0            41.49  2.21965              13.06  15.78         16.52       1.88                       2.06                  0.04                     (%@AH@%6%@AE@%)          49.34  3.41970              14.61  21.67         20.40       2.51                       2.63                  0.24                     0.01         62.07  5.01975              14.99  19.64         17.73       2.37                       3.15                  1.90                     0.07         59.86  -1.61978              14.91  19.49         18.43       2.25                       2.94                  3.02                     0.06         61.10  1.51979              17.54  20.08         18.10       2.29                       2.93                  2.78                     0.08         63.80  4.41980              18.60  19.91         18.25       2.25                       2.90                  2.74                     0.11         64.76  1.51981              18.38  19.70         18.15       2.31                       2.76                  3.01                     0.12         64.42  -0.51982              18.64  18.25         18.31       2.19                       3.26                  3.13                     0.10         63.89  -0.81983              17.25  16.53         18.39       2.18                       3.50                  3.20                     0.13         61.19  -4.21984              19.72  17.93         18.85       2.27                       3.31                  3.55                     0.16         65.81  7.61985              19.33  16.92         18.99       2.24                       2.94                  4.15                     0.20         64.78  -1.61986              19.51  16.47         18.38       2.15                       3.03                  4.47                     0.22         64.25  -0.81987              20.14  17.05         17.67       2.22                       2.59                  4.91                     0.23         64.82  0.91988              20.74  17.49         17.28       2.26                       2.31                  5.66                     0.24         65.97  1.61989              21.33  17.61         16.12       2.16                       2.75                  5.69                     0.22         65.87  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%1990 (Jan.-Mar.)  5.74   4.60          3.89        .53                        .78                   1.62                     0.05         17.22  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%%@TE:   19  3040 02 18 07 14 12 27 22 25 13 07 17 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Dry natural gas; %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes lease condensate;%@AH@%3%@AE@% Electric utility and
industrial generation of hydroelectric power;%@AH@%4%@AE@% Generated by electric
utilities; %@AH@%5%@AE@% Percent change fromprevious year calculated from data prior to
rounding;%@AH@%6%@AE@% Less than0.005 quadrillion Btu; %@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Not Available.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%U.S. Total Energy Consumption by Source, 1960-1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Annual Energy Review, 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%(quadrillion Btu, except as noted)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   19  2515 02 18 07 13 12 22 25 13 08 17 @%Year              Coal   Natural Gas  Petroleum%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Hydroelectric Power%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Nuclear Electric Power%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Geothermal%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Total   Percent Change%@AH@%4%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1960              9.84   12.39        19.92       1.66                  0.01                     (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)          43.80   3.9 1965              11.58  15.77        23.25       2.06                  0.04                     (%@AH@%5%@AE@%)          52.68   4.31970              12.26  21.79        29.52       2.65                  0.24                     0.01         66.43   3.51975              12.66  19.95        32.73       3.22                  1.90                     0.07         70.55   -2.81978              13.77  20.00        37.97       3.14                  3.02                     0.06         78.09   2.41979              15.04  20.67        37.12       3.14                  2.78                     0.08         78.90   1.01980              15.42  20.39        34.20       3.12                  2.74                     0.11         75.96   -3.71981              15.91  19.93        31.93       3.11                  3.01                     0.12         73.99   -2.61982              15.32  18.51        30.23       3.56                  3.13                     0.10         70.84   -4.31983              15.90  17.36        30.05       3.87                  3.20                     0.13         70.50   -0.51984              17.07  18.51        31.05       3.72                  3.55                     0.16         74.06   5.11985              17.48  17.85        30.92       3.36                  4.15                     0.20         73.96   -0.11986              17.26  16.71        32.20       3.40                  4.47                     0.22         74.26   0.41987              18.01  17.67        32.87       3.07                  4.91                     0.23         76.77   3.41988              18.85  18.55        34.23       2.64                  5.66                     0.27         80.20   4.11989              18.92  19.36        34.21       2.86                  5.67                     0.25         81.28   1.3 1990 (Jan.-Mar.)  4.59   5.89         8.29        .75                   1.62                     0.05         21.20   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%%@TE:   19  2515 02 18 07 13 12 22 25 13 08 17 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Petroleum products supplied including natural gas plant liquidsand crude
oil burned as fuel; %@AH@%2%@AE@% Electric utility and industrialgeneration of
hydroelectric power and net electricity imports;%@AH@%3%@AE@% Generated by electric
utilities; %@AH@%4%@AE@% Percent change from previous yearcalculated from data prior to
rounding; %@AH@%5%@AE@% Less than 0.005 quadrillionBtu; %@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Not Available.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%U.S. Coal Production and Consumption, 1965-1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Annual Energy Review 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(million short tons)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  3512 03 06 17 21 12 12 12 20 13 16 26 13 @%      Production       Production           Production  Production  Production  Consumption         Consumption  Consumption     Consumption               ConsumptionYear  Bituminous Coal  Sub-bituminous Coal  Lignite     Anthracite  Total       Electric Utilities  Coke Plants  Transportation  Residential & Commercial  Total%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1965  512.1            (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)                  (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)         14.9        527.0       244.8               95.3         0.7             25.7                      472.01970  578.5            16.4                 8.0         9.7         612.7       320.2               96.5         0.3             16.1                      523.21975  577.5            51.1                 19.8        6.2         654.6       406.0               83.6         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             9.4                       562.61976  588.4            64.8                 25.5        6.2         684.9       448.4               84.7         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             8.9                       603.81977  581.0            82.1                 28.2        5.9         697.2       477.1               77.7         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             9.0                       625.31978  534.0            96.8                 34.4        5.0         670.2       481.2               71.4         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             9.5                       625.21979  612.3            121.5                42.5        4.8         781.1       527.1               77.4         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             8.4                       680.51980  628.8            147.7                47.2        6.1         829.7       569.3               66.7         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             6.5                       702.71981  608.0            159.7                50.7        5.4         823.8       596.8               61.0         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             7.4                       732.61982  620.2            160.9                52.4        4.6         838.1       593.7               40.9         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             8.2                       706.91983  568.6            151.0                58.3        4.1         782.1       625.2               37.0         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             8.4                       736.71984  649.5            179.2                63.1        4.2         895.9       664.4               44.0         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             9.1                       791.31985  613.9            192.7                72.4        4.7         883.6       693.8               41.1         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             7.8                       818.01986  620.1            189.6                76.4        4.3         890.3       685.1               36.0         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             7.7                       804.31987  636.6            200.2                78.4        3.6         918.8       717.9               37.0         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             6.9                       836.91988  638.1            223.5                85.1        3.6         950.3       758.4               41.9         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             7.1                       889.61989  656.3            227.2                89.6        3.5         974.7       765.6               40.7         (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             6.2                       889.6%@TE:   20  3512 03 06 17 21 12 12 12 20 13 16 26 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Included in bituminous; %@AH@%2%@AE@% Less than 0.05 million shorttons; %@AH@%p%@AE@% =
preliminary.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Major U.S. Dams and Reservoirs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%Committee on Register of Dams, Corps  of Engineers, U.S. Army;September,%@EH@%
1989%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Highest Dams%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1403 03 07 18 19 07 06 08 08 15 @%                                                         Height  HeightOrder  Dam Name          River              State  Type  Feet    Meters  Year Complete%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1      Oroville          Feather            Cal.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     754     230     19682      Hoover            Colorado           Nev.   %@AH@%A%@AE@%     725     221     1936 3      Dworshak          N Fork Clearwater  Id.    %@AH@%G%@AE@%     718     219     1973 4      Glen Canyon       Colorado           Ariz.  %@AH@%A%@AE@%     708     216     1966 5      New Bullards Bar  North Yuba         Cal.   %@AH@%A%@AE@%     636     194     1970 6      New Melones       Stanislaus         Cal.   %@AH@%R%@AE@%     626     191     1979 7      Swift             Lewis              Wash.  %@AH@%E%@AE@%     610     186     1958 8      Mossyrock         Cowlitz            Wash.  %@AH@%A%@AE@%     607     185     1968 9      Shasta            Sacramento         Cal.   %@AH@%G%@AE@%     600     183     1945 10     Hungry Horse      S Fork Flathead    Mon.   %@AH@%A%@AE@%     564     172     1953 11     Grand Coulee      Columbia           Wash.  %@AH@%G%@AE@%     551     168     1942 12     Ross              Skagit             Wash.  %@AH@%A%@AE@%     541     165     1949%@TE:   15  1403 03 07 18 19 07 06 08 08 15 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%E%@AE@% = Embankment, Earthfill; %@AH@%R%@AE@% = Embankment, Rockfill; %@AH@%G%@AE@% = Gravity; %@AH@%A%@AE@% = Arch.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Largest Embankment Dams %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1705 03 07 17 16 07 06 20 21 15 @%                                                     Volume              VolumeOrder  Dam Name         River           State  Type  Cubic yards X 1000  Cubic Meters X 1000  Year Complete%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1      Fort Peck        Missouri        Mon.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     125,624             96,050               19372      Oahe             Missouri        S.D.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     91,996              70,339               1958 3      Oroville         Feather         Cal.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     77,997              59,635               1968 4      San Luis         San Luis Creek  Cal.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     77,897              59,559               1967 5      Garrison         Missouri        N.D.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     66,498              50,843               1953 6      Cochiti          Rio Grande      N.M.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     65,693              50,228               1975 7      Earthquake Lake  Madison         Mon.   %@AH@%E-G%@AE@%   49,998              38,228               1959 8      Fort Randall     Missouri        S.D.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     49,962              38,200               1952 9      Castaic          Castaic Creek   Cal.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     43,998              33,640               1973 10     Ludington P/S    Lake Michigan   Mich.  %@AH@%E%@AE@%     37,699              28,824               1973 11     Kingsley         N. Platte       Neb.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     31,999              24,466               1941 12     Warm Springs     Dry Creek       Cal.   %@AH@%E%@AE@%     29,977              22,920               1982%@TE:   15  1705 03 07 17 16 07 06 20 21 15 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%E%@AE@% = Embankment, Earthfill; %@AH@%R%@AE@% = Embankment, Rockfill; %@AH@%E-R%@AE@% = Embankment, Earth
& Rockfill; %@AH@%G%@AE@% = Gravity; %@AH@%A%@AE@% = Arch.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Largest Man-Made Reservoirs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1632 03 07 15 25 10 20 21 16 @%                                                         Reservoir Capacity  Reservoir CapacityOrder  Dam Name       Reservoir                Location  Acre-Feet           Cubic Meters x 1000  Year Completed%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1      Hoover         Lake Mead                Nev.      28,253,000          34,850,000           19362      Glen Canyon    Lake Powell              Ariz.     26,997,000          33,300,000           1966 3      Garrison       Lake Sakakawea           N.D.      22,635,000          27,920,000           1953 4      Oahe           Lake Oahe                S.D.      22,238,000          27,430,000           1958 5      Fort Peck      Fort Peck Lake           Mon.      17,933,000          22,120,000           1937 6      Grand Coulee   F D Roosevelt Lake       Wash.     9,558,000           11,790,000           1942 7      Libby          Lake Koocanusa           Mon.      5,813,000           7,170,000            1973 8      Fort Randall   Lake Francis Case        S.D.      4,621,000           5,700,000            1952 9      Shasta         Lake Shasta              Cal.      4,548,000           5,610,000            1945 10     Toledo Bend    Toledo Bend Lake         La.       4,475,000           5,520,000            1968 11     Wolf Creek     Cumberland Lake          Ky.       3,997,000           4,930,000            1951 12     Flaming Gorge  Flaming Gorge Reservoir  Ut.       3,786,000           4,670,000            1964%@TE:   15  1632 03 07 15 25 10 20 21 16 @%

%@NL@%
1 acre foot = 1 acre of water, 1 foot deep   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%World's Largest Capacity Hydro Plants %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%U.S. Committee on Large Dams, of the Intl. Commission on Large Dams, Aug.%@EH@%
1990 %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   29  2916 02 12 30 21 25 29 @%Rank order  Name                          Country              Rated capacity now (MW)  Rated capacity planned (MW)%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1           Turukhansk (Lower Tunguska)%@AH@%*%@AE@%  USSR                                          20,0002           Itaipu                        Brazil/Paraguay      7,400                    13,3203           Grand Coulee                  USA                  9,070                    10,8304           Guri (Raul Leoni)             Venezuela            10,300                   10,3005           Tucurui                       Brazil               2,640                    7,2606           Sayano Shushensk%@AH@%*%@AE@%             USSR                 6,400                    6,4007 =         Corpus Posadas                Argentina/ Paraguay  4,700                    6,0007 =         Krasnoyarsk                   USSR                 6,000                    6,0009           La Grande 2                   Canada               5,328                    5,32810          Churchill Falls               Canada               5,225                    5,22511          Xingo                         Brazil               3,012                    5,02012          Tarbela                       Pakistan             1,750                    4,67813 =        Bratsk                        USSR                 4,500                    4,50013 =        Ust-Ilim                      USSR                 3,675                    4,50015          Cabora Bassa                  Mozambique           2,425                    4,15016          Boguchany                     USSR                                          4,00017 =        Rogun%@AH@%*%@AE@%                        USSR                                          3,60017 =        Oak Creek                     USA                  3,600                    3,60019          Paulo Afonso I                Brazil               1,524                    3,40920          Pati%@AH@%*%@AE@%                         Argentina                                     3,30021 =        Ilha Solteira                 Brazil               3,200                    3,20021 =        Brumley Gap%@AH@%*%@AE@%                  USA                  3,200                    3,20023          Chapeton%@AH@%*%@AE@%                     Argentina                                     3,00024          Gezhouba                      China                2,715                    2,71525          John Day                      USA                  2,160                    2,70025          Nurek                         USSR                 900                      2,70025 =        Yacyreta%@AH@%*%@AE@%                     Argentina/Paraguay                            2,700%@TE:   29  2916 02 12 30 21 25 29 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Planned or under construction.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Major Dams of the World %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%U.S. Committee on Large Dams, of the Intl. Commission of Large Dams; Aug.%@EH@%
1990 %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%World's Highest Dams%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  1231 02 12 19 13 35 @%Rank order  Name               Country      Height above lowest formation (m)%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1           Rogun%@AH@%*%@AE@%             USSR         3352           Nurek              USSR         3003           Grand Dixence      Switzerland  2854           Inguri             USSR         2725           Chicoasen          Mexico       2616           Tehri%@AH@%*%@AE@%             India        2617           Kishau%@AH@%*%@AE@%            India        2538 =         Ertan              China        2459 =         Sayano-Shushensk%@AH@%*%@AE@%  USSR         24510          Guavio%@AH@%*%@AE@%            Colombia     24311          Mica               Canada       24212          Mauvoisin          Switzerland  23713          Chivor             Colombia     23714          El Cajon           Honduras     23415          Chirkei            USSR         23316          Oroville           USA          23017          Bhakra             India        22618          Hoover             USA          22119          Contra             Switzerland  22020          Mratinje           Yugoslavia   220%@TE:   22  1231 02 12 19 13 35 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Under construction.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%World's Largest Volume Embankment Dams%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  1264 02 12 18 13 35 @%Rank order  Name              Country      Volume cubic meters [times ] 1000%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1           Tarbela           Pakistan     148,5002           Fort Peck         USA          96,050 3           Tucurui           Brazil       85,200 4           Ataturk%@AH@%*%@AE@%          Turkey       85,000 5           Yacireta%@AH@%*%@AE@%         Argentina    81,000 6           Rogun%@AH@%*%@AE@%            USSR         75,500 7           Oahe              USA          70,339 8           Guri              Venezuela    70,000 9           Parambikulam      India        69,165 10          High Island West  Hong Kong    67,000 11          Gardiner          Canada       65,000 12          Afsluitdijk       Netherlands  63,400 13          Mangla            Pakistan     63,379 14          Oroville          USA          59,635 15          San Luis          USA          59,559 16          Nurek             USSR         58,000 17          Tanda             Pakistan     57,250 18          Garrison          USA          50,843 19          Chochiti          USA          50,228 20          Oosterschelde     Netherlands  50,000%@TE:   22  1264 02 12 18 13 35 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Under construction.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%World's Largest Capacity Manmade Reservoirs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  1580 02 12 29 17 37 @%Rank order  Name                         Country          Capacity cubic meters [times ] 1000%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1           Owen Falls                   Uganda           204,8002           Bratsk                       USSR             169,000 3           Aswan (High)                 Egypt            162,000 4           Kariba                       Zimbabwe/Zambia  160,368 5           Akosombo                     Ghana            147,960 6           Daniel Johnson               Canada           141,851 7           Guri                         Venezuela        135,000 8           Krasnoyarsk                  USSR             73,300 9           W A C Bennett (Portage Mt.)  Canada           70,309 10          Zeya                         USSR             68,400 11          Cabora Bassa                 Mozambique       63,000 12          La Grande 2                  Canada           61,715 13          La Grande 3                  Canada           60,020 14          Ust-Ilim                     USSR             59,300 15          Boguchany%@AH@%*%@AE@%                   USSR             58,200 16          Kuibyshev                    USSR             58,000 17          Serra de Mesa                Brazil           54,400 18          Caniapiscau Barrage KA 3     Canada           53,790 19          Bukhtarma                    USSR             49,800 20          Ataturk                      Turkey           48,700%@TE:   22  1580 02 12 29 17 37 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Under construction  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%    %@AS@%Net Electricity Generation at Electric Utilities by Energy Source %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Annual Energy Review 1989%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(billion kilowatthours)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13  1365 02 07 07 11 13 24 22 08 07 @%Year   Coal   Petroleum  Natural Gas  Nuclear Electric Power  Hydro-electric Power  Other%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Total%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1975   853    289        300          173                     300                   3       1,9181980   1,162  246        346          251                     276                   6       2,2861981   1,203  206        346          273                     261                   6       2,2951982   1,192  147        305          283                     309                   5       2,2411983   1,259  144        274          294                     332                   6       2,3101984   1,342  120        297          328                     321                   9       2,4161985   1,402  100        292          384                     281                   11      2,4701986   1,386  137        249          414                     291                   12      2,4871987   1,464  118        273          455                     250                   12      2,5721988   1,541  149        253          527                     223                   12      2,7041989%@AH@%p%@AE@%  1,551  158        264          529                     264                   11      2,779%@TE:   13  1365 02 07 07 11 13 24 22 08 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Electricity produced from geothermal, wood, waste, wind,photovoltaic, and
solar thermal energy sources connected to electricutility distribution
systems; %@AH@%p%@AE@% = preliminary.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%U.S. Passenger Car Efficiency, 1966-1988%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Annual Energy Review 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   17  2027 03 07 24 20 18 20 18 20 @%       Mileage                 Mileage             Fuel Consumption  Fuel Consumption    Fuel Rate         Fuel RateYear   Thousand Miles per Car  Index 1973 = 100.0  Gallons per Car   Index 1973 = 100.0  Miles per Gallon  Index 1973 = 100.0%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1966   9.92                    96.7                703               91.2                14.1              106.01968   10.14                   98.8                731               94.8                13.9              104.51970   10.27                   100.0               760               98.6                13.5              101.51975   9.69                    94.4                716               93.9                13.5              101.51977   9.88                    96.3                716               93.9                13.8              103.81980   9.14                    89.1                591               76.7                15.5              116.51981   9.19                    89.6                576               74.7                15.9              119.61982   9.43                    91.9                566               73.4                16.7              125.61983   9.48                    92.4                553               71.7                17.1              128.61984   9.56                    93.2                536               69.5                17.8              133.81985   9.56                    93.2                525               68.1                18.2              136.81986   9.61                    93.7                526               68.2                18.3              137.61987   9.88                    96.3                514               66.7                19.2              144.41988%@AH@%p%@AE@%  10.12                   98.7                507               65.8                20.0              150.0%@TE:   17  2027 03 07 24 20 18 20 18 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%p%@AE@% = preliminary%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by Application and Fuel%@EH@%
%@AS@%Source, 1978-1987 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Annual Energy Review 1989%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  4412 04 34 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%                                  Consumption        Consumption        Consumption        Consumption        Expenditures       Expenditures       Expenditures       Expenditures                                  (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quadrillion Btu)  (Billion Dollars)  (Billion Dollars)  (Billion Dollars)  (Billion Dollars)Application/Fuel Source           1978               1980               1984               1987               1978               1980               1984               1987%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Space HeatingNatural Gas                       4.26               3.32               3.51               3.38               $11.49             $12.80             $20.66             $18.05Electricity%@AH@%1%@AE@%                      0.41               0.28               0.30               0.28               3.53               3.71               5.71               5.53 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene  2.05               1.32               1.10               1.05               8.06               10.59              8.51               6.25 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.23               0.25               0.21               0.22               1.05               1.90               2.00               1.85 Total                             6.95               5.17               5.13               4.94               24.14              29.00              36.85              31.68 Air Conditioning%@AH@%2%@AE@%Electricity%@AH@%1%@AE@%                      0.31               0.32               0.36               0.44               3.97               5.07               7.51               9.77 Water HeatingNatural Gas                       1.04               1.24               1.10               1.10               2.88               4.79               6.63               6.02 Electricity%@AH@%1%@AE@%                      0.29               0.31               0.32               0.31               3.15               4.54               6.44               6.45 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene  0.14               0.24               0.15               0.17               0.56               1.89               1.09               0.94 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.06               0.07               0.06               0.06               0.36               0.59               0.58               0.50 Total                             1.53               1.86               1.62               1.64               6.94               11.80              14.76              13.91 AppliancesNatural Gas                       0.28               0.38               0.35               0.34               0.93               1.71               2.31               2.02 Electricity%@AH@%1%@AE@%                      1.46               1.55               1.53               1.72               19.24              26.82              34.95              39.83 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.03               0.04               0.04               0.04               0.25               0.41               0.54               0.46 Total                             1.77               1.97               1.92               2.10               20.42              28.94              37.81              42.33 Total%@AH@%2%@AE@%                            10.56              9.32               9.04               9.13               55.47              74.81              97.00              97.75 Natural Gas%@AH@%2%@AE@%                      5.58               4.94               4.98               4.83               15.30              19.30              29.80              26.15 Electricity%@AH@%1%@AE@%                      2.47               2.46               2.48               2.76               29.89              40.14              54.50              61.58 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene  2.19               1.55               1.26               1.22               8.62               12.48              9.60               7.21 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.33               0.36               0.31               0.32               1.66               2.89               3.10               2.81%@TE:   28  4412 04 34 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes electricity generated for distribution from wood,waste,
geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal electricity.%@AH@%2%@AE@% A small
amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is includedin "Total" and
"Natural Gas" under "Total."%@NL@%
%@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Sum of components may not equal total dueto independent rounding.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%World Nuclear Power %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            International Atomic Energy Agency, Dec. 31, 1989 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   67  6666 04 16 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 @%                Reactors in Operation  Reactors in Operation  Reactors under         Reactors under         Nuclear Electricity    Nuclear Electricity    Total Operating        Total Operating                                                               Construction           Construction           Supplied, 1989         Supplied, 1989         Experience to          Experience to                                                                                                                                                           December 31, 1989      December 31, 1989Country         # of Units             Total MW(e)%@AH@%1%@AE@%           # of Units             Total MW(e)%@AH@%1%@AE@%           TW(e).h%@AH@%1%@AE@%               % of Total             Years                  Months%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Argentina       2                      935                    1                      692                    4.6                    11.4                   22                     7Belgium         7                      5,500                  -                      -                      38.8                   60.8                   93                     7Brazil          1                      626                    1                      1,245                  1.7                    0.7                    7                      9Bulgaria        5                      2,585                  2                      1,906                  14.6                   35.6                   48                     8Canada          18                     12,185                 4                      3,524                  75.4                   15.6                   224                    0China           -                      -                      3                      2,148                  -                      -                      -                      -Cuba            -                      -                      2                      816                    -                      -                      -                      -Czechoslovakia  8                      3,264                  8                      5,120                  22.9                   27.6                   52                     1Finland         4                      2,310                  -                      -                      18.0                   35.4                   43                     4France          55                     52,588                 9                      12,245                 289.0                  74.6                   543                    1East Germany    6                      2,102                  5                      3,024                  11.1                   10.9                   78                     2West Germany    24                     22,716                 1                      295                    141.2                  34.3                   303                    3Hungary         4                      1,645                  -                      -                      13.0                   49.8                   18                     2India           7                      1,374                  7                      1,540                  3.4                    1.6                    79                     2Iran            -                      -                      2                      2,392                  -                      -                      -                      -Italy           2                      1,120                  -                      -                      -                      -                      79                     10Japan           39                     29,300                 12                     10,629                 185.8                  27.8                   432                    4South Korea     9                      7,220                  2                      1,900                  45.0                   50.2                   45                     1Mexico          1                      654                    1                      654                    -                      -                      -                      9Netherlands     2                      508                    -                      -                      3.8                    5.4                    37                     9Pakistan        1                      125                    -                      -                      0.1                    0.2                    18                     3Romania         -                      -                      5                      3,125                  -                      -                      -                      -South Africa    2                      1,842                  -                      -                      11.1                   7.4                    10                     3Spain           10                     7,544                  -                      -                      53.7                   38.4                   92                     7Sweden          12                     9,817                  -                      -                      62.8                   45.1                   147                    2Switzerland     5                      2,952                  -                      -                      21.5                   41.6                   73                     10United Kingdom  39                     11,242                 1                      1,188                  63.4                   21.7                   850                    10United States   110                    98,331                 4                      4,284                  529.4                  19.1                   1,371                  4Soviet Union    46                     34,230                 26                     22,180                 212.6                  12.3                   468                    11Yugoslavia      1                      632                    -                      -                      4.5                    5.9                    8                      3Total%@AH@%*%@AE@%          426                    318,271                96                     78,907                 1,854.5                -                      5,201                  1%@TE:   67  6666 04 16 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 @%

%@NL@%
1 terawatt-hour (TW(e).h) = 10%@AH@%6%@AE@% megawatt-hour (MW(e).h). For anaverage power
plant, 1 TW(e).h = 0.39 megatonnes of coal equivalent(input) and 0.23
megatonnes of oil equivalent (input). %@AH@%*%@AE@%Totalincludes data from Taiwan,
China: 6 units, 4924 MW(e) in operation;27.1 TW.h of nuclear electricity
generation, or 35.2% of total electricitygenerated there; 50 yrs., 1 month
of experience.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%U.S. Nuclear Power Plant Operations %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Monthly Energy Review, March 1990%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   33  1738 03 16 26 41 41 @%Year            Operable Reactors Number  Nuclear-Based Electricity Generation     Nuclear Portion of Domestic Electricity                                          Million Net Kilowatthours                Generation Percent%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1976            61                        191,104                                  9.41977            65                        250,883                                  11.81978            70                        276,403                                  12.51979            68                        255,155                                  11.41980            70                        251,116                                  11.01981            74                        272,674                                  11.91982            77                        282,773                                  12.61983            80                        293,677                                  12.71984            86                        327,634                                  13.61985            95                        383,691                                  15.51986            100                       414,038                                  16.61987            107                       455,270                                  17.71988            108                       526,973                                  19.51989            110                       529,355                                  19.01990 Jan.-Mar.  111                       151,169                                  22.4 %@TE:   33  1738 03 16 26 41 41 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Status of U.S. Nuclear Reactor Units %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Energy Information Administration, %@AI@%Monthly Energy Review, March 1990%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   32  3433 05 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 07 24 @%                        Licensed for Operation  Licensed for Operation  Construction Permits    Construction PermitsYear                    Operable                In Startup              Granted                 Pending                 On Order                Announced               Total  Total Design Capacity                                                                                                                                                                                Million Net KilowattsNumber of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor Units                   Units                   Units                   Units                   Units                   Units                   Units%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1978                    70                      0                       90                      32                      9                       4                       205    2041979                    68                      0                       91                      21                      3                       0                       183    1791980                    70                      2                       82                      12                      3                       0                       169    1631981                    74                      0                       75                      11                      3                       0                       163    1571982                    77                      2                       60                      3                       2                       0                       144    1351983                    80                      3                       53                      0                       2                       0                       138    1291984                    86                      6                       38                      0                       2                       0                       132    1231985                    95                      3                       30                      0                       2                       0                       130    1211986                    100                     7                       19                      0                       2                       0                       128    1191987                    107                     4                       14                      0                       2                       0                       127    1191988                    108                     3                       12                      0                       0                       0                       123    1151989                    110                     1                       10                      0                       0                       0                       121    1141990 March              111                     1                       9                       0                       0                       0                       121    114%@TE:   32  3433 05 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 07 24 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                          %@AS@%SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Scientific Achievements and Discoveries: 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Origins of Life on Earth %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For the first time, researchers demonstrated outside the lab that a species%@EH@%
changed its reproductive behavior over a period of years as predicted by the
tenets of %@AB@%natural selection,%@AE@% the cornerstone of evolutionary theory. The
change occurred over 11 years in a group of guppies in Trinidad that was
moved to a site where it was subject to different predators. The study was
the first to demonstrate the change in an experiment in the natural world.
David. A. Reznick and Heather Bryga of the Univ. of Calif. at Riverside, and
John A. Endler of the Univ. af Calif. at Santa Barbara used the guppies to
test a mathematical theory that explains why some species have many
offspring and invest little in their care, while others have very few
offspring and devote their lives to caring for their young. The theory
states that animals that are preyed on as adults will have as many babies as
possible during their short life span, starting at an early age. Therefore,
they will have shorter lives, having invested all their energy in
reproducing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fossil fragments found in northern Colorado by a team led by Robert T.%@EH@%
Bakker, one of the leading paleontologists in the world, showed that a
dinosaur named %@AB@%Epanterias amplexus,%@AE@% equal in size to Tyrannosaurus rex,
flourished 30 million years before tyrannosaurus roamed the earth.
Epanterias was about 50 feet long and had jaws that could expand like those
of a snake. It could have eaten an animal the size of a 1,400 lb. cow with a
single gulp. While epanterias must have looked like the tyrannosaur, it
differed in its large powerful forelimbs, each tipped with three claws
(tyrannosaur had two). Epanterias also probably moved with a crouching gait,
with its head much closer to the ground than that of a tyrannosaur. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Scientists at Yale Univ. identified a tiny fossilized plant, barely one inch%@EH@%
tall and resembling today's black pepper plant, as the %@AB@%oldest known flower.%@AE@%
It lived 120 million years ago, and its flower was probably a drab green or
beige. Due to its similarities to two major branches of modern flowering
plants, the plant could be their common ancestor and represent a kind of
"missing link" needed to understand plant evolution. About a half million
species, nearly all the world's plants that bear seed, are likely
descendants of the small plant. The scientists said the plant grew in
scraggly underbrush on the edge of a pond in the Koonwarra area of
Australia. The earliest flowering plants may date back to 130 or 140 million
years ago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A %@AB@%"golden calf"%@AE@% was unearthed by Harvard Univ. archeologists near the%@EH@%
Israeli port city of Ashkelon that is believed to be an object of worship
dating from the second millennium B.C. Recovered almost intact, the calf,
about 41/2 inches long and 41/4 inches tall and weighing less than one
pound, is made of bronze and other metals. The temple in which it was housed
was destroyed during a conquest of Ashkelon in about 1550 B.C., midway
through the Bronze Age. In the %@AI@%Bible,%@AE@% golden calves similiar in form but
much larger are referred to in the story of Aaron during the Exodus, in
ancient Jerusalem's rivalry with northern, calf-worshipping Hebrew king
Jeroboam, and in other Old Testament accounts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At the Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia Univ. at Palisades,%@EH@%
N.Y., scientists have theorized that large errors in %@AB@%carbon dating,%@AE@% some by
as much as 3,500 years, are the result of fluctuations in the amount of
carbon 14 in the air. They arrived at this conclusion by comparing age
estimates obtained using two different methods--analysis of radioactive
carbon in a sample and determination of the ratio of uranium to thorium in
the sample. They said that %@AB@%uranium-thorium dating%@AE@% not only is more precise
than carbon dating in some cases, but also can be used to date much older
objects. While carbon dating is unreliable for objects older than about
30,000 years, uranium-thorium dating may be possible for objects up to
500,000 years old. Since 1947, scientists have estimated the ages of many
objects by measuring the amounts of radioactive carbon they contain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Hubble Telescope  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Launched by the space shuttle %@AI@%Discovery%@AE@% on Apr. 25, 1990, the $1.5 billion%@EH@%
Hubble Space Telescope was found to have a major flaw in the main
light-gathering mirrors, which will severely limit its ability to view the
depths of the universe for several years. A distortion in one of the two
mirrors means that the path of light between the mirrors is out of
alignment, resulting in less than clearly focused images when it reaches
other instruments and cameras. The wide-field and planetary camera that was
to perform 40 percent of the Hubble's work will not be usable, and the
camera for making extremely precise images of faint objects will not
function as scientists had planned. It was hoped that Hubble would be able
to collect light coming from near the edge of the universe and thus near the
beginning of time. The 25,000 lb. telescope is 43 feet long and 14 feet in
diameter at its widest point, and is circling the Earth every 97 minutes at
an altitude of 381 miles. The craft is designed to be visited and serviced
periodically by astronauts from a space shuttle. NASA officials announced
that a space shuttle mission is scheduled for 1993 during which the
telescope will hopefully be repaired. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Despite its flawed mirror, the Hubble telescope should produce a more%@EH@%
detailed view of the skies than has been possible from any ground telescope.
The first of these views was received in August showing an unexpected
concentration of stars, attracted by some mysterious force around what once
appeared to be an ordinary galaxy, and a glowing ring of gaseous matter
around the remnant of a star seen to explode three years ago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Astronomical Findings %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Evidence of an early universe devoid of disturbances and irregularities that%@EH@%
could explain the origin of the galaxy clusters, expansive voids, and other
large structures common to space were revealed by the unmanned %@AI@%Cosmic
%@AI@%Background Explorer%@AE@% (COBE). Presented at the annual meeting of the American
Astronomical Society, early data appeared to confirm the %@AB@%Big Bang theory%@AE@% of
the origin of the universe. The theory holds that all existence sprang from
the explosion of a fist-sized ball of unknown primordial material 15 billion
years ago. "We can see no deviation from a simple Big Bang theory," John
Mather, the chief project scientist for COBE, said in January. "But it's
hard to understand that with all the large features we see in the universe,
we have no evidence of their origin." New understanding of the origin of the
universe and the early formation of matter is expected from studying
measurements of radiation, supposedly released in the Big Bang explosion,
recorded by COBE. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Scientists whose goal it is to scan the sky with dish-shaped antennas%@EH@%
listening for faint signals from advanced civilizations received federal
funding for their 10-year project. The %@AB@%search for extraterrestrial
%@AB@%intelligence%@AE@% (SETI) will address one of mankind's ultimate questions: Are we
alone? Skeptics say there is no evidence of other beings in the galaxy, and
that if there were such beings, earth would have heard from them by now. The
receiving apparatus is scheduled to be switched on in Oct. 1992, the 500th
anniversary of Columbus's discovery of America, and is to run until the turn
of the century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Initial %@AB@%images of Venus%@AE@% sent by the %@AI@%Magellan%@AE@% spaceprobe show a fractured,%@EH@%
rubbled surface scarred by what appeared to be volcanic action, quakes, and
shifting land. The images showed a more disrupted surface than some
scientists had expected. The images were constructed from radar beams
penetrating the thick atmosphere that obscures the planet from ordinary
pictures. The %@AI@%Magellan%@AE@% sent back two image strips based on one-and-a-half
orbits, both showing 12-mile-wide areas of surface, one 7,000 miles long and
the other 5,000 miles long. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Medicine and Genetics %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a clinical trial of 21 healthy men ranging in age from 61 to 81,%@EH@%
researchers found that after six months of injections of a genetically
engineered version of the %@AB@%natural growth hormone,%@AE@% the men emerged with
bodies that had many characteristics of bodies 20 years younger than their
actual age. "This is not a fountain of youth," said Daniel Rudman of the
Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, as researchers cautioned that the
results were highly preliminary and that the long-term side effects of
growth hormone remain unknown. Although the weight of the men remained the
same, they lost almost 15 percent body fat and gained almost 9 percent in
lean body mass. The men's skin regained a youthful thickness, and the level
of an important growth-stimulating hormone in the blood returned to that of
those under the age of 40. The bones of the spine also gained in mass,
although other parts of the skeleton did not. Researchers speculated that
careful administration of human growth hormone could prove beneficial for
those elderly people whose muscles are wasting away or who need greater
strength to help them recover from a hip fracture, stroke, or other
debilitating illness. Dr. Rudman said that while his study used men only,
the same impact could be expected with women. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Scientists at Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine in Baltimore, led by%@EH@%
Solomon Snyder, a neuroscientist, have for the first time grown an important
type of %@AB@%human brain cell%@AE@% in the laboratory. The cells are neurons from the
most highly evolved part of the brain, the cerebral cortex, the place of
human thought, memory, and creativity. This development will allow for the
study of the human brain in greater biochemical and genetic detail. The
cells also offer a valuable tool for testing new drugs to treat Alzheimer's
disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, and other brain
disorders. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%While doctors have treated fetuses with medications, probed the womb from%@EH@%
the outside with needles and shunts, and removed fetuses for minor surgery
on their bladders, for the first time, under the direction of Michael R.
Harrison at the Univ. of Calif. in San Francisco, %@AB@%livesaving surgery was
%@AB@%performed on a fetus%@AE@% and a healthy baby was delivered seven weeks later. The
fetus, which was partly removed from the womb for the operation, had a
hernia of the diaphragm, a fairly common and usually fatal congenital
malformation. His stomach, spleen, and large and small intestines had
migrated through a hole in the diaphragm, the wall of muscle and tendons
between the abdomen and the chest, taking up so much space that his lungs
could not grow. Dr. Harrison emphasized that he did not expect many fetuses
to be saved by such fetal surgery. He said too few fetuses had operable
defects and too few doctors were trained in the procedure. Ways to correct
the condition were first developed by using fetal lambs and monkeys. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For the first time, a %@AB@%gene has been found that causes osteoarthritis,%@AE@% the%@EH@%
most common form of arthritis, according to a report in the %@AI@%Proceedings of
%@AI@%the National Academy of Sciences.%@AE@% "This study strongly supports the idea
that a single genetic flaw can cause at least one form of osteoarthritis and
perhaps can cause others," said Lawrence E. Shulman, a leading
rheumatologist and the director of the Natl. Inst. of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The family members studies showed early
expression (as early as 16 years of age) of clinical symptoms of primary
generalized osteoarthritis. The cause of this disease has remained unknown;
it can affect many parts of the body, including the hands, feet, hips, and
knees. Individuals with the disease suffer pain, stiffness, and often
limitations in mobility that get worse over time. Osteoarthritis, which
affects about 16 million Americans, is a major reason for the over 150,000
total joint replacement procedures performed each year in the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A widely used antiviral drug, %@AB@%acyclovir, was found to shorten the course and%@EH@%
%@AB@%severity of chicken pox%@AE@% infections in normal children. Chicken pox is the
only remaining childhood disease that is not prevented by routine
vaccination. As many as 3.5 million Americans get chicken pox each year, and
4,000 are hospitalized with complications. According to the Centers for
Disease Control, about 100 to 200 people die from the disease each year.
About 95 percent of Americans get chicken pox by the time they are 18 years
old. The disease confers a lifelong immunity so that no one gets it twice.
Acyclovir is already available for the treatment of diseases caused by the
chicken pox virus, such as genital herpes infections in adults, and herpes
zoster, or shingles, a viral infection of the sensory nerves. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first effort to %@AB@%insert foreign genes into human cancer%@AE@%%@AB@% patients%@AE@% was%@EH@%
successful, as the experiment sought to test the premise that new genes can
be plugged into white blood cells and those cells transfused into people. In
some cases, the patients' cancer went into remission, offering hope that the
new therapy may someday prove extremely valuable in treating advanced
tumors. The experiment was led by Steven A. Rosenberg of the Natl. Cancer
Inst. in Bethesda, Md.  Two other gene therapy proposals are nearing final
approval by the Food and Drug Admin. One would treat children suffering from
a severe immune deficiency disorder by supplying them with a critical gene
they lack. In the second proposal, Dr. Rosenberg plans to insert into the
tumor-infiltrating cells a gene for an enzyme known as tumor necrosis
factor, which could lend the cells extra tumor-fighting strength. Other
researchers hope to use gene therapy to fight cystic fibrosis, hereditary
globin disorders, metabolic diseases, and a broad range of human ailments. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There were many other %@AB@%discoveries in the field of genetics%@AE@% including: a%@EH@%
defective gene that results in one form of retinitis pigmentosa, an
inherited disorder that is a leading cause of blindness; a gene that puts
people at risk of becoming alcoholics; the gene that causes the disfiguring
and sometimes fatal condition known as Elephant Man's disease; two defective
genes that cause thickening of the heart; a key gene on the Y chromosome
that seems to act as a master switch for maleness, transforming a growing
human fetus that otherwise would become a girl into a baby boy; and a gene
that is responsible for producing a key receptor that responds to marijuana
in parts of the brain. Scientists also extracted strands of DNA, the genetic
code of life, from a %@AB@%17 million year old magnolia leaf%@AE@% that was still green
when it was found embedded in sediment in an ancient lake bed in Idaho. The
oldest DNA previously analyzed came from a woolly mammoth that lived 40,000
years ago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Additionally, the U.S.'s %@AB@%first genetically engineered calves%@AE@%were born on a%@EH@%
farm near Marquez, Texas. The 4 calves have genes from other species,
including humans. Also, the F.D.A. approved the %@AB@%first genetically engineered
%@AB@%food product%@AE@% for humans, an enzyme used in making cheese. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%AIDS %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At the %@AB@%Sixth International AIDS Conference,%@AE@% researchers reported substantial%@EH@%
progress in learning about AIDS, but also a sense that the disease continues
to outrun gains in knowledge as the epidemic continues to spread. Early
treatment with the antiviral drug AZT was shown to slow the progress of
AIDS, and AZT also appears to make people with the AIDS virus less
infectious to their sex partners. Among other findings reported were: a
study of a brothel in Nevada where prostitution is legal found that latex
condoms were effective in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted
disease; a study of diabetics who are also intravenous drug users suggested
that access to clean needles curtails AIDS transmission; a study of 1,000
homosexual men found that smokers infected with the AIDS virus became ill
more quickly and had higher deathrates than was the case for nonsmokers;
HIV-2, a second strain of the AIDS virus originally found in West Africa, is
spreading in Portugal; and abnormalities in mental development have been
found in children born to women infected with the AIDS virus, even when the
children themselves were not infected. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A report by the Centers for Disease Control estimated that 179,000 to%@EH@%
208,000 new cases of AIDS will be reported through the end of 1992. The
number of new cases reported each year will continue to rise, and more
infants will get AIDS in 1990 than in any year since the epidemic began. The
report estimates the current (Jan. 1990) number of people infected with the
virus, with or without symptoms, at 800,000 to 1.3 million. Based on these
estimates, projections of the number of people who will be reported as AIDS
cases are: 53,000-60,000 in 1990; 60,000-68,000 in 1991; 66,000-80,000 in
1992; and 67,000-90,000 in 1993. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A %@AB@%new AIDS therapy%@AE@% that involves giving a drug, withdrawing some of the%@EH@%
patient's blood, shining ultraviolet light on it, and returning it to the
body has shown promising preliminary results in a limited study of five
patients.  In a report in Aug. 1990 in %@AI@%The Annals of Internal Medicine,%@AE@%
researchers said the treatment appeared to stimulate the immune system in
ways that were not clear. The therapy is called photopheresis and was
conducted by researchers from Morristown Memorial Hospital in N.J. and the
Columbia Univ. College of Physicians and Surgeons in N.Y. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Virtual Reality %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Virtual or artificial reality is a concept wherein a person puts on special%@EH@%
clothing that is wired to a computer, including gloves that transmit and
receive data, and goggles that include two tiny video screens. The computer
generates images, either of the real world or an imaginary one, that appear
to the viewer in three dimensions. A user can be sitting in the driver's
seat of a racing car or hitting a tennis ball in an imaginary game. The user
can pick up an object, or fly, or do just about anything. Software programs
exist, or soon will, to allow people to see the world from many vantage
points (from that of another person or animal).  They can also interact with
real people connected to the same virtual world. Virtual reality is a
concept with serious purposes, like teaching a surgeon how to handle a
scapel without using real patients, or creating a workplace for employees
separated by great distances. Scientists at universities, at small
companies, and at NASA are just beginning to create the first usable
systems. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Patents %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1989, for the first time in 26 years, Americans received a larger share%@EH@%
of the patents issued in the U.S. than they had in the previous year. The
Patent and Trademark Office reported that inventors based in the U.S.
obtained 54,762 patents, or 53.3 percent of the total, a rise of six-tenths
of 1 percent, in the fiscal year ended Sept. 30.  Hitachi Ltd. of Japan
(1,053 patents) heads the top 10 companies obtaining patents in the U.S.,
while the three leading American companies were IBM, G.E., and Eastman
Kodak. The university with the most patents was the Massachusetts Inst. of
Technology, with 101. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Inventors of the Year %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Three inventors at the Chrysler Corp., Maurice B. Leising, Howard L.%@EH@%
Benford, and Gerald L. Holbrook, who patented the first fully electronic
force-feed automatic transmission, shared the award for Inventor of the Year
issued by Intellectual Property Owners Inc., a trade association
representing corporate and individual inventors. The Ultradrive transmission
uses a computer processor to make shifting decisions and was introduced in
1989 in most Chrysler V-6 models. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Inventions of 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Some of the more "interesting" inventions issued patents during 1990 were: a%@EH@%
crib that soothes infants by stimulating movements of the womb; an
experimental test to predict whether a person infected with the AIDS virus
will quickly develop symptoms; a laser system to remove tooth and gum decay
without the need for drills, scrapers, or Novocain; a golf putter featuring
a built-in level indicator to estimate the slope of a putting green; heated
automobile windshield wipers; a quiet alarm clock that sets off vibrations
in pillows; a garbage collector in space to protect spacecraft from
collisions with orbiting debris; and a device that uses echoes to help blind
people find their way by judging the distance of surrounding objects. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Also, Adobe Systems Inc. received the first copyright registration issued by%@EH@%
the U.S. Copyright Office for a computer program that generates a particular
style of type. The decision gave protection only for the computer programs
that draw the letters, not for the designs of the letters themselves. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%First Human Receives Engineered Genes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Sept. 14, 1990, a 4-year-old girl became the first person to receive%@EH@%
human gene therapy. The new method is an approach for treating disease by
giving patients copies of critical genes they lack. The young girl suffers
from a rare and severe immune deficiency resulting from the lack of a gene
that regulates production of an enzyme needed to keep the body's immune
cells alive. During a 30-minute procedure, the patient was infused with
about one billion white blood cells that had been outfitted through
recombinant DNA technology with copies of the gene she lacked. If the
procedure is successful, the genetically engineered blood cells will pump
out normal levels of the crucial enzyme and restore the girl's immune system
to full health. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The specific disorder the girl suffers from is adenosine deaminase (ADA)%@EH@%
deficiency, which results from a lack of the ADA gene, which makes an enzyme
needed to clean up dangerous metabolic byproducts in the body. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The experimental procedure was developed by Dr. R. Michael Blaese of the%@EH@%
Natl. Cancer Inst., Dr. W. French Anderson of the Natl. Heart, Lung and
Blood Inst., and Dr. Kenneth W. Culver. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Inventions and Discoveries%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  350 36446 02 45 09 32 15 @%Invention                                    Date     Inventor                        Nation.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adding machine                               %@AB@%1642%@AE@%     Pascal                          French Adding machine                               %@AB@%1885%@AE@%     Burroughs                       U.S. Aerosol spray                                %@AB@%1926%@AE@%     Rotheim                         Norwegian Air brake                                    %@AB@%1868%@AE@%     Westinghouse                    U.S. Air conditioning                             %@AB@%1911%@AE@%     Carrier                         U.S. Air pump                                     %@AB@%1654%@AE@%     Guericke                        German Airplane, automatic pilot                    %@AB@%1912%@AE@%     Sperry                          U.S. Airplane, experimental                       %@AB@%1896%@AE@%     Langley                         U.S. Airplane jet engine                          %@AB@%1939%@AE@%     Ohain                           German Airplane with motor                          %@AB@%1903%@AE@%     Wright bros.                    U.S. Airplane, hydro                              %@AB@%1911%@AE@%     Curtiss                         U.S. Airship                                      %@AB@%1852%@AE@%     Giffard                         French Airship, rigid dirigible                     %@AB@%1900%@AE@%     Zeppelin                        German Arc welder                                   %@AB@%1919%@AE@%     Thomson                         U.S. Autogyro                                     %@AB@%1920%@AE@%     de la Cierva                    Spanish Automobile, differential gear                %@AB@%1885%@AE@%     Benz                            German Automobile, electric                         %@AB@%1892%@AE@%     Morrison                        U.S. Automobile, exp'mtl                          %@AB@%1864%@AE@%     Marcus                          Austrian Automobile, gasoline                         %@AB@%1889%@AE@%     Daimler                         German Automobile, gasoline                         %@AB@%1892%@AE@%     Duryea                          U.S. Automobile magneto                           %@AB@%1897%@AE@%     Bosch                           German Automobile muffler                           . . .    Maxim, H.P.                     U.S. Automobile self-starter                      %@AB@%1911%@AE@%     Kettering                       U.S.Babbitt metal                                %@AB@%1839%@AE@%     Babbitt                         U.S. Bakelite                                     %@AB@%1907%@AE@%     BaekelandBelg.                  U.S. Balloon                                      %@AB@%1783%@AE@%     Montgolfier                     French Barometer                                    %@AB@%1643%@AE@%     Torricelli                      Italian Bicycle, modern                              %@AB@%1885%@AE@%     Starley                         EnglishBifocal lens                                 %@AB@%1780%@AE@%     Franklin                        U.S.Block signals, railway                       %@AB@%1867%@AE@%     Hall                            U.S.Bomb, depth                                  %@AB@%1916%@AE@%     Tait                            U.S.Bottle machine                               %@AB@%1895%@AE@%     Owens                           U.S.Braille printing                             %@AB@%1829%@AE@%     Braille                         FrenchBurner, gas                                  %@AB@%1855%@AE@%     Bunsen                          GermanCalculating machine                          %@AB@%1833%@AE@%     Babbage                         EnglishCamera--see also Photography  Camera, Kodak                                %@AB@%1888%@AE@%     Eastman, Walker                 U.S.Camera, Polaroid Land                        %@AB@%1948%@AE@%     Land                            U.S.Car coupler                                  %@AB@%1873%@AE@%     Janney                          U.S.Carburetor, gasoline                         %@AB@%1893%@AE@%     Maybach                         GermanCard time recorder                           %@AB@%1894%@AE@%     Cooper                          U.S.Carding machine                              %@AB@%1797%@AE@%     Whittemore                      U.S.Carpet sweeper                               %@AB@%1876%@AE@%     Bissell                         U.S.Cassette, audio                              %@AB@%1963%@AE@%     Philips Co.                     DutchCassette, videotape                          %@AB@%1969%@AE@%     Sony                            JapaneseCash register                                %@AB@%1879%@AE@%     Ritty                           U.S.Cathode ray oscilloscope                     %@AB@%1897%@AE@%     Braun                           GermanCathode ray tube                             %@AB@%1878%@AE@%     Crookes                         EnglishCAT scan (computerized tomography)           %@AB@%1973%@AE@%     Hounsfield                      EnglishCellophane                                   %@AB@%1908%@AE@%     Brandenberger                   SwissCelluloid                                    %@AB@%1870%@AE@%     Hyatt                           U.S.Cement, Portland                             %@AB@%1824%@AE@%     Aspdin                          EnglishChronometer                                  %@AB@%1761%@AE@%     Harrison                        EnglishCircuit breaker                              %@AB@%1925%@AE@%     Hilliard                        U.S.Circuit, integrated                          %@AB@%1959%@AE@%     Kilby, Noyce, Texas Instr       U.SClock, pendulum                              %@AB@%1657%@AE@%     Huygens                         DutchCoaxial cable system                         %@AB@%1929%@AE@%     Affel, Espensched               U.S.Coke oven                                    %@AB@%1893%@AE@%     Hoffman                         AustrianCompressed air rock drill                    %@AB@%1871%@AE@%     Ingersoll                       U.S.Comptometer                                  %@AB@%1887%@AE@%     Felt                            U.S.Computer, automatic sequence                 %@AB@%1944%@AE@%     Aiken et al.                    U.S.Computer, mini                               %@AB@%1960%@AE@%     Digital Corp                    U.S.Condenser microphone (telephone)             %@AB@%1916%@AE@%     Wente                           U.S.Contraceptive, oral                          %@AB@%1954%@AE@%     Pincus, Rock                    U.S.Corn, hybrid                                 %@AB@%1917%@AE@%     Jones                           U.S.Cotton gin                                   %@AB@%1793%@AE@%     Whitney                         U.S.Cream separator                              %@AB@%1878%@AE@%     DeLaval                         SwedishCultivator, disc                             %@AB@%1878%@AE@%     Mallon                          U.S.Cystoscope                                   %@AB@%1878%@AE@%     Nitze                           GermanDiesel engine                                %@AB@%1895%@AE@%     Diesel                          GermanDisk, compact                                %@AB@%1972%@AE@%     RCA                             U.S.Disk, floppy                                 %@AB@%1970%@AE@%     IBM                             U.S.Disk player, compact                         %@AB@%1979%@AE@%     Sony, Philips Co                Japan., DutchDisk, video                                  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%     Philips Co                      DutchDynamite                                     %@AB@%1866%@AE@%     Nobel                           SwedishDynamo, continuous current                   %@AB@%1871%@AE@%     Gramme                          BelgianDynamo, hydrogen cooled                      %@AB@%1915%@AE@%     Schuler                         U.S.Electric battery                             %@AB@%1800%@AE@%     Volta                           ItalianElectric fan                                 %@AB@%1882%@AE@%     Wheeler                         U.S.Electrocardiograph                           %@AB@%1903%@AE@%     Einthoven                       DutchElectroencephalograph                        %@AB@%1929%@AE@%     Berger                          GermanElectromagnet                                %@AB@%1824%@AE@%     Sturgeon                        EnglishElectron spectrometer                        %@AB@%1944%@AE@%     Deutsch, Elliott, Evans         U.S.Electron tube multigrid                      %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Langmuir                        U.S.Electroplating                               %@AB@%1805%@AE@%     Brugnatelli                     ItalianElectrostatic generator                      %@AB@%1929%@AE@%     Van de Graaff                   U.S.Elevator brake                               %@AB@%1852%@AE@%     Otis                            U.S.Elevator, push button                        %@AB@%1922%@AE@%     Larson                          U.S.Engine, automatic transmission               %@AB@%1910%@AE@%     Fottinger                       GermanEngine, coal-gas 4-cycle                     %@AB@%1876%@AE@%     Otto                            GermanEngine, compression ignition                 %@AB@%1883%@AE@%     Daimler                         GermanEngine, electric ignition                    %@AB@%1883%@AE@%     Benz                            GermanEngine, gas, compound                        %@AB@%1926%@AE@%     Eickemeyer                      U.S.Engine, gasoline                             %@AB@%1872%@AE@%     Brayton, Geo.                   U.S.Engine, gasoline                             %@AB@%1889%@AE@%     Daimler                         GermanEngine, steam, piston                        %@AB@%1705%@AE@%     Newcomen                        EnglishEngine, steam, piston                        %@AB@%1769%@AE@%     Watt                            ScottishEngraving, half-tone                         %@AB@%1852%@AE@%     Talbot                          U.S.Fiberglass                                   %@AB@%1938%@AE@%     Owens-Corning                   U.S.Fiber optics                                 %@AB@%1955%@AE@%     Kapany                          EnglishFilament, tungsten                           %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Coolidge                        U.S.Flanged rail                                 %@AB@%1831%@AE@%     Stevens                         U.S.Flatiron, electric                           %@AB@%1882%@AE@%     Seely                           U.S.Food, frozen                                 %@AB@%1924%@AE@%     Birdseye                        U.S.Furnace (for steel)                          %@AB@%1858%@AE@%     Siemens                         GermanGalvanometer                                 %@AB@%1820%@AE@%     Sweigger                        GermanGas discharge tube                           %@AB@%1922%@AE@%     Hull                            U.S.Gas lighting                                 %@AB@%1792%@AE@%     Murdoch                         ScottishGas mantle                                   %@AB@%1885%@AE@%     Welsbach                        AustrianGasoline (lead ethyl)                        %@AB@%1922%@AE@%     Midgley                         U.S.Gasoline, cracked                            %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Burton                          U.S.Gasoline, high octane                        %@AB@%1930%@AE@%     Ipatieff                        RussianGeiger counter                               %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Geiger                          GermanGlass, laminated safety                      %@AB@%1909%@AE@%     Benedictus                      FrenchGlider                                       %@AB@%1853%@AE@%     Cayley                          EnglishGun, breechloader                            %@AB@%1811%@AE@%     Thornton                        U.S.Gun, Browning                                %@AB@%1897%@AE@%     Browning                        U.S.Gun, magazine                                %@AB@%1875%@AE@%     Hotchkiss                       U.S.Gun, silencer                                %@AB@%1908%@AE@%     Maxim, H.P.                     U.S.Guncotton                                    %@AB@%1847%@AE@%     Schoenbein                      GermanGyrocompass                                  %@AB@%1911%@AE@%     Sperry                          U.S.Gyroscope                                    %@AB@%1852%@AE@%     Foucault                        FrenchHarvester-thresher                           %@AB@%1818%@AE@%     Lane                            U.S.Heart, artificial                            %@AB@%1982%@AE@%     Jarvik                          U.S.Helicopter                                   %@AB@%1939%@AE@%     Sikorsky                        U.S.Hydrometer                                   %@AB@%1768%@AE@%     Baume                           FrenchIce-making machine                           %@AB@%1851%@AE@%     Gorrie                          U.S.Iron lung                                    %@AB@%1928%@AE@%     Drinker, Slaw                   U.S.Kaleidoscope                                 %@AB@%1817%@AE@%     Brewster                        ScottishKinetoscope                                  %@AB@%1889%@AE@%     Edison                          U.S.Lacquer, nitrocellulose                      %@AB@%1921%@AE@%     Flaherty                        U.S.Lamp, arc                                    %@AB@%1847%@AE@%     Staite                          EnglishLamp, flourescent                            %@AB@%1938%@AE@%     General Electric, Westinghouse  U.S.Lamp, incandescent                           %@AB@%1879%@AE@%     Edison                          U.S.Lamp, incand., frosted                       %@AB@%1924%@AE@%     Pipkin                          U.S.Lamp, incand., gas                           %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Langmuir                        U.S.Lamp, Klieg                                  %@AB@%1911%@AE@%     Kliegl, A.&J.                   U.S.Lamp, mercury vapor                          %@AB@%1912%@AE@%     Hewitt                          U.S.Lamp, miner's safety                         %@AB@%1816%@AE@%     Davy                            EnglishLamp, neon                                   %@AB@%1909%@AE@%     Claude                          FrenchLathe, turret                                %@AB@%1845%@AE@%     Fitch                           U.S.Launderette                                  %@AB@%1934%@AE@%     Cantrell                        U.S.Lens, achromatic                             %@AB@%1758%@AE@%     Dollond                         EnglishLens, fused bifocal                          %@AB@%1908%@AE@%     Borsch                          U.S.Leydenjar (condenser)                        %@AB@%1745%@AE@%     von Kleist                      GermanLightning rod                                %@AB@%1752%@AE@%     Franklin                        U.S.Linoleum                                     %@AB@%1860%@AE@%     Walton                          EnglishLinotype                                     %@AB@%1884%@AE@%     Mergenthaler                    U.S.Lock, cylinder                               %@AB@%1851%@AE@%     Yale                            U.S.Locomotive, electric                         %@AB@%1851%@AE@%     Vail                            U.S.Locomotive, exp'mtl                          %@AB@%1802%@AE@%     Trevithick                      EnglishLocomotive, exp'mtl                          %@AB@%1812%@AE@%     Fenton et al                    EnglishLocomotive, exp'mtl                          %@AB@%1813%@AE@%     Hedley                          EnglishLocomotive, exp'mtl                          %@AB@%1814%@AE@%     Stephenson                      EnglishLocomotive practical                         %@AB@%1829%@AE@%     Stephenson                      EnglishLocomotive, 1st U.S.                         %@AB@%1830%@AE@%     Cooper, P.                      U.S.Loom, power                                  %@AB@%1785%@AE@%     Cartwright                      EnglishLoudspeaker, dynamic                         %@AB@%1924%@AE@%     Rice, Kellogg                   U.S.Machine gun                                  %@AB@%1861%@AE@%     Gatling                         U.S.Machine gun, improved                        %@AB@%1872%@AE@%     Hotchkiss                       U.S.Machine gun (Maxim)                          %@AB@%1883%@AE@%     Maxim, H.S. U.S.,               Eng.Magnet, electro                              %@AB@%1828%@AE@%     Henry                           U.S.Mantle, gas                                  %@AB@%1885%@AE@%     Welsbach                        AustrianMason jar                                    %@AB@%1858%@AE@%     Mason, J.                       U.S.Match, friction                              %@AB@%1827%@AE@%     John Walker                     EnglishMercerized textiles                          %@AB@%1843%@AE@%     Mercer, J.                      EnglishMeter, induction                             %@AB@%1888%@AE@%     Shallenberg                     U.S.Metronome                                    %@AB@%1816%@AE@%     Malezel                         GermanMicrometer                                   %@AB@%1636%@AE@%     Gascoigne                       EnglishMicrophone                                   %@AB@%1877%@AE@%     Berliner                        U.S.Microscope, compound                         %@AB@%1590%@AE@%     Janssen                         DutchMicroscope, electronic                       %@AB@%1931%@AE@%     Knoll, Ruska                    GermanMicroscope, field ion                        %@AB@%1951%@AE@%     Mueller                         GermanMonitor, warship                             %@AB@%1861%@AE@%     Ericsson                        U.S.Monotype                                     %@AB@%1887%@AE@%     Lanston                         U.S.Motor, AC                                    %@AB@%1892%@AE@%     Tesla                           U.S.Motor, DC                                    %@AB@%1837%@AE@%     Davenport                       U.S.Motor, induction                             %@AB@%1887%@AE@%     Tesla                           U.S.Motorcycle                                   %@AB@%1885%@AE@%     Daimler                         GermanMovie machine                                %@AB@%1894%@AE@%     Jenkins                         U.S.Movie, panoramic                             %@AB@%1952%@AE@%     Waller                          U.S.Movie, talking                               %@AB@%1927%@AE@%     Warner Bros.                    U.S.Mower, lawn                                  %@AB@%1831%@AE@%     Budding, Ferrabee               EnglishMowing machine                               %@AB@%1822%@AE@%     Bailey                          U.S.Neoprene                                     %@AB@%1930%@AE@%     Carothers                       U.S.Nylon synthetic                              %@AB@%1930%@AE@%     Carothers                       U.S.Nylon                                        %@AB@%1937%@AE@%     Du Pont lab                     U.S.Oil cracking furnace                         %@AB@%1891%@AE@%     Gavrilov                        RussianOil filled power cable                       %@AB@%1921%@AE@%     Emanueli                        ItalianOleomargarine                                %@AB@%1869%@AE@%     Mege-Mouries                    FrenchOphthalmoscope                               %@AB@%1851%@AE@%     Helmholtz                       GermanPaper machine                                %@AB@%1809%@AE@%     Dickinson                       U.S.Parachute                                    %@AB@%1785%@AE@%     Blanchard                       FrenchPen, ballpoint                               %@AB@%1838%@AE@%     Biro                            HungarianPen, fountain                                %@AB@%1884%@AE@%     Waterman                        U.S.Pen, steel                                   %@AB@%1780%@AE@%     Harrison                        EnglishPendulum                                     %@AB@%1583%@AE@%     Galileo                         ItalianPercussion cap                               %@AB@%1807%@AE@%     Forsythe                        ScottishPhonograph                                   %@AB@%1877%@AE@%     Edison                          U.S.Photo, color                                 %@AB@%1892%@AE@%     Ives                            U.S.Photo film, celluloid                        %@AB@%1893%@AE@%     Reichenbach                     U.S.Photo film, transparent                      %@AB@%1884%@AE@%     Eastman, Goodwin                U.S.Photoelectric cell                           %@AB@%1895%@AE@%     Elster                          GermanPhotographic paper                           %@AB@%1835%@AE@%     Talbot                          U.S.Photography                                  %@AB@%1835%@AE@%     Talbot                          EnglishPhotography                                  %@AB@%1835%@AE@%     Daguerre                        FrenchPhotography                                  %@AB@%1816%@AE@%     Niepce                          FrenchPhotophone                                   %@AB@%1880%@AE@%     Bell                            U.S.-Scot.Phototelegraphy                              %@AB@%1925%@AE@%     Bell Labs                       U.S.Piano                                        %@AB@%1709%@AE@%     Cristofori                      ItalianPiano, player                                %@AB@%1863%@AE@%     Fourneaux                       FrenchPin, safety                                  %@AB@%1849%@AE@%     Hunt                            U.S.Pistol (revolver)                            %@AB@%1836%@AE@%     Colt                            U.S.Plow, cast iron                              %@AB@%1785%@AE@%     Ransome                         EnglishPlow, disc                                   %@AB@%1896%@AE@%     Hardy                           U.S.Pneumatic hammer                             %@AB@%1890%@AE@%     King                            U.S.Powder, smokeless                            %@AB@%1884%@AE@%     Vieille                         FrenchPrinting press, rotary                       %@AB@%1845%@AE@%     Hoe                             U.S.Printing press, web                          %@AB@%1865%@AE@%     Bullock                         U.S.Propeller, screw                             %@AB@%1804%@AE@%     Stevens                         U.S.Propeller, screw                             %@AB@%1837%@AE@%     Ericsson                        SwedishPulsars                                      %@AB@%1967%@AE@%     Bell                            EnglishPunch card accounting                        %@AB@%1889%@AE@%     Hollerith                       U.S.Quasars                                      %@AB@%1963%@AE@%     Schmidt                         U.S.Radar                                        %@AB@%1940%@AE@%     Watson-Watt                     ScottishRadio amplifier                              %@AB@%1906%@AE@%     De Forest                       U.S.Radio beacon                                 %@AB@%1928%@AE@%     Donovan                         U.S.Radio crystal oscillator                     %@AB@%1918%@AE@%     Nicolson                        U.S.Radio receiver, cascade tuning               %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Alexanderson,                   U.S.Radio receiver, heterodyne                   %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Fessenden                       U.S.Radio transmitter triode modulation          %@AB@%1914%@AE@%     Alexanderson                    U.S.Radio tube-diode                             %@AB@%1905%@AE@%     Fleming                         EnglishRadio tube oscillator                        %@AB@%1915%@AE@%     De Forest                       U.S.Radio tube triode                            %@AB@%1906%@AE@%     De Forest                       U.S.Radio, signals                               %@AB@%1895%@AE@%     Marconi                         ItalianRadio, magnetic detector                     %@AB@%1902%@AE@%     Marconi                         ItalianRadio FM 2-path                              %@AB@%1933%@AE@%     Armstrong                       U.S.Rayon                                        %@AB@%1883%@AE@%     Swan                            EnglishRazor, electric                              %@AB@%1917%@AE@%     Schick                          U.S.Razor, safety                                %@AB@%1895%@AE@%     Gillette                        U.S.Reaper                                       %@AB@%1834%@AE@%     McCormick                       U.S.Record, cylinder                             %@AB@%1887%@AE@%     Bell, Tainter                   U.S.Record, disc                                 %@AB@%1887%@AE@%     Berliner                        U.S.Record, long playing                         %@AB@%1947%@AE@%     Goldmark                        U.S.Record, wax cylinder                         %@AB@%1888%@AE@%     Edison                          U.S.Refrigerants, low-boiling fluorine compound  %@AB@%1930%@AE@%     Midgely and co-workers          U.S.Refrigerator car                             %@AB@%1868%@AE@%     David                           U.S.Resin, synthetic                             %@AB@%1931%@AE@%     Hill                            EnglishRichter scale                                %@AB@%1935%@AE@%     Richter                         U.S.Rifle, repeating                             %@AB@%1860%@AE@%     Spencer                         U.S.Rocket engine                                %@AB@%1926%@AE@%     Goddard                         U.S.Rubber, vulcanized                           %@AB@%1839%@AE@%     Goodyear                        U.S.Saw, band                                    %@AB@%1808%@AE@%     Newberry                        EnglishSaw, circular                                %@AB@%1777%@AE@%     Miller                          EnglishSearchlight, arc                             %@AB@%1915%@AE@%     Sperry                          U.S.Sewing machine                               %@AB@%1846%@AE@%     Howe                            U.S.Shoe-sewing machine                          %@AB@%1860%@AE@%     McKay                           U.S.Shrapnel shell                               %@AB@%1784%@AE@%     Shrapnel                        EnglishShuttle, flying                              %@AB@%1733%@AE@%     Kay                             EnglishSleeping-car                                 %@AB@%1865%@AE@%     Pullman                         U.S.Slide rule                                   %@AB@%1620%@AE@%     Oughtred                        EnglishSoap, hardwater                              %@AB@%1928%@AE@%     Bertsch                         GermanSpectroscope                                 %@AB@%1859%@AE@%     Kirchoff, Bunsen                GermanSpectroscope (mass)                          %@AB@%1918%@AE@%     Dempster                        U.S.Spinning jenny                               %@AB@%1767%@AE@%     Hargreaves                      EnglishSpinning mule                                %@AB@%1779%@AE@%     Crompton                        EnglishSteamboat, exp'mtl                           %@AB@%1778%@AE@%     Jouffroy                        FrenchSteamboat, exp'mtl                           %@AB@%1785%@AE@%     Fitch                           U.S.Steamboat, exp'mtl                           %@AB@%1787%@AE@%     Rumsey                          U.S.Steamboat, exp'mtl                           %@AB@%1788%@AE@%     Miller                          ScottishSteamboat, exp'mtl                           %@AB@%1803%@AE@%     Fulton                          U.S.Steamboat, exp'mtl                           %@AB@%1804%@AE@%     Stevens                         U.S.Steamboat, practical                         %@AB@%1802%@AE@%     Symington                       ScottishSteamboat, practical                         %@AB@%1807%@AE@%     Fulton                          U.S.Steam car                                    %@AB@%1770%@AE@%     Cugnot                          FrenchSteam turbine                                %@AB@%1884%@AE@%     Parsons                         EnglishSteel (converter)                            %@AB@%1856%@AE@%     Bessemer                        EnglishSteel alloy                                  %@AB@%1891%@AE@%     Harvey                          U.S.Steel alloy, high-speed                      %@AB@%1901%@AE@%     Taylor, White                   U.S.Steel, electric                              %@AB@%1900%@AE@%     Heroult                         FrenchSteel, manganese                             %@AB@%1884%@AE@%     Hadfield                        EnglishSteel, stainless                             %@AB@%1916%@AE@%     Brearley                        EnglishStereoscope                                  %@AB@%1838%@AE@%     Wheatstone                      EnglishStethoscope                                  %@AB@%1819%@AE@%     Laennec                         FrenchStethoscope, binaural                        %@AB@%1840%@AE@%     Cammann                         U.S.Stock ticker                                 %@AB@%1870%@AE@%     Edison                          U.S.Storage battery, rechargeable                %@AB@%1859%@AE@%     Plante                          FrenchStove, electric                              %@AB@%1896%@AE@%     Hadaway                         U.S.Submarine                                    %@AB@%1891%@AE@%     Holland                         U.S.Submarine, even keel                         %@AB@%1894%@AE@%     Lake                            U.S.Submarine, torpedo                           %@AB@%1776%@AE@%     Bushnell                        U.S.Superconductivity (BCS theory)               %@AB@%1957%@AE@%     Bardeen, Cooper, Schreiffer     U.S.Tank, military                               %@AB@%1914%@AE@%     Swinton                         EnglishTape recorder, magnetic                      %@AB@%1899%@AE@%     Poulsen                         DanishTeflon                                       %@AB@%1938%@AE@%     Du Pont                         U.S.Telegraph, magnetic                          %@AB@%1837%@AE@%     Morse                           U.S.Telegraph, quadruplex                        %@AB@%1864%@AE@%     Edison                          U.S.Telegraph, railroad                          %@AB@%1887%@AE@%     Woods                           U.S.Telegraph, wireless high frequency           %@AB@%1895%@AE@%     Marconi                         ItalianTelephone                                    %@AB@%1876%@AE@%     Bell                            U.S.-Scot.Telephone amplifier                          %@AB@%1912%@AE@%     De Forest                       U.S.Telephone, automatic                         %@AB@%1891%@AE@%     Stowger                         U.S.Telephone, radio                             %@AB@%1900%@AE@%     Poulsen, Fessenden              DanishTelephone, radio                             %@AB@%1906%@AE@%     De Forest                       U.S.Telephone, radio, I. d                       %@AB@%1915%@AE@%     AT&T                            U.S.Telephone, recording                         %@AB@%1898%@AE@%     Poulsen                         DanishTelephone, wireless                          %@AB@%1899%@AE@%     Collins                         U.S.Telescope                                    %@AB@%1608%@AE@%     Lippershey                      Neth.Telescope                                    %@AB@%1609%@AE@%     Galileo                         ItalianTelescope, astronomical                      %@AB@%1611%@AE@%     Kepler                          GermanTeletype                                     %@AB@%1928%@AE@%     Morkrum, Kleinschmidt           U.S.Television, iconoscope                       %@AB@%1923%@AE@%     Zworykin                        U.S.Television, electronic                       %@AB@%1927%@AE@%     Farnsworth                      U.S.Television, (mech. scanner)                  %@AB@%1923%@AE@%     Baird                           ScottishThermometer                                  %@AB@%1593%@AE@%     Galileo                         ItalianThermometer                                  %@AB@%1730%@AE@%     Reaumur                         FrenchThermometer, mercury                         %@AB@%1714%@AE@%     Fahrenheit                      GermanTime recorder                                %@AB@%1890%@AE@%     Bundy                           U.S.Time, self-regulator                         %@AB@%1918%@AE@%     Bryce                           U.S.Tire, double-tube                            %@AB@%1845%@AE@%     Thomson                         ScottishTire, pneumatic                              %@AB@%1888%@AE@%     Dunlop                          ScottishToaster, automatic                           %@AB@%1918%@AE@%     Strite                          U.S.Tool, pneumatic                              %@AB@%1865%@AE@%     Law                             EnglishTorpedo, marine                              %@AB@%1804%@AE@%     Fulton                          U.S.Tractor, crawler                             %@AB@%1904%@AE@%     Holt                            U.S.Transformer A.C.                             %@AB@%1885%@AE@%     Stanley                         U.S.Transistor                                   %@AB@%1947%@AE@%     Shockley, Brattain, Bardeen     U.S.Trolley car, electric                        %@AB@%1884-87%@AE@%  Van DePoele, Sprague            U.S.Tungsten, ductile                            %@AB@%1912%@AE@%     Coolidge                        U.S.Tupperware                                   %@AB@%1945%@AE@%     Tupper                          U.S.Turbine, gas                                 %@AB@%1849%@AE@%     Bourdin                         FrenchTurbine, hydraulic                           %@AB@%1849%@AE@%     Francis                         U.S.Turbine, steam                               %@AB@%1884%@AE@%     Parsons                         EnglishType, movable                                %@AB@%1447%@AE@%     Gutenberg                       GermanTypewriter                                   %@AB@%1867%@AE@%     Sholes, Soule, Glidden          U.S.Vacuum cleaner, electric                     %@AB@%1907%@AE@%     Spangler                        U.S.Velcro                                       %@AB@%1948%@AE@%     de Mestral                      SwissVideo game ("Pong")                          %@AB@%1972%@AE@%     Buschnel                        U.S.Video home system (VHS)                      %@AB@%1975%@AE@%     Matsushita, JVC                 JapaneseWasher, electric                             %@AB@%1901%@AE@%     Fisher                          U.S.Welding, atomic, hydrogen                    %@AB@%1924%@AE@%     Langmuir, Palmer                U.S.Welding, electric                            %@AB@%1877%@AE@%     Thomson                         U.S.Wind tunnel                                  %@AB@%1912%@AE@%     Eiffel                          FrenchWire, barbed                                 %@AB@%1874%@AE@%     Glidden                         U.S.Wire, barbed                                 %@AB@%1875%@AE@%     Haisn                           U.S.Wrench, double-acting                        %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Owen                            U.S.X-ray tube                                   %@AB@%1913%@AE@%     Coolidge                        U.S.Zipper                                       %@AB@%1891%@AE@%     Judson                          U.S. %@TE:  350 36446 02 45 09 32 15 @%

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%@TH:  297 18619 02 49 06 49 21 @%                                                 Date  Discoverer                                       Nation.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Acetylene gas                                    %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  Wilson                                           U.S.ACTH                                             %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Armour & Co.                                     U.S. Adrenalin                                        %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  Takamine                                         Japanese Aluminum, electrolytic process                   %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  Hall                                             U.S. Aluminum, isolated                               %@AB@%1825%@AE@%  Oersted                                          Danish Analine dye                                      %@AB@%1856%@AE@%  Perkin                                           English Anesthesia, ether                                %@AB@%1842%@AE@%  Long                                             U.S. Anesthesia, local                                %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  Koller                                           Austrian Anesthesia, spinal                               %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  Bier                                             German Anti-rabies                                      %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  Pasteur                                          French Antiseptic surgery                               %@AB@%1867%@AE@%  Lister                                           English Antitoxin, diphtheria                            %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  Von Behring                                      German Argyrol                                          %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  Barnes                                           U.S. Arsphenamine                                     %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  Ehrlich                                          German Aspirin                                          %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  Dresser                                          German Atabrine                                         %@AB@%...%@AE@%   Mietzsch, et al.                                 German Atomic numbers                                   %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  Moseley                                          English Atomic theory                                    %@AB@%1803%@AE@%  Dalton                                           English Atomic time clock                                %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Libby                                            U.S. Atom-smashing theory                             %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  Rutherford                                       English Aureomycin                                       %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Duggar                                           U.S.Bacitracin                                       %@AB@%1945%@AE@%  Johnson, et al.                                  U.S. Bacteria (described)                             %@AB@%1676%@AE@%  Leeuwenhoek                                      Dutch Barbital                                         %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  Fischer                                          German Bleaching powder                                 %@AB@%1798%@AE@%  Tennant                                          English Blood, circulation                               %@AB@%1628%@AE@%  Harvey                                           English Bordeaux mixture                                 %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  Millardet                                        French Bromine from sea                                 %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  Edgar Kramer                                     U.S.Calcium carbide                                  %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  Wilson                                           U.S. Calculus                                         %@AB@%1670%@AE@%  Newton                                           English Camphor synthetic                                %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  Haller                                           French Canning (food)                                   %@AB@%1804%@AE@%  Appert                                           French Carbomycin                                       %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  Tanner                                           U.S. Carbon oxides                                    %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  Fisher                                           German Chlorine                                         %@AB@%1774%@AE@%  Scheele                                          Swedish Chloroform                                       %@AB@%1831%@AE@%  Guthrie, S.                                      U.S. Chloromycetin                                    %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Burkholder                                       U.S. Classification of plants and animals             %@AB@%1735%@AE@%  Linnaeus                                         Swedish Cocaine                                          %@AB@%1860%@AE@%  Niermann                                         German Combustion explained                             %@AB@%1777%@AE@%  Lavoisier                                        French Conditioned reflex                               %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  Pavlov                                           Russian Conteben                                         %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Belmisch, Mietzsch, Domagk                       GermanCortisone                                        %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  Kendall                                          U.S. Cortisone, synthesis                             %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Sarett                                           U.S. Cosmic rays                                      %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  Gockel                                           Swiss Cyanimide                                        %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  Frank, Caro                                      German Cyclotron                                        %@AB@%1930%@AE@%  Lawrence                                         U.S. DDT (not applied as insecticide until 1939)      %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  Zeidler                                          GermanDeuterium                                        %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Urey, Brickwedde, Murphy                         U.S. DNA (structure)                                  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Crick                                            English                                                       Watson                                           U.S.                                                       Wilkins                                          English Electric resistance (law)                        %@AB@%1827%@AE@%  Ohm                                              German Electric waves                                   %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  Hertz                                            German Electrolysis                                     %@AB@%1852%@AE@%  Faraday                                          English Electromagnetism                                 %@AB@%1819%@AE@%  Oersted                                          Danish Electron                                         %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  Thomson, J.                                      English Electron diffraction                             %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  Thomson, G.                                      English                                                       Davisson                                         U.S. Electroshock treatment                           %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Cerletti, Bini                                   Italian Erythromycin                                     %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  McGuire                                          U.S. Evolution, natural selection                     %@AB@%1858%@AE@%  Darwin                                           English Falling bodies, law                              %@AB@%1590%@AE@%  Galileo                                          Italian Gases, law of combining volumes                  %@AB@%1808%@AE@%  Gay-Lussac                                       French Geometry, analytic                               %@AB@%1619%@AE@%  Descartes                                        French Gold (cyanide process for extraction)            %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  MacArthur, Forest                                British Gravitation, law                                 %@AB@%1687%@AE@%  Newton                                           English Holograph                                        %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Gabor                                            British Human heart transplant                           %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Barnard                                          S. African Indigo, synthesis of                             %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  Baeyer                                           German Induction, electric                              %@AB@%1830%@AE@%  Henry                                            U.S. Insulin                                          %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  Banting, Best, Macleod                           Canadian, Scottish Intelligence testing                             %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  Binet, Simon                                     French Isinazid                                         %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  Hoffman-La-Roche                                 U.S.                                                       Domagk                                           German Isotopes, theory                                 %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  Soddy                                            EnglishLaser (light amplification by stimulated         %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Townes, Schawlow                                 U.S. emission of radiation)                                                                                  Light, velocity                                  %@AB@%1675%@AE@%  Roemer                                           Danish Light, wave theory                               %@AB@%1690%@AE@%  Huygens                                          Dutch Lithography                                      %@AB@%1796%@AE@%  Senefelder                                       Bohemian Lobotomy                                         %@AB@%1935%@AE@%  Egas Moniz                                       Portuguese LSD-25                                           %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  Hoffman                                          Swiss Mendelian laws                                   %@AB@%1866%@AE@%  Mendel                                           Austrian Mercator projection (map)                        %@AB@%1568%@AE@%  Mercator (Kremer)                                Flemish Methanol                                         %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  Patard                                           French Milk condensation                                %@AB@%1853%@AE@%  Borden                                           U.S. Molecular hypothesis                             %@AB@%1811%@AE@%  Avogadro                                         Italian Motion, laws of                                  %@AB@%1687%@AE@%  Newton                                           English Neomycin                                         %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Waksman, Lechevalier                             U.S. Neutron                                          %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Chadwick                                         English Nitric acid                                      %@AB@%1648%@AE@%  Glauber                                          German Nitric oxide                                     %@AB@%1772%@AE@%  Priestley                                        English Nitroglycerin                                    %@AB@%1846%@AE@%  Sobrero                                          Italian Oil cracking process                             %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  Dewar                                            U.S. Oxygen                                           %@AB@%1774%@AE@%  Priestley                                        English Ozone                                            %@AB@%1840%@AE@%  Schonbein                                        German Paper, sulfite process                           %@AB@%1867%@AE@%  Tilghman                                         U.S. Paper, wood pulp, sulfate process                %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  Dahl                                             German Penicillin                                       %@AB@%1929%@AE@%  Fleming                                          Scottishpractical use                                    %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  Florey, Chain                                    English Periodic law and table of elements               %@AB@%1869%@AE@%  Mendeleyev                                       Russian Planetary motion, laws                           %@AB@%1609%@AE@%  Kepler                                           German Plutonium fission                                %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Kennedy, Wahl, Seaborg, Segre                    U.S.Polymixin                                        %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Ainsworth                                        English Positron                                         %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Anderson                                         U.S. Proton                                           %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  Rutherford                                       N. Zealand Psychoanalysis                                   %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  Freud                                            AustrianQuantum theory                                   %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  Planck                                           German Quasars                                          %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Matthews, Sandage                                U.S. Quinine synthetic                                %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  Rabe                                             German Radioactivity                                    %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  Becquerel                                        French Radium                                           %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  Curie, Pierre                                    French                                                        Curie, Marie                                     Pol.-Fr. Relativity theory                                %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  Einstein                                         German Reserpine                                        %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Jal Vaikl                                        Indian Salvarsan (606)                                  %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  Ehrlich                                          German Schick test                                      %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  Schick                                           U.S. Silicon                                          %@AB@%1823%@AE@%  Berzelius                                        Swedish Streptomycin                                     %@AB@%1945%@AE@%  Waksman                                          U.S.Sulfadiazine                                     %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Roblin                                           U.S.Sulfanilamide                                    %@AB@%1934%@AE@%  Domagk                                           GermanSulfanilamide theory                             %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  Gelmo                                            GermanSulfapyridine                                    %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Ewins, Phelps                                    EnglishSulfathiazole                                    %@AB@%...%@AE@%   Fosbinder, Walter                                U.S.Sulfuric acid                                    %@AB@%1831%@AE@%  Phillips                                         EnglishSulfuric acid, lead                              %@AB@%1746%@AE@%  Roebuck                                          EnglishTerramycin                                       %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Finlay, et al.                                   U.S.Tuberculin                                       %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  Koch                                             GermanUranium fission (theory)                         %@AB@%1939%@AE@%  Hahn, Meitner, Strassmann                        German                                                       Bohr                                             Danish                                                       Fermi                                            Italian                                                       Einstein, Pegram, Wheeler                        U.S.Uranium fission, atomic reactor                  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Fermi, Szilard                                   U.S.Vaccine, measles                                 %@AB@%1954%@AE@%  Enders, Peebles                                  U.S.Vaccine, polio                                   %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Salk                                             U.S.Vaccine, polio, oral                             %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Sabin                                            U.S.Vaccine, rabies                                  %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  Pasteur                                          FrenchVaccine, smallpox                                %@AB@%1796%@AE@%  Jenner                                           EnglishVaccine, typhus                                  %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  Nicolle                                          FrenchVan Allen belts, radiation                       %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Van Allen                                        U.S.Vitamin A                                        %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  McCollum, Davis                                  U.S.Vitamin B                                        %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  McCollum                                         U.S.Vitamin C                                        %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  Holst, Froelich                                  NorwegianVitamin D                                        %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  McCollum                                         U.S.Wassermann test                                  %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  Wassermann                                       GermanXerography                                       %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Carlson                                          U.S.X-ray                                            %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  Roentgen                                         German%@TE:  297 18619 02 49 06 49 21 @%

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%@TH:  107  9055 02 20 08 15 15 14 53 @%Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Discoverer%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Actinium            Ac      89             227*           1899          DebierneAluminum            Al      13             26.9815        1825          OerstedAmericium           Am      95             243*           1944          Seaborg, et al.Antimony            Sb      51             121.75         1450          ValentineArgon               Ar      18             39.948         1894          Rayleigh, RamsayArsenic             As      33             74.9216        13th c.       Albertus MagnusAstatine            At      85             210*           1940          Corson, et al.Barium              Ba      56             137.34         1808          DavyBerkelium           Bk      97             249**          1949          Thompson, Ghiorso, SeaborgBeryllium           Be      4              9.0122         1798          VauquelinBismuth             Bi      83             208.980        15th c.       ValentineBoron               B       5              10.811%@AH@%a%@AE@%        1808          Gay-Lussac, ThenardBromine             Br      35             79.904%@AH@%b%@AE@%        1826          BalardCadmium             Cd      48             112.40         1817          StromeyerCalcium             Ca      20             40.08          1808          DavyCalifornium         Cf      98             251*           1950          Thompson, et al.Carbon              C       6              12.01115%@AH@%a%@AE@%      B.C.Cerium              Ce      58             140.12         1803          KlaprothCesium              Cs      55             132.905        1860          Bunsen, KirchhoffChlorine            Cl      17             35.453%@AH@%b%@AE@%        1774          ScheeleChromium            Cr      24             51.996%@AH@%b%@AE@%        1797          VauquelinCobalt              Co      27             58.9332        1735          BrandtCopper              Cu      29             63.546%@AH@%b%@AE@%        B.C.Curium              Cm      96             247*           1944          Seaborg, James, GhiorsoDysprosium          Dy      66             162.50         1886          BoisbaudranEinsteinium         Es      99             254*           1952          Ghiorso, et al.Erbium              Er      68             167.26         1843          MosanderEuropium            Eu      63             151.96         1901          DemarcayFermium             Fm      100            257*           1953          Ghiorso, et al.Fluorine            F       9              18.9984        1771          ScheeleFrancium            Fr      87             223*           1939          PereyGadolinium          Gd      64             157.25         1886          MarignacGallium             Ga      31             69.72          1875          BoisbaudranGermanium           Ge      32             72.59          1886          WinklerGold                Au      79             196.967        B.C.Hafnium             Hf      72             178.49         1923          Coster, HevesyHahnium             Ha      105            262*           1970          Ghiorso, et al.Helium              He      2              4.0026         1868          Janssen, LockyerHolmium             Ho      67             164.930        1878          Soret, DelafontaineHydrogen            H       1              1.00797%@AH@%a%@AE@%       1766          CavendishIndium              In      49             114.82         1863          Reich, RichterIodine              I       53             126.9044       1811          CourtoisIridium             Ir      77             192.2          1804          TennantIron                Fe      26             55.847%@AH@%b%@AE@%        B.C.Krypton             Kr      36             83.80          1898          Ramsay, TraversLanthanum           La      57             138.91         1839          MosanderLawrencium          Lr      103            262*           1961          Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. LatimerLead                Pb      82             207.19         B.C.Lithium             Li      3              6.939          1817          ArfvedsonLutetium            Lu      71             174.97         1907          Welsbach, UrbainMagnesium           Mg      12             24.312         1829          BussyManganese           Mn      25             54.9380        1774          GahnMendelevium         Md      101            258*           1955          Ghiorso, et al.Mercury             Hg      80             200.59         B.C.Molybdenum          Mo      42             95.94          1782          HjelmNeodymium           Nd      60             144.24         1885          WelsbachNeon                Ne      10             20.183         1898          Ramsay, TraversNeptunium           Np      93             237*           1940          McMillan, AbelsonNickel              Ni      28             58.71          1751          CronstedtNiobium%@AH@%1%@AE@%            Nb      41             92.906         1801          HatchettNitrogen            N       7              14.0067        1772          RutherfordNobelium            No      102            259*           1958          Ghiorso, et al.Osmium              Os      76             190.2          1804          TennantOxygen              O       8              15.9994%@AH@%a%@AE@%       1774          Priestley, ScheelePalladium           Pd      46             106.4          1803          WollastonPhosphorus          P       15             30.9738        1669          BrandPlatinum            Pt      78             195.09         1735          UlloaPlutonium           Pu      94             242**          1940          Seaborg, et al.Polonium            Po      84             210**          1898          P. and M. CuriePotassium           K       19             39.102         1807          DavyPraseodymium        Pr      59             140.907        1885          WelsbachPromethium          Pm      61             147**          1945          Glendenin, Marinsky, CoryellProtactinium        Pa      91             231*           1917          Hahn, MeitnerRadium              Ra      88             226*           1898          P. & M. Curie, BemontRadon               Rn      86             222*           1900          DornRhenium             Re      75             186.2          1925          Noddack, Tacke, BergRhodium             Rh      45             102.905        1803          WollastonRubidium            Rb      37             85.47          1861          Bunsen, KirchhoffRuthenium           Ru      44             101.07         1845          KlausRutherfordium       Rf      104            261*           1969          Ghiorso, et al.Samarium            Sm      62             150.35         1879          BoisbaudranScandium            Sc      21             44.956         1879          NilsonSelenium            Se      34             78.96          1817          BerzeliusSilicon             Si      14             28.086%@AH@%a%@AE@%        1823          BerzeliusSilver              Ag      47             107.868%@AH@%b%@AE@%       B.C.Sodium              Na      11             22.9898        1807          DavyStrontium           Sr      38             87.62          1790          CrawfordSulfur              S       16             32.064%@AH@%a%@AE@%        B.C.Tantalum            Ta      73             180.948        1802          EkebergTechnetium          Tc      43             99**           1937          Perrier and SegreTellurium           Te      52             127.60         1782          Von ReichensteinTerbium             Tb      65             158.924        1843          MosanderThallium            Tl      81             204.37         1861          CrookesThorium             Th      90             232.038        1828          BerzeliusThulium             Tm      69             168.934        1879          CleveTin                 Sn      50             118.69         B.C.Titanium            Ti      22             47.90          1791          GregorTungsten (Wolfram)  W       74             183.85         1783          d'ElhujarUranium             U       92             238.03         1789          KlaprothVanadium            V       23             50.942         1830          SefstromXenon               Xe      54             131.30         1898          Ramsay, TraversYtterbium           Yb      70             173.04         1878          MarignacYttrium             Y       39             88.905         1794          GadolinZinc                Zn      30             65.37          B.C.Zirconium           Zr      40             91.22          1789          Klaproth%@TE:  107  9055 02 20 08 15 15 14 53 @%

%@NL@%
Atomic weights, based on the exact number 12 as the assigned atomic mass of
the principal isotope of carbon, carbon 12, are provided through the
courtesy of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and
Butterworth Scientific Publications.%@NL@%
For the radioactive elements, with the exception of uranium and thorium, the
mass number of either the isotope of longest half-life * or the better known
isotope ** is given.%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Formerly Columbium. %@AH@%a%@AE@% Atomic weights so designated are known to be
variable because of natural variations in isotopic composition. The observed
ranges are: hydrogen +-0.0001; boron +-0.003; carbon +-0.005; oxygen
+-0.0001; silicon +-0.001; sulfur +-0.003. %@AH@%b%@AE@% Atomic weights so designated
are believed to have the following experimental uncertainties: chlorine
+-0.001; chromium +-0.001; iron +-0.003; bromine +-0.001; silver +-0.001;
copper +-0.001.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                  %@AS@%HEALTH %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Ethics on Care of the Terminally Ill %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Supreme Court heard its first ever "right-to-die" case on Dec. 6, 1989.%@EH@%
%@AI@%Cruzan v. Missouri Dept. of Health%@AE@% concerned Nancy Beth Cruzan, 32, who had
been unconscious since Jan. 1983, after a car accident. Her parents and a
guardian appointed to represent her sought to stop the medical treatment
sustaining her in a "persistent vegetative state." On June 25, 1990, the
Supreme Court ruled, 5-4, that a person whose wishes were clearly known had
a constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. However,
the court held that "clear and convincing" evidence as to her wishes was
absent in the case of Nancy Cruzan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As of January, 1988, hospitals are required by the Joint Commission on%@EH@%
Accreditation of Health Care Organizations to have formal policies
specifying when doctors and nurses can refrain from trying to resuscitate
terminally ill patients. The policy must be developed in consultation with
the medical staff and the nursing staff, adopted by the medical staff and
then approved by the hospital's governing body. The policy must define the
roles of physicians, nursing personnel, and members of the patient's family
in any decision to withhold resuscitation. It must also include "provisions
designed to assure that a patient's rights are respected."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In March 1986, the American Medical Association announced that it would be%@EH@%
ethical for doctors to withhold "all means of life prolonging medical
treatment," including food and water, from permanently unconscious patients
even if death was not imminent. The withholding of such therapy should occur
only when a patient's unconscious state "is beyond doubt irreversible and
there are adequate safeguards to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis,"the
association's judicial council said. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In June 1989, the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the AMA%@EH@%
published a revised opinion on "Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Prolonging
Medical Treatment," which stated that: "In deciding whether the
administration of potentially life-prolonging medical treatment is in the
best interest of the patient who is incompetent to act in his own behalf,
the surrogate decisionmaker and physician should consider several factors,
including: the possibility for extending life under humane and comfortable
conditions; the patient's values about life and the way it should be lived;
and the patient's attitude toward sickness, suffering, medical procedures,
and death." The opinion also stated that, "In treating a terminally ill or
permanently unconsious patient, the dignity of the patient should be
maintained at all times."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Many states have tried to clear the issue of treating the comatose who are%@EH@%
terminally ill by acting to define brain death. In at least 37 states,
legislatures or courts have worked out a definition modeled along the lines
of a recommendation previously released by the A.M.A. that said a person is
brain dead when he has suffered "irreversible cessation of the functions of
the entire brain, including the brain stem."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A number of states have "living will" statutes that set out a procedure for%@EH@%
a mentally competent person to declare that he or she does not wish to be
subjected to a "death-prolonging" procedure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Information on living wills and health-care powers of attorney can be%@EH@%
obtained from the American Bar Association's Commission on Legal Problems of
the Ederly. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Immunization Schedule for Children %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   11   595 02 14 05 07 10 09 07 09 15 20 @%              DTP  Polio  TB Test%@AH@%*%@AE@%  Measles  Mumps  Rubella  Hib/Conjugate  Tetanus-Diphtheria%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%2 months      x    x4 months      x    x6 months      x12-15 mos.                x15 months                           x        x      x        x15-18 months  x    x4-6 years     x    x5-21 years                          x        x      x14-16 years                                                                 x%@TE:   11   595 02 14 05 07 10 09 07 09 15 20 @%

%@NL@%
Childhood immunization means protection against eight major diseases: polio,
measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), whooping cough (pertussis),
diphtheria, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenczae type b (Hib) infections.
Check the table and ask your pediatrician if your child is up to date on
vaccines. It could save a life or prevent disability. Measles, mumps,
rubella, polio, pertussis, diphtheria, Haemophilus infections and tetanus
are not just harmless childhood illnesses. All of them can cripple or kill.%@NL@%
All are preventable. In order to be completely protected against diphtheria,
tetanus and pertussis, your child needs a shot of the combination
diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT) vaccine at 2, 4, 6, 15 and 18 months, and
a booster prior to school entry (4-6 years). At 15 months your child should
have a shot for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). A second MMR, primarily to
boost measles and mumps immunity, should be given to children 11 years or
older who have not had measles. In the event of measles outbreaks in the
community, this MMR booster may be given on entry to kindergarten or at an
earlier age. Children in high risk populations should be tested for
tuberculosis in the first year. Hib conjugate vaccine is due at 15 months.
At 14 to 16 years a tetanus-diphtheria booster shot should be given.%@NL@%
If you don't have a pediatrician or family physician, call your local public
health department. It usually has supplies of vaccine and may give shots
free.%@NL@%
%@AB@%*Note:%@AE@% The American College of Physicians recommends that adolescents and
adults consult with their physicians about further vaccinations. Those
without natural infection or proper immunization against childhood diseases
like measles, mumps, rubella, and polio may be at increased risk for such
disease and their complications as adults; in addition, tetanus and
diphtheria should be boosted periodically; and various ages, occupations,
lifestyles, environmental risks, and outbreaks of disease may call for adult
immunization. %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@% Only in high-prevalence populations.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Cancer's 7 Warning Signals%@AH@%*%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         American Cancer Society %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. A change in bowel or bladder habits. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. A sore that does not heal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. Unusual bleeding or discharge. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. Obvious change in wart or mole. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. Nagging cough or hoarseness.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AH@%*%@AE@% If you have a warning signal, see your doctor.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Cancer Prevention%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       American Cancer Society, 1990%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%PRIMARY PREVENTION:%@AE@% %@4@%steps that might be taken to avoid those factors that%@EH@%
might lead to the development of cancer.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Smoking%@AE@% Cigarette smoking is responsible for 85% of lung cancer cases among%@EH@%
men, 75% among women--about 83% overall. Smoking accounts for about 30% of
all cancer deaths. Those who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes a day
have lung cancer mortality rates 15-25 times greater than nonsmokers.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nutrition%@AE@% Risk for colon, breast and uterine cancers increases in obese%@EH@%
people. High-fat diets may contribute to the development of certain cancers
such as breast, colon and prostate. High-fiber foods may help reduce risk of
colon cancer.  A varied diet containing plenty of vegetables and fruits
rich in vitamins A and C may reduce risk for cancers of larynx, esophagus,
stomach, and lung. Salt-cured, smoked and nitrite-cured foods have been
linked to esophageal and stomach cancer. The heavy use of alcohol,
especially when accompanied by cigarette smoking or chewing tobacco,
increases risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus, and
liver. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sunlight%@AE@% Almost all of the more than 600,000 cases of non-melanoma skin%@EH@%
cancer developed each year in the U.S. are considered to be sun-related.
Such exposure is a major factor in the development of melanoma, and the
incidence increases for those living near the equator.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alcohol%@AE@% Oral cancer and cancers of the larynx, throat, esophagus, and liver%@EH@%
occur more frequently among heavy drinkers of alcohol. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Smokeless Tobacco%@AE@% Use of chewing tobacco or snuff increases risk for cancers%@EH@%
of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Estrogen%@AE@% For mature women, estrogen treatment to control menopausal%@EH@%
symptoms, increases risk of endometrial cancer. Use of estrogen needs
careful discussion by the menopausal woman and her physician. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Radiation%@AE@% Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation can increase cancer risk.%@EH@%
Most medical and dental X rays are adjusted to deliver the lowest dose
possible without sacrificing image quality. Excessive radon exposure in the
home may increase lung cancer, especially in cigarette smokers. If levels
are found to be too high, remedial actions should be taken.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Occupational hazards%@AE@% Exposure to a number of industrial agents (nickel,%@EH@%
chromate, asbestos, vinyl chloride, etc.) increases risk of various cancers.
Risk from asbestos is greatly increased when combined  with smoking. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%SECONDARY PREVENTION:%@AE@% steps to be taken to diagnose a cancer or precursor as%@EH@%
early as possible after it has developed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Colorectal tests%@AE@% The ACS recommends 3 tests for the early detection of colon%@EH@%
and rectum cancer in people without symptoms: The digital rectal examination
performed by a physician during an office visit, every year after the age of
40; the stool blood test every year after 50; and the proctosigmoidoscopy
examination every 3 to 5 years, based on the advice of a physician.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pap test%@AE@% For cervical cancer, women who are or have been sexually active, or%@EH@%
have reached 18 years, should have an annual Pap test and pelvic
examination. After a woman has had 3 or more consecutive satisfactory normal
exams, the Pap test may be performed less frequently at the discretion of
her physician. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Breast cancer detection%@AE@% The ACS recommends the monthly practice of breast%@EH@%
self-examination by women 20 years and older. Physical examination of the
breast should be done every 3 years from ages 20-40 and then every year. The
ACS recommends a mammogram every year for asymptomatic women age 50 and
over, and a baseline mammogram between ages 35-39. Women 40-49 should have
mammography every 1-2 years, depending on physical and mammographic
findings.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths By Sex for Selected Sites, 1990%@AH@%*%@AE@% %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         American Cancer Society %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10  1414 03 14 21 21 21 18 18 18 @%              Estimated New Cases  Estimated New Cases  Estimated New Cases  Estimated Deaths  Estimated Deaths  Estimated Deaths              Total                Male                 Female               Total             Male              Female%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All Sites     1,040,000            520,000%@AH@%1%@AE@%             520,000%@AH@%1%@AE@%             502,000           266,000           236,000Oral          30,500               20,400               10,100               8,350             5,575             2,775Colon-Rectum  110,000              52,000               58,000               53,300            26,000            27,300Lung          157,000              102,000              55,000               142,000           92,000            50,000Skin          27,600+%@AH@%2%@AE@%             14,800+%@AH@%2%@AE@%             12,800+%@AH@%2%@AE@%             8,800%@AH@%3%@AE@%            5,700             3,100Breast        150,900%@AH@%4%@AE@%             900%@AH@%4%@AE@%                 150,000%@AH@%4%@AE@%             44,300            300               44,000Uterus        13,500%@AH@%4%@AE@%              --                   13,500%@AH@%4%@AE@%              6,000             --                6,000%@TE:   10  1414 03 14 21 21 21 18 18 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Note: The estimates of new cancer cases are offered as a rough guide and
should not be regarded as definitive. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Carcinoma in situ and non-melanoma
skin cancers are not included in totals. Carcinoma in situ of the uterine
cervix accounts for more than 50,000 new cases annually, and carcinoma in
situ of the female breast accounts for about 15,000 new cases annually.
Non-melanoma skin cancer accounts for more than 600,000 new cases annually.
%@AH@%2%@AE@% Melanoma only. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Melanoma 6,300; other skin 2,500. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Invasive cancer only.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Heartand Blood Vessel Disease %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Warning Signs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    American Heart Association, Dallas %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Of Heart Attack%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the%@EH@%
chest lasting two minutes or longer%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Pain may radiate to the shoulder, arm, neck or jaw%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Sweating may accompany pain or discomfort%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Nausea and vomiting may also occur%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting may accompany other signs%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The American Heart Association advises immediate action at the onset of%@EH@%
these symptoms. The Association points out that more than half of heart
attack victims die before they reach the hospital and that the average
victim waits 2 hours before seeking help. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Of Stroke%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Sudden temporary weakness or numbness of face or limbs on one side of the%@EH@%
body%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Temporary loss of speech, or trouble speaking or understanding speech%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Temporary dimness or loss of vision, particularly in one eye%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness, or sudden falls%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Major Risk Factors %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Blood pressure --%@AE@% High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke,  heart%@EH@%
attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cholesterol --%@AE@% A cholesteral concentration over 240 mg/dl approximately%@EH@%
doubles the risk of coronary heart disease; about 25% of the U.S. adult
population falls into this category. Blood cholesterol values between 200
and 240 mg/dl are in a zone of moderate and increasing risk. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cigarettes --%@AE@% Cigarette smokers have more than twice the risk of heart%@EH@%
attack and 2 to 4 times the risk of sudden cardiac death than non-smokers.
Young smokers have a higher risk for early death due to stroke. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%Cardiovascular Diseases Statistical Summary %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1988%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Prevalence --%@AE@% 68,090,000 Americans have one or more forms of heart and blood%@EH@%
vessel disease.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  hypertension -- 61,870,000.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  coronary heart disease -- 6,080,000 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  rheumatic heart disease -- 1,290,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  stroke -- 2,930,000.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mortality --%@AE@% 982,574 in 1988 (45.3% of all deaths). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  nearly one-fifth of all persons killed by CVD are under age 65.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Congenital or inborn heart defects --%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  post-natal mortality from heart defects was estimated at more than 5,600%@EH@%
in 1988.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heart attack --%@AE@% caused 511,050 deaths in 1988. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  6,080,000 alive today have history of heart attack and/or angina%@EH@%
pectoris. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  As many as 1,500,000 Americans will have a heart attack this year and%@EH@%
over 500,000 of them will die.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stroke --%@AE@% killed an estimated 150,300 in 1988; afflicts 2,930,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hypertension (high blood pressure) --%@AE@% 61,870,000 Americans age 6 and%@EH@%
above--nearly one in 3 adults.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rheumatic heart disease --%@AE@% afflicts 1,290,000.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  killed about 6,520 in 1988.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Note: 1988 mortality data are estimates based on 1988 provisional data as%@EH@%
published by the National Center for Health Statistics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%U.S. Metropolitan Areas with AIDS Rates of 25% or More, 1989-1990,and%@EH@%
%@AS@%Cumulative Totals %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AI@%HIV/AIDS Surveilliance Report,%@AE@% Department of Health and Human Services%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26  4318 05 32 21 21 21 21 20 24 19 @%                                                                                                                    Cumulative Totals   Cumulative Totals       Cumulative Totals                                Aug. 1988-July 1989  Aug. 1988-July 1989  Aug. 1989-July 1990  Aug. 1989-July 1990Metropolitan area of residence  No.                  Rate                 No.                  Rate                 Adults/Adolescents  Children Under 13 Yrs.  Total                                (per 100,000 pop.)   (per 100,000 pop.)   (per 100,000 pop.)   (per 100,000 pop.)%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlanta, Ga.                    781                  27.6                 922                  31.7                 2,825               25                      2,850Austin, Tex.                    155                  19.6                 245                  29.9                 627                 5                       632Baltimore, Md.                  408                  17.4                 594                  25.2                 1,586               46                      1,632Dallas, Tex.                    583                  22.4                 711                  26.6                 2,474               12                      2,486Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.            471                  39.3                 910                  74.7                 2,239               46                      2,285Houston, Tex.                   881                  26.6                 1,245                36.9                 4,231               31                      4,262Jacksonville, Fla.              158                  17.2                 240                  25.5                 622                 12                      634Jersey City, N.J.               410                  75.5                 326                  60.2                 1,561               36                      1,597Miami, Fla.                     907                  49.7                 1,082                58.9                 3,600               150                     3,750New Orleans, La.                285                  21.3                 401                  29.8                 1,280               18                      1,298New York, N.Y.                  5,437                63.4                 6,565                76.3                 26,581              655                     27,236Newark, N.J.                    988                  52.0                 994                  52.2                 3,875               114                     3,989San Diego, Calif.               461                  19.1                 682                  27.6                 2,067               17                      2,084San Francisco, Calif.           1,676                104.0                1,935                119.1                8,500               17                      8,517San Juan, P.R.                  861                  55.1                 947                  60.4                 2,481               92                      2,573Seattle, Wash.                  323                  17.5                 437                  23.3                 1,446               10                      1,456Washington, D.C.                876                  23.3                 1,059                27.7                 4,006               60                      4,006West Palm Beach, Fla.           303                  35.8                 353                  40.3                 1,198               52                      1,250Metropolitan Area Subtotal%@AH@%1%@AE@%     28,040               19.2                 33,997               23.0                 120,732             2,073                   122,805All other areas                 5,207                5.1                  6,963                6.7                  20,090              391                     20,481Total                           33,247               13.3                 40,960               16.3                 140,822             2,464                   143,286%@TE:   26  4318 05 32 21 21 21 21 20 24 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes data from metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Drug Usage: America's High School Students %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%National Institute on Drug Abuse/Univ. of Michigan Inst. for Social Research%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   48  5702 04 19 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%                   Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever                    used            used            used            used            used            used            used            used            used            used            used                   Class of 1975   Class of 1978   Class of 1980   Class of 1983   Class of 1984   Class of 1985   Class of 1986   Class of 1987   Class of 1988   Class of 1989   '88-'89 change%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Marijuana/Hashish  47.3            59.2            60.3            57.0            54.9            54.2            50.9            50.2            47.2            43.7            -3.5ssInhalants          %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              12.0            11.9            13.6            14.4            15.4            15.9            17.0            16.7            17.6            +0.9Inhalants          %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              17.6            18.8            19.0            18.1            20.1            18.6            17.5            18.6            +1.1Adjusted%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                          Amyl & Butyl       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              11.1            8.4             8.1             7.9             8.6             4.7             3.2             3.3             +0.1Nitrites                                                                                                                                                                           Hallucinogens      16.3            14.3            13.3            11.9            10.7            10.3            9.7             10.3            8.9             9.4             +0.5Hallucinogens      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              15.7            14.7            13.3            12.1            11.9            10.6            9.2             9.9             +0.7Adjusted%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                          LSD                11.3            9.7             9.3             8.9             8.0             7.5             7.2             8.4             7.7             8.3             +0.6PCP                %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              9.6             5.6             5.0             4.9             4.8             3.0             2.9             3.9             +1.0Cocaine            9.0             12.9            15.7            16.2            16.1            17.3            16.9%@AH@%5%@AE@%           15.2            12.1            10.3            -1.8ss "Crack"            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              5.6             4.8             4.7             -0.1Heroin             2.2             1.6             1.1             1.2             1.3             1.2             1.1             1.2             1.1             1.3             +0.2Other opiates%@AH@%3%@AE@%     9.0             9.9             9.8             9.4             9.7             10.2            9.0             9.2             8.6             8.3             -0.3Stimulants%@AH@%3%@AE@%        22.3            22.9            26.4            35.4            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Stimulants         %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              26.9            27.9            26.2            23.4            21.6            19.8            19.1            -0.7Adjusted%@AH@%3,4%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                        Sedatives%@AH@%3%@AE@%         18.2            16.0            14.9            14.4            13.3            11.8            10.4            8.7             7.8             7.4             -0.4Barbiturates%@AH@%3%@AE@%      16.9            13.7            11.0            9.9             9.9             9.2             8.4             7.4             6.7             6.5             -0.2Methaqualone%@AH@%3%@AE@%      8.1             7.9             9.5             10.1            8.3             6.7             5.2             4.0             3.3             2.7             -0.6Tranquilizers%@AH@%3%@AE@%     17.0            17.0            15.2            13.3            12.4            11.9            10.9            10.9            9.4             7.6             -1.8ss Alcohol            90.4            93.1            93.2            92.6            92.6            92.2            91.3            92.2            92.0            90.7            -1.3Cigarettes         73.6            75.3            71.0            70.6            69.7            68.8            67.6            67.2            66.4            65.7            -0.7%@TE:   48  5702 04 19 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
Reporting on the 15th annual national survey of American high school
seniors, and the 10th annual survey of American college students,
researchers at the Univ. of Michigan concluded that the longer-term trend
away from the use of marijuana, cocaine and other drugs continued in 1989.
The likelihood of a high school or college student actively using illicit
drugs is only about half of what it was a decade ago. However, in 1989 some
51 percent of the high school seniors and 56 percent of the college students
in the survey reported having at least tried an illicit drug during their
lifetime.%@NL@%
Concerning %@AB@%high school dropouts,%@AE@% the report acknowledged that those who fail
to complete high school are at a higher-than-average risk for drug
involvement.%@NL@%
In reporting the usage of %@AB@%crack,%@AE@% the researchers stated that "we know we are
not going to capture many heavy crack users in these surveys, and it is
clear from other types of information that there are plenty of heavy users
out there. What may be more significant here is the fact that crack has not
heavily penetrated these mainstream populations of American young people and
that the initiation rates among them appear to be on the decline."%@NL@%
Results are based on large, representative sample surveys of 135 graduating
classes enrolled in public and private high schools across the United
States. %@NL@%
%@AH@%NA%@AE@%=Not available. Level of significance between the two most recent classes:
s=.05, ss=.01, sss=.001.%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Adjusted for underreporting of amyl and butyl nitrites.%@AH@%2%@AE@% Adjusted for
underreporting of PCP. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Only drug use which was not under a doctor's
orders. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Adjusted for overreporting of the non-prescription stimulants. %@AH@%5%@AE@%
In 1986, 12.6 percent of those who used cocaine used it in powder form,
while 4.1 percent used the "crack" form.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Effects of Commonly Abused Drugs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     National Institute on Drug Abuse %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Tobacco %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects and dangers:%@AE@% Nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco, acts as a%@EH@%
stimulant on the heart and nervous system. When tobacco smoke is inhaled the
immediate effects on the body are a faster heart beat and elevated blood
pressure. These effects, however, are quickly dissipated. Tar (in the smoke)
contains many carcinogens. These compounds, many of which are in polluted
air but are found in vastly greater quantities in cigarette smoke, have been
identified as major causes of cancer and respiratory difficulties. Even
relatively young smokers can have shortness of breath, nagging cough, or
develop cardiovascular and respiratory difficulties. A third principal
component of cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide, is also a cause of some of
the more serious health effects of smoking. Carbon monoxide can reduce the
blood's ability to carry oxygen to body tissues and can promote the
development of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Long-term
effects of smoking cigarettes are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, heart
disease, lung cancer, and cancer in other parts of the body. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Risks during pregnancy:%@AE@% Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to%@EH@%
have babies that weigh less. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Alcohol %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects:%@AE@% Like sedatives, it is a central nervous system depressant. In small%@EH@%
doses, it has a tranquilizing effect on most people, although it appears to
stimulate others. Alcohol first acts on those parts of the brain which
affect self-control and other learned behaviors, which often leads to the
aggressive behavior associated with some people who drink. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% In large doses, alcohol can dull sensation and impair muscular%@EH@%
coordination, memory, and judgment. Taken in larger quantities over a long
period time, alcohol can damage the liver and heart and can cause permanent
brain damage. A large dose of alcohol can interfere with the part of the
brain that controls breathing. The respiratory failure which results can
bring death. Delirium tremens, the most extreme manifestation of alcohol
withdrawal, can also cause death. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Risks during pregnancy:%@AE@% Women who drink heavily during pregnancy (more than%@EH@%
3 ounces of alcohol per day or about 2 mixed drinks) run a higher risk of
delivering babies with physical, mental and behavioral abnormalities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dependence:%@AE@% Repeated drinking produces tolerance to the drug's effects and%@EH@%
dependence. The drinker's body then needs alcohol to function. Once
dependent, drinkers experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%Marijuana ("grass", "pot", "weed") %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%What is it?:%@AE@% A common plant (%@AI@%Cannabis sativa%@AE@%), its chief psychoactive%@EH@%
ingredient is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. The amount of THC in the
marijuana cigarette (joint) primarily determines its psychoactive potential.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects:%@AE@% Most users experience an increase in heart rate, reddening of the%@EH@%
eyes, and dryness in the mouth and throat. Studies indicate the drug
temporarily impairs short-term memory, alters sense of time, and reduces the
ability to perform tasks requiring concentration, swift reactions, and
coordination. Many feel that their hearing, vision, and skin sensitivity are
enhanced by the drug, but these reports have not been objectively confirmed
by research. Feelings of euphoria, relaxation, altered sense of body image,
and bouts of exaggerated laughter are also commonly reported. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% Scientists believe marijuana can be particularly harmful to lungs%@EH@%
because users typically inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and hold it in
their lungs for prolonged periods of time. Marijuana smoke has been found to
have more cancer-causing agents than are found in cigarette smoke (see
above). Because marijuana use increases heart rate as much as 50% and brings
on chest pain in people who have a poor blood supply to the heart (and more
rapidly than tobacco smoke does), doctors believe people with heart
conditions or who are at high risk for heart ailments, should not use
marijuana. Findings also suggest that regular use may reduce fertility in
women and that men with marginal fertility or endocrine functioning should
avoid marijuana use. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Risks during pregnancy:%@AE@% Research is limited, but scientists believe%@EH@%
marijuana which crosses the placential barrier, may have a toxic effect on
embryos and fetuses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dependence:%@AE@% Tolerance to marijuana, the need to take more and more of the%@EH@%
drug over time to get the original effect, has been proven in humans and
animals. Physical dependence has been demonstrated in research subjects who
ingested an amount equal to smoking 10 to 20 joints a day. When the drug was
discontinued, subjects experienced withdrawal symptoms--irritability, sleep
disturbances, loss of appetite and weight, sweating, and stomach upset. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bad reactions:%@AE@% Most commonly reported immediate adverse reaction to%@EH@%
marijuana use is the "acute panic anxiety reaction," usually described as an
exaggeration of normal marijuana effects in which intense fears of losing
control accompany severe anxiety. The symptoms often disappear in a few
hours when the acute drug effects have worn off. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Hallucinogens ("psychodelics") %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%What are they?:%@AE@% Drugs which affect perception, sensation, thinking,%@EH@%
self-awareness, and emotion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(1) %@AB@%LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide),%@AE@% a synthetic, is converted from%@EH@%
lysergic acid which comes from fungus (ergot). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects:%@AE@% Vary greatly according to dosage, personality of the user, and%@EH@%
conditions under which the drug is used. Basically, it causes changes in
sensation. Vision alters; users describe changes in depth perception and in
the meaning of the perceived object. Illusions and hallucinations often
occur. Physical reactions range from minor changes such as dilated pupils, a
rise in temperature and heartbeat, or a slight increase in blood pressure,
to tremors. High doses can greatly alter the state of consciousness. Heavy
use of the drug may produce flashbacks, recurrences of some features of a
previous LSD experience days or months after the last dose. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% After taking LSD, a person loses control over normal thought%@EH@%
processes. Although many perceptions are pleasant, others may cause panic or
may make a person believe that he or she cannot be harmed. Longer-term
harmful reactions include anxiety and depression, or "breaks from reality"
which may last from a few days to months. Heavy users sometimes develop
signs of organic brain damage, such as impaired memory and attention span,
mental confusion, and difficulty with abstract thinking. It is not known yet
whether such mental changes are permanent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(2) %@AB@%Mescaline:%@AE@% Comes from peyote cactus and its effects are similar to those%@EH@%
of LSD. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Phencyclidine (PCP or "angel dust") %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%What is it?:%@AE@% A drug that was developed as a surgical anesthetic for humans%@EH@%
in the late 1950s. PCP was soon restricted to its only current legal use as
a veterinary anesthetic and tranquilizer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects:%@AE@% Vary according to dosage. Low doses may provide the usual releasing%@EH@%
effects of many psychoactive drugs. A floaty euphoria is described,
sometimes associated with a feeling of numbness (part of the drug's
anesthetic effects). Increased doses produce an excited, confused
intoxification, which may include muscle rigidity, loss of concentration and
memory, visual disturbances, delirium, feelings of isolation, convulsions,
speech impairment, violent behavior, fear of death, and changes in the
user's perceptions of their bodies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% PCP intoxication can produce violent and bizarre behavior even in%@EH@%
people not otherwise prone to such behavior. Violent actions may be directed
at themselves or others and often account for serious injuries and death.
More people die from accidents caused by the erratic behavior produced by
the drug than from the drug's direct effect on the body. A temporary,
schizophrenic-like psychosis, which can last for days or weeks, has also
occurred in users of moderate or higher doses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Stimulants ("Uppers") %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%What are they?:%@AE@% A class of drugs which stimulate the central nervous system%@EH@%
and produce an increase in alertness and activity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(1) %@AB@%Amphetamines%@AE@% promote a feeling of alertness and increase in speech  and%@EH@%
general physical activity. Under medical supervision, the drugs are taken to
control appetite. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects and dangers:%@AE@% Even small, infrequent doses can produce toxic effects%@EH@%
in some people. Restlessness, anxiety, mood swings, panic, circulatory and
cardiac disturbances, paranoid thoughts, hallucinations, convulsions, and
coma have all been reported. Heavy, frequent doses can produce brain damage
which results in speed disturbances and difficulty in turning thoughts into
words. Death can result from injected amphetamine overdose. Long-term users
often have acne resembling a measles rash; trouble with teeth, gums and
nails, and dry lifeless hair. As heavy users who inject amphetamines
accumulate larger amounts of the drug in their bodies, the resulting
toxicity can produce amphetamine psychosis. People in this extremely
suspicious, paranoid state, frequently exhibit bizarre, sometimes violent
behavior. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dependence:%@AE@% People with a history of sustained low-dose use quite often%@EH@%
become dependent and feel they need the drug to get by. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(2) %@AB@%Cocaine%@AE@% is a stimulant extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. It%@EH@%
is available in many forms, the most available of which is cocaine
hydrochloride. Cocaine hydrochloride is often used medically as a local
anesthetic, but is also sold illegally on the street in large pieces called
rocks. Street cocaine is a white, crystal-like powder that is most commonly
inhaled or snorted, though some users ingest, inject, or smoke a form of the
drug called freebase or crack.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Freebase%@AE@% and %@AB@%crack%@AE@% are formed by chemically converting street cocaine to a%@EH@%
purified substance that is more suitable for smoking. Smoking freebase or
crack produces a shorter, but more intense high than other ways of using the
drug. It is the most direct and rapid means of getting the drug to the
brain, and because larger amounts are reaching the brain more quickly, the
effects of the drug are more intense and the dangers associated with its use
are greater.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ice%@AE@%, or crystal methamphetamine, is another stimulant that can be smoked and%@EH@%
which has many of the same euphoric and adverse effects as crack.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects:%@AE@% The drug's usual effects are dilated pupils and increased blood%@EH@%
pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature. Even small doses
may elicit feelings of euphoria; illusions of increased mental and physical
strength and sensory awareness; and a decrease in hunger, pain, and the
perceived need for sleep. Large doses significantly magnify these effects,
sometimes causing irrational behavior and confusion.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% Paranoia is not an uncommon response to heavy doses. Psychosis may%@EH@%
be triggered in users prone to mental instability. Repeated inhalation often
results in nostril and nasal membrane irritation. Some regular users have
reported feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. Others have
experienced hallucinations of touch, sight, taste, or smell. When people
stop using cocaine after taking it for a long time, they frequently become
depressed. They tend to fight off this depression by taking more cocaine,
just as in the up/down amphetamine cycle.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cocaine is toxic. Although few people realize it, overdose deaths, though%@EH@%
rare, have occurred as a result of injecting, ingesting and even snorting
cocaine. The deaths are a result of seizures followed by respiratory arrest
and coma, or sometimes by cardiac arrest. Other dangers associated with
cocaine include the risk of infection, such as hepatitis, resulting from the
use of unsterile needles and the risk of fire or explosion resulting from
the use of volatile substances necessary for freebase preparation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dependence:%@AE@% Cocaine is not a narcotic; no evidence suggests that it produces%@EH@%
a physical dependence. However, cocaine is psychologically a very dangerous,
dependence-producing drug. Smoking freebase or crack increases this risk of
dependence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(3) %@AB@%Caffeine%@AE@% may be the world's most popular drug. It is primarily consumed%@EH@%
in coffee and tea, but is also found in cocoa, cola and other soft drinks,
as well as in many over-the-counter medicines. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Effects:%@AE@% Two to four cups of coffee increase heart rate, body temperature,%@EH@%
urine production, and gastric juice secretion. Caffeine can also raise sugar
levels and cause tremors, loss of coordination, decreased appetite, and
postponement of fatigue. It can interfere with the depth of sleep and the
amount of dream sleep by causing more rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at
first, but less than average over an entire night. Extremely high doses may
cause diarrhea, sleeplessness, trembling, severe headache, and nervousness. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dependence:%@AE@% A form of physical dependence may result with regular%@EH@%
consumption. In such cases, withdrawal symptoms may occur if caffeine use is
stopped or interrupted. These symptoms include headache, irritability, and
fatigue. Tolerance may develop with the use of six to eight cups or more a
day. A regular user of caffeine who has developed a tolerance may also
develop a craving for the drug's effects.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% Poisonous doses of caffeine have occurred occasionally and have%@EH@%
resulted in convulsions, breathing failure, and even death. However, it is
almost impossible to die from drinking too much coffee or tea. The deaths
that have been reported have resulted from the misuse of tablets containing
caffeine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%Sedatives (Tranquilizers, sleeping pills) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%What are they?:%@AE@% Drugs which depress the central nervous system, more%@EH@%
appropriately called sedative-hypnotics because they include drugs which
calm the nerves (the sedation effect) and produce sleep (the hypnotic
effect). Of drugs in this class, barbiturates ("barbs", "downers," "reds")
have the highest rate of abuse and misuse. The most commonly abused
barbiturates include pentobarbital (Nembutal), secobarbital (Seconal), and
amobarbital (Amytal). These all have legitimate use as sedatives or sleeping
aids. Among the most commonly abused nonbarbiturate drugs are glutethimide
(Doriden), meprobamate (Miltown), methyprylon (Noludar), ethchlorvynol
(Placidyl), and methaqualone (Sopor, Quaalude). These are prescribed to help
people sleep. Benzodiazepines, especially diazepam (Valium), prescribed to
relieve anxiety, are commonly abused, and their rate of abuse and misuse is
increasing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% These can kill. Barbiturate overdose is implicated in nearly%@EH@%
one-third of all reported drug-induced deaths. Accidental deaths may occur
when a user takes an unintended larger or repeated dose of sedatives because
of confusion or impairment in judgment caused by initial intake of the drug.
With lesser, but still large doses, users can go into coma. Moderately large
doses often produce an intoxicated stupor. Users' speech is often slurred,
memory vague, and judgment impaired. Taken along with alcohol, the
combination can be fatal. Tranquilizers act somewhat differently from other
sedatives and are considered less hazardous. But even by themselves, or in
combination with other drugs (especially alcohol and other sedatives) they
can be quite dangerous. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dependence:%@AE@% Potential for dependence is greatest with barbiturates, but all%@EH@%
sedatives, tranquilizers, can be addictive. Barbiturate withdrawal is often
more severe than heroin withdrawal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Narcotics %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%What they are?:%@AE@% Drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. The opiates,%@EH@%
which are narcotics, include opium and drugs derived from opium, such as
morphine, codeine, and heroin. Narcotics also include certain synthetic
chemicals that have a morphine-like action, such as methadone. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Which are abused?:%@AE@% Heroin ("junk," "smack") accounts for 90% of narcotic%@EH@%
abuse in the U.S. Sometimes medicinal narcotics are also abused, including
paregoric containing codeine, and methadone, meperidine, and morphine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dependence:%@AE@% Anyone can become heroin dependent if he or she takes the drug%@EH@%
regularly. Although environmental stress and problems of coping have often
been considered as factors that lead to heroin addiction, physicians or
psychologists do not agree that some people just have an "addictive
personality" and are prone to dependence. All we know for certain is that
continued use of heroin causes dependence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dangers:%@AE@% Physical dangers depend on the specific drug, its source, and the%@EH@%
way it is used. Most medical problems are caused by the uncertain dosage
level, use of unsterile needles and other paraphernalia, contamination of
the drug, or combination of a narcotic with other drugs, rather than by the
effects of the heroin (or another narcotic) itself. The life expectancy of a
heroin addict who injects the drug intravenously is significantly lower than
that of one who does not. An overdose can result in death. If, for example,
an addict obtains pure heroin and is not tolerant of the dose, he or she may
die minutes after injecting it. Infections from unsterile needles,
solutions, syringes, cause many diseases. Serum hepatitis is common. Skin
abscesses, inflammation of the veins and congestion of the lungs also occur.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Withdrawal:%@AE@% When a heroin-dependent person stops taking the drug, withdrawal%@EH@%
begins within 4-6 hours after the last injection. Full-blown withdrawal
symptoms--which include shaking, sweating, vomiting, a running nose and
eyes, muscle aches, chills, abdominal pains, and diarrhea--begin some 12-16
hours after the last injection. The intensity of symptoms depends on the
degree of dependence.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Basic First Aid %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First aid experts stress that knowing what to do for an injured person until%@EH@%
a doctor or trained person gets to an accident scene can save a life,
especially in cases of stoppage of breath, severe bleeding, and shock. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%People with special medical problems, such as diabetes, cardiovascular%@EH@%
disease, epilepsy, or allergy, are also urged to wear some sort of emblem
identifying it, as a safeguard against use of medication that might be
injurious or fatal in an emergency. Emblems may be obtained from Medic Alert
Foundation, Turlock, CA 95380. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Most accidents occur in homes. National Safety Council figures show that%@EH@%
home accidents exceed those in other locations, such as in cars, at work, or
in public places. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In all cases, get medical assistance as soon as possible. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Animal bite%@AE@% %@4@%-- Wound should be washed with soap under running water and%@EH@%
animal should be caught alive for rabies test. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Asphyxiation%@AE@% %@4@%-- Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation immediately after getting%@EH@%
patient to fresh air. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bleeding%@AE@% %@4@%-- Elevate the wound above the heart if possible. Press hard on%@EH@%
wound with sterile compress until bleeding stops. Send for doctor if it is
severe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Burn %@AE@% %@4@%-- If mild, with skin unbroken and no blisters, plunge into ice water%@EH@%
until pain subsides. Apply a dry dressing if necessary. Send for physician
if burn is severe. Apply sterile compresses and keep patient quiet and
comfortably warm until doctor's arrival. Do not try to clean burn, or to
break blisters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chemical in eye%@AE@% %@4@%-- With patient lying down, pour cupsful of water%@EH@%
immediately into corner of eye, letting it run to other side to remove
chemicals thoroughly. Cover with sterile compress. Get medical attention
immediately . %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Choking%@AE@% %@4@%-- Do not use back slaps to dislodge obstruction. (See %@AB@%Abdominal%@EH@%
%@AB@%Thrust%@AE@%) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Convulsions%@AE@% %@4@%-- Place person on back on bed or rug. Loosen clothing. Turn%@EH@%
head to side. Do not place a blunt object between the victim's teeth. If
convulsions do not stop, get medical attention immediately. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cut (minor)%@AE@% %@4@%-- Apply mild antiseptic and sterile compress after washing with%@EH@%
soap under warm running water. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Drowning%@AE@% %@4@%-- (See Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation) Artificial breathing must be%@EH@%
started at once, before victim is out of the water, if possible. If the
victim's stomach is bloated with water, put victim on stomach, place hands
under stomach, and lift. If no pulse is felt, begin cardio-pulmonary
resuscitation. This should only be done by those professionally trained. If
necessary, treat for shock. (See %@AB@%Shock%@AE@%) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Electric shock%@AE@% %@4@%-- If possible, turn off power. Don't touch victim until%@EH@%
contact is broken; pull him from contact with electrical source using rope,
wooden pole, or loop of dry cloth. Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if
breathing has stopped. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Foreign body in eye%@AE@% %@4@%-- Touch object with moistened corner of handkerchief if%@EH@%
it can be seen. If it cannot be seen or does not come out after a few
attempts, take patient to doctor. Do not rub eye. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fainting%@AE@% %@4@%-- If victim feels faint, lower head to knees. Lay him down with%@EH@%
head turned to side if he becomes unconscious. Loosen clothing and open
windows. Keep patient lying quietly for at least 15 minutes after he regains
consciousness. Call doctor if faint lasts for more than a few minutes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fall %@AE@% %@4@%-- Send for physician if patient has continued pain. Cover wound with%@EH@%
sterile dressing and stop any severe bleeding. Do not move patient unless
absolutely necessary -- as in case of fire -- if broken bone is suspected.
Keep patient warm and comfortable. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Loss of Limb%@AE@% %@4@%-- If a limb is severed, it is important to properly protect%@EH@%
the limb so that it can possibly be reattached to the victim. After the
victim is cared for, the limb should be placed in a clean plastic bag,
garbage can or other suitable container. Pack ice around the limb on the
OUTSIDE of the bag to keep the limb cold. Call ahead to the hospital to
alert them of the situation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Poisoning%@AE@% %@4@%-- Call doctor. Use antidote listed on label if container is%@EH@%
found. Call local Poison Control Center if possible. Except for lye, other
caustics, and petroleum products, induce vomiting unless victim is
unconscious. Give milk if poison or antidote is unknown. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Shock (injury-related)%@AE@% %@4@%-- Keep the victim lying down; if uncertain as to his%@EH@%
injuries, keep him flat on his back. Maintain the victim's normal body
temperature; if the weather is cold or damp, place blankets or extra
clothing over and under the victim; if weather is hot, provide shade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Snakebite%@AE@% %@4@%-- Immediately get victim to a hospital. If there is mild swelling%@EH@%
or pain, apply a constricting band 2 to 4 inches above the bite. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sting from insect %@AE@% %@4@%-- If possible, remove stinger and apply solution of%@EH@%
ammonia and water, or paste of baking soda. Call physician immediately if
body swells or patient collapses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Unconsciousness%@AE@% %@4@%-- Send for doctor and place person on his back. Start%@EH@%
resuscitation if he stops breathing. Never give food or liquids to an
unconscious person. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Abdominal Thrust %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The American Red Cross and the American Heart Association both agree that%@EH@%
the recommended first aid for choking victims is the abdominal thrust, also
known as the Heimlich maneuver, after its creator, Dr. Henry Heimlich. Slaps
on the back are no longer advised and may even prove detrimental in an
attempt to assist a choking victim. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Get behind the victim and wrap your arms around him above his waist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Make a fist with one hand and place it, with the thumb knuckle pressing%@EH@%
inward, just below the point of the "v" of the rib cage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Grasp the wrist with the other hand and give one or more upward thrusts%@EH@%
or hugs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if breathing stops.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Stressing that your breath can save a life, the American Red Cross gives the%@EH@%
following directions for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the victim is not
breathing: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Determine consciousness by tapping the victim on the shoulder and asking%@EH@%
loudly, "Are you okay?"%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Tilt the victim's head back so that his chin is pointing upward. Do not%@EH@%
press on the soft tissue under the chin, as this might obstruct the airway.
If you suspect that an accident victim might have neck or back injuries,
open the airway by placing the tips of your index and middle fingers on the
corners of the victim's jaw to lift it forward without tilting the head. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Place your cheek and ear close to the victim's mouth and nose. Look at%@EH@%
the victim's chest to see if it rises and falls. Listen and feel for air to
be exhaled for about 5 seconds. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  If there is no breathing, pinch the victim's nostrils shut with the thumb%@EH@%
and index finger of your hand that is pressing on the victim's forehead.
Another way to prevent leakage of air when the lungs are inflated is to
press your cheek against the victim's nose. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Blow air into victim's mouth by taking a deep breath and then sealing%@EH@%
your mouth tightly around the victim's mouth. Initially, give two, quick
(approx. 1.5 seconds each), full breaths without allowing the lungs to
deflate completely between each breath. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Watch the victim's chest to see if it rises. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Stop blowing when the victim's chest is expanded. Raise your mouth; turn%@EH@%
your head to the side and listen for exhalation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Watch the chest to see if it falls. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Repeat the blowing cycle until the victim starts breathing.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Infants (up to one year) and children (1 to 8 years) should be%@EH@%
administered mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as described above, except for the
following: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Do not tilt the head as far back as an adult's head. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Both the mouth and nose of the infant should be sealed by the mouth. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Give breaths to a child once every four seconds. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*  Blow into the infant's mouth and nose once every three seconds with less%@EH@%
pressure and volume than for a child. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Stress: How Much Can Affect Your Health?%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%Reprinted with permission from the %@AI@%Journal of Psychosomatic Research,%@AE@% Vol.%@EH@%
11, pp. 213-218, T.H. Holmes, M.D., R.H. Rahe, M.D.;  The Social
Readjustment Rating Scale [copy  ] 1967, Pergamon Press, Ltd. %@NL@%
%@4@%Change, both good and bad, can create stress and stress, if sufficiently%@EH@%
severe, can lead to illness. Drs. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe,
psychiatrists at the University of Washington in Seattle, developed the
Social Readjustment Rating Scale. In their study, they gave a point value to
stressful events. The psychiatrists discovered that in 79 percent of the
persons studied, major illness followed the accumulation of stress-related
changes totaling over 300 points in one year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%The Social Readjustment Rating Scale%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  105  3973 02 60 07 @%Life Event                                                  Value%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Death of Spouse                                             100Divorce                                                     73Marital separation from mate                                65Detention in jail or other institution                      63Death of a close family member                              63Major personal injury or illness                            53Marriage                                                    50Being fired at work                                         47Marital reconciliation with mate                            45Retirement from work                                        45Major change in the health or behavior of a family member   44Pregnancy                                                   40Sexual difficulties                                         39Gaining a new family member (e.g., through birth, adoption,  39moving in, etc.)                                            Major business readjustment (e.g., merger, reorganization,  39bankruptcy, etc.)                                           Major change in financial state (e.g., a lot worse off or   38a lot better off than usual)                                Death of a close friend                                     37Changing to a different line of work                        36Major change in the number of arguments with spouse (e.g.,  35either a lot more or a lot less than usual regarding         child-rearing, personal habits, etc.)                       Taking out a mortgage or loan for a major purchase(e.g.     31for a home, business, etc.)                                 Foreclosure on a mortgage or loan                           30Major change in responsibilities at work (e.g., promotion,  29demotion, lateral transfer)                                 Son or daughter leaving home (e.g., marriage, attending     29college, etc.)                                              In-law troubles                                             29Outstanding personal achievement                            28Wife beginning or ceasing work outside the home             26Beginning or ceasing formal schooling                       26Major change in living conditions (e.g., building a new     25home, remodeling, deterioration of home or neighborhood)    Revision of personal habits (dress, manners, association,   24etc.)                                                       Troubles with the boss                                      23Major change in working hours or conditions                 20Change in residence                                         20Changing to a new school                                    20Major change in usual type and/or amount of recreation      19Major change in church activities (e.g., a lot more or a    19lot less than usual)                                        Major change in social activities (e.g., clubs, dancing,    18movies, visiting, etc.)                                     Taking out a mortgage or loan for a lesser purchase (e.g.,  17for a car, TV, freezer, etc.)                               Major change in sleeping habits (a lot more or a lot less   16sleep, or change in part of day when asleep)                Major change in number of family get-togethers (e.g., a     15lot more or a lot less than usual)                          Major change in eating habits (a lot more or a lot less     15food intake, or very different meal hours or surroundings)  Vacation                                                    13Christmas                                                   12Minor violations of the law (e.g., traffic tickets,         11jaywalking,  disturbing the peace, etc.)                    %@TE:  105  3973 02 60 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%A Patient's Bill of Rights %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%         American Hospital Association, [copy  ] copyright 1972. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%Often, as a hospital patient, you feel you have little control over your%@EH@%
circumstances. You do, however, have some important rights. They have been
enumerated by the American Hospital Association. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. The patient has the right to considerate and respectful care. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. The patient has the right to obtain from his physician complete%@EH@%
current information concerning his diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in
terms the patient can be expected to understand. When it is not medically
advisable to give such information to the patient, the information should be
made available to an appropriate person in his behalf. He has the right to
know, by name, the physician responsible for coordinating his care. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. The patient has the right to receive from his physician information%@EH@%
necessary to give informed consent prior to the start of any procedure
and/or treatment. Except in emergencies, such information for informed
consent should include but not necessarily be limited to the specific
procedure and/or treatment, the medically significant risks involved, and
the probable duration of incapacitation. Where medically significant
alternatives for care or treatment exist, or when the patient requests
information concerning medical alternatives, the patient has the right to
such information. The patient also has the right to know the name of the
person responsible for the procedures and/or treatment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. The patient has the right to refuse treatment to the extent%@EH@%
permitted by law and to be informed of the medical consequences of his
action. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. The patient has the right to every consideration of his privacy%@EH@%
concerning his own medical care program. Case discussion, consultation,
examination, and treatment are confidential and should be conducted
discreetly. Those not directly involved in his care must have the permission
of the patient to be present. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. The patient has the right to expect that all communications and%@EH@%
records pertaining to his care should be treated as confidential. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. The patient has the right to expect that within its capacity a%@EH@%
hospital must make reasonable response to the request of a patient for
services. The hospital must provide evaluation, service, and/or referral as
indicated by the urgency of the case. When medically permissable, a patient
may be transferred to another facility only after he has received complete
information and explanation concerning the need for and alternatives to such
a transfer. The receiving institution  must first have accepted the patient
for transfer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. The patient has the right to obtain information as to any%@EH@%
relationship of his hospital to other health care and education institutions
insofar as this care is concerned. The patient has the right to obtain
information as to the existence of any professional relationships among
individuals, by name, who are treating him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. The patient has the right to be advised if the hospital proposes to%@EH@%
engage in or perform human experimentation affecting his care or treatment.
The patient has the right to refuse to participate in such research
projects. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. The patient has the right to expect reasonable continuity of care.%@EH@%
He has the right to know in advance what appointment times and physicians
are available and where. The patient has the right to expect that the
hospital will provide a mechanism whereby he is informed by his physician of
the patient's continuing health care requirements following discharge. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     11. The patient has the right to examine and receive an explanation of%@EH@%
his bill, regardless of the source of payment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     12. The patient has the right to know what hospital rules and%@EH@%
regulations apply to his conduct as a patient.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Nutritive Value of Food (Calories, Proteins, etc.) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Home and Garden Bulletin No. 72; available from Supt. of Documents, U. S.%@EH@%
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  465 57739 03 16 16 07 16 16 13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (grams)  Saturated fats  Carbohydrate    Calcium         Iron            Vitamin A        Thiamin         Riboiflavin                                        (calories)                                   (grams)         (grams)         (milligrams)    (milligrams)    (I.U.)          (milligrams)    (milligrams)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Dairy productsCheese,         1 oz.           28     115             7               9            6.1             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               204             .2              300             .01             .11cheddar                                                                                                                                                                             Cheese,         1 cup           210    220             26              9            6.0             6               126             .3              340             .04             .34 cottage, small                                                                                                                                                                      curd                                                                                                                                                                                Cheese, cream   1 oz.           28     100             2               10           6.2             1               23              .3              400             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .06 Cheese, Swiss   1 oz.           28     105             8               8            5.0             1               272             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               240             .01             .10 Half-and-Half   1 tbsp.         15     20              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               2            1.1             1               16              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               20              .01             .02 Cream, sour     1 tbsp.         15     25              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               3            1.6             1               14              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               90              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .02 Milk, whole     1 cup           244    150             8               8            5.1             11              291             .1              310             .09             .40 Milk, nonfat    1 cup           244    85              8               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            .3              12              302             .1              500             .09             .37 (skim)                                                                                                                                                                              Milkshake,      10.6 oz.        300    355             9               8            5.0             63              396             .9              260             .14             .67 chocolate                                                                                                                                                                           Ice Cream,      1 cup           133    270             5               14           8.9             32              176             .1              540             .05             .33 hardened                                                                                                                                                                            Sherbet         1 cup           193    270             2               4            2.4             59              103             .3              190             .03             .09 Yogurt,         8 oz.           227    230             10              3            1.8             42              343             .2              120             .08             .40 fruit-flavored                                                                                                                                                                      EggsFried in        1               46     85              5               6            2.4             1               26              .9              290             .03             .13 butter                                                                                                                                                                              Hard-cooked     1               50     80              6               6            1.7             1               28              1.0             260             .04             .14 Scrambled in    1               64     95              6               7            2.8             1               47              .9              310             .04             .16butter (milk                                                                                                                                                                        added)                                                                                                                                                                              Fats & oilsButter          1 tbsp.         14     100             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               12           7.2             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               3               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               430             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@% Margarine       1 tbsp.         14     100             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               12           2.1             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               3               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               470             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@% Salad dressing,  1 tbsp.         15     75              1               8            1.6             1               12              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               30              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .02 blue cheese                                                                                                                                                                         Salad dressing,  1 tbsp.         16     65              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               6            1.1             3               2               1               -               -               - French                                                                                                                                                                              Salad dressing,  1 tbsp.         15     85              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               9            1.6             1               2               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@% Italian                                                                                                                                                                             Mayonnaise      1 tbsp.         14     100             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               11           2.0             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               3               .1              40              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .01 Meat, poultry,fishBluefish,       3 oz.           85     135             22              4            -               0               25              0.6             40              .09             .08 baked with                                                                                                                                                                          butter or                                                                                                                                                                           margarine                                                                                                                                                                           Clams, raw,     3 oz.           85     65              11              1            -               2               59              5.2             90              .08             .15 meat only                                                                                                                                                                           Crabmeat,       1 cup           135    135             24              3            .6              1               61              1.1             -               .11             .11 white or king,                                                                                                                                                                      canned                                                                                                                                                                              Fish sticks,    1 oz.           28     50              5               3            -               2               3               .1              0               .01             .02 breaded,                                                                                                                                                                            cooked, frozen                                                                                                                                                                      Salmon, pink,   3 oz.           85     120             17              5            .9              0               167             .7              60              .03             .16 canned                                                                                                                                                                              Sardines,       3 oz.           85     175             20              9            3.0             0               372             2.5             190             .02             .17 Atlantic,                                                                                                                                                                           canned in oil                                                                                                                                                                       Shrimp, French  3 oz.           85     190             17              9            2.3             9               61              1.7             -               .03             .07 fried                                                                                                                                                                               Tuna, canned    3 oz.           85     170             24              7            1.7             0               7               1.6             70              .04             .10 in oil                                                                                                                                                                              Bacon, broiled  2 slices        15     85              4               8            2.5             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               2               .5              0               .08             .05 or fried crisp                                                                                                                                                                      Ground beef,    3 oz.           85     185             23              10           4.0             0               10              3.0             20              .08             .20 broiled, 10%                                                                                                                                                                        fat                                                                                                                                                                                 Roast beef,     3 oz.           85     165             25              7            2.8             0               11              3.2             10              .06             .19 relatively                                                                                                                                                                          lean                                                                                                                                                                                Beef steak,     3 oz.           85     330             20              27           11.3            0               9               2.5             50              .05             .15 lean and fat                                                                                                                                                                        Beef &          1 cup           245    220             16              11           4.9             15              29              2.9             2,400           .15             .17 vegetable stew                                                                                                                                                                      Lamb, chop,     3.1 oz.         89     360             18              32           14.8            0               8               1.0             -               .11             .19 lean and fat                                                                                                                                                                        Liver, beef     3 oz.           85     195             22              9            2.5             5               9               7.5             45,390          .22             3.56 Ham, light      3 oz.           85     245             18              19           6.8             0               8               2.2             0               .40             .15 cure, lean and                                                                                                                                                                      fat                                                                                                                                                                                 Pork, chop,     2.7 oz          78     305             19              25           8.9             0               9               2.7             0               .75             .22 lean and fat                                                                                                                                                                        Bologna         1 slice         28     85              3               8            3.0             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               2               .5              -               .05             .06 Frankfurter,    1               56     170             7               15           5.6             1               3               .8              -               .08             .11 cooked                                                                                                                                                                              Sausage, pork   1 link          13     60              2               6            2.1             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               1               .3              0               .10             .04 link, cooked                                                                                                                                                                        Veal, cutlet,   3 oz.           85     185             23              9            4.0             0               9               2.7             -               .06             .21 braised or                                                                                                                                                                          boiled                                                                                                                                                                              Chicken,        1.3 oz.         38     90              12              4            1.1             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               6               .9              50              .03             .15 drumstick,                                                                                                                                                                          fried, bones                                                                                                                                                                        removed                                                                                                                                                                             Chicken, half   6.2 oz.         176    240             42              7            2.2             0               16              3.0             160             .09             .34broiler,                                                                                                                                                                            broiled, bones                                                                                                                                                                      removed                                                                                                                                                                             Fruits & productsApple, raw,     1               138    80              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               1            -               20              10              .4              120             .04             .03 2-3/4 in. diam.                                                                                                                                                                      Applejuice      1 cup           248    120             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               30              15              1.5             -               .02             .05 Apricots, raw   3               107    55              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               14              18              .5              2,890           .03             .04 Banana, raw     1               119    100             1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               26              10              .8              230             .06             .07 Cherries,       10              68     45              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               12              15              .3              70              .03             .04 sweet, raw                                                                                                                                                                          Fruit cocktail,  1 cup           255    195             1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               50              23              1.0             360             .05             .03 canned, in                                                                                                                                                                          heavy syrup                                                                                                                                                                         Grapefruit,     1/2             241    45              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               12              19              .5              10              .05             .02 raw, medium,                                                                                                                                                                        white                                                                                                                                                                               Grapes,         10              50     35              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               9               6               .2              50              .03             .02 Thompson                                                                                                                                                                            seedless                                                                                                                                                                            Lemonade,       1 cup           248    105             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               28              2               .1              10              .01             .02 frozen,                                                                                                                                                                             diluted                                                                                                                                                                             Cantaloupe,     1/2             477    80              2               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               20              38              1.1             9,240           .11             .08 5-in. diam.                                                                                                                                                                         Orange, 2-5/8   1               131    65              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               16              54              .5              260             .13             .05 in. diam.                                                                                                                                                                           Orange juice,   1 cup           249    120             2               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               29              25              .2              540             .23             .03 frozen,                                                                                                                                                                             diluted                                                                                                                                                                             Peach, raw,     1               100    40              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               10              9               .5              1,330           .02             .05 2-1/2 in. diam.                                                                                                                                                                      Raisins,        1 cup           145    420             4               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               112             90              5.1             30              .16             .12 seedless                                                                                                                                                                            Strawberries,   1 cup           149    55              1               1            -               13              31              1.5             90              .04             .10 whole                                                                                                                                                                               Watermelon, 4   1 wedge         926    110             2               1            -               27              30              2.1             2,510           .13             .13 by 8 in. wedge                                                                                                                                                                      Grain productsBagel, egg      1               55     165             6               2            .5              28              9               1.2             30              .14             .10 Biscuit, 2 in.  1               28     105             2               5            1.2             13              34              .4              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .08             .08 diam., from                                                                                                                                                                         home recipe                                                                                                                                                                         Bread, white,   1 slice         25     70              2               1            .2              13              21              .6              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .10             .06 enriched,                                                                                                                                                                            soft-crumb                                                                                                                                                                          Bread, whole    1 slice         28     65              3               1            .1              14              24              .8              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .09             .03 wheat,                                                                                                                                                                              soft-crumb                                                                                                                                                                          Oatmeal or      1 cup           240    130             5               2            .4              23              22              1.4             0               .19             .05 rolled oats                                                                                                                                                                         Bran flakes     1 cup           35     105             4               1            -               28              19              12.4            1,650           .41             .49 (40% bran),                                                                                                                                                                         added sugar,                                                                                                                                                                        salt, iron,                                                                                                                                                                         vitamins                                                                                                                                                                            Corn flakes,    1 cup           25     95              2               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               21              %@AH@%*%@AE@%               0.6             1,180           .29             .35 added sugar,                                                                                                                                                                        salt, iron,                                                                                                                                                                         vitamins                                                                                                                                                                            Rice, puffed,   1 cup           15     60              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               13              3               .3              0               .07             .01 added iron,                                                                                                                                                                         thiamin,                                                                                                                                                                            niacin                                                                                                                                                                              Wheat,          1 serving       25     90              2               1            -               20              11              .9              0               .06             .03 shredded,                                                                                                                                                                           plain, 1                                                                                                                                                                            biscuit or 1/2                                                                                                                                                                      cup                                                                                                                                                                                 Cake, angel     1               53     135             3               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               32              50              .2              0               .03             .08 food, 1/12 of                                                                                                                                                                       cake                                                                                                                                                                                Cupcake, 2-1/2  1               36     130             2               5            2.0             21              47              .4              60              .05             .06 in. diam.,                                                                                                                                                                          with chocolate                                                                                                                                                                      icing                                                                                                                                                                               Boston cream    1               69     210             3               6            1.9             34              46              .7              140             .09             .11 pie with                                                                                                                                                                            custard                                                                                                                                                                             filling, 1/12                                                                                                                                                                       of cake                                                                                                                                                                             Fruitcake,      1               15     55              1               2            .5              9               11              .4              20              .02             .02 dark, 1/30 of                                                                                                                                                                       loaf                                                                                                                                                                                Cake, pound,    1               33     160             2               10           2.5             16              6               .5              80              .05             .06 1/17 of loaf                                                                                                                                                                        Brownies, with  1               20     85              1               4            .9              13              9               .4              20              .03             .02 nuts, from                                                                                                                                                                          commercial                                                                                                                                                                          recipe                                                                                                                                                                              Cookies,        4               40     205             2               12           3.5             24              14              .8              40              .06             .06 chocolate chip,                                                                                                                                                                      from home                                                                                                                                                                           recipe                                                                                                                                                                              Crackers,       2               14     55              1               1            .3              10              6               .5              0               .02             .08 graham                                                                                                                                                                              Crackers,       4               11     50              1               1            .3              8               2               .5              0               .05             .05 saltines                                                                                                                                                                            Danish pastry,  1               65     275             5               15           4.7             30              33              1.2             200             .18             .19 round piece                                                                                                                                                                         Doughnut, cake  1               25     100             1               5            1.2             13              10              .4              20              .05             .05 type                                                                                                                                                                                Macaroni and    1 cup           200    430             17              22           8.9             40              362             1.8             860             .20             .40 cheese, from                                                                                                                                                                        home recipe                                                                                                                                                                         Muffin, corn    1               40     125             3               4            1.2             19              42              .7              120             .10             .10 Noodles,        1 cup           160    200             7               2            -               37              16              1.4             110             .22             .13 enriched,                                                                                                                                                                           cooked                                                                                                                                                                              Pie, apple,     1               135    345             3               15           3.9             51              11              .9              40              .15             .11 1/7 of pie                                                                                                                                                                          Pie, cherry,    1               135    350             4               15           4.0             52              19              .9              590             .16             .12 1/7 of pie                                                                                                                                                                          Pie, lemon      1               120    305             4               12           3.7             45              17              1.0             200             .09             .12 meringue, 1/7                                                                                                                                                                       of pie                                                                                                                                                                              Pie, pecan,     1               118    495             6               27           4.0             61              55              3.7             190             .26             .14 1/7 of pie                                                                                                                                                                          Pizza, cheese,  1               60     145             6               4            1.7             22              86              1.1             230             .16             .18 1/8 of 12 in.                                                                                                                                                                       diam. pie                                                                                                                                                                           Popcorn,        1 cup           6      25              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            %@AH@%T%@AE@%               5               1               .2              -               -               .01 popped, plain                                                                                                                                                                       Pretzels,       10              3      10              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               2               1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               0               .01             .01 stick                                                                                                                                                                               Rolls,          1               26     85              2               2            .4              14              20              .5              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .10             .06 enriched,                                                                                                                                                                           brown & serve                                                                                                                                                                       Rolls,          1               40     120             3               2            .5              21              30              .8              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .16             .10 frankfurter &                                                                                                                                                                       hamburger                                                                                                                                                                           Spaghetti with  1 cup           248    330             19              12           3.3             39              124             3.7             1,590           .25             .30meat balls &                                                                                                                                                                        tomato sauce                                                                                                                                                                        Legumes, nuts,seedsBeans, Great    1 cup           180    210             14              1            -               38              90              4.9             0               .25             .13 Northern,                                                                                                                                                                           cooked                                                                                                                                                                              Peanuts,        1 cup           144    840             37              72           13.7            27              107             3.0             -               .46             .19 roasted in oil,                                                                                                                                                                      salted                                                                                                                                                                              Peanut butter   1 tbsp.         16     95              4               8            1.5             3               9               .3              -               .02             .02 Sunflower       1 cup           145    810             35              69           8.2             29              174             10.3            70              2.84            .33 seeds                                                                                                                                                                               Sugars & sweetsCandy,          1 oz.           28     115             1               3            1.6             22              42              .4              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .01             .05 caramels                                                                                                                                                                            Candy, milk     1 oz.           28     145             2               9            5.5             16              65              .3              80              .02             .10 chocolate                                                                                                                                                                           Fudge,          1 oz.           28     115             1               3            1.3             21              22              .3              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .01             .03 chocolate                                                                                                                                                                           Candy, hard     1 oz.           28     110             0               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               28              6               .5              0               0               0 Honey           1 tbsp.         21     65              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               0            0               17              1               .1              0               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .01 Jams &          1 tbsp.         20     55              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               14              4               .2              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .01 Preserves                                                                                                                                                                           Sugar, white,   1 tbsp.         12     45              0               0            0               12              0               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               0               0               0granulated                                                                                                                                                                          VegetablesAsparagus,      4 spears        80     15              2               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               3               15              1.5             640             .05             .08 canned, spears                                                                                                                                                                      Beans, green,   1 cup           135    35              2               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               8               54              .9              780             .09             .12 from frozen,                                                                                                                                                                        cuts                                                                                                                                                                                Broccoli,       1 stalk         180    45              6               1            -               8               158             1.4             4,500           .16             .36 cooked                                                                                                                                                                              Cabbage, raw,   1 cup           70     15              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               4               34              .3              90              .04             .04 coarsely                                                                                                                                                                            shredded or                                                                                                                                                                         sliced                                                                                                                                                                              Carrots, raw,   1               72     30              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               7               27              .5              7,930           .04             .04 7-1/2 by 1-1/8                                                                                                                                                                      in.                                                                                                                                                                                 Celery, raw     1 stalk         40     5               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               2               16              .1              110             .01             .01 Collards,       1 cup           190    65              7               1            -               10              357             1.5             14,820          .21             .38 cooked                                                                                                                                                                              Corn, sweet,    1 ear           140    70              2               1            -               16              2               .5              310             .09             .08 cooked                                                                                                                                                                              Lettuce,        1 cup           55     5               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               2               11              .3              180             .03             .03 Iceberg,                                                                                                                                                                            chopped                                                                                                                                                                             Mushrooms, raw  1 cup           70     20              2               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               3               4               .6              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .07             .32 Onions, raw,    1 cup           170    65              3               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               15              46              .9              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .05             .07 chopped                                                                                                                                                                             Peas, frozen,   1 cup           160    110             8               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               19              30              3.0             960             .43             .14 cooked                                                                                                                                                                              Potatoes,       1               156    145             4               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               33              14              1.1             %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .15             .07 baked, peeled                                                                                                                                                                       Potatoes,       10              50     110             2               4            1.1             17              5               .9              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .07             .01 frozen, French                                                                                                                                                                      fried                                                                                                                                                                               Potatoes,       1 cup           210    135             4               2            .7              27              50              .8              40              .17             .11 mashed, milk                                                                                                                                                                        added                                                                                                                                                                               Potato chips    10              20     115             1               8            2.1             10              8               .4              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .04             .01 Potato salad    1 cup           250    250             7               7            2.0             41              80              1.5             350             .20             .18 Spinach,        1 cup           205    45              6               1            -               8               232             4.3             16,200          .14             .31 chopped, from                                                                                                                                                                       frozen                                                                                                                                                                              Sweet potatoes,  1               114    160             2               1            -               37              46              1.0             9,230           .10             .08 baked in skin,                                                                                                                                                                      peeled                                                                                                                                                                              Tomatoes, raw   1               135    25              1               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               6               16              .6              1,110           .07             .05  MiscellaneousBeer            12 fl. oz.      360    150             1               0            0               14              18              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               -               .01             .11 Gin, rum,       1-1/2 fl. oz.   42     105             -               -            0               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               -               -               -               -               - vodka, whisky,                                                                                                                                                                      86 proof                                                                                                                                                                            Wine, table     3-1/2 fl. oz.   102    85              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               0            0               4               9               .4              -               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .01 Cola-type       12 fl. oz.      369    145             0               0            0               37              -               -               0               0               0 beverage                                                                                                                                                                            Ginger ale      12 fl. oz       366    115             0               0            0               29              -               -               0               0               0 Gelatin         1 cup           240    140             4               0            0               34              -               -               -               -               - dessert                                                                                                                                                                             Olives,         4 medium        16     15              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               2            .2              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               8               .2              40              -               - pickled, green                                                                                                                                                                      Pickles, dill,  1               65     5               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               %@AH@%T%@AE@%            -               1               17              .7              70              %@AH@%T%@AE@%               .01 whole                                                                                                                                                                               Popsicle, 3 fl.  1               95     70              0               0            0               18              0               %@AH@%T%@AE@%               0               0               0 oz.                                                                                                                                                                                 Soup, tomato,   1 cup           245    90              2               3            .5              16              15              .7              1,000           .05             .05  prepared with                                                                                                                                                                       water                                                                                                                                                                               %@TE:  465 57739 03 16 16 07 16 16 13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%T%@AE@% -- Indicates trace %@AH@%*%@AE@% -- Varies by brand%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Calories Used Per Minute According to Body Weight%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24  2979 03 25 18 18 18 18 18 18 @%                         Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds  Weight in PoundsActivity                 100               120               150               170               200               220%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Volleyball (moderate)    2.3               2.7               3.4               3.9               4.6               5.0Walking (3 mph)          2.7               3.2               4.0               4.6               5.4               5.9 Table tennis             2.7               3.2               4.0               4.6               5.4               5.9 Bicycling (5.5 mph)      3.1               3.8               4.7               5.3               6.3               6.9 Calisthenics             3.3               3.9               4.9               5.6               6.6               7.2 Skating (moderate)       3.6               4.3               5.4               6.1               7.2               7.9 Golf                     3.6               4.3               5.4               6.1               7.2               7.9 Walking (4 mph)          3.9               4.6               5.8               6.6               7.8               8.5 Tennis                   4.5               5.4               6.8               7.7               9.1               10.0 Canoeing (4 mph)         4.6               5.6               7.0               7.9               9.3               10.2 Swimming (breaststroke)  4.8               5.7               7.2               8.1               9.6               10.5 Bicycling (10 mph)       5.4               6.5               8.1               9.2               10.8              11.9 Swimming (crawl)         5.8               6.9               8.7               9.8               11.6              12.7 Jogging (11-min. mile)   6.1               7.3               9.1               10.4              12.2              13.4 Handball                 6.3               7.6               9.5               10.7              12.7              13.9 Racquetball              6.3               7.6               9.5               10.7              12.7              13.9 Skiing (downhill)        6.3               7.6               9.5               10.7              12.7              13.9 Mountain climbing        6.6               8.0               10.0              11.3              13.3              14.6 Squash                   6.8               8.1               10.2              11.5              13.6              14.9 Skiing (cross-country)   7.2               8.7               10.8              12.3              14.5              15.9 Running (8-min. mile)    9.4               11.3              14.1              16.0              18.8              20.7 %@TE:   24  2979 03 25 18 18 18 18 18 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Many other factors, including air temperature, clothing, and the vigor
with which a person exercises, can mean an increase or decrease in the
number of calories used.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Food and Nutrition %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Food contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, vitamins and minerals.%@EH@%
Nutrition is the way your body takes in and uses these ingredients to
maintain proper functioning. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Federal health officials recommended, Feb. 1990, that all Americans, not%@EH@%
just those with high cholesterol levels, reduce the fat content of their
diets by an average of 10%, to lower their risk of heart disease. In March
1989, the Natl. Research Council reported on the role of diet in
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic liver and kidney diseases,
diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, and dental cavities. Major recommendations
included: reducing fat intake to 30% or less of total calories, reducing
saturated fat to less than 10% of calories, and reducing cholesterol to less
than 300 milligrams daily; eating 5 or more half-cup servings per day of
vegetables and fruits, especially green and yellow vegetables and citrus
fruits; eating 6 or more servings daily of bread, cereals, and legumes, for
a total of more than 55% of calories; eating no more than twice the
recommended daily allowance of protein, and no more than 1.6 grams per day
per kilogram of body weight; eating less than 6 grams a day of salt,
limiting its use in cooking, avoiding it at the table, and consuming salty
foods sparingly; and maintaining an adequate intake of calcium. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Protein %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Proteins, composed of amino acids, are indispensable in the diet. They%@EH@%
build, maintain, and repair the body. Best sources: eggs, milk, fish, meat,
poultry, soybeans, nuts. High quality proteins such as eggs, meat, or fish
supply all 8 amino acids needed in the diet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Fats%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fats provide energy by furnishing calories to the body, and by carrying%@EH@%
vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are the most concentrated source of energy in
the diet. Best sources: butter, margarine, salad oils, nuts, cream, egg
yolks, most cheeses, lard, meat. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Carbohydrates %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Carbohydrates provide energy for body function and activity by supplying%@EH@%
immediate calories. The carbohydrate group includes sugars, starches, fiber,
and starchy vegetables. Best sources: grains, legumes, nuts, potatoes,
fruits. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Water %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Water dissolves and transports other nutrients throughout the body, aiding%@EH@%
the processes of digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion. It helps
regulate body temperature. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Vitamins %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin A--promotes good eyesight and helps keep the skin and mucous%@EH@%
membranes resistant to infection. Best sources: liver, carrots, sweet
potatoes, kale, collard greens, turnips, fortified milk. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin B%@AH@%1%@AE@% (thiamine)--prevents beriberi. Essential to carbohydrate%@EH@%
metabolism and health of nervous system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin B%@AH@%2%@AE@% (riboflavin)--protects skin, mouth, eye, eyelids, and mucous%@EH@%
membranes. Essential to protein and energy metabolism. Best sources: liver,
milk, meat, poultry, broccoli, mushrooms. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin B%@AH@%6%@AE@% (pyridoxine)--important in the regulation of the central nervous%@EH@%
system and in protein metabolism. Best sources: whole grains, meats, nuts,
brewers' yeast. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin B%@AH@%12%@AE@% (cobalamin)--needed to form  red blood cells. Best sources:%@EH@%
liver, meat, fish, eggs, soybeans. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Niacin--maintains the health of skin, tongue, and digestive system. Best%@EH@%
sources: poultry, peanuts, fish, organ meats, enriched flour and bread. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Other B vitamins--biotin, choline, folic acid (folacin), inositol, PABA%@EH@%
(para-aminobenzoic acid), pantothenic acid. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)--maintains collagen, a protein necessary for the%@EH@%
formation of skin, ligaments, and bones. It helps heal wounds and mend
fractures, and aids in resisting some types of virus and bacterial
infections. Best sources: citrus fruits and juices, turnips, broccoli,
Brussels sprouts, potatoes and sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin D--important for bone development. Best sources: sunlight, fortified%@EH@%
milk and milk products, fish-liver oils, egg yolks, organ meats. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin E (tocopherol)--helps protect red blood cells. Best sources:%@EH@%
vegetable oils, wheat germ, whole grains, eggs, peanuts, organ meats,
margarine, green leafy vegetables. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vitamin K--necessary for formation of prothrombin, which helps blood to%@EH@%
clot. Also made by intestinal bacteria. Best dietary sources: green leafy
vegetables, tomatoes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Minerals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Calcium--the most abundant mineral in the body, works with phosphorus in%@EH@%
building and maintaining bones and teeth. Best sources: milk and milk
products, cheese, and blackstrap molasses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Phosphorus--the 2d most abundant mineral, performs more functions than any%@EH@%
other mineral, and plays a part in nearly every chemical reaction in the
body. Best source: whole grains, cheese, milk. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iron--Necessary for the formation of myoglobin, which transports oxygen to%@EH@%
muscle tissue, and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood. Best
sources: organ meats, beans, green leafy vegetables, and shellfish. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Other minerals--chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, magnesium,%@EH@%
manganese, molybdenum, potassium, selenium, sodium, sulfur, and zinc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Food and Nutrition Board, Natl. Academy of Sciences--Natl. Research Council;%@EH@%
1989 %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   40  5133 05 10 09 09 13 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 @%                                         Fat      Fat      Fat      Fat      Fat      Water    Water    Water    Water    Water    Water    Mineral  Mineral  Mineral  Mineral  Mineral  Mineral  Mineral                                         soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble  s        s        s        s        s        s        s                                                                                      vitamin  vitamin  vitamin  vitamin  vitamin  vitamin                                                                                                                                              s        s        s        s        s        s                                                                        Age      Weight   Protein      Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin  Thiamin  Ribofla  Niacin   Vitamin  Folate   Vitamin  Calcium  Phospho  Magnesi  Iron     Zinc     Iodine   Seleniu          (years)  (lbs.)   (grams)      A%@AH@%1%@AE@%       D%@AH@%2%@AE@%       E%@AH@%3%@AE@%       K        C        (mg.)    vin       (mg.)%@AH@%4%@AE@%   B%@AH@%6%@AE@% (mg.)  (microg  B%@AH@%12%@AE@%      (mg.)    rus       um (mg.)  (mg.)    (mg.)    (microg  m           and sex                                                                              (mg.)                      rams)    (microg           (mg.)                               rams)    (microg          group                                                                                                                    rams)                                                          rams)%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Infants   to 5     13       13           375      7.5      3        5        30       0.3      0.4      5        0.3      25       0.3      400      300      40       6        5        40       10          mos.                                                                                                                                                                                              to 1 yr.  20       14/C><C>375  10       4        10       35       0.4      0.5      6        0.6      35       0.5      600      500      60       10       5        50       15Children  1-3      29       16           400      10       6        15       40       0.7      0.8      9        1.0      50       0.7      800      800      80       10       10       70       20          4-6      44       24           500      10       7        20       45       0.9      1.1      12       1.1      75       1.0      800      800      120      10       10       90       20          7-10     62       28           700      10       7        30       45       1.0      1.2      13       1.4      100      1.4      800      800      170      10       10       120      30Males     11-14    99       45           1000     10       10       45       50       1.3      1.5      17       1.7      150      2.0      1200     1200     270      12       15       150      40          15-18    145      59           1000     10       10       65       60       1.5      1.8      20       2.0      200      2.0      1200     1200     400      12       15       150      50          19-24    160      58           1000     10       10       70       60       1.5      1.7      19       2.0      200      2.0      1200     1200     350      10       15       150      70          25-50    174      63           1000     5        10       80       60       1.5      1.7      19       2.0      200      2.0      800      800      350      10       15       150      70          51+      170      63           1000     5        10       80       60       1.2      1.4      15       2.0      200      2.0      800      800      350      10       15       150      70Females   11-14    101      46           800      10       8        45       50       1.1      1.3      15       1.4      150      2.0      1200     1200     280      15       12       150      45          15-18    120      44           800      10       8        55       60       1.1      1.3      15       1.5      180      2.0      1200     1200     300      15       12       150      50          19-24    128      46           800      10       8        60       60       1.1      1.3      15       1.6      180      2.0      1200     1200     280      15       12       150      55          25-50    138      50           800      5        8        65       60       1.1      1.3      15       1.6      180      2.0      800      800      280      15       12       150      55          51+      143      50           800      5        8        65       60       1.0      1.2      13       1.6      180      2.0      800      800      280      10       12       150      55%@TE:   40  5133 05 10 09 09 13 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Retinol equivalents. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Micrograms of cholecalciferol. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Milligrams
alpha-tocopherol equivalents. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Niacin equivalents.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                %@AS@%EDUCATION %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Educational Attainment by Age, Race, and Sex %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%       U.S. Bureau of the Census unpublished data as of March, 1988 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%(Number of persons in thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   93  9217 05 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school     Years of school     Years of school     Percent             Percent             Percent             Percent                    completed           completed           completed           completed           completed                                                                       March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4      College, 1 to 3     College, 4 years    Less than high      High school, 4      College, 1 to 3     College, 4 years                                         school, 4 years     years               years               or more             school, 4 years     years               years               or more%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All races18 to 24 years      26,060              5,627               11,254              7,148               2,029               21.6                43.2                27.4                7.825 years and over   151,616             36,114              58,940              25,783              30,779              38.9                38.9                17.0                20.325 to 34 years      42,970              5,836               17,889              9,069               10,174              13.6                41.6                21.1                23.735 to 44 years      34,682              4,841               13,200              7,309               9,332               14.0                38.1                21.1                26.945 to 54 years      23,795              5,230               9,860               3,698               5,008               22.0                41.4                15.5                21.055 to 64 years      21,642              7,024               8,580               2,793               3,246               32.5                39.6                12.9                15.065 years and over   28,527              13,183              9,412               2,915               3,018               46.2                33.0                10.2                10.6Male, 25 years and  71,941              16,944              25,674              12,052              17,269              23.6                35.7                16.8                24.0over                                                                                                                                                                                Female, 25 years    79,676              19,171              33,266              13,730              13,510              24.1                41.8                17.2                17.0and over                                                                                                                                                                            White18 to 24 years      21,552              4,400               9,295               6,041               1,819               20.4                43.1                28.0                8.425 years and over   131,092             29,282              51,795              22,599              27,416              22.3                39.5                17.2                20.925 to 34 years      36,148              4,613               15,052              7,621               8,861               12.8                41.6                21.1                24.535 to 44 years      29,783              3,804               11,339              6,351               8,290               12.8                38.1                21.3                27.845 to 54 years      20,448              4,099               8,645               3,281               4,424               20.0                42.3                16.0                21.655 to 64 years      19,074              5,672               7,854               2,562               2,985               29.7                41.2                13.4                15.665 years and over   25,639              11,095              8,905               2,784               2,857               43.3                34.7                10.9                11.1Male, 25 years and  62,679              13,959              22,541              10,572              15,608              22.3                36.0                16.9                24.9over                                                                                                                                                                                Female, 25 years    68,414              15,323              29,255              12,027              11,808              22.4                42.8                17.6                17.3and over                                                                                                                                                                            Black18 to 24 years      3,619               1,065               1,627               791                 134                 29.4                45.0                21.9                3.725 years and over   15,929              5,838               5,914               2,382               1,796               36.7                37.1                15.0                11.325 to 34 years      5,272               1,029               2,446               1,104               693                 19.5                46.4                20.9                13.135 to 44 years      3,700               841                 1,563               724                 571                 22.7                42.2                19.6                15.445 to 54 years      2,501               969                 969                 290                 274                 38.7                38.7                11.6                11.055 to 64 years      2,074               1,175               580                 172                 146                 56.7                28.0                8.3                 7.065 years and over   2,383               1,824               357                 91                  111                 76.5                15.0                3.8                 4.7Male, 25 years and  7,067               2,571               2,612               1,091               792                 36.4                37.0                15.4                11.2over                                                                                                                                                                                Female, 25 years    8,863               3,267               3,302               1,291               1,003               36.9                37.3                14.6                11.3and over                                                                                                                                                                            Hispanic Origin%@AH@%1%@AE@%18 to 24 years      2,665               1,106               1,040               438                 80                  41.5                39.0                16.4                3.025 years and over   9,940               4,874               2,815               1,257               995                 49.0                28.3                12.6                10.025 to 34 years      3,785               1,449               1,239               647                 450                 38.3                32.7                17.1                11.935 to 44 years      2,624               1,157               823                 363                 282                 44.1                31.4                13.8                10.745 to 54 years      1,488               820                 386                 126                 155                 55.1                25.9                8.5                 10.455 to 64 years      1,142               749                 240                 82                  71                  65.6                21.0                7.2                 6.265 years and over   903                 701                 126                 39                  37                  77.6                14.0                4.3                 4.1Male, 25 years and  4,889               2,346               1,332               625                 585                 48.0                27.2                12.8                12.0over                                                                                                                                                                                Female, 25 years    5,051               2,528               1,482               632                 410                 50.0                29.3                12.5                8.1and over                                                                                                                                                                            %@TE:   93  9217 05 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%      %@AS@%Historical Summary of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   79  8288 02 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 @%                  1899-1900         1909-10           1919-20           1929-30           1939-40           1949-50           1959-60           1969-70           1979-80           1987-88%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Pupils and teachers (thousands)Total U.S.        75,995            90,492            104,512           121,770           130,880           148,665           179,323           203,212           224,567           243,419population                                                                                                                                                                          Population 5-17   21,573            24,009            27,556            31,417            30,150            30,168            43,881            52,490            48,040            45,291 years of age                                                                                                                                                                        Percent aged      28.4              26.5              26.4              25.8              23.0              20.3              24.5              25.8              21.4              18.65-17 years                                                                                                                                                                          Enrollment (thousands)Elementary and    15,503            17,814            21,578            25,678            25,434            25,111            36,087            45,619            41,645            40,008 secondary                                                                                                                                                                           Percent pop.      71.9              74.2              78.3              81.7              84.4              83.2              82.2              86.9              86.7              88.3 5-17 enrolled                                                                                                                                                                       Percent in high   3.3               5.1               10.2              17.1              26.0              22.7              23.5              28.5              32.9              30.2 schools                                                                                                                                                                             High school       62                111               231               592               1,143             1,063             1,627             2,589             2,748             2,497 graduates                                                                                                                                                                           Average school    144.3             157.5             161.9             172.7             175.0             177.9             178.0             178.9             178.5             . . .  term (in days)                                                                                                                                                                      Total             . . .             . . .             678               880               912               962               1,464             2,253             2,441             . . .  instructional                                                                                                                                                                       staff                                                                                                                                                                               Teachers, librarians: Men               127               110               93                140               195               195               402               691               782%@AH@%4%@AE@%              . . . Women             296               413               565               703               681               719               985               1,440             1,518%@AH@%4%@AE@%            . . . Percent men       29.9              21.1              14.1              16.6              22.2              21.3              29.0              33.4              34.0%@AH@%4%@AE@%             . . . Revenue & expenditures (millions)Total revenue     $219              $433              $970              $2,088            $2,260            $5,437            $14,746           $40,267           $96,881           $169,651 Total             214               426               1,036             2,316             2,344             5,837             15,613            40,683            95,962            172,000%@AH@%4%@AE@%expenditures                                                                                                                                                                        Current elem.     179               356               861               1,843             1,941             4,687             12,329            34,218            86,984%@AH@%1%@AE@%           157,222 and secondary                                                                                                                                                                       Capital outlay    35                69                153               370               257               1,014             2,661             4,659             6,506             . . .  Interest on       . . .             . . .             18                92                130               100               489               1,171             1,874             . . .  school debt                                                                                                                                                                         Other             . . .             . . .             3                 9                 13                35                132               636               598               . . .   Salaries and      (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data in pupil cost        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted                   dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dollars)Average annual    $325              $485              $871              $1,420            $1,441            $3,010            $5,174            $8,840            $16,715           $29,177 teacher salary%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                     Expenditure per   2.83              4.71              9.91              19.03             17.91             39                87                200               424               707%@AH@%4%@AE@%capita total pop.                                                                                                                                                                    Current           16.67             27.85             53.32             86.70             88.09             209               375               816               2,272             4,243expenditure per                                                                                                                                                                     pupil ADA%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                          %@TE:   79  8288 02 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Because of a modification of the scope, "current expenditures for
elementary and secondary schools" data for 1959-60 and later years are not
entirely comparable with data for prior years. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes supervisors,
principals, teachers and other non-supervisory instructional staff. %@AH@%3%@AE@%"ADA"
means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary day schools. %@AH@%4%@AE@%
Estimated.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Fall Enrollment and Teachers in Full-time Day Schools%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Elementary and Secondary Day Schools, Fall 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education; National%@EH@%
Education Assn.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  9442 02 22 30 18 20 20 35 21 23 @%                      Local school districts total  Total enrollment  Pupils per teacher  Classroom teachers  Teacher's average pay (1988-1989)  Instructional aides  Expenditure per pupil%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%United States         15,376                        40,192,386        17.4                2,316,428           $31,304                            355,660              $4,243Alabama               129                           724,751           18.7                38,845              25,500                             4,106                2,718 Alaska                55                            106,481           17.0                6,272               43,153                             1,537                7,971 Arizona               238                           574,890           18.2                31,617              29,600                             4,584                3,744 Arkansas              329                           436,387           15.7                27,730              22,009                             3,456                2,989 California            1,077                         4,618,120         22.7                203,342             38,996                             51,468               3,840 Colorado              176                           560,081           17.8                31,398              30,700                             4,040                4,462 Connecticut           166                           463,488           13.1                35,502              40,496                             -                    6,230 Delaware              19                            96,678            16.4                5,898               33,480                             719                  5,017 District of Columbia  1                             84,792            13.3                6,394               36,450                             639                  6,132 Florida               67                            1,720,930         17.1                100,370             28,525                             19,113               4,092 Georgia               186                           1,107,994         18.5                59,916              27,892                             14,094               3,434 Hawaii                1                             167,488           21.1                7,950               32,047                             1,800                3,919 Idaho                 115                           214,615           20.6                10,425              23,494                             994                  2,667 Illinois              972                           1,794,916         17.1                105,097             33,014                             12,340               4,369 Indiana               303                           960,994           17.8                54,029              30,493                             10,327               3,794 Iowa                  433                           478,200           15.8                30,226              26,747                             3,243                4,124 Kansas                304                           426,596           15.2                28,122              28,671                             2,708                4,076 Kentucky              177                           637,627           17.8                35,788              26,275                             5,609                3,011 Louisiana             66                            786,683           18.2                43,203              22,993                             7,101                3,138 Maine                 210                           212,902           14.6                14,593              26,881                             2,895                4,258 Maryland              24                            688,947           16.8                40,899              36,092                             5,480                5,201 Massachusetts         359                           823,428           13.7                60,068              34,225                             9,511                5,471 Michigan              561                           1,582,785         19.8                79,847              36,010                             10,783               4,692 Minnesota             436                           726,950           17.0                42,750              32,190                             7,556                4,386 Mississippi           152                           503,326           18.4                27,283              24,363                             7,946                2,548 Missouri              544                           806,639           15.9                50,693              27,229                             3,930                3,786 Montana               549                           152,191           15.8                9,626               25,081                             1,033                4,246 Nebraska              862                           269,434           15.0                18,003              24,751                             2,454                3,943 Nevada                17                            176,474           20.3                8,699               30,587                             -                    3,623 New Hampshire         170                           169,413           16.2                10,442              28,939                             1,981                4,457 New Jersey            602                           1,080,871         13.6                79,698              36,030                             8,789                6,564 New Mexico            88                            292,425           18.5                15,770              25,120                             3,067                3,691 New York              721                           2,573,715         14.9                172,807             38,800                             24,430               7,151 North Carolina        140                           1,083,156         17.5                61,933              27,814                             18,016               3,368 North Dakota          296                           118,809           15.4                7,731               23,016                             965                  3,519 Ohio                  613                           1,778,544         17.6                101,105             31,170                             8,031                3,998 Oklahoma              609                           580,426           16.5                35,116              23,070                             3,680                3,093  Oregon                304                           461,752           18.4                25,147              30,563                             4,048                4,789 Pennsylvania          501                           1,659,714         15.9                104,379             32,809                             10,624               4,989 Rhode Island          37                            134,347           14.6                9,192               36,057                             1,009                5,329 South Carolina        91                            615,774           17.2                35,877              27,076                             4,731                3,408 South Dakota          191                           126,910           15.4                8,260               21,300                             1,138                3,249 Tennessee             141                           821,580           19.3                42,657              27,052                             7,437                3,068 Texas                 1,062                         3,283,707         -                   -                   27,502                             -                    3,608 Utah                  40                            431,119           24.5                17,590              23,652                             2,778                2,454 Vermont               276                           93,464            13.6                6,852               28,798                             1,128                5,207 Virginia              136                           982,393           16.1                60,883              30,926                             8,942                4,149 Washington            296                           790,918           20.4                38,780              30,475                             5,502                4,164 West Virginia         55                            335,912           15.1                22,177              22,842                             2,838                3,858 Wisconsin             430                           774,857           16.0                48,541              32,320                             6,232                4,747 Wyoming               49                            97,793            14.6                6,693               28,184                             1,247                5,051   %@TE:   54  9442 02 22 30 18 20 20 35 21 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Programs for the Handicapped %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Office of Special Educ. and Rehabilitative Services, U.S. Dept. of Education%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  5928 02 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 @%Type of Handicapped   1981-82               1982-83               1983-84               1984-85               1985-86               1986-87               1987-88               1988-89%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%                      Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Served, in                       Thousands             Thousands             Thousands             Thousands             Thousands             Thousands             Thousands             ThousandsAll conditions        4,198                 4,255                 4,298                 4,315                 4,317                 4,374                 4,446                 4,544Learning disabled     1,622                 1,741                 1,806                 1,832                 1,862                 1,914                 1,928                 1,987 Speech impaired       1,135                 1,131                 1,128                 1,126                 1,125                 1,136                 953                   967 Mentally retarded     786                   757                   727                   694                   660                   643                   582                   564 Seriously             339                   352                   361                   372                   375                   383                   373                   376 emotionally                                                                                                                                                                     disturbed                                                                                                                                                                       Hard of hearing and   75                    73                    72                    69                    66                    65                    56                    56 deaf                                                                                                                                                                            Orthopedically        58                    57                    56                    56                    57                    57                    47                    47 handicapped                                                                                                                                                                     Visually handicapped  29                    28                    29                    28                    27                    26                    22                    23 Deaf-blind            2                     2                     2                     2                     2                     2                     12                    2                      As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total                       Enrollment            Enrollment            Enrollment            Enrollment            Enrollment            Enrollment            Enrollment            EnrollmentAll conditions        10.47                 10.73                 10.92                 10.98                 10.93                 10.97                 11.10                 11.30 Learning disabled     4.05                  4.39                  4.59                  4.66                  4.71                  4.80                  4.82                  4.94 Speech impaired       2.83                  2.85                  2.87                  2.87                  2.85                  2.85                  2.38                  2.41 Mentally retarded     1.96                  1.91                  1.85                  1.77                  1.67                  1.61                  1.45                  1.40 Seriously             .85                   .89                   .92                   .95                   .95                   .96                   0.94                  0.94 emotionally                                                                                                                                                                     disturbed                                                                                                                                                                       Hard of hearing and   .19                   .18                   .18                   .17                   .17                   .16                   .14                   0.14 deaf                                                                                                                                                                            Orthopedically        .14                   .14                   .14                   .14                   .14                   .14                   .12                   0.12 handicapped                                                                                                                                                                     Visually handicapped  .07                   .07                   .07                   .07                   .07                   .07                   .06                   0.06 Deaf-blind            .01                   .01                   .01                   .01                   .01                   .01                   .01                   %@AH@%(1)%@AE@% %@TE:   52  5928 02 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 @%

%@NL@%
Number of children 3 to 21 years old served annually in educational programs
for the handicapped and percent of total public school enrollment. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Counts are based on reports from the 50 States, District of Columbia
and Puerto Rico (i.e., figures from U.S. territories are not included).
Percentages of total enrollment are based on the total annual enrollment of
U.S. public schools, preprimary through 12th grade. Details may not add to
totals because of rounding. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Less than .005.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Federal Funds for Education, 1980-1990%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   U.S. Office of Management and Budget%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Federal funds obligated for programs administered by the Department of%@EH@%
%@AS@%Education: Fiscal years 1980 to 1990%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%(In thousands of dollars)  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   62  7933 03 49 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%                                                                                                                                                      1980         1982         1984         1988         1989         1990%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                                            $14,102,165  $15,069,598  $17,072,698  $20,697,311  $24,473,634  $25,700,889Elementary and secondary education               4,239,022    3,802,234    4,294,269    5,682,997    5,997,160    7,171,545 Grants for the disadvantaged                     3,204,664    3,063,651    3,501,383    4,357,970    4,600,444    5,372,571 Special programs                                 788,918      524,730      549,117      1,067,213    1,129,444    1,536,651 Bilingual education                              169,540      136,292      173,051      191,470      196,309      188,674 Indian education                                 75,900       77,561       70,718       66,344       70,963       73,649School assistance in federally affected areas    812,873      457,227      608,791      731,241      731,768      773,632 Maintenance and operations                       690,000      438,498      555,300      685,498      708,396      717,354Construction                                     110,873      15,951       28,491       35,640       18,400       37,748 Disaster assistance                              12,000       2,778        25,000       10,103       4,972        18,530 Other                                            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@% Education for the handicapped                    1,555,253    2,023,536    2,416,799    3,075,456    3,814,846    4,204,099 State grant programs                             815,805      933,657      1,082,180    1,115,333    1,642,647    1,809,207 Early childhood education%@AH@%2%@AE@%                       38,745       40,673       53,164       210,752      319,012      430,164 Special centers, projects, and research          55,075       35,057       54,871       78,600       102,141      96,889 Captioned films and media services               17,778       11,438       14,000       13,026       13,346       15,192 Personnel training                               55,375       48,911       55,540       66,153       67,023       71,000 Handicapped rehabilitation Service and research  572,475      953,800      1,157,044    1,591,592    1,670,677    1,781,647Vocational education and adult programs          1,153,743    751,118      954,320      1,000,055    1,052,470    1,202,736 Basic programs%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                  744,653      530,669      689,324      823,299      859,239      925,024 Consumer and homemaking                          63,169       29,363       36,792       32,752       32,816       34,517 Program improvement and supportive services      162,512      91,650       117,249      %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@% State planning and advisory councils             13,423       8,800        11,200       7,681        7,945        8,268 Adult education, grants to States                153,724      90,636       99,755       129,183      139,771      217,392 Other                                            16,262       %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            7,140        12,699       17,535 Postsecondary student financial assistance       5,108,534    6,584,012    7,478,401    8,807,929    11,482,608   10,801,185 Educational opportunity grants%@AH@%4%@AE@%                  2,534378     2,546,167    3,565,209    4,620,133    5,379,725    5,318,006 Work-study                                       596,065      523,910      561,322      604,445      620,644      606,362 Direct student loans                             322,749      193,686      191,962      216,963      202,904      182,471 Guaranteed student loans                         1,597,877    3,297,776    3,130,939    3,297,305    5,203,843    4,615,022 Other student assistance programs                57,465       22,473       28,969       69,083       75,492       79,324Direct aid to postsecondary institutions         277,068      284,467      311,221      341,063      398,318      457,769 Aid to minority and developing institutions      114,680      119,829      132,081      135,222      179,062      215,947 Special programs for the disadvantaged           147,389      150,238      164,740      205,841      219,256      241,822 Cooperative education                            14,999       14,400       14,400       %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@% Higher education facilities                      268,493      449,191      216,893      162,528      77,362       94,223 Construction loans and insurance                 35,362       38,690       54,105       89,820       37,109       45,083 Interest subsidy grants                          24,626       23,759       23,925       24,466       22,524       31,059 College housing loans                            208,505      386,742      138,863      48,242       17,729       18,081Other higher education programs                  34,927       38,226       82,410       79,305       73,574       89,717 International education and foreign languages    19,977       23,923       30,800       %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@% Fund for Improvement of Postsecondary Education  12,000       11,503       11,710       65,813       67,236       86,755 Other                                            2,950        2,800        39,900       13,492       6,338        2,962 Public Library services                          101,218      80,074       107,895      135,731      141,884      145,367 Public Library services                          66,451       60,000       65,000       78,922       80,944       82,505 Interlibrary cooperation                         %@AH@%-%@AE@%            11,520       15,000       18,395       18,826       19,551 Public Library construction                      %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            21,015       23,577       27,289       27,621 Research Libraries                               5,992        5,760        6,000        5,744        5,675        5,738 Other                                            28,775       2,794        880          9,093        9,150        9,952Payments to special institutions                 273,860      251,570      249,610      271,658      284,056      293,212 American Printing House for the Blind            4,349        5,000        5,000        5,266        5,335        5,663 National Technical Institute for the Deaf        19,799       26,300       28,000       31,594       33,326       36,070 Gallaudet College                                49,409       64,815       56,288       62,195       65,998       67,643 Howard University                                200,303      155,455      160,322      172,603      179,397      183,836 Departmental accounts                            277,174      347,943      352,089      409,348      419,588      467,404 Educational research and improvement             51,415       61,550       57,165       68,147       78,263       95,241 Departmental management account                  223,857      283,906      293,351      341,171      341,286      371,543 Other                                            1,875        2,290        1,401        %@AH@%-%@AE@%            %@AH@%-%@AE@%            - Trust funds                                      27           197          172          30           39           620%@TE:   62  7933 03 49 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Estimated. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes preschool incentive grants. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Includes programs of
national significance and special programs for the disadvantaged. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Includes
Pell Grants, Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants and State Student
Incentive Grants, and Income Contingent Loans. %@AH@%-%@AE@% Data are not available or
not applicable. %@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Public Libraries %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    World Almanac questionnaire (1990)%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   70  5376 02 29 19 13 29 @%City                         No. bound Volumes  Circulation  Annual Acquisitions Expend.%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Akron, Oh.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (18)             1,200,677          1,953,376    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Albuquerque, N.M.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (11)      610,502            2,283,512    $1,168,447Anaheim, Cal.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (4)           383,000            1,361,538    611,212Anchorage, Alas. (5)         395,700            1,099,780    662,790Arlington, Tex. (5)          321,487            1,238,631    307,336Atlanta, Ga. (33)            1,678,750          2,303,681    3,011,362Baltimore, Md. (30)          2,289,857          1,532,279    2,418,089Baton Rouge, La.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (10)       640,385            1,733,200    1,028,000Birmingham, Ala.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (19)       1,092,285          2,072,444    916,174Boston, Mass.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (25)          4,916,277          1,454,414    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Buffalo, N.Y.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (53)          3,602,478          6,237,516    2,023,551Charlotte, N.C. (19)         1,200,000          2,700,000    1,400,000Cincinnati, Oh.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (39)        3,700,000          7,179,389    4,205,140Cleveland, Oh. (29)          2,261,043          4,550,994    4,588,427Colorado Springs, Col. (13)  743,898            1,649,441    7,945,110Columbus, Oh. (20)           1,600,000          4,100,000    4,475,615Corpus Christi, Tex.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (4)    293,452            750,138      284,750Dallas, Tex. (19)            2,409,864          4,364,027    17,201,527Dayton, Oh. (19)             1,500,000          5,239,231    11,000,000Denver, Col. (21)            2,239,106          3,396,268    1,856,485Des Moines, Ia. (5)          487,444            1,246,350    292,163Detroit, Mich. (25)          2,746,021          1,743,314    1,900,000District of Columbia%@AH@%a%@AE@% (25)   1,507,556          1,843,098    1,530,000El Paso, Tex. (10)           600,000            1,300,000    3,500,000Fairfax, Va. (22)            1,761,264          8,454,714    3,387,721Ft. Worth, Tex. (10)         1,126,931          3,356,148    1,157,965Fresno, Cal. (33)            1,007,199          1,930,588    449,265Honolulu, Ha. (49)           2,310,843          6,454,824    2,886,133Indianapolis, Ind. (21)      1,500,000          5,376,388    2,170,167Jersey City, N.J.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (11)      744,383            395,266      447,465Kansas City, Mo.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (14)       1,346,364          875,040      %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Los Angeles, Cal.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (62)      5,663,240          10,382,321   4,469,364Louisville, Ky.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (14)        903,084            3,084,620    979,836Memphis, Tenn. (23)          1,700,000          2,700,000    3,228,007Mesa, Ariz. (2)              517,012            2,301,346    954,245Miami, Fla.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (28)            2,386,204          4,200,000    $2,200,000Milwaukee, Wis.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (12)        2,051,114          3,382,982    1,360,814Minneapolis, Minn. (14)      1,888,934          3,012,111    1,771,400Mobile, Ala.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (5)            363,511            949,993      460,513Nashville, Tenn.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (16)       608,346            1,945,454    871,515New Orleans, La. (15)        1,039,264          1,159,303    750,063New York, N.Y. (research)    9,189,489          -            -Branches (81)                3,180,866          9,669,316    14,931,000Brooklyn (58)                4,637,167          8,610,459    5,133,434Queens (61)                  5,500,000          11,320,000   5,500,000Norfolk, Va. (11)            880,564            823,908      540,747Oklahoma City, Okla. (11)    933,241            4,184,437    1,346,726Oakland, Cal.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (16)          907,082            1,627,320    806,836Omaha, Neb.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (10)            588,013            1,860,728    892,109Philadelphia, Pa. (53)       3,458,700          4,800,000    6,200,000Phoenix, Az. (10)            1,683,458          4,529,337    2,500,000Pittsburgh, Pa. (18)         1,880,241          2,841,120    13,764,737Portland, Ore. (15)          4,000,000          2,000,000    1,400,000Richmond, Va. (10)           780,000            858,213      450,000Rochester, N.Y. (11)         500,000            1,587,691    7,200,000Sacramento, Cal. (24)        1,663,893          3,977,515    2,045,262St. Louis, Mo. (18)          1,903,218          7,915,559    2,700,000St. Paul, Minn. (12)         740,171            2,414,263    949,246San Diego, Cal.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (31)        1,561,232          4,568,116    1,862,547San Francisco, Cal.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (26)    1,749,129          2,470,091    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Shreveport, La.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (19)        376,069            956,907      394,686Syracuse, N.Y.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (8)          509,386            1,189,319    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Tampa, Fla. (17)             1,100,600          3,200,000    1,800,000Toledo, Oh.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (18)            1,500,000          4,400,000    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Tucson, Ariz.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (15)          760,000            3,900,000    %@AH@%NA%@AE@%Tulsa, Okla. (20)            825,000            3,236,081    1,419,000Wichita, Kan.%@AH@%a%@AE@% (12)          894,942            1,396,667    400,000Yonkers, N.Y. (3)            233,532            865,901      481,286%@TE:   70  5376 02 29 19 13 29 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%a%@AE@% Has not provided up-to-date information. Figure in parentheses denotes
number of branches. %@AH@%NA%@AE@% Not available.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%  %@AS@%Preprimary School Enrollment of Children 3 to 5 Years Old: 1970 to 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   48  5270 04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%                Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Enrollment      Enrollment      Enrollment      Enrollment      Enrollment                 children        children        children        children        children        children        rate            rate            rate            rate            rate                (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)                                                                                         1970            1980            1985            1987            1988            1989            1970            1985            1987            1988            1989%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Population,     10,877          9,284           10,733          10,872          10,994          11,038          -               -               -               -               -3-5 years old                                                                                                                                                                   Total Enrolled%@AH@%%@AE@%  4,075           4,878           5,865           5,932           5,977           6,026           37.5            54.6            54.6            54.4            54.6 %@AH@%1%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                               Nursery         1,093           1,982           2,477           2,555           2,621           2,825           10.0            23.1            23.5            23.8            25.6 Kindergarten    2,982           2,896           3,388           3,377           3,356           3,201           27.4            31.6            31.1            30.5            29.0 White           3,414           3,994           4,757           4,748           4,891           4,911           37.8            54.7            54.1            55.4            55.0 Black           585             725             919             893             814             872             34.9            55.8            54.2            48.2            54.2 Hispanic        %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              370             496             587             544             520             %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              43.3            45.5            44.2            41.6 origin%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                         3 years old     454             857             1,035           1,022           1,028           1,005           13.0            28.8            28.6            27.6            27.1 4 years old     1,003           1,423           1,765           1,717           1,768           1,882           27.9            49.1            47.7            49.1            51.0 5 years old     2,617           2,598           3,065           3,192           3,183           3,139           69.2            86.5            86.1            86.6            86.4Labor Force Status of MotherAll races:%@AH@%2%@AE@%     1,345           2,480           3,306           3,422           3,478           3,488           38.8            58.1            58.2            57.4            57.0With mother in                                                                                                                                                                  labor force%@AH@%4%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                                    3 and 4 years   526             1,252           1,656           1,568           1,619           1,708           23.5            43.6            41.6            41.1            41.8old                                                                                                                                                                             5 years old     818             1,229           1,649           1,854           1,859           1,780           66.6            87.2            87.9            87.5            88.0Employed        1,246           2,256           2,999           3,180           3,258           3,236           39.3            59.1            58.9            57.8            57.4Full-time       770             1,445           1,969           2,085           2,140           2,152           38.6            57.4            57.9            57.6            55.3 Mother not in   2,694           2,266           2,372           2,250           2,197           2,201           37.0            50.4            50.1            50.6            51.7labor force                                                                                                                                                                     %@TE:   48  5270 04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
Civilian noninstitutional population. Includes public and non-public nursery
school and kindergarten programs. Excludes 5 year olds enrolled in
elementary school. %@NL@%
%@AH@%NA%@AE@% Not available. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes children with mothers whose labor force status
is unknown and children with no mother present in household, not shown
separately. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes other races not shown separately. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Person of
Hispanic origin may be of any race. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Includes children with mothers who are
unemployed, not shown separately.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%    %@AS@%Characteristics of Private Elementary and Secondary Schools: 1986 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   19  2542 03 22 08 17 17 17 17 23 23 23 @%                              Level of School  Level of School  Level of School  Level of School  Religious Affiliation  Religious Affiliation  Religious AffiliationItem                  Total   Elementary       Secondary        Combined         Other            Catholic               Other                  None%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Number of schools     25,616  15,303           2,438            4,949            2,926            9,911                  10,771                 4,934Percent DistributionMinority enrollment:Less than 5 percent   38.9    45.1             27.8             37.1             18.7             45.8                   40.5                   21.65 to 14 percent       22.4    19.8             36.1             23.4             22.9             20.4                   20.9                   29.415 to 24 percent      10.6    7.7              14.4             11.6             21.1             8.9                    12.7                   9.825 to 49 percent      10.0    7.8              11.8             5.1              28.6             7.2                    8.4                    19.350 to 89 percent      9.9     9.2              4.4              18.2             4.6              6.3                    12.1                   12.790 percent or more    8.1     10.4             5.4              4.6              4.1              11.5                   5.4                    7.1Annual tuition:Less than $500        13.0    18.8             4.8              5.4              1.1              25.6                   6.3                    1.1$500 to $1,000        27.9    35.1             4.4              29.6             5.0              37.1                   30.8                   1.0$1,001 to $1,500      26.4    29.1             34.4             22.7             9.3              25.7                   30.7                   17.6$1,501 to $2,500      14.6    8.3              28.7             18.0             31.8             7.7                    20.4                   16.0More than $2,500      18.2    8.8              27.8             24.4             52.9             3.9                    11.9                   64.3Mean enrollment       234     218              541              211              94               363                    142                    174%@TE:   19  2542 03 22 08 17 17 17 17 23 23 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Tuition and College Costs 1990-91 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Based on the Peterson's Guides Annual Survey of Undergraduate Institutions,%@EH@%
the average cost of tuition, mandatory fees, and college room and board at
four-year private colleges is $11,269. The average cost at four-year public
colleges is $4,711 for state residents and $7,582 for nonresidents. Two-year
public colleges are the least expensive group of institutions; tuition and
fees average $924 for state residents and $3,036 for nonresidents. Tuition
and fees at two-year private colleges average $4,877. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The most expensive four-year institutions, including tuition, mandatory%@EH@%
fees, and college room and board, are Bennington College ($21,550); Sarah
Lawrence College ($21,490); Barnard College ($21,344); Brandeis University
($21,289); Boston University ($21,105); Columbia University, School of
Engineering and Applied Science ($21,062); Tufts University ($20,987); Bard
College ($20,870); Brown University ($20,851); and Yale University
($20,820). Bennington College has the highest tuition of all four-year
undergraduate institutions ($17,790). The least expensive are the U.S.
service academies, which are all free. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Public High School Graduation and Dropout Rates, 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   55  2567 03 08 12 12 09 09 @%        Graduation  Graduation  Dropout  Dropout        rate        rank        rate     rank%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%U.S.    72.6%       28.4% Ala.    74.1        (29)        25.9     (23)Alaska  69.8        (38)        31.2     (14)Ariz.   66.6        (44)        33.4     (8)Ark.    78.7        (15)        21.3     (37)Calif.  68.5        (41)        31.5     (11)Colo.   76.5        (24)        23.5     (28)Conn.   82.2        (9)         17.8     (43)Del.    69.8        (37)        30.2     (15)D.C.    60.2        (51)        39.8     (1)Fla.    63.0        (49)        27.0     (3)Ga.     63.4        (48)        26.6     (4)Hawaii  81.7        (10)        28.3     (42)Idaho   76.8        (23)        23.2     (29)Ill.    78.2        (16)        21.8     (36)Ind.    78.1        (17)        21.9     (35)Iowa    86.9        (3)         13.1     (49)Kan.    82.7        (8)         17.3     (44)Ky.     69.1        (39)        30.9     (13)La.     61.6        (50)        38.4     (2)Me.     77.7        (19)        22.3     (33)Md.     76.1        (26)        23.9     (26)Mass.   69.9        (36)        30.1     (16)Mich.   72.9        (33)        27.1     (19)Minn.   89.5        (1)         10.5     (51)Miss.   67.5        (43)        22.5     (9)Mo.     75.5        (27)        24.5     (25)Mont.   84.7        (6)         15.3     (46)Neb.    85.9        (5)         14.1     (47)Nev.    73.0        (32)        27.0     (20)N.H.    77.2        (21)        22.8     (31)N.J.    80.4        (14)        19.6     (38)N.M.    73.4        (31)        26.6     (21)N.Y.    66.3        (45)        33.7     (7)N.C.    68.0        (42)        32.0     (10)N.D.    88.3        (2)         11.7     (50)Ohio    76.4        (25)        23.6     (27)Okla.   74.0        (30)        26.0     (22)Ore.    71.7        (34)        28.3     (18)Penn.   81.1        (13)        18.9     (39)R.I.    70.5        (35)        29.5     (17)S.C.    65.2        (46)        34.8     (6)S.D.    86.7        (4)         13.3     (48)Tenn.   68.6        (40)        31.4     (12)Tex.    64.9        (47)        35.1     (5)Utah    81.3        (11)        18.7     (41)Vt.     81.2        (12)        18.8     (40)Va.     74.6        (28)        25.4     (24)Wash.   78.0        (18)        22.0     (34)W.V.    76.8        (22)        23.2     (30)Wis.    83.3        (7)         16.7     (45)Wyo.    77.5        (20)        22.5     (32) %@TE:   55  2567 03 08 12 12 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%College Enrollment and Labor Force Status of Recent High School Graduates%@EH@%
%@AS@%and Dropouts %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Bureau of Labor Statistics%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   33  3923 04 20 20 20 19 20 20 19 20 20 19 @%                    Total               Total               Total              Men                 Men                 Men                Women               Women               WomenSchool enrollment   Civilian            Labor force         Unemployment rate  Civilian            Labor force         Unemployment rate  Civilian            Labor force         Unemployment ratestatus              noninstitutional    participation rate                     noninstitutional    participation rate                     noninstitutional    participation rate                      population (1,000)                                         population (1,000)                                         population (1,000)                      %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1978High school         3,178               64.5                13.8               1,500               67.9                11.2               1,679               61.5                16.3graduates                                                                                                                                                                         Enrolled in         1,593               42.9                13.0               767                 45.0                11.3               827                 41.0                14.7college                                                                                                                                                                           Not enrolled in     1,585               86.3                14.0               733                 91.8                11.2               852                 81.3                17.0college                                                                                                                                                                           High school         839                 68.8                27.6               479                 80.2                24.0               360                 53.4                34.4dropouts                                                                                                                                                                          1988High school         2,673               62.7                13.5               1,334               65.1                13.4               1,339               60.3                13.7graduates                                                                                                                                                                         Enrolled in         1,575               47.4                11.6               761                 47.6                9.5                814                 47.3                13.6college                                                                                                                                                                           Not enrolled in     1,098               84.7                15.1               572                 88.5                16.2               526                 80.6                13.7college                                                                                                                                                                           High school         552                 59.2                26.7               307                 74.4                28.5               245                 40.1                22.4dropouts                                                                                                                                                                          %@TE:   33  3923 04 20 20 20 19 20 20 19 20 20 19 @%

%@NL@%
A record 59 percent of high school graduates in 1988 were enrolled in
college by October 1988.The percentage of high school graduates going on to
college has risen nearly 10 percent over the past decade. The college
enrollment rate of black high school graduates (45 percent) has remained
below that of whites (61 percent) and hispanics (57 percent). About 100,000
graduates not in college were enrolled in at least one vocational education
course. These courses include secretarial, trade, or technical classes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Institutions of Higher Education-Charges: 1970 to 1990%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education.%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   33  3259 05 21 21 21 21 18 16 21 19 19 21 @%                     Tuition and          Tuition and          Tuition and          Board Rates       Board Rates     Board Rates          Dormitory Charges  Dormitory Charges  Dormitory Charges                     Required Fees        Required Fees        Required Fees                                                                                                     Academic Control     All institutions     2-yr. colleges       4-yr. universities   All institutions  2-yr. colleges  4-yr. universities   All institutions   2-yr. colleges     4-yr. universitiesand year                                                                                                                                                                         %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%Public:%@AE@%1970                 $323                 $178                 $427                 $511              $465            $540                 $369               $308               $3951975                 432                  277                  599                  625               638             634                  506                424                5271980                 583                  355                  840                  867               894             898                  715                572                7491985                 971                  584                  1,386                1,241             1,302           1,276                1,196              921                1,2371989                 1,285                730                  1,846                1,533             1,488           1,576                1,457              965                1,4831990 est.            1,367                758                  2,006                1,638             1,609           1,720                1,516              958                1,563%@AB@%Private:%@AE@%1970                 1,533                1,034                1,809                561               546             608                  436                413                5031975                 2,117                1,367                2,614                700               660             771                  586                564                6911980                 3,130                2,062                3,811                955               924             1,078                827                769                9991985                 5,314                3,485                6,843                1,462             1,294           1,647                1,426              1,424              1,7531989                 7,461                4,817                9,451                1,880             1,609           2,269                1,849              1,540              2,3531990 est.            8,174                5,324                10,400               1,951             1,800           2,345                1,931              1,648              2,420  %@TE:   33  3259 05 21 21 21 21 18 16 21 19 19 21 @%

%@NL@%
Data are for the entire academic year ending in year shown. Figures for 1970
are average charges for full-time resident degree-credit students; figures
for later years are average charges per full-time equivalent student. Room
and board are based on full-time students. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Mean Scores and Characteristics of College%@EH@%
%@AS@%Bound Seniors: 1970 to 1989 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    College Entrance Examination Board%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%(For school year ending in year shown)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  2151 02 36 09 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 08 @%Type of Test and Characteristic     Unit     1970  1975  1980  1981  1982  1984  1985  1986   1987   1988   1989%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Test Scores%@AH@%1%@AE@%Verbal, total%@AH@%1%@AE@%                      Point    460   434   424   424   426   426   431   431    430    428    427 Male                                Point    459   437   428   430   431   433   437   437    435    435    434 Female                              Point    461   431   420   418   421   420   425   426    425    422    421 Math, total%@AH@%2%@AE@%                        Point    488   472   466   466   467   471   475   475    476    476    476 Male                                Point    509   495   491   492   493   495   499   501    500    498    500 Female                              Point    465   449   443   443   443   449   452   451    453    455    454 ParticipantsTotal                               %@AH@%NA%@AE@%       %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    996   992   994   989   965   977   1,001  1,080  1,134  1,088 Male                                Percent  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    49.9  48.2  48.0  48.1  48.2  48.3  48.1   48.0   48.0   48.0 White                               Percent  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    86.0  82.1  81.9  81.7  80.3  80.0  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%     78.0   77.0   75.0 Black                               Percent  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    7.9   9.1   9.0   8.9   9.1   8.9   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%     9.0    9.0    10.0 Obtaining scores%@AH@%1%@AE@% of-600 or above:Verbal                              Percent  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    7.9   7.2   7.0   7.1   7.0   7.0   8.0    8.0    7.0    7.8 Math                                Percent  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    15.6  15.1  14.4  15.3  17.0  17.0  17.0   18.0   17.0   18.0 Below 400:Verbal                              Percent  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    37.8  41.8  41.6  40.2  40.0  40.0  38.0   40.0   42.0   40.5 Math                                Percent  %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    28.5  30.2  29.5  29.5  29.0  28.0  28.0   29.0   27.0   28.0%@TE:   20  2151 02 36 09 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%NA%@AE@% Not available. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Minimum score, 200; maximum score, 800. %@AH@%2%@AE@% 1967 and 1970
are estimates based on total number of persons taking SAT. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%American College Testing (ACT) Program Mean Scores and Characteristics of%@EH@%
%@AS@%College-Bound Students: 1970 to 1989%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   The American College Testing Program%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%Data for academic year ending in year shown.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   25  3196 02 36 32 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%Type of Test and Mean Test Scores%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Unit                            1970  1975  1980  1982  1984  1985  1986  1987  1988  1989%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%Composite%@AE@%                           Point                           19.9  18.6  18.5  18.4  18.5  18.6  18.8  18.7  18.8  18.6Male                                Point                           20.3  19.5  19.3  19.2  19.3  19.4  19.6  19.5  19.6  19.3Female                              Point                           19.4  17.8  17.9  17.8  17.9  17.9  18.1  18.1  18.1  18.0 %@AB@%English%@AE@%                             Point                           18.5  17.7  17.9  17.9  18.1  18.1  18.5  18.4  18.5  18.4Male                                Point                           17.6  17.1  17.3  17.3  17.5  17.6  17.9  17.9  18.0  17.8Female                              Point                           19.4  18.3  18.3  18.4  18.6  18.6  18.9  18.9  19.0  18.9 %@AB@%Math%@AE@%                                Point                           20.0  17.6  17.4  17.2  17.3  17.2  17.3  17.2  17.2  17.1Male                                Point                           21.1  19.3  18.9  18.6  18.6  18.6  18.8  18.6  18.4  18.3Female                              Point                           18.8  16.2  16.2  16.0  16.1  16.0  16.0  16.1  16.1  16.1 %@AB@%Social Studies%@AE@%                      Point                           19.7  17.4  17.2  17.3  17.3  17.4  17.6  17.5  17.4  17.2Male                                Point                           20.3  18.7  18.2  18.1  18.1  18.3  18.6  18.4  18.4  18.1Female                              Point                           19.0  16.4  16.4  16.6  16.5  16.6  16.9  16.7  16.6  16.4 %@AB@%Natural Science%@AE@%                     Point                           20.8  21.1  21.1  20.8  21.0  21.2  21.4  21.4  21.4  21.2Male                                Point                           21.6  22.4  22.4  22.2  22.4  22.6  22.7  22.9  22.8  22.6Female                              Point                           20.0  20.0  20.0  19.7  19.9  20.0  20.2  20.1  20.2  20.0Participants%@AB@%Total%@AE@%                               1,000                           788   714   822   805   849   739   730   777   842   855 Male                                Percent                         52    46    45    45    46    46    46    46    46    46 White                               Percent                         %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%  77    83    83    82    82    82    81    81    80 Black                               Percent                         4     7     8     8     9     8     8     8     9     9%@AB@%Obtaining composite scores of-%@AE@%      %@AB@%Obtaining composite scores of-%@AE@%26 or above                         Percent                         14    14    13    13    13    14    14    14    14    1415 or below                         Percent                         21    33    33    34    33    32    31    31    31    32%@TE:   25  3196 02 36 32 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%(NA)%@AE@% Not available. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Minimum score, 1; maximum score, 36. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Test scores and
characteristics of college-bound students based on a 10% sample through
1984. Begining in 1985, these data are now based on the performance of all
ACT-tested students who graduated in the spring of a given school year and
who took the ACT Assessment during junior or senior year of high school.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%College Faculty Salaries and Benefits: 1970-1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AI@%Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession,%@AE@% American Assn. of%@EH@%
University Professors%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(thousands of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   17  1683 02 35 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%Type of control and academic rank  1970  1975  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1988  1989%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Average Salaries%@AB@%Public:%@AE@% All ranks                  13.1  16.6  22.1  23.9  26.2  28.6  29.4  31.2  33.4  35.8  37.2  39.6Professor                          17.3  21.7  28.8  31.0  33.7  36.0  37.1  39.6  42.3  45.3  47.2  50.1 Associate professor                13.2  16.7  21.9  23.4  25.7  27.5  28.4  30.2  32.2  34.2  35.6  37.9 Assistant professor                10.9  13.7  18.0  19.2  21.2  22.6  23.5  25.0  26.7  28.5  29.6  31.7 Instructor                         9.1   11.2  14.8  15.1  16.7  17.7  19.1  19.5  20.9  21.8  22.2  23.9%@AB@%Private:%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@% All ranks                13.1  16.6  22.1  24.4  26.8  29.2  31.1  33.0  35.4  37.8  39.7  42.4 Professor                          17.8  22.4  30.1  32.7  35.8  38.8  41.5  44.1  47.0  50.3  52.2  55.9 Associate professor                12.6  16.0  21.0  23.1  25.4  27.5  29.4  30.9  32.9  34.9  36.6  38.8 Assistant professor                10.3  13.0  17.0  18.4  20.4  22.1  23.7  25.0  26.8  28.3  30.1  31.9 Instructor                         8.6   10.9  13.3  14.4  15.9  17.6  18.4  19.0  19.8  20.4  22.7  24.1Average fringe benefitsAll ranks combined:Public                             1.9   2.5   3.9   4.7   5.1   5.4   6.0   7.0   7.3   7.8   8.2   9.0 Private%@AH@%1%@AE@%                           2.2   2.8   4.1   4.9   5.4   5.7   6.4   7.2   8.0   8.6   9.2   10.0%@TE:   17  1683 02 35 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%

%@NL@%
[lsqb  ]For academic year ending in year shown. Figures are for 9 months
teaching for full-time faculty members in four-year colleges and
universities.[rsqb  ]%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Excludes church-related colleges and universities.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%College Freshmen Attitudes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Six out of every seven college freshmen believe that "the federal government%@EH@%
is not doing enough to control environmental pollution," according to the
24th annual survey of entering college freshmen conducted jointly by the
Univ. of California at Los Angeles's Higher Education Research Inst. and the
American Council on Education. For the 5th consecutive year, student concern
for the environment increased, with 86.3 percent of freshmen endorsing the
statement in 1989, compared with 83.9 percent in 1988 and 80.9 percent in
1987. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Support for legalized abortion, which has remained fairly stable (between 53%@EH@%
and 59 percent) since 1977, jumped sharply between the 1988 and 1989
surveys, from 57.0 to 64.7 percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Survey results also suggest a growing tendency toward greater student%@EH@%
activism. The share of freshmen who participated in organized demonstrations
during the year prior to entering college reached a high of 36.7 percent,
which is greater than the percentages observed during the late 1960s. At the
same time, the percentage of freshmen who said that there is a "very good
chance" that they will participate in student protests or demonstrations in
college also reached an all-time high of 6.3 percent, up from 5.4 percent in
1988 and 4.7 percent in 1967. An all-time high of 44.1 percent of students
reported that it is a "very important" goal for them to "influence social
values." Almost one-fourth of the students cited participation in community
action programs as a very important goal, up from 18.5 percent in 1986,
while 35.3 percent cited "helping to promote racial understanding" as an
important goal, up from 27.2 percent in 1986. A record high of 19.9 percent
of freshmen reported "influencing the political structure" as a major goal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Support for legislation prohibiting homosexual behavior dropped to 45.4%@EH@%
percent in 1989, down from 49.0 in 1988. Support for a national health care
plan to cover health care costs increased sharply to 75.8 percent, compared
to 60.5 percent in 1985. Considering a question asked for the first time,
78.2 percent of students endorsed greater governmental efforts to control
the sale of handguns. Support for the abolition of the death penalty
continued its sharp decline, with 21.3 percent opposing the penalty,
compared to 23.0 in 1988 and 57.6 percent in 1971. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Students' aspirations for advanced degrees reached a record high of 59.6%@EH@%
percent in 1989, up from 48.8 percent in 1980. At the same time, the numbers
of students who say that "to prepare for graduate or professional school" is
a major reason for attending college reached an all-time high of 51.5
percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 1989 national survey involves questionnaires completed by 295,966 new%@EH@%
freshmen entering 587 two-and four-year colleges and universities. Of these,
216,362 questionnaires from 403 institutions were used to compute the 1989
national norms, which were statistically adjusted to represent the nation's
total population of approximately 1.6 million first-time, full-time entering
students.  first-time, full-time entering students.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                               %@AS@%METEOROLOGY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%National Weather Service Watches and Warnings %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department; %@AI@%Glossary of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Meteorology,%@AE@% American Meteorological Society %@NL@%
%@4@%National Weather Service forecasters issue a Tornado Watch for a specific%@EH@%
area where tornadoes are most likely to occur during the valid time of the
watch. A Watch alerts people to check for threatening weather, make plans
for action, and listen for a Tornado Warning. A Tornado Warning means that a
tornado has been sighted or indicated by radar, and that safety precautions
should be taken at once. A Hurricane Watch means that an existing hurricane
poses a threat to coastal and inland communities in the area specified by
the Watch. A Hurricane Warning means hurricane force winds and/or
dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves are expected in a
specified coastal area within 24 hours. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tornado%@AE@%--A violent rotating column of air in contact with the ground and%@EH@%
pendant from a thundercloud, usually recognized as a funnel-shaped vortex
accompanied by a loud roar. With rotating winds est. up to 300 mph., on a
local scale, it is the most destructive storm. Tornado paths have varied in
length from a few feet to nearly 300 miles (avg. 5 mi.); diameter from a few
feet to over a mile (average 220 yards); average forward speed, 30 mph. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cyclone%@AE@%--An atmospheric circulation of winds rotating counterclockwise in%@EH@%
the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Tornadoes,
hurricanes, and the lows shown on weather maps are all examples of cyclones
having various sizes and intensities. Cyclones are usually accompanied by
precipitation or stormy weather. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hurricane%@AE@%--A severe cyclone originating over tropical ocean waters and%@EH@%
having winds 74 miles an hour or higher. (In the western Pacific, such
storms are known as typhoons.) The area of strong winds takes the form of a
circle or an oval, sometimes as much as 500 miles in diameter. In the lower
latitudes hurricanes usually move toward the west or northwest at 10 to 15
mph. When the center approaches 25 deg to 30 deg North Latitude, direction
of motion often changes to northeast, with increased forward speed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Blizzard%@AE@%--A severe weather condition characterized  by strong winds bearing%@EH@%
a great amount of snow. The National Weather Service specifies a wind of 35
miles an hour or higher, and sufficient falling and/or blowing snow to
reduce visibility to less than 1/4 of a mile for a duration of three hours
or longer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Severe Thunderstorm%@AE@%--A thunderstorm with winds of 58 mph. or greater and/or%@EH@%
hail three-fourths of an inch or larger in diameter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Flood%@AE@%--The condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or%@EH@%
artificial confines of a stream or other body of water, or accumulates by
drainage over low-lying areas.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%National Weather Service Marine Warnings and Advisories %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Small Craft Advisory:%@AE@% A Small Craft Advisory alerts mariners to sustained%@EH@%
(exceeding two hours) weather and/or sea conditions either present or
forecast, potentially hazardous to small boats. Hazardous conditions may
include winds of 18 to 33 knots and/or dangerous wave or inlet conditions.
It is the responsibility of the mariner, based on his experience and size or
type of boat, to determine if the conditions are hazardous. When a mariner
becomes aware of a Small Craft Advisory, he should immediately obtain the
latest marine forecast to determine the reason for the Advisory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gale Warning%@AE@% indicates that winds within the range 34 to 47 knots are%@EH@%
forecast for the area. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tropical Storm Warning%@AE@% indicates that winds of 34 to 63 knots are forecast%@EH@%
in a specified coastal area in 24 hours or less. Only issued for winds
produced by tropical weather systems. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Storm Warning%@AE@% indicates that winds 48 knots and above, no matter how high%@EH@%
the speed, are forecast for the area. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hurricane Warning%@AE@% indicates that winds 64 knots and above are forecast for%@EH@%
the area. Only issued for winds produced by tropical weather systems. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Special Marine Warning:%@AE@% A warning for potentially hazardous weather%@EH@%
conditions, usually of short duration (2 hours or less) and producing wind
speeds of 34 knots or more, not adequately covered by existing marine
warnings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Primary sources of dissemination are commercial radio, TV, U.S. Coast Guard%@EH@%
Radio stations, and NOAA VHF-FM broadcasts. These broadcasts on 162.40 to
162.55 MHz can usually be received 20-40 miles from the transmitting antenna
site, depending on terrain and quality of the receiver used. Where
transmitting antennas are on high ground, the range is somewhat greater,
reaching 60 miles or more.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Speed of Winds in the U.S.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Miles per hour -- average through 1989. High through 1989. Wind velocities%@EH@%
%@AS@%in true values. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   47  1740 02 22 06 09 @%Station               Avg.  High%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albuquerque, N.M.     9.0   90Anchorage, Alas.      6.9   75 Atlanta, Ga.          9.1   60 Baltimore, Md.        9.2   80 Bismarck, N.D.        10.2  (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)72 Boston, Mass.         12.5  61 Buffalo, N.Y.         12.0  91 Cape Hatteras, N.C.   11.2  (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)110 Casper, Wyo.          12.9  81 Chicago, Ill.         10.3  58 Cleveland, Oh.        10.6  (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)74 Dallas, Tex.          10.9  73 Denver, Col.          8.7   (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)56 Detroit, Mich.        10.3  48 Galveston, Tex.       11.0  (%@AH@%d%@AE@%)100 Helena, Mont.         7.7   73 Honolulu, Ha.         11.4  (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)67 Houston, Tex.         7.9   51 Indianapolis, Ind.    9.6   46 Jacksonville, Fla.    8.0   (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)82 Kansas City, Mo.      10.7  70 Lexington, Ky.        9.3   46 Little Rock, Ark.     7.9   65 Los Angeles, Cal.     6.2   49 Louisville, Ky.       8.3   61 Memphis, Tenn.        8.9   46 Miami, Fla.           9.3   (%@AH@%a%@AE@%)74 Milwaukee, Wis.       11.6  54 Minneapolis, Minn.    10.6  (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)92 Mobile, Ala.          9.0   63 Mt. Washington, N.H.  35.3  231 New Orleans, La.      8.2   (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)98 New York, N.Y.(%@AH@%c%@AE@%)     9.4   70 Omaha, Neb.           10.6  109 Philadelphia, Pa.     9.5   73 Phoenix, Ariz.        6.3   86 Pittsburgh, Pa.       9.1   58 Portland, Ore.        7.9   88 St. Louis, Mo.        9.7   (%@AH@%b%@AE@%)60 Salt Lake City, Ut.   8.8   71 San Diego, Cal.       6.9   56 San Francisco, Cal.   8.7   47 Seattle, Wash.        9.0   66 Spokane, Wash.        8.9   59 Washington, D.C.      9.3   78%@TE:   47  1740 02 22 06 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%a%@AE@% Highest velocity ever recorded in Miami area was 132 mph, at formerstation
in Miami Beach in September, 1926. %@AH@%b%@AE@% Previous location. %@AH@%c%@AE@% Datafor Central
Park, Battery Place data through 1960, avg. 14.5, high 113.%@AH@%d%@AE@% Recorded before
anemometer blew away. Estimated high 120.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%The Meaning of "One Inch of Rain"%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An acre of ground contains 43,560 square feet. Consequently, a rainfall of 1%@EH@%
inch over 1 acre of ground would mean a total of 6,272,640 cubic inches of
water. This is equivalent of 3,630 cubic feet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As a cubic foot of pure water weights about 62.4 pounds, the exact amount%@EH@%
varying with the density, it follows that the weight of a uniform coating of
1 inch of rain over 1 acre of surface would be 226,512 pounds, or about 113
short tons. The weight of 1 U.S. gallon of pure water is about 8.345 pounds.
Consequently a rainfall of 1 inch over 1 acre of ground would mean 27,143
gallons of water.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Tides and Their Causes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%        NOAA, National Ocean Service, U.S. Department of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%The tides are a natural phenomenon involving the alternating rise and fall%@EH@%
in the large fluid bodies of the earth caused by the combined gravitational
attraction of the sun and moon. The combination of these two variable force
influences produces the complex recurrent cycle of the tides. Tides may
occur in both oceans and seas, to a limited extent in large lakes, the
atmosphere, and, to a very minute degree, in the earth itself. The period
between succeeding tides varies as the result of many factors and force
influences. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The tide-generating force represents the difference between (1) the%@EH@%
centrifugal force produced by the revolution of the earth around the common
center-of-gravity of the earth-moon system and (2) the gravitational
attraction of the moon acting upon the earth's overlying waters. Since, on
the average, the moon is only 238,852 miles from the earth compared with the
sun's much greater distance of 92,956,000 miles, this closer distance
outranks the much smaller mass of the moon compared with that of the sun,
and the moon's tide-raising force is, accordingly, 2[frac15] times that of
the sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The effect of the tide-generating forces of the moon and sun acting%@EH@%
tangentially to the earth's surface (the so-called "tractive force") tends
to cause a maximum accumulation of the waters of the oceans at two
diametrically opposite positions on the surface of the earth and to withdraw
compensating amounts of water from all points 90 deg removed from the
positions of these tidal bulges. As the earth rotates beneath the maxima and
minima of these tide-generating forces, a sequence of two high tides,
separated by two low tides, ideally is produced each day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Twice in each lunar month, when the sun, moon, and earth are directly%@EH@%
aligned, with the moon between the earth and the sun (at new moon) or on the
opposite side of the earth from the sun (at full moon), the sun and the moon
exert their gravitational force in a mutual or additive fashion. Higher high
tides and lower low tides are produced. These are called %@AI@%spring%@AE@% tides. At
two positions 90 deg in between, the gravitational forces of the moon and
sun -- imposed at right angles --tend to counteract each other to the
greatest extent, and the range between high and low tides is reduced. These
are called %@AI@%neap%@AE@% tides. This semi-monthly variation between the spring and
neap tides is called the %@AI@%phase inequality.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The inclination of the moon's orbit to the equator also produces a%@EH@%
difference in the height of succeeding high tides and in the extent of
depression of succeeding low tides which is known as the %@AI@%diurnal inequality.%@AE@%
In extreme cases, this phenomenon can result in only one high tide and one
low tide each day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The actual range of tide in the waters of the open ocean may amount to only%@EH@%
one or two feet. However, as this tide approaches shoal waters and its
effects are augmented the tidal range may be greatly increased. In Nova
Scotia along the narrow channel of the Bay of Fundy, the range of tides or
difference between high and low waters, may reach 431/2 feet or more (under
spring tide conditions) due to resonant amplification. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At New Orleans, the periodic rise and fall of the tide varies with the state%@EH@%
of the Mississippi, being about 10 inches at low stage and zero at high. The
Canadian Tide Tables for 1972 gave a maximum range of nearly 50 feet at Leaf
Basin, Ungava Bay, Quebec. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In every case, actual high or low tide can vary considerably from the%@EH@%
average, due to weather conditions such as strong winds, abrupt barometric
pressure changes, or prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%The Average Rise and Fall of Tides %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26   939 02 22 05 06 @%Places                Ft.  In.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Baltimore, Md.        1    1Boston, Mass.         9    6Charleston, S.C.      5    3Cristobal, Panama     1    1%@AH@%1%@AE@%Eastport, Me.         18   4Galveston, Tex.       1    5%@AH@%1%@AE@% Halifax, N.S.         4    5Key West, Fla.        1    10%@AH@%1%@AE@% Mobile, Ala.          1    6%@AH@%1%@AE@% New London, Conn.     2    7Newport, R.I.         3    6New York, N.Y.        4    7Old Pt. Comfort, Va.  2    6Philadelphia, Pa.     6    2Portland, Me.         9    1St. John's, Nfld.     2    7San Diego, Cal.       5    9%@AH@%1%@AE@% Sandy Hook, N.J.      4    8San Francisco, Cal.   5    10%@AH@%1%@AE@% Savannah, Ga.         7    5Seattle, Wash.        11   4%@AH@%1%@AE@% Tampa, Fla.           2    10%@AH@%1%@AE@% Vancouver, B.C.       10   6%@AH@%1%@AE@% Washington, D.C.      2    9%@TE:   26   939 02 22 05 06 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Diurnal range.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Hurricane Names in 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. government agencies responsible for weather and related communications%@EH@%
have used girls' names to identify major tropical storms since 1953. A U.S.
proposal that both male and female names be adopted for hurricanes, starting
in 1979, was accepted by a committee of the World Meteorological
Organization. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Names assigned to Atlantic hurricanes, 1991 -- Ana, Bob, Claudette, Danny,%@EH@%
Elena, Fabian, Gloria, Henri, Isabel, Juan, Kate, Larry, Mindy, Nicholas,
Odette, Peter, Rose, Sam, Teresa, Victor, Wanda. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Names assigned to Eastern Pacific hurricanes, 1991 -- Andres, Blanca,%@EH@%
Carlos, Dolores, Enrique, Fefa, Guillermo, Hilda, Ignacio, Jimena, Kevin,
Linda, Marty, Nora, Olaf, Pauline, Rick, Sandra, Terry, Vivian, Waldo.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Hurricane Hotlines %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When tropical storms or hurricanes threaten, you will be able to get updates%@EH@%
on the telephone from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Recorded messages will identify areas under a hurricane watch or warning,
the location of the storm, its forecast movement and wind speeds and tidal
effects. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Two Hurricane Hotlines will be set up, one to be activated when hurricanes%@EH@%
or tropical storms threaten the Eastern and Gulf Coast states, another for
Hawaii. The number for the East Coast hot line is [phone] (or NOAA).
For Hawaii, the number is [phone] (or CANE). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Callers will be billed 50 cents for the first minute and 45 cents for each%@EH@%
additional minute. The average call is expected to cost about 85 cents.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Explanation of Normal Temperatures %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Normal temperatures listed in the tables on pages 242 and 243 are based on%@EH@%
records of the National Weather Service for the 30-year period from
1951-1980 inclusive. To obtain the average maximum or minimum temperature
for any month, the daily temperatures are added; the total is then divided
by the number of days in that month.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The normal maximum temperature for January, for example, is obtained by%@EH@%
adding the average maximums for Jan., 1951, Jan., 1952, etc., through Jan.,
1980. The total is then divided by 30. The normal minimum temperature is
obtained in a similar manner by adding the average minimums for each January
in the 30-year period and dividing by 30. The normal temperature for January
is one half of the sum for the normal maximum and minimum temperatures for
that month. The mean temperature for any one day is one-half the total of
the maximum and minimum temperatures for that day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Monthly Normal Temperature and Precipitation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   91 15824 03 26 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 06 06 06 06 07 07 @%                          Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May  May   June  June  July  July  Aug.  Aug.  Sept.  Sept.  Oct.  Oct.  Nov.  Nov.  Dec.   Dec. Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.   P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.     P.     T.    P.    T.    P.    T.     P. %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albany, N.Y.              21    2.4   23    2.3   34    3.0   47    2.9   58   3.3   67    3.3   71    3.0   69    3.3   61     3.2    51    2.9   39    3.0   26     3.0 Albuquerque, N.M.         35    0.4   39    0.4   46    0.5   55    0.4   64   0.5   75    0.5   79    1.3   76    1.5   69     0.9    57    0.9   44    0.4   36     0.5 Anchorage, Alas.          13    0.8   18    0.9   24    0.7   35    0.7   46   0.6   54    1.1   58    2.0   56    2.1   48     2.5    35    1.7   22    1.1   14     1.1 Asheville, N.C.           37    3.5   39    3.6   46    5.1   56    3.8   63   4.2   70    4.2   73    4.4   73    4.8   70     4.0    56    3.3   46    3.3   39     3.5 Atlanta, Ga.              42    4.9   45    4.4   53    5.9   62    4.4   69   4.0   76    3.4   79    4.7   78    3.4   73     3.2    62    2.5   52    3.4   45     4.2 Atlantic City, N.J.       34    3.3   35    3.2   42    3.7   51    3.1   60   2.9   68    2.9   74    3.9   74    4.5   68     2.7    58    2.8   48    3.5   38     3.5 Baltimore, Md.            33    3.0   35    3.0   43    3.7   54    3.4   63   3.4   72    3.8   77    3.9   76    4.6   69     3.5    57    3.1   46    3.1   37     3.4 Barrow, Alas.             -14   0.2   -20   0.2   -16   0.2   -2    0.2   19   0.2   33    0.4   39    0.9   38    1.0   31     0.6    14    0.6   -1    0.3   -13    0.2 Birmingham, Ala.          42    5.2   46    4.7   54    6.6   63    5.0   70   4.5   77    3.7   80    5.4   80    3.9   74     4.3    62    2.7   52    3.6   45     5.0 Bismarck, N.D.            7     0.5   15    0.5   26    0.7   43    1.5   55   2.2   64    3.0   70    2.0   69    1.7   57     1.4    46    0.8   29    0.5   15     0.5 Boise, Ida.               30    1.6   36    1.1   41    1.0   49    1.2   57   1.2   66    1.0   75    0.3   72    0.4   63     0.6    52    0.8   40    1.3   32     1.3 Boston, Mass.             30    4.0   31    3.7   38    4.1   49    3.7   59   3.5   68    2.9   74    2.7   72    3.7   65     3.4    55    3.4   45    4.2   34     4.9 Buffalo, N.Y.             24    3.0   25    2.4   33    3.0   45    3.0   56   2.9   66    2.7   71    3.0   69    4.2   62     3.4    52    2.9   40    3.6   29     3.4 Burlington, Vt.           17    1.9   18    1.7   29    2.2   43    2.8   55   3.0   65    3.6   70    3.4   67    3.9   59     3.2    48    2.8   37    2.8   23     2.4 Caribou, Me.              11    2.4   13    2.1   24    2.4   37    2.6   50   2.9   60    3.2   65    4.0   63    4.0   54     3.5    43    3.1   31    3.2   16     3.1 Charleston, S.C.          49    3.3   51    3.4   57    4.4   66    2.6   73   4.4   79    6.5   82    7.3   81    6.5   77     4.9    68    2.9   59    2.2   52     3.1 Chicago, Ill.             21    1.6   26    1.3   36    2.6   49    3.7   59   3.2   69    4.1   73    3.6   72    3.5   65     3.4    54    2.3   40    2.1   28     2.1 Cleveland, Oh.            26    2.5   27    2.2   37    3.0   48    3.3   58   3.3   68    3.5   72    3.4   70    3.4   64     2.9    53    2.5   42    2.8   31     2.8 Columbus, Oh.             27    2.8   30    2.2   40    3.2   51    3.4   61   3.8   70    4.0   74    4.0   72    3.7   66     2.8    54    1.9   42    2.6   32     2.6 Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.    44    1.7   49    1.9   56    2.4   66    3.6   74   4.3   82    2.6   86    2.0   86    1.8   79     3.3    68    2.5   56    1.8   48     1.7 Denver, Col.              30    0.5   34    0.7   38    1.2   47    1.8   57   2.5   67    1.6   73    1.9   71    1.5   63     1.2    52    1.0   39    0.8   33     0.6 Des Moines, Ia.           19    1.0   25    1.1   35    2.2   51    3.2   62   4.0   72    4.2   76    3.2   74    4.1   65     3.1    54    2.2   39    1.5   26     1.5 Detroit, Mich.            23    1.9   26    1.7   35    2.5   47    3.2   58   2.8   68    3.4   72    3.1   71    3.2   63     2.3    52    2.1   40    2.3   29     2.5 Dodge City, Kan.          30    0.5   35    0.5   42    1.5   54    1.8   64   3.3   75    3.0   80    3.1   78    2.5   69     1.9    58    1.3   43    0.8   34     0.5 Duluth, Minn.             6     1.2   12    0.9   23    1.8   38    2.2   50   3.2   59    4.0   65    4.0   63    4.1   54     3.3    44    2.2   28    1.7   14     1.3 Eureka, Cal.%@AH@%*%@AE@%             47    7.0   49    5.2   48    5.1   49    2.9   52   1.6   55    0.6   56    0.1   57    0.4   57     0.9    54    2.7   51    5.9   48     6.2 Fairbanks, Alas.          -13   0.5   -4    0.5   9     0.4   30    0.3   48   0.6   59    1.3   62    1.8   57    1.9   45     1.1    25    0.7   4     0.7   -10    0.7 Fresno, Cal.              46    2.0   51    1.9   54    1.6   60    1.2   68   0.3   75    0.1   81    %@AH@%L%@AE@%     79    %@AH@%L%@AE@%     74     0.2    65    0.4   53    1.2   45     1.6 Galveston, Tex.%@AH@%*%@AE@%          54    3.0   56    2.3   62    2.1   69    2.6   76   3.3   81    3.5   83    3.8   83    4.4   80     5.8    73    2.6   63    3.2   57     3.6 Grand Junction, Col.      26    0.6   34    0.5   42    0.8   52    0.7   62   0.8   72    0.4   79    0.5   76    0.9   67     0.7    55    0.9   40    0.6   28     0.6 Gr. Rapids, Mich.         22    1.9   24    1.5   33    2.5   46    3.6   58   3.0   67    3.9   71    3.0   70    3.5   62     3.1    51    2.9   39    2.9   27     2.6 Hartford, Conn.           25    3.5   28    3.2   37    4.2   49    4.0   59   3.4   69    3.4   73    3.1   71    4.0   63     3.9    52    3.5   42    4.1   29     4.2 Helena, Mon.              18    0.7   26    0.4   32    0.7   42    1.0   52   1.7   60    2.0   68    1.0   66    1.2   56     0.8    45    0.7   31    0.5   23     0.6 Honolulu, Ha.             73    3.8   73    2.7   74    3.5   76    1.5   78   1.2   79    0.5   80    0.5   81    0.6   81     0.6    80    1.9   77    3.2   74     3.4 Houston, Tex.             51    3.2   55    3.3   61    2.7   69    4.2   75   4.7   81    4.0   83    3.3   83    3.7   78     4.9    70    3.7   60    3.4   54     3.7 Huron, S.D.               11    0.4   18    0.8   29    1.2   46    2.0   57   2.7   68    3.3   74    2.3   72    2.0   61     1.4    49    1.4   32    0.7   19     0.5 Indianapolis, Ind.        26    2.7   30    2.5   40    3.6   52    3.7   63   3.7   72    4.0   75    4.3   73    3.5   67     2.7    55    2.5   42    3.0   32     3.0 Jackson, Miss.            46    5.0   49    4.9   56    5.9   65    5.9   73   4.8   79    2.9   82    4.4   81    3.7   76     3.6    65    2.6   55    4.2   49     5.4 Jacksonville, Fla.        53    3.1   55    3.5   61    3.7   68    3.3   74   4.9   79    5.4   81    6.5   81    7.2   78     7.3    70    3.4   61    1.9   55     2.6 Juneau, Alas.             22    3.7   28    3.7   31    3.3   39    2.9   46   3.4   53    3.0   56    4.1   55    5.0   49     6.4    42    7.7   33    5.2   27     4.7 Kansas City, Mo.          26    1.0   32    1.0   42    2.1   55    2.7   65   3.4   76    4.1   79    3.5   77    3.2   68     3.3    58    2.5   43    1.2   32     1.1 Knoxville, Tenn.          38    4.7   42    4.2   50    5.5   60    3.9   67   3.7   74    4.0   78    4.3   77    3.0   72     3.0    60    2.7   49    3.8   41     4.6 Lander, Wyo.              20    0.5   26    0.6   32    1.1   42    2.2   53   2.7   62    1.5   71    0.7   69    0.5   58     0.9    47    1.2   31    0.8   23     0.5 Lexington, Ky.            32    3.6   35    3.3   44    4.8   55    4.0   64   4.2   72    4.3   76    5.0   75    4.0   69     3.3    57    2.3   45    3.3   36     3.8 Little Rock, Ark.         40    3.9   44    3.8   52    4.7   62    5.4   71   5.3   79    3.7   82    3.6   81    3.1   74     4.3    63    2.8   51    4.4   43     4.2 Los Angeles, Cal.%@AH@%*%@AE@%        57    3.7   59    3.0   60    2.4   62    1.2   65   0.2   69    %@AH@%L%@AE@%     74    %@AH@%L%@AE@%     75    0.1   73     0.3    69    0.2   63    1.9   58     2.0 Louisville, Ky.           33    3.4   36    3.2   45    4.7   57    4.1   65   4.2   74    3.6   78    4.1   76    3.3   70     3.6    58    2.6   46    3.5   37     3.5 Marquette, Mich.%@AH@%*%@AE@%         12    2.0   14    1.9   23    2.8   37    3.6   50   4.0   60    3.9   65    3.2   63    3.3   54     3.9    44    3.3   30    2.9   18     2.4 Memphis, Tenn.            40    4.6   44    4.3   52    5.4   63    5.8   71   5.1   79    3.6   82    4.0   81    3.7   74     3.6    63    2.4   51    4.2   43     4.9 Miami, Fla.               67    2.1   68    2.1   72    1.9   75    3.1   79   6.5   81    9.2   83    6.0   83    7.0   82     8.1    78    7.1   73    2.7   69     1.9 Milwaukee, Wis.           19    1.6   23    1.3   32    2.6   45    3.4   55   2.6   65    3.6   71    3.5   69    3.1   62     2.9    51    2.3   37    2.0   25     2.0 Minneapolis, Minn.        11    0.8   18    0.9   29    1.7   46    2.1   59   3.2   68    4.1   73    3.5   71    3.6   61     2.5    50    1.9   33    1.3   19     0.9 Mobile, Ala.              51    4.6   54    4.9   60    6.5   68    5.4   75   5.5   81    5.1   82    7.7   82    6.8   78     6.6    69    2.6   59    3.7   53     5.4 Moline, Ill.              20    1.6   25    1.3   36    2.8   50    4.0   61   4.2   71    4.3   75    4.9   73    3.8   65     3.7    54    2.7   39    2.0   26     1.9 Nashville, Tenn.          37    4.5   40    4.0   49    5.6   60    4.8   68   4.6   76    3.7   79    3.8   78    3.4   72     3.7    60    2.6   49    3.5   41     4.6 Newark, N.J.              31    3.1   33    3.1   41    4.2   52    3.6   62   3.6   72    2.9   77    3.9   76    4.3   68     3.7    57    3.1   47    3.6   36     3.4 New Orleans, La.          52    5.0   55    5.2   61    4.7   69    4.5   75   5.1   80    4.6   82    6.7   82    6.0   79     5.9    69    2.7   60    4.1   55     5.3 New York, N.Y.%@AH@%*%@AE@%           32    3.2   33    3.1   41    4.2   53    3.8   62   3.8   71    3.2   77    3.8   75    4.0   68     3.7    58    3.4   47    4.1   36     3.8 Nome, Alas.               9     0.8   3     0.5   7     0.6   18    0.6   36   0.5   45    1.2   51    2.2   50    3.1   42     2.3    28    1.3   16    0.9   4      0.7 Norfolk, Va.              40    3.7   41    3.3   49    3.9   58    2.9   67   3.8   76    3.5   78    5.2   78    5.3   72     4.4    61    3.4   52    2.9   44     3.2 Okla. City, Okla.         36    1.0   41    1.3   49    2.1   60    2.9   68   5.5   77    3.9   82    3.0   81    2.4   73     3.4    62    2.7   49    1.5   40     1.2 Omaha, Neb.               19    0.8   25    0.9   35    1.9   50    2.9   62   4.3   71    4.1   76    3.6   74    4.1   64     2.5    54    2.1   38    1.3   26     0.8 Pago Pago, Amer. Samoa    81    13    81    13    81    11    81    11    80   11    80    8.6   79    6.5   79    7.1   79     6.7    80    11    80    11    81     14 Philadelphia, Pa.         31    3.2   33    2.8   42    3.9   53    3.5   63   3.2   72    3.9   77    3.9   75    4.1   68     3.4    57    2.8   46    3.3   36     3.5 Phoenix, Ariz.            52    0.7   56    0.6   61    0.8   68    0.3   77   0.1   87    0.2   92    0.7   90    1.0   85     0.6    73    0.6   61    0.5   53     0.8 Pittsburgh, Pa.           27    2.9   29    2.4   39    3.6   50    3.3   60   3.5   68    3.3   72    3.8   71    3.3   64     2.8    53    2.5   42    2.3   31     2.6 Portland, Me.             22    3.8   23    3.6   32    4.0   43    3.9   53   3.3   62    3.1   68    2.8   67    2.8   59     3.3    49    3.8   38    4.7   26     4.5 Portland, Ore.            39    6.2   43    3.9   46    3.6   50    2.3   57   2.1   63    1.5   68    0.5   67    1.1   63     1.6    54    3.1   46    5.2   41     6.4 Providence, R.I.          28    4.1   29    3.7   37    4.3   48    4.0   58   3.5   67    2.8   73    3.0   71    4.0   64     3.5    53    3.8   43    4.2   32     4.5 Raleigh, N.C.             40    3.6   42    3.4   49    3.7   59    2.9   67   3.7   74    3.7   78    4.4   77    4.4   71     3.3    60    2.7   50    2.9   42     3.1 Rapid City, S.D.          21    0.4   26    0.6   33    1.0   45    2.0   56   2.6   65    3.3   73    2.1   71    1.4   61     1.0    50    0.8   35    0.5   26     0.5 Reno, Nev.                32    1.2   37    1.0   41    0.7   46    0.5   55   0.7   62    0.3   70    0.3   67    0.3   60     0.3    50    0.3   40    0.6   33     1.2 Richmond, Va.             37    3.2   39    3.1   47    3.6   58    2.9   66   3.6   74    3.6   78    5.1   77    5.0   70     3.5    59    3.7   49    3.3   40     3.4 St. Louis, Mo.            29    1.7   34    2.1   43    3.3   56    3.6   66   3.5   75    3.7   79    3.6   77    2.6   70     2.7    58    2.3   45    2.5   34     2.2 Salt Lake City, Ut.       29    1.4   34    1.3   41    1.7   49    2.2   59   1.5   68    1.0   78    0.7   75    0.9   65     0.9    53    1.1   40    1.2   30     1.4 San Antonio, Tex.         50    1.6   54    1.9   62    1.3   70    2.7   76   3.7   82    3.0   85    1.9   84    2.7   79     3.8    70    2.9   60    2.3   53     1.4 San Diego, Cal.           57    2.1   58    1.4   59    1.6   61    0.8   63   0.2   66    0.1   70    %@AH@%L%@AE@%     72    0.1   71     0.2    68    0.3   62    1.1   57     1.4 San Francisco, Cal.       49    4.7   52    3.2   53    2.6   55    1.5   58   0.3   61    0.1   62    %@AH@%L%@AE@%     63    0.1   64     0.2    61    1.1   55    2.4   49     3.6 San Juan, P.R.            77    3.0   77    2.0   78    2.3   80    3.6   79   5.6   80    4.7   82    4.9   82    5.9   82     6.0    81    5.9   80    5.6   78     4.7 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.%@AH@%*%@AE@%  13    2.2   14    1.7   24    2.0   38    2.4   50   2.9   58    3.3   64    3.0   63    3.5   55     3.9    45    2.9   33    3.2   20     2.6 Savannah, Ga.             49    3.1   52    3.2   58    3.8   66    3.2   73   4.6   79    5.7   81    7.4   81    6.7   77     5.2    67    2.3   58    1.9   51     2.8 Seattle, Wash.            39    6.0   43    4.2   44    3.6   49    2.4   55   1.6   60    1.4   65    0.7   64    1.3   60     2.0    52    3.4   45    5.6   41     6.3 Spokane, Wash.            26    2.5   32    1.6   38    1.4   46    1.1   54   1.4   62    1.2   70    0.5   68    0.7   60     0.7    48    1.1   35    2.1   29     2.5 Springfield, Mo.          32    1.6   36    2.1   45    3.4   56    4.0   65   4.3   73    4.7   78    3.6   77    2.8   70     4.2    58    3.2   45    2.9   36     2.6 Syracuse, N.Y.            23    2.6   24    2.7   33    3.1   46    3.3   57   3.2   66    3.6   71    3.8   69    3.8   62     3.3    51    3.1   41    3.5   28     3.2 Tampa, Fla.               60    2.2   61    3.0   66    3.5   72    1.8   77   3.4   81    5.3   82    7.4   82    7.6   81     6.2    74    2.3   67    1.9   61     2.1 Washington, D.C           31    2.8   34    2.6   42    3.4   53    3.1   62   3.6   71    4.2   76    3.8   74    4.2   67     3.3    55    3.0   45    3.0   35     3.3 Wilmington, Del.          31    3.1   33    3.0   42    3.9   52    3.4   62   3.2   71    3.5   76    3.9   75    4.0   68     3.6    56    2.9   46    3.3   36     3.5  %@TE:   91 15824 03 26 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 06 06 06 06 07 07 @%

%@NL@%
These normals are based on records for the 30-year period 1951 to1980
inclusive. (See explanation on page 241.) For stations that didnot have
continuous records from the same instrument site for the entire30 years, the
means have been adjusted to the record at the present site.%@NL@%
Airport station; %@AH@%*%@AE@%city office stations. T, temperature in Fahrenheit; P,
precipitation in inches; %@AH@%L%@AE@%, less than .05 inch. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Normal Temperatures, Highs, Lows, Precipitation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   72 11889 04 15 21 20 20 20 20 21 21 31 @%                                    Normal temperature  Normal temperature  Normal temperature  Normal temperature  Extreme temperature  Extreme temperatureState          Station              January             January             July                July                                    Max.                Min.                Max.                Min.                Highest              Lowest               annual precipitation (inches)%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama        Mobile               61                  41                  91                  73                  104                  3                    64.64Alabama        Montgomery           57                  36                  92                  72                  105                  0                    49.16Alaska         Juneau               27                  16                  64                  47                  90                   -22                  53.15Arizona        Phoenix              65                  39                  105                 80                  118                  17                   7.11Arkansas       Little Rock          50                  30                  93                  71                  112                  -5                   49.20California     Los Angeles%@AH@%*%@AE@%         67                  48                  84                  64                  110                  28                   14.85California     San Francisco        55                  42                  71                  53                  106                  20                   19.71Colorado       Denver               43                  16                  88                  59                  104                  -30                  15.31Connecticut    Hartford             34                  17                  85                  62                  102                  -26                  44.39Delaware       Wilmington           39                  23                  86                  66                  102                  -14                  41.38Dist. of Col.  Washington           43                  28                  88                  70                  104                  -5                   39.00Florida        Jacksonville         65                  42                  91                  72                  105                  7                    52.76Florida        Key West             72                  66                  89                  80                  95                   41                   39.42Florida        Miami                75                  59                  89                  76                  98                   30                   57.55Georgia        Atlanta              51                  33                  88                  69                  105                  -8                   48.61Hawaii         Honolulu             80                  65                  87                  73                  94                   53                   23.47Idaho          Boise                37                  23                  91                  59                  111                  -23                  11.71Illinois       Chicago              29                  14                  83                  63                  104                  -27                  33.34Indiana        Indianapolis         34                  18                  85                  65                  104                  -23                  39.12Iowa           Des Moines           27                  10                  86                  66                  108                  -24                  30.83Iowa           Dubuque              24                  7                   82                  62                  101                  -28                  38.59Kansas         Wichita              40                  19                  93                  70                  113                  -21                  28.61Kentucky       Louisville           41                  24                  88                  68                  105                  -20                  43.56Louisiana      New Orleans          62                  43                  91                  74                  102                  11                   59.74Maine          Portland             31                  12                  79                  57                  103                  -39                  43.52Maryland       Baltimore            41                  24                  87                  67                  105                  -7                   41.84Massachusetts  Boston               36                  23                  82                  65                  102                  -12                  43.84Michigan       Detroit              31                  16                  83                  61                  104                  -21                  30.97Michigan       Sault Ste. Marie%@AH@%*%@AE@%    21                  5                   75                  52                  98                   -36                  33.48Minnesota      Minn.-St. Paul       20                  2                   83                  63                  105                  -34                  26.36Mississippi    Jackson              57                  35                  93                  68                  106                  2                    52.82Missouri       St. Louis            38                  20                  89                  69                  107                  -18                  33.91 Montana        Helena               28                  8                   84                  52                  105                  -42                  11.37Nebraska       Omaha                30                  10                  89                  67                  114                  -23                  30.34Nevada         Las Vegas            45                  33                  105                 76                  116                  8                    4.19New Hampshire  Concord              31                  9                   83                  56                  102                  -37                  36.53New Jersey     Atlantic City        41                  23                  84                  65                  106                  -11                  41.93New Mexico     Albuquerque          47                  22                  93                  65                  105                  -17                  8.12New Mexico     Roswell              55                  27                  94                  69                  109                  -9                   9.70New York       Albany               30                  12                  83                  60                  100                  -28                  35.74New York       New York-La Guardia  37                  26                  84                  69                  107                  -3                   42.82No. Carolina   Charlotte            50                  31                  88                  69                  104                  -5                   43.16No. Carolina   Raleigh              50                  29                  88                  67                  105                  -9                   41.76No. Dakota     Bismarck             18                  -4                  84                  56                  109                  -44                  15.36Ohio           Cincinnati-Greater   37                  20                  86                  65                  102                  -25                  40.14Ohio           Cleveland            33                  19                  82                  61                  104                  -19                  35.40Oklahoma       Oklahoma City        47                  25                  94                  71                  110                  -8                   30.89Oregon         Portland             44                  34                  80                  56                  107                  -3                   37.39Pennsylvania   Harrisburg           37                  22                  86                  65                  107                  -9                   39.09Pennsylvania   Philadelphia         39                  24                  86                  67                  104                  -7                   41.42Rhode Island   Block Island         37                  25                  76                  64                  92                   -4                   41.91So. Carolina   Charleston           59                  37                  89                  72                  104                  6                    51.59So. Dakota     Huron                22                  0                   87                  61                  112                  -39                  18.66So. Dakota     Rapid City           32                  9                   87                  59                  110                  -29                  16.27Tennessee      Nashville            46                  28                  90                  69                  107                  -17                  48.49Texas          Amarillo             49                  22                  91                  66                  108                  -14                  19.10Texas          Galveston%@AH@%*%@AE@%           59                  48                  87                  79                  101                  8                    40.24Texas          Houston              62                  41                  94                  73                  107                  7                    44.76Utah           Salt Lake City       37                  20                  93                  62                  107                  -30                  15.31Vermont        Burlington           25                  8                   81                  59                  101                  -30                  33.69Virginia       Norfolk              48                  32                  90                  70                  104                  -3                   45.22Washington     Seattle-Tacoma       44                  34                  75                  54                  99                   0                    38.60Washington     Spokane              31                  20                  84                  55                  108                  -25                  16.71West Virginia  Huntington           41                  25                  86                  65                  102                  -16                  40.74Wisconsin      Madison              25                  7                   83                  58                  104                  -37                  30.84Wisconsin      Milwaukee            26                  11                  80                  61                  103                  -26                  30.94Wyoming        Cheyenne             37                  15                  83                  55                  100                  -34                  13.31Puerto Rico    San Juan             83                  70                  88                  76                  98                   60                   53.99%@TE:   72 11889 04 15 21 20 20 20 20 21 21 31 @%

%@NL@%
These normals are based on records for the thirty-year period 1951-1980.(See
explanation on page 241.) The extreme temperatures (through 1989) arelisted
for the stations shown and may not agree with the states recordsshown on
page 245-246.%@NL@%
Airport stations; %@AH@%*%@AE@% designates city office stations.The minus (-) sign
indicates temperatures below zero. Fahrenheitthermometer registration. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Mean Annual Snowfall%@AE@% (inches) based on record through 1980: Boston,Mass. 42;
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., 113; Albany, N.Y. 65.2; Rochester,N.Y. 89.2;
Burlington, Vt., 78.6; Cheyenne, Wyo., 53.3; Juneau, Alas.105.8.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wettest Spot:%@AE@% Mount Waialeale, Ha., on the island of Kauai,is the rainiest
place in the world, according to the National GeographicSociety, with an
average annual rainfall of 460 inches.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Highest Temperature:%@AE@% A temperature of 136 deg F. observed atAzizia,
Tripolitania in Northern Africa on Sept. 13, 1922, is generallyaccepted as
the world's highest temperature recorded under standardconditions. The
record high in the United States was 134 deg in DeathValley, Cal., July 10,
1913.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lowest Temperature:%@AE@% A record low temperature of -128.6 deg F.was recorded at
the Soviet Antarctica station Vostok on July 21, 1983.%@NL@%
The record low in the United States was -80 deg at Prospect Creek,Alas.,
Jan. 23, 1971.%@NL@%
The lowest official temperature on the NorthAmerican continent was recorded
at 81 degrees below zero in February, 1947,at a lonely airport in the Yukon
called Snag.%@NL@%
These are the meteorologicalchampions--the official temperature
extremes--but there are plenty of otherclaimants to thermometer fame.
However, sun readings are unofficialrecords, since meteorological data to
qualify officially must be taken oninstruments in a sheltered and ventilated
location.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Annual Climatological Data %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of    Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  206 23834 08 16 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 @%                           Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precipita  Precipita  Precipita  Precipita  Precipita  Precipita  Fastest    Fastest    No. of     No. of     No. of     No. of                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion%@AH@%1%@AE@%      tion%@AH@%1%@AE@%      tion%@AH@%1%@AE@%      tion%@AH@%1%@AE@%      tion%@AH@%1%@AE@%      tion%@AH@%1%@AE@%      Wind       Wind       days       days       days       days                                                                                                        Sleet or   Sleet or   Sleet or                                                                                                         snow       snow       snow1989Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total       Greatest   Date       Total       Greatest   Date       MPH        Date       Clear%@AH@%*%@AE@%     Cloudy%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Prec .01   Snow,                                                                        (in.)      in 24 hrs.             (in.)      in 24 hrs.                                                         in. or     sleet 1                                                                                                                                                                                      more       in. or                                                                                                                                                                                                 more%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albany, N.Y.    275        93         8/4        -15        12/24      39.67      2.26       10/19      21.1       4.5        12/15      35         11/20      65         175        147        6Albuquerque,     5311       103        6/19       5          2/6        4.99       0.80       10/4       12.2       3.2        2/5        41         4/12       180        77         40         6N.M.                                                                                                                                                                                            Anchorage,      114        82         7/2        -30        1/29       27.55      4.12       8/25       64.1       6.5        12/17      51         3/3        68         236        145        21Alas.                                                                                                                                                                                           Asheville, N.C.  2140       90         8/5        1          12/23      60.63      2.49       7/30       11.2       3.9        2/18       33         2/23       85         164        147        5Atlanta, Ga.    1010       95         7/29       6          12/24      63.31      5.41       10/1       2.0        1.1        12/9       51         6/14       96         162        127        1Baltimore, Md.  148        94         7/23       4          12/23      51.88      2.60       8/28       21.4       4.1        12/8       52         11/16      84         176        133        8Barrow, Alas.   31         -          -          --         -          -          -          --         -          -          -          55         2/25       81         196        -          -Birmingham,     678        96         8/25       1          12/23      53.71      3.81       7/1        0.4        0.4        12/9       39         11/15      80         182        134        0Ala.                                                                                                                                                                                            Bismarck, N.D.  1647       103        7/8        -35        12/19      11.33      1.33       7/28       42.9       6.5        1/6        40         5/29       115        161        93         16Boise, Ida.     2838       108        7/7        -15        2/5        10.44      0.70       3/18       9.1        3.4        1/5        31         4/25       127        139        71         3Boston, Mass.   15         96         7/26       4          12/23      42.42      2.22       8/12       22.5       4.4        11/23      38         11/21      94         177        134        7Buffalo, N.Y.   705        90         7/25       -4         12/27      41.16      3.01       6/9        98.1       11.3       2/6        44         11/20      45         205        183        29Burlington, Vt.  332        94         7/27       -18        12/24      36.03      2.11       8/4        53.4       11.4       12/16      38         1/26       61         184        157        20Charleston,     40         98         8/6        14         12/25      55.72      5.58       9/21       8.9        6.6        12/22      52         9/22       87         170        130        2S.C.                                                                                                                                                                                            Charleston, W.  939        93         8/4        -12        12/23      57.97      2.39       9/15       24.4       3.5        12/8       28         3/18       66         198        164        10Va.                                                                                                                                                                                             Chicago, Ill.   658        101        7/10       -14        12/21      29.45      3.69       8/4        34.2       5.6        10/19      39         5/25       84         180        132        11Cincinnati, Oh.  869        95         7/11       -20        12/22      49.61      2.23       3/28       23.3       7.0        12/15      35         3/15       83         177        142        6Cleveland, Oh.  777        96         7/10       -15        12/22      43.90      2.58       5/25       68.3       8.9        12/15      31         11/5       60         207        169        23Columbus, Oh.   812        94         7/11       -17        12/22      43.76      1.79       7/26       22.1       4.2        12/15      32         8/29       77         192        144        6Concord, N.H.   342        95         7/27       -20        12/24      38.23      2.11       5/1        40.3       7.7        12/15      -          --         83         178        145        12Dallas, Tex.    551        101        9/3        -1         12/23      39.95      5.34       5/16       1.8        0.8        3/4        41         6/2        130        140        74         0Denver, Co.     5283       103        7/8        -24        2/5        15.47      1.49       6/2        58.5       8.8        1/27       38         4/16       129        117        88         17Des Moines, Ia.  938        99         7/10       -22        12/23      29.14      3.11       8/25       26.5       7.4        2/12       41         4/27       120        148        108        8Detroit, Mich.  633        92         7/10       -9         12/22      29.26      2.87       7/19       34.7       4.1        2/20       44         3/14       79         175        130        15Dodge City,     2582       100        8/4        -21        12/22      20.95      2.17       9/12       13.8       5.7        3/9        53         4/2        138        120        66         3Kan.                                                                                                                                                                                            Duluth, Minn.   1428       92         8/4        -30        2/3        26.29      2.14       9/20       97.0       11.6       1/7        39         5/24       99         173        125        24Fairbanks,      436        87         7/8        -51        1/30       10.43      1.20       6/24       78.7       6.3        12/22      32         7/4        75         204        104        30Alas.                                                                                                                                                                                           Fresno, Cal.    328        107        7/7        24         2/7        6.91       0.98       3/25       %@AH@%T%@AE@%          %@AH@%T%@AE@%          2/8        25         3/2        204        86         29         0Galveston, Tex.  7          96         9/3        14         12/23      40.59      6.56       8/1        1.0        1.0        12/22      56         10/15      -          -          82         1Grand Rapids,   784        91         8/3        -11        12/23      33.90      3.17       6/23       92.7       7.4        11/17      37         1/8        74         198        142        36Mich.                                                                                                                                                                                           Hartford, Conn.  169        95         7/26       -9         12/24      54.61      4.90       5/23       26.3       6.8        12/15      40         11/16      76         186        138        8Helena, Mont.   3828       98         7/20       -33        2/4        12.49      1.02       9/17       81.9       8.5        3/16       49         7/26       -          -          111        24Honolulu, Ha.   7          92         8/11       56         12/16      27.52      5.56       10/3       0          0          -          30         12/9       85         100        82         0Houston, Tex.   96         99         9/4        7          12/23      52.73      10.36      5/17       1.7        1.7        12/22      39         6/26       75         168        106        1Huron, S.D.     1281       101        7/5        -28        12/22      14.50      1.62       6/25       52.4       8.6        3/16       43         5/24       112        134        91         15Indianapolis,   792        94         6/25       -23        12/22      50.57      2.96       9/8        24.4       7.5        10/19      35         7/8        86         178        134        8Ind.                                                                                                                                                                                            Jackson, Miss.  291        98         8/28       4          12/23      52.55      3.43       5/4        0.1        0.1        12/9       32         5/4        92         183        111        0Jacksonville,   26         98         7/10       20         12/25      51.45      4.89       9/27       0.8        0.8        12/23      30         8/25       86         153        120        0Fla.                                                                                                                                                                                            Kansas City,    1014       99         7/7        -23        12/23      37.64      4.51       9/8        13.5       3.7        12/18      38         3/14       128        135        89         4Mo.                                                                                                                                                                                             Lander, Wyo.    5557       99         7/8        -24        2/3        15.50      1.82       5/29       62.5       11.2       10/28      72         1/31       107        135        76         19Little Rock,    257        99         8/27       -1         12/23      49.25      2.71       3/28       3.0        2.0        1/8        -          --         -          -          115        2Ark.                                                                                                                                                                                            Los Angeles,    97         102        4/6        35         2/6        4.19       0.98       2/8        0          0          -          -          --         169        81         20         0Cal.                                                                                                                                                                                            Louisville, Ky.  477        94         7/11       -15        12/22      50.97      3.12       7/19       8.5        3.5        12/14      29         5/26       97         173        134        3Marquette,      1415       91         8/4        -22        3/2        29.53      2.80       6/7        246.3      19.8       3/14       -          --         -          -          163        59Mich.                                                                                                                                                                                           Memphis, Tenn.  258        98         8/29       -4         12/22      58.89      4.24       2/13       0.7        0.4        12/17      38         3/18       101        166        116        0Miami, Fla.     7          97         8/16       30         12/25      42.63      3.55       8/29       0          0          -          31         10/10      90         87         116        0Milwaukee, Wis.  672        95         7/9        -15        12/21      30.30      2.68       7/19       55.4       9.1        11/21      44         8/4        85         169        129        13Minneapolis,    834        97         7/5        -24        2/3        23.32      1.72       7/18       65.2       8.5        3/3        35         12/25      93         152        111        23Minn.                                                                                                                                                                                           Mobile, Ala.    211        98         9/2        9          12/24      64.00      5.87       11/7       %@AH@%T%@AE@%          %@AH@%T%@AE@%          12/25      44         6/8        111        153        116        0Moline, Ill.    582        100        7/10       -24        12/23      31.93      3.02       9/1        22.5       4.0        2/12       38         1/7        101        160        104        8Nashville,      590        96         7/26       -10        12/22      57.03      4.73       2/14       5.6        4.4        2/27       33         3/26       100        159        132        1Tenn.                                                                                                                                                                                           Newark, N.J.    7          99         7/26       7          12/23      53.99      2.53       5/16       13.6       5.7        11/22      46         11/20      76         174        125        3New Orleans,    4          99         8/27       11         12/23      67.46      12.66      11/6       0.5        0.5        12/22      44         5/4        78         171        121        0La.                                                                                                                                                                                             New York, N.Y.  132        96         7/26       6          12/23      65.11      3.50       8/11       13.9       5.0        1/6        29         11/21      -          -          124        3Norfolk, Va.    24         99         7/11       11         12/25      56.63      2.68       8/11       25.4       14.2       2/17       40         11/15      80         173        147        3Oklahoma City,  1285       100        9/1        -8         12/23      40.89      4.56       6/13       11.1       4.8        1/13       48         6/27       140        118        80         4Okla.                                                                                                                                                                                           Omaha, Neb.     997        100        8/4        -23        12/22      23.80      2.71       9/8        23.0       4.0        2/12       40         4/27       109        146        92         7Philadelphia,   5          94         9/10       6          12/22      48.66      4.49       7/4        20.7       5.1        1/6        56         3/18       79         173        131        7Pa.                                                                                                                                                                                             Phoenix, Ariz.  1110       118        7/4        33         2/7        4.94       1.23       3/25       0          0          -          35         8/7        221        51         26         0Pittsburgh, Pa.  1137       94         7/25       -12        12/22      42.51      1.99       6/20       30.7       6.8        12/15      39         11/20      43         216        154        6Portland, Me.   43         95         7/26       -13        12/24      41.55      4.66       5/11       48.0       7.7        12/15      32         11/21      86         172        132        15Portland, Ore.  21         93         6/24       9          2/5+11     30.05      1.11       12/3       3.2        2.0        3/1        41         2/3        62         222        129        1Providence,     51         92         7/27       2          12/23      56.06      3.43       7/16       33.5       8.5        12/15      40         2/21       81         180        141        8R.I.                                                                                                                                                                                            Raleigh, N.C.   434        96         7/11       7          12/25      54.15      2.65       8/17       14.6       5.8        2/18       35         3/31       79         191        147        4Rapid City,     3162       110        7/8        -29        12/22      13.57      1.48       9/20       44.2       4.3        3/2        49         6/16       124        128        107        17S.D.                                                                                                                                                                                            Reno, Nev.      4404       100        7/19       -16        2/7        7.34       0.76       8/7        19.6       6.6        2/3        -          --         185        85         47         6Richmond, Va.   164        96         7/11       7          12/25      49.74      2.43       7/15       24.6       7.6        2/18       46         5/6        73         183        134        7Rochester, N.Y.  547        94         7/25       -4         12/14      32.66      1.91       6/16       115.3      10.8       5/7        40         3/15       55         202        175        37St. Louis, Mo.  535        98         7/10       -16        12/22      28.60      2.25       3/19       24.1       10.7       3/5        37         12/2       99         172        108        5Salt Lake City,  4221       104        7/20       -14        2/6        10.87      1.20       10/25      45.8       11.9       2/1        52         8/17       120        146        80         14Ut.                                                                                                                                                                                             San Antonio,    788        106        7/19       6          12/23      22.14      3.11       10/7       %@AH@%T%@AE@%          %@AH@%T%@AE@%          12/22      34         4/29       118        132        69         0Tex.                                                                                                                                                                                            San Diego, Cal.  13         100        9/25       37         1/9        3.83       1.01       12/28      0          0          -          23         10/25      155        93         23         0San Francisco,  8          98         6/22       31         2/6        11.35      1.28       11/25      %@AH@%T%@AE@%          %@AH@%T%@AE@%          2/8        46         1/5        181        101        52         0Cal.                                                                                                                                                                                            Sault Ste.      721        92         7/23       -22        12/21      25.89      1.08       8/3        154.2      10.5       11/15      49         5/25       78         190        161        48Marie, Mich.                                                                                                                                                                                    Savannah, Ga.   46         98         8/6        16         12/24      46.87      6.00       9/21       4.6        3.4        12/22      -          --         104        152        118        2Seattle, Wash.  400        91         9/22       7          2/4        34.69      1.99       12/3       14.2       7.4        3/1        43         1/16       69         220        145        4Shreveport, La.  254        98         8/28       5          12/23      60.90      5.07       5/4        %@AH@%T%@AE@%          %@AH@%T%@AE@%          12/22      38         5/16       111        162        108        0Sioux City, Ia.  1095       102        7/9        -24        12/23      19.39      2.68       7.29       25.6       4.9        12/10      50         8/5        111        143        78         9Spokane, Wash.  2356       97         8/7        -11        2/2        14.71      1.07       8/23       45.2       8.3        2/16       43         1/16       91         195        110        16Springfield,    1268       94         8/27       -16        12/23      31.50      5.81       5/21       24.9       12.9       3/5        31         7/30       116        157        84         6Mo.                                                                                                                                                                                             Syracuse, N.Y.  410        92         8/4        -14        12/24      36.93      2.39       9/19       135.0      16.7       12/16      38         11/28      64         210        193        35Tampa, Fla.     19         97         5/31       24         12/24      43.63      1.97       7/21       %@AH@%T%@AE@%          %@AH@%T%@AE@%          12/23      30         7/13       148        71         101        0Washington,     10         97         9/10       -4         12/25      44.34      2.61       5/5        22.7       5.0        12/8       55         6/14       67         192        136        6D.C.                                                                                                                                                                                            Wilmington,     74         96         7/26       4          12/23      49.77      6.83       7/4        25.3       5.6        11/22      40         11/16      79         186        124        9Del.                                                                                                                                                                                            %@TE:  206 23834 08 16 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%To get partly cloudy days deduct the total of clear and cloudydays from 365
(1 yr.). %@AH@%T%@AE@%--trace. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Date shown is the starting dateof the storm (in some
cases it lasted more than one day). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Record Temperatures by States Through 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  105 12405 02 16 14 15 16 26 31 @%State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station                   Approximate elevation in feet%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         -27                          Jan. 30, 1966   New Market                760                              %@AI@%112%@AE@%            %@AI@%Sept. 5, 1925%@AE@%   %@AI@%Centerville%@AE@%               %@AI@%345%@AE@%Alaska          -80                          Jan. 23, 1971   Prospect Creek Camp       1,100                              %@AI@%100%@AE@%            %@AI@%June 27, 1915%@AE@%   %@AI@%Fort Yukon%@AE@%                %@AI@%419%@AE@%Arizona         -40                          Jan. 7, 1971    Hawley Lake               8,180                              %@AI@%127%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 7, 1905%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%   %@AI@%Parker%@AE@%                    %@AI@%345+%@AE@%Arkansas        -29                          Feb. 13, 1905   Pond                      1,250                              %@AI@%120%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 10, 1936%@AE@%   %@AI@%Ozark%@AE@%                     %@AI@%396%@AE@%California      -45                          Jan. 20, 1937   Boca                      5,532                              %@AI@%134%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 10, 1913%@AE@%   %@AI@%Greenland Ranch%@AE@%           %@AI@%-178%@AE@%Colorado        -61                          Feb. 1, 1985    Maybell                   5,920                              %@AI@%118%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 11, 1888%@AE@%   %@AI@%Bennett%@AE@%                   %@AI@%5,484%@AE@%Connecticut     -32                          Feb. 16, 1943   Falls Village             585                              %@AI@%105%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 22, 1926%@AE@%   %@AI@%Waterbury%@AE@%                 %@AI@%400%@AE@%Delaware        -17                          Jan. 17, 1893   Millsboro                 20                              %@AI@%110%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 21, 1930%@AE@%   %@AI@%Millsboro%@AE@%                 %@AI@%20%@AE@%Dist. of Col.   -15                          Feb. 11, 1899   Washington                112                              %@AI@%106%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 20, 1930%@AE@%   %@AI@%Washington%@AE@%                %@AI@%112%@AE@%Florida         -2                           Feb. 13, 1899   Tallahassee               193                              %@AI@%109%@AE@%            %@AI@%June 29, 1931%@AE@%   %@AI@%Monticello%@AE@%                %@AI@%207%@AE@%Georgia         -17                          Jan. 27, 1940   CCC Camp F-16             1,000                              %@AI@%112%@AE@%            %@AI@%Jul. 24, 1952%@AE@%   %@AI@%Louisville%@AE@%                %@AI@%132%@AE@%Hawaii          12                           May 17, 1979    Mauna Kea                 13,770                              %@AI@%100%@AE@%            %@AI@%Apr. 27, 1931%@AE@%   %@AI@%Pahala%@AE@%                    %@AI@%850%@AE@%Idaho           -60                          Jan. 16, 1943   Island Park Dam           6,285                              %@AI@%118%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 28, 1934%@AE@%   %@AI@%Orofino%@AE@%                   %@AI@%1,027%@AE@%Illinois        -35                          Jan. 22, 1930   Mount Carroll             817                              %@AI@%117%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 14, 1954%@AE@%   %@AI@%E. St. Louis%@AE@%              %@AI@%410%@AE@%Indiana         -35                          Feb. 2, 1951    Greensburg                954                              %@AI@%116%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 14, 1936%@AE@%   %@AI@%Collegeville%@AE@%              %@AI@%672%@AE@%Iowa            -47                          Jan. 12, 1912   Washta                    1,157                              %@AI@%118%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 20, 1934%@AE@%   %@AI@%Keokuk%@AE@%                    %@AI@%614%@AE@%Kansas          -40                          Feb. 13, 1905   Lebanon                   1,812                              %@AI@%121%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 24, 1936%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Alton (near)%@AE@%              %@AI@%1,651%@AE@%Kentucky        -34                          Jan. 28, 1963   Cynthiana                 684                              %@AI@%114%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 28, 1930%@AE@%   %@AI@%Greensburg%@AE@%                %@AI@%581%@AE@%Louisiana       -16                          Feb. 13, 1899   Minden                    194                              %@AI@%114%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 10, 1936%@AE@%   %@AI@%Plain Dealing%@AE@%             %@AI@%268%@AE@%Maine           -48                          Jan. 19, 1925   Van Buren                 510                              %@AI@%105%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 10, 1911%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%North Bridgton%@AE@%            %@AI@%450%@AE@%Maryland        -40                          Jan. 13, 1912   Oakland                   2,461                              %@AI@%109%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 10, 1936%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Cumberland and Frederick%@AE@%  %@AI@%623-325%@AE@%Massachusetts   -35                          Jan. 12, 1981   Chester                   640                              %@AI@%107%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 2, 1975%@AE@%    %@AI@%Chester and New Bedford%@AE@%   %@AI@%120-640%@AE@%Michigan        -51                          Feb. 9, 1934    Vanderbilt                785                              %@AI@%112%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 13, 1936%@AE@%   %@AI@%Mio%@AE@%                       %@AI@%963%@AE@%Minnesota       -59                          Feb. 16, 1903%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Pokegama Dam              1,280                              %@AI@%114%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 6, 1936%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%   %@AI@%Moorhead%@AE@%                  %@AI@%904%@AE@%Mississippi     -19                          Jan. 30, 1966   Corinth                   420                              %@AI@%115%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 29, 1930%@AE@%   %@AI@%Holly Springs%@AE@%             %@AI@%600%@AE@%Missouri        -40                          Feb. 13, 1905   Warsaw                    700                              %@AI@%118%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 14, 1954%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Warsaw and Union%@AE@%          %@AI@%687-560%@AE@%Montana         -70                          Jan. 20, 1954   Rogers Pass               5,470                              %@AI@%117%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 5, 1937%@AE@%    %@AI@%Medicine Lake%@AE@%             %@AI@%1,950%@AE@%Nebraska        -47                          Feb. 12, 1899   Camp Clarke               3,700                              %@AI@%118%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 24, 1936%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Minden%@AE@%                    %@AI@%2,169%@AE@%Nevada          -50                          Jan. 8, 1937    San Jacinto               5,200                              %@AI@%122%@AE@%            %@AI@%June 23, 1954%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Overton%@AE@%                   %@AI@%1,240%@AE@%New Hampshire   -46                          Jan. 28 1925    Pittsburgh                1,575                              %@AI@%106%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 4, 1911%@AE@%    %@AI@%Nashua%@AE@%                    %@AI@%125%@AE@%New Jersey      -34                          Jan. 5, 1904    River Vale                70                              %@AI@%110%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 10, 1936%@AE@%   %@AI@%Runyon%@AE@%                    %@AI@%18%@AE@%New Mexico      -50                          Feb. 1, 1951    Gavilan                   7,350                              %@AI@%116%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 14, 1934%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Orogrande%@AE@%                 %@AI@%4,171%@AE@%New York        -52                          Feb. 18, 1979   Old Forge                 1,720                              %@AI@%108%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 22, 1926%@AE@%   %@AI@%Troy%@AE@%                      %@AI@%35%@AE@%North Carolina  -34                          Jan. 21, 1985   Mt. Mitchell              6,525                              %@AI@%110%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 21, 1983%@AE@%   %@AI@%Fayetteville%@AE@%              %@AI@%213%@AE@%North Dakota    -60                          Feb. 15, 1936   Parshall                  1,929                              %@AI@%121%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 6, 1936%@AE@%    %@AI@%Steele%@AE@%                    %@AI@%1,857%@AE@%Ohio            -39                          Feb. 10, 1899   Milligan                  800                              %@AI@%113%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 21, 1934%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Gallipolis (near)%@AE@%         %@AI@%673%@AE@%Oklahoma        -27                          Jan. 18, 1930   Watts                     958                              %@AI@%120%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 26, 1943%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Tishmoningo%@AE@%               %@AI@%670%@AE@%Oregon          -54                          Feb. 10, 1933%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Seneca                    4,700                              %@AI@%119%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 10, 1938%@AE@%   %@AI@%Pendleton%@AE@%                 %@AI@%1,074%@AE@%Pennsylvania    -42                          Jan. 5, 1904    Smethport                 1,469                              %@AI@%111%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 10, 1936%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Phoenixville%@AE@%              %@AI@%100%@AE@%Rhode Island    -23                          Jan. 11, 1942   Kingston                  100                              %@AI@%104%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 2, 1975%@AE@%    %@AI@%Providence%@AE@%                %@AI@%51%@AE@%South Carolina  -19                          Jan. 21, 1985   Caesar's Head             3,100                              %@AI@%111%@AE@%            %@AI@%June 28, 1954%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Camden%@AE@%                    %@AI@%170%@AE@%South Dakota    -58                          Feb. 17, 1936   McIntosh                  2,277                              %@AI@%120%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 5, 1936%@AE@%    %@AI@%Gannvalley%@AE@%                %@AI@%1,750%@AE@%Tennessee       -32                          Dec. 30, 1917   Mountain City             2,471                              %@AI@%113%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 9, 1930%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%   %@AI@%Perryville%@AE@%                %@AI@%377%@AE@%Texas           -23                          Feb. 8, 1933    Seminole                  3,275                              %@AI@%120%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 12, 1936%@AE@%   %@AI@%Seymour%@AE@%                   %@AI@%1,291%@AE@%Utah            -69                          Feb. 1, 1985    Peter's Sink              8,092                              %@AI@%117%@AE@%            %@AI@%Jul. 5, 1985%@AE@%    %@AI@%Saint George%@AE@%              %@AI@%2,880%@AE@%Vermont         -50                          Dec. 30, 1933   Bloomfield                915                              %@AI@%105%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 4, 1911%@AE@%    %@AI@%Vernon%@AE@%                    %@AI@%310%@AE@%Virginia        -30                          Jan. 22, 1985   Mtn. Lake Bio. Stn.       3,870                              %@AI@%110%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 15, 1954%@AE@%   %@AI@%Balcony Falls%@AE@%             %@AI@%725%@AE@%Washington      -48                          Dec. 30, 1968   Mazama                    2,120-48                           Dec. 30, 1968  Winthrop        1,765                              %@AI@%118%@AE@%            %@AI@%Aug. 5, 1961%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%   %@AI@%Ice Harbor Dam%@AE@%            %@AI@%475%@AE@%West Virginia   -37                          Dec. 30, 1917   Lewisburg                 2,200                              %@AI@%112%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 10, 1936%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%  %@AI@%Martinsburg%@AE@%               %@AI@%435%@AE@%Wisconsin       -54                          Jan. 24, 1922   Danbury                   908                              %@AI@%114%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 13, 1936%@AE@%   %@AI@%Wisconsin Dells%@AE@%           %@AI@%900%@AE@%Wyoming         -63                          Feb. 9, 1933    Moran                     6,770                              %@AI@%114%@AE@%            %@AI@%July 12, 1900%@AE@%   %@AI@%Basin%@AE@%                     %@AI@%3,500%@AE@%%@TE:  105 12405 02 16 14 15 16 26 31 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Also on earlier dates at the same or other places.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%International Temperature and Precipitation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           Environmental Data Service, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  110  9432 07 31 11 19 19 19 19 19 19 31 @%                                          Temperature F deg  Temperature F deg  Temperature F deg  Temperature F deg  Temperature F deg  Temperature F deg                                          Average Daily      Average Daily                                            Extreme            Extreme                                          January            January            July               JulyStation                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.               Max.               Min.               Max.               Min.               Average annual precipitation                                                                                                                                                             (inches)%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43                 69                 50                 94                 32                 48.7Algiers, Algeria               194        59                 49                 83                 70                 107                32                 30.0Amsterdam, Netherlands         5          40                 34                 69                 59                 95                 3                  25.6Athens, Greece                 351        54                 42                 90                 72                 109                20                 15.8Auckland, New Zealand          23         73                 60                 56                 46                 90                 33                 49.1Bangkok, Thailand              53         89                 67                 90                 76                 104                50                 57.8Beirut, Lebanon                111        62                 51                 87                 73                 107                30                 35.1Belgrade, Yugoslavia           453        37                 27                 84                 61                 107                -14                24.6Berlin, Germany                187        35                 26                 74                 55                 96                 -15                23.1Bogota, Colombia               8,355      67                 48                 64                 50                 75                 30                 41.8Bombay, India                  27         88                 62                 88                 75                 110                46                 71.2Bucharest, Romania             269        33                 20                 86                 61                 105                -18                22.8Budapest, Hungary              394        35                 26                 82                 61                 103                -10                24.2Buenos Aires, Argentina        89         85                 63                 57                 42                 104                22                 37.4Cairo, Egypt                   381        65                 47                 96                 70                 117                34                 1.1Capetown, South Africa         56         78                 60                 63                 45                 103                28                 20.0Caracas, Venezuela             3,418      75                 56                 78                 61                 91                 45                 32.9Casablanca, Morocco            164        63                 45                 79                 65                 110                31                 15.9Copenhagen, Denmark            43         36                 29                 72                 55                 91                 -3                 23.3Damascus, Syria                2,362      53                 36                 96                 64                 113                21                 8.6Dublin, Ireland                155        47                 35                 67                 51                 86                 8                  29.7Geneva, Switzerland            1,329      39                 29                 77                 58                 101                -1                 33.9Havana, Cuba                   80         79                 65                 89                 75                 104                43                 48.2Hong Kong                      109        64                 56                 87                 78                 97                 32                 85.1Istanbul, Turkey               59         45                 36                 81                 65                 100                17                 31.5Jerusalem, Israel              2,654      55                 41                 87                 63                 107                26                 19.7Lagos, Nigeria                 10         88                 74                 83                 74                 104                60                 72.3La Paz, Bolivia                12,001     63                 43                 62                 33                 80                 26                 22.6Lima, Peru                     394        82                 66                 67                 57                 93                 49                 1.6London, England                149        44                 35                 73                 55                 99                 9                  22.9Madrid, Spain                  2,188      47                 33                 87                 62                 102                14                 16.5Manila, Philippines            49         86                 69                 88                 75                 101                58                 82.0Mexico City, Mexico            7,340      66                 42                 74                 54                 92                 24                 23.0Moscow, U.S.S.R.               505        21                 9                  76                 55                 96                 -27                24.8Nairobi, Kenya                 5,971      77                 54                 69                 51                 87                 41                 37.7Oslo, Norway                   308        30                 20                 73                 56                 93                 -21                26.9Paris, France                  164        42                 32                 76                 55                 105                1                  22.3Prague, Czechoslovakia         662        34                 25                 74                 58                 98                 -16                19.3Reykjavik, Iceland             92         36                 28                 58                 48                 74                 4                  33.9Rome, Italy                    377        54                 39                 88                 64                 104                20                 29.5San Salvador, El Salvador      2,238      90                 60                 89                 65                 105                45                 70.0Santiago, Chile                1,706      85                 53                 59                 37                 99                 24                 14.2Sao Paolo, Brazil              2,628      77                 63                 66                 53                 100                32                 57.3Shanghai, China                16         47                 32                 91                 75                 104                10                 45.0Singapore                      33         86                 73                 88                 75                 97                 66                 95.0Stockholm, Sweden              146        31                 23                 70                 55                 97                 -26                22.4Sydney, Australia              62         78                 65                 60                 46                 114                35                 46.5Teheran, Iran                  3,937      45                 27                 99                 72                 109                -5                 9.7Tokyo, Japan                   19         47                 29                 83                 70                 101                17                 61.6Tripoli, Libya                 72         61                 47                 85                 71                 114                33                 15.1Vienna, Austria                664        34                 26                 75                 59                 98                 -14                25.6Warsaw, Poland                 294        30                 21                 75                 56                 98                 -22                22.0 %@TE:  110  9432 07 31 11 19 19 19 19 19 19 31 @%

%@NL@%
A standard period of 30 years has been used to obtain the average
dailymaximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation. The length of
record ofextreme maximum and minimum temperatures includes all available
years ofdata for a given location and is usually for a longer period.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Record Maximum 24-Hour Precipitation by State %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(through 1989) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  3404 02 07 18 13 20 18 @%State  Precip. (inches)  Date         Station             Elevation (feet)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ala.   20.33             4/13/55      Axis                36Alas.  15.20             10/12/82     Angoon              15Ariz.  11.40             9/4-5/70     Workman Creek       6,970Ark.   14.06             12/3/82      Big Fork            1,100Cal.   26.12             1/22-23/43   Hoegees Camp        2,760Colo.  11.08             6/17/65      Holly               3,390Conn.  12.77             8/19/55      Burlington          460Del.   8.50              7/13/75      Dover               30Fla.   38.70             9/5/50       Yankeetown          5Ga.    18.00             8/28/11      St. George          77Ha.    38.00             1/24-25/56   Kilauea Plantation  180Id.    7.17              11/23/09     Rattlesnake Creek   4,000Ill.   16.54             6/14-15/57   East St. Louis      410Ind.   10.50             8/6/05       Princeton           480Ia.    16.70             8/5-6/59     Decatur Co.         1,110Kan.   12.59             5/31-6/1/41  Burlington          1,010Ky.    10.40             6/28/60      Dunmor              610La.    22.00             8/28-29/62   Hackberry           10Me.    8.05              9/11/54      Brunswick           70Md.    14.75             7/26-27/97   Jewell              152Mass.  18.15             8/18-19/55   Westfield           220Mich.  9.78              8/31-9/1/14  Bloomingdale        750Minn.  10.84             7/21-22/72   Fort Ripley         1,140Miss.  15.68             7/9/68       Columbus            190Mo.    18.18             7/20/65      Edgarton            850Mont.  11.50             6/20/21      Circle              2,440Neb.   13.15             7/8-9/50     York                1,610Nev.   7.40              3/19/07      Lewer's Ranch       5,200N.H.   10.38             2/10-11/70   Mount Washington    6,260N.J.   14.81             8/19/39      Tuckerton           20N.M.   11.28             5/18-19/55   Lake Maloya         7,400N.Y.   11.17             10/9/03      NYC Central Park    130N.C.   22.22             7/15-16/16   Altapass            2,600N.D.   8.10              6/29/75      Litchville          1,470Ohio   10.51             7/12/66      Sandusky            610Okla.  15.50             9/3-4/40     Sapulpa             740Ore.   10.17             12/21/15     Glenora             575Pa.    34.50%@AH@%*%@AE@%            7/17/42      Smethport           1,510R.I.   12.13             9/16-17/32   Westerly            40S.C.   13.25             7/14-15/16   Effingham           110S.D.   8.00              9/10/00      Elk Point           1,127Tenn.  11.00             3/28/02      McMinnville         900Texas  43.00%@AH@%*%@AE@%            7/25-26/79   Alvin               50Utah   6.00%@AH@%*%@AE@%             9/5/70       Bug Point           6,600Vt.    8.77              11/3-4/27    Somerset            2,080Va.    27.00%@AH@%*%@AE@%            8/20/69      Nelson Co.          est. 500Wash.  12.00             1/21/35      Quinault R.S.       220W.Va.  19.00%@AH@%*%@AE@%            7/18/89      Rockport            700Wis.   11.72             6/24/46      Mellen              1,150Wyo.   6.06              8/1/85       Cheyenne            6,126%@TE:   52  3404 02 07 18 13 20 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Estimated %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Wind Chill Table%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%         National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  1206 03 05 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 @%     35  30  25   20   15   10   5    0    -5   -10  -15  -20  -25  -30   -35   -40   -45MPH%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%5%@AE@%    33  27  21   16   12   7    0    -5   -10  -15  -21  -26  -31  -36   -42   -47   -52%@AB@%10%@AE@%   22  16  10   3    -3   -9   -15  -22  -27  -34  -40  -46  -52  -58   -64   -71   -77%@AB@%15%@AE@%   16  9   2    -5   -11  -18  -25  -31  -38  -45  -51  -58  -65  -72   -78   -85   -92%@AB@%20%@AE@%   12  4   -3   -10  -17  -24  -31  -39  -46  -53  -60  -67  -74  -81   -88   -95   -103%@AB@%25%@AE@%   8   1   -7   -15  -22  -29  -36  -44  -51  -59  -66  -74  -81  -88   -96   -103  -110%@AB@%30%@AE@%   6   -2  -10  -18  -25  -33  -41  -49  -56  -64  -71  -79  -86  -93   -101  -109  -116%@AB@%35%@AE@%   4   -4  -12  -20  -27  -35  -43  -52  -58  -67  -74  -82  -89  -97   -105  -113  -120%@AB@%40%@AE@%   3   -5  -13  -21  -29  -37  -45  -53  -60  -69  -76  -84  -92  -100  -107  -115  -123%@AB@%45%@AE@%   2   -6  -14  -22  -30  -38  -46  -54  -62  -70  -78  -85  -93  -102  -109  -117  -125%@TE:   12  1206 03 05 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AI@%(Wind speeds greater than 45 mph havelittle additional chilling effect.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Both temperature and wind cause heat loss from body surfaces. Acombination
of cold and wind makes a body feel colder than the actualtemperature. The
table shows, for example, that a temperature of 20degrees Fahrenheit, plus a
wind of 20 miles per hour, causes a body heatloss equal to that in minus 10
degrees with no wind. In other words,the wind makes 20 degrees feel like
minus 10. %@NL@%
Top line of figures shows actual temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.Column
at left shows wind speeds.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%Heat Index %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  3134 05 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%                Air             Air             Air             Air             Air             Air             Air             Air             Air             Air             Air                 Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%                70              75              80              85              90              95              100             105             110             115             120Relative        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent Humidity        Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%    Temperature%@AH@%*%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%0%%@AE@%              64              69              73              78              83              87              91              95              99              103             107%@AB@%10%%@AE@%             65              70              75              80              85              90              95              100             105             111             116%@AB@%20%%@AE@%             66              72              77              82              87              93              99              105             112             120             130%@AB@%30%%@AE@%             67              73              78              84              90              96              104             113             123             135             148%@AB@%40%%@AE@%             68              74              79              86              93              101             110             123             137             151%@AB@%50%%@AE@%             69              75              81              88              96              107             120             135             150%@AB@%60%%@AE@%             70              76              82              90              100             114             132             149%@AB@%70%%@AE@%             70              77              85              93              106             124             144%@AB@%80%%@AE@%             71              78              86              97              113             136%@AB@%90%%@AE@%             71              79              88              102             122%@AB@%100%%@AE@%            72              80              91              108%@TE:   28  3134 05 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
The index is a measure of the contribution that high humidity makeswith
abnormally high temperatures in reducing the body's ability tocool itself.
For example, the index shows that for an actual airtemperature of 100
degrees Fahrenheit and a relative humidity of 50percent, the effect on the
human body would be same as 120 degrees.Sunstroke and heat exhaustion are
likely when the heat index reaches105. This index is a measure of what hot
weather "feels like"to the average person for various temperatures and
relative humidities. %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Degrees Fahrenheit.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Average Relative Humidity (%)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%(M-morning; A-afternoon; through 1989) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   66 11345 03 29 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%                             Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May  May  June  June  July  July  Aug.  Aug.  Sept.  Sept.  Oct.  Oct.  Nov.  Nov.  Dec.  Dec.                             M     A     M     A     M     A     M     A     M    A    M     A     M     A     M     A     M      A      M     A     M     A     M     A%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mobile, Ala.                 81    60    81    56    84    55    87    52    87   54   87    55    89    60    91    61    89     60     86    53    86    57    83    61Juneau, Alas.                79    76    83    74    82    67    81    63    79   63   80    65    83    70    87    74    91     77     89    79    85    80    84    82Phoenix, Ariz.               67    32    60    27    56    24    43    16    35   13   31    11    45    20    51    23    49     23     52    23    58    27    67    34Little Rock, Ark.            80    61    80    59    79    56    82    56    87   57   86    55    88    57    88    56    89     58     86    53    83    59    80    62Los Angeles, Calif.          63    50    71    52    74    52    78    54    81   55   85    56    84    53    84    55    78     54     76    56    61    49    62    50San Francisco, Calif.        81    63    83    63    81    61    82    61    89   68   89    72    92    74    93    73    87     66     81    60    82    63    80    63Denver, Colo.                63    49    67    44    67    40    67    35    70   38   69    35    68    34    69    35    68     34     65    35    68    48    65    51Hartford, Conn.              71    56    72    54    71    50    69    45    73   47   77    51    78    51    83    53    86     54     83    51    79    56    75    59Wilmington, Del.             75    60    75    57    73    52    73    50    76   53   78    54    79    54    83    56    85     56     84    54    80    56    76    59Dist. of Colo.               77    59    78    55    78    51    77    48    84   56   85    56    86    55    89    56    90     56     88    55    83    56    78    58Jacksonville, Fla.           87    57    86    53    86    50    86    48    85   50   87    57    88    58    91    60    92     63     91    58    89    56    88    58Miami, Fla.                  84    59    83    57    82    56    80    53    81   59   85    65    84    63    86    65    88     66     86    63    85    62    83    59Atlanta, Ga.                 78    59    75    54    77    51    78    49    82   53   84    56    88    60    90    60    88     60     84    53    81    55    79    58Columbus, Ga.                84    59    83    54    85    52    85    48    85   50   85    52    89    58    91    57    90     57     89    52    88    54    85    58Honolulu, Ha.                81    62    79    59    73    57    70    56    67   54   66    52    67    51    68    53    68     52     70    55    75    58    79    61Boise, Ida.                  80    71    80    60    74    45    70    36    69   34   67    30    54    22    52    23    59     30     67    39    77    60    81    71Chicago, Ill.                76    67    77    65    79    61    77    55    77   53   78    55    82    57    85    57    85     57     82    56    81    64    80    70Indianapolis, Ind.           80    70    80    67    79    62    78    55    81   55   82    56    87    60    90    61    90     58     86    57    84    66    83    72Des Moines, Ia.              75    67    78    65    78    60    77    55    77   54   79    55    82    57    84    58    85     59     79    56    79    63    79    69Dubuque, Ia.                 75    68    77    65    78    62    76    55    78   56   82    59    85    59    87    61    87     61     82    58    81    65    80    71Wichita, Kan.                79    63    79    60    77    54    78    52    83   56   83    53    78    48    79    50    82     54     80    53    79    57    80    62Louisville, Ky.              76    64    77    62    75    57    75    52    82   55   83    57    85    58    88    58    89     59     85    55    79    61    77    64New Orleans, La.             85    66    84    63    84    60    88    59    89   60   89    63    91    66    91    66    89     65     87    59    86    62    86    66Portland, Me.                76    61    76    58    75    58    73    55    75   58   78    60    80    59    83    59    85     60     84    59    83    63    79    61Baltimore, Md.               71    57    71    54    71    50    71    49    77   53   79    53    81    53    84    55    85     55     83    54    78    55    74    57Boston, Mass.                66    57    67    56    68    56    68    55    72   59   73    59    74    56    76    59    79     60     77    58    74    60    70    59Detroit, Mich.               79    69    79    65    79    61    78    54    78   53   79    54    82    53    86    56    87     57     84    57    82    66    81    71Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.  73    67    75    65    76    62    74    52    75   51   78    54    80    53    83    56    85     59     81    58    80    66    78    70Jackson, Miss.               87    64    87    60    87    57    90    54    92   56   91    56    93    59    94    59    94     59     93    53    90    58    88    63Kansas City, Mo.             75    63    77    64    78    59    77    55    82   58   84    58    84    56    86    59    86     59     80    56    79    62    78    65St. Louis, Mo.               82    66    82    64    81    59    78    54    82   55   83    55    85    56    88    56    89     58     85    56    83    63    83    68Helena, Mont.                70    63    72    55    72    46    70    38    71   38   72    37    66    29    67    30    72     36     73    42    74    58    72    66Omaha, Neb.                  77    65    79    63    78    57    76    52    79   54   82    55    84    57    86    59    87     60     82    55    81    62    80    68Las Vegas, Nev.              55    30    50    26    44    21    35    16    32   13   24    10    29    15    35    17    34     17     38    19    46    27    55    32 40Reno, Nev.                   79    51    74    40    69    33    66    28    66   25   65    22    63    18    66    20    69     22     73    27    75    42    77    51Concord, N.H.                75    58    76    55    76    53    75    46    77   48   82    53    84    52    88    53    90     55     87    53    83    60    80    62Atlantic City, N.J.          77    58    78    56    77    54    76    52    79   56   81    56    83    57    86    58    87     58     87    56    84    58    78    58Albuquerque, N.M.            70    40    65    32    56    24    49    18    48   18   46    18    60    27    66    30    62     31     62    30    65    35    70    43Buffalo, N.Y.                79    72    80    70    80    65    77    57    75   56   77    56    78    55    83    58    84     60     82    60    81    69    81    73New York-LaGuardia, N.Y.     65    57    65    55    66    53    66    50    71   53   72    54    73    53    75    55    76     57     74    55    71    58    68    59Charlotte, N.C.              78    56    76    52    79    50    78    46    83   52   84    55    87    57    89    58    90     57     87    53    83    54    79    56Bismarck, N.D.               74    68    77    68    80    63    79    51    78   48   83    52    83    47    83    46    83     50     79    51    80    64    78    70Cleveland, Ohio              77    69    78    68    78    63    76    57    77   57   78    57    81    57    85    60    84     60     80    59    77    65    77    70Oklahoma City, Okla.         78    59    78    58    75    52    76    51    83   57   83    56    80    49    80    50    83     55     79    52    79    55    77    58Eugene, Ore.                 92    80    92    72    91    64    90    57    91   54   90    49    87    38    88    39    89     43     94    63    93    79    93    84Portland, Ore.               86    75    86    67    86    60    86    55    85   53   84    49    82    45    84    46    87     49     90    63    88    74    87    79Philadelphia, Pa.            73    59    71    55    71    52    70    49    75   53   77    54    79    54    81    55    83     56     83    54    78    56    74    58Pittsburgh, Pa.              75    65    74    62    74    57    72    50    76   52   79    52    82    53    85    56    86     56     81    54    78    62    77    67Providence, R.I.             70    56    70    54    70    52    69    48    73   53   75    56    77    56    80    56    82     55     80    53    77    57    74    57Charleston, S.C.             83    55    81    52    83    51    83    49    85   53   86    59    88    62    90    63    90     62     88    55    86    53    83    55Huron, S.D.                  74    67    79    69    83    66    83    55    84   54   86    56    86    52    88    52    87     54     82    54    82    64    78    69Memphis, Tenn.               78    63    78    60    76    56    78    53    82   55   82    56    84    57    86    57    86     56     83    51    80    56    78    61Nashville, Tenn.             79    63    79    60    78    53    80    51    86   55   87    55    90    57    90    58    91     59     86    54    82    59    80    63Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.       79    60    79    59    79    56    82    56    87   60   85    55    80    48    80    49    85     56     82    55    81    57    79    59Houston, Tex.                85    64    86    61    87    59    89    57    92   59   92    59    93    58    93    58    93     60     91    56    89    59    86    61Salt Lake City, Ut.          79    69    77    59    70    47    66    39    65   33   59    26    52    22    54    23    61     29     69    41    74    58    79    71Burlington, Vt.              71    63    73    62    74    58    74    53    74   51   77    55    78    53    83    57    86     61     81    61    78    66    76    68Norfolk, Va.                 74    59    74    57    74    54    73    50    77   55   79    56    82    59    84    61    83     61     82    59    79    56    75    58Seattle-Tacoma, Wash.        81    74    80    67    82    62    83    57    82   54   81    52    81    49    83    51    86     57     87    67    83    74    82    77Huntington, W.Va.            77    65    77    62    75    54    76    49    85   53   88    57    90    60    92    60    92     60     87    55    80    60    78    65Milwaukee, Wis.              75    68    77    67    79    65    78    61    78   60   80    61    82    61    87    63    87     63     82    63    80    67    80    72Cheyenne, Wyo.               57    50    61    48    65    46    67    41    71   43   71    41    69    38    69    38    66     38     61    41    60    50    59    53San Juan, P.R.               81    64    80    62    77    60    75    62    77   66   78    66    79    67    80    66    79     67     80    66    81    67    81    66%@TE:   66 11345 03 29 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 06 06 06 06 06 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Average Annual Snowfall %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(inches; through 1989) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  2329 01 38 38 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Anchorage, Alas.                      68.5Bettles, Alas.                        78.8Cold Bay, Alas.                       61.6Fairbanks, Alas.                      65.5Homer, Alas.                          57.9Juneau, Alas.                         98.2Kodiak, Alas.                         76.5McGrath, Alas.                        90.6Nome, Alas.                           56.1St. Paul Is., Alas.                   56.5Talkeetna, Alas.                      109.0Valdez, Alas.                         308.0Yakutat, Alas.                        204.6Flagstaff, Ariz.                      96.4Blue Canyon, Calif.                   240.8Mt. Shasta, Calif.                    104.9Denver, Colo.                         59.8South Bend, Ind.                      72.2Caribou, Me.                          111.5Portland, Me.                         70.7Blue Hill, Mass.                      59.8Worcester, Mass.                      68.6Alpena, Mich.                         86.3Grand Rapids, Mich.                   72.2Houghton Lake, Mich.                  76.9Marquette, Mich.                      126.0Muskegon, Mich.                       98.4Sault St. Marie, Mich.                116.4Duluth, Minn.                         77.1Intl. Falls, Minn.                    61.5Billings, Mont.                       57.2Great Falls, Mont.                    59.7Kalispell, Mont.                      64.2Concord, N.H.                         63.8Mt. Washington, N.H.                  254.8Albany, N.Y.                          64.3Binghamton, N.Y.                      82.3Buffalo, N.Y.                         91.7Rochester, N.Y.                       88.9Syracuse, N.Y.                        110.5Youngstown, Ohio                      56.2Sexton Summit, Ore.                   97.8Erie, Pa.                             85.8Salt Lake City, Ut.                   57.9Burlington, Vt.                       77.1Stampede Pass, Wash.                  432.4Beckley, W.Va.                        61.2Elkins, W.Va.                         74.3Casper, Wyo.                          80.1Lander, Wyo.                          103.9Sheridan, Wyo.                        71.6%@TE:   52  2329 01 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
The following are among the "snowiest" places in the U.S.: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                               %@AS@%ENVIRONMENT %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Environmental Quality Index %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%      Feb.-Mar. 1990 issue of %@AI@%National Wildlife%@AE@% magazine %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1990, %@AI@%National Wildlife%@AE@% magazine published the twenty-second in its%@EH@%
series of annual reports on the environment. For those concerned with the
environment, 1989 was a year of disillusionment, symbolized by the worst
oil-spill disaster in American history, the 11 million gallon spill into
Alaska's Prince William Sound on March 24. The continuing environmental
irresponsibility of 1989, according to the report, was heightened by a
litany of broken laws and broken promises.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wildlife:%@AE@% Though in many areas of the U.S. wildlife continued to suffer from%@EH@%
lingering effects of the 1988 drought, many elk and deer herds in the West
were unnaturally large, due to a succession of mild winters. In Yellowstone
National Park, a needed boost for the grizzly population was expected as the
bears could prey on the elk in the area, which would also help to cull the
large herds. In coastal waters off New England, record low numbers of
several fish species such as cod and haddock were attributed to
overharvesting. Also near an all-time low was North America's waterfowl
population. Though late spring rains replenished drought-ravaged wetlands,
drainage of wetlands by farmers was the highest in 20 years, despite
"Swampbuster" provisions in the 1985 U.S. Farm Act. The Alaskan oil spill
brought about the deaths of tens of thousands of seabirds, and hundreds of
eagles and sea otters. According to a General Accounting Office study of the
National Wildlife Refuge System, areas intended as sanctuary for animals
were threatened by pollution, development, military exercises, and
recreational activity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Air:%@AE@% The problems concerning the quality of air did not ease, although the%@EH@%
summer of 1989 was milder than that of the previous year. It was reported
that 2.6 billion pounds of poisons were released into the air by American
industry. Of the 320 toxicants emitted, 60 of them were cancer-causing,
enough to provide 10 pounds of poison for every person in the U.S. In 1989,
81 U.S. cities still failed to meet long-mandated standards for air quality,
including the regulation of tiny bits of solid matter emitted into the air
that remain dangerous to health. The EPA failed to enact and enforce
progressively tougher standards for air quality, as required by the Clean
Air Act. Some measures were being considered by Congress to place stringent
national controls on auto emissions, similiar to those in effect in
California. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Water:%@AE@% Coastal waters and beaches still faced trouble in 1989. Beaches in%@EH@%
New Jersey and other Atlantic Coast states continued to report high bacteria
counts from raw sewage and trash. Only 200 of 700 miles of shoreline coated
with oil from the %@AI@%Exxon Valdez%@AE@% were treated by Exxon. Faced with water
supply worries, East Coast officials initiated conservation tactics similar
to those used in the arid West. The EPA reported that more than 15,600
wastewater treatment plants had water quality or public health problems. The
agency estimated the cost for bringing the faulty systems up to standards at
$83.5 billion. The EPA also reported in 1989 that 10% of the nation's lakes,
rivers and coastal areas were contaminated by toxic chemicals and metals
dangerous to aquatic life, increasing the risk of human cancer from eating
such fish. A study of sport fish taken from the Great Lakes reported that
nine out of ten fish were tainted with levels of toxic chemicals, while one
in four contained levels regarded as harmful to humans. Surface waters
continued to be polluted by toxic chemicals entering from the air or runoff
from farms and city streets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Forests:%@AE@% The controversy surrounding the preservation of the spotted owl at%@EH@%
the expense of the logging industry was an indicator of the troubled state
of woodlands. The threat to America's forests remained the ever-increasing
appetite for wood products, causing the industry to cut more timber than
could be grown. As supply ran low in the Pacific Northwest, causing mills to
close, the logging industry wished to cut into publicly-owned old growth,
among the last U.S. stands of virgin timber and an irreplaceable ecosystem
and home of the spotted owl. To save ancient forests, environmentalists
managed to obtain protection for the bird as a threatened species, which may
help reduce by half the permissible harvest of old-growth trees. The Forest
Service planned to increase harvesting in six Appalachian forests and to
construct 3,000 miles of logging roads. Congress voted, however, to stop all
timber sales in Alaska's 17-million-acre Tongass National Forest, the last
intact rain forest in the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Energy:%@AE@% During the first half of 1989, America imported more oil than it%@EH@%
produced, and consumption did not appear to be slowing down. While some
officials in Washington favored domestic production, the Alaskan oil spill
prompted Congress to shelve a plan that would have allowed drilling in the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. A ban on oil or gas leases off the
Californian and Mid-Atlantic Coasts was also approved. While it remained
uncertain if wildlife would win out over oil rigs in Alaska, Congress began
to seriously consider the use of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic
cells and wind turbines. Critics of the Energy Department felt that more
conservation was needed to curb America's troubled energy future. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Soil:%@AE@% The nation's soil took a terrible beating in 1988 and 1989. As the%@EH@%
drought of 1988 eased up, wind erosion in early 1989 damaged 4.7 million
acres of cropland. The loss of topsoil was 40% greater than in 1988, and the
worst in over 30 years. Spring rains caused heavy flooding in some areas
that washed away even more tons of topsoil. An additional burden that
remained was the potential threat of agricultural chemicals that could
affect topsoil chemistry and underground aquifers. A study by the National
Academy of Sciences found that farmers who applied little or no chemicals to
their crops were usually as productive as those landowners who did. Public
lands were also in trouble, as the Federal government continued to open up
many of these lands for mining, oil exploration, and logging.  One concern
was that the lands were not being cared for, despite legislative provisions
that called for environmental stewardship and balanced, multiple uses.
Moreover, ranchers used these lands for half the cost of using private
rangelands to graze cattle. As a result, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management
believed more than 94 million acres of public lands to be in trouble while
it lost millions of dollars in uncollected range fees from ranchers. The
result in Colorado, for example, was damage to 84% of the public range,
affecting the food supplies and habitat for deer, elk and other wildlife. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%  %@AS@%Selected Air Pollutants in Certain U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%National Air Quality & Emissions Trend Report, 1988, U.S. Environmental%@EH@%
Protection Agency  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1681 02 36 13 10 11 12 @%                                    Ozone (PPM)  CO (PPM)  SO%@AH@%2%@AE@% (PPM)  PM%@AH@%10%@AE@% (UGM)%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Anaheim-Santa Ana, Cal.             0.24         10        0.018      43Baltimore, Md.                      0.19         10        0.043      43Bergen, Passaic, N.J.               0.19         7         0.058      46Bridgeport-Milford, Ct.             0.22         7         0.064      31Chicago, Ill.                       0.22         7         0.044      47Dallas, Tex.                        0.20         %@AH@%NA%@AE@%        0.051      26Hartford, Ct.                       0.19         10        0.076      30 Houston, Tex.                       0.22         8         0.053      32Jersey City, N.J.                   0.20         8         0.065      36Los Angeles-Long Beach, Cal.        0.33         23        0.021      65Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, N.J.  0.21         5         0.043      %@AH@%IN%@AE@%Milwaukee, Wis.                     0.19         6         0.042      36Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.              0.20         8         0.068      47Reno, Nev.                          0.19         10        %@AH@%IN%@AE@%         %@AH@%IN%@AE@%Riverside-San Bernardino, Cal.      0.28         7         0.019      95San Diego                           0.19         10        0.022      40Stamford, Ct.                       0.22         7         0.062      28Trenton, N.J.                       0.20         4         0.044      32 Wilmington, Del.-N.J.-Md.           0.19         5         0.074      35%@TE:   21  1681 02 36 13 10 11 12 @%

%@NL@%
PPM = Units are parts per million. UGM = Units are micrograms percubic
meter. CO = Carbon monoxide. SO%@AH@%2%@AE@% = Sulfur dioxide. PM%@AH@%10%@AE@% = Particulate
matter. %@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Data not available. %@AH@%IN%@AE@% = Insufficient data.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Acid Rain Trouble Areas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%              National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1191 03 27 28 11 11 @%                                                       No.        %Area                       No. of lakes over 10 acres  acidified  acidified%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%AdirondacksSouthwest Lakes            450                         171        38New EnglandSeaboard Lowlands Lakes    848                         68         8Highland Lakes             3,574                       71         2AppalachiaForested Lakes             433                         43         10Forested Streams           11,631                      1,396      12Atlantic Coastal PlainNortheast Lakes            187                         21         11Pine Barrens Streams       675                         378        56Other Streams              7,452                       745        10FloridaNorthern Highland Lakes    522                         329        63Northern Highland Streams  669                         187        28Eastern Upper MidwestLow Silica Lakes           1,254                       201        16High Silica Lakes          1,673                       50         3   %@TE:   21  1191 03 27 28 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Hazardous Waste Sites%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Environmental Protection Agency, Natl. Priorities List Fact Book, Feb. 1990%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   56  3243 03 17 10 07 10 10 07 @%                 Final     Final  Proposed  ProposedState/Territory  Non-Fed.  Fed.   Non-Fed.  Fed.      Total%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%New Jersey       100       4      3         2         109Pennsylvania     87        3      5         1         96California       57        17     13        4         91New York         78        3      1         1         83Michigan         75        0      4         0         79Florida          42        3      5         1         51Washington       28        13     3         1         45Minnesota        39        2      1         0         42Wisconsin        37        0      3         0         40Illinois         25        4      9         0         38Indiana          32        0      3         0         35Ohio             29        3      1         0         33Texas            24        1      2         2         29Massachusetts    22        3      0         0         25Missouri         17        3      4         0         24South Carolina   21        1      1         0         23North Carolina   20        1      1         0         22Iowa             11        0      9         1         21Delaware         15        1      4         0         20Virginia         18        1      1         0         20Kentucky         14        0      3         0         17Colorado         12        3      1         0         16New Hampshire    15        1      0         0         16Connecticut      13        0      1         1         15Tennessee        11        2      1         0         14Georgia          9         2      2         0         13Alabama          9         2      1         0         12Oklahoma         9         1      2         0         12Utah             4         3      4         1         12Arizona          6         2      2         1         11Arkansas         9         0      2         0         11Kansas           10        0      0         1         11Louisiana        9         1      1         0         11Rhode Island     9         2      0         0         11Maryland         7         2      1         0         10Montana          8         0      2         0         10New Mexico       7         1      1         1         10Idaho            5         1      2         1         9Maine            7         2      0         0         9Puerto Rico      8         1      0         0         9Oregon           6         1      1         0         8Vermont          8         0      0         0         8Hawaii           0         0      6         1         7Alaska           1         1      1         3         6Nebraska         3         1      2         0         6West Virginia    5         0      0         0         5Mississippi      2         0      1         0         3South Dakota     1         0      1         1         3Wyoming          1         1      1         0         3North Dakota     2         0      0         0         2Guam             1         0      0         0         1Nevada           0         0      1         0         1Total            988       93     113       24        1218%@TE:   56  3243 03 17 10 07 10 10 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%National Ambient Water Quality in Rivers and Streams--Violation Rate: 1975%@EH@%
%@AS@%to 1988 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          U.S. Geological Survey %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%(in percent) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7  1081 02 34 31 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 @%Pollutant                         Violation Level                1975  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1988%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Fecal coliform bacteria           Above 200 cells per 100 ml     36    31    30    33    34    30    28    24    23    22Dissolved oxygen                  Below 5 mg per liter           5     5     4     5     4     3     3     3     2     2Phosphorus, total, asphosporous   Above 1.0 mg per liter         5     4     4     3     3     4     3     3     3     4Lead, dissolved                   Above 50 [mgr   ]g per liter   (%@AH@%B%@AE@%)   5     3     2     5     (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)Cadmium, dissolved                Above 10 [mgr   ]g per liter   (%@AH@%B%@AE@%)   1     1     1     1     (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)   (%@AH@%Z%@AE@%)%@TE:    7  1081 02 34 31 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 @%

%@NL@%
Violation level based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality
criteria. Violation rate represents the proportion of all measurements of a
specific water quality pollutant which exceeds the "violation level" for
that pollutant. "Violation"does not necessarily imply a legal violation.
Data based on U.S. Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting
Network (NASQAN) data system.Years refer to water years. A water year begins
in Oct. and ends in Sept. microg = micrograms. mg = milligrams. %@NL@%
%@AH@%B%@AE@% = Base figure too small to meet statistical standards for reliabilityof
derived figures. %@AH@%Z%@AE@% = Less than 1.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Endangered and Threatened Species and Recovery Plans %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; June 6, 1989.%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   42  3685 03 25 25 25 25 25 16 14 25 20 @%                         Endangered               Endangered               Endangered               Threatened               Threatened      ThreatenedGroup                    U.S. only                U.S. & foreign           Foreign only             U.S. only                U.S. & foreign  Foreign only  Listed species total     Species with plans%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mammals                  32                       19                       241                      6                        2               23            323                      24Birds                    61                       15                       145                      7                        3               0             231                      57Reptiles                 8                        7                        59                       14                       4               14            106                      22Amphibians               5                        0                        8                        3                        1               0             17                       5Fishes                   45                       2                        11                       24                       6               0             88                       47Snails                   3                        0                        1                        6                        0               0             10                       7Clams                    32                       0                        2                        0                        0               0             34                       22Crustaceans              8                        0                        0                        1                        0               0             9                        4Insects                  10                       0                        0                        7                        0               0             17                       12Arachnids                3                        0                        0                        0                        0               0             3                        0Plants                   153                      6                        1                        40                       6               2             208                      85Total                    360                      49                       468                      108                      22              39            1,046                    285Total U.S. Endangered    409Total U.S. Threatened    130Total U.S. listed        539Approved recovery plans  Approved recovery plans  Approved recovery plans  Approved recovery plans  Approved recovery plans  245Species/populations in   Species/populations in   Species/populations in   Species/populations in   Species/populations in   301above plans              above plans              above plans              above plans              above plans              Percentage of listed     Percentage of listed     Percentage of listed     Percentage of listed     Percentage of listed     52.9%species covered by 1 or  species covered by 1 or  species covered by 1 or  species covered by 1 or  species covered by 1 or  more plans               more plans               more plans               more plans               more plans               %@TE:   42  3685 03 25 25 25 25 25 16 14 25 20 @%

%@NL@%
 %@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Separate populations of a species, listed both as Endangered and
Threatened, are tallied twice. Those 9 species are: grizzly bear (US=T &
Mex=E), leopard, gray wolf, bald eagle, piping plover, roseate tern, Nile
crocodile, green sea turtle, and olive Ridley seaturtle. Further, there are
9 species of lemurs; 9 gibbons; 2 each of muskdeer, sifakas, and uakaris;
and 29-41 species of Oahu tree snails; theseare each counted as one species
above.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Some Endangered Species in North America %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; as of April 15,%@EH@%
1990 %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   94  3558 02 25 25 25 @%Common name              Scientific name          Range%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%MammalsOzark big-eared bat      Plecotus townsendii      U.S. (Mo., Okla., Ariz.)                         ingens                   Brown or grizzly bear    Ursus arctos horribilis  U.S. (48 conterminous                                                   states) Eastern cougar           Felis concolor cougar    Eastern N.A. Columbian white-tailed   Odocoileus virginianus   U.S. (Wash., Ore.) deer                     leucurus                 San Joaquin kit fox      Vulpes macrotis mutica   U.S. (Cal.) Southeastern beach       Peromyscus polionotus    U.S. (Fla.) mouse                    phasma                   Ocelot                   Felis pardalis           U.S. (Tex., Ariz.) Southern sea otter       Enhydra lutris hereis    U.S. (Wash., Ore., Cal.)Florida panther          Felis concolor coryi     U.S. (La., Ark. east to                                                  S.C., Fla.) Utah prairie dog         Cynomys parvidens        U.S. (Ut.) Morro Bay kangaroo rat   Dipodomys heermanni      U.S. (Cal.)                          morroensis               Carolina northern        Glaucomys sabrinus       U.S. (N.C., Tenn.) flying squirrel          coloratus                Hualapai Mexican vole    Microtus mexicanus       U.S. (Ariz.)                          hualpaiensis             Red wolf                 Canis rufus              U.S. (Southeast to                                                   central Tex.)BirdsMasked bobwhite (quail)  Colinus virginianus      U.S. (Ariz.)                          ridgwayi                 California condor        Gymnogyps californianus  U.S. (Ore., Cal.)  Whooping crane           Grus americana           U.S. (Rky. Mntns. east                                                   to Carolinas), CanadaEskimo curlew            Numenius borealis        Alaska and N. Canada  Bald eagle               Haliaeetus               U.S. (most states),                          leucocephalus            Canada American peregrine       Falco peregrinus anatum  Canada to Mexico falcon                                            Hawaiian hawk            Buteo solitarius         U.S. (Hi.) Attwater's greater       Tympanuchus cupido       U.S. (Tex.) prairie-chicken          attwateri                Bachman's warbler (wood)  Vermivora bachmanii      U.S. (Southeast), Cuba Kirtland's warbler       Dendroica kirtlandii     U.S., Canada, Bahama Is.(wood)                                            Ivory-billed woodpecker  Campephilus principalis  U.S. (Southcentral and                                                   Southeast), Cuba ReptilesAmerican alligator       Alligator                U.S (Southeastern)                          mississippiensis         American crocodile       Crocodylus acutus        U.S. (Fla.) Atlantic salt marsh      Nerodia fasciatia        U.S. (Fla.) snake                    taeniata                 Plymouth red-bellied     Pseudemys rubiventris    U.S. (Mass.)turtle                   bangsi                   FishesYaqui catfish            Ictalupus pricei         U.S. (Ariz.) Bonytail chub            Gila elegans             U.S. (Ariz., Cal., Col.,                                                  Nev., Ut., Wyo.) Gila trout               Salmo gilae              U.S. (Ariz., N.M.)   %@TE:   94  3558 02 25 25 25 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Some Endangered Species in the World %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; as of April 15,%@EH@%
1990 %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   51  1737 02 23 26 26 @%Common name            Scientific name           Historic range%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%MammalsAsian wild ass         Equus hemianus            Southwestern & Central                                                  AsiaBobcat                 Felis rufus escuinapae    Central Mexico Cheetah                Acinonyx jubatus          Africa to India Chinese river dolphin  Lipotes vexillifer        China Asian elephant         Elephas maximas           Southcentral, Southeast                                                  Asia Bactrian camel         Camelus bactrianus        Mongolia, China Gorilla                Gorilla gorilla           Central & W. Africa Leopard                Panthera pardus           Africa, Asia Asiatic lion           Panthera leo persica      Turkey to India Howler monkey          Alouatta pigra            Mexico to S. America Giant panda            Ailuropoda melanoleuca    China  Black rhinoceros       Diceros bicornis          Sub-Saharan Africa Tiger                  Panthera tigris           Asia Gray whale             Eschrichtius robustus     N. Pacific Ocean Wild yak               Bos grunniens             China (Tibet), India Mountain zebra         Equus zebra zebra         South AfricaBirdsHooded crane           Grus monacha              Japan, USSR Indigo macaw           Anodorhynchus leari       Brazil West African ostrich   Struthio camelus spatzi   Spanish Sahara Golden parakeet        Aratinga guarouba         Brazil Australian parrot      Geopsittacus              Australia                       occidentalis              %@TE:   51  1737 02 23 26 26 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Speeds of Animals%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                   Natural History magazine, March 1974.%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%     %@AS@%Copyright (C) The American Museum of Natural History, 1974. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   38  1769 02 40 36 @%Animal                                  Mph%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Cheetah                                 70 Pronghorn antelope                      61 Wildebeest                              50 Lion                                    50 Thomson's gazelle                       50 Quarterhorse                            47.5 Elk                                     45 Cape hunting dog                        45 Coyote                                  43 Gray fox                                42 Hyena                                   40 Zebra                                   40 Mongolian wild ass                      40 Greyhound                               39.35 Whippet                                 35.50 Rabbit (domestic)                       35 Mule deer                               35 Jackal                                  35 Reindeer                                32 Giraffe                                 32 White-tailed deer                       30 Wart hog                                30 Grizzly bear                            30 Cat (domestic)                          30 Human                                   27.89 Elephant                                25 Black mamba snake                       20 Six-lined race runner                   18 Wild turkey                             15 Squirrel                                12 Pig (domestic)                          11 Chicken                                 9 Spider (Tegenaria atrica)               1.17 Giant tortoise                          0.17 Three-toed sloth                        0.15 Garden snail                            0.03%@TE:   38  1769 02 40 36 @%

%@NL@%
Most of these measurements are for maximum speeds over
approximatequarter-mile distances. Exceptions are the lion and elephant,
whosespeeds were clocked in the act of charging; the whippet, which wastimed
over a 200-yard course; the cheetah over a 100-yard distance;man for a
15-yard segment of a 100-yard run (of 13.6 seconds); and the black mamba,
six-lined race runner, spider, giant tortoise, three-toedsloth, and garden
snail, which were measured over various small distances.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Gestation, Longevity, and Incubation of Animals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   46  3285 02 23 17 27 32 @%Animal                 Gestation (day)  Average longevity (years)  Maximum longevity (yrs., mos.)%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ass                    365              12                         35-10Baboon                 187              20                         35-7Bear:Black                  219              18                         36-10Grizzly                225              25                         -Polar                  240              20                         34-8Beaver                 122              5                          20-6Buffalo (American)     278              15                         -Bactrian camel         406              12                         29-5Cat (domestic)         63               12                         28Chimpanzee             231              20                         44-6Chipmunk               31               6                          8Cow                    284              15                         30Deer (white-tailed)    201              8                          17-6Dog (domestic)         61               12                         20Elephant (African)     -                35                         60Elephant (Asian)       645              40                         70Elk                    250              15                         26-6Fox (red)              52               7                          14Giraffe                425              10                         33-7Goat (domestic)        151              8                          18Gorilla                257              20                         39-4Guinea pig             68               4                          7-6Hippopotamus           238              25                         -Horse                  330              20                         46Kangaroo               42               7                          -Leopard                98               12                         19-4Lion                   100              15                         25-1Monkey (rhesus)        164              15                         -Moose                  240              12                         -Mouse (meadow)         21               3                          -Mouse (dom. white)     19               3                          3-6Opossum (American)     14-17            1                          -Pig (domestic)         112              10                         27Puma                   90               12                         19Rabbit (domestic)      31               5                          13Rhinoceros (black)     450              15                         -Rhinoceros (white)     -                20                         -Sea lion (California)  350              12                         28Sheep (domestic)       154              12                         20Squirrel (gray)        44               10                         -Tiger                  105              16                         26-3Wolf (maned)           63               5                          -Zebra (Grant's)        365              15                         -%@TE:   46  3285 02 23 17 27 32 @%

%@NL@%
Longevity figures were supplied by Ronald T. Reuther. They refer toanimals
in captivity; the potential life span of animals is rarely attainedin
nature. Maximum longevity figures are from the Biology Data Book,
1972.Figures on gestation and incubation are averages based on estimates
byleading authorities.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Incubation time (days)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    6   287 01 28 48 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Chicken                     21  Duck                        30  Goose                       30  Pigeon                      18  Turkey                      26%@TE:    6   287 01 28 48 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Major Venomous Animals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Snakes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Coral snake%@AE@% %@4@%-   2 to 4 ft. long, in Americas south of Canada; bite is nearly%@EH@%
painless; very slow onset of paralysis, difficulty breathing; mortality high
without antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Rattlesnake%@AE@% %@4@%-    2 to 8 ft. long, throughout W. Hemisphere. Rapid onset of%@EH@%
symptoms of severe pain, swelling; mortality low, but amputation of affected
limb is sometimes necessary; antivenin. Probably higher mortality rate for
Mojave rattler. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cottonmouth water moccasin%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 5 ft. long, wetlands of southern U.S.%@EH@%
from Virginia to Texas. Rapid onset of symptoms of severe pain, swelling;
mortality low, but tissue destruction can be extensive; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Copperhead%@AE@% %@4@%- less than 4 ft. long, from New England to Texas; pain and%@EH@%
swelling; very seldom fatal; antivenin seldom needed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bushmaster%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 12 ft. long, wet tropical forests of C. and S. America;%@EH@%
few bites occur, but mortality rate is high. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Barba Amarilla or Fer-de-lance%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 7 ft. long, from tropical Mexico to%@EH@%
Brazil; severe tissue damage common; moderate mortality; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Asian pit vipers%@AE@% %@4@%- from 2 to 5 ft. long throughout Asia; reactions and%@EH@%
mortality vary but most bites cause tissue damage and mortality is generally
low. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sharp-nosed pit viper or One Hundred Pace Snake%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 5 ft. long, in%@EH@%
southern Vietnam and Taiwan, China; the most toxic of Asian pit vipers; very
rapid onset of swelling and tissue damage, internal bleeding; moderate
mortality; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Boomslang%@AE@% %@4@%- under 6 ft. long, in African savannahs; rapid onset of nausea%@EH@%
and dizziness, often followed by slight recovery and then sudden death from
internal hemorrhaging; bites rare, mortality high; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%European vipers%@AE@% %@4@%-   from 1 to 3 ft. long; bleeding and tissue damage;%@EH@%
mortality low; antivenins. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Puff adder%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 5 ft. long, fat; south of the Sahara and throughout the%@EH@%
Middle East; rapid large swelling, great pain, dizziness; moderate mortality
often from internal bleeding; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Gaboon viper%@AE@% %@4@%- over 6 ft. long, fat; 2-inch fangs; south of the Sahara;%@EH@%
massive tissue damage, internal bleeding; few recorded bites. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Saw-scaled or carpet viper%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 2 ft. long, in dry areas from India to%@EH@%
Africa; severe bleeding, fever; high mortality, causes more human fatalities
than any other snake; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Desert horned viper%@AE@% %@4@%-      in dry areas of Africa and western Asia; swelling%@EH@%
and tissue damage; low mortality; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Russell's viper or tic-palonga%@AE@% %@4@%- over 5 ft. long, throughout Asia; internal%@EH@%
bleeding; moderate mortality rate; bite reports common; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Black mamba%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 14 ft. long, fast-moving; S. and C. Africa; rapid onset%@EH@%
of dizziness, difficulty breathing, erratic heart-beat; mortality high,
nears 100% without antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kraits%@AE@% %@4@%-   in S. Asia; rapid onset of sleepiness; numbness; up to 50%%@EH@%
mortality even with antivenin treatment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Common or Asian cobra%@AE@% %@4@%- 4 to 8 ft. long, throughout S. Asia; considerable%@EH@%
tissue damage, sometimes paralysis; mortality probably not more than 10%;
antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%King cobra%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 16 ft. long, throughout S. Asia; rapid swelling,%@EH@%
dizziness, loss of consciousness, difficulty breathing, erratic heart-beat;
mortality varies sharply with amount of venom involved, most bites involve
non-fatal amounts; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Yellow or Cape cobra%@AE@% %@4@%- 7 ft. long, in southern Africa; most toxic venom of%@EH@%
any cobra; rapid onset of swelling, breathing and cardiac difficulties;
mortality high without treatment; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ringhals, or spitting, cobra%@AE@% %@4@%- 5 ft. and 7 ft. long; southern Africa; squirt%@EH@%
venom through holes in front of fangs as a defense; venom is severely
irritating and can cause blindness. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Australian brown snakes%@AE@% %@4@%- very slow onset of symptoms of cardiac or%@EH@%
respiratory distress; moderate mortality; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Tiger snake%@AE@% %@4@%- 2 to 6 ft. long, S. Australia; pain, numbness, mental%@EH@%
disturbances with rapid onset of paralysis; may be the most deadly of all
land snakes though antivenin is quite effective. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Death adder%@AE@% %@4@%- less than 3 ft. long, Australia; rapid onset of faintness,%@EH@%
cardiac and respiratory distress; at least 50% mortality without antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Taipan%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 11 ft. long, in Australia and New Guinea; rapid paralysis%@EH@%
with severe breathing difficulty; mortality nears 100% without antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sea snakes%@AE@% %@4@%- throughout Pacific, Indian oceans except NE Pacific; almost%@EH@%
painless bite, variety of muscle pain, paralysis; mortality rate low, many
bites are not envenomed; some antivenins. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Notes:%@AE@% Not all snake bites by venomous snakes are actually envenomed. Any%@EH@%
animal bite, however, carries the danger of tetanus and anyone suffering a
venomous snake bite should seek medical attention. Antivenins are not
certain cures; they are only an aid in the treatment of bites. Mortality
rates above are for envenomed bites; low mortality, up to 2% result in
death; moderate, 2-5%; high, 5-15%. Even when the victim recovers fully,
prolonged hospitalization and extensive medical procedures are usually
required. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Lizards %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Gila monster%@AE@% %@4@%- up to 24 inches long with heavy body and tail, in high desert%@EH@%
in southwest U.S. and N. Mexico; immediate severe pain followed by vomiting,
thirst, difficulty swallowing, weakness approaching paralysis; no recent
mortality. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mexican beaded lizard%@AE@% %@4@%- similar to Gila monster, Mexican westcoast; reaction%@EH@%
and mortality rate similar to Gila monster. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Insects %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ants, bees, wasps, hornets, etc.%@AE@% %@4@%Global distribution. Usual reaction is%@EH@%
piercing pain in area of sting. Not directly fatal, except in cases of
massive multiple stings. Many people suffer allergic reactions - swelling,
rashes, partial paralysis - and a few may die within minutes from severe
sensitivity to the venom (anaphylactic shock). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Spiders, scorpions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Black widow%@AE@% %@4@%- small, round-bodied with hour-glass marking; the widow and its%@EH@%
relatives are found around the world in tropical and temperate zones;
sharp pain, weakness, clammy skin, muscular rigidity, breathing difficulty
and, in small children, convulsions; low mortality; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Recluse or fiddleback and brown spiders%@AE@% %@4@%- small, oblong body; throughout%@EH@%
U.S.; pain with later ulceration at place of bite; in severe cases fever,
nausea, and stomach cramps; ulceration may last months; very low mortality. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Atrax spiders%@AE@% %@4@%- several varieties, often large, in Australia; slow onset of%@EH@%
breathing, circulation difficulties; low mortality. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Tarantulas%@AE@% %@4@%- large, hairy spiders found around the world; American%@EH@%
tarantulas, and probably all others, are %@AB@%harmless,%@AE@%though their bite may
cause some pain and swelling. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Scorpions%@AE@% %@4@%- crab-like body with stinger in tail, various sizes, many%@EH@%
varieties throughout tropical and subtropical areas; various symptoms may
include severe pain spreading from the wound, numbness, severe emotional
agitation, cramps; severe reactions include vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory
failure; low mortality, usually in children; antivenins. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Sea Life %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sea wasps%@AE@% %@4@%- jellyfish, with tentacles up to 30 ft. long, in the S. Pacific;%@EH@%
very rapid onset of circulatory problems; high mortality largely because of
speed of toxic reaction; antivenin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Portuguese man-of-war%@AE@% %@4@%- jellyfish-like, with tentacles up to 70 ft. long, in%@EH@%
most warm water areas; immediate severe pain; not fatal, though shock may
cause death in a rare case. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Octopi%@AE@% %@4@%- global distribution, usually in warm waters; all varieties produce%@EH@%
venom but only a few can cause death; rapid onset of paralysis with
breathing difficulty. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Stingrays%@AE@% %@4@%- several varieties of differing sizes, found in tropical and%@EH@%
temperate seas and some fresh water; severe pain, rapid onset of nausea,
vomiting, breathing difficulties; wound area may ulcerate, gangrene may
appear; seldom fatal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Stonefish%@AE@% %@4@%- brownish  fish which lies motionless as a rock on bottom in%@EH@%
shallow water; throughout S. Pacific and Indian oceans;
extraordinary pain, rapid paralysis; low mortality. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cone-shells%@AE@% %@4@%- molluscs in small, beautiful shells in the S. Pacific and%@EH@%
Indian oceans; shoot barbs into victims; paralysis; low mortality.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%How Much Water Is Used . . . ? %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        American Water Works Assn. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1.  In the average residence during a year? %@AB@%107,000 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2.  By an average person daily? %@AB@%168 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3.  To flush a toilet? %@AB@%5-7 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4.  To take a shower? %@AB@%25-50 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5.  To brush your teeth (water running)? %@AB@%2 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6.  To shave (water running)? %@AB@%10-15 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7.  To wash dishes by hand? %@AB@%20 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8.  To run a dishwasher? %@AB@%10 gallons%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Major U.S. Public Zoological Parks%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  World Almanac questionnaire, 1990; budget and attendance in millions. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   72  5763 02 60 08 12 07 09 60 @%Zoo                                                         Budget  Attendance  Acres  Species  Major attractions %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (Tucson)                       $3.4    0.6         15     210      Mountain Habitat, Sonora Desert Exhibit Audubon (New Orleans)%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                      9.0     1.0         58     372      Asian Domain, Louisiana Swamp, Australia Exhibit  Bronx (N.Y.C.)                                              24.6    2.2         265    657      Himalayan Highlands, African Plains, Wild Asia, Mouse                                                                                                 House, endangered species Buffalo                                                     4.0     0.5         23     270      Habicat, Gorilla Habitat, Children's Zoo Chicago (Brookfield)                                        25.0    2.0         204    434      7 Seas Panorama, Tropic World, Australian Walkabout, The                                                                                                 Fragile Kingdom Cincinnati%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                                 10.0    1.5         67     735      Gorilla World, Insect World, white bengal tigers Cleveland                                                   5.7     0.8         165    470      African Plains, rhino/cheetah, Animals of China Dallas                                                      6.4     0.5         70     330      25-acre Wilds of Africa with monorail, nature trail,                                                                                                 Gorilla Conservation Center Denver                                                      5.2     1.2         74     400      Bear Mountain, Wolf Pack Woods, Feline House  Detroit                                                     11.4    1.0         125    300      Penguinarium, Chimps of Harambee Houston%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                                    2.6     2.0         55     649      Children's Zoo, Aquarium  Lincoln Park (Chicago)                                      8.8     4.5         35     382      Lion House, Birds of Prey, Children's Zoo Los Angeles                                                 1.7     2.0         111    500      Koalas, elephant & camel rides, Aviary  Louisville%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                                 2.5     0.4         73     245      African Panorama, polar bear, Siberian tiger  Memphis                                                     2.5     0.8         36     403      Cat Country, Primate World, The Forest Miami Metrozoo                                              7.2     0.8         290    260      Koalas, Aviary, cageless exhibits, Asian River Life Milwaukee                                                   12.0    1.5         194    300      Sea Lion Exhibit, Predator Prey, Dairy Complex Minnesota                                                   10.0    1.0         485    311      Tropics Trail, Minnesota Trail, koalas, dolphins National (Wash. D.C.)                                       13.0    3.0         163    509      Giant pandas, Komodo dragon lizards, gorillas  Oklahoma City                                               5.0     0.6         110    500      Aquaticus dolphin & sea lion shows  Philadelphia                                                12.0    1.3         42     550      World of Primates, Treehouse, Rare Animal House, African                                                                                                 Plains, Small Mammals Phoenix                                                     7.0     1.0         125    300      African Veldt, Children's Zoo, Arizona exhibit  Rio Grande (Albuquerque)                                    2.2     0.5         60     289      Ape Country, Free-flying Bird Show, Rainforest Riverbanks (Columbia, S.C.)                                 3.2     1.0         50     230      Aquarium Reptile Complex, Riverbanks Farm St. Louis                                                   11.3    2.8         83     720      Big Cat Country, Bear Pits, Jungle of the Apes San Antonio                                                 6.5     0.9         30     700      Children's Zoo, Australian Walkabout, Barrier Reef  San Diego%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                                  40.0    3.5         100    800      Tiger River, Southeast Asian exhibit, koalas  San Diego (Wild Animal Park)%@AH@%*%@AE@%                               15.0    1.3         1,800  260      Mixed-species enclosures; exotic species, monorail with                                                                                                 50-minute, narrated tour San Francisco%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                              8.0     1.2         125    270      Primate Discovery Center, Koala Crossing, Gorilla World,                                                                                                 Penguin Island  Toledo                                                      7.5     0.8         33     400      Hippoquarium, African Savanna, Children's Zoo  Washington Pk (Portland)                                    12.6    1.1         66     153      Alaska Tundra, Penguinarium, 3-acre Africa exhibit  Woodland Pk (Seattle)                                       5.3     0.9         90     258      African Savanna, gorillas, Asian Elephant Forest   %@TE:   72  5763 02 60 08 12 07 09 60 @%

%@NL@%
(%@AH@%*%@AE@%) park has not provided up-to-date data.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Top 50 American Kennel Club Registrations %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  3053 02 30 06 09 06 09 @%Breed                         Rank  1989     Rank  1988%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Cocker Spaniels               1     111,636  1     108,720Labrador Retrievers           2     91,107   2     86,446Poodles                       3     78,600   3     82,600Golden Retrievers             4     64,269   4     62,950German Shepherd Dogs          5     58,422   5     57,139Rottweilers                   6     51,291   7     42,748Chow Chows                    7     50,150   6     50,781Dachshunds                    8     44,305   9     41,921Beagles                       9     43,314   8     41,983Miniature Schnauzers          10    42,175   10    41,558Shetland Sheepdogs            11    39,665   12    38,730Yorkshire Terriers            12    39,268   13    36,040Shih Tzu                      13    38,131   11    38,829Pomeranians                   14    32,109   14    30,516Lhasa Apsos                   15    28,810   15    30,194Chihuahuas                    16    24,917   17    23,487Pekingese                     17    22,986   22    20,134Boxers                        18    22,037   20    20,604Siberian Huskies              19    21,875   18    21,430Doberman Pinschers            20    21,782   16    23,928Basset Hounds                 21    21,517   19    21,423English Springer Spaniels     22    20,911   21    20,238Collies                       23    18,227   23    18,931Dalmatians                    24    17,488   27    14,109Boston Terriers               25    15,355   24    14,988Brittanys                     26    14,557   26    14,439Maltese                       27    14,420   25    14,453West Highland White Terriers  28    12,189   29    11,565Pugs                          29    11,204   28    11,659Bichons Frises                30    10,639   30    9,684Bulldogs                      31    10,129   31    9,566German Shorthaired Pointers   32    9,975    32    9,111Great Danes                   33    9,024    33    8,996Samoyeds                      34    8,923    34    8,986Scottish Terriers             35    8,759    35    8,106Keeshonden                    36    7,569    36    7,431Akitas                        37    7,531    38    6,518Cairn Terriers                38    7,318    37    7,187Alaskan Malamutes             39    5,803    39    5,811Miniature Pinschers           40    5,568    40    5,579Pembroke Welsh Corgis         41    4,480    45    3,796Chesapeake Bay Retrievers     42    4,427    42    4,315Airedale Terriers             43    4,412    41    4,687St. Bernards                  44    4,099    44    3,827Old English Sheepdogs         45    3,835    43    3,973Weimaraners                   46    3,679    46    3,653Norwegian Elkhounds           47    3,520    47    3,416Silky Terriers                48    3,329    49    2,862Wire Fox Terriers             49    3,293    48    3,095Shipperkes                    50    3,087    52    2,684%@TE:   52  3053 02 30 06 09 06 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%Cat Breeds%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There are 27 cat breeds recognized: abyssinian, american shorthair,%@EH@%
balinese, birman, bombay, burmese, colorpoint shorthair, egyptian mau,
exotic shorthair, havana brown, himalayan, japanese bobtail, korat, leopard
cat, lilac foreign shorthair, maine coon cat, manx, ocicat, oriental
shorthair, persian, rex, russian blue, scottish fold, siamese, sphynx,
turkish angora, wirehair shorthair.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Giant Trees of the U.S.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           The American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% %@AS@%(Figure in parentheses is year of most recent measurement;*= co-champion)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
There are approximately 748 different species of trees native to the
continental U.S., including a few imports that have become naturalized to
the extent of reproducing themselves in the wild state. %@NL@%
The oldest living trees in the world are reputed to be the bristle
conepines, the majority of which are found growing on the arid crags of
California's White Mts. Some of them are estimated to be more than 4,600
years old. The largest known bristlecone pine is the "Patriarch,"believed to
be 1,500 years old. The oldest known redwoods are about 3,500 years old. %@NL@%
Recognition as the National Champion of each species is determined bytotal
mass of each tree, based on this formula: the circumference in inches as
measured at a point 4 1/2 feet above the ground plus the total height ofthe
tree in feet plus 1/4 of the average crown spread in feet. Trees arecompared
on the basis of this formula. Trees within five points of eachother are
declared co-champions. The Giant Sequoia champion has the largest
circumference, 83 ft. 2 in., Smallflower Paw Paw the smallest, 4 in. %@NL@%
Anyone can nominate the candidates for the National Register of BigTrees.
For information, write to National Register of Big Trees, American Forestry
Assn., P.O. Box 2000, Washington, DC 20013. Following is a small selection
of the trees registered.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  245  8219 02 31 14 31 @%Species                        Height (ft.)  Location%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ailanthus (1952)               64            Head of Harbor, L.I.Alder, Hazel (1989)            35            Norfolk, Va. Allthorn (1989)*               11            Rio Grande City, Tex. Apple, Common (1986)           70            East End, Va.  Apple, Oregon Crab (1989)      79            Nisqually Natl. Wildlife                                              Refuge, Wash. Ash, Carolina (1988)           48            Chesapeake, Va. Ash, Texas (1989)              66            Lost Maples State Natl. Area,                                             Tex. Aspen, Bigtooth (1989)*        66            Caroline Co., Md. Avocado (1982)                 40            Hallandale, Fla. Basswood, White (1986)         75            Henderson Co., N.C. Beech, American (1984)         130           Ashtabula Co., Oh. Birch, Gray  (1989)            77            Somers, Ct. Birch, River (1988)*           90            Appleton Comm., Tenn. Birch, Water (1973)            53            Wallowa Co., Ore. Blackbead, Ebony (1986)        40            Hidalgo Co., Tex. Bladdernut, Sierra (1986)      28            Fresno, Co., Cal. Bluewood (1989)                30            San Juan, Tex. Boxwood, Florida (1986)        27            Monroe Co., Fla. Buckthorn, Hollyleaf (1976)    22            Greenfield, Cal. Buffaloberry,  Silver  (1975)  22            Malheur Co., Ore. Bumelia, Tough (1987)          41            Amelia Is., Fla. Butternut (1989)*              88            Eugene, Ore.  California Laurel (1978)       88            Siskiyou Natl. For., Ore. Camphor-Tree (1977)            72            Hardee Co., Fla. Catalpa, Southern (1981)       80            Henderson Co., Ill. Catclaw, Wright (1986)         36            Uvalde Co., Tex. Cedar, Atlantic white (1985)   88            Escambia Co., Ala. Cherry, Bitter (1985)          104           Vashon Is., Wash. Coconut, Palm (1979)           92            Hilo, Hi. Cranberrybush, American        25            Trenton, Mich. (1989)*                                      Cypress, McNab (1981)          55            Amador Co., Cal. Dahoon, Myrtle (1972)          46            Lawtey, Fla. Devilwood (1989)               36            Perry, Fla. Dogwood, Blackfruit (1986)     18            Shasta Co., Cal. Dogwood, Swamp (1989)*         23            Chesapeake, Va. Douglas-Fir, Coast (1989)      298           Olympic Natl. Park, Wash. Elder, American (1987)         16            Jefferson Natl. For., Va. Elder, Pacific Red (1989)      30            Lincoln Co., Ore. Elm, American (1985)           125           Southampton Co., Va. Fiddlewood, Florida (1988)     39            Dade Co., Fla. Fig, Shortleaf (1986)          41            Monroe Co., Fla. Fir, Grand (1987)              251           Olympic Natl. Park, Wash. Franklinia (1968)              36            Wyndmoor, Pa. Fringetree (1989)*             32            Fairfax Co., Va. Gallberry, Large (1989)        27            Great Dismal Swamp Natl.                                              Wildlife Refuge, Va. Geiger Tree (1988)             25            Lee Co., Fla. Guajillo (1989)                15            Starr Co., Tex. Guiana Plum (1976)             31            Coral Gables, Fla. Hackberry, Common (1989)       111           Rock Co., Wis.  Haw, Frosted (1989)            15            Maiden Springs, Va. Hawthorne, Fleshy (1988)       8             Kirkwood, Mo. Hazel, California (1984)       47            Seattle, Wash. Hemlock, Carolina (1972)       88            Burke Co., N.C. Hickory, Mockernut (1985)*     125           Monroe Co., Ala. Hickory, Shellbark (1986)      105           Rixeyville, Va. Holly, Carolina (1986)         25            Jacksonville, Fla. Honeylocust (1972)             115           Wayne Co., Mich. Huisache (1989)                33            Big Bend Natl. Park, Tex. India Almond (1986)            61            Monroe Co., Fla. Jujube, Common (1989)          43            Fort Worth, Tex. Juniper, Western (1945)        86            Stanislaus Natl. Forest., Cal.Larch, European (1989)         83            Greenwich, Ct. Laurel, English (1985)         32            Seattle, Wash. Loblolly Bay (1963)            94            Ocala Natl. Forest, Fla. Locust, Black (1974)           96            Dansville, N.Y. Magnolia, Umbrella (1969)      50            Bucks Co., Pa. Mahogany, W. Indies (1988)     70            Lee Co., Fla. Manzanita, Common (1989)       22            Guerneville, Cal. Maple, Black (1976)            118           Allegan Co., Mich. Maple, Douglas (1985)*         65            Ahsahka, Ida.  Mesquite, Honey (1984)         52            Real County, Tex. Mountain Ash, Sitka (1981)     50            Gardiner, Ore. Mulberry, Black (1971)         68            Westminster, Md. Nannyberry (1989)              40            Oakland Co., Mich. Oak, Bluejack (1985)           64            Cherokee Co., Tex. Oak, Chestnut (1972)           75            Northport, N.Y. Oak, Harvard (1986)            30            Yoakum Co., Tex. Oysterwood (1986)              24            Monroe Co., Fla. Palm, Dwarf (1979)             27            Brazoria, Tex. Paloverde, Blue (1976)         53            Riverside Co., Cal. Paper-Mulberry (1989)          34            Yorktown, Va. Pawpaw, Common (1986)          60            Newton Co., Miss. Peach (1986)                   18            Morrisville, Va. Pear, Common (1985)            55            Wayne Co., Mich. Pecan (1980)                   143           Cocke Co., Tenn. Persimmon, Texas (1965)        26            Uvalde Co., Tex. Pine, Bishop (1986)            112           Mendocino Co., Cal. Pine, Intermountain (1951)     47            Inyo Natl. Forest, Cal. Pine, Virginia (1989)          120           Chambers Co., Ala. Pistache, Texas (1976)         39            Val Verde Co., Tex. Plum, Chicasaw (1988)          32            Henderson Co., N.C. Plum, Wildgoose (1989)         26            New Salem Village, Ill. Poison-Sumac (1972)            16            Robins Is., N.Y. Poplar, Balsam (1984)          138           Marquette, Mich. Portiatree (1968)              42            Kekaha, Ha. Prickly-Ash, Lime (1988)       25            Lee Co., Fla. Redbud, Eastern (1989)         36            Nashville, Tenn. Redwood, Coast (1972)          362           Humboldt Redwoods State Park,                                             Cal. Ribbonbush (1977)              23            No. Warner Springs, Cal. Russian-Olive (1982)           58            Cortez, Col. Saffron-Plum (1987)            31            Santa Ana, Tex. Sassafras (1954)               76            Owensboro, Ky. Sequoia, Giant (1975)          275           Sequoia Natl. Park, Cal. Serviceberry, Downy (1986)     60            Burkes Garden, Va. Silktree, Mimosa (1986)*       54            Webster Parish, La. Sophora, Mescalbean (1983)     27            Comal Co., Tex. Spruce, Norway (1989)          94            Susquehanna City, Pa. Stewartia, Virginia (1987)     15            Chesapeake, Va. Sumac, Shining (1986)          49            Marion Co., Tex. Sweetgum, American (1986)      136           Craven Co., N.C. Sycamore, Arizona (1981)       114           Sierra Co., N.M. Tamarisk (1981)                34            Columbus, N.M. Thatchpalm, Florida (1986)     23            Monroe Co., Fla. Walnut, Arizona (1987)         85            Mimbres Valley, N.M. Willow, Sitka (1988)           34            Coupeville, Wash. Willow, Weeping (1982)*        114           Asheville, N.C. Yew, Florida (1986)            20            Torreya State Park, Fla. Yucca, Mojave (1987)           24            Needles Res. Area, Cal.  Yucca, Torrey (1987)           23            Lincoln Natl. Forest, N.M.%@TE:  245  8219 02 31 14 31 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                          %@AS@%ASTRONOMY AND CALENDAR%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%          %@AS@%Edited by Dr. Kenneth L. Franklin, Astronomer Emeritus%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%American Museum-Hayden Planetarium%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Celestial Events Highlights, 1991%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%(Greenwich Mean Time, or as indicated)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%This late spring and early summer we will be able to witness a spectacular%@EH@%
gathering of the Moon and planets in our evening sky. The suspense builds
subtlely even in January, as Mars begins to fade while Venus enters the
scene from the western wings of evening twilight. Each month, the Moon
passes Venus, Mars, and Jupiter in more rapid succession as the three
planets slowly converge. By early June, it becomes obvious that they will
meet about the same time, between June 14 to 16, with the four-day crescent
Moon passing them on the 15th, in sight of the whole U.S., weather
permitting. While we will not see Mars pass Jupiter on the 14th, we will be
able to watch Venus pass Jupiter on the 17th, but we will again miss the
Venus-Mars encounter on the 23rd. These and other encounters favor other
parts of the Earth, except for the dawn close meeting of Mercury, Jupiter,
and Regulus the morning of September 10, but only here our east coast is
favored. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Antares is occulted by the Moon four times this year, the last for several%@EH@%
years occurring in April. Uranus is occulted 12 times, Neptune 6, Saturn,
Mars, and Mercury twice, each, and Venus once. Only part of southern Florida
may have a chance of seeing the February occultation of Antares, all the
other events being unobservable from the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All the United States except Alaska and most of New England will see a%@EH@%
partial eclipse of the Sun on July 11. The path of totality will sweep over
the island of Hawaii, the southern tip of Baja California, Guadalajara and
Mexico City in Mexico, pass along the Pacific Coast of Central America,
missing Panama, before ending in the jungles of Brazil. The maximum duration
of totality will occur just east of the Baja in the Sea of Cortez, a few
seconds short of 7 minutes, the longest eclipse on the North American
continent in scores of years, and, according to one authority, " . . . the
finest total eclipse for North Americans between the years 1806 and 2510 . .
. "%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As always, use notice of close approaches as a guide to watch the night%@EH@%
before and after the events to observe the relative motions of the bodies
involved. The sky is a dynamic place. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%January%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% is a morning object all month long, rising before the Sun in the%@EH@%
southeast, at greatest elongation, 24 deg west of the Sun, on the 14th, and
increasing in brightness into February; it is stationary on the 3rd, north
of the Moon on the 13th, passes north of Uranus on the 23rd, and south of
Neptune on the 26th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is low in the southwest after sunset this month, just emerging from%@EH@%
the evening twilight, and passing south of Saturn on the 1st, and south of
the very thin crescent Moon on the 17th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@% resumes its direct motion on the 1st at the western edge of Taurus,%@EH@%
fading rapidly from minus 1st magnitude, passing south of the Moon on the
25th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter,%@AE@% in Cancer, passes the fat, but waning, gibbous Moon on the 2nd, is%@EH@%
at minus 2.5 magnitude or brighter in opposition to the Sun on the 29th, and
passes the nearly full Moon on the 30th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn %@AE@% is lost to view this month as it is in conjunction with the Sun on%@EH@%
the 18th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% passes Jupiter on the 2nd, occults Antares on the 12th, passes Mercury%@EH@%
on the 13th, eclipses the Sun on the 16th, passes Venus on the 17th, Mars on
the 25th, and Jupiter again on the 30th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 1%@AE@%--Venus passes 1 deg.2 south of Saturn; Mars stationary in Taurus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 2%@AE@%--Moon passes 2 deg south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 3%@AE@%--Earth at perihelion, 91.4 million miles from the sun, closest this%@EH@%
year; Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion; Quadrantid meteor shower,
ideally showing about 40 per hour, should be affected by the Moon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 5%@AE@%--Neptune in conjunction. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 12%@AE@%--Antares is occulted by the waning crescent moon; see them quite%@EH@%
close this morning in the southeast. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 13%@AE@%--Moon passes 4 deg south of Mercury. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 14%@AE@%--Mercury at greatest elongation, 24 deg west of the Sun in the dawn%@EH@%
sky. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 16%@AE@%--Annular eclipse of the sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 17%@AE@%--Moon passes 3 deg north of Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 18%@AE@%--Saturn in conjunction. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 19%@AE@%--Sun enters Capricornus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 23%@AE@%--Mercury passes 0 deg.4 north of Uranus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 25%@AE@%--Moon passes 2 deg north of Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 26%@AE@%--Mercury passes 1 deg.1 south of Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 29%@AE@%--Jupiter at opposition in Cancer, rising at sunset and setting at%@EH@%
sunrise. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 30%@AE@%--Moon passes 1 deg.8 south of Jupiter; penumbral lunar eclipse. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%February%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% is lost from view after the first week as it heads for superior%@EH@%
conjunction early next month. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is increasingly prominent in the evening twilight, passing south of%@EH@%
the crescent Moon on the 17th, and setting due west before month's end. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@% remains in Taurus for another month as it obviously fades while picking%@EH@%
up speed in its direct, eastern, motion against the background stars,
passing Aldebaran and the Moon on the 22nd. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@% continues to dominate the night sky, the background stars of Cancer%@EH@%
demonstrating their normal obscurity, the giant planet letting the nearly
full Moon pass to its south on the 26th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@% finally leaves Sagittarius for Capricornus by mid-month after being%@EH@%
occulted by the thin waning crescent Moon on the 12th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% occults Antares on the 8th, occults Uranus and passes Neptune on the%@EH@%
11th, occults Saturn on the 12th, passes Venus on the 17th, Mars on the
22nd, and Jupiter on the 26th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 5--%@AE@%Mercury is 1 deg.2 south of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 8--%@AE@%Moon occults Antares, possibly visible from the southeastern part of%@EH@%
North America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 11--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus and passes 1 deg.9 south of Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 12--%@AE@%Moon occults Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 16--%@AE@%Sun enters Aquarius. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 17--%@AE@%Moon passes 6 deg north of Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 22--%@AE@%Mars passes 8 deg north of Aldebaran, and 1 deg.6 south of the%@EH@%
Moon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 25--%@AE@%Pluto stationary in Serpens Caput. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 26--%@AE@%Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%March%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@%, in superior conjunction beyond the Sun on the 2nd, remains in the%@EH@%
twilight glow until the end of the month, a very difficult object to see. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is still more prominent each week, as it moves east of the Sun and%@EH@%
toward the north even while brightening. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@% continues to fade as it moves eastward in Taurus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@%, with the Moon passing close to the south on the 25th, ends its%@EH@%
retrograde motion on the 30th, still in Cancer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@%, occulted by the Moon on the 12th, climbs steadily away from the dawn%@EH@%
twilight, looking like a misplaced 1st magnitude star in faint Capricornus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% occults Antares on the 7th, Uranus on the 10th, passes Neptune on the%@EH@%
10th, occults Saturn on the 12th, passes Mercury on the 17th, Venus on the
19th, occults Mars on the 22nd, passes Jupiter on the 25th, and occults the
asteroid, Pallas, on the 28th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 2--%@AE@%Mercury in superior conjunction. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 7--%@AE@%Moon occults Antares. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 10--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.8 south of Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 11--%@AE@%Sun enters Pisces. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 12--%@AE@%Moon occults Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 17--%@AE@%Moon passes 5 deg north of Mercury. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 19--%@AE@%Moon passes 5 deg north of Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 21--%@AE@%Vernal equinox, 3:02 GMT (Mar. 20, 10:02 pm EST); spring begins in%@EH@%
the northern hemisphere, fall in the southern, as the Sun crosses the
Earth's equator from south to north. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 22--%@AE@%Moon occults Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 25--%@AE@%Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 27--%@AE@%Mercury at greatest elongation, 29 deg east of the Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 28--%@AE@%Moon occults asteroid Pallas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 30--%@AE@%Jupiter stationary in Cancer, resuming direct motion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%April%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@%, stationary on the 4th and the 27th, passes through inferior%@EH@%
conjunction on the 14th, thus lost to view until the last few days of this
month. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% and the Moon make an interesting tableau the evenings of the 16th and%@EH@%
17th, as the crescent Moon passes 2 deg north of the evening star before
noon on the 17th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@%, passing into Gemini early this month, is occulted by the Moon on the%@EH@%
20th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@% outshines all the stars of Cancer as it moves ponderously toward%@EH@%
Leo, being passed by the first quarter Moon on the 21st. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@%, in Capricornus, is passed by the fat waning crescent Moon on the%@EH@%
8th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% occults Antares for the last time for many a year on the 4th, Uranus on%@EH@%
the 7th, passes Neptune on the 7th, Saturn on the 8th, Venus on the 17th,
occults Mars on the 20th, and passes Jupiter on the 21st. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 4--%@AE@%Moon occults Antares; Mercury stationary, beginning retrograde%@EH@%
motion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 7--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.5 south of Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 8--%@AE@%Moon occults Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 14--%@AE@%Mercury in inferior conjunction. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 17--%@AE@%Moon passes 2 deg north of Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 18--%@AE@%Uranus and Neptune stationary in Sagittarius, each beginning%@EH@%
retrograde motion; Sun enters Aries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 20--%@AE@%Moon occults Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 21--%@AE@%Moon passes 1 deg.9 south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 22--%@AE@%Venus passes 7 deg north of Aldebaran. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 27--%@AE@%Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                    %@AS@%May%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% is in the southeast sky before dawn getting brighter all month, at%@EH@%
greatest elongation on the 12th, 26 deg west of the Sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is approached by the waxing crescent Moon on the evening of the 16th,%@EH@%
their separation only 1 deg.6 as they close with the horizon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars,%@AE@% brighter than a 2nd magnitude star, after passing 5 deg south of%@EH@%
Pollux on the 16th, joins Jupiter in Cancer near the end of the month. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter,%@AE@% considerably fainter than Venus, lower in the west, is still very%@EH@%
much brighter than Mars or any star in the neighborhood called Cancer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn,%@AE@% in Capricornus, is stationary on the 17th, beginning its retrograde%@EH@%
motion, and is passed by the nearly last quarter Moon on the 6th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% occults Uranus on the 4th, passes Neptune on the 4th, Saturn on the%@EH@%
6th, Mercury on the 12th, Venus on the 17th, Mars on the 18th, Jupiter on
the 19th, and occults Uranus and Neptune on the 31st. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 4--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.2 south of Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 6--%@AE@%Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 10--%@AE@%Pluto at opposition in Serpens Caput. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 12--%@AE@%Moon 9 deg north of Mercury; Mercury at greatest elongation 26 deg%@EH@%
west of the Sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 13--%@AE@%Sun enters Taurus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 16--%@AE@%Mars 5 deg south of Pollux. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 17--%@AE@%Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Venus; Saturn stationary in%@EH@%
Capricornus, beginning retrograde motion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 18--%@AE@%Moon passes 2 deg south of Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 19--%@AE@%Moon passes 2 deg south of Jupiter; with binoculars, watch Jupiter%@EH@%
pass south of the stars of Praesepe, the Beehive cluster of stars in the
constellation of Cancer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 31--%@AE@%Venus passes 4 deg south of Pollux; Moon occults Uranus and Neptune.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%June%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% is effectively lost to our skies this month as it passes superior%@EH@%
conjunction on the 17th, beyond the sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@%, at greatest eastern elongation on the 13th, joins the fat crescent%@EH@%
Moon, Jupiter, and Mars in a fantastic display of celestial summitry on the
evening of the 15th, all in Cancer, the crab; Venus passes north of Jupiter
on the 17th, and of Mars on the 23rd. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars,%@AE@% after transiting Praesepe on the 6th, passes Jupiter in Cancer on the%@EH@%
14th, north of the Moon on the 16th, and close to Venus on the 23rd,
participating in a great meeting of the planets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter,%@AE@% slogging toward Leo, is overtaken by faint but fleet Mars on the%@EH@%
14th, the inconstant Moon on the 15th, and dazzling Venus on the 17th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@%, ever patient in Capricornus in the morning sky, is passed by the%@EH@%
waning gibbous Moon on the 2nd and the 29th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 2--%@AE@%Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 13--%@AE@%Venus at greatest elongation, 45 deg east of the Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 14--%@AE@%Mars passes 0 deg.6 north of Jupiter.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 15--%@AE@%Moon passes 4 deg south of Venus, and 3 deg south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 16--%@AE@%Moon passes 4 deg south of Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 17--%@AE@%Mercury in superior conjunction, beyond the Sun; Venus passes 0%@EH@%
deg.3 north of Mars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 20--%@AE@%Sun enters Gemini. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 21--%@AE@%Summer solstice at 21:19 GMT (4:19 pm EST) when the Sun is as far%@EH@%
north as it can come; summer begins in the northern hemisphere, winter in
the southern. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 23--%@AE@%Venus passes 0 deg.3 north of Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 27--%@AE@%Penumbral lunar eclipse; Moon occults Uranus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 28--%@AE@%Moon occults Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 29--%@AE@%Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jun. 30--%@AE@%Mercury passes 5 deg south of Pollux. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%July%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@%, the messenger of the gods, is a bit late for last month's summit%@EH@%
conference, but it rushes through Praesepe in Cancer on the 7th, passes the
Moon on the 13th and almost seems to collide with Jupiter on the 15th before
achieving its greatest eastern elongation from the Sun on the 25th in the
northwest twilight, and passing south of Regulus on the 27th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% passes south of Regulus on the 11th, north of the Moon on the 14th, is%@EH@%
at greatest brilliancy on the 17th, passes Mars on the 22nd, and is
stationary on the 30th, beginning its retrograde motion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@%, nearly as faint as a 2nd magnitude star, is busy again one day this%@EH@%
month, passing both the Moon and Leo's Regulus on the 14th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@%, after a close encounter with Mercury on the 15th, descends into the%@EH@%
evening twilight by the month's end to be lost to our evening sky until next
spring. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@% is at opposition on the 27th, a few hours after the full Moon passes%@EH@%
it following the Moon's own penumbral eclipse. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% totally eclipses the Sun on the 11th, passes Mercury and Jupiter on the%@EH@%
13th, Mars and Venus on the 14th, occults Uranus on the 24th, passes Neptune
on the 25th, has a penumbral eclipse and passes Saturn on the 26th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 4--%@AE@%Uranus at opposition in Sagittarius. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 6--%@AE@%Earth at aphelion, 94.4 million miles from the sun, the farthest%@EH@%
this year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 8--%@AE@%Neptune at opposition in Sagittarius. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 11--%@AE@%Venus 1 deg.0 south of Regulus; total solar eclipse. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 13--%@AE@%Moon passes 3 deg south of Mercury, and 3 deg south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 14--%@AE@%Moon passes 5 deg south of Mars; Mars passes 0 deg.7 north of%@EH@%
Regulus; Moon passes 3 deg south of Venus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 15--%@AE@%Mercury passes 0 deg.08 south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 17--%@AE@%Venus at greatest brilliancy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 20--%@AE@%Sun enters Cancer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 22--%@AE@%Venus passes 4 deg south of Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 24--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 25--%@AE@%Mercury at greatest elongation, 27 deg east of the sun; Moon passes%@EH@%
1 deg.2 south of Neptune. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 26--%@AE@%Penumbral lunar eclipse; Moon passes 1 deg.9 north of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 27--%@AE@%Saturn at opposition in Capricornus; Mercury 2 deg south of%@EH@%
Regulus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jul. 30--%@AE@%Venus stationary, beginning its retrograde motion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%August%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% is stationary and passes Venus on the 7th looking like only a 1st%@EH@%
magnitude star, low in the west-northwest evening twilight, lost in the
sun's glare for the rest of the month, as it passes through inferior
conjunction on the 21st, becoming stationary again on the 30th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is over 100 times brighter than Mercury when they pass on the 7th, low%@EH@%
in the evening twilight, then it, too, is quickly caught up in the sun's
brilliance as it passes through inferior conjunction on this side of the Sun
on the 22nd. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars,%@AE@% only slightly brighter than a 2nd magnitude star, can easily be missed%@EH@%
low in the west after sunset, as it moves into Virgo before the end of the
month. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@% Jupiter%@AE@%, which has been so prominent all year, moves beyond the sun, in%@EH@%
conjunction on the 17th, thus lost to view as it leaves the evening sky. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@%, god of time, has its patience rewarded by having the entire night%@EH@%
sky virtually to itself for the rest of the year in Capricornus, now that
Mars is so obscure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% passes Venus on the 11th, and occults Mercury on the 11th, passes Mars%@EH@%
on the 12th, occults Uranus on the 21st and passes Neptune on the 21st, and
Saturn on the 22nd. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 2--%@AE@%Pluto stationary in Serpens Caput, resuming its direct motion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 7--%@AE@%Mercury stationary, beginning its retrograde motion; Mercury 2 deg%@EH@%
north of Venus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 10--%@AE@%Sun enters Leo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 11--%@AE@%Moon passes 3 deg north of Venus; Moon occults Mercury. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 12--%@AE@%Moon passes 6 deg south of Mars; Perseid meteor shower should be%@EH@%
free of lunar interference after an early moonset. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 17--%@AE@%Venus 9 deg south of Regulus; Jupiter in conjunction. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 21--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus; Moon passes 1 deg.2 south of Neptune; Mercury%@EH@%
in inferior conjunction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 22--%@AE@%Venus in inferior conjunction; Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 29--%@AE@%Mercury passes 6 deg north of Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 30--%@AE@%Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%September%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% briefly emerges a bit from the morning twilight for the first half%@EH@%
of the month to be sought north of east before dawn, at greatest elongation
on the 7th, and pointed out by Regulus and Jupiter on the 10th which are
extremely close. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% becomes the glorious morning star, stationary on the 12th, achieving%@EH@%
its greatest brilliancy on the 28th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@% may still be found as a 2nd magnitude star very low in the west after%@EH@%
the end of twilight, until the end of the month. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@% begins its inexorable climb out of the dawn twilight to a close%@EH@%
encounter with Regulus on the 10th followed by another seeming collision
with Mercury a couple of hours later. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@% is the sole planetary possessor of the evening sky, still in%@EH@%
retrograde in Capricornus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% passes Venus on the 6th, Mercury and Jupiter on the 7th, Mars on the%@EH@%
10th, occults Uranus and Neptune on the 17th, and passes Saturn on the 19th.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 6--%@AE@%Moon passes 5 deg north of Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 7--%@AE@%Moon passes 3 deg south of Mercury; Moon passes 5 deg south of%@EH@%
Jupiter; Mercury at greatest elongation, 18 deg west of the sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 10--%@AE@%Moon passes 6 deg south of Mars; Jupiter passes 0 deg.4 north of%@EH@%
Regulus; Mercury passes 0 deg.07 south of Jupiter; Mercury passes 0 deg.3
north of Regulus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 16--%@AE@%Sun enters Virgo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 17--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus and Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 19--%@AE@%Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn; Uranus stationary in%@EH@%
Sagittarius. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 13--%@AE@%Autumnal equinox, 12:48 GMT (7:48 am EST); Autumn begins in the%@EH@%
northern hemisphere, spring in the southern, as the Sun now crosses the
Earth's equator from north to south. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 26--%@AE@%Neptune stationary in Sagittarius. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sep. 28--%@AE@%Venus at greatest brilliancy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%October%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% is lost from view for northern hemisphere observers all month,%@EH@%
passing through superior conjunction on the 3rd, and remaining far to the
south. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is occulted by the Moon on the 15th, passes south of Regulus on the%@EH@%
8th, and south of Jupiter on the 17th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@% is lost in the evening twilight all month. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@% passes brilliant Venus on the 17th, then is the highest bright%@EH@%
object in the morning sky for the rest of the year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@% is stationary on the 5th at the end of its retrograde loop in%@EH@%
Capricornus, having the evening sky all to itself for the rest of the year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% occults Venus on the 4th, passes Jupiter on the 5th, occults Uranus on%@EH@%
the 14th, and Neptune on the 15th, and passes Saturn on the 16th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 3--%@AE@%Mercury in superior conjunction. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 4--%@AE@%Moon occults Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 5--%@AE@%Saturn stationary in Capricornus, resuming its direct motion; Moon%@EH@%
passes Jupiter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 6--%@AE@%Mars passes 3 deg north of Spica. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 8--%@AE@%Venus passes 3 deg south of Regulus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 14--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 15--%@AE@%Moon occults Neptune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 16--%@AE@%Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 17--%@AE@%Venus passes 2 deg south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 30--%@AE@%Sun enters Libra. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%November%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@% joins Saturn in the evening sky, but it is too far to the southwest%@EH@%
after evening twilight to be easily seen by northern observers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is at greatest elongation in the morning sky on the 2nd, letting%@EH@%
Jupiter continue its climb up the sky alone. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@% is in conjunction, far beyond the sun, on the 8th, the reason it cannot%@EH@%
be found in either the evening or the morning sky. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@% is passed by the Moon on the 1st and the 29th, doing nothing else%@EH@%
exciting all month. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn,%@AE@% brighter than a 1st magnitude star in the faint background of%@EH@%
Capricornus, is the attraction in the southwest after twilight all month. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% passes Jupiter on the 1st, Venus on the 2nd, occults Mercury on the%@EH@%
8th, Uranus and Neptune on the 11th, passes Saturn on the 12th, and Jupiter
on the 29th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 1--%@AE@%Moon passes 6 deg south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 2--%@AE@%Venus at greatest elongation, 47 deg west of the sun; Moon passes 6%@EH@%
deg south of Venus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 8--%@AE@%Moon occults Mercury; Mars in conjunction with the sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 11--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus and Neptune; Mercury 2 deg north of Antares. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 12--%@AE@%Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 13--%@AE@%Pluto in conjunction with the Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 17--%@AE@%The sometimes surprising Leonid meteor shower can be best seen%@EH@%
after moonset tonight. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 19--%@AE@%Mercury at greatest elongation, 22 deg east of the Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 22--%@AE@%Sun enters Scorpius. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 28--%@AE@%Mercury stationary, beginning its retrograde motion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 29--%@AE@%Moon passes 6 deg south of Jupiter; Venus passes 8 deg north of%@EH@%
Spica; Sun enters Ophiuchus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%December%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mercury%@AE@%, although passing through inferior conjunction on the 8th, may be%@EH@%
visible in the southeast before dawn during the second half, after being
stationary on the 18th, and at greatest elongation on the 27th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Venus%@AE@% is very prominent in the southeast before dawn twilight. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mars%@AE@% emerges from beyond the sun into the morning twilight, looking like%@EH@%
another star in Ophiuchus, but one which moves. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jupiter%@AE@% is in southeastern Leo becoming stationary on the last day of the%@EH@%
year, so beginning its retrograde motion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Saturn%@AE@%, still the only planet to be seen in the evening sky, is approaching%@EH@%
the evening twilight in the southwest, looking brighter than a 1st magnitude
star in Capricornus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moon%@AE@% passes Venus on the 2nd, occults Uranus and Neptune on the 8th, passes%@EH@%
Saturn on the 10th, is partially eclipsed on the 21st, and passes Jupiter on
the 26th. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 2--%@AE@%Moon passes 8 deg south of Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 8--%@AE@%Moon occults Uranus and Neptune; Mercury in inferior conjunction. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 10--%@AE@%Moon passes 3 deg north of Saturn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 11--%@AE@%Mars passes 4 deg north of Antares. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 13--%@AE@%Mercury passes 3 deg north of Mars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 14--%@AE@%Geminid meteor shower may show its 50/hour tonight after the%@EH@%
midnight moonset. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 15--%@AE@%Mercury passes 8 deg north of Antares. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 16--%@AE@%Sun enters Sagittarius. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 18--%@AE@%Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 21--%@AE@%Mercury passes 7 deg north of Antares; partial lunar eclipse. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 22--%@AE@%Winter solstice, 8:54 GMT (3:54 am EST); winter begins in the%@EH@%
northern hemisphere, summer in the southern; the Sun now being as far south
as it can go, it begins its northward trek. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 26--%@AE@%Moon passes 7 deg south of Jupiter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 27--%@AE@%Mercury at greatest elongation, 22 deg west of the Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 31--%@AE@%Jupiter stationary, beginning its retrograde motion in Leo.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Planets and the Sun%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The planets of the solar system, in order of their mean distance from the%@EH@%
sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and
Pluto. Both Uranus and Neptune are visible through good field glasses, but
Pluto is so distant and so small that only large telescopes or long exposure
photographs can make it visible. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Since Mercury and Venus are nearer to the sun than is the earth, their%@EH@%
motions about the sun are seen from the earth as wide swings first to one
side of the sun and then to the other, although they are both passing
continuously around the sun in orbits that are almost circular. When their
passage takes them either between the earth and the sun, or beyond the sun
as seen from the earth, they are invisible to us. Because of the laws which
govern the motions of planets about the sun, both Mercury and Venus require
much less time to pass between the earth and the sun than around the far
side of the sun, so their periods of visibility and invisibility are
unequal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The planets that lie farther from the sun than does the earth may be seen%@EH@%
for longer periods of time and are invisible only when they are so located
in our sky that they rise and set about the same time as the sun when, of
course, they are overwhelmed by the sun's great brilliance. None of the
planets has any light of its own but each shines only by reflecting sunlight
from its surface. Mercury and Venus, because they are between the earth and
the sun, show phases very much as the moon does. The planets farther from
the sun are always seen as full, although Mars does occasionally present a
slightly gibbous phase -- like the moon when not quite full. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The planets move rapidly among the stars because they are very much nearer%@EH@%
to us. The stars are also in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but
they are so far away that their motion does not change their apparent
positions in the heavens sufficiently for anyone to perceive that change in
a single lifetime. The very nearest star is about 7,000 times as far away as
the most distant planet.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Planets of the Solar System  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Mercury%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mercury, nearest planet to the sun, is the second smallest of the nine%@EH@%
planets known to be orbiting the sun. Its diameter is 3,100 miles and its
mean distance from the sun is 36,000,000 miles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mercury moves with great speed in its journey about the sun, averaging about%@EH@%
30 miles a second to complete its circuit in 88 of our days. Mercury rotates
upon its axis over a period of nearly 59 days, thus exposing all of its
surface periodically to the sun. It is believed that the surface passing
before the sun may have a temperature of about 800 deg F., while the
temperature on the side turned temporarily away from the sun does not fall
as low as might be expected. This night temperature has been described by
Russian astronomers as "room temperature" -- possibly about 70 deg. This
would contradict the former belief that Mercury did not possess an
atmosphere, for some sort of atmosphere would be needed to retain the fierce
solar radiation that strikes Mercury. A shallow but dense layer of carbon
dioxide would produce the "greenhouse" effect, in which heat accumulated
during exposure to the sun would not completely escape at night. The actual
presence of a carbon dioxide atmosphere is in dispute. Other research,
however, has indicated a nighttime temperature approaching -300 deg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%This uncertainty about conditions upon Mercury and its motion arise from its%@EH@%
shorter angular distance from the sun as seen from the earth, for Mercury is
always too much in line with the sun to be observed against a dark sky, but
is always seen during either morning or evening twilight. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mariner 10 made 3 passes by Mercury in 1974 and 1975. A large fraction of%@EH@%
the surface was photographed from varying distances, revealing a degree of
cratering similar to that of the moon. An atmosphere of hydrogen and helium
may be made up of gases of the solar wind temporarily concentrated by the
presence of Mercury. The discovery of a weak but permanent magnetic field
was a surprise. It has been held that both a fluid core and rapid rotation
were necessary for the generation of a planetary magnetic field. Mercury may
demonstrate these conditions to be unnecessary, or the field may reveal
something about the history of Mercury. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Venus%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Venus, slightly smaller than the earth, moves about the sun at a mean%@EH@%
distance of 67,000,000 miles in 225 of our days. Its synodical revolution --
its return to the same relationship with the earth and the sun, which is a
result of the combination of its own motion and that of the earth -- is 584
days. Every 19 months, then, Venus will be nearer to the earth than any
other planet of the solar system. The planet is covered with a dense, white,
cloudy atmosphere that conceals whatever is below it. This same cloud
reflects sunlight efficiently so that when Venus is favorably situated, it
is the third brightest object in the sky, exceeded only by the sun and the
moon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Spectral analysis of sunlight reflected from Venus' cloud tops has shown%@EH@%
features that can best be explained by identifying the material of the
clouds as sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol). Infrared spectroscopy from a
balloon-borne telescope nearly 20 miles above the earth's surface gave
indications of a small amount of water vapor present in the same region of
the atmosphere of Venus. In 1956, radio astronomers at the Naval Research
Laboratories in Washington, D. C., found a temperature for Venus of about
600 deg F., in marked contrast to minus 125 deg F., previously found at the
cloud tops. Subsequent radio work confirmed a high temperature and produced
evidence for this temperature to be associated with the solid body of Venus.
With this peculiarity in mind, space scientists devised experiments for the
U.S. space probe Mariner 2 to perform when it flew by in 1962. Mariner 2
confirmed the high temperature and the fact that it pertained to the ground
rather than to some special activity of the atmosphere. In addition, Mariner
2 was unable to detect any radiation belts similar to the earth's so-called
Van Allen belts. Nor was it able to detect the existence of a magnetic field
even as weak as 1/100,000 of that of the earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1967, a Russian space probe, Venera 4, and the American Mariner 5 arrived%@EH@%
at Venus within a few hours of each other. Venera 4  was designed to allow
an instrument package to land gently on the planet's surface via parachute.
It ceased transmission of information in about 75 minutes when the
temperature it read went above 500 deg F. After considerable controversy, it
was agreed that it still had 20 miles to go to reach the surface. The U.S.
probe, Mariner 5, went around the dark side of Venus at a distance of about
6,000 miles. Again, it detected no significant magnetic field but its radio
signals passed to earth through Venus' atmosphere twice -- once on the night
side and once on the day side. The results are startling. Venus' atmosphere
is nearly all carbon dioxide and must exert a pressure at the planet's
surface of up to 100 times the earth's normal sea-level pressure of one
atmosphere. Since the earth and Venus are about the same size, and were
presumably formed at the same time by the same general process from the same
mixture of chemical elements, one is faced with the question: which is the
planet with the unusual history -- earth or Venus?%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Radar astronomers using powerful transmitters as well as sensitive receivers%@EH@%
and computers have succeeded in determining the rotation period of Venus. It
turns out to be 243 days clockwise -- in other words, contrary to the spin
of most of the other planets and to its own motion around the sun. If it
were exactly 243.16 days, Venus would always present the same face toward
the earth at every inferior conjunction. This rate and sense of rotation
allows a "day" on Venus of 117.4 earth days. Any part of Venus will receive
sunlight on its clouds for over 58 days and will be in darkness for 58 days.
Recent radar observations have shown surface features below the clouds.
Large craters, continent-sized highlands, and extensive, dry "ocean" basins
have been identified. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mariner 10 passed Venus before traveling on to Mercury in 1974. The carbon%@EH@%
dioxide molecule found in such abundance in the atmosphere is rather opaque
to certain ultraviolet wavelengths, enabling sensitive television cameras to
take pictures of the Venusian cloud cover. Photos radioed to earth show a
spiral pattern in the clouds from equator to the poles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In December, 1978, two U. S. Pioneer probes arrived at Venus. One went into%@EH@%
orbit about Venus, the other split into 5 separate probes targeted for
widely-spaced entry points to sample different conditions. The
instrumentation ensemble was selected on the basis of previous missions that
had shown the range of conditions to be studied. The probes confirmed
expected high surface temperatures and high winds aloft. Winds of about 200
miles per hour, there, may account for the transfer of heat into the night
side in spite of the low rotation speed of the planet. Surface winds were
light at the time, however. Atmosphere and cloud chemistries were examined
in detail, providing much data for continued analysis. The probes detected 4
layers of clouds and more light on the surface than expected solely from
sunlight. This light allowed Russian scientists to obtain at least two
photos showing rocks on the surface. Sulphur seems to play a large role in
the chemistry of Venus, and reactions involving sulphur may be responsible
for the glow. To learn more about the weather and atmospheric circulation on
Venus, the orbiter takes daily photos of the daylight side cloud cover. It
confirms the cloud pattern and its circulation shown by Mariner 10. The
ionosphere shows large variability. The orbiter's radar operates in 2 modes:
one, for ground elevation variability, and the second for ground
reflectivity in 2 dimensions, thus "imaging" the surface. Radar maps of the
entire planet that show the features mentioned above have been produced. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Mars%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mars is the first planet beyond the earth, away from the sun. Mars' diameter%@EH@%
is about 4,200 miles, although a determination of the radius and mass of
Mars by the space-probe, Mariner 4, which flew by Mars on July 14, 1965 at a
distance of less than 6,000 miles, indicated that these dimensions were
slightly larger than had been previously estimated. While Mars' orbit is
also nearly circular, it is somewhat more eccentric than the orbits of many
of the other planets, and Mars is more than 30 million miles farther from
the sun in some parts of its year than it is at others. Mars takes 687 of
our days to make one circuit of the sun, traveling at about 15 miles a
second. Mars rotates upon its axis in almost the same period of time that
the earth does -- 24 hours and 37 minutes. Mars' mean distance from the sun
is 141 million miles, so that the temperature on Mars would be lower than
that on the earth even if Mars' atmosphere were about the same as ours. The
atmosphere is not, however, for Mariner 4 reported that atmospheric pressure
on Mars is between 1% and 2% of the earth's atmospheric pressure. This thin
atmosphere appears to be largely carbon dioxide. No evidence of free water
was found. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There appears to be no magnetic field about Mars. This would eliminate the%@EH@%
previous conception of a dangerous radiation belt around Mars. The same lack
of a magnetic field would expose the surface of Mars to an influx of cosmic
radiation about 100 times as intense as that on earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Deductions from years of telescopic observation indicate that 5/8ths of the%@EH@%
surface of Mars is a desert of reddish rock, sand, and soil. The rest of
Mars is covered by irregular patches that appear generally green in hues
that change through the Martian year. These were formerly held to be some
sort of primitive vegetation, but with the findings of Mariner 4 of a
complete lack of water and oxygen, such growth does not appear possible. The
nature of the green areas is now unknown. They may be regions covered with
volcanic salts whose color changes with changing temperatures and
atmospheric conditions, or they may be gray, rather than green. When large
gray areas are placed beside large red areas, the gray areas will appear
green to the eye. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mars' axis of rotation is inclined from a vertical to the plane of its orbit%@EH@%
about the sun by about 25 deg and therefore Mars has seasons as does the
earth, except that the Martian seasons are longer because Mars' year is
longer. White caps form about the winter pole of Mars, growing through the
winter and shrinking in summer. These polar caps are now believed to be both
water ice and carbon dioxide ice. It is the carbon dioxide that is seen to
come and go with the seasons. The water ice is apparently in many layers
with dust between them, indicating climatic cycles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The canals of Mars have become more of a mystery than they were before the%@EH@%
voyage of Mariner 4. Markings forming a network of fine lines crossing much
of the surface of Mars have been seen there by men who have devoted much
time to the study of the planet, but no canals have shown clearly enough in
previous photographs to be universally accepted. A few of the 21 photographs
sent back to earth by Mariner 4 covered areas crossed by canals. The
pictures show faint, ill-defined, broad, dark markings, but no positive
identification of the nature of the markings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mariners 6 & 7 in 1969 sent back many more photographs of higher quality%@EH@%
than those of the pioneering Mariner 4. These pictures showed cratering
similar to the earlier views, but in addition showed 2 other types of
terrain. Some regions seemed featureless for many square miles, but others
were chaotic, showing high relief without apparent organization into
mountain chains or craters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mariner 9, the first artificial body to be placed in an orbit about Mars,%@EH@%
has transmitted over 10,000 photographs covering 100% of the planet's
surface. Preliminary study of these photos and other data shows that Mars
resembles no other planet we know. Using terrestrial terms, however,
scientists describe features that seem to be clearly of volcanic origin. One
of these features is Nix Olympica, (now called Olympus Mons), apparently a
shield volcano whose caldera is over 50 miles wide, and whose outer slopes
are over 300 miles in diameter, and which stands about 90,000 feet above the
surrounding plain. Some features may have been produced by cracking
(faulting) of the surface and the sliding of one region over or past
another. Many craters seem to have been produced by impacting bodies such as
may have come from the nearby asteroid belt. Features near the south pole
may have been produced by glaciers that are no longer present. Flowing
water, non-existent on Mars at the present time, probably carved canyons,
one 10 times longer and 3 times deeper than the Grand Canyon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Although the Russians landed a probe on the Martian surface, it transmitted%@EH@%
for only 20 seconds. In 1976, the U.S. landed 2 Viking spacecraft on the
Martian surface. The landers had devices aboard to perform chemical analyses
of the soil in search of evidence of life. The results have been
inconclusive. The 2 Viking orbiters have returned the best pictures yet of
Martian topographic features. Many features can be explained only if Mars
once had large quantities of flowing water. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mars' position in its orbit and its speed around that orbit in relation to%@EH@%
the earth's position and speed bring Mars fairly close to the earth on
occasions about two years apart and then move Mars and the earth too far
apart for accurate observation and photography. Every 15-17 years, the close
approaches are especially favorable to close observation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mars has 2 satellites, discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall. The outer%@EH@%
satellite, Deimos, revolves around Mars in about 31 hours. The inner
satellite, Phobos, whips around Mars in a little more than 7 hours, making 3
trips around the planet each Martian day. Mariner and Viking photos show
these bodies to be irregularly shaped and pitted with numerous craters.
Phobos also shows a system of linear grooves, each about 1/3-mile across and
roughly parallel. Phobos measures about 8 by 12 miles and Deimos about 5 by
7.5 miles in size. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Jupiter%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jupiter is the largest of the planets. Its equatorial diameter is 88,000%@EH@%
miles, 11 times the diameter of the earth. Its polar diameter is about 6,000
miles shorter. This is an equilibrium condition resulting from the liquidity
of the planet and its extremely rapid rate of rotation: a Jupiter day is
only 10 earth hours long. For a planet this size, this rotational speed is
amazing, and it moves a point on Jupiter's equator at a speed of 22,000
miles an hour, as compared with 1,000 miles an hour for a point on the
earth's equator. Jupiter is at an average distance of 480 million miles from
the sun and takes almost 12 of our years to make one complete circuit of the
sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The only directly observable chemical constituents of Jupiter's atmosphere%@EH@%
are methane (CH%@AH@%4%@AE@%) and ammonia (NH%@AH@%3%@AE@%), but it is reasonable to assume the same
mixture of elements available to make Jupiter as to make the sun. This would
mean a large fraction of hydrogen and helium must be present also, as well
as water (H%@AH@%2%@AE@%O). The temperature at the tops of the clouds may be about minus
260 deg F. The clouds are probably ammonia ice crystals, becoming ammonia
droplets lower down. There may be a space before water ice crystals show up
as clouds: in turn, these become water droplets near the bottom of the
entire cloud layer. The total atmosphere may be only a few hundred miles in
depth, pulled down by the surface gravity (= 2.64 times earth's) to a
relatively thin layer. Of course, the gases become denser with depth until
they may turn into a slush or a slurry. Perhaps there is no surface -- no
real interface between the gaseous atmosphere and the body of Jupiter.
Pioneers 10 and 11 provided evidence for considering Jupiter to be almost
entirely liquid hydrogen. Long before a rocky core about the size of the
earth is reached, hydrogen mixed with helium becomes a liquid metal at very
high temperature and pressure. Jupiter's cloudy atmosphere is a fairly good
reflector of sunlight and makes it appear far brighter than any of the
stars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fourteen of Jupiter's 17 or more satellites have been found through%@EH@%
earth-based observations. Four of the moons are large and bright, rivaling
our own moon and the planet Mercury in diameter, and may be seen through a
field glass. They move rapidly around Jupiter and their change of position
from night to night is extremely interesting to watch. The other satellites
are much smaller and in all but one instance much farther from Jupiter and
cannot be seen except through powerful telescopes. The 4 outermost
satellites are revolving around Jupiter clockwise as seen from the north,
contrary to the motions of the great majority of the satellites in the solar
system and to the direction of revolution of the planets around the sun. The
reason for this retrograde motion is not known, but one theory is that
Jupiter's tremendous gravitational power may have captured 4 of the minor
planets or asteroids that move about the sun between Mars and Jupiter, and
that these would necessarily revolve backward. At the great distance of
these bodies from Jupiter -- some 14 million miles -- direct motion would
result in decay of the orbits, while retrograde orbits would be stable.
Jupiter's mass is more than twice the mass of all the other planets put
together, and accounts for Jupiter's tremendous gravitational field and so,
probably, for its numerous satellites and its dense atmosphere. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In December, 1973, Pioneer 10 passed about 80,000 miles from the equator of%@EH@%
Jupiter and was whipped into a path taking it out of our solar system in
about 50 years, and beyond the system of planets, on June 13, 1983. In
December, 1974, Pioneer 11 passed within 30,000 miles of Jupiter, moving
roughly from south to north, over the poles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Photographs from both encounters were useful at the time but were far%@EH@%
surpassed by those of Voyagers I and II. Thousands of high resolution
multi-color pictures show rapid variations of features both large and small.
The Great Red Spot exhibits internal counterclockwise rotation. Much
turbulence is seen in adjacent material passing north or south of it. The
satellites Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto were photographed,
some in great detail. Each is individual and unique, with no similarities to
other known planets or satellites. Io has active volcanoes that probably
have ejected material into a doughnut-shaped ring enveloping its orbit about
Jupiter. This is not to be confused with the thin flat disk-like ring closer
to Jupiter's surface. Now that such a ring has been seen by the Voyagers,
older uncertain observations from Earth can be reinterpreted as early
sightings of this structure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Saturn%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Saturn, last of the planets visible to the unaided eye, is almost twice as%@EH@%
far from the sun as Jupiter, almost 900 million miles. It is second in size
to Jupiter but its mass is much smaller. Saturn's specific gravity is less
than that of water. Its diameter is about 71,000 miles at the equator; its
rotational speed spins it completely around in a little more than 10 hours,
and its atmosphere is much like that of Jupiter, except that its temperature
at the top of its cloud layer is at least 100 deg lower. At about 300 deg F.
below zero, the ammonia would be frozen out of Saturn's clouds. The
theoretical construction of Saturn resembles that of Jupiter; it is either
all gas, or it has a small dense center surrounded by a layer of liquid and
a deep atmosphere. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Until Pioneer 11 passed Saturn in September 1979 only 10 satellites of%@EH@%
Saturn were known. Since that time, the situation is quite confused. Added
to data interpretations from the fly-by are earth-based observations using
new techniques while the rings were edge-on and virtually invisible. It was
hoped that the Voyager I and II fly-bys would help sort out the system. It
is now believed that Saturn has at least 22 satellites, some sharing orbits.
The Saturn satellite system is still confused. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Saturn's ring system begins about 7,000 miles above the visible disk of%@EH@%
Saturn, lying above its equator and extending about 35,000 miles into space.
The diameter of the ring system visible from Earth is about 170,000 miles;
the rings are estimated to be no thicker than 10 miles. In 1973, radar
observation showed the ring particles to be large chunks of material
averaging a meter on a side. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Voyager I and II observations showed the rings to be considerably more%@EH@%
complex than had been believed, so much so that interpretation will take
much time. To the untrained eye, the Voyager photographs could be mistaken
for pictures of a colorful phonograph record. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Uranus%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Voyager II, after passing Saturn in August 1981, headed for a rendezvous%@EH@%
with Uranus culminating in a fly-by January 24, 1986. This encounter
answered many questions, and raised others. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Uranus, discovered by Sir William Herschel on Mar. 13, 1781, lies at a%@EH@%
distance of 1.8 billion miles from the sun, taking 84 years to make its
circuit around our star. Uranus has a diameter of about 32,000 miles and
spins once in some 16.8 hours, according to fly-by data. One of the most
fascinating features of Uranus is how far it is tipped over. Its north pole
lies 98 deg from being directly up and down to its orbit plane. Thus, its
seasons are extreme. When the sun rises at the north pole, it stays up for
42 years; then it sets and the north pole will be in darkness (and winter)
for 42 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The satellite system of Uranus, consisting of at least 15 moons, (the 5%@EH@%
largest having been known before the fly-by) have orbits lying in the plane
of the planet's equator. In that plane there is also a complex of rings, 9
of which were discovered in 1978. Invisible from Earth, the 9 original rings
were found by observers watching Uranus pass before a star. As they waited,
they saw their photoelectric equipment register several short eclipses of
the star. Then the planet occulted the star as expected. After the star came
out from behind Uranus, the star winked out several more times. Subsequent
observations and analyses indicated the 9 narrow, nearly opaque rings
circling Uranus. Evidence from the Voyager II fly-by has shown the ring
particles to be predominantly a yard or so in diameter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In addition to the 10 new, very small satellites, Voyager II returned%@EH@%
detailed photos of the 5 large satellites. As in the case of other
satellites newly observed in the Voyager program, these bodies proved to be
entirely different from each other and any others. Miranda has grooved
markings, reminiscent of Jupiter's Ganymede, but often arranged in a chevron
pattern. Ariel shows rifts and channels. Umbriel is extremely dark,
prompting some observers to regard its surface as among the oldest in the
system. Titania has rifts and fractures, but not the evidence of flow found
on Ariel. Oberon's main feature is its surface saturated with craters,
unrelieved by other formations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The structure of Uranus is subject to some debate. Basically, however, it%@EH@%
may have a rocky core surrounded by a thick icy mantle on top of which is a
crust of hydrogen and helium that gradually becomes an atmosphere. Perhaps
continued analysis of the wealth of data returned by Voyager II will shed
some light on this problem. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Neptune%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Neptune, currently the most distant planet from the sun (until 1999), lies%@EH@%
at an average distance of 2.8 billion miles. It was the last planet visited
in Voyager II's epic 12 year trek from earth. While much new information was
immediately perceived, much more must await further analysis of the
tremendous amount of data returned from the spacecraft. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As with the other giant planets, there may be no solid surface to give real%@EH@%
meaning to a measure of a diameter. However, a mean value of 30,600 miles
may be assigned to a diameter between atmosphere levels where the pressure
is about the same as sea level on earth, as determined by radio
experimenters. A different radio observational technique gave evidence of a
rotation period for the bulk of Neptune of 16.1 hours, a shorter value than
the 18.2 hours given by the clouds seen in the blue atmosphere. Neptune
orbits the sun in 164 years in nearly a circular orbit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Voyager II, which passed 3000 miles from Neptune's north pole, found a%@EH@%
magnetic field which is considerably asymmetric to the planet's structure,
similar, but not so extreme, to that found at Uranus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Neptune's atmosphere was seen to be quite blue, with quickly changing white%@EH@%
clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. In that apparent
surface were found features, one of which was reminiscent of the Great Red
Spot of Jupiter, even to the counterclockwise rotation expected in a
high-pressure system in the southern hemisphere. Atmospheric constituents
are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. Although lightning and auroras have been
found on other giant planets, only the aurora phenomenon has been seen on
Neptune. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Six new satellites were discerned around Neptune, one confirming a 1981%@EH@%
sighting that was then difficult to recover for proper identification. Five
of these satellites orbit Neptune in a half day or less. Of the eight
satellites of Neptune, the largest, Triton, is in a retrograde orbit
suggesting that it was captured rather than being co-eval with Neptune.
Triton is sufficiently large to raise significant tides on Neptune which
will one day, say 100 million years from now, cause Triton to come close
enough to Neptune for it to be torn apart. Nereid was found in 1949, and is
in a long looping orbit suggesting it, too, was captured. Each of the
satellites that has been photographed by the two Voyagers in the planetary
encounters has been different from any of the other satellites, and
certainly from any of the planets. Only about half of Triton has been
observed, but its terrain shows cratering and a strange regional feature
described as resembling the skin of a cantaloupe. Triton has a tenuous
atmosphere of nitrogen with a trace of hydrocarbons, and evidence of active
geysers injecting material into it. At minus 238 degrees Celsius, Triton is
one of the coldest objects in the solar system observed by Voyager II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In addition to the satellite system, Voyager II confirmed the existence of%@EH@%
at least three rings composed of very fine particles. There may some
clumpiness in their structure, but the known satellites may not contribute
to the formation or maintenance of the rings, as they have in other systems.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As with the other giant planets, Neptune is emitting more energy than it%@EH@%
receives from the sun, Voyager finding the excess to be 2.7 times the solar
contribution. These excesses are thought to be cooling from internal heat
sources and from the heat of formation of the planets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Pluto%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Although Pluto on the average stays about 3.6 billion miles from the sun,%@EH@%
its orbit is so eccentric that it is now approaching its minimum distance of
2.7 billion miles, less than the current distance of Neptune. Thus Pluto,
until 1999, is temporarily planet number 8 from the sun. At its mean
distance, Pluto takes 247.7 years to circumnavigate the sun. Until recently
that was about all that was known of Pluto. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%About a century ago, a hypothetical planet was believed to lie beyond%@EH@%
Neptune and Uranus. Little more than a guess, a mass of one Earth was
assigned to the mysterious body and mathematical searches were begun. Amid
some controversy about the validity of the predictive process, Pluto was
found nearly where it was predicted to be. It was found by Clyde Tombaugh at
the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1930. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At the U.S. Naval Observatory, also in Flagstaff, on July 2, 1978, James%@EH@%
Christy obtained a photograph of Pluto that was distinctly elongated.
Repeated observations of this shape and its variation were convincing
evidence of the discovery of a satellite of Pluto. Now named Charon, it may
be 500 miles across, at a distance of over 10,000 miles, and taking 6.4 days
to move around Pluto, the same length of time Pluto takes to rotate once.
Gravitational laws allow these interactions to give us the mass of Pluto as
0.0017 of the Earth and a diameter of 1,500 miles. This makes the density
about the same as that of water. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%It is now clear that Pluto, the body found by Tombaugh, could not have%@EH@%
influenced Neptune and Uranus to go astray. Theorists are again at work
looking for a new planet X.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Greenwich Sidereal Time for 0%@AH@%h%@AE@% GMT, 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           %@AS@%(Add 12 hours to obtain Right Ascension of Mean Sun) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   40  1483 02 13 13 04 07 @%Date         Date         h   m %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Jan.         1            06  40.6             11           07  20.0             21           07  59.4             31           08  38.9Feb.         10           09  18.3              20           09  57.7 Mar.         2            10  37.1             12           11  16.6             22           11  56.0 Apr.         1            12  35.4             11           13  14.8             21           13  54.3 May          1            14  33.7             11           15  13.1             21           15  52.5             31           16  32.0June         10           17  11.4             20           17  50.8             30           18  30.2July         10           19  09.7              20           19  49.1             30           20  28.5Aug.         9            21  07.9             19           21  47.4             29           22  26.8Sept.        8            23  06.2             18           23  45.7             28           00  25.1Oct.         8            01  04.5             18           01  43.9             28           02  23.4Nov.         7            03  02.8             17           03  42.2             27           04  21.6Dec.         7            05  01.1             17           05  40.5             27           06  19.9%@AB@%1991%@AE@% Jan. 6  %@AB@%1991%@AE@% Jan. 6  06  59.3%@TE:   40  1483 02 13 13 04 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Rising and Setting of Planets, 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time (0 designates midnight)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  300 27886 04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%                                20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.       30 deg N.       40 deg N.       40 deg N.       50 deg N.       50 deg N.       60 deg N.       60 deg N.                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude        Latitude        Latitude        Latitude        Latitude        Latitude        Latitude        Latitude                                Rise            Set             Rise            Set             Rise            Set             Rise            Set             Rise            Set%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991 Jan.            10              7:47            18:52           8:05            18:34           8:28            18:12           8:59            17:41           9:50            16:50                20              7:53            19:09           8:08            18:55           8:26            18:37           8:50            18:12           9:30            17:33                30              7:56            19:25           8:06            19:14           8:19            19:01           8:37            18:44           9:04            18:17Feb.            9               7:56            19:39           8:02            19:33           8:10            19:25           8:20            19:15           8:36            19:00                19              7:54            19:52           7:56            19:51           7:59            19:48           8:02            19:46           8:06            19:42Mar.            1               7:52            20:05           7:49            20:08           7:46            20:11           7:42            20:16           7:35            20:23                11              7:50            20:18           7:43            20:25           7:34            20:34           7:22            20:46           7:04            21:05                21              7:48            20:31           7:37            20:43           7:23            20:57           7:04            21:17           6:33            21:48                31              7:48            20:45           7:33            21:01           7:14            21:20           6:47            21:47           6:03            22:32Apr.            10              7:51            21:00           7:32            21:19           7:08            21:43           6:34            22:18           5:36            23:17                20              7:56            21:14           7:34            21:36           7:06            22:05           6:26            22:45           5:12            24:00                30              8:03            21:28           7:39            21:52           7:08            22:23           6:24            23:08           5:02            0:19May             10              8:12            21:40           7:48            22:05           7:16            22:36           6:29            23:23           4:57            0:54                20              8:23            21:48           7:58            22:13           7:27            22:43           6:42            23:29           5:13            0:57                30              8:32            21:52           8:10            22:15           7:41            22:44           6:59            23:25           5:42            0:43June            9               8:40            21:52           8:20            22:12           7:54            22:37           7:18            23:13           6:14            0:18                19              8:44            21:45           8:27            22:02           8:06            22:23           7:36            22:53           6:45            23:43                29              8:44            21:34           8:30            21:47           8:13            22:04           7:49            22:27           7:10            23:05July            9               8:37            21:15           8:26            21:25           8:13            21:38           7:56            21:55           7:27            22:23                19              8:21            20:49           8:14            20:56           8:05            21:05           7:52            21:17           7:33            21:36                29              7:54            20:12           7:49            20:17           7:43            20:23           7:35            20:31           7:22            20:43Aug.            8               7:11            19:24           7:08            19:27           7:03            19:31           6:58            19:37           6:49            19:46                18              6:13            18:25           6:10            18:28           6:06            18:32           6:00            18:38           5:52            18:47                28              5:08            17:25           5:04            17:29           4:58            17:35           4:51            17:42           4:39            17:54Sept.           7               4:11            16:34           4:05            16:40           3:57            16:48           3:47            16:59           3:30            17:15                17              3:29            15:58           3:22            16:05           3:12            16:15           3:00            16:28           2:40            16:48                27              3:03            15:34           2:55            15:42           2:45            15:52           2:31            16:06           2:09            16:28Oct.            7               2:49            15:18           2:41            15:26           2:31            15:36           2:18            15:49           1:57            16:09                17              2:42            15:08           2:36            15:15           2:28            15:22           2:17            15:33           1:59            15:50                27              2:41            15:01           2:37            15:05           2:31            15:11           2:24            15:18           2:12            15:30Nov.            6               2:45            14:55           2:43            14:57           2:40            14:59           2:37            15:02           2:31            15:07                16              2:50            14:50           2:51            14:49           2:53            14:48           2:54            14:46           2:56            14:43                26              2:58            14:47           3:02            14:43           3:08            14:37           3:15            14:30           3:25            14:19Dec.            6               3:08            14:45           3:15            14:37           3:25            14:28           3:38            14:15           3:57            13:55                16              3:19            14:45           3:30            14:34           3:44            14:20           4:03            14:01           4:32            13:32                26              3:32            14:48           3:46            14:33           4:04            14:16           4:28            13:51           5:08            13:12Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991 Jan.            10              13:47           3:02            13:26           3:22            13:00           3:48            12:23           4:25            11:18           5:30                 20              13:14           2:30            12:53           2:50            12:26           3:17            11:49           3:54            10:41           4:02                30              12:44           2:02            12:23           2:23            11:56           2:50            11:17           3:29            10:07           4:39Feb.            9               12:18           1:37            11:56           1:59            11:28           2:27            10:48           3:08            9:34            4:21                19              11:54           1:16            11:32           1:38            11:03           2:07            10:21           2:49            9:04            4:06Mar.            1               11:33           0:56            11:10           1:19            10:40           1:49            9:57            2:32            8:36            3:53                11              11:13           0:38            10:49           1:01            10:19           1:31            9:35            2:16            8:11            3:40                21              10:55           0:20            10:31           0:44            10:00           1:15            9:16            2:00            7:49            3:27                31              10:38           0:04            10:14           0:28            9:43            0:59            8:58            1:44            7:31            3:11Apr.            10              10:23           23:46           9:59            0:12            9:28            0:42            8:43            1:27            7:17            2:53                20              10:08           23:30           9:44            23:54           9:14            0:25            8:31            1:09            7:07            2:33                30              9:54            23:14           9:31            23:37           9:02            0:08            8:20            0:50            7:01            2:09May             10              9:41            22:58           9:19            23:20           8:51            23:47           8:11            0:30            6:57            1:43                20              9:28            22:41           9:07            23:02           8:41            23:28           8:03            0:08            6:56            1:15                30              9:15            22:24           8:56            22:43           8:31            23:08           7:56            23:42           6:56            0:45June            9               9:03            22:06           8:45            22:24           8:22            22:46           7:51            23:18           6:57            0:14                19              8:50            21:48           8:34            22:04           8:14            22:24           7:45            22:52           6:58            23:39                29              8:38            21:29           8:23            21:44           8:05            22:01           7:41            22:26           7:00            23:06July            9               8:25            21:10           8:13            21:23           7:57            21:38           7:36            21:59           7:02            22:33                19              8:13            20:51           8:02            21:01           7:49            21:14           7:32            21:31           7:04            21:59                29              8:00            20:31           7:52            20:39           7:42            20:50           7:28            21:03           7:06            21:25Aug.            8               7:48            20:11           7:42            20:17           7:34            20:25           7:24            20:35           7:07            20:51                18              7:35            19:52           7:31            19:55           7:26            20:00           7:20            20:06           7:09            20:17                28              7:23            19:32           7:21            19:33           7:19            19:35           7:16            19:38           7:11            19:42Sept.           7               7:11            19:12           7:11            19:11           7:12            19:10           7:13            19:09           7:14            19:08                17              6:59            18:52           7:02            18:49           7:05            18:46           7:10            18:41           7:17            18:34                27              6:48            18:33           6:53            18:28           6:59            18:22           7:07            18:13           7:20            18:01Oct.            7               6:37            18:15           6:44            18:07           6:53            17:58           7:05            17:46           7:24            17:27                17              6:26            17:57           6:36            17:47           6:48            17:36           7:04            17:20           7:28            16:55                27              6:17            17:40           6:29            17:28           6:43            17:14           7:03            16:54           7:34            16:23Nov.            6               6:08            17:24           6:22            17:10           6:39            16:53           7:02            16:30           7:40            15:52                16              5:59            17:10           6:15            16:54           6:35            16:34           7:02            16:07           7:46            15:22                26              5:52            16:56           6:09            16:38           6:31            16:16           7:02            15:46           7:52            14:55Dec.            6               5:44            16:44           6:04            16:25           6:28            16:01           7:01            15:27           7:58            14:30                16              5:38            16:33           5:58            16:12           6:24            15:47           7:00            15:11           8:03            14:08                26              5:31            16:23           5:53            16:02           6:19            15:35           6:57            14:57           8:05            13:50Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991 Jan.            10              19:05           8:07            18:49           8:24            18:28           8:44            17:59           9:13            17:11           10:01                20              18:20           7:23            18:03           7:40            17:42           8:01            17:13           8:31            16:23           9:20                30              17:35           6:39            17:18           6:57            16:56           7:18            16:26           7:48            15:35           8:39Feb.            9               16:50           5:55            16:32           6:13            16:10           6:35            15:39           7:06            14:47           7:58                19              16:05           5:12            15:47           5:29            15:25           5:52            14:53           6:23            13:59           7:17Mar.            1               15:21           4:29            15:03           4:47            14:40           5:09            14:08           5:42            13:13           6:36                11              14:38           3:46            14:20           4:05            13:57           4:28            13:25           5:00            12:29           5:56                21              13:57           3:05            13:39           3:24            13:16           3:47            12:43           4:20            11:47           5:16                31              13:17           2:26            12:59           2:44            12:36           3:07            12:03           3:40            11:07           4:36Apr.            10              12:39           1:47            12:20           2:05            11:57           2:28            11:25           3:01            10:29           3:57                20              12:02           1:09            11:43           1:28            11:21           1:51            10:48           2:23            9:53            3:18                30              11:26           0:33            11:08           0:51            10:45           1:14            10:13           1:46            9:19            2:40May             10              10:51           23:54           10:33           0:15            10:11           0:37            9:40            1:09            8:46            2:02                20              10:18           23:19           10:00           23:37           9:38            23:58           9:07            0:33            8:15            1:25                30              9:45            22:45           9:28            23:02           9:06            23:24           8:36            23:54           7:46            0:48June            9               9:13            22:12           8:56            22:28           8:35            22:49           8:06            23:18           7:17            0:11                19              8:41            21:39           8:25            21:55           8:05            22:15           7:37            22:43           6:50            23:30                29              8:11            21:06           7:55            21:22           7:35            21:41           7:08            22:09           6:23            22:54July            9               7:40            20:34           7:25            20:49           7:06            21:08           6:40            21:34           5:57            22:17                19              7:10            20:02           6:56            20:16           6:38            20:34           6:12            20:59           5:31            21:40                29              6:40            19:30           6:26            19:44           6:09            20:01           5:45            20:25           5:06            21:03Aug.            8               6:10            18:58           5:57            19:11           5:41            19:27           5:18            19:50           4:41            20:27                18              5:41            18:26           5:28            18:38           5:13            18:54           4:51            19:15           4:16            19:50                28              5:11            17:54           4:59            18:06           4:44            18:20           4:24            18:41           3:51            19:13Sept.           7               4:41            17:22           4:30            17:33           4:16            17:47           3:57            18:06           3:26            18:36                17              4:11            16:49           4:01            17:00           3:47            17:13           3:29            17:31           3:01            17:59                27              3:41            16:17           3:31            16:27           3:19            16:39           3:02            16:56           2:35            17:22Oct.            7               3:10            15:44           3:01            15:53           2:49            16:05           2:33            16:20           2:08            16:45                17              2:39            15:11           2:30            15:19           2:19            15:30           2:04            15:45           1:41            16:08                27              2:07            14:37           1:59            14:45           1:49            14:55           1:35            15:09           1:13            15:30Nov.            6               1:34            14:03           1:27            14:10           1:17            14:20           1:04            14:33           0:44            14:53                16              1:01            13:28           0:54            13:35           0:45            13:44           0:32            13:56           0:13            14:15                26              0:26            12:52           0:20            12:59           0:11            13:07           23:56           13:19           23:38           13:37Dec.            6               23:47           12:16           23:41           12:22           23:33           12:30           23:22           12:42           23:04           12:59                16              23:11           11:38           23:04           11:45           22:56           11:53           22:45           12:04           22:28           12:21                26              22:33           11:00           22:26           11:06           22:18           11:14           22:08           11:25           21:51           11:42Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991Jan.            10              7:07            18:07           7:26            17:48           7:50            17:25           8:22            16:52           9:18            15:57                20              6:33            17:33           6:51            17:15           7:14            16:51           7:47            16:19           8:41            15:25                30              5:58            16:59           6:16            16:41           6:39            16:18           7:11            15:46           8:04            14:53Feb.            9               5:23            16:25           5:41            16:07           6:04            15:44           6:35            15:13           7:27            14:21                19              4:48            15:51           5:06            15:33           5:28            15:11           5:59            14:40           6:50            13:48Mar.            1               4:13            15:16           4:30            14:58           4:52            14:37           5:23            14:06           6:13            13:16                11              3:37            14:41           3:55            14:24           4:16            14:02           4:46            13:32           5:36            12:42                21              3:01            14:06           3:18            13:49           3:40            13:27           4:09            12:58           4:59            12:08                31              2:25            13:30           2:42            13:13           3:03            12:52           3:32            12:22           4:21            11:34Apr.            10              1:48            12:53           2:05            12:37           2:26            12:16           2:55            11:47           3:43            10:59                20              1:11            12:16           1:27            12:00           1:48            11:39           2:17            11:10           3:05            10:22                30              0:33            11:39           0:49            11:22           1:10            11:01           1:39            10:32           2:26            9:45May             10              23:50           11:00           0:11            10:43           0:31            10:23           1:00            9:54            1:47            9:07                20              23:11           10:21           23:28           10:04           23:48           9:44            0:21            9:15            1:08            8:28                30              22:31           9:41            22:48           9:24            23:09           9:03            23:37           8:35            0:29            7:47June            9               21:51           9:00            22:08           8:44            22:28           8:23            22:57           7:54            23:45           7:06                19              21:10           8:19            21:27           8:02            21:48           7:41            22:17           7:12            23:05           6:24                29              20:29           7:37            20:46           7:20            21:07           6:59            21:36           6:30            22:25           5:41July            9               19:47           6:55            20:04           6:38            20:26           6:16            20:55           5:47            21:45           4:57                19              19:05           6:13            19:22           5:55            19:44           5:33            20:14           5:03            21:04           4:13                29              18:23           5:30            18:41           5:12            19:03           4:50            19:33           4:20            20:24           3:29Aug.            8               17:41           4:47            17:59           4:29            18:21           4:07            18:52           3:36            19;43           2:45                18              16:59           4:05            17:17           3:47            17:39           3:25            18:11           2:53            19:03           2:01                28              16:17           3:23            16:36           3:05            16:58           2:42            17:30           2:11            18:23           1:18Sept.           7               15:36           2:41            15:55           2:23            16:17           2:00            16:49           1:29            17:42           0:35                17              14:56           2:00            15:14           1:42            15:37           1:19            16:09           0:47            17:02           23:49                27              14:16           1:20            14:34           1:02            14:57           0:39            15:29           0:07            16:23           23:09Oct.            7               13:36           0:40            13:55           0:22            14:17           23:55           14:50           23:23           15:43           22:29                17              12:57           23:58           13:16           23:39           13:39           23:17           14:11           22:45           15:04           21:51                27              12:19           23:20           12:37           23:01           13:00           22:39           13:32           22:07           14:26           21:13Nov.            6               11:41           22:43           12:00           22:24           12:22           22:02           12:54           21:30           13:47           20:37                16              11:04           22:06           11:23           21:48           11:45           21:25           12:17           20:54           13:09           20:01                26              10:28           21:30           10:46           21:12           11:08           20:50           11:39           20:19           12:31           19:27Dec.            6               9:52            20:55           10:10           20:37           10:32           20:15           11:02           19:44           11:54           18:53                16              9:16            20:20           9:34            20:02           9:55            19:40           10:26           19:10           11:16           18:19                26              8:41            19:45           8:58            19:28           9:19            19:06           9:49            18:36           10:39           17:47%@TE:  300 27886 04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Moonrise Tonight %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The idea of estimating the time of moonrise tonight may have scared you off%@EH@%
in the past because you assumed that it involved a difficult and mysterious
series of calculations. The actual process is quite easy to do, however,
especially with the little pocket calculators that seem ubiquitous today.
The first major step involves finding three numbers for your city obtained
from the latitude and longitude figures listed in the Latitude, Longitude,
and Altitude of North American Cities table. If your city is not here, find
the information from a map, atlas or other source. These answers are
permanent and never need to be determined for that city again. You can write
these numbers down and use them every year you stay in that city. The second
step involves taking the correct four figures from the tables of moonrise
and moonset for the date you want. The third major step involves adjusting
this answer to standard time.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Let us determine the time of rise for the full moon of July 26, 1991, for%@EH@%
Tucson, Arizona.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First, to determine the 3 constant numbers for Tucson, find the latitude and%@EH@%
longitude from the Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of North American
Cities table. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%I.    Latitude: 32 deg 13' 15"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@4@%      Longitude: 110 deg 58' 08"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IA.   Convert these values to decimals:%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%      Latitude:%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        1. 15"/60 = .25' %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        2. 13' + .25' = 13.25' %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        3. 13.25'/60 = .2208 deg %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        4. 32 deg .2208 = 32.22 deg%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%      Longitude:%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        1. 8"/60 = .133%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        2. 58' + .133 = 58.133'%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        3. 58.133/60 = .969 deg%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        4. 110 deg + .969 = 110.97 deg %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%      Thus, 32.22 for latitude and 110.97 for longitude. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IIB.  Fraction between 30 deg and 40 deg that Tucson lies:%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        1. 40 - 30 = 10%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        2. 32.22 - 30 = 2.22%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        3. 2.22/10 = .222.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IC.   Fraction of the world that Tucson lies west of Greenwich (home of%@EH@%
GMT): 110.97/360 = .308.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%ID.   Correction from local to standard time: (Mountain Time meridian is 105%@EH@%
deg .0) 110.97 - 105 = 5.97 deg west of the standard time meridian. Events
in Tucson happen 4 minutes per degree after they happen for the standard
time meridian. Thus, 5.97 * 4 = 23.88, or 24 minutes later.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IE.   These three numbers, IB, IC, and ID, never have to be calculated for%@EH@%
Tucson again.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%II.   Find the time of moonrise for Tucson's latitude at Greenwich.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        1. From the Astronomy - Daily Calendar, July 1991 find the moonrise%@EH@%
data for the latitudes north and south of Tucson, 40 deg and 30 deg, and for
the times before and after the time wanted, 26th and 27th.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    4   146 02 09 08 08 @%         30 deg  40 deg%@AB@%─────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%June 26  18:50   19:11June 27  19:23   19:39%@TE:    4   146 02 09 08 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IIB.  We want to find the Greenwich meridian time of moonrise for Tucson's%@EH@%
latitude for both the 26th and 27th. This time lies .222 (Ans. IB) times the
difference between the rise times on each date for 30 deg and 40 deg added
to the earlier times:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%      For the 26th:%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        1. 19:11 - 18:59 = 12%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        2. 12 * .222 = 2.7 or 3 minutes%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        3. 18:59 + 3 = 19:02 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%      For the 27th:%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        1. 19:39 - 19:23 = 17%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        2. 17 * .222 = 3.8 or 4 minutes%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        3. 19:23 + 4 = 19:27.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IIC.  Since the moon moves at Greenwich from the 26th to the 27th, take the%@EH@%
proportion of the change in time between 19:02 on the 26th at Greenwich and
19:27 on the 27th that Tucson lies west of Greenwich (Ans. IC) added to the
earlier time:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        1. 19:27 - 19:02 = 25 minutes%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        2. 25 * .308 = 7.7 or 8 minutes%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%        3. 19:02 + 8 = 19:10 local time%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IID.  Next correct for the standard meridian (Ans. ID): 19:10 + 24 = 19:34%@EH@%
Mountain Standard Time. Note: Arizona does not observe Daylight Time.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Star Tables %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%These tables include stars of visual magnitude 2.5 and brighter.%@EH@%
Co-ordinates are for mid-1991. Where no parallax figures are given, the
trigonometric parallax figure is smaller than the margin for error and the
distance given is obtained by indirect methods. Stars of variable magnitude
designated by v.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   96 10465 03 30 11 10 12 14 14 13 13 03 @%Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.  Right ascen.  Declination  Declination                                                   "                         h.            m.           deg          '%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Andromedae (Alpheratz)        2.06       0.02      90          0             08.0          29           03Cassiopeiae                   2.27v      0.07      45          0             08.7          59           06 Phoenicis                     2.39       0.04      93          0             25.9          -42          21 Cassiopeiae (Schedir)         2.23       0.01      150         0             40.0          56           29 Ceti                          2.04       0.06      57          0             43.2          -18          02 Cassiopeiae                   2.47v      0.03      96          0             56.2          60           40 Andromedae                    2.06       0.04      76          1             09.3          35           34 Eridani (Achernar)            0.46       0.02      118         1             37.4          -57          16 Andromedae                    2.26                 260         2             03.4          42           17 Arietis                       2.00       0.04      76          2             06.7          23           25 Ceti                          2.00v      0.01      103         2             18.9          -3           02 Ursae Min.(Pole Star)         2.02v                680         2             22.1          89           13 Persei (Algol)                2.12v      0.03      105         3             07.6          40           55 Persei                        1.80       0.03      570         3             23.7          49           50 Tauri (Aldebaran)             0.85v      0.05      68          4             35.4          16           30 Orionis (Rigel)               0.12v                900         5             14.1          -8           13 Aurigae (Capella)             0.08       0.07      45          5             16.1          45           59 Orionis (Bellatrix)           1.64       0.03      470         5             24.7          6            20 Tauri (El Nath)               1.65       0.02      300         5             25.7          28           36 Orionis                       2.23v                1500        5             31.6          0            18 Orionis                       1.70                 1600        5             35.8          -1           12 Orionis                       2.05       0.02      1600        5             40.3          -1           57 Orionis                       2.06       0.01      2100        5             47.3          -9           40 Orionis (Betelgeuse)          0.50v                520         5             54.7          7            24 Aurigae                       1.90       0.04      88          5             58.9          44           57 Canis Majoris                 1.98       0.01      750         6             22.3          -17          57 Carinae (Canopus)             -0.72      0.02      98          6             23.7          -52          41 Geminorum                     1.93       0.03      105         6             37.2          16           24 Canis Majoris(Sirius)         -1.46      0.38      8.7         6             44.8          -16          42 Canis Majoris                 1.50                 680         6             58.3          -28          58 Canis Majoris                 1.86                 2100        7             08.0          -26          23 Canis Majoris                 2.44                 2700        7             23.7          -29          17 Geminorum (Castor)            1.99       0.07      45          7             34.1          31           55 Canis Minoris (Procyon)       0.38       0.29      11.3        7             38.9          5            15 Geminorum (Pollux)            1.14       0.09      35          7             44.8          28           03 Puppis                        2.25                 2400        8             03.3          -39          59 Velorum                       1.82                 520         8             09.2          -47          19 Carinae                       1.86                 340         8             22.3          -59          29 Velorum                       1.96       0.04      76          8             44.4          -54          40 Velorum                       2.21       0.02      750         9             07.7          -43          24 Carinae                       1.68       0.04      86          9             13.1          -69          41 Carinae                       2.25                 750         9             16.8          -59          15 Velorum                       2.50       0.01      470         9             21.8          -54          59 Hydrae                        1.98       0.02      94          9             27.2          -8           37 Leonis (Regulus)              1.35       0.04      84          10            07.9          12           01 Leonis                        1.90       0.02      90          10            19.5          19           54Ursae Majoris (Merak)         2.37       0.04      78          11            01.3          56           26 Ursae Majoris (Dubhe)         1.79       0.03      105         11            03.2          61           48 Leonis (Denebola)             2.14       0.08      43          11            48.6          14           37 Ursae Majoris (Phecda)        2.44       0.02      90          11            53.4          53           45 Crucis                        1.58                 370         12            26.1          -63          04 Crucis                        1.63                 220         12            30.7          -57          04 Centauri                      2.17                 160         12            41.0          -48          54 Crucis                        1.25v                490         12            47.2          -59          39 Ursae Majoris (Alioth)        1.77v      0.01      68          12            53.7          57           01 Ursae Majoris (Mizar)         2.05       0.04      88          13            23.6          54           58 Virginis (Spica)              0.97v      0.02      220         13            24.8          -11          07 Centauri                      2.30v                570         13            39.4          -53          26 Ursae Majoris (Alkaid)        1.86                 210         13            47.2          49           21 Centauri                      0.61v      0.02      490         14            03.3          -60          20 Centauri                      2.06       0.06      55          14            06.2          -36          20 Bootis (Arcturus)             -0.04      0.09      36          14            15.3          19           14 Centauri                      2.31v                390         14            35.0          -42          08 Centauri                      -0.01      0.75      4.3         14            39.1          -60          48 Lupi                          2.30v                430         14            41.3          -47          21 Bootis                        2.40       0.01      103         14            44.5          27           07 Ursae Minoris                 2.08       0.03      105         14            50.8          74           12 Coronae Borealis              2.23v      0.04      76          15            34.4          26           45 Scorpii                       2.32                 590         15            59.9          -22          36 Scorpii (Antares)             0.96v      0.02      520         16            28.9          -26          25 Trianguli Australis           1.92       0.02      82          16            47.8          -69          01 Scorpii                       2.29       0.05      66          16            49.7          -34          17 Ophiuchi                      2.43       0.05      69          17            09.9          -15          43 Scorpii                       1.63v                310         17            33.1          -37          06 Ophiuchi                      2.08       0.06      58          17            34.6          12           34 Scorpii                       1.87       0.02      650         17            36.8          -43          00 Scorpii                       2.41v                470         17            41.9          -39          02 Draconis                      2.23       0.02      108         17            56.5          51           29 Sagittarii                    1.85       0.02      124         18            23.7          -34          23 Lyrae (Vega)                  0.03       0.12      26.5        18            36.7          38           47 Sagittarii                    2.02                 300         18            54.8          -26          18 Aquilae (Altair)              0.77       0.20      16.5        19            50.4          8            51 Cygni                         2.20                 750         20            22.0          40           14 Pavonis                       1.94                 310         20            25.0          -56          46 Cygni (Deneb)                 1.25                 1600        20            41.2          45           15 Cygni                         2.46       0.04      74          20            45.9          33           56 Cephei                        2.44       0.06      52          21            18.4          62           33 Pegasi                        2.39                 780         21            43.8          9            50 Gruis                         1.74       0.05      64          22            07.7          -47          00 Gruis                         2.11v                280         22            42.2          -46          55 Piscis Austrinis (Fomalhaut)  1.16       0.14      22.6        22            57.2          -29          40 Pegasi                        2.42v      0.02      210         23            03.4          28           02 Pegasi                        2.49       0.03      109         23            04.4          15           10%@TE:   96 10465 03 30 11 10 12 14 14 13 13 03 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Constellations  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Culturally, constellations are imagined patterns among the stars that, in%@EH@%
some cases, have been recognized through millenia of tradition. In the early
days of astronomy, knowledge of the constellations was necessary in order to
function as an astronomer. For today's astronomers, constellations are
simply areas on the entire sky in which interesting objects await
observation and interpretation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Because western culture has prevailed in establishing modern science,%@EH@%
equally viable and interesting constellations and celestial traditions of
other cultures (of Asia or Africa, for example) are not well known outside
of their regions of origin. Even the patterns with which we are most
familiar today have undergone considerable change over the centuries,
because the western heritage embraces teachings of cultures disparate in
time as well as place. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Today, students of the sky the world over recognize 88 constellations that%@EH@%
cover the entire celestial sphere. Many of these have their origins in
ancient days; many are "modern," contrived out of unformed stars by
astronomers a few centuries ago. Unformed stars were those usually too faint
or inconveniently placed to be included in depicting the more prominent
constellations. When astronomers began to travel to South Africa in the 16th
and 17th centuries, they found a sky that itself was unformed, and showing
numerous brilliant stars. Thus, we find constellations in the southern
hemisphere like the "air pump," the "microscope," the "furnace," and other
technological marvels of the time, as well as some arguably traditional
forms, such as the "fly."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Many of the commonly recognized constellations had their origins in ancient%@EH@%
Asia Minor--Syria, Babylon, etc. These were adopted by the Greeks and Romans
who translated their names and stories into their own languages, some
details being modified in the process. After the declines of these cultures,
most such knowledge entered oral tradition, or remained hidden in monastic
libraries. Beginning in the 8th century, the Moslem explosion spread through
the Mediterranean world. Wherever possible, everything was translated into
Arabic to be taught in the universities the Moslems established all over
their new-found world. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the 13th century, Alphonsus XX of Spain, an avid student of astronomy,%@EH@%
succeeded in having Claudius Ptolemy's %@AI@%Almagest,%@AE@% as its Arabian title was
known, translated into Latin. It thus became widely available to European
scholars. In the process, the constellation names were translated, but the
star names were retained in their Arabic forms. Transliterating Arabic into
the Roman alphabet has never been an exact art, so many of the star names we
use today only "seem" Arabic to all but scholars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Names of stars often indicated what parts of the traditional figures they%@EH@%
represented: Deneb, the tail of the swan; Betelgeuse, the armpit of the
giant. Thus, the names were an indication of the position in the sky of a
particular star, provided one recognized the traditional form of the mythic
figure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In English, usage of the Latin names for the constellations couples often%@EH@%
inconceivable creatures, represented in unimaginable configurations, with
names that often seem unintelligible. Avoiding traditional names,
astronomers may designate the brighter stars in a constellation with Greek
letters, usually in order of brightness. Thus, the "alpha star" is often the
brightest star of that constellation. The "of" implies possession, so the
genetive (possessive) form of the constellation name is used, as in Alpha
Orionis, the first star of Orion (Betelgeuse). Astronomers usually use a
3-letter form for the constellation name, understanding it to be read as
either the nominative or genitive case of the name. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Until the 1920's, astronomers used curved boundaries for the constellation%@EH@%
areas. As these were rather arbitrary at best, the International
Astronomical Union adopted boundaries that ran due north-south and
east-west, filling the sky much as the contiguous states fill up the area of
the "lower 48" United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Within these boundaries, and occasionally crossing them, popular "asterisms"%@EH@%
are recognized: the Big Dipper is a small part of Ursa Major, the big bear;
the Sickle is the traditional head and mane of Leo, the lion; one of the
horntips of Taurus, the bull, properly belongs to Auriga, the charioteer;
the northeast star of the Great Square of Pegasus is Alpha Andromedae. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%It is unlikely that further change will occur in the realm of the celestial%@EH@%
constellations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   90  6109 02 21 22 14 23 @%Name                 Genitive              Abbreviation  Meaning%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Andromeda            Andromedae            And           Chained MaidenAntlia               Antliae               Ant           Air Pump Apus                 Apodis                Aps           Bird of Paradise Aquarius             Aquarii               Aqr           Water Bearer Aquila               Aquilae               Aql           Eagle Ara                  Arae                  Ara           Altar Aries                Arietis               Ari           Ram Auriga               Aurigae               Aur           Charioteer Bootes               Bootis                Boo           Herdsmen Caelum               Caeli                 Cae           Chisel Camelopardalis       Camelopardalis        Cam           Giraffe Cancer               Cancri                Cnc           Crab Canes Venatici       Canum Venaticorum     CVn           Hunting Dogs Canis Major          Canis Majoris         CMa           Great Dog Canis Minor          Canis Minoris         CMi           Little Dog Capricornus          Capricorni            Cap           Sea-goat Carina               Carinae               Car           Keel Cassiopeia           Cassiopeiae           Cas           Queen Centaurus            Centauri              Cen           Centaur Cepheus              Cephei                Cep           King Cetus                Ceti                  Cet           Whale Chamaeleon           Chamaeleontis         Cha           Chameleon Circinus             Circini               Cir           Compasses (art) Columba              Columbae              Col           Dove Coma Berenices       Comae Berenices       Com           Berenice's Hair Corona Australis     Coronae Australis     CrA           Southern Crown Corona Borealis      Coronae Borealis      CrB           Northern Crown Corvus               Corvi                 Crv           Crow Crater               Crateris              Crt           Cup Crux                 Crucis                Cru           Cross (southern) Cygnus               Cygni                 Cyg           Swan Delphinus            Delphini              Del           Dolphin Dorado               Doradus               Dor           Goldfish Draco                Draconis              Dra           Dragon Equuleus             Equulei               Equ           Little Horse Eridanus             Eridani               Eri           River Fornax               Fornacis              For           Furnace Gemini               Geminorum             Gem           Twins Grus                 Gruis                 Gru           Crane (bird) Hercules             Herculis              Her           Hercules Horologium           Horologii             Hor           Clock Hydra                Hydrae                Hya           Water Snake (female) Hydrus               Hydri                 Hyi           Water Snake (male) Indus                Indi                  Ind           Indian Lacerta              Lacertae              Lac           Lizard Leo                  Leonis                Leo           Lion Leo Minor            Leonis Minoris        LMi           Little Lion Lepus                Leporis               Lep           Hare Libra                Librae                Lib           Balance Lupus                Lupi                  Lup           Wolf Lynx                 Lyncis                Lyn           Lynx Lyra                 Lyrae                 Lyr           Lyre Mensa                Mensae                Men           Table Mountain Microscopium         Microscopii           Mic           Microscope Monoceros            Monocerotis           Mon           Unicorn Musca                Muscae                Mus           Fly Norma                Normae                Nor           Square (rule) Octans               Octantis              Oct           Octant Ophiuchus            Ophiuchi              Oph           Serpent Bearer Orion                Orionis               Ori           Hunter Pavo                 Pavonis               Pav           Peacock Pegasus              Pegasi                Peg           Flying Horse Perseus              Persei                Per           Hero Phoenix              Phoenicis             Phe           Phoenix Pictor               Pictoris              Pic           Painter Pisces               Piscium               Psc           Fishes Piscis Austrinius    Piscis Austrini       PsA           Southern Fish Puppis               Puppis                Pup           Stern (deck) Pyxis                Pyxidis               Pyx           Compass (sea) Reticulum            Reticuli              Ret           Reticle Sagitta              Sagittae              Sge           Arrow Sagittarius          Sagittarii            Sgr           Archer Scorpius             Scorpii               Sco           Scorpion Sculptor             Sculptoris            Scl           Sculptor Scutum               Scuti                 Sct           Shield Serpens              Serpentis             Ser           Serpent Sextans              Sextantis             Sex           Sextant Taurus               Tauri                 Tau           Bull Telescopium          Telescopii            Tel           Telescope Triangulum           Trianguli             Tri           Triangle Triangulum Australe  Trianguli Australis   TrA           Southern Triangle Tucana               Tucanae               Tuc           Toucan Ursa Major           Ursae Majoris         UMa           Great Bear Ursa Minor           Ursae Minoris         UMi           Little Bear Vela                 Velorum               Vel           Sail Virgo                Virginis              Vir           Maiden Volans               Volantis              Vol           Flying Fish Vulpecula            Vulpeculae            Vul           Fox%@TE:   90  6109 02 21 22 14 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Aurora Borealis, also called the Northern Lights, is a broad display of%@EH@%
rather faint light in the northern skies at night. The Aurora Australis, a
similar phenomenon, appears at the same time in southern skies. The aurora
appears in a wide variety of forms. Sometimes it is seen as a quiet glow,
almost foglike in character; sometimes as vertical streamers in which there
may be considerable motion; sometimes as a series of luminous expanding
arcs. There are many colors, with white, yellow, and red predominating. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The auroras are most vivid and most frequently seen at about 20 degrees from%@EH@%
the magnetic poles, along the northern coast of the North American continent
and the eastern part of the northern coast of Europe. They have been seen as
far south as Key West and as far north as Australia and New Zealand, but
rarely. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%While the cause of the auroras is not known beyond question, there does seem%@EH@%
to be a definite correlation between auroral displays and sun-spot activity.
It is thought that atomic particles expelled from the sun by the forces that
cause solar flares speed through space at velocities of 400 to 600 miles per
second. These particles are entrapped by the earth's magnetic field, forming
what are termed the Van Allen belts. The encounter of these clouds of the
solar wind with the earth's magnetic field weakens the field so that
previously trapped particles are allowed to impact the upper atmosphere. The
collisions between solar and terrestrial atoms result in the glow in the
upper atmosphere called the aurora. The glow may be vivid where the lines of
magnetic force converge near the magnetic poles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The auroral displays appear at heights ranging from 50 to about 600 miles%@EH@%
and have given us a means of estimating the extent of the earth's
atmosphere. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The auroras are often accompanied by magnetic storms whose forces, also%@EH@%
guided by the lines of force of the earth's magnetic field, disrupt
electrical communication.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%Eclipses, 1991%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%(Greenwich Mean Time)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There are six eclipses in 1991, two of the sun and four of the moon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%I. Annular eclipse of the sun, January 15-16. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Partial phases are visible throughout most of the South Pacific Ocean, part%@EH@%
of Antarctica south of Australia, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. The
path of annularity begins west of the southwestern tip of Australia, passes
over that tip into the Great Australian Bight, grazes the southeastern tip
of Australia, passes over all but the southern tip of Tasmania, touches both
islands of New Zealand, ending in the Pacific Ocean on the equator due south
of Yuma, Arizona. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Circumstances of the Eclipse%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   405 02 31 06 06 04 04 @%Event                          Date  Date  h   m%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Eclipse begins                 Jan.  15    20  51Central eclipse begins               15    22  0Central eclipse at local noon        15    23  44Central eclipse ends                 16    14  6Eclipse ends                         16    2   55%@TE:    7   405 02 31 06 06 04 04 @%

%@NL@%
Maximum duration of annularity: 7:49.4.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%II. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, January 30.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The beginning of the penumbral phase is visible in extreme eastern Asia,%@EH@%
North America, Central America, South America, Greenland, Europe, most of
Africa, the Palmer Peninsula of Antarctica, the Artic regions, the eastern
Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean; the end is visible in extreme eastern
Asia, most of New Zealand, North America, Central America, South America,
Greenland, the Arctic regions, the Pacific Ocean, and the northern Atlantic
Ocean. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Circumstances of the Eclipse%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    5   257 02 22 06 06 03 04 @%Event                 Date  Date  h  m%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Moon enters penumbra  Jan.  30    3  58Middle of eclipse           30    5  59Moon leaves penumbra        30    7  59%@TE:    5   257 02 22 06 06 03 04 @%

%@NL@%
Penumbral magnitude of the eclipse: 0.906.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%III. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, June 27.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The beginning the penumbral phase is visible in eastern North America,%@EH@%
Central America, South America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe south of
Scandinavia, the western Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the
southeastern Pacific Ocean; the end is visible in North America except for
Alaska and northwestern Canada, Central America, South America, Antarctica,
the western half of Africa, the western Iberian Peninsula of Europe, the
Atlantic Ocean, and the southeastern Pacific Ocean. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Circumstances of the Eclipse%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    5   257 02 22 06 06 03 04 @%Event                 Date  Date  h  m%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Moon enters penumbra  June  27    1  46Middle of eclipse           27    3  15Moon leaves penumbra        27    4  43%@TE:    5   257 02 22 06 06 03 04 @%

%@NL@%
Penumbral magnitude of eclipse: 0.339.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%IV. Total eclipse of the sun, July 11.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Partial phases visible in the northeastern Pacific Ocean south of the%@EH@%
Aleutian Islands, southwestern to south central Canada, all of the United
States except Alaska, Central America, the Caribbean Region, South America
except south of latitude 36 degrees. The path of totality begins southwest
of Hawaii, crosses the island of Hawaii, the southern tip of Baja California
Sur, Southern Mexico, the west coast of Central America, and ends in the
jungles of Brazil. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Circumstances of the Eclipse%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   406 02 31 06 06 04 04 @%Event                          Date  Date  h   m%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Eclipse begins                 July  11    16  29Central eclipse begins               11    17  23Central eclipse at local moon        11    19  6Central eclipse ends                 11    20  49Eclipse ends                         11    21  43%@TE:    7   406 02 31 06 06 04 04 @%

%@NL@%
Maximum duration of totality: 6:58.1.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%V. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, June 26.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The beginning of the penumbral phase is visible in southern and eastern%@EH@%
Africa, most of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, most of Antarctica, the
western Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean; the end visible in most of
Europe, most of Africa, most of Asia, Australia, southern New Zealand,
Antarctica, the eastern South Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Circumstances of the Eclipse%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    5   261 02 22 06 06 04 04 @%Event                 Date  Date  h   m%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Moon enters penumbra  July  26    16  48Middle of eclipse           26    18  8Moon leaves penumbra        26    19  28%@TE:    5   261 02 22 06 06 04 04 @%

%@NL@%
Penumbral magnitude of the eclipse: 0.280.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%VI. Partial eclipse of the moon, December 21.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The beginning of the umbral phase is visible in eastern Australia, New%@EH@%
Zealand, northern and eastern Asia, North America, Central America,
northwestern South America, Greenland, northern Scandinavia, the Arctic
regions, the Pacific Ocean, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean; the end
visible in northern and eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, North America,
Central America, Greenland, northern Scandinavia, the Artic regions, and the
Pacific Ocean. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Circumstances of the Eclipse%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   372 02 26 06 06 04 05 @%Event                     Date  Date  h   m%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Moon enters the penumbra  Dec.  21    8   25 Moon enters umbra               21    10  0Middle of eclipse               21    10  33Moon leaves umbra               21    11  6Moon leaves penumbra            21    12  41%@TE:    7   372 02 26 06 06 04 05 @%

%@NL@%
Magnitude of the eclipse: 0.093. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%The Planets and the Solar System%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   22  2664 04 09 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 12 11 @%Planet   Mean daily motion "  Orbital velocity     Sidereal revolution  Synodical            Dist. from sun in    Dist. from sun in    Dist. from Earth in  Dist. from Earth in  Light at%@AH@%1%@AE@%   Light at%@AH@%1%@AE@%                              miles per sec.       days                 revolution days      millions of mi.      millions of mi.      millions of mi.      millions of mi.                                                                                                               Max.                 Min.                 Max.                 Min.                 perihelion  aphelion%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mercury  14732                29.75                88.0                 115.9                43.4                 28.6                 136                  50                   10.58       4.59 Venus    5768                 21.76                224.7                583.9                67.7                 66.8                 161                  25                   1.94        1.89 Earth    3548                 18.51                365.3                --                   94.6                 91.4                 --                   --                   1.03        0.97Mars     1886                 14.99                687.0                779.9                155.0                128.5                248                  35                   0.524       0.360 Jupiter  299                  8.12                 4332.1               398.9                507.0                460.6                600                  368                  0.0408      0.0336 Saturn   120                  5.99                 10825.9              378.1                937.5                838.4                1031                 745                  0.01230     0.00984 Uranus   42                   4.23                 30676.1              369.7                1859.7               1669.3               1953                 1606                 0.00300     0.00250 Neptune  21                   3.38                 59911.1              367.5                2821.7               2760.4               2915                 2667                 0.00114     0.00109 Pluto    14                   2.95                 90824.2              366.7                4551.4               2756.4               4644                 2663                 0.00114     0.00042 %@TE:   22  2664 04 09 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 12 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Light at perihelion and aphelion is solar illumination in units of mean
illumination at Earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   27  3303 06 09 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean          longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude          of:%@AH@%*%@AE@%         of:%@AH@%*%@AE@%         of:%@AH@%*%@AE@%         of:%@AH@%*%@AE@%         of:%@AH@%*%@AE@%         of:%@AH@%*%@AE@%Planet   ascending    ascending    ascending    perihelion   perihelion   perihelion   Inclination%@AH@%%@AE@%  Inclination%@AH@%%@AE@%  Inclination%@AH@%%@AE@%  Mean%@AH@%*%@AE@%        Eccentricit  Mean         Mean         Mean          node         node         node                                                %@AH@%*%@AE@% of orbit   %@AH@%*%@AE@% of orbit   %@AH@%*%@AE@% of orbit   distance%@AH@%**%@AE@%   y%@AH@%*%@AE@% of orbit  longitude    longitude    longitude                                                                                        to ecliptic  to ecliptic  to ecliptic                            at the       at the       at the                                                                                                                                                         epoch%@AH@%*%@AE@%       epoch%@AH@%*%@AE@%       epoch%@AH@%*%@AE@%         deg          '            "            deg          '            "            deg          '            "                                      deg          '            "%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mercury  48           12           58           77           18           25           7            00           25           0.387098     0.205635     146          49           38Venus    76           35           35           131          11           24           3            23           40           0.723330     0.006761     263          5            28 Earth    -            -            -            102          47           31           -            -            -            0.999998     0.016678     206          50           19 Mars     49           29           33           335          48           25           1            50           59           1.523736     0.093455     297          52           24Jupiter  100          23           13           15           31           41           1            18           18           5.20317      0.048207     99           44           26Saturn   113          34           9            91           49           19           2            29           16           9.51632      0.055328     241          15           50 Uranus   73           58           1            169          47           35           0            46           19           19.1573      0.047694     271          31           4Neptune  131          39           54           56           14           24           1            46           19           30.0022      0.010034     283          33           52 Pluto    110          05           49           223          35           53           17           09           44           39.4698      0.248646     224          33           30%@TE:   27  3303 06 09 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Consistent for the standard Epoch: 1990 Apr. 19 Ephemeris Time
%@AH@%**%@AE@%Astronomical units  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   29  3236 06 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%             Semi -       Semi -       Semi -              diameter     diameter     diameterSun and      at unit      at mean      in miles     Volume       Mass.        Density      Sidereal     Sidereal     Sidereal     Sidereal     Gravity at   Reflecting   Probable     Probable planets      distance ' "  least dist.  mean s.d.    earth=1.     earth=1.     earth=1.     period of    period of    period of    period of    surface      power        temperature  temperature                          ' "                                                              rotation     rotation     rotation     rotation     earth=1.                                                                                                                          d.           h.           m.           s.                        Pct.         degF.        degF. %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Sun          959.62       -            432560       1303730      332830       0.26         24           16           48                        27.9         -            +            10,000 Mercury      3.37         5.5          1515         0.0559       0.0553       0.99         58           21           58                        0.37         0.06         +            620 Venus        8.34         30.1         3760         0.8541       0.8150       0.95         243          %@AH@%R%@AE@%                                      0.88         0.72         +            900 Earth        -            -            3963         1.000        1.000        1.00                      23           56           4.1          1.00         0.39         +            72 Moon         2.40         932.4        1080         0.020        0.0123       0.62         27           7            43                        0.17         0.07         -            10 Mars         4.69         8.95         2108.4       0.1506       0.1074       0.71                      24           37           23           0.38         0.16         -            10 Jupiter      98.35        23.4         44362        1403         317.83       0.23                      9            3            30           2.64         0.70         -            240 Saturn       82.83        9.7          37280        832          95.16        0.11                      10           30                        1.15         0.75         -            300 Uranus       35.4         1.9          15800        63           14.50        0.23                      15           36           %@AH@%R%@AE@%            1.15         0.90         -            340 Neptune      33.4         1.2          15300        55           17.20        0.31                      16           7                         1.12         0.82         -            370Pluto%@AH@%*%@AE@%       1.9          0.05         930          0.01         0.0025       0.25         6            9            17                        0.04         0.14         ?            ?%@TE:   29  3236 06 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Observers at the U.S. Naval Observatory have derived values similar to
these after having discovered that Pluto has a satellite. It apparently
revolves about Pluto in a period equal to Pluto's rotation period. %@AH@%R%@AE@%
retrograde of Venus and Uranus.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%Telescopes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Most of the world's major astronomical installations are in the northern%@EH@%
hemisphere, while many of astronomy's major problems are found in the
southern sky. This imbalance has long been recognized and is being remedied.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the northern hemisphere the largest reflector is the 236-inch mirror at%@EH@%
the Special Astrophysical Observatory in the Caucasus in the Soviet Union.
The largest reflectors in the U.S. include 3 in California: at Palomar Mtn.,
200 inches; at Lick Observatory, Mt. Hamilton, 120 inches; and at Mt. Wilson
Observatory, 100 inches. Also in the U.S. are the Multiple Mirror Telescope
(MMT) at Mt. Hopkins Observatory in Amado, AZ, which is a 176-inch single
mirror reflector, a 158-inch reflector at Kitt Peak, Arizona, dedicated in
June 1973, and a 107-inch telescope at the McDonald Observatory on Mt. Locke
in Texas. A telescope at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in the Soviet
Union has a 104-inch mirror. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Placed in service in 1975 were three large reflectors for the southern%@EH@%
hemisphere. Associated Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), the
operating organization of Kitt Peak National Observatory, dedicated the
158-inch reflector (twin of the telescope on Kitt Peak) at Cerro Tololo
International Observatory, Chile; the European Southern Observatory has a
141-inch reflector at La Silla, Chile; and the Anglo-Australian telescope,
152 inches in diameter, is at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Optical Telescopes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Optical astronomical telescopes are of two kinds, refracting and reflecting.%@EH@%
In the first, light passes through a lens which brings the light rays into
focus, where the image may be examined after being magnified by a second
lens, the eye-piece, or directly photographed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The reflector consists of a concave parabolic mirror, generally of Pyrex or%@EH@%
now of a relatively heat insensitive material, cervit, coated with silver or
aluminum, which reflects the light rays back toward the upper end of the
telescope, where they are either magnified and observed by the eye-piece or,
as in the case of the refractors, photographed. In most reflecting
telescopes, the light is reflected again by a secondary mirror and comes to
a focus after passing through a hole in the side of the telescope, where the
eye-piece or camera is located, or after passing through a hole in the
center of the primary mirror.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%The Sun %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The sun, the controlling body of our solar system, is a star whose%@EH@%
dimensions cause it to be classified among stars as average in size,
temperature, and brightness. Its proximity to the earth makes it appear to
us as tremendously large and bright. A series of thermo-nuclear reactions
involving the atoms of the elements of which it is composed produces the
heat and light that make life possible on earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The sun has a diameter of 864,000 miles and is distant, on the average,%@EH@%
92,900,000 miles from the earth. It is 1.41 times as dense as water. The
light of the sun reaches the earth in 499.012 seconds or slightly more than
8 minutes. The average solar surface temperature has been measured by
several indirect methods which agree closely on a value of 6,000 deg Kelvin
or about 10,000 deg F. The interior temperature of the sun is about
35,000,000 F. deg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When sunlight is analyzed with a spectroscope, it is found to consist of a%@EH@%
continuous spectrum composed of all the colors of the rainbow in order,
crossed by many dark lines. The "absorption lines" are produced by gaseous
materials in the atmosphere of the sun. More than 60 of the natural
terrestrial elements have been identified in the sun, all in gaseous form
because of the intense heat of the sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Spheres and Corona %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The radiating surface of the sun is called the %@AB@%photosphere,%@AE@% and just above%@EH@%
it is the %@AB@%chromosphere.%@AE@% The chromosphere is visible to the naked eye only at
times of total solar eclipses, appearing then to be a pinkish-violet layer
with occasional great prominences projecting above its general level. With
proper instruments the chromosphere can be seen or photographed whenever the
sun is visible without waiting for a total eclipse. Above the chromosphere
is the %@AB@%corona,%@AE@%also visible to the naked eye only at times of total eclipse.
Instruments also permit the brighter portions of the corona to be studied
whenever conditions are favorable. The pearly light of the corona surges
millions of miles from the sun. Iron, nickel, and calcium are believed to be
principal contributors to the composition of the corona, all in a state of
extreme attenuation and high ionization that indicates temperatures on the
order of a million degrees Fahrenheit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Sunspots %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There is an intimate connection between sunspots and the corona. At times of%@EH@%
low sunspot activity, the fine streamers of the corona will be much longer
above the sun's equator than over the polar regions of the sun, while during
high sunspot activity, the corona extends fairly evenly outward from all
regions of the sun, but to a much greater distance in space. Sunspots are
dark, irregularly-shaped regions whose diameters may reach tens of thousands
of miles. The average life of a sunspot group is from two to three weeks,
but there have been groups that have lasted for more than a year, being
carried repeatedly around as the sun rotated upon its axis. The record for
the duration of a sunspot is 18 months. Sunspots reach a low point every
11.3 years, with a peak of activity occurring irregularly between two
successive minima. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The sun is 400,000 times as bright as the full moon and gives the earth 6%@EH@%
million times as much light as do all the other stars put together.
Actually, most of the stars that can be easily seen on any clear night are
brighter than the sun.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%The Zodiac %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The sun's apparent yearly path among the stars is known as the %@AB@%ecliptic.%@AE@% The%@EH@%
zone 16 deg wide, 8 deg on each side of the ecliptic, is known as the
%@AB@%zodiac.%@AE@% Inside of this zone are the apparent paths of the sun, moon, earth,
and major planets. Beginning at the point on the ecliptic which marks the
position of the sun at the vernal equinox, and thence proceeding eastward,
the zodiac is divided into twelve signs of 30 deg each, as shown herewith. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%These signs are named from the twelve constellations of the zodiac with%@EH@%
which the signs coincided in the time of the astronomer Hipparchus, about
2,000 years ago. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, that is to say,
to the retrograde motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic, each sign in
the zodiac has, in the course of 2,000 years, moved backward 30 deg into the
constellation west of it; so that the sign Aries is now in the constellation
Pisces, and so on. The vernal equinox will move from Pisces into Aquarius
about the middle of the 26th century. The signs of the zodiac with their
Latin and English names are as follows: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13   624 01 08 05 14 19 @%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%Spring%@AE@%  1.   Aries.        The Ram.         2.   Taurus.       The Bull.         3.   Gemini.       The Twins. %@AB@%Summer%@AE@%  4.   Cancer.       The Crab.         5.   Leo.          The Lion.         6.   Virgo.        The Virgin.%@AB@%Autumn%@AE@%  7.   Libra.        The Balance.         8.   Scorpius.     The Scorpion.         9.   Sagittarius.  The Archer. %@AB@%Winter%@AE@%  10.  Capricorn.    The Goat.        11.  Aquarius.     The Water Bearer.        12.  Pisces.       The Fishes.   %@TE:   13   624 01 08 05 14 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Moon's Perigee and Apogee, 1991%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%Perigee%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14   379 02 07 06 05 06 @%Date   Date  GMT  EST%@AB@%────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Jan.   28    09   04Feb.   25    01   20%@AH@%*%@AE@%Mar.   22    05   00Apr.   17    17   12May    15    17   12June   13    00   19%@AH@%*%@AE@% July   11    10   05Aug.   8     18   13Sept.  5     19   14Oct.   2     18   15Nov.   24    09   04Dec.   22    09   04%@TE:   14   379 02 07 06 05 06 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                  %@AS@%Apogee%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14   392 02 07 06 05 06 @%Date   Date  GMT  EST%@AB@%────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Jan.   12    11   06Feb.   9     04   23%@AH@%*%@AE@%Mar.   9     01   20%@AH@%*%@AE@%Apr.   5     21   16May    3     15   10June   27    07   02July   24    11   06Aug.   20    23   18Sept.  17    15   10Oct.   15    11   06Nov.   12    08   03Dec.   10    02   21%@AH@%*%@AE@% %@TE:   14   392 02 07 06 05 06 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Previous day Repeat%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Astronomical Constants; Speed of Light %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The following were adopted in 1968, in accordance with the resolutions and%@EH@%
recommendations of the International Astronomical Union (Hamburg 1964):
Speed of light, 299,792.5 kilometers per second, or about 186,282.3976
statute miles per second; solar parallax, 8".794; constant of nutation,
9".210; and constant of aberration, 20".496.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%The Moon %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The moon completes a circuit around the earth in a period whose mean or%@EH@%
average duration is 27 days 7 hours 43.2 minutes. This is the moon's
sidereal period. Because of the motion of the moon in common with the earth
around the sun, the mean duration of the lunar month -- the period from one
new moon to the next new moon -- is 29 days 12 hours 44.05 minutes. This is
the moon's synodical period. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The mean distance of the moon from the earth according to the American%@EH@%
Ephemeris is 238,857 miles. Because the orbit of the moon about the earth is
not circular but elliptical, however, the maximum distance from the earth
that the moon may reach is 252,710 miles and the least distance is 221,463
miles. All distances are from the center of one object to the center of the
other. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The moon's diameter is 2,160 miles. If we deduct the radius of the moon,%@EH@%
1,080 miles, and the radius of the earth, 3,963 miles from the minimum
distance or perigee, given above, we shall have for the nearest approach of
the bodies' surfaces 216,420 miles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The moon rotates on its axis in a period of time exactly equal to its%@EH@%
sidereal revolution about the earth -- 27.321666 days. The moon's revolution
about the earth is irregular because of its elliptical orbit. The moon's
rotation, however, is regular and this, together with the irregular
revolution, produces what is called "libration in longitude" which permits
us to see first farther around the east side and then farther around the
west side of the moon. The moon's variation north or south of the ecliptic
permits us to see farther over first one pole and then the other of the moon
and this is "libration in latitude." These two libration effects permit us
to see a total of about 60% of the moon's surface over a period of time. The
hidden side of the moon was photographed in 1959 by the Soviet space vehicle
Lunik III. Since then many excellent pictures of nearly all of the moon's
surface have been transmitted to earth by Lunar Orbiters launched by the
U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The tides are caused mainly by the moon, because of its proximity to the%@EH@%
earth. The ratio of the tide-raising power of the moon to that of the sun is
11 to 5. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Harvest Moon and Hunter's Moon %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Harvest Moon, the full moon nearest the Autumnal Equinox, ushers in a%@EH@%
period of several successive days when the moon rises soon after sunset.
This phenomenon gives farmers in temperate latitudes extra hours of light in
which to harvest their crops before frost and winter come. The 1991 Harvest
Moon falls on Sept. 23 GMT. Harvest moon in the south temperate latitudes
falls on Mar. 30. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The next full moon after Harvest Moon is called the Hunter's Moon,%@EH@%
accompanied by a similar phenomenon but less marked; -- Oct. 23, northern
hemisphere; Apr. 28, southern hemisphere.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%The Earth: Size, Computation of Time, Seasons %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Size and Dimensions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The earth is the fifth largest planet and the third from the sun. Its mass%@EH@%
is 6 sextillion, 588 quintillion short tons. Using the parameters of an
ellipsoid adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1964 and
recognized by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1967, the
length of the equator is 24,901.55 miles, the length of a meridian is
24,859.82 miles, the equatorial diameter is 7,926.41 miles, and the area of
this reference ellipsoid is approximately 196,938,800 square miles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The earth is considered a solid, rigid mass with a densecore of magnetic,%@EH@%
probably metallic material. The outer part of the core is probably liquid.
Around the core is a thick shell or mantle of heavy crystalline rock which
in turn is covered by a thin crust forming the solid granite and basalt base
of the continents and ocean basins. Over broad areas of the earth's surface
the crust has a thin cover of sedimentary rock such as sandstone, shale, and
limestone formed by weathering of the earth's surface and deposition of
sands, clays, and plant and animal remains. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The temperature in the earth increases about 1 degF. with every 100 to 200%@EH@%
feet in depth, in the upper 100 kilometers of the earth, and the temperature
near the core is believed to be near the melting point of the core materials
under the conditions at that depth. The heat of the earth is believed to be
derived from radioactivity in the rocks, pressures developed within the
earth, and original heat (if the earth in fact was formed at high
temperatures). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Atmosphere of the Earth %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The earth's atmosphere is a blanket composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon,%@EH@%
in amounts of about 78, 21, and 1% by volume. Also present in minute
quantities are carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, krypton, and xenon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Water vapor displaces other gases and varies from nearly zero to about 4% by%@EH@%
volume. The height of the %@AB@%ozone%@AE@% layer varies from approximately 12 to 21
miles above the earth. Traces exist as low as 6 miles and as high as 35
miles. Traces of methane have been found. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The atmosphere rests on the earth's surface with the weight equivalent to a%@EH@%
layer of water 34 ft. deep. For about 300,000 ft. upward the gases remain in
the proportions stated. Gravity holds the gases to the earth. The weight of
the air compresses it at the bottom, so that the greatest density is at the
earth's surface. Pressure, as well as density, decreases as height increases
because the weight pressing upon any layer is always less than that pressing
upon the layers below. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The temperature of the air drops with increased height until the %@AB@%tropopause%@AE@%%@EH@%
is reached. This may vary from 25,000 to 60,000 ft. The atmosphere below the
tropopause is the %@AB@%troposphere;%@AE@% the atmosphere for about twenty miles above
the tropopause is the %@AB@%stratosphere,%@AE@% where the temperature generally
increases with height except at high latitudes in winter. A temperature
maximum near the 30-mile level is called the %@AB@%stratopause.%@AE@% Above this
boundary is the %@AB@%mesosphere%@AE@% where the temperature decreases with height to a
minimum, the %@AB@%mesopause,%@AE@% at a height of 50 miles. Extending above the
mesosphere to the outer fringes of the atmosphere is the %@AB@%thermosphere,%@AE@% a
region where temperature increases with height to a value measured in
thousands of degrees Fahrenheit. The lower portion of this region, extending
from 50 to about 400 miles in altitude, is characterized by a high ion
density, and is thus called the %@AB@%ionosphere.%@AE@% The outer region is called
%@AB@%exosphere;%@AE@% this is the region where gas molecules traveling at high speed
may escape into outer space, above 600 miles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Latitude, Longitude%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Position on the globe is measured by means of meridians and parallels.%@EH@%
Meridians, which are imaginary lines drawn around the earth through the
poles, determine %@AB@%longitude.%@AE@% The meridian running through Greenwich, England,
is the %@AB@%prime meridian of longitude,%@AE@% and all others are either east or west.
Parallels, which are imaginary circles parallel with the equator, determine
%@AB@%latitude.%@AE@% The length of a degree of longitude varies as the cosine of the
latitude. At the equator a degree is 69.171 statute miles; this is gradually
reduced toward the poles. Value of a longitude degree at the poles is zero. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Latitude%@AE@% is reckoned by the number of degrees north or south of the equator,%@EH@%
an imaginary circle on the earth's surface everywhere equidistant between
the two poles. According to the IAU Ellipsoid of 1964, the length of a
degree of latitude is 68.708 statute miles at the equator and varies
slightly north and south because of the oblate form of the globe; at the
poles it is 69.403 statute miles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Computation of Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The earth rotates on its axis and follows an elliptical orbit around the%@EH@%
sun. The rotation makes the sun appear to move across the sky from East to
West. It determines day and night and the complete rotation, in relation to
the sun, is called the %@AB@%apparent%@AE@% or %@AB@%true solar day.%@AE@% This varies but an
average determines the %@AB@%mean solar day%@AE@% of 24 hours. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The mean solar day is in universal use for civil purposes. It may be%@EH@%
obtained from apparent solar time by correcting observations of the sun for
the equation of time, but when high precision is required, the mean solar
time is calculated from its relation to sidereal time. These relations are
extremely complicated, but for most practical uses, they may be considered
as follows: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sidereal time%@AE@% is the measure of time defined by the diurnal motion of the%@EH@%
vernal equinox, and is determined from observation of the meridian transits
of stars. One complete rotation of the earth relative to the equinox is
called the %@AB@%sidereal day.%@AE@% The %@AB@%mean sidereal%@AE@%%@AB@% day%@AE@% is 23 hours, 56 minutes,
4.091 seconds of mean solar time. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Calendar Year%@AE@% begins at 12 o'clock midnight precisely local clock time,%@EH@%
on the night of Dec. 31-Jan. 1. The day and the calendar month also begin at
midnight by the clock. The interval required for the earth to make one
absolute revolution around the sun is a %@AB@%sidereal year;%@AE@% it consisted of 365
days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9.5 seconds of mean solar time (approximately
24 hours per day) in 1900, and is increasing at the rate of 0.0001-second
annually. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Tropical Year,%@AE@% on which the return of the seasons depends, is the%@EH@%
interval between two consecutive returns of the sun to the vernal equinox.
The tropical year consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds
in 1900. It is decreasing at the rate of 0.530 seconds per century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1956 the unit of time interval was defined to be identical with the%@EH@%
second of %@AB@%Ephemeris Time,%@AE@% 1/31,556,925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900
January Od 12th hour E.T. A physical definition of the second based on a
quantum transition of cesium (atomic second) was adopted in 1964. The atomic
second is equal to 9,192,631,770 cycles of the emitted radiation. In 1967
this atomic second was adopted as the unit of time interval for the Intern'l
System of Units. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%The Zones and Seasons %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The five zones of the earth's surface are Torrid, lying between the Tropics%@EH@%
of Cancer and Capricorn; North Temperate, between Cancer and the Arctic
Circle; South Temperate, between Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle; The
Frigid Zones, between the polar Circles and the Poles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The inclination or tilt of the earth's axis with respect to the sun%@EH@%
determines the seasons. These are commonly marked in the North Temperate
Zone, where spring begins at the vernal equinox, summer at the summer
solstice, autumn at the autumnal equinox and winter at the winter solstice. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the South Temperate Zone, the seasons are reversed. Spring begins at the%@EH@%
autumnal equinox, summer at the winter solstice, etc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If the earth's axis were perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit%@EH@%
around the sun there would be no change of seasons. Day and night would be
of nearly constant length and there would be equable conditions of
temperature. But the axis is tilted 23 deg 27' away from a perpendicular to
the orbit and only in March and September is the axis at right angles to the
sun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The points at which the sun crosses the equator are the equinoxes, when day%@EH@%
and night are most nearly equal. The points at which the sun is at a maximum
distance from the equator are the solstices. Days and nights are then most
unequal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In June the North Pole is tilted 23 deg 27' toward the sun and the days in%@EH@%
the northern hemisphere are longer than the nights, while the days in the
southern hemisphere are shorter than the nights. In December the North Pole
is tilted 23 deg 27' away from the sun and the situation is reversed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%The Seasons in 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1991 the 4 seasons will begin as follows: add one hour to EST for%@EH@%
Atlantic Time; subtract one hour for Central, two hours for Mountain, 3
hours for Pacific, 4 hours for Yukon, 5 hours for Alaska-Hawaii and six
hours for Bering Time. Also shown in Greenwich Mean Time. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    6   413 02 18 08 10 07 08 @%                          Date      GMT    EST%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Vernal Equinox    %@AB@%Spring%@AE@%  Mar. 21   3:02   22:02%@AH@%*%@AE@%Summer Solstice   %@AB@%Summer%@AE@%  June 21   21:19  16:19 Autumnal Equinox  %@AB@%Autumn%@AE@%  Sept. 23  12:48  7:48 Winter Solstice   %@AB@%Winter%@AE@%  Dec. 22   8:54   3:54 %@TE:    6   413 02 18 08 10 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Previous Day%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Poles of The Earth %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The geographic (rotation) poles, or points where the earth's axis of%@EH@%
rotation cuts the surface, are not absolutely fixed in the body of the
earth. The pole of rotation describes an irregular curve about its mean
position. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Two periods have been detected in this motion: (1) an annual period due to%@EH@%
seasonal changes in barometric pressure, load of ice and snow on the surface
and to other phenomena of seasonal character; (2) a period of about 14
months due to the shape and constitution of the earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In addition there are small but as yet unpredictable irregularities. The%@EH@%
whole motion is so small that the actual pole at any time remains within a
circle of 30 or 40 feet in radius centered at the mean position of the pole.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The pole of rotation for the time being is of course the pole having a%@EH@%
latitude of 90 deg and an indeterminate longitude. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Magnetic Poles %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%north magnetic pole%@AE@% of the earth is that region where the magnetic force%@EH@%
is vertically downward and the %@AB@%south magnetic pole%@AE@% that region where the
magnetic force is vertically upward. A compass placed at the magnetic poles
experiences no directive force in azimuth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There are slow changes in the distribution of the earth's magnetic field.%@EH@%
These changes were at one time attributed in part to a periodic movement of
the magnetic poles around the geographical poles, but later evidence refutes
this theory and points, rather, to a slow migration of "disturbance" foci
over the earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There appear shifts in position of the magnetic poles due to the changes in%@EH@%
the earth's magnetic field. The center of the area designated as the north
magnetic pole was estimated to be in about latitude 70.5 deg N and longitude
96 deg W in 1905; from recent nearby measurements and studies of the secular
changes, the position in 1970 is estimated as latitude 76.2 deg N and
longitude 101 deg W. Improved data rather than actual motion account for at
least part of the change. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The position of the south magnetic pole in 1912 was near 71 deg S and%@EH@%
longitude 150 deg E; the position in 1970 is estimated at latitude 66 deg S
and longitude 139.1 deg E. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The direction of the horizontal components of the magnetic field at any%@EH@%
point is known as magnetic north at that point, and the angle by which it
deviates east or west of true north is known as the magnetic declination, or
in the mariner's terminology, the %@AB@%variation of the compass.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A compass without error points in the direction of magnetic north. (In%@EH@%
general this is %@AI@%not%@AE@% the direction of the magnetic north pole.) If one
follows the direction indicated by the north end of the compass, he will
travel along a rather irregular curve which eventually reaches the north
magnetic pole (though not usually by a great-circle route). However, the
action of the compass should not be thought of as due to any influence of
the distant pole, but simply as an indication of the distribution of the
earth's magnetism at the place of observation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Rotation of The Earth %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The speed of%@AE@% rotation of the earth about its axis has been found to be%@EH@%
slightly variable. The variations may be classified as: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(A) %@AB@%Secular.%@AE@% Tidal friction acts as a brake on the rotation and causes a%@EH@%
slow secular increase in the length of the day, about 1 millisecond per
century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(B) %@AB@%Irregular.%@AE@% The speed of rotation may increase for a number of years,%@EH@%
about 5 to 10, and then start decreasing. The maximum difference from the
mean in the length of the day during a century is about 5 milliseconds. The
accumulated difference in time has amounted to approximately 44 seconds
since 1900. The cause is probably motion in the interior of the earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(C) %@AB@%Periodic.%@AE@% Seasonal variations exist with periods of one year and six%@EH@%
months. The cumulative effect is such that each year the earth is late about
30 milliseconds near June 1 and is ahead about 30 milliseconds near Oct. 1.
The maximum seasonal variation in the length of the day is about 0.5
millisecond. It is believed that the principal cause of the annual variation
is the seasonal change in the wind patterns of the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres. The semiannual variation is due chiefly to tidal action of the
sun, which distorts the shape of the earth slightly. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The secular and irregular variations were discovered by comparing time based%@EH@%
on the rotation of the earth with time based on the orbital motion of the
moon about the earth and of the planets about the sun. The periodic
variation was determined largely with the aid of quartz-crystal clocks. The
introduction of the cesium-beam atomic clock in 1955 made it possible to
determine in greater detail than before the nature of the irregular and
periodic variations.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Morning and Evening Stars, 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%(GMT)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   74  2708 02 07 23 26 @%       Morning                Evening%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%Jan.%@AE@%   Mercury from Jan. 9    Mercury Jan. 1 to Jan. 9       Venus from Jan. 18     Venus Jan. 1 to Jan. 18        Mars Jan. 1            Jupiter Jan. 1       Uranus Jan. 1          Saturn Jan. 1 to Jan. 6       Neptune from Jan. 2    Neptune to Jan. 2       Pluto Jan. 1 %@AB@%Feb.%@AE@%   Mercury       Venus       Mars       Saturn                 Jupiter       Uranus       Neptune       Pluto%@AB@%Mar.%@AE@%   Mercury to Mar. 20     Mercury from Mar. 20       Venus                  Jupiter       Mars       Saturn       Uranus       Neptune       Pluto%@AB@%Apr.%@AE@%   Venus                  Mercury       Mars                   Jupiter       Saturn       Uranus       Neptune       Pluto%@AB@%May%@AE@%    Mercury from May 3     Mercury to May 3       Venus                  Jupiter       Mars                   Pluto from May 7       Saturn       Uranus       Neptune       Pluto to May 7%@AB@%June%@AE@%   Mercury                Jupiter       Venus                  Uranus from June 29       Mars                   Pluto       Saturn       Uranus to June 29       Neptune%@AB@%July%@AE@%   Mercury to July 2      Mercury from July 2       Venus                  Jupiter to July 15       Mars                   Saturn from July 14       Jupiter from July 15   Uranus       Saturn to July 14      Neptune from July 5       Neptune to July 5      Pluto%@AB@%Aug.%@AE@%   Venus                  Mercury       Mars                   Saturn       Jupiter                Uranus                              Neptune                              Pluto%@AB@%Sept.%@AE@%  Mercury from Sept. 8   Mercury to Sept. 8       Venus                  Saturn       Mars                   Uranus       Jupiter                Neptune                              Pluto%@AB@%Oct.%@AE@%   Mercury to Oct. 21     Mercury from Oct. 21       Venus                  Saturn       Mars                   Uranus       Jupiter                Neptune                              Pluto%@AB@%Nov.%@AE@%   Venus to Nov. 1        Mercury       Mars to Nov. 27        Venus from Nov. 1       Jupiter                Mars from Nov. 27       Pluto from Nov. 10     Uranus                              Neptune                              Pluto to Nov. 10%@AB@%Dec.%@AE@%   Mercury from Dec. 24   Mercury to Dec. 24       Jupiter                Venus       Uranus from Dec. 31    Mars       Pluto                  Saturn                              Uranus to Dec. 31                              Neptune    %@TE:   74  2708 02 07 23 26 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Astronomical Twilight--Meridian of Greenwich %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   41 11002 04 11 11 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 @%                      20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  30 deg  30 deg  30 deg  30 deg  40 deg  40 deg  40 deg  40 deg   50 deg  50 deg  50 deg  50 deg  60 deg  60 deg  60 deg  60 degDate 1991  Date 1991  Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End     End      Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End     End                      h       m       h       m       h       m       h       m       h       m       h       m        h       m       h       m       h       m       h       m%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Jan.       1          5       16      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%50%@AE@%      5       30      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%35%@AE@%      5       45      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%21%@AE@%       6       00      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%07%@AE@%      6       18      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%49%@AE@%           11         5       19      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%56%@AE@%      5       33      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%43%@AE@%      5       46      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%30%@AE@%       6       00      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%17%@AE@%      6       15      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%01%@AE@%           21         5       21      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%01%@AE@%      5       32      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%51%@AE@%      5       43      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%40%@AE@%       5       55      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%30%@AE@%      6       06      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%18%@AE@% Feb.       1          5       21      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%07%@AE@%      5       29      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%58%@AE@%      5       38      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%51%@AE@%       5       45      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%44%@AE@%      5       51      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%38%@AE@%            11         5       18      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%11%@AE@%      5       24      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%05%@AE@%      5       29      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%01%@AE@%       5       32      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%59%@AE@%      5       32      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%01%@AE@%            21         5       13      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%15%@AE@%      5       17      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%12%@AE@%      5       17      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%12%@AE@%       5       16      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%14%@AE@%      5       09      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%23%@AE@% Mar.       1          5       08      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%18%@AE@%      5       08      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%19%@AE@%      5       06      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%21%@AE@%       4       59      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%29%@AE@%      4       44      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%45%@AE@%            11         5       00      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%21%@AE@%      4       58      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%24%@AE@%      4       50      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%32%@AE@%       4       38      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%46%@AE@%      4       12      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%12%@AE@%            21         4       52      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%24%@AE@%      4       45      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%32%@AE@%      4       33      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%44%@AE@%       4       14      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%04%@AE@%      3       37      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%43%@AE@% Apr.       1          4       42      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%28%@AE@%      4       31      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%39%@AE@%      4       14      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%57%@AE@%       3       47      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%25%@AE@%      2       53      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%21%@AE@%            11         4       32      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%32%@AE@%      4       18      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%47%@AE@%      3       56      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%09%@AE@%       3       20      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%47%@AE@%      2       03      %@AB@%10%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%            21         4       23      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%36%@AE@%      4       04      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%54%@AE@%      3       37      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%23%@AE@%       2       52      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%11%@AE@%      0       37      %@AB@%11%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@% May        1          4       14      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%41%@AE@%      3       52      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%04%@AE@%      3       19      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%37%@AE@%       2       22      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%39%@AE@%           11         4       08      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%46%@AE@%      3       41      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%13%@AE@%      3       03      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%53%@AE@%       1       49      %@AB@%10%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%           21         4       02      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%52%@AE@%      3       32      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%22%@AE@%      2       48      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%07%@AE@%       1       13      %@AB@%10%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%   June       1          3       58      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%58%@AE@%      3       26      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%30%@AE@%      2       36      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%20%@AE@%       0       21      %@AB@%11%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%              11         3       56      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%03%@AE@%      3       22      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%36%@AE@%      2       29      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%30%@AE@%           21         3       57      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%06%@AE@%      3       22      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%40%@AE@%      2       28      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%35%@AE@% July       1          3       59      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%07%@AE@%      3       25      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%41%@AE@%      2       30      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%35%@AE@%                11         4       03      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%06%@AE@%      3       30      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%39%@AE@%      2       40      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%30%@AE@%           21         4       08      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%03%@AE@%      3       39      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%33%@AE@%      2       52      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%18%@AE@%       1       12      %@AB@%11%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%   Aug.       1          4       15      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%56%@AE@%      3       48      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%23%@AE@%      3       09      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%01%@AE@%       1       49      %@AB@%10%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%              11         4       20      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%50%@AE@%      3       56      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%13%@AE@%      3       22      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%46%@AE@%       2       21      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%46%@AE@%              21         4       24      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%41%@AE@%      4       05      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%01%@AE@%      3       34      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%27%@AE@%       2       47      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%15%@AE@%   Sept.      1          4       29      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%31%@AE@%      4       14      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%46%@AE@%      3       51      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%08%@AE@%       3       13      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%43%@AE@%      1       40      %@AB@%10%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%            11         4       32      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%20%@AE@%      4       20      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%33%@AE@%      4       02      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%50%@AE@%       3       33      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%16%@AE@%      2       36      %@AB@%9%@AE@%       %@AB@%12%@AE@%            21         4       35      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%11%@AE@%      4       26      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%19%@AE@%      4       14      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%31%@AE@%       3       52      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%52%@AE@%      3       11      %@AB@%8%@AE@%       %@AB@%31%@AE@% Oct.       1          4       38      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%02%@AE@%      4       33      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%05%@AE@%      4       25      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%13%@AE@%       4       10      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%28%@AE@%      3       41      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%54%@AE@%            11         4       40      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%53%@AE@%      4       40      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%53%@AE@%      4       35      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%58%@AE@%       4       26      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%05%@AE@%      4       07      %@AB@%7%@AE@%       %@AB@%23%@AE@%            21         4       43      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%47%@AE@%      4       45      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%44%@AE@%      4       45      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%43%@AE@%       4       41      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%46%@AE@%      4       32      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%55%@AE@% Nov.       1          4       46      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%41%@AE@%      4       52      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%34%@AE@%      4       56      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%30%@AE@%       4       58      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%27%@AE@%      4       56      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%27%@AE@%            11         4       50      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%38%@AE@%      4       59      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%28%@AE@%      5       06      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%21%@AE@%       5       13      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%14%@AE@%      5       17      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%08%@AE@%            21         4       55      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%36%@AE@%      5       06      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%25%@AE@%      5       16      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%15%@AE@%       5       26      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%04%@AE@%      5       37      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%52%@AE@% Dec.       1          5       00      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%37%@AE@%      5       13      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%24%@AE@%      5       25      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%11%@AE@%       5       38      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%58%@AE@%      5       53      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%42%@AE@%            11         5       06      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%40%@AE@%      5       20      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%26%@AE@%      5       34      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%12%@AE@%       5       48      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%57%@AE@%      6       06      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%38%@AE@%            21         5       11      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%45%@AE@%      5       25      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%30%@AE@%      5       39      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%16%@AE@%       5       55      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%00%@AE@%      6       15      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%40%@AE@%            31         5       15      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%50%@AE@%      5       30      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%35%@AE@%      5       44      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%21%@AE@%       6       00      %@AB@%6%@AE@%       %@AB@%06%@AE@%      6       18      %@AB@%5%@AE@%       %@AB@%48%@AE@% %@TE:   41 11002 04 11 11 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Chronological Eras, 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12   691 02 25 06 16 16 @%Era                      Year  Begins in 1991  Begins in 1991%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Byzantine                7500  Sept.           14Jewish                   5752  Sept.           8 (sunset)Roman (Ab Urbe Condita)  2744  Jan.            14 Nabonassar (Babylonian)  2740  Apr.            26 Japanese                 2651  Jan.            1 Grecian                  2303  Sept.           14(Seleucidae)                   or Oct.         14Diocletian               1708  Sept.           12 Indian (Saka)            1913  Mar.            22 Mohammedan (Hegira)      1412  July            22%@TE:   12   691 02 25 06 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
The year 1991 of the Christian Era comprises the latter part of the 215th
and the beginning of the 216th year of the independence of the United States
of America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Chronological Cycles, 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   393 01 41 35 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Dominical Letter                         FEpact                                    14Golden Number (Lunar Cycle)              XVISolar Cycle                              12Roman Indiction                          14Julian Period (year of)                  6704   %@TE:    7   393 01 41 35 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%1st Month January, 1991 31 days %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Tu   12     3      24     -23    4      6      35     17     32     6      56     17     11     7      22     16     45     7      59     16     08     9      03     15     04

1                                         18     31     7      11     18     11     7      33     17     45     8      00     17     08     8      39     16     04     9      47

2 We   12     3      52     -22    59     6      35     17     32     6      56     17     12     7      22     16     46     7      59     16     09     9      02     15     06

2                                         19     37     8      04     19     22     8      21     19     03     8      43     18     36     9      12     17     52     10     00

3 Th   12     4      20     -22    53     6      36     17     33     6      56     17     12     7      22     16     47     7      58     16     10     9      01     15     07

3                                         20     39     8      50     20     29     9      02     20     17     9      17     20     01     9      37     19     34     10     08

4 Fr   12     4      47     -22    48     6      36     17     34     6      56     17     13     7      22     16     48     7      58     16     12     9      01     15     09

4                                         21     37     9      31     21     33     9      37     21     28     9      46     21     21     9      57     21     10     10     13

5 Sa   12     5      14     -22    42     6      36     17     34     6      57     17     14     7      22     16     49     7      58     16     13     9      00     15     11

5                                         22     32     10     08     22     33     10     10     22     35     10     11     22     37     10     13     22     40     10     16

6 Su   12     5      41     -22    35     6      36     17     35     6      57     17     15     7      22     16     49     7      58     16     14     8      59     15     12

6                                         23     24     10     44     23     31     10     40     23     39     10     35     23     50     10     29     -      -      10     19

7 Mo   12     6      7      -22    28     6      37     17     36     6      57     17     16     7      22     16     50     7      57     16     15     8      58     15     14

7      18     35     LQ                   -      -      11     19     -      -      11     10     -      -      11     00     -      -      10     45     0      08     10     23

8 Tu   12     6      33     -22    20     6      37     17     36     6      57     17     16     7      22     16     51     7      57     16     16     8      57     15     16

8                                         0      16     11     55     0      28     11     42     0      42     11     25     1      02     11     02     1      34     10     27

9 We   12     6      58     -22    12     6      37     17     37     6      57     17     17     7      22     16     52     7      57     16     18     8      56     15     18

9                                         1      08     12     33     1      24     12     15     1      44     11     53     2      13     11     23     3      00     10     32

10 Th  12     7      23     -22    4      6      37     17     38     6      57     17     18     7      22     16     53     7      56     16     19     8      55     15     20

10                                        2      01     13     14     2      21     12     52     2      46     12     25     3      22     11     48     4      26     10     42

11 Fr  12     7      47     -21    55     6      37     17     38     6      57     17     19     7      21     16     54     7      56     16     20     8      54     15     22

11                                        2      53     13     58     3      17     13     34     3      46     13     03     4      29     12     19     5      49     10     58

12 Sa  12     8      11     -21    46     6      38     17     39     6      57     17     20     7      21     16     55     7      55     16     22     8      53     15     24

12                                        3      46     14     45     4      11     14     20     4      43     13     47     5      30     12     59     7      03     11     27

13 Su  12     8      34     -21    36     6      38     17     40     6      57     17     20     7      21     16     56     7      54     16     23     8      51     15     26

13                                        4      37     15     36     5      03     15     10     5      36     14     38     6      24     13     50     7      59     12     15

14 Mo  12     8      56     -21    26     6      38     17     40     6      57     17     21     7      21     16     58     7      54     16     24     8      50     15     28

14                                        5      26     16     29     5      51     16     05     6      22     15     34     7      08     14     50     8      34     13     25

15 Tu  12     9      18     -21    15     6      38     17     41     6      57     17     22     7      20     16     59     7      53     16     26     8      48     15     31

15     23     50     NM                   6      12     17     23     6      34     17     01     7      03     16     35     7      43     15     56     8      53     14     48

16 We  12     9      39     -21    4      6      38     17     42     6      57     17     23     7      20     17     00     7      52     16     27     8      47     15     33

16                                        6      55     18     16     7      14     17     59     7      37     17     37     8      10     17     07     9      05     16     15

17 Th  12     9      59     -20    53     6      38     17     42     6      56     17     24     7      19     17     01     7      52     16     29     8      45     15     35

17                                        7      34     19     09     7      49     18     56     8      07     18     40     8      32     18     18     9      11     17     42

18 Fr  12     10     19     -20    41     6      38     17     43     6      56     17     25     7      19     17     02     7      51     16     30     8      44     15     38

18                                        8      11     20     01     8      21     19     54     8      33     19     44     8      50     19     30     9      16     19     09

19 Sa  12     10     38     -20    29     6      38     17     44     6      56     17     25     7      19     17     03     7      50     16     32     8      42     15     40

19                                        8      46     20     53     8      51     20     51     8      58     20     47     9      06     20     43     9      19     20     35

20 Su  12     10     56     -20    17     6      38     17     44     6      56     17     26     7      18     17     04     7      49     16     34     8      40     15     42

20                                        9      21     21     46     9      21     21     49     9      21     21     52     9      21     21     56     9      22     22     02

21 Mo  12     11     14     -20    4      6      38     17     45     6      55     17     27     7      17     17     05     7      48     16     35     8      38     15     45

21                                        9      56     22     40     9      51     22     48     9      45     22     58     9      37     23     11     9      25     23     32

22 Tu  12     11     30     -19    50     6      38     17     45     6      55     17     28     7      17     17     07     7      47     16     37     8      36     15     47

22                                        10     34     23     37     10     24     23     50     10     11     -      -      9      54     -      -      9      29     -      -

23 We  12     11     46     -19    37     6      38     17     46     6      55     17     29     7      16     17     08     7      46     16     38     8      34     15     50

23     14     21     FQ                   11     15     -      -      11     00     -      -      10     41     0      06     10     15     0      29     9      34     1      06

24 Th  12     12     1      -19    23     6      37     17     47     6      54     17     30     7      16     17     09     7      45     16     40     8      33     15     52

24                                        12     01     0      37     11     41     0      55     11     16     1      18     10     42     1      50     9      44     2      45

25 Fr  12     12     16     -19    8      6      37     17     47     6      54     17     31     7      15     17     10     7      43     16     42     8      30     15     55

25                                        12     54     1      40     12     30     2      03     12     01     2      31     11     18     3      12     10     01     4      27

26 Sa  12     12     29     -18    54     6      37     17     48     6      54     17     32     7      14     17     11     7      42     16     43     8      28     15     57

26                                        13     54     2      46     13     28     3      11     12     55     3      43     12     08     4      30     10     36     6      01

27 Su  12     12     42     -18    38     6      37     17     49     6      53     17     32     7      13     17     12     7      41     16     45     8      26     16     00

27                                        14     59     3      51     14     34     4      17     14     01     4      49     13     14     5      37     11     42     7      09

28 Mo  12     12     53     -18    23     6      37     17     49     6      53     17     33     7      13     17     14     7      40     16     47     8      24     16     02

28                                        16     07     4      52     15     44     5      16     15     15     5      46     14     34     6      29     13     18     7      47

29 Tu  12     13     4      -18    7      6      37     17     50     6      52     17     34     7      12     17     15     7      38     16     48     8      22     16     05

29                                        17     14     5      48     16     56     6      08     16     33     6      33     16     01     7      08     15     06     8      06

30 We  12     13     15     -17    51     6      36     17     50     6      52     17     35     7      11     17     16     7      37     16     50     8      20     16     08

30     6      10     FM                   18     18     6      37     18     05     6      52     17     50     7      11     17     28     7      36     16     52     8      16

31 Th  12     13     24     -17    35     6      36     17     51     6      51     17     36     7      10     17     17     7      36     16     52     8      17     16     10

31                                        19     19     7      21     19     12     7      31     19     03     7      43     18     51     7      58     18     33     8      22


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@%%@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@% %@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%2nd Month February, 1991 28 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Fr   12     13     33     -17    18     6      36     17     52     6      51     17     37     7      09     17     18     7      34     16     53     8      15     16     13

32                                        %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%

2 Sa   12     13     40     -17    1      6      35     17     52     6      50     17     38     7      08     17     20     7      33     16     55     8      13     16     15

33                                        %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%

3 Su   12     13     47     -16    44     6      35     17     53     6      49     17     38     7      07     17     21     7      31     16     57     8      10     16     18

34                                        %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%

4 Mo   12     13     54     -16    26     6      35     17     53     6      49     17     39     7      06     17     22     7      30     16     58     8      08     16     21

35                                        %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%

5 Tu   12     13     59     -16    8      6      34     17     54     6      48     17     40     7      05     17     23     7      28     17     00     8      05     16     23

36                                        %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%

6 We   12     14     3      -15    50     6      34     17     54     6      47     17     41     7      04     17     24     7      27     17     02     8      03     16     26

%@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%

7 Th   12     14     7      -15    32     6      33     17     55     6      47     17     42     7      03     17     26     7      25     17     04     8      01     16     29

38                                        %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%

8 Fr   12     14     10     -15    13     6      33     17     56     6      46     17     43     7      02     17     27     7      24     17     05     7      58     16     31

39                                        %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%

9 Sa   12     14     12     -14    54     6      33     17     56     6      45     17     43     7      01     17     28     7      22     17     07     7      55     16     34

40                                        %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%

10 Su  12     14     14     -14    35     6      32     17     57     6      45     17     44     7      00     17     29     7      20     17     09     7      53     16     37

41                                        %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%

11 Mo  12     14     15     -14    16     6      32     17     57     6      44     17     45     6      59     17     30     7      19     17     11     7      50     16     39

42                                        %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%

12 Tu  12     14     15     -13    56     6      31     17     58     6      43     17     46     6      57     17     32     7      17     17     12     7      48     16     42

43                                        %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%

13 We  12     14     14     -13    36     6      31     17     58     6      42     17     47     6      56     17     33     7      15     17     14     7      45     16     44

44                                        %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%

14 Th  12     14     12     -13    16     6      30     17     59     6      41     17     48     6      55     17     34     7      13     17     16     7      42     16     47

%@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%

15 Fr  12     14     10     -12    55     6      30     17     59     6      40     17     48     6      54     17     35     7      12     17     17     7      40     16     50

46                                        %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%

16 Sa  12     14     7      -12    35     6      29     18     00     6      40     17     49     6      52     17     36     7      10     17     19     7      37     16     52

47                                        %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%

17 Su  12     14     3      -12    14     6      28     18     00     6      39     17     50     6      51     17     38     7      08     17     21     7      34     16     55

48                                        %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%

18 Mo  12     13     59     -11    53     6      28     18     00     6      38     17     51     6      50     17     39     7      06     17     23     7      31     16     58

49                                        %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%

19 Tu  12     13     53     -11    32     6      27     18     01     6      37     17     51     6      48     17     40     7      04     17     24     7      29     17     00

50                                        %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

20 We  12     13     48     -11    11     6      27     18     01     6      36     17     52     6      47     17     41     7      02     17     26     7      26     17     03

51                                        %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%

21 Th  12     13     41     -10    49     6      26     18     02     6      35     17     53     6      46     17     42     7      00     17     28     7      23     17     05

%@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%

22 Fr  12     13     34     -10    27     6      25     18     02     6      34     17     54     6      44     17     43     6      58     17     29     7      20     17     08

53                                        %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%

23 Sa  12     13     26     -10    6      6      25     18     03     6      33     17     54     6      43     17     44     6      57     17     31     7      17     17     11

54                                        %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%

24 Su  12     13     18     -9     44     6      24     18     03     6      32     17     55     6      42     17     46     6      55     17     33     7      15     17     13

55                                        %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%

25 Mo  12     13     8      -9     21     6      23     18     03     6      31     17     56     6      40     17     47     6      53     17     34     7      12     17     16

56                                        %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%

26 Tu  12     12     59     -8     59     6      22     18     04     6      30     17     57     6      39     17     48     6      51     17     36     7      09     17     18

57                                        %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%

27 We  12     12     49     -8     37     6      22     18     04     6      29     17     57     6      37     17     49     6      49     17     38     7      06     17     21

58                                        %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%

28 Th  12     12     38     -8     14     6      21     18     05     6      28     17     58     6      36     17     50     6      47     17     40     7      03     17     23

%@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%3rd Month March, 1991 31 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Fr   12     12     26     -7     52     6      20     18     05     6      27     17     59     6      34     17     51     6      45     17     41     7      00     17     26

60                                        %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%

2 Sa   12     12     14     -7     29     6      20     18     05     6      26     17     59     6      33     17     52     6      42     17     43     6      57     17     28

61                                        %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%

3 Su   12     12     2      -7     6      6      19     18     06     6      24     18     00     6      31     17     53     6      40     17     44     6      54     17     31

62                                        %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%

4 Mo   12     11     49     -6     43     6      18     18     06     6      23     18     01     6      30     17     54     6      38     17     46     6      51     17     34

63                                        %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%

5 Tu   12     11     36     -6     20     6      17     18     06     6      22     18     01     6      28     17     56     6      36     17     48     6      48     17     36

64                                        %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%

6 We   12     11     22     -5     57     6      16     18     07     6      21     18     02     6      27     17     57     6      34     17     49     6      45     17     39

65                                        %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%

7 Th   12     11     8      -5     33     6      16     18     07     6      20     18     03     6      25     17     58     6      32     17     51     6      42     17     41

66                                        %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%

8 Fr   12     10     54     -5     10     6      15     18     07     6      19     18     03     6      24     17     59     6      30     17     53     6      39     17     44

%@AB@%67%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%

9 Sa   12     10     39     -4     47     6      14     18     08     6      18     18     04     6      22     18     00     6      28     17     54     6      37     17     46

68                                        %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%

10 Su  12     10     24     -4     23     6      13     18     08     6      17     18     05     6      21     18     01     6      26     17     56     6      34     17     49

69                                        %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%

11 Mo  12     10     8      -3     60     6      12     18     08     6      15     18     05     6      19     18     02     6      24     17     58     6      31     17     51

70                                        %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%

12 Tu  12     9      53     -3     36     6      11     18     09     6      14     18     06     6      17     18     03     6      21     17     59     6      28     17     54

71                                        %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%

13 We  12     9      37     -3     13     6      11     18     09     6      13     18     07     6      16     18     04     6      19     18     01     6      25     17     56

72                                        %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%

14 Th  12     9      20     -2     49     6      10     18     09     6      12     18     07     6      14     18     05     6      17     18     02     6      22     17     58

73                                        %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%

15 Fr  12     9      4      -2     25     6      09     18     09     6      11     18     08     6      13     18     06     6      15     18     04     6      19     18     01

74                                        %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%

16 Sa  12     8      47     -2     2      6      08     18     10     6      09     18     09     6      11     18     07     6      13     18     06     6      16     18     03

%@AB@%75%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%

17 Su  12     8      30     -1     38     6      07     18     10     6      08     18     09     6      09     18     08     6      11     18     07     6      13     18     06

76                                        %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%

18 Mo  12     8      12     -1     14     6      06     18     10     6      07     18     10     6      08     18     09     6      09     18     09     6      09     18     08

77                                        %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%

19 Tu  12     7      55     -0     50     6      06     18     11     6      06     18     10     6      06     18     10     6      06     18     10     6      06     18     11

78                                        %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%

20 We  12     7      37     -0     27     6      05     18     11     6      05     18     11     6      05     18     11     6      04     18     12     6      03     18     13

79                                        %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

21 Th  12     7      20     -0     3      6      04     18     11     6      03     18     12     6      03     18     12     6      02     18     14     6      00     18     16

80                                        %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%

22 Fr  12     7      2      0      21     6      03     18     11     6      02     18     12     6      01     18     13     6      00     18     15     5      57     18     18

81                                        %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%

23 Sa  12     6      44     0      44     6      02     18     12     6      01     18     13     6      00     18     14     5      58     18     17     5      54     18     21

%@AB@%82%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%

24 Su  12     6      26     1      8      6      01     18     12     6      00     18     14     5      58     18     16     5      55     18     18     5      51     18     23

83                                        %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%

25 Mo  12     6      8      1      32     6      00     18     12     5      59     18     14     5      56     18     17     5      53     18     20     5      48     18     25

84                                        %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%

26 Tu  12     5      49     1      55     5      59     18     13     5      57     18     15     5      55     18     18     5      51     18     22     5      45     18     28

85                                        %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%

27 We  12     5      31     2      19     5      59     18     13     5      56     18     15     5      53     18     19     5      49     18     23     5      42     18     30

86                                        %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%

28 Th  12     5      13     2      42     5      58     18     13     5      55     18     16     5      52     18     20     5      47     18     25     5      39     18     33

87                                        %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%

29 Fr  12     4      55     3      6      5      57     18     13     5      54     18     17     5      50     18     21     5      45     18     26     5      36     18     35

88                                        %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%

30 Sa  12     4      36     3      29     5      56     18     14     5      53     18     17     5      48     18     22     5      42     18     28     5      33     18     38

%@AB@%89%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%

31 Su  12     4      18     3      52     5      55     18     14     5      51     18     18     5      47     18     23     5      40     18     29     5      30     18     20

90                                        %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%4th Month April, 1991 30 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Mo   12     4      0      4      16     5      54     18     14     5      50     18     18     5      45     18     24     5      38     18     31     5      27     18     42

91                                        %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%

2 Tu   12     3      42     4      39     5      53     18     14     5      49     18     19     5      43     18     25     5      36     18     33     5      24     18     45

92                                        %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%

3 We   12     3      24     5      02     5      52     18     15     5      48     18     20     5      42     18     26     5      34     18     34     5      21     18     47

93                                        %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%

4 Th   12     3      7      5      25     5      52     18     15     5      47     18     20     5      40     18     27     5      32     18     36     5      18     18     50

94                                        %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%

5 Fr   12     2      49     5      48     5      51     18     15     5      45     18     21     5      39     18     28     5      29     18     37     5      15     18     52

95                                        %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%

6 Sa   12     2      32     6      11     5      50     18     15     5      44     18     21     5      37     18     29     5      27     18     39     5      12     18     55

96                                        %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%

7 Su   12     2      15     6      33     5      49     18     16     5      43     18     22     5      35     18     30     5      25     18     40     5      09     18     57

%@AB@%97%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%

8 Mo   12     1      58     6      56     5      48     18     16     5      42     18     23     5      34     18     31     5      23     18     42     5      06     19     00

98                                        %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%

9 Tu   12     1      42     7      18     5      47     18     16     5      41     18     23     5      32     18     32     5      21     18     43     5      03     19     02

99                                        %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%

10 We  12     1      25     7      41     5      47     18     17     5      40     18     24     5      31     18     33     5      19     18     45     5      00     19     04

100                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%

11 Th  12     1      9      8      3      5      46     18     17     5      38     18     24     5      29     18     34     5      17     18     47     4      57     19     07

101                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%

12 Fr  12     0      54     8      25     5      45     18     17     5      37     18     25     5      28     18     35     5      15     18     48     4      54     19     09

102                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%

13 Sa  12     0      38     8      47     5      44     18     17     5      36     18     26     5      26     18     36     5      13     18     50     4      51     19     12

103                                       %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%

14 Su  12     0      23     9      09     5      43     18     18     5      35     18     26     5      25     18     37     5      10     18     51     4      48     19     14

%@AB@%104%@AE@%    %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%

15 Mo  12     0      8      9      30     5      43     18     18     5      34     18     27     5      23     18     38     5      08     18     53     4      45     19     17

105                                       %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%

16 Tu  11     59     54     9      52     5      42     18     18     5      33     18     27     5      22     18     39     5      06     18     54     4      42     19     19

106                                       %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%

17 We  11     59     40     10     13     5      41     18     19     5      32     18     28     5      20     18     40     5      04     18     56     4      39     19     22

107                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

18 Th  11     59     26     10     34     5      40     18     19     5      31     18     29     5      19     18     41     5      02     18     58     4      36     19     24

108                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%

19 Fr  11     59     13     10     55     5      39     18     19     5      30     18     29     5      17     18     42     5      00     18     59     4      33     19     27

109                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%

20 Sa  11     58     60     11     16     5      39     18     20     5      28     18     30     5      16     18     43     4      58     19     01     4      31     19     29

110                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%

21 Su  11     58     47     11     37     5      38     18     20     5      27     18     31     5      14     18     44     4      56     19     02     4      28     19     32

%@AB@%111%@AE@%    %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%

22 Mo  11     58     35     11     57     5      37     18     20     5      26     18     31     5      13     18     45     4      54     19     04     4      25     19     34

112                                       %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%

23 Tu  11     58     24     12     17     5      37     18     21     5      25     18     32     5      12     18     46     4      52     19     05     4      22     19     37

113                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%

24 We  11     58     12     12     37     5      36     18     21     5      24     18     32     5      10     18     47     4      50     19     07     4      19     19     39

114                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%

25 Th  11     58     2      12     57     5      35     18     21     5      23     18     33     5      09     18     48     4      49     19     09     4      16     19     42

115                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%

26 Fr  11     57     51     13     17     5      34     18     22     5      22     18     34     5      07     18     49     4      47     19     10     4      13     19     44

116                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%

27 Sa  11     57     41     13     36     5      34     18     22     5      21     18     34     5      06     18     50     4      45     19     12     4      11     19     47

117                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%

28 Su  11     57     32     13     55     5      33     18     22     5      20     18     35     5      05     18     51     4      43     19     13     4      08     19     49

%@AB@%118%@AE@%    %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%

29 Mo  11     57     23     14     14     5      32     18     23     5      20     18     36     5      03     18     52     4      41     19     15     4      05     19     51

119                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%

30 Tu  11     57     15     14     33     5      32     18     23     5      19     18     36     5      02     18     53     4      39     19     16     4      02     19     54

120                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%5th Month May, 1991 31 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 We   11     57     7      14     51     5      31     18     23     5      18     18     37     5      01     18     54     4      37     19     18     4      00     19     56

121                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%

2 Th   11     56     60     15     10     5      31     18     24     5      17     18     38     5      00     18     55     4      36     19     19     3      57     19     59

122                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%

3 Fr   11     56     53     15     28     5      30     18     24     5      16     18     38     4      58     18     56     4      34     19     21     3      54     20     01

123                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%

4 Sa   11     56     47     15     45     5      29     18     24     5      15     18     39     4      57     18     57     4      32     19     22     3      51     20     04

124                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%

5 Su   11     56     42     16     3      5      29     18     25     5      14     18     40     4      56     18     58     4      30     19     24     3      49     20     06

125                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%

6 Mo   11     56     37     16     20     5      28     18     25     5      13     18     40     4      55     18     59     4      29     19     25     3      46     20     09

126                                       %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%

7 Tu   11     56     32     16     37     5      28     18     26     5      13     18     41     4      54     19     00     4      27     19     27     3      44     20     11

%@AB@%127%@AE@%    %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%

8 We   11     56     28     16     53     5      27     18     26     5      12     18     41     4      53     19     01     4      26     19     28     3      41     20     14

128                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%

9 Th   11     56     25     17     10     5      27     18     26     5      11     18     42     4      51     19     02     4      24     19     30     3      38     20     16

129                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%

10 Fr  11     56     22     17     26     5      26     18     27     5      10     18     43     4      50     19     03     4      22     19     31     3      36     20     19

130                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%

11 Sa  11     56     20     17     42     5      26     18     27     5      10     18     43     4      49     19     04     4      21     19     33     3      33     20     21

131                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%

12 Su  11     56     19     17     57     5      25     18     27     5      09     18     44     4      48     19     05     4      19     19     34     3      31     20     23

132                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%

13 Mo  11     56     18     18     12     5      25     18     28     5      08     18     45     4      47     19     06     4      18     19     36     3      28     20     26

133                                       %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%

14 Tu  11     56     18     18     27     5      25     18     28     5      08     18     45     4      46     19     07     4      16     19     37     3      26     20     28

%@AB@%134%@AE@%    %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%

15 We  11     56     18     18     42     5      24     18     29     5      07     18     46     4      45     19     08     4      15     19     39     3      24     20     31

135                                       %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%

16 Th  11     56     19     18     56     5      24     18     29     5      06     18     47     4      44     19     09     4      14     19     40     3      21     20     33

136                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

17 Fr  11     56     20     19     10     5      23     18     29     5      06     18     47     4      44     19     10     4      12     19     41     3      19     20     35

137                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%

18 Sa  11     56     22     19     23     5      23     18     30     5      05     18     48     4      43     19     11     4      11     19     43     3      17     20     38

138                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%

19 Su  11     56     25     19     37     5      23     18     30     5      05     18     49     4      42     19     12     4      10     19     44     3      15     20     40

139                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%

20 Mo  11     56     28     19     50     5      22     18     31     5      04     18     49     4      41     19     12     4      08     19     45     3      12     20     42

%@AB@%140%@AE@%    %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%

21 Tu  11     56     31     20     2      5      22     18     31     5      04     18     50     4      40     19     13     4      07     19     47     3      10     20     44

141                                       %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%

22 We  11     56     35     20     15     5      22     18     32     5      03     18     50     4      39     19     14     4      06     19     48     3      08     20     47

142                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%

23 Th  11     56     40     20     26     5      22     18     32     5      03     18     51     4      39     19     15     4      05     19     49     3      06     20     49

143                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%

24 Fr  11     56     45     20     38     5      21     18     32     5      02     18     52     4      38     19     16     4      04     19     51     3      04     20     51

144                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%

25 Sa  11     56     50     20     49     5      21     18     33     5      02     18     52     4      37     19     17     4      03     19     52     3      02     20     53

145                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%

26 Su  11     56     56     21     00     5      21     18     33     5      01     18     53     4      37     19     18     4      02     19     53     3      00     20     55

146                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%

27 Mo  11     57     3      21     10     5      21     18     34     5      01     18     53     4      36     19     18     4      01     19     54     2      58     20     57

147                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%

28 Tu  11     57     10     21     21     5      21     18     34     5      01     18     54     4      35     19     19     4      00     19     55     2      57     20     59

%@AB@%148%@AE@%    %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%

29 We  11     57     17     21     30     5      20     18     34     5      00     18     54     4      35     19     20     3      59     19     56     2      55     21     01

149                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%

30 Th  11     57     25     21     40     5      20     18     35     5      00     18     55     4      34     19     21     3      58     19     58     2      53     21     03

150                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%

31 Fr  11     57     33     21     49     5      20     18     35     5      00     18     56     4      34     19     22     3      57     19     59     2      52     21     05

151                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%6th Month June, 1991 30 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Sa   11     57     42     21     57     5      20     18     36     4      59     18     56     4      33     19     22     3      56     20     00     2      50     21     07

152                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%

2 Su   11     57     51     22     6      5      20     18     36     4      59     18     57     4      33     19     23     3      56     20     01     2      49     21     08

153                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%

3 Mo   11     58     1      22     13     5      20     18     36     4      59     18     57     4      33     19     24     3      55     20     02     2      47     21     10

154                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%

4 Tu   11     58     11     22     21     5      20     18     37     4      59     18     58     4      32     19     24     3      54     20     03     2      46     21     12

155                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%

5 We   11     58     21     22     28     5      20     18     37     4      59     18     58     4      32     19     25     3      54     20     04     2      45     21     13

%@AB@%156%@AE@%    %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%

6 Th   11     58     32     22     35     5      20     18     37     4      59     18     59     4      32     19     26     3      53     20     04     2      43     21     15

157                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%

7 Fr   11     58     43     22     41     5      20     18     38     4      58     18     59     4      31     19     26     3      53     20     05     2      42     21     16

158                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%

8 Sa   11     58     54     22     47     5      20     18     38     4      58     19     00     4      31     19     27     3      52     20     06     2      41     21     17

159                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%

9 Su   11     59     6      22     52     5      20     18     38     4      58     19     00     4      31     19     27     3      52     20     07     2      40     21     19

160                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%

10 Mo  11     59     18     22     57     5      20     18     39     4      58     19     00     4      31     19     28     3      51     20     08     2      39     21     20

161                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%

11 Tu  11     59     30     23     2      5      20     18     39     4      58     19     01     4      31     19     28     3      51     20     08     2      39     21     21

162                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%

12 We  11     59     42     23     6      5      20     18     39     4      58     19     01     4      31     19     29     3      51     20     09     2      38     21     22

%@AB@%163%@AE@%    %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%

13 Th  11     59     54     23     10     5      20     18     40     4      58     19     02     4      31     19     29     3      51     20     10     2      37     21     23

164                                       %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%

14 Fr  12     0      7      23     14     5      20     18     40     4      58     19     02     4      31     19     30     3      50     20     10     2      37     21     24

165                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%

15 Sa  12     0      20     23     17     5      20     18     40     4      58     19     02     4      31     19     30     3      50     20     11     2      36     21     25

166                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%

16 Su  12     0      33     23     19     5      20     18     41     4      59     19     03     4      31     19     31     3      50     20     11     2      36     21     25

167                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%

17 Mo  12     0      46     23     22     5      21     18     41     4      59     19     03     4      31     19     31     3      50     20     12     2      36     21     26

168                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%

18 Tu  12     0      59     23     23     5      21     18     41     4      59     19     03     4      31     19     31     3      50     20     12     2      36     21     27

169                                       %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%

19 We  12     1      12     23     25     5      21     18     41     4      59     19     04     4      31     19     32     3      50     20     12     2      36     21     27

%@AB@%170%@AE@%    %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%

20 Th  12     1      25     23     26     5      21     18     42     4      59     19     04     4      31     19     32     3      50     20     13     2      36     21     27

171                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%

21 Fr  12     1      38     23     26     5      21     18     42     4      59     19     04     4      31     19     32     3      51     20     13     2      36     21     28

172                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%

22 Sa  12     1      51     23     26     5      22     18     42     4      59     19     04     4      31     19     32     3      51     20     13     2      36     21     28

173                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%

23 Su  12     2      4      23     26     5      22     18     42     5      00     19     04     4      32     19     32     3      51     20     13     2      36     21     28

174                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

24 Mo  12     2      17     23     26     5      22     18     42     5      00     19     05     4      32     19     33     3      51     20     13     2      36     21     28

175                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%

25 Tu  12     2      30     23     24     5      22     18     43     5      00     19     05     4      32     19     33     3      52     20     13     2      37     21     28

176                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%

26 We  12     2      42     23     23     5      23     18     43     5      01     19     05     4      32     19     33     3      52     20     13     2      37     21     28

177                                       %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%

27 Th  12     2      55     23     21     5      23     18     43     5      01     19     05     4      33     19     33     3      52     20     13     2      38     21     27

%@AB@%178%@AE@%    %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%

28 Fr  12     3      7      23     19     5      23     18     43     5      01     19     05     4      33     19     33     3      53     20     13     2      39     21     27

179                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%

29 Sa  12     3      19     23     16     5      23     18     43     5      01     19     05     4      34     19     33     3      53     20     13     2      40     21     26

180                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%

30 Su  12     3      31     23     13     5      24     18     43     5      02     19     05     4      34     19     33     3      54     20     13     2      41     21     26

181                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%7th Month July, 1991 31 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Mo   12     3      43     23     9      5      24     18     43     5      02     19     05     4      35     19     33     3      55     20     13     2      42     21     25

182                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%

2 Tu   12     3      54     23     5      5      24     18     43     5      03     19     05     4      35     19     33     3      55     20     12     2      43     21     25

183                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%

3 We   12     4      6      23     1      5      25     18     43     5      03     19     05     4      36     19     32     3      56     20     12     2      44     21     24

184                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%

4 Th   12     4      17     22     56     5      25     18     44     5      03     19     05     4      36     19     32     3      57     20     12     2      45     21     23

185                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%

5 Fr   12     4      27     22     51     5      25     18     44     5      04     19     05     4      37     19     32     3      57     20     11     2      46     21     22

%@AB@%186%@AE@%    %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%

6 Sa   12     4      38     22     46     5      26     18     44     5      04     19     05     4      37     19     32     3      58     20     11     2      48     21     21

187                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%

7 Su   12     4      48     22     40     5      26     18     44     5      05     19     05     4      38     19     32     3      59     20     10     2      49     21     20

188                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%

8 Mo   12     4      57     22     33     5      26     18     43     5      05     19     05     4      38     19     31     4      00     20     10     2      50     21     18

189                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%

9 Tu   12     5      7      22     27     5      27     18     43     5      06     19     04     4      39     19     31     4      01     20     09     2      52     21     17

190                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%

10 We  12     5      16     22     20     5      27     18     43     5      06     19     04     4      40     19     30     4      02     20     08     2      54     21     16

191                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%

11 Th  12     5      24     22     12     5      27     18     43     5      07     19     04     4      40     19     30     4      03     20     08     2      55     21     14

%@AB@%192%@AE@%    %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%

12 Fr  12     5      32     22     4      5      28     18     43     5      07     19     04     4      41     19     30     4      04     20     07     2      57     21     13

193                                       %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%

13 Sa  12     5      40     21     56     5      28     18     43     5      08     19     03     4      42     19     29     4      05     20     06     2      59     21     11

194                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%

14 Su  12     5      47     21     47     5      29     18     43     5      08     19     03     4      43     19     29     4      06     20     05     3      01     21     10

195                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%

15 Mo  12     5      53     21     38     5      29     18     43     5      09     19     03     4      43     19     28     4      07     20     04     3      02     21     08

196                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%

16 Tu  12     5      59     21     29     5      29     18     43     5      09     19     02     4      44     19     28     4      08     20     03     3      04     21     06

197                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%

17 We  12     6      5      21     19     5      30     18     42     5      10     19     02     4      45     19     27     4      09     20     02     3      06     21     04

198                                       %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%

18 Th  12     6      10     21     9      5      30     18     42     5      10     19     02     4      46     19     26     4      10     20     01     3      08     21     03

%@AB@%199%@AE@%    %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%

19 Fr  12     6      14     20     59     5      30     18     42     5      11     19     01     4      46     19     26     4      11     20     00     3      10     21     01

200                                       %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%

20 Sa  12     6      18     20     48     5      31     18     42     5      12     19     01     4      47     19     25     4      13     19     59     3      12     20     59

201                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%

21 Su  12     6      22     20     37     5      31     18     41     5      12     19     00     4      48     19     24     4      14     19     58     3      15     20     57

202                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%

22 Mo  12     6      24     20     25     5      32     18     41     5      13     19     00     4      49     19     23     4      15     19     57     3      17     20     55

203                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%

23 Tu  12     6      27     20     13     5      32     18     41     5      13     18     59     4      50     19     23     4      16     19     56     3      19     20     52

204                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

24 We  12     6      28     20     1      5      32     18     40     5      14     18     59     4      51     19     22     4      18     19     54     3      21     20     50

205                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%

25 Th  12     6      29     19     49     5      33     18     40     5      14     18     58     4      51     19     21     4      19     19     53     3      23     20     48

206                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%

26 Fr  12     6      29     19     36     5      33     18     40     5      15     18     58     4      52     19     20     4      20     19     52     3      25     20     46

%@AB@%207%@AE@%    %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%

27 Sa  12     6      29     19     23     5      33     18     39     5      16     18     57     4      53     19     19     4      22     19     51     3      28     20     44

208                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%

28 Su  12     6      28     19     9      5      34     18     39     5      16     18     56     4      54     19     18     4      23     19     49     3      30     20     41

209                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%

29 Mo  12     6      27     18     55     5      34     18     39     5      17     18     56     4      55     19     17     4      24     19     48     3      32     20     39

210                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%

30 Tu  12     6      25     18     41     5      34     18     38     5      17     18     55     4      56     19     16     4      26     19     46     3      35     20     37

211                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%

31 We  12     6      22     18     27     5      35     18     38     5      18     18     54     4      57     19     15     4      27     19     45     3      37     20     34

212                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%8th Month August, 1991 31 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Th   12     6      19     18     12     5      35     18     37     5      19     18     54     4      58     19     14     4      28     19     43     3      39     20     32

213                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%

2 Fr   12     6      15     17     57     5      36     18     37     5      19     18     53     4      59     19     13     4      30     19     42     3      42     20     29

214                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%

3 Sa   12     6      11     17     42     5      36     18     36     5      20     18     52     5      00     19     12     4      31     19     40     3      44     20     27

%@AB@%215%@AE@%    %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%

4 Su   12     6      6      17     26     5      36     18     36     5      20     18     51     5      01     19     11     4      33     19     39     3      46     20     24

216                                       %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%

5 Mo   12     6      0      17     10     5      37     18     35     5      21     18     51     5      01     19     10     4      34     19     37     3      49     20     22

217                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%

6 Tu   12     5      54     16     54     5      37     18     35     5      22     18     50     5      02     19     09     4      36     19     35     3      51     20     19

218                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%

7 We   12     5      48     16     37     5      37     18     34     5      22     18     49     5      03     19     08     4      37     19     34     3      54     20     16

219                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%

8 Th   12     5      40     16     21     5      38     18     33     5      23     18     48     5      04     19     06     4      38     19     32     3      56     20     14

220                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%

9 Fr   12     5      32     16     4      5      38     18     33     5      23     18     47     5      05     19     05     4      40     19     30     3      58     20     11

221                                       %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%

10 Sa  12     5      24     15     46     5      38     18     32     5      24     18     46     5      06     19     04     4      41     19     28     4      01     20     08

%@AB@%222%@AE@%    %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%

11 Su  12     5      15     15     29     5      39     18     32     5      25     18     45     5      07     19     03     4      43     19     27     4      03     20     06

223                                       %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%

12 Mo  12     5      5      15     11     5      39     18     31     5      25     18     45     5      08     19     01     4      44     19     25     4      06     20     03

224                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%

13 Tu  12     4      55     14     53     5      39     18     30     5      26     18     44     5      09     19     00     4      46     19     23     4      08     20     00

225                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%

14 We  12     4      44     14     35     5      40     18     30     5      26     18     43     5      10     18     59     4      47     19     21     4      10     19     57

226                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%

15 Th  12     4      33     14     17     5      40     18     29     5      27     18     42     5      11     18     57     4      49     19     19     4      13     19     55

227                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%

16 Fr  12     4      21     13     58     5      40     18     28     5      28     18     41     5      12     18     56     4      50     19     17     4      15     19     52

228                                       %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%

17 Sa  12     4      9      13     39     5      40     18     28     5      28     18     40     5      13     18     55     4      52     19     16     4      18     19     49

%@AB@%229%@AE@%    %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%

18 Su  12     3      56     13     20     5      41     18     27     5      29     18     39     5      14     18     53     4      53     19     14     4      20     19     46

230                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%

19 Mo  12     3      42     13     1      5      41     18     26     5      29     18     38     5      15     18     52     4      55     19     12     4      22     19     43

231                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%

20 Tu  12     3      28     12     41     5      41     18     25     5      30     18     37     5      16     18     51     4      56     19     10     4      25     19     40

232                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%

21 We  12     3      14     12     21     5      42     18     25     5      30     18     36     5      17     18     49     4      58     19     08     4      27     19     38

233                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

22 Th  12     2      59     12     1      5      42     18     24     5      31     18     34     5      18     18     48     4      59     19     06     4      30     19     35

234                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%

23 Fr  12     2      44     11     41     5      42     18     23     5      32     18     33     5      19     18     46     5      01     19     04     4      32     19     32

235                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%

24 Sa  12     2      28     11     21     5      42     18     22     5      32     18     32     5      20     18     45     5      02     19     02     4      34     19     29

236                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%

25 Su  12     2      12     11     0      5      43     18     22     5      33     18     31     5      20     18     43     5      04     19     00     4      37     19     26

%@AB@%237%@AE@%    %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%

26 Mo  12     1      55     10     40     5      43     18     21     5      33     18     30     5      21     18     42     5      05     18     58     4      39     19     23

238    %@AB@%18%@AE@%                                        %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%

27 Tu  12     1      38     10     19     5      43     18     20     5      34     18     29     5      22     18     40     5      07     18     56     4      42     19     20

239                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%

28 We  12     1      21     9      58     5      43     18     19     5      34     18     28     5      23     18     39     5      08     18     54     4      44     19     17

240                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%

29 Th  12     1      3      9      37     5      44     18     18     5      35     18     27     5      24     18     37     5      10     18     51     4      46     19     14

241                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%

30 Fr  12     0      45     9      16     5      44     18     17     5      36     18     26     5      25     18     36     5      11     18     49     4      49     19     11

242                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%

31 Sa  12     0      26     8      54     5      44     18     17     5      36     18     24     5      26     18     34     5      13     18     47     4      51     19     08

243                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%9th Month September, 1991 30 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Su   12     0      7      8      33     5      44     18     16     5      37     18     23     5      27     18     32     5      14     18     45     4      53     19     05

%@AB@%244%@AE@%    %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%

2 Mo   11     59     48     8      11     5      44     18     15     5      37     18     22     5      28     18     31     5      16     18     43     4      56     19     02

245                                       %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%

3 Tu   11     59     29     7      49     5      45     18     14     5      38     18     21     5      29     18     29     5      17     18     41     4      58     18     59

246                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%

4 We   11     59     10     7      27     5      45     18     13     5      38     18     20     5      30     18     28     5      19     18     39     5      01     18     56

247                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%

5 Th   11     58     50     7      05     5      45     18     12     5      39     18     18     5      31     18     26     5      20     18     37     5      03     18     53

248                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%

6 Fr   11     58     30     6      43     5      45     18     11     5      39     18     17     5      32     18     24     5      21     18     34     5      05     18     50

249                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%

7 Sa   11     58     10     6      20     5      46     18     10     5      40     18     16     5      33     18     23     5      23     18     32     5      08     18     47

250                                       %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%

8 Su   11     57     49     5      58     5      46     18     10     5      40     18     15     5      34     18     21     5      24     18     30     5      10     18     44

%@AB@%251%@AE@%    %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%

9 Mo   11     57     29     5      35     5      46     18     09     5      41     18     14     5      35     18     20     5      26     18     28     5      12     18     41

252                                       %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%

10 Tu  11     57     8      5      13     5      46     18     08     5      42     18     12     5      36     18     18     5      27     18     26     5      15     18     38

253                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%

11 We  11     56     47     4      50     5      46     18     07     5      42     18     11     5      37     18     16     5      29     18     24     5      17     18     35

254                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%

12 Th  11     56     26     4      27     5      47     18     06     5      43     18     10     5      37     18     15     5      30     18     21     5      19     18     32

255                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%

13 Fr  11     56     5      4      04     5      47     18     05     5      43     18     09     5      38     18     13     5      32     18     19     5      22     18     29

256                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%

14 Sa  11     55     44     3      41     5      47     18     04     5      44     18     07     5      39     18     11     5      33     18     17     5      24     18     26

257                                       %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%

15 Su  11     55     22     3      18     5      47     18     03     5      44     18     06     5      40     18     10     5      35     18     15     5      26     18     23

%@AB@%258%@AE@%    %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%

16 Mo  11     55     1      2      55     5      47     18     02     5      45     18     05     5      41     18     08     5      36     18     13     5      29     18     20

259                                       %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%

17 Tu  11     54     40     2      32     5      48     18     01     5      45     18     04     5      42     18     06     5      38     18     10     5      31     18     17

260                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%

18 We  11     54     18     2      9      5      48     18     00     5      46     18     02     5      43     18     05     5      39     18     08     5      33     18     14

261                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%

19 Th  11     53     57     1      46     5      48     18     00     5      46     18     01     5      44     18     03     5      41     18     06     5      36     18     11

262                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

20 Fr  11     53     35     1      22     5      48     17     59     5      47     18     00     5      45     18     01     5      42     18     04     5      38     18     08

263                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%

21 Sa  11     53     14     0      59     5      48     17     58     5      47     17     59     5      46     18     00     5      44     18     02     5      40     18     05

264                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%

22 Su  11     52     53     0      36     5      49     17     57     5      48     17     58     5      47     17     58     5      45     17     59     5      43     18     02

265                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%

23 Mo  11     52     32     0      12     5      49     17     56     5      49     17     56     5      48     17     56     5      47     17     57     5      45     17     58

%@AB@%266%@AE@%    %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%

24 Tu  11     52     11     -0     11     5      49     17     55     5      49     17     55     5      49     17     55     5      48     17     55     5      48     17     55

267                                       %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%

25 We  11     51     50     -0     34     5      49     17     54     5      50     17     54     5      50     17     53     5      50     17     53     5      50     17     52

268                                       %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%

26 Th  11     51     29     -0     58     5      50     17     53     5      50     17     52     5      51     17     52     5      51     17     51     5      52     17     49

269                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%

27 Fr  11     51     8      -1     21     5      50     17     52     5      51     17     51     5      52     17     50     5      53     17     48     5      55     17     46

270                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%

28 Sa  11     50     48     -1     44     5      50     17     51     5      51     17     50     5      53     17     48     5      54     17     46     5      57     17     43

271                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%

29 Su  11     50     28     -2     8      5      50     17     50     5      52     17     49     5      54     17     47     5      56     17     44     5      59     17     40

272                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%

30 Mo  11     50     8      -2     31     5      50     17     50     5      52     17     47     5      55     17     45     5      58     17     42     6      02     17     37

273                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%10th Month October, 1991 31 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Tu   11     49     48     -2     54     5      51     17     49     5      53     17     46     5      56     17     43     5      59     17     40     6      04     17     34

%@AB@%274%@AE@%    %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%

2 We   11     49     29     -3     18     5      51     17     48     5      54     17     45     5      57     17     42     6      01     17     38     6      06     17     31

275                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%

3 Th   11     49     10     -3     41     5      51     17     47     5      54     17     44     5      58     17     40     6      02     17     35     6      09     17     28

276                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%

4 Fr   11     48     52     -4     4      5      51     17     46     5      55     17     43     5      59     17     38     6      04     17     33     6      11     17     25

277                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%

5 Sa   11     48     33     -4     27     5      52     17     45     5      55     17     41     6      00     17     37     6      05     17     31     6      14     17     22

278                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%

6 Su   11     48     16     -4     50     5      52     17     44     5      56     17     40     6      01     17     35     6      07     17     29     6      16     17     19

279                                       %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%

7 Mo   11     47     58     -5     13     5      52     17     43     5      57     17     39     6      02     17     34     6      08     17     27     6      18     17     16

%@AB@%280%@AE@%    %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%

8 Tu   11     47     41     -5     36     5      53     17     43     5      57     17     38     6      03     17     32     6      10     17     25     6      21     17     13

281                                       %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%

9 We   11     47     24     -5     59     5      53     17     42     5      58     17     37     6      04     17     31     6      11     17     23     6      23     17     10

282                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%

10 Th  11     47     8      -6     22     5      53     17     41     5      58     17     36     6      05     17     29     6      13     17     20     6      26     17     07

283                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%

11 Fr  11     46     52     -6     45     5      53     17     40     5      59     17     34     6      06     17     27     6      15     17     18     6      28     17     04

284                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%

12 Sa  11     46     37     -7     8      5      54     17     39     6      00     17     33     6      07     17     26     6      16     17     16     6      31     17     01

285                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%

13 Su  11     46     22     -7     30     5      54     17     38     6      00     17     32     6      08     17     24     6      18     17     14     6      33     16     59

286                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%

14 Mo  11     46     8      -7     53     5      54     17     38     6      01     17     31     6      09     17     23     6      19     17     12     6      35     16     56

287                                       %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%

15 Tu  11     45     54     -8     15     5      55     17     37     6      01     17     30     6      10     17     21     6      21     17     10     6      38     16     53

%@AB@%288%@AE@%    %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%

16 We  11     45     41     -8     37     5      55     17     36     6      02     17     29     6      11     17     20     6      23     17     08     6      40     16     50

289                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%

17 Th  11     45     28     -8     59     5      55     17     35     6      03     17     28     6      12     17     18     6      24     17     06     6      43     16     47

290                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

18 Fr  11     45     16     -9     21     5      56     17     35     6      03     17     27     6      13     17     17     6      26     17     04     6      45     16     44

291                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%

19 Sa  11     45     5      -9     43     5      56     17     34     6      04     17     26     6      14     17     16     6      27     17     02     6      48     16     41

292                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%

20 Su  11     44     54     -10    5      5      56     17     33     6      05     17     25     6      15     17     14     6      29     17     00     6      50     16     38

293                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%

21 Mo  11     44     43     -10    26     5      57     17     33     6      05     17     24     6      16     17     13     6      31     16     58     6      53     16     36

294                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%

22 Tu  11     44     34     -10    48     5      57     17     32     6      06     17     23     6      17     17     11     6      32     16     56     6      55     16     33

295                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%

23 We  11     44     25     -11    9      5      57     17     31     6      07     17     22     6      18     17     10     6      34     16     54     6      58     16     30

%@AB@%296%@AE@%    %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%

24 Th  11     44     17     -11    30     5      58     17     30     6      08     17     21     6      19     17     09     6      35     16     52     7      00     16     27

297                                       %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%

25 Fr  11     44     9      -11    51     5      58     17     30     6      08     17     20     6      21     17     07     6      37     16     50     7      03     16     24

298                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%

26 Sa  11     44     2      -12    12     5      59     17     29     6      09     17     19     6      22     17     06     6      39     16     49     7      05     16     22

299                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%

27 Su  11     43     56     -12    32     5      59     17     29     6      10     17     18     6      23     17     05     6      40     16     47     7      08     16     19

300                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%

28 Mo  11     43     51     -12    52     5      59     17     28     6      10     17     17     6      24     17     03     6      42     16     45     7      11     16     16

301                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%

29 Tu  11     43     46     -13    13     6      00     17     27     6      11     17     16     6      25     17     02     6      44     16     43     7      13     16     13

302                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%

30 We  11     43     42     -13    33     6      00     17     27     6      12     17     15     6      26     17     01     6      45     16     41     7      16     16     11

303                                       %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%

31 Th  11     43     39     -13    52     6      01     17     26     6      13     17     14     6      27     17     00     6      47     16     40     7      18     16     08

304                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%11th Month November, 1991 30 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Fr   11     43     37     -14    12     6      01     17     26     6      13     17     13     6      28     16     58     6      49     16     38     7      21     16     06

%@AB@%305%@AE@%    %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%

2 Sa   11     43     36     -14    31     6      02     17     25     6      14     17     13     6      30     16     57     6      50     16     36     7      23     16     03

306                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%

3 Su   11     43     35     -14    50     6      02     17     25     6      15     17     12     6      31     16     56     6      52     16     34     7      26     16     00

307                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%

4 Mo   11     43     35     -15    9      6      03     17     24     6      16     17     11     6      32     16     55     6      54     16     33     7      28     15     58

308                                       %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%

5 Tu   11     43     36     -15    27     6      03     17     24     6      17     17     10     6      33     16     54     6      55     16     31     7      31     15     55

309                                       %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%

6 We   11     43     38     -15    46     6      04     17     23     6      17     17     10     6      34     16     53     6      57     16     30     7      34     15     53

310                                       %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%

7 Th   11     43     41     -16    4      6      04     17     23     6      18     17     09     6      35     16     52     6      59     16     28     7      36     15     50

%@AB@%311%@AE@%    %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%

8 Fr   11     43     45     -16    22     6      05     17     23     6      19     17     08     6      36     16     51     7      00     16     26     7      39     15     48

312                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%

9 Sa   11     43     49     -16    39     6      05     17     22     6      20     17     08     6      38     16     50     7      02     16     25     7      41     15     45

313                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%

10 Su  11     43     54     -16    56     6      06     17     22     6      20     17     07     6      39     16     49     7      04     16     24     7      44     15     43

314                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%

11 Mo  11     44     0      -17    13     6      06     17     22     6      21     17     06     6      40     16     48     7      05     16     22     7      46     15     41

315                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%

12 Tu  11     44     7      -17    30     6      07     17     21     6      22     17     06     6      41     16     47     7      07     16     21     7      49     15     38

316                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%

13 We  11     44     15     -17    46     6      07     17     21     6      23     17     05     6      42     16     46     7      09     16     19     7      52     15     36

317                                       %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%

14 Th  11     44     24     -18    2      6      08     17     21     6      24     17     05     6      43     16     45     7      10     16     18     7      54     15     34

318                                       %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%

15 Fr  11     44     33     -18    18     6      09     17     20     6      25     17     04     6      44     16     44     7      12     16     17     7      57     15     32

%@AB@%319%@AE@%    %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

16 Sa  11     44     43     -18    33     6      09     17     20     6      25     17     04     6      46     16     43     7      14     16     15     7      59     15     30

320                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%

17 Su  11     44     54     -18    48     6      10     17     20     6      26     17     03     6      47     16     43     7      15     16     14     8      02     15     27

321                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%

18 Mo  11     45     6      -19    3      6      10     17     20     6      27     17     03     6      48     16     42     7      17     16     13     8      04     15     25

322                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%

19 Tu  11     45     19     -19    17     6      11     17     20     6      28     17     02     6      49     16     41     7      18     16     12     8      07     15     23

323                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%

20 We  11     45     32     -19    31     6      11     17     19     6      29     17     02     6      50     16     41     7      20     16     11     8      09     15     21

324                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%

21 Th  11     45     47     -19    45     6      12     17     19     6      30     17     02     6      51     16     40     7      21     16     10     8      11     15     20

325                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%

22 Fr  11     46     2      -19    58     6      13     17     19     6      30     17     01     6      52     16     39     7      23     16     09     8      14     15     18

326                                       %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%

23 Sa  11     46     18     -20    11     6      13     17     19     6      31     17     01     6      54     16     39     7      24     16     08     8      16     15     16

%@AB@%327%@AE@%    %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%

24 Su  11     46     34     -20    24     6      14     17     19     6      32     17     01     6      55     16     38     7      26     16     07     8      18     15     14

328                                       %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%

25 Mo  11     46     52     -20    36     6      15     17     19     6      33     17     01     6      56     16     38     7      27     16     06     8      21     15     12

329                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%

26 Tu  11     47     10     -20    48     6      15     17     19     6      34     17     00     6      57     16     37     7      29     16     05     8      23     15     11

330                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%

27 We  11     47     29     -20    60     6      16     17     19     6      35     17     00     6      58     16     37     7      30     16     04     8      25     15     09

331                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%

28 Th  11     47     49     -21    11     6      16     17     19     6      35     17     00     6      59     16     36     7      32     16     03     8      28     15     08

332                                       %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%

29 Fr  11     48     10     -21    21     6      17     17     19     6      36     17     00     7      00     16     36     7      33     16     03     8      30     15     06

333                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%

30 Sa  11     48     31     -21    31     6      18     17     19     6      37     17     00     7      01     16     36     7      35     16     02     8      32     15     05

%@AB@%334%@AE@%    %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%12th Month December, 1991 31 days%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Greenwich Mean Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                          20     20     20     20     30     30     30     30     40     40     40     40     50     50     50     50     60     60     60     60
                                          deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise   Rise   Set    Set
of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
year   Moon   Moon   Moon
       phase  phase  phase
       h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m      h      m
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 Su   11     48     53     -21    41     6      18     17     19     6      38     17     00     7      02     16     35     7      36     16     01     8      34     15     03

335                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%

2 Mo   11     49     15     -21    51     6      19     17     19     6      39     17     00     7      03     16     35     7      37     16     01     8      36     15     02

336                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%

3 Tu   11     49     39     -21    60     6      20     17     20     6      39     17     00     7      04     16     35     7      39     16     00     8      38     15     01

337                                       %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%

4 We   11     50     2      -22    8      6      20     17     20     6      40     17     00     7      05     16     35     7      40     16     00     8      40     15     00

338                                       %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%

5 Th   11     50     27     -22    16     6      21     17     20     6      41     17     00     7      06     16     35     7      41     15     59     8      42     14     59

339                                       %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%

6 Fr   11     50     52     -22    24     6      21     17     20     6      42     17     00     7      07     16     35     7      42     15     59     8      43     14     58

%@AB@%340%@AE@%    %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%NM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%

7 Sa   11     51     17     -22    31     6      22     17     20     6      42     17     00     7      08     16     35     7      44     15     59     8      45     14     57

341                                       %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%

8 Su   11     51     43     -22    38     6      23     17     21     6      43     17     00     7      09     16     35     7      45     15     59     8      47     14     56

342                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%

9 Mo   11     52     10     -22    45     6      23     17     21     6      44     17     00     7      10     16     35     7      46     15     58     8      48     14     56

343                                       %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%08%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%

10 Tu  11     52     37     -22    51     6      24     17     21     6      45     17     01     7      10     16     35     7      47     15     58     8      50     14     55

344                                       %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%30%@AE@%

11 We  11     53     4      -22    56     6      25     17     22     6      45     17     01     7      11     16     35     7      48     15     58     8      52     14     54

345                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%

12 Th  11     53     32     -23    1      6      25     17     22     6      46     17     01     7      12     16     35     7      49     15     58     8      53     14     54

346                                       %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%

13 Fr  11     54     0      -23    6      6      26     17     22     6      47     17     01     7      13     16     35     7      50     15     58     8      54     14     54

347                                       %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%

14 Sa  11     54     29     -23    10     6      26     17     23     6      47     17     02     7      14     16     35     7      51     15     58     8      55     14     53

%@AB@%348%@AE@%    %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%FQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%

15 Su  11     54     57     -23    14     6      27     17     23     6      48     17     02     7      14     16     36     7      52     15     58     8      57     14     53

349                                       %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%28%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%50%@AE@%

16 Mo  11     55     26     -23    17     6      27     17     23     6      49     17     02     7      15     16     36     7      52     15     58     8      58     14     53

350                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%24%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%

17 Tu  11     55     55     -23    20     6      28     17     24     6      49     17     03     7      16     16     36     7      53     15     59     8      59     14     53

351                                       %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%45%@AE@%

18 We  11     56     25     -23    22     6      29     17     24     6      50     17     03     7      16     16     36     7      54     15     59     9      00     14     53

352                                       %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%

19 Th  11     56     54     -23    24     6      29     17     25     6      50     17     03     7      17     16     37     7      54     15     59     9      00     14     53

353                                       %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%4%@AE@%      %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%

20 Fr  11     57     24     -23    25     6      30     17     25     6      51     17     04     7      17     16     37     7      55     16     00     9      01     14     54

354                                       %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%44%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%20%@AE@%

21 Sa  11     57     53     -23    26     6      30     17     26     6      51     17     04     7      18     16     38     7      56     16     00     9      02     14     54

%@AB@%355%@AE@%    %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%FM%@AE@%                   %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%6%@AE@%      %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%

22 Su  11     58     23     -23    26     6      31     17     26     6      52     17     05     7      19     16     38     7      56     16     01     9      02     14     54

356                                       %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%49%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%26%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%29%@AE@%     %@AB@%7%@AE@%      %@AB@%47%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%03%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%     %@AB@%27%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%16%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%57%@AE@%

23 Mo  11     58     53     -23    26     6      31     17     27     6      52     17     05     7      19     16     39     7      57     16     01     9      03     14     55

357                                       %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%8%@AE@%      %@AB@%39%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%54%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%30%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%     %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%18%@AE@%

24 Tu  11     59     23     -23    26     6      32     17     27     6      53     17     06     7      19     16     39     7      57     16     02     9      03     14     56

358                                       %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%50%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%52%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%

25 We  11     59     52     -23    25     6      32     17     28     6      53     17     06     7      20     16     40     7      57     16     02     9      03     14     56

359                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%9%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%56%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%31%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%

26 Th  12     0      22     -23    23     6      33     17     28     6      54     17     07     7      20     16     41     7      58     16     03     9      04     14     57

360                                       %@AB@%22%@AE@%     %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%38%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%40%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%43%@AE@%     %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%47%@AE@%

27 Fr  12     0      52     -23    21     6      33     17     29     6      54     17     08     7      21     16     41     7      58     16     04     9      04     14     58

361                                       %@AB@%23%@AE@%     %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%10%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%

28 Sa  12     1      21     -23    19     6      33     17     29     6      55     17     08     7      21     16     42     7      58     16     05     9      04     14     59

%@AB@%362%@AE@%    %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%55%@AE@%     %@AB@%LQ%@AE@%                   %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%-%@AE@%      %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%53%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%45%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%09%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%19%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%36%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%00%@AE@%

29 Su  12     1      51     -23    16     6      34     17     30     6      55     17     09     7      21     16     43     7      58     16     05     9      03     15     00

363                                       %@AB@%0%@AE@%      %@AB@%51%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%02%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%20%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%15%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%04%@AE@%     %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%34%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%42%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%05%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%07%@AE@%

30 Mo  12     2      20     -23    13     6      34     17     31     6      55     17     10     7      21     16     43     7      59     16     06     9      03     15     02

364                                       %@AB@%1%@AE@%      %@AB@%46%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%14%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%01%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%57%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%21%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%48%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%06%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%33%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%17%@AE@%

31 T





u      12     2      49     -23    9      6      35     17     31     6      56     17     10     7      22     16     44     7      59     16     07     9      03     15     03

365                                       %@AB@%2%@AE@%      %@AB@%41%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%58%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%37%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%25%@AE@%     %@AB@%13%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%3%@AE@%      %@AB@%59%@AE@%     %@AB@%12%@AE@%     %@AB@%35%@AE@%     %@AB@%5%@AE@%      %@AB@%00%@AE@%     %@AB@%11%@AE@%     %@AB@%32%@AE@%


%@NL@%
%@AB@%NOTE:%@AE@% Light numbers indicate Sun. %@AB@%Dark%@AE@% numbers indicate %@AB@%Moon.%@AE@% %@AI@%Degrees are
%@AI@%North Latitude.%@AE@%%@NL@%
FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%CAUTION:%@AE@% Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Julian and Gregorian Calendars; Leap Year; Century %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Calendars based on the movements of sun and moon have been used since%@EH@%
ancient times, but none has been perfect. The Julian calendar, under which
western nations measured time until 1582 A.D.,  was authorized by Julius
Caesar in 46 B.C., the year 709 of Rome. His expert was a Greek, Sosigenes.
The Julian calendar, on the assumption that the true year was 365 1/4 days
long, gave every fourth year 366 days. The Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon
monk, announced in 730 A.D. that the 365 1/4-day Julian year was 11 min., 14
sec. too long, making a cumulative error of about a day every 128 years, but
nothing was done about it for over 800 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%By 1582 the accumulated error was estimated to have amounted to 10 days. In%@EH@%
that year Pope Gregory XIII decreed that the day following Oct. 4, 1582,
should be called Oct. 15, thus dropping 10 days. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%However, with common years 365 days and a 366-day leap year every fourth%@EH@%
year, the error in the length of the year would have recurred at the rate of
a little more than 3 days every 400 years. So 3 of every 4 centesimal years
(ending in 00) were made common years, not leap years. Thus 1600 was a leap
year, 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not, but 2000 will be. %@AB@%Leap years%@AE@% are those
divisible by 4 except centesimal years, which are common unless divisible by
400. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Gregorian calendar was adopted at once by France, Italy, Spain, Portugal%@EH@%
and Luxembourg. Within 2 years most German Catholic states, Belgium and
parts of Switzerland and the Netherlands were brought under the new
calendar, and Hungary followed in 1587. The rest of the Netherlands, along
with Denmark and the German Protestant states made the change in 1699-1700
(German Protestants retained the old reckoning of Easter until 1776). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The British Government imposed the Gregorian calendar on all its%@EH@%
possessions, including the American colonies, in 1752. The British decreed
that the day following Sept. 2, 1752, should be called Sept. 14, a loss of
11 days. All dates preceding were marked O.S., for Old Style. In addition
New Year's Day was moved to Jan. 1 from Mar. 25. (e.g., under the old
reckoning, Mar. 24, 1700 had been followed by Mar. 25, 1701.) George
Washington's birth date, which was Feb. 11, 1731, O.S., became Feb. 22,
1732, N.S. In 1753 Sweden too went Gregorian, retaining the old Easter rules
until 1844. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1793 the French Revolutionary Government adopted a calendar of 12 months%@EH@%
of 30 days each with 5 extra days in September of each common year and a 6th
extra day every 4th year. Napoleon reinstated the Gregorian calendar in
1806. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Gregorian system later spread to non-European regions, first in the%@EH@%
European colonies, then in the independent countries, replacing traditional
calendars at least for official purposes. Japan in 1873, Egypt in 1875,
China in 1912 and Turkey in 1917 made the change, usually in conjunction
with political upheavals. In China, the republican government began
reckoning years from its 1911 founding -- e.g., 1948 was designated the year
37. After 1949, the Communists adopted the Common, or Christian Era year
count, even for the traditional lunar calendar. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1918 the revolutionary government in Russia decreed that the day after%@EH@%
Jan. 31, 1918, Old Style, would become Feb. 14, 1918, New Style. Greece
followed in 1923. (In Russia the Orthodox Church has retained the Julian
calendar, as have various Middle Eastern Christian sects.) For the first
time in history, all major cultures have one calendar. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%To change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, add 10 days to dates%@EH@%
Oct. 5, 1582, through Feb. 28, 1700; after that date add 11 days through
Feb. 28, 1800; 12 days through Feb. 28, 1900; and 13 days through Feb. 28,
2100. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A %@AB@%century%@AE@% consists of 100 consecutive calendar years. The 1st century%@EH@%
consisted of the years 1 through 100. The 20th century consists of the years
1901 through 2000 and will end Dec. 31, 2000. The 21st century will begin
Jan. 1, 2001. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%        %@AS@%Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of North American Cities %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Commerce Department%@EH@%
for geographic positions.%@AB@%Source for Canadian cities:%@AE@% Geodetic Survey of
Canada, Dept. of Energy, Mines, and Resources. %@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Altitudes U.S. Geological Survey and various sources. Approx. altitude at%@EH@%
%@AS@%downtown business area  U.S.; in Canada at city hall except where (a) is at
%@AS@%tower of major airport.  %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  354 42325 03 24 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 @%City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W        Long. W        Long. W        Alt.*                        deg            '              "              deg            '              "              feet%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Abilene, Tex.           32             27             05             99             43             51             1710Akron, Oh.              41             05             00             81             30             44             874 Albany, N.Y.            42             39             01             73             45             01             20 Albuquerque, N.M.       35             05             01             106            39             05             4,945 Allentown, Pa.          40             36             11             75             28             06             255 Alert, N.W.T.           82             29             50             62             21             15             95 Altoona, Pa.            40             30             55             78             24             03             1,180 Amarillo, Tex.          35             12             27             101            50             04             3,685 Anchorage, Alas.        61             10             00             149            59             00             118 Ann Arbor, Mich.        42             16             59             83             44             52             880 Asheville, N.C.         35             35             42             82             33             26             1,985 Ashland, Ky.            38             28             36             82             38             23             536 Atlanta, Ga.            33             45             10             84             23             37             1,050 Atlantic City, N.J.     39             21             32             74             25             53             10 Augusta, Ga.            33             28             20             81             58             00             143 Augusta, Me.            44             18             53             69             46             29             45 Austin, Tex.            30             16             09             97             44             37             505 Bakersfield, Cal.       35             22             31             119            01             18             400 Baltimore, Md.          39             17             26             76             36             45             20 Bangor, Me.             44             48             13             68             46             18             20 Baton Rouge, La.        30             26             58             91             11             00             57 Battle Creek, Mich.     42             18             58             85             10             48             820 Bay City, Mich.         43             36             04             83             53             15             595 Beaumont, Tex.          30             05             20             94             06             09             20 Belleville, Ont.        44             09             42             77             23             11             257 Bellingham, Wash.       48             45             34             122            28             36             60 Berkeley, Cal.          37             52             10             122            16             17             40 Bethlehem, Pa.          40             37             16             75             22             34             235 Billings, Mon.          45             47             00             108            30             04             3,120 Biloxi, Miss.           30             23             48             88             53             00             20 Binghamton, N.Y.        42             06             03             75             54             47             865 Birmingham, Ala.        33             31             01             86             48             36             600 Bismarck, N.D.          46             48             23             100            47             17             1,674 Bloomington, Ill.       40             28             58             88             59             36             800 Boise, Ida.             43             37             07             116            11             58             2,704 Boston, Mass.           42             21             24             71             03             25             21 Bowling Green, Ky.      36             59             41             86             26             33             510 Brandon, Man.           49             51             00             99             57             00             1,265(a) Brantford, Ont.         43             08             34             80             15             39             705(a) Brattleboro, Vt.        42             51             06             72             33             48             300 Bridgeport, Conn.       41             10             49             73             11             22             10 Brockton, Mass.         42             05             02             71             01             25             130 Brownsville, Tex.       25             54             07             97             29             58             35 Buffalo, N.Y.           42             52             52             78             52             21             585 Burlington, Ont.        43             19             33             79             47             57             284 Burlington, Vt.         44             28             34             73             12             46             110 Butte, Mon.             46             01             06             112            32             11             5,765  Calgary, Alta.          51             02             46             114            03             24             3,427 Cambridge, Mass.        42             22             01             71             06             22             20 Camden, N.J.            39             56             41             75             07             14             30 Canton, Oh.             40             47             50             81             22             37             1,030 Carson City, Nev.       39             10             00             119            46             00             4,680 Cedar Rapids, Ia.       41             58             01             91             39             53             730 Central Islip, N.Y.     40             47             24             73             12             00             80 Champaign, Ill.         40             07             05             88             14             48             740 Charleston, S.C.        32             46             35             79             55             53             9 Charleston, W.Va.       38             21             01             81             37             52             601 Charlotte, N.C.         35             13             44             80             50             45             720 Charlottetown, P.E.I.   46             14             07             63             07             49             31 Chattanooga, Tenn.      35             02             41             85             18             32             675 Cheyenne, Wy.           41             08             09             104            49             07             6,100 Chicago, Ill.           41             52             28             87             38             22             595 Churchill, Man.         58             45             15             94             10             00             94(a) Cincinnati, Oh.         39             06             07             84             30             35             550 Cleveland, Oh.          41             29             51             81             41             50             660 Colorado Springs        38             50             07             104            49             16             5,980 Columbia, Mo.           38             57             03             92             19             46             730 Columbia, S.C.          34             00             02             81             02             00             190 Columbus, Ga.           32             28             07             84             59             24             265 Columbus, Oh.           39             57             47             83             00             17             780 Concord, N.H.           43             12             22             71             32             25             290 Corpus Christi, Tex.    27             47             51             97             23             45             35  Dallas, Tex.            32             47             09             96             47             37             435 Dartmouth, N.S.         44             39             50             63             34             08             24 Davenport, Ia.          41             31             19             90             34             33             590 Dawson, Yukon           64             03             30             139            26             00             1,211(a) Dayton, Oh.             39             45             32             84             11             43             574 Daytona Beach, Fla.     29             12             44             81             01             10             7 Decatur, Ill.           39             50             42             88             56             47             682 Denver, Col.            39             44             58             104            59             22             5,280 Des Moines, Ia.         41             35             14             93             37             00             803 Detroit, Mich.          42             19             48             83             02             57             585 Dodge City, Kan.        37             45             17             100            01             09             2,480 Dubuque, Ia.            42             29             55             90             40             08             620 Duluth, Minn.           46             46             56             92             06             24             610 Durham, N.C.            36             00             00             78             54             45             405  Eau Claire, Wis.        44             48             31             91             29             49             790 Edmonton, Alta.         53             32             43             113            29             21             2,186 El Paso, Tex.           31             45             36             106            29             11             3,695 Elizabeth, N.J.         40             39             43             74             12             59             21 Enid, Okla.             36             23             40             97             52             35             1,240 Erie, Pa.               42             07             15             80             04             57             685 Eugene, Ore.            44             03             16             123            05             30             422 Eureka, Cal.            40             48             08             124            09             46             45 Evansville, Ind.        37             58             20             87             34             21             385  Fairbanks, Alas.        64             48             00             147            51             00             448 Fall River, Mass.       41             42             06             71             09             18             40 Fargo, N.D.             46             52             30             96             47             18             900 Flagstaff, Ariz.        35             11             36             111            39             06             6,900 Flint, Mich.            43             00             50             83             41             33             750 Ft. Smith, Ark.         35             23             10             94             25             36             440 Fort Wayne, Ind.        41             04             21             85             08             26             790 Fort Worth, Tex.        32             44             55             97             19             44             670 Fredericton, N.B.       45             57             47             66             38             38             29 Fresno, Cal.            36             44             12             119            47             11             285  Gadsden, Ala.           34             00             57             86             00             41             555 Gainesville, Fla.       29             38             56             82             19             19             175 Gallup, N.M.            35             31             30             108            44             30             6,540 Galveston, Tex.         29             18             10             94             47             43             5 Gary, Ind.              41             36             12             87             20             19             590 Grand Junction, Col.    39             04             06             108            33             54             4,590 Grand Rapids, Mich.     42             58             03             85             40             13             610 Great Falls, Mon.       47             29             33             111            18             23             3,340 Green Bay, Wis.         44             30             48             88             00             50             590 Greensboro, N.C.        36             04             17             79             47             25             839 Greenville, S.C.        34             50             50             82             24             01             966 Guelph, Ont.            43             32             35             80             14             54             1,065 Gulfport, Miss.         30             22             04             89             05             36             20  Halifax, N.S.           44             38             54             63             34             30             60 Hamilton, Ont.          43             15             20             79             52             30             329 Hamilton, Oh.           39             23             59             84             33             47             600 Harrisburg, Pa.         40             15             43             76             52             59             365 Hartford, Conn.         41             46             12             72             40             49             40 Helena, Mon.            46             35             33             112            02             24             4,155 Hilo, Hawaii            19             43             30             155            05             24             40 Holyoke, Mass.          42             12             29             72             36             36             115 Honolulu, Ha.           21             18             22             157            51             35             21 Houston, Tex.           29             45             26             95             21             37             40 Hull, Que.              45             25             42             75             42             41             185 Huntington, W.Va.       38             25             12             82             26             33             565 Huntsville, Ala.        34             44             18             86             35             19             640  Indianapolis, Ind.      39             46             07             86             09             46             710 Iowa City, Ia.          41             39             37             91             31             53             685  Jackson, Mich.          42             14             43             84             24             22             940 Jackson, Miss.          32             17             56             90             11             06             298 Jacksonville, Fla.      30             19             44             81             39             42             20 Jersey City, N.J.       40             43             50             74             03             56             20 Johnstown, Pa.          40             19             35             78             55             03             1,185 Joplin, Mo.             37             05             26             94             30             00             990 Juneau, Alas.           58             18             12             134            24             30             50  Kalamazoo, Mich.        42             17             29             85             35             14             755 Kansas City, Kan.       39             07             04             94             38             24             750 Kansas City, Mo.        39             04             56             94             35             20             750 Kenosha, Wis.           42             35             43             87             50             11             610 Key West, Fla.          24             33             30             81             48             12             5 Kingston, Ont.          44             13             53             76             28             48             264 Kitchener, Ont.         43             26             58             80             29             12             1,100 Knoxville, Tenn.        35             57             39             83             55             07             890  Lafayette, Ind.         40             25             11             86             53             39             550 Lancaster, Pa.          40             02             25             76             18             29             355 Lansing, Mich.          42             44             01             84             33             15             830 Laredo, Tex.            27             30             22             99             30             30             440 La Salle, Que.          45             25             30             73             39             30             110 Las Vegas, Nev.         36             10             20             115            08             37             2,030 Laval, Que.             45             33             05             73             44             42             142 Lawrence, Mass.         42             42             16             71             10             08             65 Lethbridge, Alta.       49             41             38             112            49             58             2,985 Lexington, Ky.          38             02             50             84             29             46             955 Lihue, Ha.              21             58             48             159            22             30             210 Lima, Oh.               40             44             35             84             06             20             865 Lincoln, Neb.           40             48             59             96             42             15             1,150 Little Rock, Ark.       34             44             42             92             16             37             286 London, Ont.            42             59             17             81             14             03             822 Long Beach, Cal.        33             46             14             118            11             18             35 Lorain, Oh.             41             28             05             82             10             49             610 Los Angeles, Cal.       34             03             15             118            14             28             340 Louisville, Ky.         38             14             47             85             45             49             450 Lowell, Mass.           42             38             25             71             19             14             100 Lubbock, Tex.           33             35             05             101            50             33             3,195  Macon, Ga.              32             50             12             83             37             36             335 Madison, Wis.           43             04             23             89             22             55             860 Manchester, N.H.        42             59             28             71             27             41             175 Marshall, Tex.          32             33             00             94             23             00             410 Memphis, Tenn.          35             08             46             90             03             13             275 Meriden, Conn.          41             32             06             72             47             30             190 Mexico City, Mexico     19             25             45             99             07             00             7,347 Miami, Fla.             25             46             37             80             11             32             10 Milwaukee, Wis.         43             02             19             87             54             15             635 Minneapolis, Minn.      44             58             57             93             15             43             815 Minot, N.D.             48             14             09             101            17             38             1,550 Mississauga, Ont.       43             33             00             79             35             00             260(a) Mobile, Ala.            30             41             36             88             02             33             5 Moline, Ill.            41             30             31             90             30             49             585 Moncton, N.B.           46             05             18             64             46             41             38 Montgomery, Ala.        32             22             33             86             18             31             160 Montpelier, Vt.         44             15             36             72             34             41             485 Montreal, Que.          45             30             33             73             33             14             90 Moose Jaw, Sask.        50             23             34             105            32             04             1,784 Muncie, Ind.            40             11             28             85             23             16             950  Nashville, Tenn.        36             09             33             86             46             55             450 Natchez, Miss.          31             33             48             91             23             30             210 Newark, N.J.            40             44             14             74             10             19             55 New Bedford, Mass.      41             38             13             70             55             41             15 New Britain, Conn.      41             40             08             72             46             59             200 New Haven, Conn.        41             18             25             72             55             30             40 New Orleans, La.        29             56             53             90             04             10             5 New York, N.Y.          40             45             06             73             59             39             55 Niagara Falls, N.Y.     43             05             34             79             03             26             570 Niagara Falls, Ont.     43             06             22             79             03             51             590 Nome, Alas.             64             30             00             165            25             00             25 Norfolk, Va.            36             51             10             76             17             21             10 North Bay, Ont.         46             18             35             79             27             45             670  Oakland, Cal.           37             48             03             122            15             54             25 Ogden, Ut.              41             13             31             111            58             21             4,295 Oklahoma City           35             28             26             97             31             04             1,195 Omaha, Neb.             41             15             42             95             56             14             1,040 Orlando, Fla.           28             32             42             81             22             38             70 Oshawa, Ont.            43             53             46             78             51             57             350 Ottawa, Ont.            45             26             24             75             41             42             185  Paducah, Ky.            37             05             13             88             35             56             345 Pasadena, Cal.          34             08             44             118            08             41             830 Paterson, N.J.          40             55             01             74             10             21             100 Pensacola, Fla.         30             24             51             87             12             56             15 Peoria, Ill.            40             41             42             89             35             33             470 Peterborough, Ont.      44             18             32             78             19             13             673 Philadelphia, Pa.       39             56             58             75             09             21             100 Phoenix, Ariz.          33             27             12             112            04             28             1,090 Pierre, S.D.            44             22             18             100            20             54             1,480 Pittsburgh, Pa.         40             26             19             80             00             00             745 Pittsfield, Mass.       42             26             53             73             15             14             1,015 Pocatello, Ida.         42             51             38             112            27             01             4,460 Port Arthur, Tex.       29             52             30             93             56             15             10 Portland, Me.           43             39             33             70             15             19             25 Portland, Ore.          45             31             06             122            40             35             77 Portsmouth, N.H.        43             04             30             70             45             24             20 Portsmouth, Va.         36             50             07             76             18             14             10 Prince Rupert, B.C.     54             19             00             130            19             00             125(a) Providence, R.I.        41             49             32             71             24             41             80 Provo, Ut.              40             14             06             111            39             24             4,550 Pueblo, Col.            38             16             17             104            36             33             4,690  Quebec City, Que.       46             48             51             71             12             30             163  Racine, Wis.            42             43             49             87             47             12             630 Rapid City, S.D.        44             04             52             103            13             11             3,230 Raleigh, N.C.           35             46             38             78             38             21             365 Reading, Pa.            40             20             09             75             55             40             265 Regina, Sask.           50             26             55             104            36             50             1,894(a) Reno, Nev.              39             31             27             119            48             40             4,490 Richmond, Va.           37             32             15             77             26             09             160 Roanoke, Va.            37             16             13             79             56             44             905 Rochester, Minn.        44             01             21             92             28             03             990 Rochester, N.Y.         43             09             41             77             36             21             515 Rockford, Ill.          42             16             07             89             05             48             715  Sacramento, Cal.        38             34             57             121            29             41             30 Saginaw, Mich.          43             25             52             83             56             05             595 St. Catharines, Ont.    43             09             33             79             14             50             362(a) St. Cloud, Minn.        45             34             00             94             10             24             1,040 Saint John, N.B.        45             16             22             66             03             48             27 St. John's, Nfld.       47             33             42             52             42             48             200(a) St. Joseph, Mo.         39             45             57             94             51             02             850 St. Louis, Mo.          38             37             45             90             12             22             455 St. Paul, Minn.         44             57             19             93             06             07             780 St. Petersburg, Fla.    27             46             18             82             38             19             20 Salem, Ore.             44             56             24             123            01             59             155 Salina, Kan.            38             50             36             97             36             46             1,229 Salt Lake City, Ut.     40             45             23             111            53             26             4,390 San Angelo, Tex.        31             27             39             100            26             03             1,845 San Antonio, Tex.       29             25             37             98             29             06             650 San Bernardino, Cal.    34             06             30             117            17             28             1,080 San Diego, Cal.         32             42             53             117            09             21             20 San Francisco, Cal.     37             46             39             122            24             40             65 San Jose, Cal.          37             20             16             121            53             24             90 San Juan, P.R.          18             27             00             66             04             15             35 Santa Barbara, Cal.     34             25             18             119            41             55             100 Santa Cruz, Cal.        36             58             18             122            01             18             20 Santa Fe, N.M.          35             41             11             105            56             10             6,950 Sarasota, Fla.          27             20             05             82             32             30             20 Saskatoon, Sask.        52             07             49             106            39             35             1,587 Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.  46             30             24             84             20             04             589 Savannah, Ga.           32             04             42             81             05             37             20 Schenectady, N.Y.       42             48             42             73             55             42             245 Scranton, Pa.           41             24             32             75             39             46             725 Seattle, Wash.          47             36             32             122            20             12             10 Sheboygan, Wis.         43             45             03             87             42             52             630 Sherbrooke, Que.        45             24             27             71             51             07             535(a) Sheridan, Wy.           44             47             55             106            57             10             3,740 Shreveport, La.         32             30             46             93             44             58             204 Sioux City, Ia.         42             29             46             96             24             30             1,110 Sioux Falls, S.D.       43             32             35             96             43             35             1,395 Somerville, Mass.       42             23             15             71             06             07             13 South Bend, Ind.        41             40             33             86             15             01             710 Spartanburg, S.C.       34             57             03             81             56             06             875 Spokane, Wash.          47             39             32             117            25             33             1,890 Springfield, Ill.       39             47             58             89             38             51             610 Springfield, Mass.      42             06             21             72             35             32             85 Springfield, Mo.        37             13             03             93             17             32             1,300 Springfield, Oh.        39             55             38             83             48             29             980 Stamford, Conn.         41             03             09             73             32             24             35 Steubenville, Oh.       40             21             42             80             36             53             660 Stockton, Cal.          37             57             30             121            17             16             20 Sudbury, Ont.           46             29             24             80             59             24             850(a) Superior, Wis.          46             43             14             92             06             07             630 Sydney, N.S.            46             08             15             60             11             48             15 Syracuse, N.Y.          43             03             04             76             09             14             400  Tacoma, Wash.           47             14             59             122            26             15             110 Tallahassee, Fla.       30             26             30             84             16             56             150 Tampa, Fla.             27             56             58             82             27             25             15 Terre Haute, Ind.       39             28             03             87             24             26             496 Texarkana, Tex.         33             25             48             94             02             30             324 Thunder Bay, Ont.       48             22             54             89             14             42             616 Toledo, Oh.             41             39             14             83             32             39             585 Topeka, Kan.            39             03             16             95             40             23             930 Toronto, Ont.           43             39             10             79             23             00             300 Trenton, N.J.           40             13             14             74             46             13             35 Trois-Rivieres, Que.    46             20             36             72             32             37             115(a) Troy, N.Y.              42             43             45             73             40             58             35 Tucson, Ariz.           32             13             15             110            58             08             2,390 Tulsa, Okla.            36             09             12             95             59             34             804  Urbana, Ill.            40             06             42             88             12             06             725 Utica, N.Y.             43             06             12             75             13             33             415  Vancouver, B.C.         49             18             56             123            04             44             141 Victoria, B.C.          48             25             43             123            21             49             57  Waco, Tex.              31             33             12             97             08             00             405 Walla Walla, Wash.      46             04             08             118            20             24             936 Washington, D.C.        38             53             51             77             00             33             25 Waterbury, Conn.        41             33             13             73             02             31             260 Waterloo, Ia.           42             29             40             92             20             20             850 West Palm Beach, Fla.   26             42             36             80             03             07             15 Wheeling, W. Va.        40             04             03             80             43             20             650 Whitehorse, Yukon       60             43             17             135            03             03             2,305(a) White Plains, N.Y.      41             02             00             73             45             48             220 Wichita, Kan.           37             41             30             97             20             16             1,290 Wichita Falls, Tex.     33             54             34             98             29             28             945 Wilkes-Barre, Pa.       41             14             32             75             53             17             640 Wilmington, Del.        39             44             46             75             32             51             135 Wilmington, N.C.        34             14             14             77             56             58             35 Windsor, Ont.           42             18             56             83             02             10             603 Winnipeg, Man.          49             53             56             97             08             23             762 Winston-Salem, N.C.     36             05             52             80             14             42             860 Worcester, Mass.        42             15             37             71             48             17             475  Yakima, Wash.           46             36             09             120            30             39             1,060 Yellowknife, N.W.T.     62             27             16             114            22             33             674(a) Yonkers, N.Y.           40             55             55             73             53             54             10 York, Pa.               39             57             35             76             43             36             370 Youngstown, Oh.         41             05             57             80             39             02             840 Yuma, Ariz.             32             42             54             114            37             24             160  Zanesville, Oh.         39             56             18             82             00             30             720World Cities            World Cities   World Cities   World Cities   World Cities   World Cities   World Cities   World Cities London, UK (Greenwich)  51             30             00N            0              0              0              245 Paris, France           48             50             14N            2              20             14E            300  Berlin, Germany         52             32             00N            13             25             00E            110  Rome, Italy             41             53             00N            12             30             00E            95  Warsaw, Poland          52             15             00N            21             00             00E            360  Moscow, USSR            55             45             00N            37             42             00E            394  Athens, Greece          37             58             00N            23             44             00E            300  Jerusalem, Israel       31             47             00N            35             13             00E            2,500  Johannesburg, So. Afr.  26             10             00S            28             02             00E            5,740  New Delhi, India        28             38             00N            77             12             00E            770  Peking, China           39             54             00N            116            28             00E            600  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil  22             53             43S            43             13             22W            30  Tokyo, Japan            35             45             00N            139            45             00E            30  Sydney, Australia       33             52             00S            151            12             00E            25%@TE:  354 42325 03 24 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%The Julian Period %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%How many days have you lived? To determine this, you must multiply your age%@EH@%
by 365, add the number of days since your last birthday until today, and
account for all leap years. Chances are your answer would be wrong.
Astronomers, however, find it convenient to express dates and long time
intervals in days rather than in years, months and days. This is done by
placing events within the Julian period. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Julian period was devised in 1582 by Joseph Scaliger and named after his%@EH@%
father Julius (not after the Julian calendar). Scaliger had Julian Day (JD)
[num   ]1 begin at noon, Jan. 1, 4713 B. C., the most recent time that three
major chronological cycles began on the same day -- 1) the 28-year solar
cycle, after which dates in the Julian calendar (e.g., Feb. 11) return to
the same days of the week (e.g., Monday); 2) the 19-year lunar cycle, after
which the phases of the moon return to the same dates of the year; and 3)
the 15-year indiction cycle, used in ancient Rome to regulate taxes. It will
take 7980 years to complete the period, the product of 28, 19, and 15. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Noon of Dec. 31, 1990, marks the beginning of JD 2,448,257; that many days%@EH@%
will have passed since the start of the Julian period. The JD at noon of any
date in 1991 may be found by adding to this figure the day of the year for
that date, which is given in the left hand column in the chart below. Simple
JD conversion tables are used by astronomers.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Days Between Two Dates %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Table covers period of two ordinary years. Example--Days between Feb. 10,%@EH@%
%@AS@%1989 and Dec. 15, 1990; subtract 41 from 714; answer is 673 days. For leap
%@AS@%year, such as 1992, one day must be added: final answer is 674.    %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   64  5041 02 06 06 06 06 07 05 06 06 06 07 06 06 06 @%Date  Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  April  May  June  July  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1     1     32    60    91     121  152   182   213   244    274   305   3352     2     33    61    92     122  153   183   214   245    275   306   3363     3     34    62    93     123  154   184   215   246    276   307   3374     4     35    63    94     124  155   185   216   247    277   308   3385     5     36    64    95     125  156   186   217   248    278   309   3396     6     37    65    96     126  157   187   218   249    279   310   3407     7     38    66    97     127  158   188   219   250    280   311   3418     8     39    67    98     128  159   189   220   251    281   312   3429     9     40    68    99     129  160   190   221   252    282   313   34310    10    41    69    100    130  161   191   222   253    283   314   34411    11    42    70    101    131  162   192   223   254    284   315   34512    12    43    71    102    132  163   193   224   255    285   316   34613    13    44    72    103    133  164   194   225   256    286   317   34714    14    45    73    104    134  165   195   226   257    287   318   34815    15    46    74    105    135  166   196   227   258    288   319   34916    16    47    75    106    136  167   197   228   259    289   320   35017    17    48    76    107    137  168   198   229   260    290   321   35118    18    49    77    108    138  169   199   230   261    291   322   35219    19    50    78    109    139  170   200   231   262    292   323   35320    20    51    79    110    140  171   201   232   263    293   324   35421    21    52    80    111    141  172   202   233   264    294   325   35522    22    53    81    112    142  173   203   234   265    295   326   35623    23    54    82    113    143  174   204   235   266    296   327   35724    24    55    83    114    144  175   205   236   267    297   328   35825    25    56    84    115    145  176   206   237   268    298   329   35926    26    57    85    116    146  177   207   238   269    299   330   36027    27    58    86    117    147  178   208   239   270    300   331   36128    28    59    87    118    148  179   209   240   271    301   332   36229    29    -     88    119    149  180   210   241   272    302   333   36330    30    -     89    120    150  181   211   242   273    303   334   36431    31    -     90    -      151  -     212   243   -      304   -     3651     366   397   425   456    486  517   547   578   609    639   670   7002     367   398   426   457    487  518   548   579   610    640   671   701 3     368   399   427   458    488  519   549   580   611    641   672   702 4     369   400   428   459    489  520   550   581   612    642   673   703 5     370   401   429   460    490  521   551   582   613    643   674   704 6     371   402   430   461    491  522   552   583   614    644   675   705 7     372   403   431   462    492  523   553   584   615    645   676   706 8     373   404   432   463    493  524   554   585   616    646   677   707 9     374   405   433   464    494  525   555   586   617    647   678   708 10    375   406   434   465    495  526   556   587   618    648   679   709 11    376   407   435   466    496  527   557   588   619    649   680   710 12    377   408   436   467    497  528   558   589   620    650   681   711 13    378   409   437   468    498  529   559   590   621    651   682   712 14    379   410   438   469    499  530   560   591   622    652   683   713 15    380   411   439   470    500  531   561   592   623    653   684   714 16    381   412   440   471    501  532   562   593   624    654   685   715 17    382   413   441   472    502  533   563   594   625    655   686   716 18    383   414   442   473    503  534   564   595   626    656   687   717 19    384   415   443   474    504  535   565   596   627    657   688   718 20    385   416   444   475    505  536   566   597   628    658   689   719 21    386   417   445   476    506  537   567   598   629    659   690   720 22    387   418   446   477    507  538   568   599   630    660   691   721 23    388   419   447   478    508  539   569   600   631    661   692   722 24    389   420   448   479    509  540   570   601   632    662   693   723 25    390   421   449   480    510  541   571   602   633    663   694   724 26    391   422   450   481    511  542   572   603   634    664   695   725 27    392   423   451   482    512  543   573   604   635    665   696   726 28    393   424   452   483    513  544   574   605   636    666   697   727 29    394   -     453   484    514  545   575   606   637    667   698   728 30    395   -     454   485    515  546   576   607   638    668   699   729 31    396   -     455   -      516  -     577   608   -      669   -     730%@TE:   64  5041 02 06 06 06 06 07 05 06 06 06 07 06 06 06 @%

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%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Lunar Calendar, Chinese New Year, Vietnamese Tet %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The ancient Chinese lunar calendar is divided into 12 months of either 29 or%@EH@%
30 days (compensating for the fact that the mean duration of the lunar month
is 29 days, 12 hours, 44.05 minutes). The calendar is synchronized with the
solar year by the addition of extra months at fixed intervals. %@NL@%
%@4@%The Chinese calendar runs on a sexagenary cycle, i.e., 60 years. The cycles%@EH@%
1876-1935 and 1936-1995, with the years grouped under their twelve animal
designations, are printed below. The Year 1991 (Lunar Year 4689) is found in
the eighth column, under Sheep, and is known as a "Year of the Goat."
Readers can find the animal name for the year of their birth, marriage,
etc., in the same chart. (Note: the first 3-7 weeks of each of the western
years belong to the previous Chinese year and animal designation.)%@NL@%
Both the western (Gregorian) and traditional lunar calendars are used
publicly in China, and two New Year's celebrations are held. On Taiwan, in
overseas Chinese communities, and in Vietnam, the lunar calendar has been
used only to set the dates for traditional festivals, with the Gregorian
system in general use.%@NL@%
%@4@%The four-day Chinese New Year, Hsin Nien, and the three-day Vietnamese New%@EH@%
Year festival, Tet, begin at the first new moon after the sun enters
Aquarius. The day may fall, therefore, between Jan. 21 and Feb. 19 of the
Gregorian calendar. Feb. 15, 1991 marks the start of the new Chinese year.
The date is fixed according to the date of the new moon in the Far East.
Since this is west of the International Date Line the date may be one day
later than that of the new moon in the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  1281 02 06 06 07 15 08 07 07 14 08 09 06 09 @%Rat   Ox    Tiger  Hare (Rabbit)  Dragon  Snake  Horse  Sheep (Goat)  Monkey  Rooster  Dog   Pig%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1876  1877  1878   1879           1880    1881   1882   1883          1884    1885     1886  1887 1888  1889  1890   1891           1892    1893   1894   1895          1896    1897     1898  1899   1900  1901  1902   1903           1904    1905   1906   1907          1908    1909     1910  1911   1912  1913  1914   1915           1916    1917   1918   1919          1920    1921     1922  1923   1924  1925  1926   1927           1928    1929   1930   1931          1932    1933     1934  1935   1936  1937  1938   1939           1940    1941   1942   1943          1944    1945     1946  1947   1948  1949  1950   1951           1952    1953   1954   1955          1956    1957     1958  1959   1960  1961  1962   1963           1964    1965   1966   1967          1968    1969     1970  1971   1972  1973  1974   1975           1976    1977   1978   1979          1980    1981     1982  1983  1984  1985  1986   1987           1988    1989   1990   1991          1992    1993     1994  1995%@TE:   12  1281 02 06 06 07 15 08 07 07 14 08 09 06 09 @%

%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Standard Time, Daylight Saving Time, and Others %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center; Department of Transportation;%@EH@%
National Inst. of Standards & Technology; U.S. Naval Observatory %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Standard Time%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Standard time is reckoned from Greenwich, England, recognized as the Prime%@EH@%
Meridian of Longitude. The world is divided into 24 zones, each 15 deg of
arc, or one hour in time apart. The Greenwich meridian (0 deg) extends
through the center of the initial zone, and the zones to the east are
numbered from 1 to 12 with the prefix "minus" indicating the number of hours
to be subtracted to obtain Greenwich Time. Each zone extends 71/2 deg on
either side of its central meridian. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Westward zones are similarly numbered, but prefixed "plus" showing the%@EH@%
number of hours that must be added to get Greenwich Time. While these zones
apply generally to sea areas, it should be noted that the Standard Time
maintained in many countries does not coincide with zone time. A graphical
representation of the zones is shown on the Standard Time Zone Chart of the
World published by the Defense Mapping Agency Combat Support Center, Attn:
PMSR Washington, DC 20315-0020. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The United States and possessions are divided into eight Standard Time%@EH@%
zones, as set forth by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, which also provides for
the use of Daylight Saving Time therein. Each zone is approximately 15 deg
of longitude in width. All places in each zone use, instead of their own
local time, the time counted from the transit of the "mean sun" across the
Standard Time meridian which passes near the middle of that zone. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%These time zones are designated as Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain,%@EH@%
Pacific, Yukon, Alaska-Hawaii, and Bering (Samoa), and the time in these
zones is basically reckoned from the 60th, 75th, 90th, 105th, 120th, 135th,
150th and 165th meridians west of Greenwich. The line wanders to conform to
local geographical regions. The time in the various zones is earlier than
Greenwich Time by 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 hours respectively. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%24-Hour Time%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%24-hour time is widely used in scientific work throughout the world. In the%@EH@%
United States it is used also in operations of the Armed Forces. In Europe
it is frequently used by the transportation networks in preference to the
12-hour a.m. and p.m. system. With the 24-hour system the day begins at
midnight and is designated 0000 through 2359. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%International Date Line%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Date Line is a zig-zag line that approximately coincides with the 180th%@EH@%
meridian, and it is where the  calendar dates are separated. The date must
be advanced one day when crossing in a westerly direction and set back one
day when crossing in an easterly direction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The line is deflected eastward through the Bering Strait and westward of the%@EH@%
Aleutians to prevent separating these areas by date. The line is again
deflected eastward of the Tonga and New Zealand Islands in the South Pacific
for the same reason. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Daylight Saving Time%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Daylight Saving Time is achieved by advancing the clock one hour. Under the%@EH@%
Uniform Time Act, which became effective in 1967, all states, the District
of Columbia, and U.S. possessions were to observe Daylight Saving Time
beginning at 2 a.m. on the first Sunday in April and ending at 2 a.m. on the
last Sunday in October. Any state could, by law, exempt itself; a 1972
amendment to the act authorized states split by time zones to take that into
consideration in exempting themselves. Arizona, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and part of Indiana are now exempt. Some
local zone boundaries in Kansas, Texas, Florida, Michigan, and Alaska have
been modified in the last several years by the Dept. of Transportation,
which oversees the act. To conserve energy Congress put most of the nation
on year-round Daylight Saving Time for two years effective Jan. 6, 1974
through Oct. 26, 1975; but a further bill, signed in October, 1974, restored
Standard Time from the last Sunday in that month to the last Sunday in
February, 1975. At the end of 1975, Congress failed to renew this temporary
legislation and the nation returned to the older end-of  April to end-of
October DST system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On July 8, 1986, Pres. Ronald Reagan signed legislation moving up the start%@EH@%
of daylight saving time to the first Sunday in April. Daylight Saving Time,
which used to start the last Sunday in April, will still end the last Sunday
in October. The Transportation Dept. estimated that the earlier starting
date will help save more than $28 million in traffic accident costs and
prevent more than 1,500 injuries and 20 deaths. The new law, opposed by some
farm state lawmakers, took  effect in 1987. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%International %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Adjusting clock time to be able to use the added daylight on summer evenings%@EH@%
is common throughout the world. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Western  Europe is on daylight saving time generally from the last Sunday in%@EH@%
March to the last Sunday in September; however, the United Kingdom continues
until the last Sunday in October. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Soviet Union lies over 11 time zones, but maintains its standard time 1%@EH@%
hour fast of the zone designation. Additionally, it proclaims daylight
saving time as does Europe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@% China lies across 5 time zones, but has decreed that the entire country be%@EH@%
placed on zone time minus 8 hours with daylight saving time from April 12 to
September 12. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Many of the countries in the Southern Hemisphere maintain daylight saving%@EH@%
time generally from October to March; however, most countries near the
equator do not deviate from standard time.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Standard Time Differences--World Cities %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The time indicated in the table is fixed by law and is called the legal%@EH@%
time, or, more generally, Standard Time. Use of Daylight Saving Time varies
widely. At 12:00 noon, Eastern Standard Time, the standard time (in 24-hour
time) in foreign cities is as follows: %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Indicates morning of the following day.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   75  3440 01 36 40 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Addis Ababa                         20 00Alexandria                          19 00 Amsterdam                           18 00 Athens                              19 00 Auckland                            5 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Baghdad                             20 00 Bangkok                             0 00 Beijing                             1 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Belfast                             17 00 Berlin                              18 00 Bogota                              12 00 Bombay                              22 30 Bremen                              18 00 Brussels                            18 00 Bucharest                           19 00 Budapest                            18 00 Buenos Aires                        14 00 Cairo                               19 00 Calcutta                            22 30Cape Town                           19 00 Caracas                             13 00 Casablanca                          17 00 Copenhagen                          18 00 Dacca                               23 00 Delhi                               22 30 Dublin                              17 00 Gdansk                              18 00 Geneva                              18 00 Havana                              12 00 Helsinki                            19 00 Ho Chi Minh City                    0 00 Hong Kong                           1 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Istanbul                            19 00 Jakarta                             0 00 Jerusalem                           19 00 Johannesburg                        19 00 Karachi                             22 00 Le Havre                            18 00 Leningrad                           20 00 Lima                                12 00 Lisbon                              17 00 Liverpool                           17 00 London                              17 00 Madrid                              18 00 Manila                              1 00*Mecca (Saudi Arabia)                20 00 Melbourne                           3 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Mexico City                         11 00 Montevideo                          14 00 Moscow                              20 00 Nagasaki                            2 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Oslo                                18 00 Paris                               18 00 Prague                              18 00 Rangoon                             23 30Rio De Janeiro                      14 00 Rome                                18 00 Santiago (Chile)                    13 00 Seoul                               2 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Shanghai                            1 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Singapore                           1 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Stockholm                           18 00 Sydney (Australia)                  3 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Tashkent                            23 00 Teheran                             20 30Tel Aviv                            19 00 Tokyo                               2 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Valparaiso                          13 00 Vladivostok                         3 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Vienna                              18 00 Warsaw                              18 00 Wellington (N.Z.)                   5 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Yokohama                            2 00%@AH@%*%@AE@%Zurich                              18 00%@TE:   75  3440 01 36 40 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Standard Time Differences -- North American Cities %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At 12 o'clock noon, Eastern Standard Time, the standard timein N.A. cities%@EH@%
is as follows: %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Cities with an asterisk do not observe daylight saving time. During much of
the year, it is necessary to add one hour to the cities which do observe
daylight savings time to get the proper time relation.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  107  4107 01 23 08 08 @%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Akron, Oh.             12.00   NoonAlbuquerque, N.M.      10.00   A.M. Atlanta, Ga.           12.00   Noon Austin, Tex.           11.00   A.M. Baltimore, Md.         12.00   Noon Birmingham, Ala.       11.00   A.M. Bismarck, N.D.         11.00   A.M. Boise, Ida.            10.00   A.M. Boston, Mass.          12.00   Noon Buffalo, N.Y.          12.00   Noon Butte, Mon.            10.00   A.M. Calgary, Alta.         10.00   A.M. Charleston, S.C.       12.00   Noon Charleston, W.Va.      12.00   Noon Charlotte, N.C.        12.00   Noon Charlottetown, P.E.I.  1.00    P.M. Chattanooga, Tenn.     12.00   Noon Cheyenne, Wy.          10.00   A.M. Chicago, Ill.          11.00   A.M. Cleveland, Oh.         12.00   Noon Colorado Spr., Col.    10.00   A.M. Columbus, Oh.          12.00   Noon Dallas, Tex.           11.00   A.M.  Dawson, Yuk.%@AH@%*%@AE@%          9.00    A.M. Dayton, Oh.            12.00   Noon Denver, Col.           10.00   A.M. Des Moines, Ia.        11.00   A.M. Detroit, Mich.         12.00   Noon Duluth, Minn.          11.00   A.M. El Paso, Tex.          10.00   A.M. Erie, Pa.              12.00   Noon Evansville, Ind.       11.00   A.M. Fairbanks, Alas.       8.00    A.M. Flint, Mich.           12.00   Noon Fort Wayne, Ind.%@AH@%*%@AE@%      12.00   Noon Fort Worth, Tex.       11.00   A.M. Frankfort, Ky.         12.00   Noon Galveston, Tex.        11.00   A.M. Grand Rapids, Mich.    12.00   Noon Halifax, N.S.          1.00    P.M. Hartford, Conn.        12.00   Noon Helena, Mon.           10.00   A.M. Honolulu, Ha.%@AH@%*%@AE@%         7.00    A.M. Houston, Tex.          11.00   A.M. Indianapolis, Ind.%@AH@%*%@AE@%    12.00   Noon Jacksonville, Fla.     12.00   Noon Juneau, Alas.          8.00    A.M. Kansas City, Mo.       11.00   A.M. Knoxville, Tenn.       12.00   Noon Lexington, Ky.         12.00   Noon Lincoln, Neb.          11.00   A.M. Little Rock, Ark.      11.00   A.M. Los Angeles, Cal.      9.00    A.M. Louisville, Ky.        12.00   Noon Mexico City%@AH@%*%@AE@%           11.00   A.M. Memphis, Tenn.         11.00   A.M. Miami, Fla.            12.00   Noon Milwaukee, Wis.        11.00   A.M. Minneapolis, Minn.     11.00   A.M. Mobile, Ala.           11.00   A.M. Montreal, Que.         12.00   Noon Nashville, Tenn.       11.00   A.M. New Haven, Conn.       12.00   Noon New Orleans, La.       11.00   A.M. New York, N.Y.         12.00   Noon Nome, Alas.            8.00    A.M. Norfolk, Va.           12.00   Noon Okla. City, Okla.      11.00   A.M. Omaha, Neb.            11.00   A.M. Peoria, Ill.           11.00   A.M. Philadelphia, Pa.      12.00   Noon Phoenix, Ariz.%@AH@%*%@AE@%        10.00   A.M. Pierre, S.D.           11.00   A.M. Pittsburgh, Pa.        12.00   Noon Portland, Me.          12.00   Noon Portland, Ore.         9.00    A.M. Providence, R.I.       12.00   Noon Regina, Sask.%@AH@%*%@AE@%         11.00   A.M. Reno, Nev.             9.00    A.M. Richmond, Va.          12.00   Noon Rochester, N.Y.        12.00   Noon Sacramento, Cal.       9.00    A.M. St. John's, Nfld.      1.30    P.M. St. Louis, Mo.         11.00   A.M. St. Paul, Minn.        11.00   A.M. Salt Lake City, Ut.    10.00   A.M. San Antonio, Tex.      11.00   A.M. San Diego, Cal.        9.00    A.M. San Francisco, Cal.    9.00    A.M. Santa Fe, N.M.         10.00   A.M. Savannah, Ga.          12.00   Noon Seattle, Wash.         9.00    A.M. Shreveport, La.        11.00   A.M. Sioux Falls, S.D.      11.00   A.M. Spokane, Wash.         9.00    A.M. Tampa, Fla.            12.00   Noon Toledo, Oh.            12.00   Noon Topeka, Kan.           11.00   A.M. Toronto, Ont.          12.00   Noon Tucson, Ariz.%@AH@%*%@AE@%         10.00   A.M. Tulsa, Okla.           11.00   A.M. Vancouver, B.C.        9.00    A.M. Washington, D.C.       12.00   Noon Wichita, Kan.          11.00   A.M. Wilmington, Del.       12.00   Noon Winnipeg, Man.         11.00   A.M.%@TE:  107  4107 01 23 08 08 @%

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%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Legal or Public Holidays, 1991 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Technically there are no national holidays in the United States; each state%@EH@%
has jurisdiction over its holidays, which are designated by legislative
enactment or executive proclamation. In practice, however, most states
observe the federal legal public holidays, even though the President and
Congress can legally designate holidays only for the District of Columbia
and for federal employees. Federal legal public holidays are New Year's Day,
Martin Luther King Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence
Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans' Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Chief Legal or Public Holidays %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When a holiday falls on a Sunday or a Saturday it is usually observed on the%@EH@%
following Monday or preceding Friday. For some holidays, government and
business closing practices vary. In most states, the office of the Secretary
of State can provide details of holiday closings. In most states, the
following will be legal or public holidays in 1991: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 1 (Tuesday) -- New Year's Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 21 (Monday) -- Martin Luther King Day.%@AE@% In some states, combined with%@EH@%
Robert E. Lee Day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 12 (Tuesday) -- Lincoln's Birthday.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 18 (3d Mon. in Feb.) --  Washington's Birthday, or Presidents' Day, or%@EH@%
%@AB@%Washington-Lincoln Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 27 (last Mon. in May) -- Memorial Day, or Decoration Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%July 4 (Thursday) -- Independence Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sept. 2 (1st Mon. in Sept.) -- Labor Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 14 (2d Mon. in Oct.) -- Columbus Day, or Discoverers' Day, or Pioneers'%@EH@%
%@AB@%Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 11 (Monday) -- Veterans' Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 28 (4th Thurs. in Nov.) -- Thanksgiving Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 25 (Wednesday) -- Christmas Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In some states, the following will be legal or public holidays in 1991: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 29 (Friday) -- Good Friday.%@AE@% In some states, observed for half or part%@EH@%
of day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 5 (1st Tues. after the 1st Mon. in Nov.) -- Election Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Selected Foreign Holidays %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 5 --%@AE@% Twelfth Night (Wassail Eve), England. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 14 --%@AE@% Vinegrower's Day, Bulgaria. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 3 --%@AE@% Hamstrom Day, Switzerland. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 3 --%@AE@% Setsubun (bean-throwing festival), Japan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 11 --%@AE@% Youth Day, Cameroon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 9-12 --%@AE@% Carnival, Brazil. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 7 --%@AE@% Ching Ming Festival, China. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 18 --%@AE@% Buddha's Birthday, Korea. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 22 --%@AE@% Independence Day, Israel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 25 --%@AE@% ANZAC Day, Australia & New Zealand. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 5 --%@AE@% Cinco de Mayo, Mexico. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 9  --%@AE@% Victory over Fascism Day, USSR. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%May 25 --%@AE@% African Freedom Day, Chad, Zambia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%June 22 --%@AE@% Midsummer Eve, Denmark. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%July 14 --%@AE@% Bastille Day, France. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%mid July --%@AE@% Feria de San Fermin, Spain. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%July 24 --%@AE@% Simon Bolivar's Birthday, Venezuela. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 13 --%@AE@% Fox Hill Day, Bahamas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 15 --%@AE@% Sour Herring Premiere, Sweden. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sept. 19 --%@AE@% St. Gennaro, Italy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 2 --%@AE@% Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday, India. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 6 --%@AE@% Ivy Day, Ireland. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 9 --%@AE@% Korean Alphabet Day. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 5 --%@AE@% Guy Fawkes Day, England. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 7-8 --%@AE@% October Revolution Anniversary, USSR. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 16 --%@AE@% Elephant Round-up, Thailand. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 17 --%@AE@% Volkstrauertag (Memorial Day), Germany. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 5 --%@AE@% Lover's Fair, Belgium. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dec. 16-Jan. 6 --%@AE@% Christmas Observance, Phillipines.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                           %@AS@%WEIGHTS AND MEASURES%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%  National Institute of Standards and Technology,U.S. Commerce Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%The International System of Units%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Two systems of weights and measures exist side by side in the United States%@EH@%
today, with roughly equal but separate legislative sanction: the U.S.
Customary System and the International (Metric) System. Throughout U.S.
history, the Customary System (inherited from, but now different from, the
British Imperial System) has been, as its name implies, customarily used; a
plethora of federal and state legislation has given it, through implication,
standing as our primary weights and measures system. However, the Metric
System (incorporated in the scientists' new SI or Systeme International
d'Unites) is the only system that has ever received specific legislative
sanction by Congress. The "Law of 1866" reads:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%It shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the%@EH@%
%@AI@%weights and measures of the metric system; and no contract or dealing, or
%@AI@%pleading in any court, shall be deemed invalid or liable to objection
%@AI@%because the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights
%@AI@%or measures of the metric system.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Over the last 100 years, the Metric System has seen slow, steadily%@EH@%
increasing use in the United States. In science and also in the
pharmaceutical industry, the use of metrics has for many years been
predominant; today, the manufacturing industry is steadily increasing its
use of the metric system largely motivated by the automotive industry, which
is now predominantly metric.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Feb. 10, 1964, the National Bureau of Standards issued the following%@EH@%
bulletin:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use%@EH@%
%@AI@%the units of the International System (SI), as adopted by the 11th General
%@AI@%Conference on Weights and Measures (October 1960), except when the use of
%@AI@%these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of
%@AI@%a report.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Trade Act of 1988 calls for the federal government to adopt metric%@EH@%
specifications by Dec. 31, 1992, and mandates the Commerce Dept. to oversee
the program.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%What had been the Metric System became the International System (SI), a more%@EH@%
complete scientific system.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Seven units have been adopted to serve as the base for the International%@EH@%
System as follows: %@AB@%length%@AE@%--meter; %@AB@%mass%@AE@%--kilogram; %@AB@%time%@AE@%--second; %@AB@%electric
%@AB@%current%@AE@%--ampere; %@AB@%thermodynamic temperature%@AE@%--kelvin; %@AB@%amount of
%@AB@%substance%@AE@%--mole; and %@AB@%luminous intensity%@AE@%--candela.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%Prefixes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The following prefixes, in combination with the basic unit names, provide%@EH@%
the multiples and submultiples in the International System. For example, the
unit name "meter," with the prefix "kilo" added, produces "kilometer,"
meaning "1,000 meters."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10   538 02 08 08 11 17 @%Prefix  Symbol  Multiples  Equivalent%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%exa     E       10%@AH@%18%@AE@%       quintillionfoldpeta    P       10%@AH@%15%@AE@%       quadrillionfoldtera    T       10%@AH@%12%@AE@%       trillionfoldgiga    G       10%@AH@%9%@AE@%        billionfoldmega    M       10%@AH@%6%@AE@%        millionfoldkilo    k       10%@AH@%3%@AE@%        thousandfoldhecto   h       10%@AH@%2%@AE@%        hundredfolddeka    da      10         tenfold%@TE:   10   538 02 08 08 11 17 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10   607 02 08 08 14 20 @%Prefix  Symbol  Submultiples  Equivalent%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%deci    d       10%@AH@%1%@AE@%           tenth partcenti   c       10%@AH@%2%@AE@%           hundredth partmilli   m       10%@AH@%3%@AE@%           thousandth partmicro   micro   10%@AH@%6%@AE@%           millionth partnano    n       10%@AH@%9%@AE@%           billionth partpico    p       10%@AH@%12%@AE@%          trillionth partfemto   f       10%@AH@%15%@AE@%          quadrillionth partatto    a       10%@AH@%18%@AE@%          quintillionth part%@TE:   10   607 02 08 08 14 20 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Tables of Metric Weights and Measures%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Linear Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   458 01 26 50 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%10 millimeters (mm)       = 1 centimeter (cm)10 centimeters            = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters10 decimeters             = 1 meter (m) = 1,000 millimeters10 meters                 = 1 dekameter (dam)10 dekameters             = 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters10 hectometers            = 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters%@TE:    7   458 01 26 50 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Area Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13   602 01 34 42 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%100 square millimeters (mm%@AH@%2%@AE@%)      = 1 square centimeter (cm%@AH@%2%@AE@%)10,000 square centimeters         = 1 square meter (m%@AH@%2%@AE@%) = 1,000,000 square                                  millimeters100 square meters                 = 1 are (a)100 ares                          = 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meters100 hectares                      = 1 square kilometer (km%@AH@%2%@AE@%) = 1,000,000                                   square meters%@TE:   13   602 01 34 42 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Fluid Volume Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   458 01 26 50 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%10 milliliters (mL)       = 1 centiliter (cL)10 centiliters            = 1 deciliter (dL) = 100 milliliters10 deciliters             = 1 liter (L) = 1,000 milliliters10 liters                 = 1 dekaliter (daL)10 dekaliters             = 1 hectoliter (hL) = 100 liters10 hectoliters            = 1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters%@TE:    7   458 01 26 50 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Cubic Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10   560 01 34 42 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1,000 cubic millimeters (mm%@AH@%3%@AE@%)     = 1 cubic centimeter (cm%@AH@%3%@AE@%)1,000 cubic centimeters           = 1 cubic decimeter (dm%@AH@%3%@AE@%) = 1,000,000                                   cubic millimeters1,000 cubic decimeters            = 1 cubic meter (m%@AH@%3%@AE@%) = 1 stere                                   =1,000,000 cubic centi-meters =                                   1,000,000,000 cubic millimeters%@TE:   10   560 01 34 42 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Weight%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8   493 01 26 50 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%10 milligrams (mg)        = 1 centigram (cg)10 centigrams             = 1 decigram (dg) = 100 milligrams10 decigrams              = 1 gram (g) = 1,000 milligrams10 grams                  = 1 dekagram (dag)10 dekagrams              = 1 hectogram (hg) = 100 grams10 hectograms             = 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams1,000 kilograms           = 1 metric ton (t)%@TE:    8   493 01 26 50 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%Table of U.S. Customary Weights and Measures%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Linear Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8   490 01 19 57 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%12 inches (in)     = 1 foot (ft)3 feet             = 1 yard (yd)5 1/2 yards        = 1 rod (rd), pole, or perch (16 1/2 feet)40 rods            = 1 furlong (fur) =  220 yards = 660 feet8 furlongs         = 1 statute mile (mi) = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet3 miles            = 1 league = 5,280 yards = 15,840 feet6076.11549 feet    = 1 International Nautical Mile%@TE:    8   490 01 19 57 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Liquid Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When necessary to distinguish the liquid pint or quart from the dry pint or%@EH@%
quart, the word "liquid" or the abbreviation "liq" should be used in
combination with the name or abbreviation of the liquid unit.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    4   289 01 12 64 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%4 gills     = 1 pint (pt) = 28.875 cubic inches2 pints     = 1 quart (qt) = 57.75 cubic inches4 quarts    = 1 gallon (gal) = 231 cubic inches = 8 pints = 32 gills%@TE:    4   289 01 12 64 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Area Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Squares and cubes of units are sometimes abbreviated by using "superior"%@EH@%
figures. For example. ft%@AH@%2%@AE@% means square foot, and ft%@AH@%3%@AE@% means cubic foot.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8   568 01 21 55 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%144 square inches    = 1 square foot (ft%@AH@%2%@AE@%)9 square feet        = 1 square yard (yd%@AH@%2%@AE@%) = 1,296 square inches30 1/4 square yards  = 1 square rod (rd%@AH@%2%@AE@%) = 272 1/4 square feet160 square rods      = 1 acre = 4,840 square yards = 43,560 square feet640 acres            = 1 square mile (mi%@AH@%2%@AE@%)1 mile square        = 1 section (of land)6 miles square       = 1 township = 36 sections = 36 square miles%@TE:    8   568 01 21 55 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Cubic Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
1 cubic foot (ft%@AH@%3%@AE@%)          = 1,728 cubic inches (in%@AH@%3%@AE@%)
27 cubic feet               = 1 cubic yard (yd%@AH@%3%@AE@%)

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Gunter's or Surveyors' Chain Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
7.92 inches (in)     = 1 link
100 links            = 1 chain (ch) = 4 rods = 66 feet
80 chains            = 1 survey mile (mi) = 320 rods = 5,280 feet
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Troy Weight%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
24 grains        = 1 pennyweight (dwt)
20 pennyweights  = 1 ounce troy (oz t) = 480 grains
12 ounces troy   = 1 pound troy (lb t) = 240 pennyweights = 5,760 grains
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Dry Measure%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When necessary to distinguish the dry pint or quart from the liquid pint or%@EH@%
quart, the word "dry" should be used in combination with the name or
abbreviation of the dry unit.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
2 pints (pt)    = 1 quart (qt) = 67.2006 cubic inches
8 quarts        = 1 peck (pk) = 537.605 cubic inches  = 16 pints
4 pecks         = 1 bushel (bu) = 2,150.42 cubic inches = 32 quarts
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Avoirdupois Weight%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When necessary to distinguish the avoirdupois ounce or pound from the troy%@EH@%
ounce or pound, the word "avoirdupois" or the abbreviation "avdp" should be
used in combination with the name or abbreviation of the avoirdupois unit.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(The "grain" is the same in avoirdupois and troy weight.)%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8   587 01 33 43 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%27 11/32 grains                  = 1 dram (dr)16 drams                         = 1 ounce (oz) = 437 1/2 grains16 ounces                        = 1 pound (lb) = 256 drams = 7,000 grains100 pounds                       = 1 hundredweight (cwt) deg20 hundredweights                = 1 ton = 2,000 pounds%@AH@% deg%@AE@%112 pounds                       = 1 gross or long hundredweight deg20 gross or long hundredweights  = 1 gross or long ton = 2,240 pounds deg%@TE:    8   587 01 33 43 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
In "gross" or "long" measure, the following values are recognized.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AH@% deg%@AE@%When the terms "hundredweight" and "ton" are used unmodified, they are%@EH@%
commonly understood to mean the 100-pound hundredweight and the 2,000-pound
ton, respectively: these units may be designated "net" or "short" when
necessary to distinguish them from the corresponding units in gross or long
measure.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Tables of Equivalents%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In this table it is necessary to distinguish between the "international" and%@EH@%
the "survey" foot. The international foot, defined in 1959 as exactly equal
to 0.3048 meter, is shorter than the old survey foot by exactly 2 parts in
one million. The survey foot is still used in data expressed in feet in
geodetic surveys within the U.S. In this table the survey foot is
italicized.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When the name of a unit is enclosed in brackets thus, "1 hand", this%@EH@%
indicates (1) that the unit is not in general current use in the United
States, or (2) that the unit is believed to be based on "custom and usage"
rather than on formal definition.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Equivalents involving decimals are, in most instances, rounded off to the%@EH@%
third decimal place except where they are exact, in which cases these exact
equivalents are so designated.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Lengths%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   89  4251 01 38 38 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 angstrom (A)                        *  0.1 nanometer (exactly)                                                *  0.000 1 micrometer (exactly)                                           *  0.000 000 1 millimeter (exactly)                                       *  0.000 000 004 inch              1 cable's length                      *  120 fathoms (exactly)                                                  *  720 %@AI@%feet%@AE@% (exactly)                                                    *  219 meters              1 centimeter (cm)                     *  0.3937 inch1 chain (ch) (Gunter's or surveyors)  *  66 %@AI@%feet%@AE@% (exactly)                                                    *  20.1168 meters              1 chain (engineers)                   *  100 feet                                                    *  30.48 meters (exactly)              1 decimeter (dm)                      *  3.937 inches1 degree (geographical)               *  364,566.929 feet                                                      *  69.047 miles (avg.)                                                    *  111.123 kilometers (avg.)           -of latitude                          *  68.708 miles at equator                                                *  69.403 miles at poles            -of longitude                         *  69.171 miles at equator1 dekameter (dam)                     *  32.808 feet1 fathom                              *  6 %@AI@%feet%@AE@% (exactly)                                                     *  1.8288 meters (exactly)             1 foot (ft)                           *  0.3048 meters (exactly)1 furlong (fur)                       *  10 chains (surveyors) (exactly)                                        *  660 %@AI@%feet%@AE@% (exactly)                                                    *  1/8 statute mile (exactly)                                                *  201.168 meters              "1 hand" (height measure for horses   *  4 inchesfrom ground to top of shoulders)      1 inch (in)                           *  2.54 centimeters (exactly)1 kilometer (km)                      *  0.621 mile                                                     *  3,281.5 feet              1 league (land)                       *  3 survey miles (exactly)                                               *  4.828 kilometers              1 link (Gunter's or surveyors)        *  7.92 inches (exactly)                                                  *  0.201 meter              1 link engineers                      *  1 foot                                                    *  0.305 meter              1 meter (m)                           *  39.37 inches                                                     *  1.094 yards              1 micrometer (microm) "the Greek      *  0.001 millimeter (exactly)       letter mu"                            *  0.000 039 37 inch              1 mil                                 *  0.001 inch (exactly)                                                   *  0.025 4 millimeter (exactly)     1 mile (mi) (statute or land)         *  5,280 feet (exactly)                                                   *  1.609 kilometers              1 international nautical mile (nmi)   *  1.852 kilometers (exactly)                                             *  1.150779 survey miles                                                  *  6,076.11549 feet              1 millimeter (mm)                     *  0.039 37 inch1 nanometer (nm)                      *  0.001 micrometer (exactly)                                             *  0.000 000 039 37 inch            1 pica (typography)                   *  12 points1 point (typography)                  *  0.013 837 inch (exactly)                                               *  0.351 millimeter              1 rod (rd), pole, or perch            *  16 1/2 %@AI@%feet%@AE@% (exactly)                                                  *  5.029 meters              1 yard (yd)                           *  0.9144 meter (exactly)%@TE:   89  4251 01 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Areas or Surfaces%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  2038 01 38 38 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 acre                                %@NL@%%@4@%*  43,560 square %@AI@%feet%@AE@% (exactly)                                           %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  4,840 square yards              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                      0.405 hectare              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 are (a)                             %@NL@%%@4@%*  119.599 square yards                                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.025 acre              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 bolt (cloth measure):length                                100 yards (on modern looms)width                                 %@NL@%%@4@%*  42 inches (usually, for cotton)                                        %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  60 inches (usually, for wool)                                          %@NL@%%@NL@%1 hectare (ha)                        2.471 acres"1 square (building)"                 100 square feet1 square centimeter (cm%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             0.155 square inch1 square decimeter (dm%@AH@%2%@AE@%)              15.500 square inches1 square foot (ft%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                   929.030 square centimeters1 square inch (in%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                   6.4516 square centimeters (exactly)1 square kilometer (km%@AH@%2%@AE@%)              %@NL@%%@4@%*  247.104 acres              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        0.386 square mile              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 square meter (m%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                   %@NL@%%@4@%*  1.196 square yards              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                      10.764 square feet              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 square mile (mi%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                   258.999 hectares1 square millimeter (mm%@AH@%2%@AE@%)             0.002 square inch1 square rod (rd%@AH@%2%@AE@%) sq. pole, or sq.   25.293 square metersperch                                 1 square yard (yd%@AH@%2%@AE@%)                   0.836 square meter%@TE:   43  2038 01 38 38 @%

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%@3@%                           %@AS@%Capacities or Volumes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  121  7432 01 38 38 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 barrel (bbl) liquid                 31 to 42 gallons%@AH@% deg%@AE@%1 barrel (bbl), standard, for fruits,  %@NL@%%@4@%*  7,056 cubic inches              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*vegetables,and other dry commodities  105 dry quarts              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  3.281except dry cranberries                bushels, struck measure                                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%1 barrel (bbl), standard, cranberry   %@NL@%%@4@%*  5,826 cubic inches              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                      86 45/64 dry quarts              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        2.709 bushels, struck measure                                             %@NL@%%@NL@%1 board foot (lumber measure)         a foot-square board 1 inch thick1 bushel (bu) (U.S.) (struck measure)  %@NL@%%@4@%*  2,150.42 cubic inches (exactly)                                        %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  35.239 liters              %@NL@%%@NL@%"1 bushel, heaped (U.S.)"             %@NL@%%@4@%*  2,747.715 cubic inches                                                 %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.278 bushels, struck measure%@AH@% deg%@AE@%                                      %@NL@%%@NL@%"1 bushel (bu) (British Imperial)     %@NL@%%@4@%*  1.032 U.S. bushels struck measure(struck measure)"                     %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  2,219.36 cubic inches                                                  %@NL@%%@NL@%1 cord (cd) firewood                  128 cubic feet (exactly)1 cubic centimeter (cm%@AH@%3%@AE@%)              0.061 cubic inch1 cubic decimeter (dm%@AH@%3%@AE@%)               61.024 cubic inches1 cubic inch (in%@AH@%3%@AE@%)                    %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.554 fluid ounce              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                       4.433 fluid drams              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        16.387 cubic centimeters                                                  %@NL@%%@NL@%1 cubic foot (ft%@AH@%3%@AE@%)                    %@NL@%%@4@%*  7.481 gallons              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        28.317 cubic decimeters                                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%1 cubic meter (m%@AH@%3%@AE@%)                    1.308 cubic yards1 cubic yard (yd%@AH@%3%@AE@%)                    0.765 cubic meter1 cup, measuring                      %@NL@%%@4@%*  8 fluid ounces (exactly)                                               %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1/2 liquid pint (exactly)                                              %@NL@%%@NL@%"1 dram, fluid (fl dr) (British)"     %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.961 U.S. fluid dram                                                  %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.217 cubic inch              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        3.552 milliliters              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 dekaliter (daL)                     %@NL@%%@4@%*  2.642 gallons              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        1.135 pecks              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 gallon (gal) (U.S.)                 %@NL@%%@4@%*  231 cubic inches (exactly)                                             %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  3.785 liters              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        0.833 British gallon              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                       128 U.S. fluid ounces (exactly)                                           %@NL@%%@NL@%"1 gallon (gal) British Imperial"     %@NL@%%@4@%*  277.42 cubic inches              %@NL@%                                      %@NL@%%@4@%*  1.201 U.S. gallons              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                      4.546 liters              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  160                                       British fluid ounces (exactly)                                            %@NL@%%@NL@%1 gill (gi)                           %@NL@%%@4@%*  7.219 cubic inches              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                      4 fluid ounces (exactly)                                                  %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.118 liter              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 hectoliter (hL)                     %@NL@%%@4@%*  26.418 gallons              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        2.838 bushels              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 liter (L) (1 cubic decimeter        %@NL@%%@4@%*  1.057 liquid quarts              %@NL@%exactly)                              %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.908 dry quart              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        61.025 cubic inches              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 milliliter (mL) (1 cu cm exactly)   %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.271 fluid dram              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        16.231 minims              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.061                                       cubic inch              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 ounce, liquid (U.S.)                %@NL@%%@4@%*  1.805 cubic inches              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                      29.573 milliliters              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        1.041 British fluid ounces                                                %@NL@%%@NL@%"1 ounce, fluid (fl oz) (British)"    %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.961 U.S. fluid ounce                                                 %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.734 cubic inches              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                      28.412 milliliters              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 peck (pk)                           8.810 liters1 pint (pt), dry                      %@NL@%%@4@%*  33.600 cubic inches              %@NL@%                                      %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.551 liter              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 pint (pt), liquid                   %@NL@%%@4@%*  28.875 cubic inches (exactly)                                          %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.473 liter              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 quart (qt) dry (U.S.)               %@NL@%%@4@%*  67.201 cubic inches              %@NL@%                                      %@NL@%%@4@%*  1.101 liters              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        0.969 British quart              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 quart (qt) liquid (U.S.)            %@NL@%%@4@%*  57.75 cubic in (exactly)                                               %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.946 liter              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.833                                      British quart              %@NL@%%@NL@%"1 quart (qt) (British)"              %@NL@%%@4@%*  69.354 cubic inches              %@NL@%                                      %@NL@%%@4@%*  1.032 U.S. dry quarts                                                  %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.201 U.S. liquid quarts                                               %@NL@%%@NL@%1 tablespoon                          %@NL@%%@4@%*  3 teaspoons%@AH@% deg%@AE@% (exactly)                                              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  4 fluid drams              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1/2                                      fluid ounce (exactly)              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 teaspoon                            %@NL@%%@4@%*  1/3 tablespoon%@AH@% deg%@AE@% (exactly)                                           %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  11/3 fluid drams%@AH@% deg%@AE@%                                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%%@TE:  121  7432 01 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@% deg%@AE@%There are a variety of "barrels," established by law or usage. For
example: federal taxes on fermented liquors are based on a barrel of 31
gallons: many state laws fix the "barrel for liquids" as 31 1/2 gallons; one
state fixes a 36-gallon barrel for cistern measurement; federal law
recognizes a 40-gallon barrel for "proof spirits"; by custom, 42 gallons
comprise a barrel of crude oil or petroleum products for statistical
purposes, and this equivalent is recognized "for liquids" by 4 states.%@NL@%
%@AH@% deg%@AE@%Frequently recognized as 11/4 bushels, struck measure.%@NL@%
%@AH@% deg%@AE@%The equivalent "1 teaspoon--11/3 fluid drams" has been found by the
bureau to correspond more closely with the actual capacities of "measuring"
and silver teaspoons than the equivalent "1 teaspoon--1 fluid dram" which is
given by many dictionaries.%@NL@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Weights or Masses%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   64  3775 01 38 38 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 assay ton%@AH@% deg deg%@AE@% (AT)              29.167 grams1 bale (cotton measure)               %@NL@%%@4@%*  500 pounds (index/Pound                                       (measure)/ in U.S.              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        750 pounds in Egypt              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 carat (c)                           %@NL@%%@4@%*  200 milligrams (exactly)                                               %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  3.086 grains              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 dram avoirdupois (dr avdp) gamma,   %@NL@%%@4@%*  27 11/32 (=27.344) grains        see microgram                         %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.772 grams              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 grain                               64.799 milligrams1 gram                                %@NL@%%@4@%*  15.432 grains              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        0.035 ounce, avoirdupois                                                  %@NL@%%@NL@%1 hundredweight, gross or long%@AH@% deg %@AE@%   %@NL@%%@4@%*  112 pounds (exactly)             %@AH@%deg deg%@AE@% (gross cwt)                   %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  50.802 kilograms              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 hundredweight, net or short (cwt.   %@NL@%%@4@%*  100 pounds (exactly)             or net cwt.)                          %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  45.359 kilograms              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 kilogram (kg)                       2.205 pounds1 microgram (microg  "The Greek       0.000001 gram (exactly)letter mu in combination with the     letter g")                            1 milligram (mg)                      0.015 grain1 ounce, avoirdupois (oz avdp)        %@NL@%%@4@%*  437.5 grains (exactly)                                                 %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.911 troy ounce              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        28.350 grams              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 ounce, troy (oz t)                  %@NL@%%@4@%*  480 grains (exactly)                                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.097 avoirdupois ounces                                               %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  31.103 grams              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 pennyweight (dwt)                   1.555 grams1 pound, avoirdupois (lb avdp)        %@NL@%%@4@%*  7,000 grains (exactly)                                                 %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.215 troy pounds              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                       453.592 37 grams (exactly)                                                %@NL@%%@NL@%1 pound, troy (lb t)                  %@NL@%%@4@%*  5,760 grains (exactly)                                                 %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.823 avoirdupois pound                                                %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  373.242 grams              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 ton, gross or long%@AH@% deg deg deg%@AE@%      %@NL@%%@4@%*  2,240 pounds (exactly)           (gross ton)                           %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.12 net tons (exactly)                                                %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.016 metric tons              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 ton, metric (t)                     %@NL@%%@4@%*  2,204.623 pounds              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        0.984 gross ton              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        1.102 net tons              %@NL@%%@NL@%1 ton, net or short (sh ton)          %@NL@%%@4@%*  2,000 pounds (exactly)                                                 %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.893 gross ton              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                        0.907 metric ton              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@TE:   64  3775 01 38 38 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@% deg deg%@AE@%Used in assaying. The assay ton bears the same relation to the
milligram that a ton of 2,000 pounds avoirdupois bears to the ounce troy;
hence the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from one assay ton
of ore gives directly the number of troy ounces to the net ton.%@NL@%
%@AH@% deg deg deg%@AE@%The gross or long ton and hundredweight are used commercially in
the United States to only a limited extent, usually in restricted industrial
fields. These units are the same as British "ton" and "hundredweight."%@NL@%
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%@2@%              %@AS@%Tables of Interrelation of Units of Measurement%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%%@AB@%Bold face%@AE@% type indicates exact values%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:    4   301 01 26 50 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 international foot      = 0.999 998 survey foot (exactly)1 survey foot             = 1200/3937 meter (exactly)1 international foot      = 12 [times ] 0.0254 meter (exactly)%@TE:    4   301 01 26 50 @%

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Units of length and area of the international and survey measures are
included in the following tables. Units unique to the survey measure are
italicized. See p. 300, Tables of Equivalents, 1st para.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                              %@AS@%Units of Length%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   11  1829 02 10 08 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 11 @%Units     Inches  %@AI@%Links%@AE@%      Feet       Yards      %@AI@%Rods%@AE@%       %@AI@%Chains%@AE@%     Miles      cm          Meters%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 inch=   %@AB@%1%@AE@%       0.126 263  0.083 333  0.027 778  0.005 051  0.001 263  0.000 016  %@AB@%2.54%@AE@%        %@AB@%0.025 4%@AE@% 1 %@AI@%link%@AE@%=   %@AB@%7.92%@AE@%    %@AB@%1%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.66%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.22%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.04%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.01%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.000 125%@AE@%  20.117      0.201 1681 foot=   %@AB@%12%@AE@%      1.515 152  %@AB@%1%@AE@%          0.333 333  0.060 606  0.015 152  0.000 189  %@AB@%30.48%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.304 8%@AE@% 1 yard=   %@AB@%36%@AE@%      4.545 45   %@AB@%3%@AE@%          %@AB@%1%@AE@%          0.181 818  0.045 455  0.000 568  %@AB@%91.44%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.914 4%@AE@% 1 %@AI@%rod%@AE@%=    %@AB@%198%@AE@%     %@AB@%25%@AE@%         %@AB@%16.5%@AE@%       %@AB@%5.5%@AE@%        %@AB@%1%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.25%@AE@%       0.003 125  502.92      5.029 21 %@AI@%chain%@AE@%=  %@AB@%792%@AE@%     %@AB@%100%@AE@%        %@AB@%66%@AE@%         %@AB@%22%@AE@%         %@AB@%4%@AE@%          %@AB@%1%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.012 5%@AE@%    2011.68     20.116 81 mile=   %@AB@%63 360%@AE@%  %@AB@%8000%@AE@%       %@AB@%5280%@AE@%       %@AB@%1760%@AE@%       %@AB@%320%@AE@%        %@AB@%80%@AE@%         %@AB@%1%@AE@%          %@AB@%160 934.4%@AE@%   %@AB@%1609.344%@AE@% 1 cm=     0.3937  0.049 710  0.032 808  0.010 936  0.001 988  0.000 497  0.000 006  %@AB@%1%@AE@%           %@AB@%0.01%@AE@%1 meter=  39.37   4.970 960  3.280 840  1.093 613  0.198 838  0.049 710  0.000 621  %@AB@%100%@AE@%         %@AB@%1%@AE@%%@TE:   11  1829 02 10 08 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 11 @%

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%@2@%                               %@AS@%Units of Area%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   13  1791 02 14 15 14 12 15 15 15 @%Units         Sq. inches     %@AI@%Sq. links%@AE@%     Sq. feet    Sq. yards      %@AI@%Sq. rods%@AE@%       %@AI@%Sq. chains%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 sq. inch=   %@AB@%1%@AE@%              .015 942 3    0.006 944   0.000 771 605  0.000 025 5    0.000 001 5941 sq. %@AI@%link%@AE@%=   62.726 4       %@AB@%1%@AE@%             %@AB@%0.435 6%@AE@%     %@AB@%0.0484%@AE@%         0.0016         0.000 11 sq. foot=   %@AB@%144%@AE@%            2.295 684     %@AB@%1%@AE@%           0.111 111 1    0.003 673 09   0.000 229 5681 sq. yard=   %@AB@%1296%@AE@%           20.661 16     %@AB@%9%@AE@%           %@AB@%1%@AE@%              0.033 057 85   0.002 066 121 sq. %@AI@%rod%@AE@%=    %@AB@%39 204%@AE@%         %@AB@%625%@AE@%           %@AB@%272.25%@AE@%      %@AB@%30.25%@AE@%          %@AB@%1%@AE@%              %@AB@%0.062 5%@AE@%1 sq. %@AI@%chain%@AE@%=  %@AB@%627 264%@AE@%        %@AB@%10 000%@AE@%        %@AB@%4 356%@AE@%       %@AB@%484%@AE@%            %@AB@%16%@AE@%             %@AB@%1%@AE@%1 %@AI@%acre%@AE@%=       %@AB@%6 272 640%@AE@%      %@AB@%100 000%@AE@%       %@AB@%43 560%@AE@%      %@AB@%4 840%@AE@%          %@AB@%160%@AE@%            %@AB@%10%@AE@%1 sq. mile=   %@AB@%4 014 489 600%@AE@%  %@AB@%64 000 000%@AE@%    %@AB@%27 878 400%@AE@%  %@AB@%3 097 600%@AE@%      %@AB@%102 400%@AE@%        %@AB@%6400%@AE@%1 sq. cm=     0.155 000 3    0.002 471 05  0.001 076   0.000 119 599  0.000 003 954  0.000 000 2471 sq. meter=  1550.003       24.710 44     10.763 91   1.195 990      0.039 536 70   0.002 471 0441 %@AI@%hectare%@AE@%=    15 500 031     247 104       107 639.1   11 959.90      395.367 0      24.710 44%@TE:   13  1791 02 14 15 14 12 15 15 15 @%

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%@TH:   13  1698 02 14 19 23 16 14 17 @%Units         %@AI@%Acres%@AE@%              Sq. miles              Sq. cm          Sq. meters    %@AI@%Hectares%@AE@%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 sq. inch=   0.000 000 159 423  0.000 000 000 249 10   %@AB@%6.451 6%@AE@%         %@AB@%0.000 645 16%@AE@%  0.000 000 0651 sq. %@AI@%link%@AE@%=   %@AB@%0.000 01%@AE@%           %@AB@%0.000 000 015 625%@AE@%      404.685 642 24  0.040 468 56  0.000 004 0471 sq. foot=   0.000 022 956 84   0.000 000 035 870 06   929.034 1       0.092 903 41  0.000 009 2901 sq. yard=   0.000 206 611 6    0.000 000 322 830 6    %@AB@%8 361.273 6%@AE@%     %@AB@%0.836 127 36%@AE@%  0.000 083 6131 sq. %@AI@%rod%@AE@%=    %@AB@%0.006 25%@AE@%           %@AB@%0.000 009 765 625%@AE@%      252 929.5       25.292 95     0.002 529 2951 sq. %@AI@%chain%@AE@%=  %@AB@%0.1%@AE@%                %@AB@%0.000 156 25%@AE@%           4 046 873       404.687 3     0.040 468 731 %@AI@%acre%@AE@%=       %@AB@%1%@AE@%                  %@AB@%0.001 562 5%@AE@%            40 468 73       4 046.873     0.404 687 31 sq. mile=   %@AB@%640%@AE@%                %@AB@%1%@AE@%                      25 899 881 103  2 589 988.11  258.998 811 0341 sq. cm=     0.000 000 024 711  0.000 000 000 038 610  %@AB@%1%@AE@%               %@AB@%0.000 1%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.000 000  01%@AE@%1 sq. meter=  0.000 247 104 4    0.000 000 386 102 2    %@AB@%10 000%@AE@%          %@AB@%1%@AE@%             %@AB@%0.0001%@AE@%1 %@AI@%hectare%@AE@%=    2.471 044          0.003 861 006          %@AB@%100 000 000%@AE@%     %@AB@%10 000%@AE@%        %@AB@%1%@AE@%%@TE:   13  1698 02 14 19 23 16 14 17 @%

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%@2@%            %@AS@%Units of Mass Not Greater than Pounds and Kilograms%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  1056 02 16 11 15 15 15 @%Units           Grains     Pennyweights   Avdp drams     Avdp ounces%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 grain=        %@AB@%1%@AE@%          0.041 666 67   0.036 571 43   0.002 285 711 pennyweight=  %@AB@%24%@AE@%         %@AB@%1%@AE@%              0.877 714 3    0.054 857 141 dram avdp=    %@AB@%27.343 75%@AE@%  1.139 323      %@AB@%1%@AE@%              %@AB@%0.062 5%@AE@%1 ounce avdp=   %@AB@%437.5%@AE@%      18.229 17      %@AB@%16%@AE@%             %@AB@%1%@AE@%1 ounce troy=   %@AB@%480%@AE@%        %@AB@%20%@AE@%             17.554 29      1.097 1431 pound troy=   %@AB@%5760%@AE@%       %@AB@%240%@AE@%            210.651 4      13.165 711 pound avdp=   %@AB@%7000%@AE@%       291.666 7      %@AB@%256%@AE@%            %@AB@%16%@AE@%1 milligram=    0.015 432  0.000 643 015  0.000 564 383  0.000 035 2741 gram=         15.432 36  0.643 014 9    0.564 383 4    0.035 273 961 kilogram=     15 432.36  643.014 9      564.383 4      35.273 96%@TE:   12  1056 02 16 11 15 15 15 @%

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%@TH:   12  1617 02 14 15 15 15 16 16 15 @%Units         Troy ounces    Troy pounds    Avdp pounds    Milligrams      Grams           Kilograms%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 grain=      0.002 083 33   0.000 173 611  0.000 142 857  %@AB@%64.798 91%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.064 798 91%@AE@%    0.000 064 7991 pennyw't.=  %@AB@%0.05%@AE@%           0.004 166 667  0.003 428 571  %@AB@%1555.173 84%@AE@%     %@AB@%1.555 173 84%@AE@%    0.001 555 1741 dram avdp=  0.056 966 15   0.004 747 179  0.003 906 25   1771.845 195    1.771 845 195   0.001 771 8451 oz avdp=    0.911 458 3    0.075 954 86   %@AB@%0.062 5%@AE@%        %@AB@%28 349.523 125%@AE@%  %@AB@%28.349 523 125%@AE@%  0.028 349 521 oz troy=    %@AB@%1%@AE@%              0.083 333 333  0.068 571 43   %@AB@%31 103.476 8%@AE@%    %@AB@%31.103 476 8%@AE@%    0.031 103 481 lb troy=    %@AB@%12%@AE@%             %@AB@%1%@AE@%              0.822 857 1    %@AB@%373 241.721 6%@AE@%   %@AB@%373.241 721 6%@AE@%   0.373 241 7221 lb avdp=    14.583 33      1.215 278      %@AB@%1%@AE@%              %@AB@%453 592.37%@AE@%      %@AB@%453.592 37%@AE@%      %@AB@%0.453 592 37%@AE@%1 milligram=  0.000 032 151  0.000 002 679  0.000 002 205  %@AB@%1%@AE@%               %@AB@%0.001%@AE@%           0.000 0011 gram=       0.032 150 75   0.002 679 229  0.002 204 623  %@AB@%1000%@AE@%            %@AB@%1%@AE@%               %@AB@%0.001%@AE@%1 kilogram=   32.150 75      2.679 229      2.204 623      %@AB@%1 000 000%@AE@%       %@AB@%1000%@AE@%            %@AB@%1%@AE@%%@TE:   12  1617 02 14 15 15 15 16 16 15 @%
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%@2@%              %@AS@%Units of Mass Not Less than Avoirdupois Ounces%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:    9  1415 02 15 11 11 14 15 15 16 15 @%Units          Avdp oz    Avdp lb    Short cwt     Short tons     Long tons      Kilograms       Metric tons%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 oz av=       %@AB@%1%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.0625%@AE@%     %@AB@%0.000 625%@AE@%     %@AB@%0.000 031 25%@AE@%   0.000 027 902  0.028 349 523   0.000 028 3501 lb av=       %@AB@%16%@AE@%         %@AB@%1%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.01%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.000 5%@AE@%        0.000 446 429  %@AB@%0.453 592 37%@AE@%    0.000 453 5921 sh cwt=      %@AB@%1 600%@AE@%      %@AB@%100%@AE@%        %@AB@%1%@AE@%             %@AB@%0.05%@AE@%           0.044 642 86   %@AB@%45.359 237%@AE@%      %@AB@%0.045 359 237%@AE@%1 sh ton=      %@AB@%32 000%@AE@%     %@AB@%2000%@AE@%       %@AB@%20%@AE@%            %@AB@%1%@AE@%              0.892 857 1    %@AB@%907.184 74%@AE@%      %@AB@%0.907 184 74%@AE@%1 long ton=    %@AB@%35 840%@AE@%     %@AB@%2240%@AE@%       %@AB@%22.4%@AE@%          %@AB@%1.12%@AE@%           %@AB@%1%@AE@%              %@AB@%1016.046 908 8%@AE@%  1.016 046 9091 kg=          35.273 96  2.204 623  0.022 046 23  0.001 102 311  0.000 984 207  %@AB@%1%@AE@%               %@AB@%0.001%@AE@%1 metric ton=  35 273.96  2 204.623  22.046 23     1.102 311      0.984 206 5    %@AB@%1000%@AE@%            %@AB@%1%@AE@%%@TE:    9  1415 02 15 11 11 14 15 15 16 15 @%
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%@2@%                              %@AS@%Units of Volume%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:    8  1087 02 16 14 15 15 17 13 15 @%Units           Cubic inches  Cubic feet     Cubic yards    Cubic cm         Cubic dm     Cubic meters%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 cubic inch=   %@AB@%1%@AE@%             0.000 578 704  0.000 021 433  %@AB@%16.387 064%@AE@%       0.016 387    0.000 016 3871 cubic foot=   %@AB@%1728%@AE@%          %@AB@%1%@AE@%              0.037 037 04   %@AB@%28 316.846 592%@AE@%   28.316 847   0.028 316 8471 cubic yard=   %@AB@%46 656%@AE@%        %@AB@%27%@AE@%             %@AB@%1%@AE@%              %@AB@%764 554.857 984%@AE@%  764.554 858  0.764 554 8581 cubic cm=     0.061 023 74  0.000 035 315  0.000 001 308  %@AB@%1%@AE@%                %@AB@%0.001%@AE@%        %@AB@%0.000 001%@AE@%1 cubic dm=     61.023 74     0.035 314 67   0.001 307 951  %@AB@%1 000%@AE@%            %@AB@%1%@AE@%            %@AB@%0.001%@AE@%1 cubic meter=  61 023.74     35.314 67      1.307 951      %@AB@%1 000 000%@AE@%        %@AB@%1000%@AE@%         %@AB@%1%@AE@%%@TE:    8  1087 02 16 14 15 15 17 13 15 @%
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%@2@%                    %@AS@%Units of Capacity (Liquid Measure)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   13  1471 02 17 11 14 14 15 15 @%Units            Minims     Fluid drams   Fluid ounces  Gills          Liquid pt%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 minim=         %@AB@%1%@AE@%          0.016 666 7   0.002 083 33  0.000 520 833  0.000 130 2081 fluid dram=    %@AB@%60%@AE@%         %@AB@%1%@AE@%             %@AB@%0.125%@AE@%         %@AB@%0.031 25%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.007 812 5%@AE@%1 fluid ounce=   %@AB@%480%@AE@%        %@AB@%8%@AE@%             %@AB@%1%@AE@%             %@AB@%0.25%@AE@%           %@AB@%0.062 5%@AE@%1 gill=          %@AB@%1920%@AE@%       %@AB@%32%@AE@%            %@AB@%4%@AE@%             %@AB@%1%@AE@%              %@AB@%0.25%@AE@%1 liquid pint=   %@AB@%7680%@AE@%       %@AB@%128%@AE@%           %@AB@%16%@AE@%            %@AB@%4%@AE@%              %@AB@%1%@AE@%1 liquid quart=  %@AB@%15 360%@AE@%     %@AB@%256%@AE@%           %@AB@%32%@AE@%            %@AB@%8%@AE@%              %@AB@%2%@AE@%1 gallon=        %@AB@%61 440%@AE@%     %@AB@%1024%@AE@%          %@AB@%128%@AE@%           %@AB@%32%@AE@%             %@AB@%8%@AE@%1 cubic inch=    265.974    4.432 900     0.554 112 6   0.138 528 1    0.034 632 031 cubic foot=    459 603.1  7 660.052     957.506 5     239.376 6      59.844 161 milliliter=    16.230 73  0.270 512 18  0.033 814 02  0.008 453 506  .002 113 3761 liter=         16 230.73  270.512 18    33.814 02     8.453 506      2.113 376%@TE:   13  1471 02 17 11 14 14 15 15 @%
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%@TH:   12  1500 02 15 18 18 15 19 18 @%Units          Liquid quarts     Gallons           Cubic inches   Cubic feet         Liters%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 minim=       0.000 065 104 17  0.000 016 276 04  0.003 759 766  0.000 002 175 790  0.000 061 611 521 flu. dram=   %@AB@%0.003 906 25%@AE@%      %@AB@%0.000 976 562 5%@AE@%   0.225 585 9    0.000 130 547 4    0.003 696 6911 fluid oz=    %@AB@%0.031 25%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.007 812 5%@AE@%       %@AB@%1.804 687 5%@AE@%    0.001 044 379      0.029 573 531 gill=        %@AB@%0.125%@AE@%             %@AB@%0.031 25%@AE@%          %@AB@%7.218 75%@AE@%       0.004 177 517      0.118 294 1181 liquid pt=   %@AB@%0.5%@AE@%               %@AB@%0.125%@AE@%             %@AB@%28.875%@AE@%         0.016 710 07       0.473 176 4731 liquid qt=   %@AB@%1%@AE@%                 %@AB@%0.25%@AE@%              %@AB@%57.75%@AE@%          0.033 420 14       0.946 352 9461 gallon=      %@AB@%4%@AE@%                 %@AB@%1%@AE@%                 %@AB@%231%@AE@%            0.133 680 6        3.785 411 7841 cubic in.=   0.017 316 02      0.004 329 004     %@AB@%1%@AE@%              0.000 578 703 7    0.016 387 0641 cubic foot=  29.922 08         7.480 519         %@AB@%1728%@AE@%           %@AB@%1%@AE@%                  %@AB@%28.316 846 592%@AE@%1 liter=       1.056 688         0.264 172 05      61.023 74      0.035 314 67       %@AB@%1%@AE@%%@TE:   12  1500 02 15 18 18 15 19 18 @%

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%@2@%                      %@AS@%Units of Capacity (Dry Measure)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:    8  1082 02 15 13 13 14 15 14 14 @%Units          Dry pints    Dry quarts   Pecks         Bushels        Cubic in.     Liters%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 dry pint=    %@AB@%1%@AE@%            %@AB@%0.5%@AE@%          %@AB@%0.062 5%@AE@%       %@AB@%0.015 625%@AE@%      %@AB@%33.600 312 5%@AE@%  0.550 610 471 dry quart=   %@AB@%2%@AE@%            %@AB@%1%@AE@%            %@AB@%0.125%@AE@%         %@AB@%0.031 25%@AE@%       %@AB@%67.200 625%@AE@%    1.101 220 91 peck=        %@AB@%16%@AE@%           %@AB@%8%@AE@%            %@AB@%1%@AE@%             %@AB@%0.25%@AE@%           %@AB@%537.605%@AE@%       8.809 767 51 bushel=      %@AB@%64%@AE@%           %@AB@%32%@AE@%           %@AB@%4%@AE@%             %@AB@%1%@AE@%              %@AB@%2150.42%@AE@%       35.239 071 cubic inch=  0.029 761 6  0.014 880 8  0.001 860 10  0.000 465 025  %@AB@%1%@AE@%             0.016 387 061 liter=       1.816 166    0.908 083    0.113 510 37  0.028 377 59   61.023 74     %@AB@%1%@AE@%%@TE:    8  1082 02 15 13 13 14 15 14 14 @%

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%@2@%                          %@AS@%Miscellaneous Measures %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Caliber%@AE@%--the diameter of a gun bore. In the U.S., caliber is traditionally%@EH@%
expressed in hundredths of inches, eg. .22 or .30. In Britain, caliber is
often expressed in thousandths of inches, eg. .270 or .465. Now, it is
commonly expressed in millimeters, eg. the 7.62 mm. M14 rifle and the 5.56
mm. M16 rifle. Heavier weapons' caliber has long been expressed in
millimeters, eg. the 81 mm. mortar, the 105 mm. howitzer (light), the 155
mm. howitzer (medium or heavy). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Naval guns' caliber refers to the barrel length as a multiple of the bore%@EH@%
diameter. A 5-inch, 50-caliber naval gun has a 5-inch bore and a barrel
length of 250 inches. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carat,%@AE@% karat-- a measure of the amount of alloy per 24 parts in gold. Thus%@EH@%
24-carat gold is pure; 18-carat gold is one-fourth alloy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Decibel%@AE@% (dB)-- a measure of the relative loudness or intensity of sound. A%@EH@%
20-decibel sound is 10 times louder than a 10-decibel sound; 30 decibels is
100 times louder; 40 decibels is 1,000 times louder, etc. One decibel is the
smallest difference between sounds detectable by the human ear. A
120-decibel sound is painful. %@NL@%
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%@TH:   11   557 01 22 54 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%10 decibels           -a light whisper20                    -quiet conversation30                    -normal conversation40                    -light traffic50                    -typewriter, loud conversation60                    -noisy office70                    -normal traffic, quiet train80                    -rock music, subway90                    -heavy traffic, thunder100                   -jet plane at takeoff%@TE:   11   557 01 22 54 @%

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%@4@%%@AB@%Em%@AE@%--a printer's measure designating the square width of any given type size.%@EH@%
Thus, an em of 10-point type is 10 points. An en is half an em. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gauge%@AE@%--a measure of shotgun bore diameter. Gauge numbers originally referred%@EH@%
to the number of lead balls of the gun barrel diameter in a pound. Thus, a
16 gauge shotgun's bore was smaller than a 12-gauge shotgun's. Today, an
international agreement assigns millimeter measures to each gauge, eg: %@NL@%
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%@TH:    8   339 02 22 54 @%Gauge                 Bore diameter in mm%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%6                     23.34 10                    19.67 12                    18.52 14                    17.60 16                    16.81 20                    15.90%@TE:    8   339 02 22 54 @%

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%@4@%%@AB@%Horsepower%@AE@%--the power needed to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second, or%@EH@%
to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. Equivalent to 746 watts or
2,546.0756 Btu/h. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Quire%@AE@%--25 sheets of paper %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ream%@AE@%--500 sheets of paper  %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@2@%                             %@AS@%Electrical Units%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%watt%@AE@% is the unit of power (electrical, mechanical, thermal, etc.).%@EH@%
Electrical power is given by the product of the voltage and the current. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Energy is sold by the %@AB@%joule,%@AE@% but in common practice the billing of%@EH@%
electrical energy is expressed in terms of the %@AB@%kilowatt-hour,%@AE@% which is
3,600,000 joules or 3.6 megajoules. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%horsepower%@AE@% is a non-metric unit sometimes used in mechanics. It is equal%@EH@%
to 746 watts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%ohm%@AE@% is the unit of electrical resistance and represents the physical%@EH@%
property of a conductor that  offers a resistance to the flow of
electricity, permitting just 1 ampere to flow at 1 volt of pressure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Compound Interest%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Compounded Annually %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   18  1923 02 11 10 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 10 10 @%Principal  Period    4%      5%      6%      7%      8%      9%      10%     12%     14%       16%%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%$100       1 day     0.011   0.014   0.016   0.019   0.022   0.025   0.027   0.033   0.038     0.044            1 week    0.077   0.096   0.115   0.134   0.153   0.173   0.192   0.230   0.268     0.307            6 mos.    2.00    2.50    3.00    3.50    4.00    4.50    5.00    6.00    7.00      8.00            1 year    4.00    5.00    6.00    7.00    8.00    9.00    10.00   12.00   14.00     16.00            2 years   8.16    10.25   12.36   14.49   16.64   18.81   21.00   25.44   29.96     34.56            3 years   12.49   15.76   19.10   22.50   25.97   29.50   33.10   40.49   48.15     56.09            4 years   16.99   21.55   26.25   31.08   36.05   41.16   46.41   57.35   68.90     81.06            5 years   21.67   27.63   33.82   40.26   46.93   53.86   61.05   76.23   92.54     110.03            6 years   26.53   34.01   41.85   50.07   58.69   67.71   77.16   97.38   119.50    143.64            7 years   31.59   40.71   50.36   60.58   71.38   82.80   94.87   121.07  150.23    182.62            8 years   36.86   47.75   59.38   71.82   85.09   99.26   114.36  147.60  185.26    227.84            9 years   42.33   55.13   68.95   83.85   99.90   117.19  135.79  177.31  225.19    280.30            10 years  48.02   62.89   79.08   96.72   115.89  136.74  159.37  210.58  270.72    341.14            12 years  60.10   79.59   101.22  125.22  151.82  181.27  213.84  289.60  381.79    493.60            15 years  80.09   107.89  139.66  175.90  217.22  264.25  317.72  447.36  613.79    826.55            20 years  119.11  165.33  220.71  286.97  366.10  460.44  572.75  864.63  1,274.35  1,846.08%@TE:   18  1923 02 11 10 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 10 10 @%

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%@2@%                             %@AS@%Ancient Measures %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   19   655 01 19 03 30 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%BiblicalCubit              =  21.8 inchesOmer               =  0.45 peck                      3.964 litersEphah              =  10 omersShekel             =  0.497 ounce                      14.1 gramsGreekCubit              =  18.3 inchesStadion            =  607.2 or 622 feetObolos             =  715.38 milligramsDrachma            =  4.2923 gramsMina               =  0.9463 poundsTalent             =  60 minaRomanCubit              =  17.5 inchesStadium            =  202 yardsAs, libra, pondus  =  325.971 grams, .71864 pounds%@TE:   19   655 01 19 03 30 @%

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%@2@%                              %@AS@%Weight of Water%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   13   575 01 08 18 19 @%%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1       cubic inch        .0360 pound12      cubic inches      .433 pound 1       cubic foot        62.4 pounds 1       cubic foot        7.48052 U.S. gal 1.8     cubic feet        112.0 pounds 35.96   cubic feet        2240.0 pounds 1       imperial gallon   10.0 pounds 11.2    imperial gallons  112.0 pounds 224     imperial gallons  2240.0 pounds 1       U.S. gallon       8.33 pounds 13.45   U.S. gallons      112.0 pounds 269.0   U.S. gallons      2240.0 pounds%@TE:   13   575 01 08 18 19 @%

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%@2@%                        %@AS@%Density of Gases and Vapors%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                       National Bureau of Standards%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%at 0 degC and 760 mmHg %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%(kilograms per cubic meter)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   41  1834 02 37 39 @%Gas                                  Wgt.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Acetylene                            1.171Air                                  1.293Ammonia                              .759 Argon                                1.784Arsene                               3.48Butane-iso                           2.60Butane-n                             2.519Carbon dioxide                       1.977Carbon monoxide                      1.250Carbon oxysulfide                    2.72Chlorine                             3.214Chlorine monoxide                    3.89Ethane                               1.356Ethylene                             1.260 Fluorine                             1.696Helium                               .178 Hydrogen                             .090 Hydrogen bromide                     3.50Hydrogen chloride                    1.639Hydrogen iodide                      5.724Hydrogen selenide                    3.66Hydrogen sulfide                     1.539Krypton                              3.745Methane                              .717 Methyl chloride                      2.25Methyl ether                         2.091Methyl fluoride                      1.545 Mono methylamine                     1.38Neon                                 .900 Nitric oxide                         1.341Nitrogen                             1.250Nitrosyl chloride                    2.99Nitrous oxide                        1.997Oxygen                               1.429Phosphine                            1.48Propane                              2.020Silicon tetrafluoride                4.67Sulfur dioxide                       2.927Xenon                                5.897%@TE:   41  1834 02 37 39 @%

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%@2@%                       %@AS@%Temperature Conversion Table %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   37  1283 02 09 08 12 @%Celsius          Fahrenheit%@AB@%─────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%-273.2   %@AB@%-459.7%@AE@%  . . . -184     %@AB@%-300%@AE@%    . . . -169     %@AB@%-273%@AE@%    -459.4-157     %@AB@%-250%@AE@%    -418-129     %@AB@%-200%@AE@%    -328-101     %@AB@%-150%@AE@%    -238-73.3    %@AB@%-100%@AE@%    -148-45.6    %@AB@%-50%@AE@%     -58-40.0    %@AB@%-40%@AE@%     -40-34.4    %@AB@%-30%@AE@%     -22-28.9    %@AB@%-20%@AE@%     -4-23.3    %@AB@%-10%@AE@%     14-17.8    %@AB@%0%@AE@%       32-12.2    %@AB@%10%@AE@%      50-6.67    %@AB@%20%@AE@%      68-1.11    %@AB@%30%@AE@%      864.44     %@AB@%40%@AE@%      10410.0     %@AB@%50%@AE@%      12215.6     %@AB@%60%@AE@%      14021.1     %@AB@%70%@AE@%      15823.9     %@AB@%75%@AE@%      16726.7     %@AB@%80%@AE@%      17629.4     %@AB@%85%@AE@%      18532.2     %@AB@%90%@AE@%      19435.0     %@AB@%95%@AE@%      203 36.7     %@AB@%98%@AE@%      208.4 37.8     %@AB@%100%@AE@%     212 43       %@AB@%110%@AE@%     230 49       %@AB@%120%@AE@%     248 54       %@AB@%130%@AE@%     266 60       %@AB@%140%@AE@%     284 66       %@AB@%150%@AE@%     302 93       %@AB@%200%@AE@%     392 121      %@AB@%250%@AE@%     482 149      %@AB@%300%@AE@%     572 %@TE:   37  1283 02 09 08 12 @%

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The numbers in %@AB@%bold face type%@AE@% refer to the temperature either in degrees
Celsius or Fahrenheit which are to be converted. If converting from degrees
Fahrenheit to Celsius, the equivalent will be found in the column on the
left, while if converting from degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit the answer will
be found in the column on the right.%@NL@%
%@AB@%For temperatures not shown.%@AE@% To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius subtract 32
degrees and multiply by 5, divide by 9; to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit,
multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32 degrees. %@NL@%
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%@2@%                   %@AS@%Boiling and Freezing Points of Water %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Water boils at 212 degF at sea level. For every 550 feet above sea level,%@EH@%
boiling point of water is lower by about 1 degF. Methyl alcohol boils at 148
degF. Average human oral temperature, 98.6 degF. Water freezes at 32 degF.
Although "Centigrade" is still frequently used, the International Committee
on Weights and Measures and the National Bureau of Standards have
recommended since 1948 that this scale be called "Celsius." %@NL@%
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%@2@%                %@AS@%Breaking the Sound Barrier; Speed of Sound %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The prefix Mach is used to describe supersonic speed. It derives from Ernst%@EH@%
Mach, a Czech-born German physicist, who contributed to the study of sound.
When a plane moves at the speed of sound it is Mach 1. When twice the speed
of sound it is Mach 2. When it is near but below the speed of sound its
speed can be designated at less than Mach 1, for example, Mach .90. Mach is
defined as "in jet propulsion, the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or a
jet to the velocity of sound in the medium being considered."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When a plane passes the sound barrier--flying faster than sound%@EH@%
travels--listeners in the area hear thunderclaps, but pilots do not hear
them. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sound is produced by vibrations of an object and is transmitted by alternate%@EH@%
increase   and decrease in pressures that radiate outward through a material
media of molecules --somewhat like waves spreading out on a pond after a
rock has been tossed into it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The frequency of sound is determined by the number of times the vibrating%@EH@%
waves undulate per second, and is measured in cycles per second. The slower
the cycle of waves, the lower the frequency. As frequencies increase, the
sound is higher in pitch. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sound is audible to human beings only if the frequency falls within a%@EH@%
certain range. The human ear is usually not sensitive to frequencies of less
than 20 vibrations per second, or more than about 20,000 vibrations per
second--although this range varies among individuals. Anything at a pitch
higher than the human ear can hear is termed ultrasonic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Intensity or loudness is the strength of the pressure of these radiating%@EH@%
waves, and is measured in decibels. The human ear responds to intensity in a
range from zero to 120 decibels. Any sound with pressure over 120 decibels
is painful. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The speed of sound is generally placed at 1,088 feet per second at sea level%@EH@%
at 32 degF. It varies in other temperatures and in different media. Sound
travels faster in water than in air, and even faster in iron and steel. If
in air it travels a mile in 5 seconds, it does a mile under water in 1
second, and through iron in 1/3 of a second. It travels through ice cold
vapor at approximately 4,708 feet per second, ice-cold water, 4,938;
granite, 12,960; hardwood, 12,620; brick, 11,960; glass, 16,410 to 19,690;
silver, 8,658; gold, 5,717.  %@NL@%
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%@2@%                          %@AS@%Colors of the Spectrum %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Color, an electromagnetic wave phenomenon, is a sensation produced through%@EH@%
the excitation of the retina of the eye by rays of light. The colors of the
spectrum may be produced by viewing a light beam refracted by passage
through a prism, which breaks the light into its wave lenghts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Customarily, the primary colors of the spectrum are thought of as those 6%@EH@%
monochromatic colors that occupy relatively large areas of the spectrum:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. However, Sir Isaac Newton
named a 7th, indigo, situated between blue and violet on the spectrum.
Aubert estimated (1865) the solar spectrum to contain approximately 1,000
distinguishable hues of which according to Rood (1881) 2 million tints and
shades can be distinguished; Luckiesh stated (1915) that 55 distinctly
different hues have been seen in a single spectrum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Many physicists recognize only 3 primary colors: red, yellow, and blue%@EH@%
(Mayer, 1775); red, green, and violet (Thomas Young, 1801); red, green, and
blue (Clerk Maxwell, 1860). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The color sensation of black is due to complete lack of stimulation of the%@EH@%
retina, that of white to complete stimulation. The infra-red and
ultra-violet  rays, below the red (long) end of the spectrum and above the
violet  (short) end respectively, are invisible to the naked eye. Heat is
the principal effect of the infra-red rays and chemical action that of the
ultra-violet rays. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Common Fractions Reduced to Decimals%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   66  2294 02 06 07 06 07 10 @%8ths  16ths  32ds  64ths%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%                   1      .015625             1     2      .03125                    3      .046875       1      2     4      .0625                    5      .078125              3     6      .09375                    7      .109375 1     2      4     8      .125                    9      .140625              5     10     .15625                    11     .171875       3      6     12     .1875                    13     .203125              7     14     .21875                    15     .234375 2     4      8     16     .25                    17     .265625              9     18     .28125                    19     .296875       5      10    20     .3125                    21     .328125              11    22     .34375                    23     .359375 3     6      12    24     .375                    25     .390625              13    26     .40625                    27     .421875       7      14    28     .4375                    29     .453125              15    30     .46875                    31     .484375 4     8      16    32     .5                    33     .515625              17    34     .53125                    35     .546875       9      18    36     .5625                    37     .578125              19    38     .59375                    39     .609375 5     10     20    40     .625                    41     .640625              21    42     .65625                    43     .671875       11     22    44     .6875                    45     .703125              23    46     .71875                    47     .734375 6     12     24    48     .75                    49     .765625              25    50     .78125                    51     .796875       13     26    52     .8125                    53     .828125              27    54     .84375                    55     .859375 7     14     28    56     .875                    57     .890625              29    58     .90625                    59     .921875       15     30    60     .9375                    61     .953125              31    62     .96875                    63     .984375 8     16     32    64     1.%@TE:   66  2294 02 06 07 06 07 10 @%

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%@2@%                             %@AS@%Spirits Measures %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  1911 01 34 42 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Pony                              0.5 jiggerShot                              %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.666 jigger              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.0                                   ounce              %@NL@%%@NL@%Jigger                            1.5 shot   Pint                              %@NL@%%@4@%*  16 shots              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.625 fifth                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%Fifth                             %@NL@%%@4@%*  25.6 shots              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.6 pints                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.8 quart              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.75706                                   liter              %@NL@%%@NL@%Quart                             %@NL@%%@4@%*  32 shots              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.25 fifth                                    %@NL@%%@NL@%Magnum                            %@NL@%%@4@%*  2 quarts              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  2.49797                                   bottles (wine)              %@NL@%%@NL@%For champagne and brandy only:    For champagne and brandy only:Jeroboam                          %@NL@%%@4@%*  6.4 pints              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  1.6 magnum                                   %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*  0.8 gallon              %@NL@%%@NL@%For champagne only:               For champagne only:Rehoboam                          3 magnumsMethuselah                        4 magnumsSalmanazar                        6 magnumsBalthazar                         8 magnumsNebuchadnezzar                    10 magnumsWine bottle (standard):           Wine bottle (standard):                                  %@NL@%%@4@%*  0.800633 quart              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@4@%*                                    0.7576778 liter              %@NL@%%@NL@%%@TE:   43  1911 01 34 42 @%

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%@2@%                          %@AS@%Mathematical Formulas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%To find the CIRCUMFERENCE of a: %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Circle%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the diameter by 3.14159265 (usually 3.1416). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%To find the AREA of a: %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Circle%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the square of the diameter by .785398 (usually .7854). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Rectangle%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the length of the base by the height. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sphere (surface)%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the square of the radius by 3.1416 and multiply%@EH@%
by 4. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Square%@AE@% %@4@%-- Square the length of one side. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Trapezoid%@AE@% %@4@%-- Add the two parallel sides, multiply by the height and divide%@EH@%
by 2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Triangle%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the base by the height and divide by 2. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%To find the VOLUME of a: %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cone%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the square of the radius of the base by 3.1416, multiply by%@EH@%
the height, and divide by 3. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cube%@AE@% %@4@%-- Cube the length of one edge. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cylinder%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the square of the radius of the base by 3.1416 and%@EH@%
multiply by the height. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pyramid%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the area of the base by the height and divide by 3. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Rectangular Prism%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the length by the width by the height. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sphere%@AE@% %@4@%-- Multiply the cube of the radius by 3.1416, multiply by 4 and%@EH@%
divide by 3.%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Playing Cards and Dice Chances %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@3@%                                %@AS@%Poker Hands%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13   689 02 22 17 20 @%Hand                  Number possible  Odds against%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Royal flush           4                649,739 to 1Other straight flush  36               72,192 to 1Four of a kind        624              4,164 to 1Full house            3,744            693 to 1Flush                 5,108            508 to 1Straight              10,200           254 to 1Three of a kind       54,912           46 to 1Two pairs             123,552          20 to 1One pair              1,098,240        4 to 3 (1.37 to 1)Nothing               1,302,540        1 to 1Total                 2,598,960%@TE:   13   689 02 22 17 20 @%

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%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Dice%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%(probabilities on 2 dice)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13   483 02 20 56 @%Total               Odds against (Single toss)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%2                   35 to 13                   17 to 14                   11 to 1 5                   8 to 16                   31 to 57                   5 to 18                   31 to 59                   8 to 1  10                  11 to 1  11                  17 to 1  12                  35 to 1%@TE:   13   483 02 20 56 @%

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%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Dice%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%(Probabilities of consecutive winning plays)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@TH:   11   547 02 32 44 @%No. consecutive wins            By 7, 11, or point%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1                               244 in 4952                               6 in 253                               3 in 254                               1 in 175                               1 in 346                               1 in 70  7                               1 in 141  8                               1 in 287  9                               1 in 582%@TE:   11   547 02 32 44 @%

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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Pinochle Auction%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%(Odds against finding in "widow" of 3 cards)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   348 02 28 48 @%Open places                 Odds against%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1                           5 to 12                           2 to 13                           Even4                           3 to 2 for  5                           2 to 1 for%@TE:    7   348 02 28 48 @%

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%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Bridge%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%The odds%@AE@%--against suit distribution in a hand of 4-4-3-2%@NL@%
are about 4 to 1, against 5-4-2-2 about 8 to 1, against 6-4-2-1 about%@NL@%
20 to 1, against 7-4-1-1 about 254 to 1, against 8-4-1-0 about 2,211 to%@NL@%
1, and against 13-0-0-0 about 158,753,389,899 to 1.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Measures of Force and Pressure %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dyne%@AE@% %@4@%= force necessary to accelerate a 1-gram mass 1 centimeter per second%@EH@%
squared = 0.000072 poundal %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Poundal%@AE@% %@4@%= force necessary to accelerate a 1-pound mass 1 foot per second%@EH@%
squared = 13,825.5 dynes = 0.138255 newtons %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Newton%@AE@% %@4@%= force needed to accelerate a 1-kilogram mass 1 meter per second%@EH@%
squared %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pascal%@AE@% %@4@%(pressure) = 1 newton per square meter = 0.020885 pound per square%@EH@%
foot %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Atmosphere%@AE@% %@4@%(air pressure at sea level) = 2,116.102 pounds per square foot =%@EH@%
14.6952 pounds per square inch = 1.0332 kilograms per square centimeter =
101,323 newtons per square meter.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%Large Numbers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12   607 02 13 19 25 @%U.S.         Number of  zeros   French, British, German%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%million      6                  millionbillion      9                  milliardtrillion     12                 billionquadrillion  15                 1,000 billionquintillion  18                 trillionsextillion   21                 1,000 trillionseptillion   24                 quadrillionoctillion    27                 1,000 quadrillionnonillion    30                 quintilliondecillion    33                 1,000 quintillion%@TE:   12   607 02 13 19 25 @%

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%@2@%                              %@AS@%Roman Numerals %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   31   461 01 06 03 11 @%%@AB@%────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%I     -  1II    -  2III   -  3IV    -  4V     -  5VI    -  6VII   -  7VIII  -  8IX    -  9X     -  10XI    -  11XIX   -  19XX    -  20XXX   -  30XL    -  40L     -  50LX    -  60XC    -  90C     -  100CC    -  200CD    -  400D     -  500CM    -  900M     -  1,000V     -  5,000X     -  10,000L     -  50,000 C     -  100,000 D     -  500,000 M     -  1,000,000%@TE:   31   461 01 06 03 11 @%

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%@1@%                              %@AS@%ARTS AND MEDIA%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Notable Movies of the Year (Aug. 1989 to July 1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:  142  5796 02 25 25 25 @%Movie                    Stars                    Director%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Always                   Richard Dreyfuss, Holly  Steven Spielberg                         Hunter, John Goodman     Another 48 Hours         Nick Nolte, Eddie        Walter Hill                          Murphy                   Arachnophobia            Jeff Daniels, John       Frank Marshall                          Goodman                  Back to the Future, II   Michael J. Fox,          Robert Zemeckis                          Christopher Lloyd, Lea                            Thompson                 Back to the Future, III  Michael J. Fox,          Robert Zemeckis                          Christopher Lloyd, Mary                           Steenburgen              Bird on a Wire           Mel Gibson, Goldie Hawn  John Badham Black Rain               Michael Douglas, Andy    Ridley Scott                          Garcia                   Blaze                    Paul Newman, Lolita      Ron Shelton                          Davidovich               Blue Steel               Jamie Lee Curtis, Ron    Kathryn Bigelow                          Silver                   Born on the Fourth of    Tom Cruise               Oliver Stone July                                              Cadillac Man             Robin Williams, Tim      Roger Donaldson                          Robbins                  Casualties of War        Michael J. Fox, Sean     Brian DePalma                          Penn                     Crimes and Misdemeanors  Woody Allen, Martin      Woody Allen                          Landau, Alan Alda, Mia                            Farrow                   Dad                      Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson,  Gary David Goldberg                          Kathy Baker, Olympia                              Dukakis                  Days of Thunder          Tom Cruise, Robert       Tony Scott                          Duvall, Randy Quaid,                              Nicole Kidman            Dick Tracy               Warren Beatty, Madonna,  Warren Beatty                          Glenne Headly, Al                                 Pacino                   Die Hard 2               Bruce Willis, Bonnie     Renny Harlin                          Bedelia                  Driving Miss Daisy       Jessica Tandy, Morgan    Bruce Beresford                          Freeman, Dan Aykroyd     Drugstore Cowboy         Matt Dillon, Kelly       Gus Van Sant                          Lynch                    Enemies, A Love Story    Ron Silver, Anjelica     Paul Mazursky                          Huston, Lena Olin        Family Business          Sean Connery, Dustin     Sidney Lumet                          Hoffman, Matthew                                  Broderick                Glory                    Matthew Broderick,       Edward Zwick                          Denzel Washington,                                Morgan Freeman           Harlem Nights            Eddie Murphy, Richard    Eddie Murphy                          Pryor, Redd Foxx, Danny                           Aiello                   In Country               Bruce Willis, Emily      Norman Jewison                          Lloyd, Joan Allen        Joe Versus the Volcano   Tom Hanks, Meg Ryan      John Patrick Shanley Mo' Better Blues         Denzel Washington,       Spike Lee                          Spike Lee                Parenthood               Steve Martin, Mary       Ron Howard                          Steenburgen, Rick                                 Moranis, Tom Hulce       Presumed Innocent        Harrison Ford, Brian     Alan J. Pakula                          Dennehy, Bonnie Bedelia  Pretty Woman             Richard Gere, Julia      Garry Marshall                          Roberts                  Quick Change             Bill Murray, Geena       H. Franklin, B. Murray                          Davis, Randy Quaid       Revenge                  Kevin Costner, Anthony   Tony Scott                          Quinn                    Sea of Love              Al Pacino, Ellen Barkin,  Harold Becker                          John Goodman             She-Devil                Meryl Streep, Roseanne   Susan Seidelman                          Barr, Ed Begley Jr.      Steel Magnolias          Sally Field, Dolly       Herbert Ross                          Parton, Daryl Hannah,                             Shirley MacLaine         Tango and Cash           Sylvester Stallone,      Andrei Konchalovsky                          Kurt Russell             The Fabulous Baker Boys  Michelle Pfeiffer, Jeff  Steve Kloves                          Bridges, Beau Bridges    The Freshman             Marlon Brando, Matthew   Andrew Bergman                          Broderick                The Handmaid's Tale      Natasha Richardson,      Volker Schlondorff                          Elizabeth McGovern,                               Robert Duvall            The Hunt for Red         Sean Connery, Alec       John McTieman October                  Baldwin, Scott Glenn,                             James Earl Jones         The War of The Roses     Michael Douglas,         Danny DeVito                          Kathleen Turner, Danny                            DeVito                   Total Recall             Arnold Schwarzenegger,   Paul Verhoeven                          Ronny Cox                Uncle Buck               John Candy               John Hughes We're No Angels          Robert DeNiro, Sean      Neil Jordan                         Penn                     %@TE:  142  5796 02 25 25 25 @%

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%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Notable New York Theater Openings, 1989-90 Season %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%A Few Good Men,%@AE@% play by Aaron Sorkin; with Tom Hulce, Stephen Lang, Megan%@EH@%
Gallagher, and Mark Nelson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Accomplice,%@AE@% play by Rupert Holmes; with Jason Alexander, Michael McKean,%@EH@%
Natalia Nogulich, and Pamela Brull. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Artist Descending a Staircase,%@AE@% play by Tom Stoppard; with Paxton Whitehead,%@EH@%
John McMartin, Harold Gould, and Stephanie Roth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aspects of Love,%@AE@% musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, and Charles%@EH@%
Hart; with Michael Ball, Kevin Colson, Ann Crumb, and Kathleen Rowe McAllen.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bad Habits,%@AE@% revival of Terrence McNally's 1974 comedy; with Kate Nelligan%@EH@%
and Nathan Lane. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cat On a Hot Tin Roof,%@AE@% revival of Tennessee Williams' 1955 drama; with%@EH@%
Kathleen Turner, Charles Durning, Daniel Hugh Kelly, and Polly Holliday. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%City of Angels,%@AE@% musical by Cy Coleman, David Zippel, and Larry Gelbart; with%@EH@%
James Naughton, Gregg Edelman, Randy Graff, and Rene Auberjonois. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Grand Hotel,%@AE@% musical by Robert Wright, George Forrest, and Maury Yeston%@EH@%
based on  the Vicki Baum novel; directed and choreographed by Tommy Tune;
with Liliane Montevecchi, David Carroll, Jane Krakowski, and Michael Jeter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gypsy,%@AE@% revival of the Jule Styne, Stephen Sondheim 1959 musical; with Tyne%@EH@%
Daly, Crista Moore, Tracy Venner, and Jonathan Hadary. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lettuce and Lovage,%@AE@% comedy by Peter Shaffer; with Maggie Smith and Margaret%@EH@%
Tyzack. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Meet Me in St. Louis,%@AE@% musical based on the Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane 1943%@EH@%
film musical; with Milo O'Shea, Donna Kane, Betty Garrett and George Hearn. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Miss Margarida's Way,%@AE@% revival of Roberto Athayde's 1978 drama; with Estelle%@EH@%
Parsons. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%My Children! My Africa!%@AE@% play by Athol Fugard; with Courtney B. Vance, John%@EH@%
Kani, and Lisa Fugard. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Prelude to A Kiss,%@AE@% play by Craig Lucas; with Timothy Hutton, Mary-Louise%@EH@%
Parker, and Barnard Hughes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll,%@AE@% social sketches by Eric Bogosian; with Eric%@EH@%
Bogosian. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Six Degrees of Separation,%@AE@% play by John Guare; with Stockard Channing, James%@EH@%
McDaniel, and John Cunningham. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Some Americans Abroad,%@AE@% comedy by Richard Nelson; with Nathan Lane, Kate%@EH@%
Burton, Colin Stinton, John Bedford Lloyd. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Art of Success,%@AE@% play by Nick Dear; with Tim Curry, Suzanne Bertish, and%@EH@%
Mary-Louise Parker. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Circle,%@AE@% revival of W. Somerset Maugham's 1921 comedy; with Rex Harrison,%@EH@%
Stewart Granger, and Glynis Johns. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Crucible,%@AE@% revival of Arthur Miller's 1953 drama; with Harriet Harris,%@EH@%
Randle Mell, and Justine Bateman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Grapes of Wrath,%@AE@%Frank Galati's adaption of the John Steinbeck novel;%@EH@%
with Gary Sinise, Lois Smith, and Terry Kinney. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Merchant of Venice,%@AE@% the Shakespeare play directed by Peter Hall; with%@EH@%
Dustin Hoffman, Geraldine James, Michael Siberry, and Leigh Lawson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Piano Lesson,%@AE@% play by August Wilson; with Charles S. Dutton, S. Epatha%@EH@%
Merkerson, Carl Gordon, Lou Myers, and Rocky Carroll. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Sound of Music,%@AE@% revival of the Rodgers and Hammerstein 1959 musical;%@EH@%
with Debby Boone, Laurence Guittard, and Werner Klemperer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The 10th Man,%@AE@% revival of Paddy Chayefsky's 1959 play; with Bob Dishy, Jack%@EH@%
Weston, Phoebe Cates, Peter Friedman, and Joseph Wiseman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Threepenny Opera,%@AE@% revival of the Kurt Weill, Bertold Brecht 1928 classic;%@EH@%
with Sting, Suzzanne Douglas, and Georgia Brown. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tru,%@AE@% play by Jay Presson Allan based on the work of Truman Capote; with%@EH@%
Robert Morse. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%When She Danced,%@AE@% play by Martin Sherman about the final years of Isadora%@EH@%
Duncan; with Elizabeth Ashley. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%National Film Registry %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   61  4232 02 46 06 26 46 @%Film                                          Year  Director                  Stars%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%The Best Years of Our Lives%@AE@%                   1946  William Wyler             Frederic March, Myrna Loy, Dana Andrews%@AB@%Casablanca%@AE@%                                    1942  Michael Curtiz            Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, Claude                                                                               Rains%@AB@%Citizen Kane%@AE@%                                  1941  Orson Welles              Orson Welles, Joseph Cotton, Everett Sloane%@AB@%The Crowd%@AE@%                                     1928  King Vidor                James Murray, Eleanor Boardman%@AB@%Dr. Strangelove (or, How I Learned to Stop %@AE@%   1964  Stanley Kubrick           Peter Sellers, George C. Scott, Sterling %@AB@%Worrying and Love the Bomb)%@AE@%                                                   Hayden%@AB@%The General%@AE@%                                   1927  Buster Keaton             Buster Keaton%@AB@%Gone With the Wind%@AE@%                            1939  Victor Fleming            Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Leslie Howard,                                                                               Olivia de Havilland%@AB@%The Grapes of Wrath%@AE@%                           1940  John Ford                 Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell%@AB@%High Noon%@AE@%                                     1952  Fred Zinnemann            Gary Cooper, Grace Kelly%@AB@%Intolerance%@AE@%                                   1916  D.W. Griffith             Lillian Gish, Robert Harron, Mae Marsh%@AB@%The Learning Tree%@AE@%                             1969  Gordon Parks              Kyle Johnson, Alex Clarke%@AB@%The Maltese Falcon%@AE@%                            1941  John Huston               Humphrey Bogart, Mary Astor, Sydney                                                                               Greenstreet, Peter Lorre%@AB@%Mr. Smith Goes to Washington%@AE@%                  1939  Frank Capra               James Stewart, Jean Arthur, Claude Rains%@AB@%Modern Times%@AE@%                                  1936  Charlie Chaplin           Charlie Chaplin, Paulette Goddard%@AB@%Nanook of the North%@AE@%                           1921  Robert Flaherty           documentary%@AB@%On the Waterfront%@AE@%                             1954  Elia Kazan                Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint, Karl Malden,                                                                              Lee J. Cobb, Rod Steiger%@AB@%The Searchers%@AE@%                                 1956  John Ford                 John Wayne, Jeffrey Hunter, Vera Miles,                                                                               Natalie Wood%@AB@%Singin' in the Rain%@AE@%                           1952  Gene Kelly/Stanley Donen  Gene Kelly, Debbie Reynolds, Donald O'Connor,                                                                              Jean Hagen%@AB@%Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs%@AE@%               1937  Walt Disney               animated%@AB@%Some Like It Hot%@AE@%                              1959  Billy Wilder              Jack Lemmon, Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis%@AB@%Star Wars%@AE@%                                     1977  George Lucas              Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher%@AB@%Sunrise%@AE@%                                       1927  F.W. Murnau               George O'Brien, Janet Gaynor%@AB@%Sunset Boulevard%@AE@%                              1950  Billy Wilder              Gloria Swanson, William Holden, Erich von                                                                               Stroheim%@AB@%Vertigo%@AE@%                                       1958  Alfred Hitchcock          James Stewart, Kim Novak%@AB@%The Wizard of Oz%@AE@%                              1939  Victor Fleming            Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, Jack                                                                               Haley%@TE:   61  4232 02 46 06 26 46 @%

%@NL@%
In accordance with the National Film Preservation Act passed by Congress in
1988, these 25 films were placed on the National Film Registry in September
1989 as "culturally, historically, or esthetically significant." Another 25
will be chosen in 1990, and 25 more in 1991. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Top Video Rentals, 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AI@%Variety,%@AE@% January 1990%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  3918 02 06 35 27 37 @%Rank  Title                              Release date (1st Monday)  '89 national boxoffice ($ millions)%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1     A Fish Called Wanda                Feb. 27                    60.02     Die Hard                           Jan. 30                    79.63     Rain Man                           Sept. 4                    168.84     Coming To America                  Mar. 22                    128.15     Big                                Mar. 27                    113.36     Twins                              June 19                    106.47     The Accused                        Mar. 15                    29.68     Beaches                            Aug. 28                    55.29     Tequila Sunrise                    Aug. 7                     39.710    Cocktail                           Apr. 24                    77.111    Dirty Rotten Scoundrels            June 26                    41.412    Mississippi Burning                July 31                    34.513    Bull Durham                        Jan. 30                    50.314    Tucker: The Man And His Dream      Apr. 17                    19.615    Gorillas In The Mist               Apr. 17                    23.016    Young Guns                         Jan. 9                     43.417    Red Heat                           Jan. 2                     35.018    Dangerous Liaisons                 July 17                    32.219    Working Girl                       Oct. 9                     63.720    The Dead Pool                      Jan. 30                    37.821    Who Framed Roger Rabbit            Oct. 16                    154.122    My Stepmother Is An Alien          June 12                    12.923    The Presidio                       Jan. 30                    20.024    Betrayed                           Mar. 27                    25.725    The Accidental Tourist             July 3                     30.226    Bloodsport                         Dec. 26 '88                11.727    The Naked Gun                      Aug. 21                    78.028    Married To The Mob                 Feb. 27                    21.329    Midnight Run                       Feb. 27                    37.430    Major League                       Oct. 9                     49.431    Child's Play                       May 1                      32.832    Mystic Pizza                       Apr. 10                    12.433    Alien Nation                       June 19                    24.934    Three Men And A Baby               Nov. 21 '88                167.735    Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure   Sept. 4                    39.536    Pet Sematary                       Oct. 16                    56.637    The Best Of Eddie Murphy           Aug. 28                    NA38    The 'Burbs                         Aug. 14                    35.239    Crocodile Dundee II                Mar. 20                    109.240    Big Business                       Mar. 6                     39.641    Short Circuit 2                    Dec. 19 '88                20.742    The Great Outdoors                 Jan. 16                    38.043    The Unbearable Lightness Of Being  Jan. 2                     10.044    Bat 21                             Apr. 10                    3.845    True Believer                      July 24                    8.746    Scrooged                           Nov. 13                    60.347    Three Fugitives                    Nov. 6                     41.048    Batman                             Nov. 20                    241.049    K-9                                Nov. 20                    39.050    Ghostbusters II                    Nov. 27                    111.0%@TE:   52  3918 02 06 35 27 37 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Some videos are ranked low because they were released late in the
year, e.g., "Batman," No. 48, was released Nov. 20.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Record Long Run Broadway Plays%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AI@%Variety%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   64  4052 01 55 21 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Chorus Line                                            6,137Oh, Calcutta (revival)                                 5,959 42d Street                                             3,486 Grease                                                 3,388 Fiddler on the Roof                                    3,242 %@AH@%*%@AE@%Cats                                                  3,237 Life With Father                                       3,224 Tobacco Road                                           3,182 Hello Dolly                                            2,844 My Fair Lady                                           2,717 Annie                                                  2,377 Man of La Mancha                                       2,328 Abie's Irish Rose                                      2,327 Oklahoma!                                              2,212 Pippin                                                 1,944 South Pacific                                          1,925 Magic Show                                             1,920 Deathtrap                                              1,792 Gemini                                                 1,788 Harvey                                                 1,775 Dancin'                                                1,774 La Cage aux Folles                                     1,761 Hair                                                   1,750 The Wiz                                                1,672 Born Yesterday                                         1,642 Ain't Misbehavin'                                      1,604 Best Little Whorehouse in Texas                        1,584 Mary, Mary                                             1,572 Evita                                                  1,567 Voice of the Turtle                                    1,557 Barefoot in the Park                                   1,530 Dreamgirls                                             1,521 Mame                                                   1,508 Same Time, Next Year                                   1,453 Arsenic and Old Lace                                   1,444 The Sound of Music                                     1,443 How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying       1,417 Me and My Girl                                         1,412 Hellzapoppin                                           1,404 The Music Man                                          1,375 Funny Girl                                             1,348 Mumenschanz                                            1,326 %@AH@%*%@AE@%Les Miserables                                        1,319 Oh! Calcutta! (original)                               1,314 Brighton Beach Memoirs                                 1,299 Angel Street                                           1,295 Lightnin'                                              1,291 Promises, Promises                                     1,281 The King and I                                         1,246 Cactus Flower                                          1,234 Sleuth                                                 1,222 Torch Song Trilogy                                     1,222 "1776"                                                 1,217 Equus                                                  1,209 Sugar Babies                                           1,208 Guys and Dolls                                         1,200 Amadeus                                                1,181 Cabaret                                                1,165 Mister Roberts                                         1,157 Annie Get Your Gun                                     1,147 Seven Year Itch                                        1,141 Butterflies Are Free                                   1,128 Pins and Needles                                       1,108%@TE:   64  4052 01 55 21 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Number of performances through July 2, 1990. %@AH@%*%@AE@% Still running July 2, 1990.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%All-Time Top 50 Movies %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AI@%Variety,%@AE@% January, 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  3394 02 05 47 15 @%     Title                                          Total Rentals%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1.   E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; 1982               $228,618,9392.   Star Wars; 1977                                193,500,0003.   Return of the Jedi; 1983                       168,002,414 4.   Batman; 1989                                   150,500,000 5.   The Empire Strikes Back; 1980                  141,600,000 6.   Ghostbusters; 1984                             130,211,324 7.   Jaws; 1975                                     129,549,325 8.   Raiders of the Lost Ark; 1981                  115,598,000 9.   Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade; 1989       115,500,000 10.  Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom           109,000,000 11.  Beverly Hills Cop; 1984                        108,000,000 12.  Back to the Future; 1985                       104,408,738 13.  Grease; 1978                                   96,300,000 14.  Tootsie; 1982                                  96,292,736 15.  The Exorcist; 1973                             89,000,000 16.  The Godfather; 1972                            86,275,000 17.  Superman; 1978                                 82,800,000 18.  Rain Man; 1989                                 86,000,000 19.  Close Encounters of the Third Kind; 1977/1980  82,750,000 20.  Three Men and a Baby; 1987                     81,313,000 21.  Who Framed Roger Rabbit; 1988                  81,244,000 22.  Beverly Hills Cop II; 1987                     80,857,776 23.  The Sound of Music; 1965                       79,748,000 24.  Gremlins; 1984                                 79,500,000 25.  Top Gun; 1986                                  79,400,000 26.  Gone With the Wind; 1939                       79,375,077 27.  Rambo: First Blood Part II; 1985               78,919,250 28.  The Sting; 1973                                78,212,000 29.  Rocky IV; 1985                                 76,023,246 30.  Saturday Night Fever; 1977                     74,100,000 31.  Honey, I Shrunk the Kids; 1989                 71,097,000 32.  National Lampoon's Animal House; 1978          70,826,000 33.  Crocodile Dundee; 1986                         70,227,000 34.  Fatal Attraction; 1987                         70,000,000 35.  Platoon; 1986                                  69,742,143 36.  Rocky III; 1982                                66,262,796 37.  Superman II; 1981                              65,100,000 38.  Coming to America; 1988                        65,000,000 39.  Back to the Future II; 1989                    63,000,000 40.  Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs; 1937          61,752,000 41.  Ghostbusters II; 1989                          61,649,019 42.  On Golden Pond; 1981                           61,174,744 43.  Kramer Vs. Kramer; 1979                        59,986,335 44.  One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest; 1975          59,939,701 45.  9 to 5; 1980                                   59,100,000 46.  Smokey And the Bandit; 1977                    58,949,938 47.  Stir Crazy; 1980                               58,364,420 48.  The Karate Kid Part II; 1986                   58,362,026 49.  Twins; 1988                                    57,237,170 50.  Look Who's Talking; 1989                       55,000,000%@TE:   52  3394 02 05 47 15 @%

%@NL@%
Rental figures are in absolute dollars, reflecting actual amounts received
by the distributors (estimated for movies in current release). Ticket price
inflation favors recent films, but older films have the advantage of
numerous reissues adding to their totals.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Top Movie Grosses, 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AI@%Variety,%@AE@% January, 1990%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  3233 02 05 45 15 @%     Title/Month Released                         Total Rentals%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1.   Batman; June                                 $150,500,0002.   Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom; May    115,500,0003.   Lethal Weapon 2; July                        79,500,0004.   Honey, I Shrunk The Kids; June               71,097,0005.   Rain Man; continuing 1989 run                65,000,0006.   Back To The Future, Part II; Nov.            63,000,0007.   Ghostbusters II; June                        61,649,0198.   Look Who's Talking; Oct.                     55,000,0009.   Parenthood; Aug.                             48,600,00010.  Dead Poets Society; June                     47,596,00011.  National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation; Dec.  42,000,00012.  When Harry Met Sally; July                   41,976,75113.  Harlem Nights; Nov.                          35,000,00014.  Turner & Hooch; July                         34,263,00015.  The War Of The Roses; Dec.                   33,000,00016.  Field Of Dreams; Apr.                        30,309,58717.  The Little Mermaid; Nov.                     30,000,00018.  Uncle Buck; Aug.                             29,190,34819.  The Abyss; Aug.                              28,700,00020.  Sea Of Love; Sept.                           27,500,00021.  Star Trek V: The Final Frontier; June        27,100,00022.  Pet Sematary; Apr.                           26,400,00023.  Steel Magnolias; Nov.                        26,000,00024.  Twins; continuing 1989 run                   25,237,00025.  Beaches; Dec. 1988                           24,882,00026.  Black Rain; Sept.                            22,500,00027.  Major League; Apr.                           21,500,00028.  See No Evil, Hear No Evil; May               20,147,00029.  The Karate Kid Part III; June                19,225,89930.  Three Fugitives; Jan.                        18,567,00031.  K-9; Apr.                                    18,402,23132.  Fletch Lives; Mar.                           17,818,17333.  The 'Burbs; Feb.                             17,318,12534.  Tango & Cash; Dec.                           17,000,00035.  Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure; Feb.       16,800,00036.  Licence To Kill; July                        16,662,00037.  Working Girl; continuing 1989 run            16,600,00038.  The Accidental Tourist; Dec. 1988            15,900,00039.  Dangerous Liaisons; Dec. 1988                15,500,00040.  Mississippi Burning; Dec. 1988               14,700,00041.  Lean On Me; Mar.                             14,400,00042.  The Dream Team; Apr.                         14,384,10843.  Weekend At Bernie's; July                    14,000,00044.  Peter Pan (reissue)                          13,052,00045.  Do The Right Thing; June                     13,043,25746.  Road House; May                              12,412,00047.  All Dogs Go To Heaven; Nov.                  11,000,00048.  Always; Dec.                                 11,000,00049.  The Bear; Oct.                               11,000,00050.  Oliver & Company; continuing 1989 run        10,268,000%@TE:   52  3233 02 05 45 15 @%

%@NL@%
Figures represent U.S. and Canadian rentals accruing to distributors, not
total ticket sales receipts taken in at theaters.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Notable Books of 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       American Library Association %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Fiction %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Cat's Eye,%@AE@% Margaret Atwood %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Mr. Field's Daughter,%@AE@% Richard Bausch %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%If the River Was Whiskey,%@AE@% T. Coraghessan Boyle %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Any Old Iron,%@AE@% Anthony Burgess %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Absent Friends,%@AE@% Frederick Busch %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Spartina,%@AE@% John Casey %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Baumgartner's Bombay,%@AE@% Anita Desai %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The Other Side,%@AE@% Mary Gordon %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Loving Women,%@AE@% Pete Hamill %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%A Prayer for Owen Meany,%@AE@% John Irving %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The Remains of the Day,%@AE@% Ishiguro Kazuo %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Homeland,%@AE@% Barbara Kingsolver %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The Shawl,%@AE@% Cynthia Ozick %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Buffalo Afternoon,%@AE@% Susan Fromberg Schaeffer %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The Joy Luck Club,%@AE@%  Amy Tan %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Terrible Kisses,%@AE@% Robley Wilson %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Five Seasons,%@AE@% A.B. Yehoshua %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Poetry %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%A New Path to the Waterfall,%@AE@% Raymond Carver %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%An Ear to the Ground: An Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry,%@AE@% ed.%@EH@%
Marie Harris and Kathleen Aguero%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Poets for Life:%@AE@% Seventy-Six Poets Respond to AIDS, ed. Michael Klein %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Nonfiction %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Maasai Days,%@AE@% Cheryl Bentsen%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Parting the Waters,%@AE@% Branch Taylor %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The Road from Coorain,%@AE@% Jill Ker Conway%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The Broken Cord,%@AE@% Michael Dorris%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Paul Robeson,%@AE@% Martin Bauml Duberman%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%From Beirut to Jerusalem,%@AE@% Thomas L. Friedman%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Songs from the Alley,%@AE@% Kathleen Hirsch%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Among Schoolchildren,%@AE@% Tracy Kidder%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Ki Ki's Paris,%@AE@% Billy Kluver and Julie Martin%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Strangers from a Different Shore,%@AE@% Ronald Takaki%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Bestselling Children's Books of 1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AI@%Publisher's Weekly%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%(All books are hardcover.) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%The Way Things Work,%@AE@% David Macaulay; 561,452%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%The Great Waldo Search,%@AE@% Martin Handford; 304,230%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%Find Waldo Now,%@AE@% Martin Handford; 268,706%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%International Children's Bible;%@AE@% 251,124%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%The Eleventh Hour,%@AE@% Graeme Base; 250,000%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%Swan Lake,%@AE@% Mark Helprin, illus. Chris Van Allsburg; 242,127%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%Macmillan Dictionary for Children;%@AE@% 195,416%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%Carl Goes Shopping,%@AE@% Alexandra Day; 167,481%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%The Magic Locket,%@AE@% Elizabeth Koda-Callan; 161,583%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%The Book of the Sandman,%@AE@% Rien Poortvliet, text by Wil Huygen;%@EH@%
150,000%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     11. %@AI@%Disney Babies A to Z,%@AE@% Margo Lundell, illus. Darrell Baker; 142,792%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     12. %@AI@%Baby Donald's Busy Play Group,%@AE@% illus. Darrell Baker; 124,383%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     13. %@AI@%Glow-in-the-Dark Night Sky Book,%@AE@% Clint Hatchett, illus. Stephen%@EH@%
Marchesi; 122,558%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     14. %@AI@%The Market Square Dog,%@AE@% James Herriot, illus. Ruth Brown; 109,587%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     15. %@AI@%The Silver Slippers,%@AE@% Elizabeth Koda-Callan; 103,804%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     16. %@AI@%Baby's Animal Friends,%@AE@% Phoebe Dunn; 98,173%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     17. %@AI@%The Very Busy Spider,%@AE@% Eric Carle; 97,735%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     18. %@AI@%The Big Golden Book of Dinosaurs,%@AE@% Mary Elting, illus. Christopher%@EH@%
Santoro; 95,343%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     19. %@AI@%Sesame Street Hide-and-Seek Safari,%@AE@% illus. Tom Cooke; 94,738%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     20. %@AI@%Joyful Noise: Poems for Two Voices,%@AE@% Paul Fleischman, illus. Eric%@EH@%
Beddows; 93,872%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     21. %@AI@%Amy the Dancing Bear,%@AE@% Carl Simon, illus. Margo Datz; 87,869%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     22. %@AI@%Nothing to Do,%@AE@% Liza Alexandra, illus. Tom Cooke; 83,917 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     23. %@AI@%Song and Dance Man,%@AE@% Karen Ackerman, illus. Stephen Gammell; 81,912%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     24. %@AI@%When Is My Birthday?,%@AE@% Ray Shepherd, illus. Tom Cooke; 81,807%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     25. %@AI@%Bedtime Hugs for Little Ones,%@AE@% Debby Boone, illus. Gabriel Ferrer;%@EH@%
77,213%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%All-Time Bestselling Children's Books %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                      %@3@%%@AI@%Publishers Weekly%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%(The number of copies sold is from the date of original publication through%@EH@%
1988, as estimated by each publisher, and does not include book club or
international sales.)%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                 %@3@%%@AS@%Hardcover%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%The Tale of Peter Rabbit,%@AE@% Beatrix Potter, 1902; 9,000,000%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%Pat the Bunny,%@AE@% Dorothy Kunhardt, 1940; 4,857,417%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%The Littlest Angel,%@AE@% Charles Tazewell, 1946; 4,665,209 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%The Cat in the Hat,%@AE@% Dr. Seuss, 1957; 3,693,197%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%Green Eggs and Ham,%@AE@% Dr. Seuss, 1960; 3,683,097%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%The Children's Bible,%@AE@% 1965; 3,683,097%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%The Real Mother Goose,%@AE@% illus. Blanche F. Wright, 1916; 3,600,000%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%Richard Scarry's Best Word Book Ever,%@AE@% 1963; 3,303,583%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish,%@AE@% Dr. Seuss, 1960; 2,970,833%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%Hop on Pop,%@AE@% Dr. Seuss, 1963; 2,953,324%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     11. %@AI@%Where the Sidewalk Ends,%@AE@% Shel Silverstein, 1974; 2,851,477%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     12. %@AI@%Dr. Seuss's ABC,%@AE@% 1963; 2,753,823 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     13. %@AI@%The Cat in the Hat Comes Back,%@AE@% Dr. Seuss, 1958; 2,470,305%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     14. %@AI@%The Giving Tree,%@AE@% Shel Silverstein, 1964; 2,453,679%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     15. %@AI@%Winnie-the-Pooh,%@AE@% A.A. Milne, illus. Ernest H. Shepard, 1926;%@EH@%
2,445,398%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                                %@3@%%@AS@%Paperback %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%The Outsiders,%@AE@% S.E. Hinton, 1968; 5,855,085%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%Are You There, God? It's Me, Margaret,%@AE@% Judy Blume, 1974; 5,278,412%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%Charlotte's Web,%@AE@% E.B. White, illus. Garth Williams, 1973; 4,607,131%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing,%@AE@% Judy Blume, 1976; 4,582,039%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%Little House on the Prairie,%@AE@% Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth%@EH@%
Williams, 1971; 3,803,209%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%The Little Prince,%@AE@% Antoine de Saint-Exupery, 1968; 3,667,861 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%Little House in the Big Woods,%@AE@% Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth%@EH@%
Williams, 1971; 3,495,079%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%That Was Then, This Is Now,%@AE@% S.E. Hinton, 1972; 3,351,194%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%Where the Red Fern Grows,%@AE@% Wilson Rawls, 1974; 3,347,000 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%Superfudge,%@AE@% Judy Blume, 1981; 3,243,442%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     11. %@AI@%Freckle Juice,%@AE@% Judy Blume, 1978; 2,835,052%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     12. %@AI@%Blubber,%@AE@% Judy Blume, 1976; 2,745,782%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     13. %@AI@%Little Town on the Prairie,%@AE@% Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth%@EH@%
Williams, 1971; 2,559,486%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     14. %@AI@%On the Banks of Plum Creek,%@AE@% Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus Garth%@EH@%
Williams, 1971; 2,559,265%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     15. %@AI@%Farmer Boy,%@AE@% Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth Williams, 1971;%@EH@%
2,533,801 %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Best-Selling Books of 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
               %@3@%%@AI@%Publishers Weekly,%@AE@% March 9, 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                            %@3@%%@AS@%Hardcover Fiction %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%Clear and Present Danger,%@AE@% Tom Clancy%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%The Dark Half,%@AE@% Stephen King%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%Daddy,%@AE@% Danielle Steel%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%Star,%@AE@% Danielle Steel%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%Caribbean,%@AE@% James A. Michener%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%The Satanic Verses,%@AE@% Salman Rushdie%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%The Russia House,%@AE@% John le Carre%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%The Pillars of the Earth,%@AE@% Ken Follett%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%California Gold,%@AE@% John Jakes%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%While My Pretty One Sleeps,%@AE@% Mary Higgins Clark%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                           %@3@%%@AS@%Hardcover Nonfiction %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten,%@AE@% Robert Fulghum%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%Wealth Without Risk,%@AE@% Charles J. Givens %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%A Woman Named Jackie,%@AE@% C. David Heymann%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%It Was on Fire When I Lay Down on It,%@AE@% Robert Fulghum %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%The Way Things Work,%@AE@% David Macaulay%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%It's Always Something,%@AE@% Gilda Radner%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%Roseanne,%@AE@% Roseanne Barr%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%The Frugal Gourmet Cooks Three Ancient Cuisines,%@AE@% Jeff Smith%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%My Turn,%@AE@% Nancy Reagan%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                             %@3@%%@AS@%Trade Paperbacks %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%So Worthy My Love,%@AE@% Kathleen Woodiwiss%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%Yukon, Ho!,%@AE@% Bill Watterson%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%The Calvin and Hobbes Lazy Sunday Book,%@AE@% Bill Watterson%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%Drawing of the Three,%@AE@% Stephen King%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%The PreHistory of the Far Side,%@AE@% Gary Larson%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%Wildlife Preserves,%@AE@% Gary Larson%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%The Night of the Mary Kay Commandos,%@AE@% Berke Breathed%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%The Closing of the American Mind,%@AE@% Allan Bloom%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%Garfield Chews the Fat,%@AE@% Jim Davis%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%Love in the Time of Cholera,%@AE@% Gabriel Garcia Marquez %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                          %@3@%%@AS@%Mass Market Paperbacks %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%Fine Things,%@AE@% Danielle Steel%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%Presumed Innocent,%@AE@% Scott Turow%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%Kaleidoscope,%@AE@% Danielle Steel%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%Zoya,%@AE@% Danielle Steel%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%Patriot Games,%@AE@% Tom Clancy%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%Fallen Hearts,%@AE@% V.C. Andrews %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%Sands of Time,%@AE@% Sidney Sheldon%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%Misery,%@AE@% Stephen King%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%Tommyknockers,%@AE@% Stephen King%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%Cardinal of the Kremlin,%@AE@% Tom Clancy%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
                      %@3@%%@AS@%Atlases, Annuals, and Almanacs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. %@AI@%The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1990,%@AE@% Mark Hoffman, ed.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. %@AI@%J.K. Lasser, Your Income Tax 1989%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. %@AI@%The Arthur Young Tax Guide 1990,%@AE@% Peter W. Bernstein, ed.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. %@AI@%Information Please Almanac 1990%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. %@AI@%OPG Baseball Cards 1990,%@AE@% James Beckett%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. %@AI@%Mobil Road Atlas 1989%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. %@AI@%The 1989 What Color is Your Parachute?,%@AE@% Richard Nelson Bolles%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. %@AI@%Steve Birnbaum's Guide to Disneyworld 1990%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. %@AI@%1989 Buying Guide Issue,%@AE@% Consumer Reports%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. %@AI@%The Universal Almanac 1990,%@AE@% John Wright, ed.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%100 Bestselling U.S. Magazines %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%              Audit Bureau of Circulations, Schaumburg, Ill. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  102  5210 02 10 30 13 @%Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1.        Modern Maturity               21,430,9902.        NRTA/AARP Bulletin            21,092,794 3.        Reader's Digest               16,343,599 4.        National Geographic           10,890,660 5.        Better Homes and Gardens      8,005,311 6.        Family Circle                 5,461,786 7.        Good Housekeeping             5,152,245 8.        McCall's                      5,088,686 9.        Ladies' Home Journal          5,038,297 10.       Woman's Day                   4,705,288 11.       Time                          4,339,029 12.       Guideposts                    4,203,934 13.       National Enquirer             4,100,740 14.       Star                          3,588,753 15.       First for Women               3,509,688 16.       Sports Illustrated            3,424,393 17.       Playboy                       3,421,203 18.       People                        3,270,835 19.       Newsweek                      3,180,011 20.       Prevention                    3,134,914 21.       The American Legion           2,828,238 22.       Cosmopolitan                  2,702,125 23.       Smithsonian                   2,342,443 24.       Southern Living               2,318,841 25.       Glamour                       2,224,135 26.       U.S. News & World Report      2,209,996 27.       Field & Stream                2,015,577 28.       VFW                           1,979,899 29.       NEA Today                     1,919,340 30.       Motorland                     1,866,430 31.       Money                         1,834,618 32.       Penthouse                     1,830,823 33.       Popular Science               1,818,403 34.       Country Living                1,801,414 35.       Ebony                         1,791,976 36.       Home & Away                   1,791,728 37.       Seventeen                     1,766,161 38.       Parents                       1,752,697 39.       Life                          1,749,723 40.       Popular Mechanics             1,650,693 41.       Discovery                     1,607,574 42.       1,001 Home Ideas              1,603,099 43.       Woman's World                 1,560,496 44.       Outdoor Life                  1,507,529 45.       The Elks                      1,501,652 46.       Adventure Road                1,479,616 47.       Soap Opera Digest             1,466,104 48.       The American Rifleman         1,442,317 49.       Sunset                        1,393,015 50.       New Woman                     1,390,830 51.       The Family Handyman           1,382,547 52.       The American Hunter           1,380,230 53.       US                            1,365,892 54.       Golf Digest                   1,363,907 55.       Bon Appetit                   1,355,404 56.       Boys' Life                    1,334,659 57.       Globe                         1,329,413 58.       Changing Times                1,300,153 59.       The Workbasket                1,295,578 60.       Vogue                         1,247,920 61.       Sesame Street                 1,235,842 62.       Rolling Stone                 1,216,781 63.       Self                          1,213,314 64.       Home Mechanix                 1,209,395 65.       Mademoiselle                  1,162,206 66.       True Story                    1,150,844 67.       Leisure & Travel              1,115,328 68.       'Teen                         1,100,237 69.       Health                        1,088,696 70.       Discover                      1,053,034 71.       Organic Gardening             1,037,214 72.       Michigan Living               1,026,085 73.       Golf                          1,019,379 74.       Weight Watchers               1,007,755 75.       Yankee                        1,002,781 76.       American Health               1,000,689 77.       Business Week, World Wide     992,820 78.       YM                            967,249 79.       Country Home                  963,081 80.       Scouting                      949,405 81.       House Beautiful               939,735 82.       Car and Driver                934,377 83.       Omni                          925,436 84.       Home                          925,335 85.       Popular Photography           923,388 86.       Hot Rod                       911,667 87.       Working Women                 909,201 88.       Workbench                     909,119 89.       National Examiner             893,956 90.       Business Week, North America  889,535 91.       Psychology Today              887,770 92.       Jet                           860,671 93.       Nation's Business             858,228 94.       Essence                       851,034 95.       Elle                          826,336 96.       Food & Wine                   823,530 97.       Motor Trend                   818,021 98.       Consumers Digest              813,373 99.       Gourmet                       807,377 100.      Victoria                      793,790%@TE:  102  5210 02 10 30 13 @%

%@NL@%
General magazines, exclusive of groups and comics; also exclusive of
magazines that failed to file reports to ABC by press time. Based on total
average paid circulation during the 6 months prior to Dec. 31, 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Selected U.S. Daily Newspaper Circulation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Audit Bureau of Circulations report of average paid circulation for 6 months%@EH@%
to Mar. 31, 1990.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  103  7838 02 51 25 @%Newspaper                                          Daily%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Akron Beacon Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                            153,683 Albuquerque Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                             |121,396 Albuquerque Tribune(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                             |40,987 Amarillo News(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                                   42,809 Amarillo Globe-Times(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                            %@AH@%*%@AE@%22,153 Anchorage Times(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                 %@AH@%*%@AE@%32,777 Ann Arbor News(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                  49,828 Athens (Ga.) News(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                               %@AH@%*%@AE@%13,848 Athens (Ga.) Banner-Herald(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                      %@AH@%*%@AE@%13,808 Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                         %@AH@%*%@AE@%67,656 Augusta (Ga.) Herald(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                            %@AH@%*%@AE@%12,436 Bakersfield Californian(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                         |83,423 Bangor (Me.) News(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                               %@AH@%*%@AE@%78,222 Baton Rouge Advocate(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                            67,635 Baton Rouge State-Times(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                         27,442 Bergen Co. (N.J.) Record(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                        |161,546 Billings (Mont.) Gazette(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                        54,677 Binghamton (N.Y.) Press & Sun Bulletin(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)          70,413 Birmingham Post-Herald(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          %@AH@%*%@AE@%64,532 Bismark (N.D.) Tribune(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          30,825 Bridgeport (Conn.) Post(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                         55,977 Bristol (Va.) Herald-Courier Tennessean(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)         44,868 Camden (N.J.) Courier-Post(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                      |103,295 Casper (Wyo.) Star Tribune(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                      34,691 Charleston (W.Va.) Gazette(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                      55,172 Chattanooga News-Free Press(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                     55,428 Cincinnati Post(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                 106,440 Columbia (S.C.) State(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                           144,995 Columbus (Ga.) Ledger-Enquirer(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                  57,843 Corpus Christi Caller-Times(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                     |68,136 Daytona Beach News-Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                      97,214 Dubuque Telegraph-Herald(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                        34,312 El Paso Herald-Post(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                             |29,205 Erie (Pa.) News(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                                 %@AH@%*%@AE@%30,782 Erie (Pa.) Times(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                %@AH@%*%@AE@%40,842 Evansville (Ind.) Courier(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                       63,245 Evansville (Ind.) Press(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                         35,825 Everett (Wash.) Herald(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                          54,517 Fargo (N.D.) Forum(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                              55,020 Ft. Lauderdale News(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                             %@AH@%*%@AE@%14,483 Ft. Myers (Fla.) News-Press(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                     97,560 Ft. Wayne Journal-Gazette(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                       63,200 Gary Post-Tribune(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                               74,365 Greenville (S.C.) News(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          %@AH@%*%@AE@%88,088 Greenville (S.C.) Piedmont(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                      %@AH@%*%@AE@%25,726 Honolulu Advertiser(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                             |102,515 Honolulu Star-Bulletin(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                          |91,658 Huntington (W.Va.) Herald-Dispatch(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)              |43,209 Hyannis: Cape Cod Times(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                         41,108 Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                  %@AH@%*%@AE@%102,124 Jacksonville Times-Union(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                        %@AH@%*%@AE@%179,009 Kalamazoo Gazette(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                               66,531 Knoxville News-Sentinel(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                         103,722 Lansing (Mich.) State Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                   70,083 Las Vegas Review-Journal(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                        %@AH@%*%@AE@%134,371 Lynchburg (Va.) News & Advance(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                  |41,773 Macon (Ga.) Telegraph & News(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                    73,983 Madison (Wis.) State Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                    %@AH@%*%@AE@%82,412 Middletown (N.Y.) Times Herald Record(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)           |83,356 Mobile Press(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                    %@AH@%*%@AE@%|43,380 Mobile Register(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                                 %@AH@%*%@AE@%|58,603 Modesto (Cal.) Bee(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                              |81,522 Montgomery Advertiser(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                           %@AH@%*%@AE@%50,200 Montgomery Journal(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                              %@AH@%*%@AE@%15,090 Nashville Banner(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                61,684 Newport News (Va.) Press(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                        %@AH@%*%@AE@%|79,077 Newport News (Va.) Times Herald(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                 %@AH@%*%@AE@%|26,367 Pensacola News-Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          |61,285 Peoria Journal Star(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                             %@AH@%*%@AE@%91,532 Phoenix Gazette(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                 |98,911 Portland (Me.) Press Herald(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                     %@AH@%*%@AE@%52,864 Reno Gazette Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                            64,942 Roanoke Times & World News(%@AH@%m%@AE@% & %@AH@%e%@AE@%)                  %@AH@%*%@AE@%123,018 Rockford (Ill.) Register-Star(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                   72,976 Salem (Ore.) Statesman-Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                  59,298 Salt Lake City Tribune(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          112,630 San Bernardino Sun(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                              88,817 Sarasota Herald-Tribune(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                         |139,036 Savannah News(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                                   %@AH@%*%@AE@%53,456 Savannah Press(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                  %@AH@%*%@AE@%18,374 Scranton Times(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                  %@AH@%*%@AE@%51,876 Scrantonian Tribune(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                             %@AH@%*%@AE@%37,234 Sioux City Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                              %@AH@%*%@AE@%50,458 Spokane Chronicle(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                               %@AH@%*%@AE@%24,829 Springfield (Ill.) State Journal Register(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)       69,260 Springfield (Mass.) Union News(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                  112,180 Syracuse Herald-Journal(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                         92,661 Syracuse Post-Standard(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          85,189 Tacoma News Tribune(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                             |118,152 Tallahassee Democrat(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                            60,637 Terre Haute Tribune Star(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                        35,621 Toledo Blade(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                    154,365 Topeka Capital-Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          67,818 Tucson Star(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                                     |94,565 Tulsa Tribune(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                                   |67,704 Wilmington News Journal(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                         |119,315 Wilmington (N.C.) Star(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                          49,093 Winston-Salem Journal(%@AH@%m%@AE@%)                           95,110 Worcester Telegram Gazette(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                      %@AH@%*%@AE@%|117,339 Yakima (Wash.) Herald-Republic(%@AH@%a%@AE@%)                  |41,023 Youngstown Vindicator(%@AH@%e%@AE@%)                           |89,541%@TE:  103  7838 02 51 25 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%m%@AE@% morning; %@AH@%e%@AE@% evening; %@AH@%a%@AE@% all day; %@AH@%*%@AE@% Mon.-Fri. average; %@AH@%|%@AE@% 3 months.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Top 100 U.S. Daily Newspapers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AI@%Editor & Publisher Yearbook.%@AE@% %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  102  8284 02 39 12 13 @%                                                   Circulation%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%New York (NY) %@AI@%Wall Street Journal%@AE@%      (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         1,835,713Arlington (VA) %@AI@%USA Today%@AE@%               (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         1,325,507New York (NY) %@AI@%Daily News%@AE@%               (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         1,194,237Los Angeles (CA) %@AI@%Times%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         1,107,623New York (NY) %@AI@%Times%@AE@%                    (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         1,068,217Washington (DC) %@AI@%Post%@AE@%                   (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         772,749Chicago (IL) %@AI@%Tribune%@AE@%                   (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         720,155Long Island (NY) %@AI@%Newsday%@AE@%               (all day)   700,174Detroit (MI) %@AI@%News%@AE@%                      (all day)   690,422Detroit (MI) %@AI@%Free Press%@AE@%                (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         626,434San Francisco (CA) %@AI@%Chronicle%@AE@%           (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         560,640Chicago (IL) %@AI@%Sun-Times%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         535,864Boston (MA) %@AI@%Globe%@AE@%                      (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         516,031New York (NY) %@AI@%Post%@AE@%                     (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         507,568Philadelphia (PA) %@AI@%Inquirer%@AE@%             (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         504,903Newark (NJ) %@AI@%Star-Ledger%@AE@%                (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         463,738Houston (TX) %@AI@%Chronicle%@AE@%                 (all day)   437,481Cleveland (OH) %@AI@%Plain Dealer%@AE@%            (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         433,615Miami (FL) %@AI@%Herald%@AE@%                      (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         427,954Minneapolis (MN) %@AI@%Star Tribune%@AE@%          (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         406,292St. Louis (MO) %@AI@%Post-Dispatch%@AE@%           (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         376,888Dallas (TX) %@AI@%Morning News%@AE@%               (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         371,537Boston (MA) %@AI@%Herald%@AE@%                     (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         358,218Denver (CO) %@AI@%Rocky Mountain News%@AE@%        (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         345,943Orange County-Santa Ana (CA) %@AI@%Register%@AE@%  (all day)   343,899St. Petersburg (FL) %@AI@%Times%@AE@%              (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         349,460Houston (TX) %@AI@%Post%@AE@%                      (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         325,407Phoenix (AZ) %@AI@%Arizona Republic%@AE@%          (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         322,534Buffalo (NY) %@AI@%News%@AE@%                      (all day)   312,246Portland (OR) %@AI@%Oregonian%@AE@%                (all day)   310,446Atlanta (GA) %@AI@%Constitution%@AE@%              (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         284,015New Orleans (LA) %@AI@%Times-Picayune%@AE@%        (all day)   276,195Kansas City (MO) %@AI@%Times%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         275,844Milwaukee (WI) %@AI@%Journal%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         275,632San Jose (CA) %@AI@%Mercury News%@AE@%             (all day)   274,484Tampa (FL) %@AI@%Tribune%@AE@%                     (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         268,681San Diego (CA) %@AI@%Union%@AE@%                   (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         268,450Orlando (FL) %@AI@%Sentinel%@AE@%                  (all day)   266,549Sacramento (CA) %@AI@%Bee%@AE@%                    (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         259,497Columbus (OH) %@AI@%Dispatch%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         252,206Denver (CO) %@AI@%Post%@AE@%                       (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         240,162Baltimore (MD) %@AI@%Sun%@AE@%                     (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         238,533Charlotte (NC) %@AI@%Observer%@AE@%                (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         236,496Indianapolis (IN) %@AI@%Star%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         234,888Seattle (WA) %@AI@%Times%@AE@%                     (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         233,106Pittsburgh (PA) %@AI@%Press%@AE@%                  (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         232,282Philadelphia (PA) %@AI@%Daily News%@AE@%           (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         232,129Louisville (KY) %@AI@%Courier-Journal%@AE@%        (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         231,042Hartford (CT) %@AI@%Courant%@AE@%                  (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         227,763Dallas (TX) %@AI@%Times Herald%@AE@%               (all day)   225,691Fort Lauderdale (FL) %@AI@%Sun-Sentinel%@AE@%      (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         224,208Oklahoma City (OK) %@AI@%Daily Oklahoman%@AE@%     (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         220,183Des Moines (IA) %@AI@%Register%@AE@%               (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         209,765Memphis (TN) %@AI@%Commercial Appeal%@AE@%         (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         209,205Providence (RI) %@AI@%Journal%@AE@%                (all day)   204,196Seattle (WA) %@AI@%Post-Intelligencer%@AE@%        (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         203,560St. Paul (MN) %@AI@%Pioneer Press Dispatch%@AE@%   (all day)   200,508Cincinnati (OH) %@AI@%Enquirer%@AE@%               (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         196,290Los Angeles (CA) %@AI@%Daily News%@AE@%            (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         185,736Atlanta (GA) %@AI@%Journal%@AE@%                   (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         181,440San Antonio (TX) %@AI@%Express-News%@AE@%          (all day)   179,590Dayton (OH) %@AI@%Daily News%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         178,615Milwaukee (WI) %@AI@%Sentinel%@AE@%                (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         178,364Jacksonville (FL) %@AI@%Times-Union%@AE@%          (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         173,528Austin (TX) %@AI@%American-Statesman%@AE@%         (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         172,518Kansas City (MO) %@AI@%City Star%@AE@%             (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         170,801San Antonio (TX) %@AI@%Light%@AE@%                 (all day)   170,800Baltimore (MD) %@AI@%Evening Sun%@AE@%             (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         170,750Birmingham (AL) %@AI@%News%@AE@%                   (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         170,327West Palm Beach (FL) %@AI@%Post%@AE@%              (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         169,360Pittsburgh (PA) %@AI@%Post-Gazette%@AE@%           (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         164,309Hackensack (NJ) %@AI@%Record%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         156,019Toledo (OH) %@AI@%Blade%@AE@%                      (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         155,579Little Rock (AR) %@AI@%Gazette%@AE@%               (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         154,001Akron (OH) %@AI@%Beacon Journal%@AE@%              (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         153,550Norfolk (VA) %@AI@%Virginian-Pilot%@AE@%           (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         150,958Asbury Park (NJ) %@AI@%Press%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         150,590Fort Worth (TX) %@AI@%Star-Telegram%@AE@%          (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         150,190Riverside (CA) %@AI@%Press-Enterprise%@AE@%        (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         147,424Fresno (CA) %@AI@%Bee%@AE@%                        (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         146,723Grand Rapids (MI) %@AI@%Press%@AE@%                (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         143,101Richmond (VA) %@AI@%Times-Dispatch%@AE@%           (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         142,151Raleigh (NC) %@AI@%News & Observer%@AE@%           (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         141,800Columbia (SC) %@AI@%State%@AE@%                    (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         141,742San Francisco (CA) %@AI@%Examiner%@AE@%            (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         137,969Allentown (PA) %@AI@%Morning Call%@AE@%            (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         137,228Boston (MA) %@AI@%Christian Science Monitor%@AE@%  (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         137,161Oakland (CA) %@AI@%Tribune%@AE@%                   (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         134,504Las Vegas (NV) %@AI@%Review-Journal%@AE@%          (all day)   132,903Rochester (NY) %@AI@%Democrat and Chronicle%@AE@%  (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         129,394Nashville (TN) %@AI@%Tennessean%@AE@%              (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         126,092Tulsa (OK) %@AI@%World%@AE@%                       (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         123,510Long Beach (CA) %@AI@%Press-Telegram%@AE@%         (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         123,371Lexington (KY) %@AI@%Herald-Leader%@AE@%           (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         122,673Omaha (NE) %@AI@%World-Herald%@AE@%                (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         121,985San Diego (CA) %@AI@%Tribune%@AE@%                 (%@AH@%e%@AE@%)         121,835Worcester (MA) %@AI@%Telegram & Gazette%@AE@%      (all day)   120,568Wilmington (DE) %@AI@%News Journal%@AE@%           (all day)   120,143Wichita (KS) %@AI@%Eagle%@AE@%                     (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         119,013Tacoma (WA) %@AI@%Morning News-Tribune%@AE@%       (%@AH@%m%@AE@%)         118,807%@TE:  102  8284 02 39 12 13 @%

%@NL@%
During the six-month period ending Sept. 30, 1989, average daily newspaper
circulation stayed relatively steady. When compared with the same period in
1988, there was a drop of less than one-tenth of 1%, from 62,694,816 to
62,649,218. The number of morning newspapers, increasing steadily in recent
years, increased by one-from 529 to 530; the number of evening newspapers
continued to drop, from 1,141 to 1,125.%@NL@%
%@AH@%m%@AE@% = morning; %@AH@%e%@AE@% = evening%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%U.S. Opera Companies with Budgets of $500,000 or More %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%  Central Opera Service, Lincoln Center, New York, N.Y. 10023; July 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@AB@%Anchorage Opera; William Russell, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arizona Opera Co. (Tucson); Glynn Ross, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fullerton Civic Light Opera (Calif.); R. G. Duncan, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Long Beach Opera (Calif.); Micheal Milenski, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Long Beach Civic Light Opera (Calif.); P. Logefeil, mng. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Los Angeles Music Center Opera Assn.; Peter Hemmings, exec. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Pacific (Costa Mesa, Calif.); David DiChiera, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sacramento Opera Assn. (Calif.); Yuriko Ishii, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Diego Civic Light Opera; Harris Goldman, gen mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Diego Opera Assn.; Ian Campbell, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Francisco Opera; Lotfi Mansouri, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Francisco Opera Center (inc. Western Opera Theater); Christine
%@AB@%Bullin, mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera San Jose (Calif.); Irene Dalis, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Jose Civic Light Opera (Calif.); Stewart Slater, dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Central City Opera (Denver); Daniel Rule, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Colorado (Denver); Nathaniel Merrill, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Connecticut Opera (Hartford); George Osborne, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Goodspeed Opera House (E. Haddam, Conn.); Michael Price, exec. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Washington Opera (D.C.); Martin Feinstein, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Greater Miami Opera Assn.; Robert Heuer, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Orlando Opera Co. (Fla.); vacant, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Palm Beach Opera; H. P. Benn, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sarasota Opera Assn. (Fla.); Deane Allyn, exec. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Atlanta Opera (Ga.); Alfred Kennedy, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hawaii Opera Theatre; Marshall Turkins, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chicago Opera Theater; Alan Stone, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lyric Opera of Chicago; Ardis Krainik, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Indianapolis Opera; Robert Driver, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Des Moines Metro Opera (Indianola); Robert Larsen, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Music Theatre of Wichita; Wayne Bryan, prod. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kentucky Opera Assn. (Louisville); Thomson Smillie, gen.
%@AB@%dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New Orleans Opera Assn.; Arthur Cosenza, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Baltimore Opera Co.; Michael Harrison, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Company of Boston; Sarah Caldwell, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Michigan Opera Theatre (Detroit); David DiChiera, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Minnesota Opera Co. (St. Paul); Kevin Smith, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lyric Opera of Kansas City (Missouri); Russell Patterson,
%@AB@%gen. dir. & art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Theatre of St. Louis (Missouri); Charles MacKay, gen.
%@AB@%dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera/Omaha (Neb.); Mary Robert, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Nevada Opera (Reno); Ted Puffer, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New Jersey State Opera (Newark); Alfredo Silipigni, art.
%@AB@%dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Santa Fe Opera (New Mexico); John Crosby, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Tri-Cities Opera (Binghamton, N.Y.); P. Hibbitt & C. Savoca,
%@AB@%art. dirs.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chautauqua Opera (N.Y.); Linda Jackson, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Glimmerglass Opera (Cooperstown, N.Y.); Paul Kellogg,
%@AB@%gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Syracuse Opera; Robert Swedberg, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Metropolitan Opera Assn. (New York City); vacant,
%@AB@%gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New York City Opera; Christopher Keene, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New York City Opera Natl. Co.; Nancy Kelly, adm. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Orchestra of N.Y. (N.Y.C.); Eve Queler, art dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Carolina (Charlotte, N.C.); James Wright, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cincinnati Opera Assn.; James deBlasis, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cleveland Opera; David Bamberger, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera/Columbus (Oh.); John Gage, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dayton Opera Assn. (Oh.); Jane Nelson, mng. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Tulsa Opera (Oklahoma); Myrna S. Ruffner, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Portland Opera Assn. (Oregon); Robert Bailey, exec. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%American Music Theater Festival (Phila.); Marjorie Samoff,
%@AB@%prod. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Company of Philadelphia; vacant, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pennsylvania Opera Theater (Phila.); Barbara Silverstein, art
%@AB@%dir. & gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera; Charles Gray, exec. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pittsburgh Opera; Tito Capobianco, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Opera Memphis (Tenn.); Robert Driver, gen. & art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Austin Lyric Opera (Tex.) Walter Ducloux, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dallas Opera; Plato Karayanis, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lyric Opera of Dallas (Tex.); John Burrows, art. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Worth Opera; J. Mario Ramos, mng. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Houston Grand Opera Assn.; R. David Gockley, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Texas Opera Theater (Houston); Ann Tomfohrde, dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theatre Under the Stars (Houston); Frank Young, exec. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Utah Opera (Salt Lake City); vacant, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Virginia Opera (Norfolk); Peter Mark, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Seattle Opera Assn.; Speight Jenkins, gen. dir.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Florentine Opera of Milwaukee; Dennis Hanthorn, gen. mgr.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Skylight Comic Opera (Milwaukee); Jane Keegan, mng. dir.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AB@% %@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Some Notable U.S. Dance Companies%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         Dance/USA, July 13, 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%African-American Dance Ensemble, Durham, NC%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Aman Folk Ensemble, Los Angeles, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%American Ballet Theatre, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Armitage Ballet, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ballet Arizona, Pheonix, AZ%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ballet Hispanico of New York, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ballet Metropolitan, Columbus, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ballet West, Salt Lake City, UT%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bebe Miller and Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Boston Ballet, Newton, MA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Caribbean Dance Company, St. Croix, VI%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Carlota Santana Spanish Dance Arts Co., New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chen & Dancers, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cincinnati/New Orleans City Ballet, Cincinnati, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cleveland/San Jose Ballet, Cleveland, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cunningham Dance Foundation, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dan Wagoner and Dancers, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dance Alloy, Pittsburgh, PA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dance Exchange, Washington, DC%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dance Theatre of Harlem, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Danceteller, Philadelphia, PA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%David Gordon Pick Up Co., New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%David Parsons Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dayton Ballet Association, Dayton, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dayton Contemporary Dance Company, Dayton, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Donald Byrd/The Group, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Elisa Monte Dance Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Feld Ballets, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fort Worth Ballet, Fort Worth, TX%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Garth Fagan's Bucket Dance Theatre, Rochester, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%HARRY, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hartford Ballet, Hartford, CT%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Houston Ballet, Houston, TX%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hubbard Street Dance Company, Chicago, IL%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jazz Tap Ensemble, Los Angeles, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jennifer Muller and the Works, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jose Limon Dance Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Joseph Holmes Dance Theater, Chicago, IL%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Joyce Trisler Danscompany, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%KHADRA International Folk Ballet, San Francisco, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lar Lubovitch Dance Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Laura Dean Dancers and Musicians, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lewitzky Dance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louisville Ballet, Louisville, KY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lucinda Childs Dance Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Margaret Jenkins Dance Company, San Francisco, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Miami City Ballet, Miami Beach, FL%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Milwaukee Ballet, Milwaukee, WI%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mordine & Company, Chicago, IL%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New Dance Ensemble, Minneapolis, MN%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New York City Ballet, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nicholas Rodriguez and Dance-Compass, Montclair, NJ%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@% Nina Wiener Dance Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%North Carolina Dance Theater, Winston Salem, NC%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Oakland Ballet, Oakland, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%ODC/San Francisco, San Francisco, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ohio Ballet, Akron, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pacific Northwest Ballet, Seattle, WA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Paul Taylor Dance Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pennsylvania Ballet, Philadelphia, PA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Philadanco, Philadelphia, PA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pilobolus, Washington, CT%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, Pittsburgh, PA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pittsburgh Dance Alloy, Pittsburgh, PA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Princeton Ballet, New Brunswick, NJ%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Rebecca Kelly Dance Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Repertory Dance Theatre, Salt Lake City, UT%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Richmond Ballet, Richmond, VA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company, Salt Lake City, UT%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Rosalind Newman and Dancers, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%San Francisco Ballet, San Francisco, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Solomons Company/Dance, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%State Ballet of Missouri, Kansas City, MO%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Stuart Pimsler Dance & Theater, Columbus, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tandy Beal and Company, Santa Cruz, CA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Trisha Brown Company, New York, NY%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tulsa Ballet Theatre, Tulsa, OK%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Washington Ballet, Washington, DC%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Zenon Dance Company, Minneapolis, MN%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%ZeroMoving Dance Company, Philadelphia, PA%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Zivili Kolo Ensemble, Granville, OH%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Symphony Orchestras of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%American Symphony Orchestra League, 777 14th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(All orchestras listed had budgets in excess of $1 million in fiscal 1989.)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  198  6909 02 50 26 @%Symphony Orchestra%@AH@%1%@AE@%                               Music Director%@AH@%2%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama (Birmingham)                              Paul Polivnick American (N.Y.C.)                                 Catherine Comet Atlanta (Ga.)                                     Yoel Levi Austin (Tex.)                                     Sung Kwak Baltimore (Md.)                                   David Zinman Boston (Mass.)                                    Seiji Ozawa Brooklyn Philharmonic (N.Y.)                      Dennis Russell Davies Buffalo Philharmonic (N.Y.)                       Maximiano Valdez Cedar Rapids (Mich.)                              Christian Tiemeyer Charleston (S.C.)                                 David Stahl Charlotte (N.C.)                                  Leo B. Driehuys Chattanooga, & Opera Assn. (Tenn.)                Vakhtang Jordania Chicago (Ill.)                                    Georg Solti Cincinnati (Oh.)                                  Jesus Lopez-Cobos Cleveland (Oh.)                                   Christoph von Dohnanyi Colorado Springs (Col.)                           Christopher P. Wilkins Columbus (Oh.)                                    Christian Badea Concerto Soloists Chamber Or. (Philadelphia, Pa.) Marc S. Mostovoy Dallas (Tex.)                                     Eduardo Mata Dayton Philharmonic (Oh.)                         Isaiah Jackson Delaware (Wilmington)                             Stephen Gunzenhauser Detroit (Mich.)                                   Vacant%@AH@%3%@AE@%Eastern Philharmonic (Greensboro, N.C.)           Sheldon Morgenstern Fairfax (Annandale, Va.)                          William L. Hudson Flint (Mich.)                                     Enrique Arturo Diemecke Philharmonic Orchestra of Florida (Fort           James Judd Lauderdale)                                       The Florida Orchestra (Tampa)                     Jahja Ling Florida (Orlando)                                 Kenneth Jean Florida Symphonic Pops (Boca Raton)               Mark S. Azzolina Fort Wayne Philharmonic (Ind.)                    Ronald Ondrejka Fort Worth (Tex.)                                 John Giordano Grand Rapids (Mich.)                              Catherine Comet Grant Park (Chicago, Ill.)                        Zdenek Macal Handel and Haydn Soc. (Boston, Mass.)             Christopher Hogwood Hartford (Conn.)                                  Michael Lankester Honolulu (Ha.)                                    Donald Johanos Houston (Tex.)                                    Christoph Eschenbach Hudson Valley Philharmonic (Poughkeepsie, N.Y.)   Imre Pallo Indianapolis (Ind.)                               Raymond Leppard Jacksonville (Fla.)                               Roger Nierenberg Kansas City (Mo.)                                 William McGlaughlin Knoxville (Tenn.)                                 Kirk Trevor Little Orchestra Soc. of N.Y. (N.Y.C.)            Dino Anagnost Long Beach (Cal.)                                 JoAnn Falletta Long Island Philharmonic (N.Y.)                   Marin Alsop Los Angeles Chamber Or. (Cal.)                    Iona Brown Los Angeles Philharmonic (Cal.)                   Esa-Pekka Salonen The Louisville Orchestra (Ky.)                    Lawrence Leighton Smith Madison (Wis.)                                    Roland A. Johnson Memphis (Tenn.)                                   Alan Balter Milwaukee (Wis.)                                  Zdenek Macal The Minnesota Orchestra (Minneapolis)             Edo de Waart Music of the Baroque (Chicago, Ill.)              Thomas S. Wikman The Nashville Symphony (Tenn.)                    Kenneth S. Schermerhorn National (Washington, D.C.)                       Mstislav Rostropovich New Haven (Conn.)                                 Michael Palmer New Jersey (Newark)                               Hugh Wolff New Mexico (Albuquerque)                          Neal H. Stulberg New Orleans (La.)                                 Maxim Shostakovich New World Symphony (Miami Beach, Fla.)            Michael Tilson Thomas New York Philharmonic (N.Y.C.)                    Zubin Mehta North Carolina (Raleigh)                          Gerhardt Zimmermann Northeaster Pennsylvania Philharmonic (Avoca,      Hugh Keelan Pa.)                                              Oklahoma City Philharmonic (Okla.)                Vacant%@AH@%3%@AE@% Omaha (Neb.)                                      Bruce B. Hangen Oregon (Portland)                                 James DePreist Orpheus Chamber Or. (N.Y.C., N.Y.)                None Pacific Symphony (Irvine, Cal.)                   Carl St. Clair The Philadelphia Orchestra (Pa.)                  Riccardo Muti Philharmonia Virtuosi (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.)         Richard P. Kapp Phoenix (Ariz.)                                   James L. Sedares Pittsburgh (Pa.)                                  Lorin Maazel Portland (Me.)                                    Toshi Shimada Puerto Rico (Santurce)                            Odo Alonso Rhode Island Philharmonic Or. (Providence)        Andrew Massey The Richmond Symphony (Va.)                       George Manahan Rochester Philharmonic Or. (N.Y.)                 Darryl One Sacramento (Cal.)                                 Carter Nice St. Louis (Mo.)                                   Leonard Slatkin St. Paul Chamber Or. (Minn.)                      Christopher Hogwood San Antonio (Tex.)                                Zdenek Macal San Diego (Cal.)                                  Yoav Talmi San Francisco (Cal.)                              Herbert Blomstedt San Jose (Cal.)                                   George Cleve Savannah (Ga.)                                    Philip B. Greenberg Seattle (Wash.)                                   Vacant%@AH@%3%@AE@% Spokane (Wash.)                                   Bruce Ferden Springfield (Mass.)                               Raymond C. Hervey Syracuse (N.Y.)                                   Kazuyoshi Akiyama Toldeo (Oh.)                                      Andrew Massey Tucson (Ariz.)                                    Robert E. Bernhardt Tulsa Philharmonic Or. (Okla.)                    Bernard Rubenstein Utah (Salt Lake City)                             Joseph Silverstein The Virginia Symphony (Norfolk)                   Vacant%@AH@%3%@AE@% West Virginia (Charleston)                        Thomas B. Conlin Wichita (Kan.)                                    Michael Palmer Winston-Salem Symphony Assn. (N.C.)               Peter J. Perret%@TE:  198  6909 02 50 26 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Orchestra name = place name + Symphony Orchestra, unless otherwise noted;
%@AH@%2%@AE@% General title; listed is highest-ranking member of conducting personnel; %@AH@%3%@AE@%
As of mid-1990.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Recordings & Music Videos %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Recording Industry of America, Inc. confers Gold Awards on single%@EH@%
records that sell 1 million units, albums and their tape equivalents that
sell 500,000 units, and music videos that sell 25,000 units. Platinum Awards
go to single records that sell 2 million units, to albums and tapes that
sell 1 million, and to music videos that sell 50,000.  Multi-Platinum Awards
are conferred on single records that sell 3 million units or more, albums
and tapes that sell 2 million or more, and music videos that sell 100,000
units or more. 1989 Multi-Platinum and Platinum Awards for music released in
1989 follow. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Artists, Recording Titles %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Albums, Multi-Platinum%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%(Number in parentheses-millions of albums sold) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fine Young Cannibals; The Raw and the Cooked (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Debbie Gibson; Electric Youth (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Great White; Twice Shy (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Janet Jackson; Rhythm Nation 1814 (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Billy Joel; Storm Front (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Madonna; Like a Prayer (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Richard Marx; Repeat Offender (3) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True (5) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Motley Crue; Dr. Feelgood (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New Kids on the Block; Merry, Merry Christmas (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tom Petty; Fool Moon Fever (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Prince; Batman Soundtrack (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Skid Row; Skid Row (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tone Loc; Loc'd After Dark (2) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Albums, Platinum%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Aerosmith; Pump %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%B-52's; Cosmic Thing %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Baby Face; Tender Lover %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tracy Chapman; Crossroads %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cher; Heart of Stone %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Cougar Mellencamp; Big Daddy %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Cure; Disintegration %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine; Cuts Both Ways %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Heavy D and the Boyz; Big Tyme %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Don Henley; The End of the Innocence %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%L.L Cool J; Walking with a Panther %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%N.W.A.; Straight Outta Compton %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roy Orbison; Mystery Girl %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Rolling Stones; Steel Wheels %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Linda Ronstadt; Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ricky Van Shelton; Loving Proof %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Soul II Soul; Keep on Movin'%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tears for Fears; The Seeds of Love %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tesla; The Great Radio Controversy %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 2 Live Crew; As Nasty As They Wanna Be %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Too Short; Life Is . . . Too Short %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Warrant; Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Hank Williams Jr., Greatest Hits III %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%M.C. Young; Stone Cold Rhymin'%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Singles, Platinum%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Bobby Brown; On Our Own %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Janet Jackson; Miss You Much %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Madonna; Like a Prayer %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Richard Marx; Right Here Waiting %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%New Kids on the Block; Hangin' Tough %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Prince; Batdance %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Soul II Soul; Back to Life %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Soul II Soul; Keep on Movin' %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Technotronic; Pump Up the Jam %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Tone Loc; Funky Cold Medina %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Music Videos, Multi-Platinum%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Paula Abdul; Straight Up %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%California Raisins; Meet the Raisins %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Def Leppard; Hysteria %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Def Leppard; In the Round in Your Face Live %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Michael Jackson; Moonwalker %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Metallica; Cliff 'Em All %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Milli Vanilli; In Motion %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Motley Crue; Uncensored %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Raffi; Raffi in Concert with Rise & Shine Band %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Bruce Springsteen; Video Anthology, 1978-1988 %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%Music Videos, Platinum%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Phil Collins; No Jacket Required %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%The Cure; Staring at the Sea--The Images %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%The Doors; The Doors Live at the Hollywood Bowl %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%The Doors; Dance on Fire %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine; Homecoming Concert %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Debbie Gibson; Live in Concert--The Out of the Blue Tour %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Inxs; Kick the Video Flick %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Metallica; 2 of One %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Prince; Sign o' the Times %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Queensryche; Video Mindcrime %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Ratt: Ratt: The Video %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Rush; A Show of Hands %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%George Strait; George Strait Live %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Stryper; Live in Japan %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Various; Natural States   %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@2@%                    %@AS@%Top Ten Singles and Albums of 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                                Billboard %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Albums %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%     1. Bobby Brown; Don't Be Cruel%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. New Kids on the Block; Hangin' Tough%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. Paula Abdul; Forever Your Girl %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     4. Bon Jovi; New Jersey %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     5. Guns 'N' Roses; Appetite for Destruction %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     6. Fine Young Cannibals; The Raw and the Cooked %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     7. Guns 'N' Roses; G 'N' R Lies %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     8. Traveling Wilburys; Traveling Wilburys %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     9. Def Leppard; Hysteria %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     10. Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True %@NL@%%@EH@%
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                                 %@3@%%@AS@%Singles %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%     1. Chicago; Look Away %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     2. Bobby Brown; My Prerogative %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     3. Poison; Every Rose Has Its Thorns %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     4. Paula Abdul; Straight Up %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     5. Janet Jackson; Miss You Much %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     6. Paula Abdul; Cold Hearted %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. Bette Midler; Wind Beneath My Wings %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     8. Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     9. Will to Power; Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%     10. Anita Baker; Giving You the Best That I Got %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@2@%               %@AS@%America's Favorite Television Programs: 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          Nielsen Media Research%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%          %@AS@%(Percent of TV households and persons in TV households)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           %@AS@%Regularly Scheduled Network Programs (February 1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%            %@AS@%(Nielsen People Meter Average Audience Estimates) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   32  2291 02 32 15 07 07 08 10 @%Program                         TV Households  Women  Men    Teens   Children%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bill Cosby Show                 23.2           17.1   11.8   18.8    20.1Cheers                          23.1           17.1   13.8   14.9Roseanne                        22.1           16.9   11.9   18.6    12.5 A Different World               21.6           15.9   10.6   19.0    19.4America's Funniest Home Videos  20.8           15.9   14.7   20.1    19.5 Golden Girls                    20.7           17.9   10.7   Wonder Years                    19.7           13.9          19.2    14.6 Empty Nest                      19.6           16.8          60 Minutes                      18.9           14.7   13.5   Unsolved Mysteries              18.2           14.5   11.7   L.A. Law                        18.2           14.0   11.6   Who's the Boss?                 18.0                         15.5    12.5 Grand                           17.8           13.4   10.1   Murder, She Wrote               18.5           15.5   10.2   NBC Sunday Night Movie          17.2                  11.5   Matlock                                        14.2   10.5   In The Heat Of The Night                       13.7   10.8   ABC Sunday Movie                                      11.2   11.8Coach                                                        11.4  Full House                                                   12.2    16.9 Growing Pains                                                13.3    11.0 Family Matters                                               11.3    16.0 Hogan Family                                                 11.2    12.5Head of the Class                                            11.9 Doogie Howser, M.D.                                          15.4Alf                                                                  14.3 Perfect Strangers                                                    14.3 Just the Ten of Us                                                   13.2 Magical World of Disney                                              14.4 Slimer & Real Ghosts.II                                              12.0%@TE:   32  2291 02 32 15 07 07 08 10 @%

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%@2@%                       %@AS@%Favorite Syndicated Programs%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  Nielsen Media Research, February, 1990 %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(Ratings based on Designated Market Area coverage as reported by Nielsen's%@EH@%
%@AS@%Cassandra Report) %@AE@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   17  1176 02 27 15 07 05 07 10 @%Program                    TV households  Women  Men  Teens  Children%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Wheel of Fortune           15.9           13.4   9.3  4.1    4.3Jeopardy                   14.2           11.6   7.9  4.0    2.8Oprah Winfrey Show         11.0           9.2    3.3  3.7    1.3Star Trek Next Generation  10.5           6.4    8.6  6.1    5.5Cosby Show                 10.2           7.3    5.1  10.1   9.5PM Magazine                9.5            7.3    5.6  2.3    1.9Current Affair             9.5            7.2    5.8  3.0    1.9Entertainment Tonight      9.4            7.3    5.3  2.9    1.7Inside Edition             7.5            5.6    4.3  1.7    0.9Cheers                     7.3            4.9    5.0  3.8    2.1Family Feud                7.3            5.8    3.6  4.0    3.3Night Court                7.3            4.6    4.8  6.1    3.9Who's The Boss?            7.3            4.8    3.4  8.3    6.2Jeopardy Two               7.0            5.9    3.8  1.0    0.9Donahue                    6.7            5.2    2.5  0.9    0.4%@TE:   17  1176 02 27 15 07 05 07 10 @%

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%@2@%                     %@AS@%Average Television Viewing Time %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                     Nielsen Media Research, Feb. 1990%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%(hours: minutes, per week) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1728 02 15 09 23 25 18 14 23 @%                        Mon.-Fri. 10am-4:30pm  Mon.-Fri. 4:30pm-7:30pm  Mon.-Sun. 8-11pm  Sat. 7am-1pm  Mon.-Fri. 11:30pm-1am%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total Persons  age 2+   4:29                   4:13                     8:47              :49           1:08Total Women    age 18+  5:55                   4:44                     9:49              :38           1:18               18-24    4:55                   3:18                     6:43              :32           :57               25-54    5:06                   3:52                     9:18              :39           1:20               55+      7:52                   6:55                     12:06             :38           1:22Total Men      age 18+  3:31                   3:46                     9:05              :40           1:20               18-24    2:56                   2:35                     5:55              :33           1:14               25-54    2:56                   3:05                     8:46              :41           1:20               55+      5:37                   6:07                     11:46             :41           1:23Female Teens   12-17    2:40                   3:30                     6:27              :46           :36Male Teens     12-17    2:20                   3:35                     7:16              :55           :49Children       2-5      6:30                   4:38                     6:04              1:41          :25Children       6-11     2:34                   4:10                     6:32              1:35          :23%@TE:   15  1728 02 15 09 23 25 18 14 23 @%

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%@2@%                     %@AS@%All-time Top Television Programs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%A.C. Nielsen estimates, Jan. 30, 1960 through Apr. 17, 1990, excluding%@EH@%
unsponsored or joint network telecasts or programs under 30 minutes long.%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Ranked by percent of average audience.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   32  1993 02 04 29 10 09 18 @%    Program                      Date      Network  Households (000)%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1   M*A*S*H Special              2/28/83   CBS      50,1502   Dallas                       11/21/80  CBS      41,470 3   Roots Pt. VIII               1/30/77   ABC      36,380 4   Super Bowl XVI               1/24/82   CBS      40,020 5   Super Bowl XVII              1/30/83   NBC      40,480 6   Super Bowl XX                1/26/86   NBC      41,490 7   Gone With The Wind-Pt. 1     11/7/76   NBC      33,960 8   Gone With The Wind-Pt. 2     11/8/76   NBC      33,750 9   Super Bowl XII               1/15/78   CBS      34,410 10  Super Bowl XIII              1/21/79   NBC      35,090 11  Bob Hope Christmas Show      1/15/70   NBC      27,260 12  Super Bowl XVIII             1/22/84   CBS      38,800 12  Super Bowl XIX               1/20/85   ABC      39,390 14  Super Bowl XIV               1/20/80   CBS      35,330 15  ABC Theater (The Day After)  11/20/83  ABC      38,550 16  Roots Pt. VI                 1/28/77   ABC      32,680 16  The Fugitive                 8/29/67   ABC      25,700 18  Super Bowl XXI               1/25/87   CBS      40,030 19  Roots Pt. V                  1/27/77   ABC      32,540 20  Ed Sullivan                  2/9/64    CBS      23,240 21  Bob Hope Christmas Special   1/14/71   NBC      27,05022  Roots Pt. III                1/25/77   ABC      31,900 23  Super Bowl XI                1/9/77    NBC      31,610 23  Super Bowl XV                1/25/81   NBC      34,540 25  Super Bowl VI                1/16/72   CBS      27,450 26  Roots Pt. II                 1/24/77   ABC      31,400 27  Beverly Hillbillies          1/8/64    CBS      22,570 28  Roots Pt. IV                 1/26/77   ABC      31,190 28  Ed Sullivan                  2/16/64   CBS      22,445 30  Super Bowl XXIII             1/22/89   NBC      39,320%@TE:   32  1993 02 04 29 10 09 18 @%

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%@2@%                      %@AS@%Top-Rated TV Shows of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               A.C. Nielsen %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   50  2637 02 09 28 09 25 @%Program  Program                     Network  Avg. rating over decade%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1950s    1950s                       1950s    1950s1.       A. Godfrey's Talent Scouts  CBS      32.92.       I Love Lucy                 CBS      31.63.       You Bet Your Life           NBC      30.14.       Dragnet                     NBC      24.65.       The Jack Benny Show         CBS      22.36.       A. Godfrey and Friends      CBS      19.57.       Gunsmoke                    CBS      15.68.       The Red Skelton Show        NBC      15.29.       December Bride              CBS      13.810.      I've Got a Secret           CBS      12.911.      $64,000 Question            CBS      11.212.      Disneyland                  ABC      10.813.      The Ed Sullivan Show        CBS      10.614.      Have Gun--Will Travel       CBS      10.315.      The Danny Thomas Show       CBS      9.91960s    1960s                       1960s    1960s1.       Bonanza                     NBC      29.62.       The Red Skelton Show        CBS      26.43.       The Andy Griffith Show      CBS      22.44.       The Beverly Hillbillies     CBS      21.95.       The Ed Sullivan Show        CBS      21.76.       The Lucy Show/Here's Lucy   CBS      21.37.       The Jackie Gleason Show     CBS      16.58.       Bewitched                   ABC      14.89.       Gomer Pyle                  CBS      13.410.      Candid Camera               CBS      11.211.      The Dick Van Dyke Show      CBS      11.112.      The Danny Thomas Show       CBS      10.713.      Family Affair               CBS      9.814.      Laugh-In                    NBC      7.915.      Rawhide                     CBS      7.51970s    1970s                       1970s    1970s1.       All in the Family           CBS      23.12.       M*A*S*H                     CBS      17.63.       Hawaii Five-O               CBS      16.54.       Happy Days                  ABC      15.95.       The Waltons                 CBS      14.06.       The Mary Tyler Moore Show   CBS      13.77.       Sanford & Son               NBC      13.48.       One Day at a Time           CBS      11.49.       Three's Company             ABC      10.810.      60 Minutes                  CBS      10.011.      Maude                       CBS      9.812.      Gunsmoke                    CBS      9.713.      Charlie's Angels            ABC      9.614.      The Jeffersons              CBS      9.415.      Laverne & Shirley           ABC      9.3%@TE:   50  2637 02 09 28 09 25 @%

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%@2@%                %@AS@%U.S. Television Sets and Stations Received%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                               %@AS@%Set Ownership%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                     %@AS@%(Nielsen est. as of Jan. 1, 1990)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   28   913 01 34 34 07 @%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total TV Households               92,100,000(98% of U.S. households own at    (98% of U.S. households own at least one TV set)                 least one TV set)%@AB@%Homes with:%@AE@%Color TV sets                     90,100,000                        98%B&W only                          2,000,000                         2%2 or more sets                    59,865,000                        65%One set                           32,235,000                        35%Cable (May 1990)                  53,970,600                        58.6%Total Persons 2+:                 235,230,000Total Women 18+:                  94,600,000Total Men 18+:                    85,570,000Total Teens 12-17:                19,570,000Total Children 2-11:              35,490,000%@TE:   28   913 01 34 34 07 @%

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%@3@%                            %@AS@%Stations Receivable%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                         %@AS@%(Nielsen, September 1989)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:    8   411 01 40 36 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%% of TV homes receiving:1-6                                     8%7-10                                    33%11-14                                   33%15-19                                   19%20-29                                   7%30+                                     IFR%@TE:    8   411 01 40 36 @%

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%@2@%                    %@AS@%100 Leading U.S. Advertisers, 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Source: %@AI@%Advertising Age%@AE@%, Sept. 27, 1989 (C) Crain Communications Inc. 1989%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  102  4585 02 06 32 24 @%Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1     Philip Morris                   $2,058.22     Procter & Gamble                1,506.93     General Motors                  1,294.04     Sears, Roebuck                  1,045.25     RJR Nabisco                     814.56     Grand Metropolitan              773.97     Eastman Kodak                   735.98     McDonald's                      728.39     PepsiCo                         712.310    Kellogg                         683.111    Anheuser-Busch                  634.512    K mart                          632.013    Warner-Lambert                  609.214    Unilever                        607.515    Nestle                          573.816    Ford Motor                      569.817    American Telephone & Telegraph  547.518    Chrysler                        474.019    General Mills                   470.120    Johnson & Johnson               468.821    Bristol-Myers Squibb            430.722    J.C. Penney                     426.623    Quaker Oats                     423.424    Ralston Purina                  421.025    Time Warner                     409.726    May Department Stores           399.727    American Home Products          393.228    Coca-Cola                       385.129    H.J. Heinz                      340.130    Mars                            339.731    Sara Lee                        326.932    Macy                            308.933    Colgate-Palmolive               306.634    Walt Disney                     300.635    Hershey Foods                   298.636    U.S. Government                 295.137    General Electric                276.638    Toyota Motor                    272.939    SmithKline Beecham              264.240    Schering-Plough                 262.241    Campeau                         260.542    American Cyanamid               256.243    American Stores                 250.544    American Express                247.245    Honda Motor                     243.346    Tandy                           232.047    Dayton Hudson                   230.248    Pfizer                          230.149    Nissan Motor                    224.950    IBM                             214.451    Hyundai                         204.552    Campbell Soup                   202.553    Adolph Coors                    200.854    B.A.T.                          184.155    BCI                             180.256    Revlon                          177.357    American Brands                 168.758    Hasbro                          164.559    Gillette                        160.560    Nynex                           160.461    Carter Hawley Hale              159.862    Dow Chemical                    156.763    Mobil                           155.964    Montgomery Ward & Co.           155.365    MCA                             153.766    Clorox                          148.367    Mazda Motor                     146.768    Philips                         144.369    Kroger                          144.170    Seagram                         143.171    Volkswagen                      140.372    Paramount                       139.273    News                            139.174    CPC                             134.475    Wm. Wrigley Jr.                 134.276    Bayer                           132.277    E.I. du Pont de Nemours         131.478    Texas Air                       128.879    Noxell                          126.780    American Dairy Farmers          126.681    Sony                            125.982    Goodyear Tire & Rubber          124.683    Loews                           123.884    Levi Strauss                    123.185    Columbia Pictures               122.486    Dr Pepper/Seven-Up              121.987    AMR                             120.788    Marriott                        120.289    UAL                             120.290    Hallmark Cards                  119.891    Citicorp                        118.492    ITT                             115.993    Franklin Mint                   114.894    Wendy's                         114.295    Bell Atlantic                   113.296    Delta Air Lines                 112.697    Whitman                         111.798    S.C. Johnson & Son              111.699    Borden                          110.5100   Subaru                          108.0  %@TE:  102  4585 02 06 32 24 @%

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%@2@%                 %@AS@%Media Spending by 35 Leading Advertisers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AI@%Advertising Age%@AE@%, Sept. 27, 1989; copyright (C) Crain Communications Inc.,%@EH@%
1989 %@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(In thousands) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   38  5635 03 06 06 32 15 22 19 16 13 16 18 @%Rank  Rank'88   '87   Advertiser                      '88-'87 % chg  Estimated unmeasured  Subtotal measured  Measured print  Measured TV  Measured radio  Measured outdoor%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1     1     Philip Morris                   7.2            $926,200              $1,132,023         $363,961        $657,847     $48,791         $61,4252     2     Procter & Gamble                2.8            678,100               828,791            102,640         684,158      41,311          6823     3     General Motors                  34.0           345,105               948,895            293,515         573,943      78,440          2,9974     4     Sears, Roebuck                  4.4            627,100               418,085            195,943         128,295      93,043          8045     5     RJR Nabisco                     -3.4           356,100               458,437            173,320         222,307      5,443           57,3666     40    Grand Metropolitan              -2.0           410,800               363,114            75,730          258,498      21,090          7,7967     7     Eastman Kodak                   8.5            491,900               244,045            42,615          194,323      6,551           5578     8     McDonald's                      10.7           322,159               406,161            6,899           387,798      5,158           6,3069     6     PepsiCo                         1.4            252,900               459,447            9,425           414,802      32,140          3,08010    17    Kellogg                         21.8           281,200               401,889            23,335          378,411      73              7011    10    Anheuser-Busch                  4.4            222,100               412,431            21,720          325,917      58,087          6,70812    11    K mart                          0.0            422,050               209,950            98,842          92,597       18,388          12313    15    Warner-Lambert                  3.3            398,500               210,656            23,963          168,474      18,015          20414    12    Unilever                        -4.0           243,000               364,469            75,585          274,833      13,337          71515    28    Nestle                          12.4           269,600               304,220            83,159          210,315      9,957           78916    9     Ford Motor                      3.0            132,800               436,983            155,574         255,383      23,870          2,15717    16    American Telephone & Telegraph  3.1            200,000               347,504            104,021         224,627      18,494          36118    14    Chrysler                        0.1            104,300               369,709            119,017         219,147      30,605          94019    13    General Mills                   3.0            110,000               360,058            43,623          309,120      7,020           29520    20    Johnson & Johnson               5.8            233,700               235,135            38,393          195,263      1,402           7721    26    Bristol-Myers Squibb            1.6            202,800               227,893            50,984          172,151      4,758           022    18    J.C. Penney                     -5.5           273,000               153,580            87,587          54,442       11,503          4923    27    Quaker Oats                     12.6           204,300               219,120            45,592          170,100      2,971           45624    21    Ralston Purina                  -8.5           264,200               156,773            40,616          108,842      7,155           16025    NA    Time Warner                     17.1           152,400               257,315            108,943         138,673      8,851           84826    120   May Department Stores           -4.5           139,900               259,787            228,661         29,982       1,024           12027    23    American Home Products          -0.3           168,300               224,921            21,589          197,981      5,350           028    25    Coca-Cola                       15.2           154,100               230,985            13,993          198,758      15,696          2,53829    38    H.J. Heinz                      22.1           190,000               150,089            31,506          118,222      337             2430    24    Mars                            -14.0          151,800               187,857            15,731          163,430      8,673           2331    31    Sara Lee                        19.6           170,500               156,444            49,038          105,756      1,586           6432    NA    Macy                            2.8            108,100               200,779            184,463         15,651       289             37633    30    Colgate-Palmolive               4.9            194,100               112,524            18,876          90,794       1,509           1,34434    36    Walt Disney                     26.6           144,300               156,281            44,865          103,050      7,823           54335    69    Hershey Foods                   17.5           200,100               98,531             19,362          69,137       10,001          32%@TE:   38  5635 03 06 06 32 15 22 19 16 13 16 18 @%

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%@1@%                        %@AS@%AWARDS -- MEDALS -- PRIZES %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@2@%                    %@AS@%The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Alfred B. Nobel, inventor of dynamite, bequeathed $9,000,000, the interest%@EH@%
to be distributed yearly to those who had most benefited mankind in physics,
chemistry, medicine-physiology, literature, and peace. The first Nobel
Memorial Prize in Economics was awarded in 1969. No awards given for years
omitted. In 1989, each prize was worth approximately $455,000 to $470,000.
(For 1990, see %@AI@%Addenda.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Physics%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%Norman F. Ramsey, U.S.; Hans G. Dehmelt, German-U.S. & Wolfgang Paul,%@EH@%
German %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger, all U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%K. Alex Muller, Swiss; J. Georg Bednorz, W. German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%Ernest Ruska, German, Gerd Binnig, W. German, Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%Klaus von Klitzing, W. German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%Carlo Rubbia, Italian, Simon van der Meere, Dutch %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%Kenneth G. Wilson, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur Schaalow, both U.S.; Kai M. Siegbahn,%@EH@%
Swedish %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%James W. Cronin, Val L. Fitch, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%Steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow, both U.S.; Abdus Salam, Pakistani %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%Pyotr Kapitsa, USSR; Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%John H. Van Vleck, Philip W. Anderson, both U.S.; Nevill F. Mott,%@EH@%
British %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%Burton Richter, U.S. Samuel C.C. Ting, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%James Rainwater, U.S. Ben Mottelson, U.S.-Danish, Aage Bohr, Danish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%Martin Ryle, British Antony Hewish, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%Ivar Giaever, U.S. Leo Esaki, Japan Brian D. Josephson, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%John Bardeen, U.S. Leon N. Cooper, U.S. John R. Schrieffer, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%Dennis Gabor, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%Louis Neel, French Hannes Alfven, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%Murray Gell-Mann, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%Luis W. Alvarez, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%Hans A. Bethe, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%Alfred Kastler, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%Richard P. Feynman, U.S. Julian S. Schwinger, U.S. Shinichiro Tomonaga,%@EH@%
Japanese %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%Nikolai G. Basov, USSR Aleksander M. Prochorov, USSR Charles H. Townes,%@EH@%
U.S. %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%Maria Goeppert-Mayer, U.S. J. Hans D. Jensen, German Eugene P. Wigner,%@EH@%
U.S. %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%Lev. D. Landau, USSR %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%Robert Hofstadter, U.S. Rudolf L. Mossbauer, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%Donald A. Glaser, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%Owen Chamberlain, U.S. Emilio G. Segre, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank, Igor Y. Tamm, all USSR %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%Tsung-dao Lee, Chen Ning Yang, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%John Bardeen, U.S. Walter H. Brattain, U.S. William Shockley, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%Polykarp Kusch, U.S. Willis E. Lamb, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%Max Born, British Walter Bothe, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%Frits Zernike, Dutch %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%Felix Bloch, U.S. Edward M. Purcell, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%Sir John D. Cockroft, British Ernest T. S. Walton, Irish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%Cecil F. Powell, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%Hideki Yukawa, Japanese %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%Patrick M. S. Blackett, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Edward V. Appleton, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%Percy Williams Bridgman, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%Wolfgang Pauli, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%Isidor Isaac Rabi, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%Otto Stern, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%Enrico Fermi, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%Clinton J. Davisson, U.S. Sir George P. Thomson, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%Carl D. Anderson, U.S. Victor F. Hess, Austrian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%Sir James Chadwick, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%Paul A. M. Dirac, British Erwin Schrodinger, Austrian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%Werner Heisenberg, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman, Indian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%Owen W. Richardson, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%Arthur H. Compton, U.S. Charles T. R. Wilson, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%Jean B. Perrin, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%James Franck, Gustav Hertz, both German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%Karl M. G. Siegbahn, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%Robert A. Millikan, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%Niels Bohr, Danish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%Albert Einstein, Ger.-U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%Charles E. Guillaume, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1919%@AE@% %@4@%Johannes Stark, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%Max K. E. L. Planck, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1917%@AE@% %@4@%Charles G. Barkla, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1915%@AE@% %@4@%Sir William H. Bragg, British Sir William L. Bragg, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1914%@AE@% %@4@%Max von Laue, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1913%@AE@% %@4@%Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes, Dutch %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1912%@AE@% %@4@%Nils G. Dalen, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1911%@AE@% %@4@%Wilhelm Wien, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1910%@AE@% %@4@%Johannes D. van der Waals, Dutch %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1909%@AE@% %@4@%Carl F. Braun, German Guglielmo Marconi, Italian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1908%@AE@% %@4@%Gabriel Lippmann, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1907%@AE@% %@4@%Albert A. Michelson, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1906%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Joseph J. Thomson, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1905%@AE@% %@4@%Philipp E. A. von Lenard, Ger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1904%@AE@% %@4@%John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1903%@AE@% %@4@%Antoine Henri Becquerel, French Marie Curie, Polish-French Pierre%@EH@%
Curie, French %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1902%@AE@% %@4@%Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman, both Dutch %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1901%@AE@% %@4@%Wilhelm C. Roentgen, German%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Chemistry%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel, all W. German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pederson, both U.S.; Jean-Marie Lehn, French%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, both U.S.; John C. Polanyi, Canadian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%Bruce Merrifield, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%Henry Taube, Canadian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%Aaron Klug, S. African %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%Kenichi Fukui, Japan., Roald Hoffmann, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%Paul Berg., U.S.; Walter Gilbert, U.S., Frederick Sanger, U.K. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%Herbert C. Brown, U.S. George Wittig, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%Peter Mitchell, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%Ilya Prigogine, Belgian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%William N. Lipscomb, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%John Cornforth, Austral.-Brit., Vladimir Prelog, Yugo.-Switz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%Paul J. Flory, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%Ernst Otto Fischer, W. German Geoffrey Wilkinson, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%Christian B. Anfinsen, U.S. Stanford Moore, U.S. William H. Stein, U.S.%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%Gerhard Herzberg, Canadian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%Luis F. Leloir, Arg. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%Derek H. R. Barton, British Odd Hassel, Norwegian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%Lars Onsager, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%Manfred Eigen, German Ronald G. W. Norrish, British George Porter,%@EH@%
British %@NL@%
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%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%Robert S. Mulliken, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%Robert B. Woodward, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%Dorothy C. Hodgkin, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%Giulio Natta, Italian Karl Ziegler, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%John C. Kendrew, British Max F. Perutz, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%Melvin Calvin, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%Willard F. Libby, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%Jaroslav Heyrovsky, Czech %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%Frederick Sanger, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Alexander R. Todd, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood, British Nikolai N. Semenov, USSR %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%Vincent du Vigneaud, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%Linus C. Pauling, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%Hermann Staudinger, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%Archer J. P. Martin, British Richard L. M. Synge, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%Edwin M. McMillan, U.S. Glenn T. Seaborg, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%Kurt Alder, German Otto P. H. Diels, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%William F. Giauque, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%Arne W. K. Tiselius, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Robert Robinson, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%Artturi I. Virtanen, Finnish %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%Otto Hahn, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%Georg de Hevesy, Hungarian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%Adolf F. J. Butenandt, German Leopold Ruzicka, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%Richard Kuhn, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%Walter N. Haworth, British Paul Karrer, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%Peter J. W. Debye, Dutch %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%Frederic Joliot-Curie, French Irene Joliot-Curie, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%Harold C. Urey, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%Irving Langmuir, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%Friedrich Bergius, German Karl Bosch, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%Hans Fischer, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Arthur Harden, British Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Swed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%Adolf O. R. Windaus, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%Heinrich O. Wieland, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%Theodor Svedberg, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%Richard A. Zsigmondy, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%Fritz Pregl, Austrian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%Francis W. Aston, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%Frederick Soddy, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%Walther H. Nernst, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%Fritz Haber, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1915%@AE@% %@4@%Richard M. Willstatter, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1914%@AE@% %@4@%Theodore W. Richards, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1913%@AE@% %@4@%Alfred Werner, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1912%@AE@% %@4@%Victor Grignard, French Paul Sabatier, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1911%@AE@% %@4@%Marie Curie, Polish-French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1910%@AE@% %@4@%Otto Wallach, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1909%@AE@% %@4@%Wilhelm Ostwald, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1908%@AE@% %@4@%Ernest Rutherford, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1907%@AE@% %@4@%Eduard Buchner, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1906%@AE@% %@4@%Henri Moissan, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1905%@AE@% %@4@%Adolf von Baeyer, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1904%@AE@% %@4@%Sir William Ramsay, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1903%@AE@% %@4@%Svante A. Arrhenius, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1902%@AE@% %@4@%Emil Fischer, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1901%@AE@% %@4@%Jacobus H. van't Hoff, Dutch%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Physiology or Medicine%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings, both U.S; Sir James Black,%@EH@%
Brit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%Susumu Tonegawa, Japanese %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%Rita Levi-Montalcini, It.-U.S., Stanley Cohen, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%Cesar Milstein, Brit.-Argentina; Georges J. F. Koehler, German; Niels%@EH@%
K. Jerne, Brit.-Danish %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%Barbara McClintock, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson, both Swedish; John R. Vane, British. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wiesel, all U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%Baruj Benacerraf, George Snell, both U.S.; Jean Dausset, France %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%Alian M. Cormack, U.S. Geoffrey N. Hounsfield, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith, both U.S.; Werner Arber, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%Baruch S. Blumberg, U.S. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%David Baltimore, Howard Temin, both U.S.; Renato Dulbecco, Ital.-U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%Albert Claude, Lux.-U.S.; George Emil Palade, Rom.-U.S.; Christian Rene%@EH@%
de Duve, Belg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%Karl von Frisch, Ger.; Konrad Lorenz, Ger.-Austrian; Nikolaas%@EH@%
Tinbergen, Brit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%Gerald M. Edelman, U.S. Rodney R. Porter, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%Earl W. Sutherland Jr., U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%Julius Axelrod, U.S. Sir Bernard Katz, British Ulf von Euler, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria, all U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg, all U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%Ragnar Granit, Swedish Haldan Keffer Hartline, U.S. George Wald, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous, both U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jacques Monod, all French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%Konrad E. Bloch, U.S. Feodor Lynen, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%Sir John C. Eccles, Australian Alan L. Hodgkin, British Andrew F.%@EH@%
Huxley, British %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%Francis H. C. Crick, British James D. Watson, U.S. Maurice H. F.%@EH@%
Wilkins, British %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%Georg von Bekesy, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%Sir F. MacFarlane Bumet, Australian Peter B. Medawar, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%Arthur Kornberg, U.S. Severo Ochoa, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%George W. Beadle, U.S. Edward L. Tatum, U.S. Joshua Lederberg, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%Daniel Bovet, Italian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%Andre F. Cournand, U.S. Werner Forssmann, German Dickinson W. Richards,%@EH@%
Jr., U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%Alex H. T. Theorell, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller, all U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%Hans A. Krebs, British Fritz A. Lipmann, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%Selman A. Waksman, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%Max Theiler, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall, both U.S. Tadeus Reichstein, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%Walter R. Hess, Swiss Antonio Moniz, Portuguese %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%Paul H. Muller, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%Carl F. Cori, Gerty T. Cori, both U.S. Bernardo A. Houssay, Arg. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%Hermann J. Muller, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%Ernst B. Chain, British Sir Alexander Fleming, British Sir Howard W.%@EH@%
Florey, British %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%Joseph Erlanger, U.S. Herbert S. Gasser, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%Henrik C. P. Dam, Danish Edward A. Doisy, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%Gerhard Domagk, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%Corneille J. F. Heymans, Belg. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Hung.-U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Henry H. Dale, British Otto Loewi, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%Hans Spemann, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%George R. Minot, Wm. P. Murphy, G. H. Whipple, all U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%Thomas H. Morgan, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%Edgar D. Adrian, British Sir Charles S. Sherrington, Brit. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%Otto H. Warburg, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%Karl Landsteiner, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch Sir Frederick G. Hopkins, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%Charles J. H. Nicolle, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Aus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%Johannes A. G. Fibiger, Danish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%Willem Einthoven, Dutch %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%Frederick G. Banting, Canadian John J. R. Macleod, Scottish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%Archibald V. Hill, British Otto F. Meyerhof, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%Schack A. S. Krogh, Danish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1919%@AE@% %@4@%Jules Bordet, Belgian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1914%@AE@% %@4@%Robert Barany, Austrian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1913%@AE@% %@4@%Charles R. Richet, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1912%@AE@% %@4@%Alexis Carrel, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1911%@AE@% %@4@%Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1910%@AE@% %@4@%Albrecht Kossel, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1909%@AE@% %@4@%Emil T. Kocher, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1908%@AE@% %@4@%Paul Ehrlich, German Elie Metchnikoff, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1907%@AE@% %@4@%Charles L. A. Laveran, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1906%@AE@% %@4@%Camillo Golgi, Italian Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Sp. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1905%@AE@% %@4@%Robert Koch, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1904%@AE@% %@4@%Ivan P. Pavlov, Russian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1903%@AE@% %@4@%Niels R. Finsen, Danish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1902%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Ronald Ross, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1901%@AE@% %@4@%Emil A. von Behring, German%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Literature%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%Camilo Jose Cela, Spanish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%Joseph Brodsky, USSR-U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%Wole Soyinka, Nigerian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%Claude Simon, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%Jaroslav Siefert, Czech. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%William Golding, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Colombian-Mex. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%Czeslaw Milosz, Polish-U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%Odysseus Elytis, Greek %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%Isaac Bashevis Singer, U.S. (Yiddish) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%Saul Bellow, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%Eugenio Montale, Ital. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson, both Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%Patrick White, Australian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%Heinrich Boll, W. German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%Pablo Neruda, Chilean %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, Russ. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%Samuel Beckett, Irish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%Miguel Angel Asturias, Guate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%Samuel Joseph Agnon, Israeli Nelly Sachs, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%Mikhail Sholokhov, Russian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%Jean Paul Sartre, French (Prize declined) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%Giorgos Seferis, Greek %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%John Steinbeck, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%Ivo Andric, Yugoslavian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%Saint-John Perse, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%Boris L. Pasternak, Russian (Prize declined) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%Albert Camus, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%Juan Ramon Jimenez, Span. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%Halldor K. Laxness, Icelandic %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%Ernest Hemingway, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Winston Churchill, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%Francois Mauriac, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%Par F. Lagerkvist, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%Bertrand Russell, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%William Faulkner, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%T.S. Eliot, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%Andre Gide, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%Hermann Hesse, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%Gabriela Mistral, Chilean %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%Johannes V. Jensen, Danish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%Frans E. Sillanpaa, Finnish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%Pearl S. Buck, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%Roger Martin du Gard, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%Eugene O'Neill, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%Luigi Pirandello, Italian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%Ivan A. Bunin, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%John Galsworthy, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%Erik A. Karlfeldt, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%Sinclair Lewis, U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%Thomas Mann, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%Sigrid Undset, Norwegian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%Henri Bergson, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%Grazia Deledda, Italian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%George Bernard Shaw, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%Wladyslaw S. Reymont, Polish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%William Butler Yeats, Irish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%Jacinto Benavente, Spanish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%Anatole France, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%Knut Hamsun, Norwegian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1919%@AE@% %@4@%Carl F. G. Spitteler, Swiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1917%@AE@% %@4@%Karl A. Gjellerup, Danish Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1916%@AE@% %@4@%Verner von Heidenstam, Swed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1915%@AE@% %@4@%Romain Rolland, French %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1913%@AE@% %@4@%Rabindranath Tagore, Indian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1912%@AE@% %@4@%Gerhart Hauptmann, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1911%@AE@% %@4@%Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1910%@AE@% %@4@%Paul J. L. Heyse, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1909%@AE@% %@4@%Selma Lagerlof, Swedish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1908%@AE@% %@4@%Rudolf C. Eucken, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1907%@AE@% %@4@%Rudyard Kipling, British %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1906%@AE@% %@4@%Giosue Carducci, Italian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1905%@AE@% %@4@%Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1904%@AE@% %@4@%Frederic Mistral, French Jose Echegaray, Spanish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1903%@AE@% %@4@%Bjornsterne Bjornson, Norw. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1902%@AE@% %@4@%Theodor Mommsen, German %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1901%@AE@% %@4@%Rene F. A Sully Prudhomme, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%Maurice Allais, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%Robert M. Solow, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%James M. Buchanan, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%Franco Modigliani, It.-U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%Richard Stone, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%Gerard Debreu, Fr.-U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%George J. Stigler, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%James Tobin, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%Lawrence R. Klein, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%Theodore W. Schultz, U.S., Sir Arthur Lewis, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%Herbert A. Simon, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%Bertil Ohlin, Swedish James E. Meade, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%Milton Friedman, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-U.S., Leonid Kantorovich, USSR%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%Gunnar Myrdal, Swed., Friedrich A. von Hayek, Austrian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%Wassily Leontief, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%Kenneth J. Arrow, U.S. John R. Hicks, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%Simon Kuznets, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%Paul A. Samuelson, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian Jan Tinbergen, Dutch%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Peace%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%Dalai Lama, Tibet%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%United Nations Peacekeeping Forces%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%Oscar Arias Sanchez, Costa Rican Elie Wiesel, Romania-U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%Intl. Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%Bishop Desmond Tutu, So. African%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%Lech Walesa, Polish%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%Alva Myrdal, Swedish; Alfonso Garcia Robles, Mexican%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%Office of U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%Adolfo Perez Esquivel, Argentine%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Albanian-Indian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%Anwar Sadat, Egyptian Menachem Begin, Israeli%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%Amnesty International%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams, N. Irish%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%Andrei Sakharov, USSR%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%Eisaku Sato, Japanese, Sean MacBride, Irish%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%Henry Kissinger, U.S. Le Duc Tho, N. Vietnamese (Tho declined)%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%Willy Brandt, W. German%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%Norman E. Borlaug, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%Intl. Labor Organization%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%Rene Cassin, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF)%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%Martin Luther King Jr., U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%International Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%Linus C. Pauling, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%Albert J. Luthuli, South African%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%Philip J. Noel-Baker, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%Georges Pire, Belgian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%Lester B. Pearson, Canadian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%George C. Marshall, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%Albert Schweitzer, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%Leon Jouhaux, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%Ralph J. Bunche, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%Friends Service Council, Brit. Amer. Friends Service Com.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott, both U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%Cordell Hull, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%International Red Cross%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%Nansen International Office for Refugees%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Brit.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%Carlos de Saavedra Lamas, Arg.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%Carl von Ossietzky, German%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%Arthur Henderson, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%Sir Norman Angell, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%Jane Addams, U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%Nathan Soderblom, Swedish%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%Frank B. Kellogg, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%Ferdinand E. Buisson, French Ludwig Quidde, German%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%Aristide Briand, French Gustav Stresemann, German%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%Sir J. Austen Chamberlain, Brit.  Charles G. Dawes, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%Karl H. Branting, Swedish  Christian L. Lange, Norwegian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%Leon V.A. Bourgeois, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1919%@AE@% %@4@%Woodrow Wilson, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1917%@AE@% %@4@%International Red Cross%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1913%@AE@% %@4@%Henri La Fontaine, Belgian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1912%@AE@% %@4@%Elihu Root, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1911%@AE@% %@4@%Tobias M.C. Asser, Dutch  Alfred H. Fried, Austrian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1910%@AE@% %@4@%Permanent Intl. Peace Bureau%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1909%@AE@% %@4@%Auguste M. F. Beernaert, Belg.  Paul H. B. B. d'Estournelles de%@EH@%
Constant, French%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1908%@AE@% %@4@%Klas P. Arnoldson, Swedish  Fredrik Bajer, Danish%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1907%@AE@% %@4@%Ernesto T. Moneta, Italian  Louis Renault, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1906%@AE@% %@4@%Theodore Roosevelt, U.S.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1905%@AE@% %@4@%Baroness Bertha von Suttner, Austrian%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1904%@AE@% %@4@%Institute of International Law%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1903%@AE@% %@4@%Sir William R. Cremer, British%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1902%@AE@% %@4@%Elie Ducommun,  Charles A. Gobat, both Swiss%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1901%@AE@% %@4@%Jean H. Dunant, Swiss  Frederic Passy, French%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism, Letters, and Music %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Pulitzer Prizes were endowed by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), publisher%@EH@%
of The World, New York, N.Y., in a bequest to Columbia University, and are
awarded annually by the president of the university on recommendation of the
Pulitzer Prize Board for work done during the preceding year. The
administrator is Robert C. Christopher of Columbia Univ. All prizes are
$3,000 (originally $500) in each category, except Meritorious Public Service
for which a gold medal is given. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Journalism %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Meritorious Public Service %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For distinguished and meritorious public service by a United States%@EH@%
newspaper. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Times. Also special award to Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle%@EH@%
Hough.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1919%@AE@% %@4@%--Milwaukee Journal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%--Boston Post. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--New York World. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--Memphis (Tenn.) Commercial Appeal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--New York World. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--Enquirer-Sun, Columbus, Ga. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--Canton (Oh.) Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Indianapolis Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Evening World, New York. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Atlanta (Ga.) Constitution. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--Indianapolis (Ind.) News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--New York World-Telegram. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Medford (Ore.) Mail-Tribune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Sacramento (Cal.) Bee. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Cedar Rapids (Ia.) Gazette. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--St.Louis Post-Dispatch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Bismarck (N.D.) Tribune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Miami (Fla.) Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--Waterbury (Conn.) Republican and American. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--St.Louis Post-Dispatch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Los Angeles Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Omaha World Herald. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Detroit Free Press. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Scranton (Pa.) Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Baltimore Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--St. Louis Post-Dispatch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Nebraska State Journal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Chicago Daily News; St. Louis Post-Dispatch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Miami (Fla.) Herald and Brooklyn Eagle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--St. Louis Post-Dispatch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--Whiteville (N.C.) News Reporter; Tabor City (N.C.) Tribune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Columbus (Ga.) Ledger and Sunday Ledger-Enquirer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Watsonville (Cal.) Register-Pajaronian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Chicago Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Utica (N.Y.) Observer-Dispatch and Utica Daily Press. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Los Angeles Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Amarillo (Tex.) Globe-Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Panama City (Fla.) News-Herald. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Chicago Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--St.Petersburg (Fla.) Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Hutchinson (Kan.) News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Boston Globe. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--The Louisville Courier-Journal; The Milwaukee Journal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Riverside (Cal.) Press-Enterprise. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Los Angeles Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Winston Salem (N.C.) Journal & Sentinel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Washington Post. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Boston Globe. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Anchorage Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Lufkin (Tex.) News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Philadelphia Inquirer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Point Reyes (Cal.) Light. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Gannett News Service. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Charlotte (N.C.) Observer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Detroit News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Los Angeles Times.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Ft. Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Denver Post. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Pittsburgh Press.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Charlotte Observer.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Anchorage Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--The Philadelphia Inquirer for reporting by Gilbert M. Gaul;%@EH@%
Washington (N.C.) Daily News.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Reporting %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%       %@AS@%%@AI@%(1) General or Spot; (2) Special or Investigative%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%This category originally embraced all fields, local, national, and%@EH@%
international. Later separate categories were created for the different
fields of reporting. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1917%@AE@% %@4@%--Herbert Bayard Swope, New York World. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%--Harold A. Littledale, New York Evening Post. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%--John J. Leary, Jr., New York World. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis Seibold, New York World.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--Kirke L. Simpson, Associated Press. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--Alva Johnston, New York Times.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Magner White, San Diego Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--James W. Mulroy and Alvin H. Goldstein, Chicago Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--William Burke Miller, Louisville Courier-Journal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--John T. Rogers, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Y. Anderson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Russell D. Owens, New York Times. Also $500 to W.O. Dapping, Auburn%@EH@%
(N.Y.) Citizen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--A.B. MacDonald, Kansas City (Mo.) Star. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--W.C. Richards, D.D. Martin, J.S. Pooler, F.D. Webb, J.N.W. Sloan,%@EH@%
Detroit Free Press. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--Francis A. Jamieson, Associated Press. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Royce Brier, San Francisco Chronicle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--William H.Taylor, New York Herald Tribune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Lauren D.Lyman, New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--John J. O'Neill, N.Y.Herald Tribune; William L. Laurence, N.Y Times;%@EH@%
Howard W. Blakeslee, A.P.; Gobind Behari Lal, Universal Service;
and David Dietz, Scripps-Howard Newspapers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Raymond Sprigle, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas L. Stokes, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--S.Burton Heath, New York World-Telegram. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Westbrook Pegler, New York World-Telegram. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Stanton Delaplane, San Francisco Chronicle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--George Weller, Chicago Daily News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Schoenstein, New York Journal-American. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack S. McDowell, San Francisco Call-Bulletin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--William L. Laurence, New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Frederick Woltman, New York World-Telegram. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--George E. Goodwin, Atlanta Journal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Malcolm Johnson, New York Sun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Meyer Berger, New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward S. Montgomery, San Francisco Examiner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Geo. de Carvalho, San Francisco Chronicle.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Providence (R.I.) Journal and Evening Bulletin; (2) Edward J.%@EH@%
Mowery, New York World-Telegram & Sun.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Vicksburg (Miss.) Sunday Post-Herald; (2) Alvin Scott McCoy,%@EH@%
Kansas City (Mo.) Star.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Mrs. Caro Brown, Alice (Tex.) Daily Echo; (2) Roland K. Towery,%@EH@%
Cuero (Tex.) Record.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Lee Hills, Detroit Free Press; (2) Arthur Daley, New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Salt Lake Tribune, Salt Lake City, Ut.; (2) Wallace Turner and%@EH@%
William Lambert, Portland Oregonian.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Fargo, (N.D.) Forum; (2) George Beveridge, Evening Star,%@EH@%
Washington, D.C.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Mary Lou Werner, Washington Evening Star; (2) John Harold%@EH@%
Brislin, Scranton (Pa.) Tribune, and The Scrantonian.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Jack Nelson, Atlanta Constitution; (2) Miriam Ottenberg,%@EH@%
Washington Evening Star.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Sanche de Gramont, New York Herald Tribune; (2) Edgar May,%@EH@%
Buffalo Evening News.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Robert D.Mullins, Deseret News, Salt Lake City; (2) George Bliss,%@EH@%
Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Shared by Sylvan Fox, William Longgood, and Anthony Shannon, New%@EH@%
York World-Telegram & Sun; (2) Oscar Griffin, Jr., Pecos (Tex.) Independent
and Enterprise.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Norman C.Miller, Wall Street Journal; (2) Shared by James V.%@EH@%
Magee, Albert V. Gaudiosi, and Frederick A. Meyer, Philadelphia Bulletin.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Melvin H.Ruder, Hungry Horse News (Columbia Falls, Mon.); (2)%@EH@%
Gene Goltz, Houston Post.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Los Angeles Times Staff; (2) John A. Frasca, Tampa (Fla.)%@EH@%
Tribune.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Robert V.Cox, Chambersburg (Pa.) Public Opinion; (2) Gene Miller,%@EH@%
Miami Herald.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Detroit Free Press Staff; (2) J. Anthony Lukas, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) John Fetterman, Louisville Courier-Journal and Times; (2) Albert%@EH@%
L.Delugach, St. Louis Globe Democrat, and Denny Walsh, Life.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Thomas Fitzpatrick, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) Harold Eugene Martin,%@EH@%
Montgomery Advertiser & Alabama Journal.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Akron Beacon Journal Staff, (2) William Hugh Jones, Chicago%@EH@%
Tribune.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Richard Cooper and John Machacek, Rochester Times-Union; (2)%@EH@%
Timothy Leland, Gerard M. O'Neill, Stephen A. Kurkjian and Anne De Santis,
Boston Globe.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Chicago Tribune; (2) Sun Newspapers of Omaha.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Hugh F. Hough, Arthur M. Petacque, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) William%@EH@%
Sherman, New York Daily News.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Xenia (Oh.) Daily Gazette; (2) Indianapolis Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Gene Miller, Miami Herald; (2) Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Margo Huston, Milwaukee Journal; (2) Acel Moore, Wendell Rawls%@EH@%
Jr., Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Richard Whitt, Louisville Courier-Journal; (2) Anthony R. Dolan,%@EH@%
Stamford (Conn.) Advocate.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) San Diego (Cal.) Evening Tribune; (2) Gilbert M. Gaul, Elliot%@EH@%
G.Jaspin, Pottsville (Pa.) Republican.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Philadelphia Inquirer; (2) Stephen A. Kurkjian, Alexander B.Hawes%@EH@%
Jr., Nils Bruzelius, Joan Vennochi, Robert M. Porterfield, Boston Globe.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Longview (Wash.) Daily News staff; (2) Clark Hallas and Robert B.%@EH@%
Lowe, Arizona Daily Star.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Kansas City Star, Kansas City Times; (2) Paul Henderson, Seattle%@EH@%
Times.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Fort Wayne (Ind.) News-Sentinel; (2) Loretta Tofani, Washington%@EH@%
Post.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Newsday (N.Y.); (2) Boston Globe.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Thomas Turcol, Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star, Norfolk, Va.; (2)%@EH@%
William K.Marimow, Philadelphia Inquirer; Lucy Morgan & Jack Reed, St.
Petersburg (Fla.) Times.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Edna Buchanan, Miami Herald; (2) Jeffrey A. Marx & Michael M.%@EH@%
York, Lexington (Ky.) Herald-Leader.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Akron Beacon Journal; (2) Daniel R. Biddle, H.G. Bissinger,%@EH@%
Fredric N. Tulsky, Philadelphia Inquirer; John Woestendiek, Philadelphia
Inquirer.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Alabama Journal; Lawrence (Mass.) Eagle-Tribune; (2) Walt%@EH@%
Bogdanich, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Louisville Courier-Journal; (2) Bill Dedman, Atlanta Journal and%@EH@%
Constitution.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) San Jose Mercury News; (2) Lon Kilzer, Chris Ison, Star Tribune,%@EH@%
Minneapolis-St. Paul.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Criticism or Commentary %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%%@AI@%(1) Criticism; (2) Commentary%@AE@% %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Ada Louise Huxtable, New York Times; (2) Marquis W. Childs,%@EH@%
St.Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Harold C.Schonberg, New York Times; (2) William A. Caldwell, The%@EH@%
Record, Hackensack, N.J.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Frank Peters Jr., St. Louis Post-Dispatch; (2) Mike Royko,%@EH@%
Chicago Daily News.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Ronald Powers, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) David S. Broder, Washington%@EH@%
Post.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Emily Genauer, Newsday, (N.Y.); (2) Edwin A. Roberts, Jr.,%@EH@%
National Observer.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun Times; (2) Mary McGrory, Washington%@EH@%
Star.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Alan M.Kriegsman, Washington Post; (2) Walter W. (Red) Smith, New%@EH@%
York Times.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) William McPherson, Washington Post; (2) George F. Will, Wash.%@EH@%
Post Writers Group.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Walter Kerr, New York Times; (2) William Safire, New York Times.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Paul Gapp, Chicago Tribune; (2) Russell Baker, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) William A. Henry III, Boston Globe; (2) Ellen Goodman, Boston%@EH@%
Globe.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Jonathan Yardley, Washington Star; (2) Dave Anderson, New York%@EH@%
Times.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Martin Bernheimer, Los Angeles Times; (2) Art Buchwald, Los%@EH@%
Angeles Times Syndicate.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Manuela Hoelterhoff, Wall St. Journal; (2) Claude Sitton, Raleigh%@EH@%
(N.C.) News & Observer.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Goldberger, New York Times; (2) Vermont Royster, Wall St.%@EH@%
Journal  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Howard Rosenberg, Los Angeles Times; (2) Murray Kempton, Newsday%@EH@%
(N.Y.).  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Donal J. Henahan, New York Times; (2) Jimmy Breslin, New York%@EH@%
Daily News.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Richard Eder, Los Angeles Times; (2) Charles Krauthammer,%@EH@%
Washington Post.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Tom Shales, Washington Post; (2) Dave Barry, Miami Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Michael Skube, News and Observer, Raleigh, N.C.; (2) Clarence%@EH@%
Page, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--(1) Allan Temko, San Francisco Chronicle; (2) Jim Murray, Los Angeles%@EH@%
Times%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%National Reporting  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis Stark, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Dewey L. Fleming, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--James B. Reston, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward A. Harris, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward T. Folliard, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Bert Andrews, New York Herald Tribune; Nat S. Finney, Minneapolis%@EH@%
Tribune.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles P. Trussell, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Edwin O. Guthman, Seattle Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Anthony Leviero, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--Don Whitehead, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Wilson, Des Moines Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Anthony Lewis, Washington Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles L. Bartlett, Chattanooga Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--James Reston, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Relman Morin, AP; Clark Mollenhoff, Des Moines Register & Tribune.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Howard Van Smith, Miami (Fla.) News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Vance Trimble, Scripps-Howard, Washington, D.C.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward R. Cony, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Nathan G. Caldwell and Gene S. Graham, Nashville Tennessean.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Anthony Lewis, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Merriman Smith, UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis M. Kohlmeier, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Haynes Johnson, Washington Evening Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Monroe Karmin and Stanley Penn, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Howard James, Christian Science Monitor; Nathan K. Kotz, Des Moines%@EH@%
Register.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Cahn, Christian Science Monitor.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--William J. Eaton, Chicago Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Lucinda Franks & Thomas Powers, UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack Anderson, United Feature Syndicate.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Boyd and Clark Hoyt, Knight Newspapers.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--James R. Polk, Washington Star-News; Jack White, Providence%@EH@%
Journal-Bulletin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--James Risser, Des Moines Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Mears, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Gaylord D. Shaw, Los Angeles Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--James Risser, Des Moines Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Stafford, Bette Swenson Orsini, St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--John M. Crewdson, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Rick Atkinson, Kansas City Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Boston Globe.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--John Noble Wilford, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas J. Knudson, Des Moines (Ia.) Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Craig Flournoy & George Rodrigue, Dallas Morning News; Arthur Howe,%@EH@%
Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Miami Herald; and New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Tim Weiner, Philadelphia Inquirer.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Donald L. Barlett & James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Ross Anderson, Bill Dietrich, Mary Ann Gwinn, Eric Nalder, The%@EH@%
Seattle Times.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%International Reporting  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Ira Wolfert, No. Am. Newspaper Alliance.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Daniel DeLuce, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Mark S. Watson, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Homer W. Bigart, New York Herald Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Price Day, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Keyes Beech and Fred Sparks, Chicago Daily News; Homer Bigart and%@EH@%
Marguerite Higgins, New York Herald Tribune; Relman Morin and Don Whitehead,
AP.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--John M. Hightower, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--Austin C. Wehrwein, Milwaukee Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Jim G. Lucas, Scripps-Howard Newspapers.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Harrison Salisbury, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--William Randolph Hearst, Jr., Frank Conniff, Hearst Newspapers;%@EH@%
Kingsbury Smith, INS.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Russell Jones, United Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Joseph Martin and Philip Santora, New York News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--A.M. Rosenthal, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune Synd.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Hal Hendrix, Miami (Fla.) News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Malcolm W. Browne, AP; David Halberstam, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--J.A. Livingston, Philadelphia Bulletin.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Peter Arnett, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Alfred Friendly, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Max Frankel, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Hedrick Smith, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--William Mullen and Ovie Carter, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Sydney H. Schanberg, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Henry Kamm, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Ben Cramer, Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Joel Brinkley, Jay Mather, Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Shirley Christian, Miami Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--John Darnton, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times; Loren Jenkins, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Karen Elliot House, Wall St. Journal  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Josh Friedman, Dennis Bell, Ozler Muhammad, Newsday (N.Y.).%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Lewis M. Simons, Pete Carey, Katherine Ellison, San Jose (Calif.)%@EH@%
Mercury News.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael Parks, Los Angeles Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Glenn Frankel, Washington Post; Bill Keller, New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Nicholas D. Kirstof, Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Correspondence %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For Washington or foreign correspondence. Category was merged with those in%@EH@%
national and international reporting in 1948.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Scott Mowrer, Chicago Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Leland Stowe, New York Herald Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--H.R. Knickerbocker, Philadelphia Public Ledger and New York Evening%@EH@%
Post.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Duranty, New York Times, and Charles G. Ross, St. Louis%@EH@%
Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Chicago Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Frederick T. Birchall, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Arthur Krock, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Wilfred C. Barber, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--Anne O'Hare McCormick, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Arthur Krock, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis P. Lochner, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Bronze plaque to commemorate work of American correspondents on war%@EH@%
fronts.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Carlos P. Romulo, Philippines Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Hanson W. Baldwin, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Ernest Taylor Pyle, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Harold V. (Hal) Boyle, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Arnaldo Cortesi, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Brooks Atkinson, New York Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Editorial Writing  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1917%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%--Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%--Harvey E. Newbranch, Omaha Evening World-Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank M. O'Brien, New York Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--William Allen White, Emporia Gazette.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Buxton, Boston Herald, Special Prize. Frank I. Cobb, New York%@EH@%
World.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Lathan, Charleston (S.C.) News and Courier.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward M. Kingsbury, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--F. Lauriston Bullard, Boston Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Grover C. Hall, Montgomery Advertiser.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis Isaac Jaffe, Norfolk Virginian-Pilot.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Chas. Ryckman, Fremont (Neb.) Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--Kansas City (Mo.) Star.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--E. P. Chase, Atlantic (Ia.) News Telegraph.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Felix Morley, Washington Post. George B. Parker, Scripps-Howard%@EH@%
Newspapers.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--John W. Owens, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--W.W. Waymack. Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Ronald G. Callvert, Portland Oregonian.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--Bart Howard, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Reuben Maury, Daily News, N.Y.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Geoffrey Parsons, New York Herald Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Forrest W. Seymour, Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Henry J. Haskell, Kansas City (Mo.) Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--George W. Potter, Providence (R.I.) Journal-Bulletin.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Hodding Carter, Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--William H. Grimes, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Virginius Dabney, Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--John H. Crider, Boston (Mass.) Herald, Herbert Elliston, Washington%@EH@%
Post.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl M. Saunders, Jackson (Mich.) Citizen-Patriot.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--William H. Fitzpatrick, New Orleans States.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis LaCoss, St. Louis Globe Democrat.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--Vermont C. Royster, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Don Murray, Boston Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Royce Howes, Detroit Free Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Lauren K. Soth, Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Buford Boone, Tuscaloosa (Ala.) News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Harry S. Ashmore, Arkansas Gazette.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Ralph McGill, Atlanta Constitution.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Lenoir Chambers, Norfolk Virginian-Pilot.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--William J. Dorvillier, San Juan (Puerto Rico) Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas M. Storke, Santa Barbara (Cal.) News-Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Ira B. Harkey, Jr., Pascagoula (Miss.) Chronicle.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Hazel Brannon Smith, Lexington (Miss.) Advertiser.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--John R. Harrison, The Gainesville (Fla.) Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Lasch, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Eugene C. Patterson, Atlanta Constitution.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--John S. Knight, Knight Newspapers.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Greenberg, Pine Bluff (Ark.) Commercial.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Philip L. Geyelin, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Horance G. Davis, Jr., Gainesville (Fla.) Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--John Strohmeyer, Bethlehem (Pa.) Globe-Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Roger B. Linscott, Berkshire Eagle, Pittsfield, Mass.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--F. Gilman Spencer, Trenton (N.J.) Trentonian.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--John D. Maurice, Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Philip Kerby, Los Angeles Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Warren L. Lerude, Foster Church, and Norman F. Cardoza, Reno (Nev.)%@EH@%
Evening Gazette and Nevada State Journal.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Meg Greenfield, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Edwin M. Yoder, Washington Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert L. Bartley, Wall Street Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack Rosenthal, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Editorial board, Miami Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Albert Scardino, Georgia Gazette.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Aregood, Philadelphia Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack Fuller, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Jonathan Freedman, The Tribune (San Diego).  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Jane Healy, Orlando Sentinel.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Lois Wille, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas J. Hylton, The Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Editorial Cartooning  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--Rollin Kirby, New York World.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Jay N. Darling, Des Moines Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--Rollin Kirby, New York World.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--D. R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Eagle.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Eagle.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Rollin Kirby, New York World.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Macauley, Brooklyn Eagle.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--John T. McCutcheon, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--H. M. Talburt, Washington Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Ross A. Lewis, Milwaukee Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--C. D. Batchelor, New York Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Vaughn Shoemaker, Chicago Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles G. Werner, Daily Oklahoman.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Jacob Burck, Chicago Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Herbert L. Block, Newspaper Enterprise Assn.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Jay N. Darling, Des Moines Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Clifford K. Berryman, Washington Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Bill Mauldin, United Feature Syndicate.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Bruce Alexander Russell, Los Angeles Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Vaughn Shoemaker, Chicago Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Reuben L. (Rube) Goldberg, N. Y. Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Lute Pease, Newark (N.J.) Evening News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--James T. Berryman, Washington Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Reginald W. Manning, Arizona Republic.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Fred L. Packer, New York Mirror.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward D. Kuekes, Cleveland Plain Dealer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Herbert L. Block, Washington Post & Times-Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert York, Louisville (Ky.) Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Tom Little, Nashville Tennessean.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Bruce M. Shanks, Buffalo Evening News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Bill Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Carey Orr, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Edmund S. Valtman, Hartford Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Miller, Des Moines Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Conrad, Denver Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Don Wright, Miami News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Patrick B. Oliphant, Denver Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Eugene Gray Payne, Charlotte Observer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--John Fischetti, Chicago Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas F. Darcy, Newsday.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Conrad, L. A. Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Richmond News-Leader.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Szep, Boston Globe.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Garry Trudeau, Universal Press Syndicate.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Tony Auth, Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Szep, Boston Globe.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Richmond News Leader.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Herbert L. Block, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Don Wright, Miami (Fla.) News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Mike Peters, Dayton (Oh.) Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Ben Sargent, Austin American-Statesman.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Lochner, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Conrad, Los Angeles Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Jules Feiffer, Village Voice (N.Y. City)  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Berke Breathed, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Doug Marlette, Atlanta Constitution, Charlotte Observer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack Higgins, Chicago Sun-Times. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Tom Toles, The Buffalo News.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Spot News Photography  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Milton Brooks, Detroit News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Noel, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Filan, AP; Earl L. Bunker, Omaha World-Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Joe Rosenthal, Associated Press, for photograph of planting American%@EH@%
flag on Iwo Jima.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Arnold Hardy, amateur, Atlanta, Ga.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Cushing, Boston Traveler.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Nathaniel Fein, New York Herald Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Bill Crouch, Oakland (Cal.) Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Max Desfor, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--John Robinson and Don Ultang, Des Moines Register and Tribune. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--William M. Gallagher, Flint (Mich.) Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Mrs. Walter M. Schau, amateur.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--John L. Gaunt, Jr., Los Angeles Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Harry A. Trask, Boston Traveler.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--William C. Beall, Washington Daily News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--William Seaman, Minneapolis Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Andrew Lopez, UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Yasushi Nagao, Mainichi Newspapers, Tokyo.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Vathis, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Hector Rondon, La Republica, Caracas, Venezuela.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert H. Jackson, Dallas Times-Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Horst Faas, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Kyoichi Sawada, UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack R. Thornell, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Rocco Morabito, Jacksonville Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward Adams, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Steve Starr, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--John Paul Filo, Valley Daily News & Daily Dispatch of Tarentum & New%@EH@%
Kensington, Pa.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Horst Faas and Michel Laurent, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Huynh Cong Ut, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Anthony K. Roberts, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Gerald H. Gay, Seattle Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Stanley Forman, Boston Herald American.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Neal Ulevich, Associated Press; Stanley Forman, Boston Herald%@EH@%
American.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--John H. Blair, UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas J. Kelly III, Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Larry C. Price, Ft. Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Ron Edmonds, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Bill Foley, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--The Register, Santa Ana, Calif.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Carol Guzy & Michel duCille, Miami Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Kim Komenich, San Francisco Examiner.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Scott Shaw, Odessa (Tex.) American.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Ron Olshwanger, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--The Oakland (Calif.) Tribune photo staff.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Feature Photography  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Toshio Sakai, UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Moneta Sleet Jr., Ebony.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Dallas Kinney, Palm Beach Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack Dykinga, Chicago Sun-Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Dave Kennerly, UPI.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Brian Lanker, Topeka Capitol-Journal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Slava Veder, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Matthew Lewis, Washington Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Louisville Courier-Journal and Louisville Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Robin Hood, Chattanooga News-Free Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--J. Ross Baughman, AP.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Staff Photographers, Boston Herald American.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Erwin H. Hagler, Dallas Times-Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Taro M. Yamasaki, Detroit Free Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--John H. White, Chicago Sun-Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--James B. Dickman, Dallas Times-Herald.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Anthony Suad, Denver Post.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe; Larry C. Price, Philadelphia Inquirer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Tom Gralish, Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--David Peterson, Des Moines Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Michel duCille, Miami Herald. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Manny Crisostomo, Detroit Free Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--David C. Turnley, Detroit Free Press.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Special Citation  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Edmonton (Alberta) Journal, bronze plaque.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Byron Price and Mrs. William Allen White. Also to Richard Rodgers and%@EH@%
Oscar Hammerstein 2d, for musical, Oklahoma!  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Press cartographers for war maps.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--(Pulitzer centennial year.) Columbia Univ. and the Graduate School of%@EH@%
Journalism, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Dr. Frank Diehl Fackenthal.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Cyrus L. Sulzberger, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Max Kase, New York Journal-American, Kansas City Star.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--The New York Times; Lester Markel.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Kenneth Roberts, for his historical novels.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Garrett Mattingly, for The Armada.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--The Gannett Newspapers.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--James T. Flexner, for biography of George Washington.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--John Hohenberg, for services to American journalism.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Alex Haley, for Roots.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Lee Strout, Christian Science Monitor and New Republic. E.B.%@EH@%
White.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Theodore Geisel ("Dr. Seuss").  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--William Schuman, composer, educational leader.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Joseph Pulitzer Jr.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Feature Writing %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Jon D. Franklin, Baltimore Evening Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Madeleine Blais, Miami Herald Tropic Magazine. Janet Cooke,%@EH@%
Washington Post.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Teresa Carpenter, Village Voice, New York City.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Saul Pett, Associated Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Peter M. Rinearson, Seattle Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Alice Steinbach, Baltimore Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--John Camp, St. Paul Pioneer Press & Dispatch  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Steve Twomey, Philadephia Inquirer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Jacqui Banaszynski, St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--David Zucchino, Philadelphia Inquirer.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Dave Curtin, Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Explanatory Journalism %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Jon Franklin, Baltimore Evening Sun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--New York Times Staff.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Jeff Lyon & Peter Gorner, Chicago Tribune.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Daniel Hertzberg, James B. Stewart, Wall Street Journal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--David Hanners, William Snyder, Karen Blessen, Dallas Morning News.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--David A. Vise, Steve Coll, The Washington Post.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Specialized Reporting  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Randall Savage, Jackie Crosby, Macon (Ga.) Telegraph and News. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Andrew Schneider & Mary Pat Flaherty, Pittsburgh Press.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Alex S. Jones, New York Times.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Dean Baquet, William Gaines, Ann Marie Lipinski, Chicago Tribune.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward Humes, Orange County (Calif.) Register.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Tamar Stieber, Albuquerque Journal.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Letters %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Fiction %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For fiction in book form by an American author, preferably dealing with%@EH@%
American life.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%--Ernest Poole, His Family. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1919%@AE@% %@4@%--Booth Tarkington, The Magnificent Ambersons.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%--Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--Booth Tarkington, Alice Adams.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--Willa Cather, One of Ours.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret Wilson, The Able McLaughlins.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--Edna Ferber, So Big.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--Sinclair Lewis, Arrowsmith. (Refused prize.)  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis Bromfield, Early Autumn.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Thornton Wilder, Bridge of San Luis Rey.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Julia M. Peterkin, Scarlet Sister Mary.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Oliver LaFarge, Laughing Boy.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret Ayer Barnes, Years of Grace.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--T. S. Stribling, The Store.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Josephine W. Johnson, Now in November.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Harold L. Davis, Honey in the Horn.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--John P. Marquand, The Late George Apley.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, The Yearling.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Ellen Glasgow, In This Our Life.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Upton Sinclair, Dragon's Teeth.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Martin Flavin, Journey in the Dark.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--John Hersey, A Bell for Adano.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--James A Michener, Tales of the South Pacific.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--James Gould Cozzens, Guard of Honor.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--A. B. Guthrie Jr., The Way West.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Conrad Richter, The Town.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Herman Wouk, The Caine Mutiny.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--William Faulkner, A Fable.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--MacKinlay Kantor, Andersonville.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--James Agee, A Death in the Family.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Lewis Taylor, The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Allen Drury, Advise and Consent.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Edwin O'Connor, The Edge of Sadness.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--William Faulkner, The Reivers.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Shirley Ann Grau, The Keepers of the House.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Katherine Anne Porter, Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Bernard Malamud, The Fixer.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--William Styron, The Confessions of Nat Turner.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Jean Stafford, Collected Stories.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Wallace Stegner, Angle of Repose.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Eudora Welty, The Optimist's Daughter.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Saul Bellow, Humboldt's Gift.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--James Alan McPherson, Elbow Room.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--John Cheever, The Stories of John Cheever.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Norman Mailer, The Executioner's Song.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--John Kennedy Toole, A Confederacy of Dunces.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--John Updike, Rabbit is Rich.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Alice Walker, The Color Purple.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--William Kennedy, Ironweed.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Alison Lurie, Foreign Affairs.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Peter Taylor, A Summons to Memphis.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Toni Morrison, Beloved. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Anne Tyler, Breathing Lessons.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Oscar Hijuelos, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Drama %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For an American play, preferably original and dealing with American life. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%--Jesse Lynch Williams, Why Marry? %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%--Eugene O'Neill, Beyond the Horizon.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%--Zona Gale, Miss Lulu Bett.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--Eugene O'Neill, Anna Christie.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--Owen Davis, Icebound.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Hatcher Hughes, Hell-Bent for Heaven.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--Sidney Howard, They Knew What They Wanted.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--George Kelly, Craig's Wife.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Green, In Abraham's Bosom.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Eugene O'Neill, Strange Interlude.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Elmer Rice, Street Scene.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Marc Connelly, The Green Pastures.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Susan Glaspell, Alison's House.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--George S. Kaufman, Morrie Ryskind and Ira Gershwin, Of Thee I Sing.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--Maxwell Anderson, Both Your Houses.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Sidney Kingsley, Men in White.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Zoe Akins, The Old Maid.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert E. Sherwood, Idiot's Delight.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart, You Can't Take It With You.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Thornton Wilder, Our Town.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert E. Sherwood, Abe Lincoln in Illinois.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--William Saroyan, The Time of Your Life.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert E. Sherwood, There Shall Be No Night.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Thornton Wilder, The Skin of Our Teeth.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Mary Chase, Harvey.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay, State of the Union.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein 2d, and Joshua Logan, South%@EH@%
Pacific.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Joseph Kramm, The Shrike.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--William Inge, Picnic.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--John Patrick, Teahouse of the August Moon.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, The Diary of Anne Frank.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Eugene O'Neill, Long Day's Journey Into Night.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Ketti Frings, Look Homeward, Angel.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Archibald MacLeish, J. B.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--George Abbott, Jerome Weidman, Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock,%@EH@%
Fiorello.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Tad Mosel, All the Way Home.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Loesser and Abe Burrows, How To Succeed In Business Without%@EH@%
Really Trying.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank D. Gilroy, The Subject Was Roses.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward Albee, A Delicate Balance.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Howard Sackler, The Great White Hope.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Gordone, No Place to Be Somebody.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Zindel, The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Jason Miller, That Championship Season.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward Albee, Seascape.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael Bennett, James Kirkwood, Nicholas Dante, Marvin Hamlisch,%@EH@%
Edward Kleban, A Chorus Line.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael Cristofer, The Shadow Box.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Donald L. Coburn, The Gin Game.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Sam Shepard, Buried Child.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Lanford Wilson, Talley's Folly.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Beth Henley, Crimes of the Heart.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Fuller, A Soldier's Play.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Marsha Norman, 'night, Mother.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--David Mamet, Glengarry Glen Ross.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Stephen Sondheim, James Lapine, Sunday in the Park with George. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--August Wilson, Fences.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Alfred Uhry, Driving Miss Daisy.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Wendy Wasserstein, The Heidi Chronicles.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--August Wilson, The Piano Lesson.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%History %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For a book on the history of the United States. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1917%@AE@% %@4@%--J. J. Jusserand, With Americans of Past and Present Days.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%--James Ford Rhodes, History of the Civil War.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%--Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%--William Sowden Sims, The Victory at Sea.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--James Truslow Adams, The Founding of New England.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Howard McIlwain, The American Revolution: A Constitutional%@EH@%
Interpretation.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--Frederick L. Paxton, A History of the American Frontier.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward Channing, A History of the U.S.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--Samuel Flagg Bemis, Pinckney's Treaty.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Fred A. Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union%@EH@%
Army, 1861-65.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Claude H. Van Tyne, The War of Independence.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Bernadotte E. Schmitt, The Coming of the War, 1914.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--Gen. John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--Frederick J. Turner, The Significance of Sections in American%@EH@%
History.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Herbert Agar, The People's Choice.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles McLean Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Andrew C. McLaughlin, The Constitutional History of the United%@EH@%
States.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Herman Buck, The Road to Reunion, 1865-1900.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Stephen Bonsal, Unfinished Business.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--James Phinney Baxter 3d, Scientists Against Time.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Bernard De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Roy F. Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--O. W. Larkin, Art and Life in America.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815-1840.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Bruce Catton, A Stillness at Appomattox.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--George F. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America--From the Revolution to%@EH@%
the Civil War.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Leonard D. White and Jean Schneider, The Republican Era; 1869-1901.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Lawrence H. Gibson, The Triumphant Empire: Thunderclouds Gather in%@EH@%
the West.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: Village and Capital,%@EH@%
1800-1878.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Sumner Chilton Powell, Puritan Village: The Formation of A New%@EH@%
England Town.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Perry Miller, Life of the Mind in America.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: the Explorer and%@EH@%
Scientist in the Winning of the American West.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Leonard W. Levy, Origin of the Fifth Amendment.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State%@EH@%
Department.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--James McGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins%@EH@%
of American Civilization.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Horgan, Lamy of Santa Fe.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution%@EH@%
in American Business.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in%@EH@%
American Law and Politics.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience,%@EH@%
1783-1876.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chestnut's Civil War.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Rhys L. Issac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Thomas K. McCraw, Prophets of Regulation.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter A. McDougall,  . . .  The Heavens and the Earth.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science 1846-1876. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years,%@EH@%
1954-63; and James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Biography or Autobiography %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1917%@AE@% %@4@%--Laura E. Richards and Maude Howe Elliott, assisted by Florence Howe%@EH@%
Hall, Julia Ward Howe.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1918%@AE@% %@4@%--William Cabell Bruce, Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1919%@AE@% %@4@%--Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1920%@AE@% %@4@%--Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1921%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--Hamlin Garland, A Daughter of the Middle Border.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Barrett Wendell and His Letters.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--Harvey Cushing, Life of Sir William Osler.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--Emory Holloway, Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Edward Russell, The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Burton J. Hendrick, The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and%@EH@%
Letters of Walter H. Page.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Marquis James, The Raven (Sam Houston).   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Henry James, Charles W. Eliot.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Tyler Dennett, John Hay.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Ralph Barton Perry, The Thought and Character of William James.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant%@EH@%
Administration.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Divided between Odell Shepard, Pedlar's Progress; Marquis James,%@EH@%
Andrew Jackson.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Ola Elizabeth Winslow, Jonathan Edwards.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--Forrest Wilson, Crusader in Crinoline.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Columbus).   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Carleton Mabee, The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F. B.%@EH@%
Morse.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Russell Blaine Nye, George Bancroft; Brahmin Rebel.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Linny Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret Clapp, Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Samuel Flag Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American%@EH@%
Foreign Policy.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret Louise Colt, John C. Calhoun: American Portrait.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--David J. Mays, Edmund Pendleton, 1721-1803.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles A. Lindbergh, The Spirit of St. Louis.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--William S. White, The Taft Story.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Talbot F. Hamlin, Benjamin Henry Latrobe.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--John F. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Douglas Southall Freeman (decd. 1953), George Washington, Vols. I-VI:%@EH@%
John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth, Vol. VII.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson: American Prophet.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--David Donald, Charles Sumner and The Coming of the Civil War.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Leon Edel, Henry James: Vol. II. The Conquest of London, 1870-1881;%@EH@%
Vol. III, The Middle Years, 1881-1895.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Jackson Bate, John Keats.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--George F. Kennan, Memoirs (1925-1950).   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--B. L. Reid, The Man from New York: John Quinn and his Friends.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--T. Harry Williams, Huey Long.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Lawrence Thompson, Robert Frost: The Years of Triumph, 1915-1938.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis Sheaffer, O'Neill, Son and Artist.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New%@EH@%
York.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--R.W.B. Lewis, Edith Wharton: A Biography.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--John E. Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, The Life of T.E. Lawrence.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Jackson Bate, Samuel Johnson.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Leonard Baker, Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin%@EH@%
Jews.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Russell Baker, Growing Up.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Elizabeth Frank, Louise Bogan: A Portrait.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the%@EH@%
Southern Christian Leadership Conference.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--David Herbert Donald, Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Sebastian de Grazia, Machiavelli in Hell.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%American Poetry %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Before this prize was established in 1922, awards were made from gifts%@EH@%
provided by the Poetry Society: %@AB@%1918%@AE@%--Love Songs, by Sara Teasdale.%@AB@%1919%@AE@%--Old
Road to Paradise, by Margaret Widemer; Corn Huskers, by Carl Sandburg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1922%@AE@% %@4@%--Edwin Arlington Robinson, Collected Poems.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1923%@AE@% %@4@%--Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver; A Few Figs%@EH@%
from Thistles; Eight Sonnets in American Poetry, 1922; A Miscellany.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1924%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Frost, New Hampshire: A Poem with Notes and Grace Notes.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1925%@AE@% %@4@%--Edwin Arlington Robinson, The Man Who Died Twice.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1926%@AE@% %@4@%--Amy Lowell, What's O'Clock.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1927%@AE@% %@4@%--Leonora Speyer, Fiddler's Farewell.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1928%@AE@% %@4@%--Edwin Arlington Robinson, Tristram.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1929%@AE@% %@4@%--Stephen Vincent Benet, John Brown's Body.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1930%@AE@% %@4@%--Conrad Aiken, Selected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1931%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Frost, Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1932%@AE@% %@4@%--George Dillon, The Flowering Stone.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1933%@AE@% %@4@%--Archibald MacLeish, Conquistador.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1934%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Hillyer, Collected Verse.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1935%@AE@% %@4@%--Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1936%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert P. Tristram Coffin, Strange Holiness.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1937%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Frost, A Further Range.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1938%@AE@% %@4@%--Marya Zaturenska, Cold Morning Sky.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1939%@AE@% %@4@%--John Gould Fletcher, Selected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940%@AE@% %@4@%--Mark Van Doren, Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1941%@AE@% %@4@%--Leonard Bacon, Sunderland Capture.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1942%@AE@% %@4@%--William Rose Benet, The Dust Which Is God.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Frost, A Witness Tree.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Stephen Vincent Benet, Western Star.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Karl Shapiro, V-Letter and Other Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Lowell, Lord Weary's Castle.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--W. H. Auden, The Age of Anxiety.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Peter Viereck, Terror and Decorum.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Gwendolyn Brooks, Annie Allen.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl Sandburg, Complete Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Marianne Moore, Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1953%@AE@% %@4@%--Archibald MacLeish, Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Theodore Roethke, The Waking.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Elizabeth Bishop, Poems, North and South.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Wilbur, Things of This World.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Penn Warren, Promises: Poems 1954-1956.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--Stanley Kunitz, Selected Poems 1928-1958.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--W. D. Snodgrass, Heart's Needle.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Phyllis McGinley, Times Three: Selected Verse from Three Decades.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Alan Dugan, Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--William Carlos Williams, Pictures From Breughel.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Louis Simpson, At the End of the Open Road.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--John Berryman, 77 Dream Songs.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Anne Sexton, Live or Die.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Anthony Hecht, The Hard Hours.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--George Oppen, Of Being Numerous.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Howard, Untitled Subjects.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--William S. Merwin, The Carrier of Ladders.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--James Wright, Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Maxine Winokur Kumin, Up Country.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Gary Snyder, Turtle Island.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--John Ashbery, Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--James Merrill, Divine Comedies.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Howard Nemerov, Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Penn Warren, Now and Then: Poems 1976-1978.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Donald Justice, Selected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--James Schuyler, The Morning of the Poem.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Sylvia Plath, The Collected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Galway Kinnell, Selected Poems.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Mary Oliver, American Primitive.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Carolyn Kizer, Yin.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Henry Taylor, The Flying Change.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--Rita Dove, Thomas and Beulah.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--William Meredith, Partial Accounts: New and Selected Poems.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Wilbur, New and Collected Poems.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Simic, The World Doesn't End %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%General Non-Fiction %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1960.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1965%@AE@% %@4@%--Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Edwin Way Teale, Wandering Through Winter.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--Will and Ariel Durant, Rousseau and Revolution.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night; and Rene Jules Dubos, So%@EH@%
Human an Animal: How We Are Shaped by Surroundings and Events.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Eric H. Erikson, Gandhi's Truth.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--John Toland, The Rising Sun.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China,%@EH@%
1911-1945.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the%@EH@%
Americans in Vietnam; Robert Coles, Children of Crisis, Volumes II & III.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert N. Butler, Why Survive? Being Old in America.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--William W. Warner, Beautiful Swimmers.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--Douglas R. Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1981%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Susan Sheehan, Is There No Place on Earth for Me?   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Paul Starr, Social Transformation of American Medicine.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Studs Terkel, The Good War.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--Joseph Lelyveld, Move Your Shadow; J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--David K. Shipler, Arab and Jew.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in%@EH@%
Vietnam. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Dale Maharidge, Michael Williamson, And Their Children After Them. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Music %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For composition by an American (before 1977, by a composer resident in the%@EH@%
U.S.), in the larger forms of chamber, orchestra or choral music or for an
operatic work including ballet. A special posthumous award was granted in
1976 to Scott Joplin.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1943%@AE@% %@4@%--William Schuman, Secular Cantata No. 2, A Free Song.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944%@AE@% %@4@%--Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 4, Op. 34.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1945%@AE@% %@4@%--Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1946%@AE@% %@4@%--Leo Sowerby, The Canticle of the Sun.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1947%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles E. Ives, Symphony No. 3.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Piston, Symphony No. 3.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1949%@AE@% %@4@%--Virgil Thomson, Louisiana Story.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1950%@AE@% %@4@%--Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Consul.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1951%@AE@% %@4@%--Douglas Moore, Giants in the Earth.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952%@AE@% %@4@%--Gail Kubik, Symphony Concertante.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1954%@AE@% %@4@%--Quincy Porter, Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1955%@AE@% %@4@%--Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Saint of Bleecker Street.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956%@AE@% %@4@%--Ernest Toch, Symphony No. 3.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1957%@AE@% %@4@%--Norman Dello Joio, Meditations on Ecclesiastes.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1958%@AE@% %@4@%--Samuel Barber, Vanessa.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1959%@AE@% %@4@%--John La Montaine, Concerto for Piano and Orchestra.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960%@AE@% %@4@%--Elliott Carter, Second String Quartet.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% %@4@%--Walter Piston, Symphony No. 7.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1962%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Ward, The Crucible.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1963%@AE@% %@4@%--Samuel Barber, Piano Concerto No. 1.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1966%@AE@% %@4@%--Leslie Bassett, Variations for Orchestra.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1967%@AE@% %@4@%--Leon Kirchner, Quartet No. 3.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968%@AE@% %@4@%--George Crumb, Echoes of Time and The River.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% %@4@%--Karel Husa, String Quartet No. 3.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1970%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles W. Wuorinen, Time's Encomium.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1971%@AE@% %@4@%--Mario Davidovsky, Synchronisms No. 6.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972%@AE@% %@4@%--Jacob Druckman, Windows.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1973%@AE@% %@4@%--Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 3.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1974%@AE@% %@4@%--Donald Martino, Notturno. (Special citation) Roger Sessions.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1975%@AE@% %@4@%--Dominick Argento, From the Diary of Virginia Woolf.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976%@AE@% %@4@%--Ned Rorem, Air Music.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1977%@AE@% %@4@%--Richard Wernick, Visions of Terror and Wonder.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1978%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael Colgrass, Deja Vu for Percussion and Orchestra.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1979%@AE@% %@4@%--Joseph Schwantner, Aftertones of Infinity.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980%@AE@% %@4@%--David Del Tredici, In Memory of a Summer Day.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1982%@AE@% %@4@%--Roger Sessions, Concerto For Orchestra. (Special Citation) Milton%@EH@%
Babbitt.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1983%@AE@% %@4@%--Ellen T. Zwilich, Three Movements for Orchestra.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984%@AE@% %@4@%--Bernard Rands, Canti del Sole.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1985%@AE@% %@4@%--Stephen Albert, Symphony, RiverRun.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1986%@AE@% %@4@%--George Perle, Wind Quintet IV.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1987%@AE@% %@4@%--John Harbison, The Flight Into Egypt.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988%@AE@% %@4@%--William Bolcom, 12 New Etudes for Piano.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1989%@AE@% %@4@%--Roger Reynolds, Whispers Out of Time.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1990%@AE@% %@4@%--Mel Powell, Duplicates: A Concerto For Two Pianos and Orchestra.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                              %@AS@%Special Awards %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Awarded in 1989 or 1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Books, Allied Arts %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Academy of American Poets Fellowship for Distinguished Achievement,%@AE@% $20,000:%@EH@%
William Meredith. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Booker Prize:%@AE@% %@AI@%The Remains of the Day,%@AE@% Kazuo Ishiguro. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Boston Globe-Horn Book Awards for Excellence in Children's Literature,%@AE@% $500%@EH@%
and engraved silver bowl: fiction: %@AI@%The Village by the Sea,%@AE@% Paula Fox;
nonfiction: %@AI@%The Way Things Work,%@AE@% David Macaulay; picture book: %@AI@%Shy Charles,%@AE@%
Rosemary Wells. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Caldecott Medal,%@AE@% for distinguished American picture book for children: %@AI@%Lon%@EH@%
%@AI@%Po Po: A Red-Riding Hood Story from China,%@AE@% Ed Young. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carey-Thomas Awards,%@AE@% by %@AI@%Publishers Weekly,%@AE@% for creative publishing: main%@EH@%
prize: Thunder Mouth Press, alternative fiction and nonfiction; honor
citations: Curbstone Press, for Latin American writers and issues & Seal
Press, for feminist issues; special citation: Eridanos Press, for
translations of 20th-century classics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chicago Sun-Times Book of the Year Award:%@AE@% %@AI@%Noble Rot,%@AE@%Richard Stern. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Golden Kite Awards,%@AE@% for children's books, by Society of Children's Book%@EH@%
Writers: fiction: %@AI@%Jenny of the Tetons,%@AE@% Kristiana Gregory; nonfiction: %@AI@%Panama
%@AI@%Canal: Gateway to the World,%@AE@% Judith St. George; picture book illustration:
%@AI@%Tom Thumb,%@AE@% Richard Jesse Watson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Arts Club Medal of Honor for Literature:%@AE@% Iris Murdoch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Book Awards,%@AE@% by National Book Foundation, $10,000: fiction:%@EH@%
%@AI@%Spartina,%@AE@% John Casey; nonfiction: %@AI@%From Beirut to Jerusalem,%@AE@% Thomas L.
Friedman; distinguished contribution to American letters: Daniel J.
Boorstin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Book Critics Circle Awards:%@AE@% fiction: %@AI@%Billy Bathgate,%@AE@% E.L. Doctorow;%@EH@%
general nonfiction: %@AI@%The Broken Cord,%@AE@% Michael Dorris;
biography/autobiography: %@AI@%A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of
%@AI@%Franklin Roosevelt,%@AE@% Geoffrey C. Ward; poetry: %@AI@%Transparent Gestures,%@AE@% Rodney
Jones; criticism: %@AI@%Not by Facts Alone: Essays on the Writing and Reading of
%@AI@%History,%@AE@% John Clive; citation for excellence in book reviewing: Carol
Anshaw, %@AI@%Voice Literary Supplement;%@AE@% contribution to book publishing: James
Laughlin, New Directions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Newbery Medal,%@AE@% for children's literature: %@AI@%Number the Stars,%@AE@% Lois Lowry. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%O'Dell Award,%@AE@% for historical fiction, by Bulletin of the Center for%@EH@%
Children's Books, $5,000: %@AI@%Shades of Gray,%@AE@% Carolyn Reeder. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Whiting Foundation Writers' Awards,%@AE@% $25,000 each: Timberlake Wertenbaker,%@EH@%
Ellen Atkins, Tobias Wolff, Mary Karr, C.D. Wright, Natalie Kusz, Russell
Edson, Ian Frazier, Luc Sante.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Journalism Awards %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernstein Award for Excellence in Journalism,%@AE@% by New York Public Library,%@EH@%
$15,000: Thomas L. Friedman, %@AI@%From Beirut to Jerusalem.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Catholic Press Assn. Awards: %@AE@%general excellence, national: %@AI@%Our Sunday%@EH@%
%@AI@%Visitor,%@AE@% Huntington, Ind.; diocesan, circulation to 17,000: %@AI@%The Florida
%@AI@%Catholic,%@AE@% Venice, Fla.; 17,001-40,000:%@AI@%The Catholic Observer,%@AE@% Springfield,
Mass.; from 40,001: %@AI@%The Catholic Sun,%@AE@% Syracuse, N.Y. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Magazine Merit Awards,%@AE@% by Society of Children's Book Writers: fiction:%@EH@%
Elaine Marie Alphin, %@AI@%Young and Alive;%@AE@% nonfiction: Elizabeth R. Hennefrund,
%@AI@%Ranger Rick;%@AE@% illustrations: Bianca Lavies, %@AI@%Ranger Rick.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Journalism Awards,%@AE@% by Scripps Howard Foundation, $41,000: college%@EH@%
cartoonist: Nick Anderson, %@AI@%Ohio State Lantern,%@AE@% Columbus; editorial writing:
Ann Daly Goodwin, %@AI@%St. Paul%@AE@% (Minn.) %@AI@%Pioneer Press Dispatch;%@AE@% environmental
journalism: Sam Atwood, %@AI@%The%@AE@% (San Bernardino, Calif.) %@AI@%Sun; The Boston Globe;%@AE@%
commitment to literacy: WFSB-TV, Hartford, Conn.; %@AI@%The San Antonio Light;%@AE@%
human interest writing: Rose Post, %@AI@%The Salisbury%@AE@% (N.C.) %@AI@%Post;%@AE@% broadcast
journalism: KWTO-TV, Springfield, Mo.; WSM Radio, Nashville, Tenn.; KARK-TV,
Little Rock, Ark.; WCBS-TV, New York; First Amendment service: %@AI@%The San
%@AI@%Francisco Chronicle:%@AE@% public service: %@AI@%The Charleston%@AE@% (W.Va.) %@AI@%Gazette; The
%@AI@%Fort Worth%@AE@% (Tex.) %@AI@%Star-Telegram.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Magazine Awards,%@AE@% by American Society of Magazine Editors, bronze%@EH@%
plaque and reproduction of Calder stabile each: general excellence,
circulation of 1 million or more: %@AI@%Sports Illustrated;%@AE@% 400,000 to 1 million:
%@AI@%Metropolitan Home;%@AE@% 100,000-400,000: %@AI@%Texas Monthly;%@AE@% less than 100,000: %@AI@%7
%@AI@%Days;%@AE@% reporting: %@AI@%The New Yorker;%@AE@% fiction: %@AI@%The New Yorker:%@AE@% photography: %@AI@%Texas
%@AI@%Monthly;%@AE@% essays and criticism: %@AI@%Vanity Fair;%@AE@% feature-writing: %@AI@%The
%@AI@%Washingtonian;%@AE@% public interest: %@AI@%Southern Exposure;%@AE@% single-topic: %@AI@%National
%@AI@%Geographic;%@AE@% personal service: %@AI@%Consumer Reports;%@AE@% special interests: %@AI@%Art &
%@AI@%Antiques;%@AE@% design: %@AI@%Esquire.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Polk Awards in Journalism,%@AE@% by Long Island University: career: Fred M.%@EH@%
Hechinger, %@AI@%New York Times;%@AE@% foreign: Nicholas D. Kristof, Sheryl WuDunn, %@AI@%New
%@AI@%York Times:%@AE@% international: Stephen Engelberg, Michael R. Gordon, %@AI@%New York
%@AI@%Times;%@AE@% national: Rick Atkinson, %@AI@%Washington Post;%@AE@% political: Andrew
Melnykovych, %@AI@%Casper%@AE@% (Wyo.) %@AI@%Star-Tribune;%@AE@% regional: Miranda Ewell, David
Schrieberg, %@AI@%San Jose%@AE@% (Calif.) %@AI@%Mercury News;%@AE@% local: %@AI@%Hartford%@AE@% (Conn.) %@AI@%Courant;%@AE@%
medical: John M. Crewdson, %@AI@%Chicago Tribune;%@AE@% network TV: CBS News; local TV:
WCSC-TV, Charleston, S.C.; TV investigative: Jonathan Kwitny, "The Kwitny
Report," WNYC-TV; radio: Robert Knight, "Undercurrents," WBAI-FM. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reuben Awards,%@AE@% by National Cartoonists Society: cartoonist of the year: Jim%@EH@%
Davis, "Garfield," United Feature Syndicate; commercial: Roy Doty;
electronic media: Chuck Jones; magazines and books: Sergio Aragones;
editorial & sports: Pat Oliphant Universal Press Syndicate; strips & panels:
Johnny Hart, "B.C.," Creators Syndicate.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Movie, Radio, TV, and Theater Awards %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Audelco Recognition Awards,%@AE@% for black theater: outstanding pioneer: Cynthia%@EH@%
Belgrave; play: "The Talented Tenth," Richard Wesley; musical: "Song of
Sheba," Clarice Laverne Thompson, Elmo Terry Morgan; playwright: Richard
Wesley; director: M. Neema Barnette; musical director: Clarice Laverne
Thompson; actor: Alili Prince, "The Forbidden City;" actress: Marie Thomas,
"The Talented Tenth;" musical actor: Anthony Cooper, "Song of Sheba;"
musical actress: Johanna Daughtery, "Song of Sheba."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Directors Guild of America Awards: %@AE@%feature film director: Oliver Stone,%@EH@%
"Born on the Fourth of July;" TV directors: comedy: Barnet Kellman, %@AI@%Murphy
%@AI@%Brown;%@AE@% drama special: Dan Curtis, "War and Remembrance;" drama series: Eric
Laneuville, %@AI@%L.A. Law;%@AE@% daytime drama series: Victoria Hochberg, %@AI@%Wonderworks;%@AE@%
musical variety: Don Mischer, %@AI@%Great Performances;%@AE@% documentary: Peter Rosen,
"The Eighth Van Cliburn Intl. Piano Competition;" sports: Bob Fishman, "U.S.
Open Tennis Tournament;" commercial: David Cornell, A.T.&.T.'s "Small Town."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%du Pont-Columbia Univ. Awards,%@AE@% for broadcast journalism: gold baton:%@EH@%
%@AI@%Frontline,%@AE@% PBS; silver batons: CBS News, CNN, ABC News & Koppel
Communications; WETA, Washington, D.C.; radio silver baton: National Public
Radio; independent TV production: Appalshop, Kentucky; silver batons, major
market TV stations: WFAA-TV, Dallas, KCET, Los Angeles; medium-size-market:
Maryland Public Television; small-market: WJXT, Jacksonville, Fla.; WBRZ,
Baton Rouge, La. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emmy Awards,%@AE@% by Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, for nighttime%@EH@%
programs, 1988-89: Dramatic series: %@AI@%L.A. Law,%@AE@% NBC; actress, Dana Delany,
%@AI@%China Beach,%@AE@% ABC; actor: Carroll O'Connor, %@AI@%In the Heat of the Night,%@AE@% NBC;
supporting actress: Melanie Mayron, %@AI@%thirtysomething,%@AE@% ABC; supporting actor:
Larry Drake, %@AI@%L.A. Law,%@AE@% NBC. Comedy series: %@AI@%Cheers,%@AE@% NBC; actress: Candice
Bergen, %@AI@%Murphy Brown,%@AE@% CBS; actor: Richard Mulligan, %@AI@%Empty Nest,%@AE@% NBC;
supporting actress: Rhea Perlman, %@AI@%Cheers,%@AE@% NBC; supporting actor: Woody
Harrelson, %@AI@%Cheers,%@AE@% NBC. Miniseries: %@AI@%War and Remembrance,%@AE@% ABC; actress: Holly
Hunter, %@AI@%Roe vs. Wade,%@AE@% NBC; actor: James Woods, %@AI@%Hallmark Hall of Fame: My
%@AI@%Name Is Bill W.,%@AE@% ABC; supporting actress: Colleen Dewhurst, %@AI@%Those She Left
%@AI@%Behind,%@AE@% NBC; supporting actor: Derek Jacobi, %@AI@%Hallmark Hall of Fame: The
%@AI@%Tenth Man,%@AE@% CBS. Drama-Comedy Special: (tie) %@AI@%Day One,%@AE@% CBS; %@AI@%Roe vs. Wade,%@AE@% NBC.
Variety, Music or Comedy Program: %@AI@%The Tracey Ullman Show,%@AE@% Fox. Performance
in a Variety or Musical Program: Linda Ronstadt, %@AI@%Great Performances:
%@AI@%Can-ciones de mi Padre,%@AE@% PBS. Children's Program: %@AI@%Free to Be . . . a Family,%@AE@%
ABC. Classical Program in Performing Arts: %@AI@%Great Performances: Bernstein at
%@AI@%70],%@AE@% PBS; Governor's Award: Lucille Ball. (For 1989-90, see %@AI@%Addenda.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Golden Globe Awards,%@AE@% by Hollywood Foreign Press Assn.: dramatic picture:%@EH@%
"Born on the Fourth of July;" director: Oliver Stone, "Born on the Fourth of
July;" actor: Tom Cruise, "Born on the Fourth of July;" actress: Michelle
Pfeiffer, "The Fabulous Baker Boys;" musical or comic picture: "Driving Miss
Daisy;" musical or comic actor: Morgan Freeman, "Driving Miss Daisy;"
musical or comic actress: Jessica Tandy, "Driving Miss Daisy;" TV series,
dramatic: %@AI@%China Beach,%@AE@% ABC; musical or comic: %@AI@%Murphy Brown,%@AE@% CBS; mini
series: %@AI@%Lonesome Dove.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Awards,%@AE@% for lifetime achievement in%@EH@%
the arts, gold medallions: Harry Belafonte, Claudette Colbert, Mary Martin,
Alexandra Danilova, William Schuman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kesserling Award for Playwrights,%@AE@% by National Arts Club, $10,000: Jo Carson,%@EH@%
"Daytrips," Los Angeles Theater Center. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York Drama Critics Circle Awards: %@AE@%new play: "The Piano Lesson," August%@EH@%
Wilson; new musical: "City of Angels," Larry Gelbart, Cy Coleman, David
Zippel; new foreign play: "Privates on Parade," Peter Nichols. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York Film Critics Circle Awards: %@AE@%film: "My Left Foot;" actor: Daniel%@EH@%
Day-Lewis, "My Left Foot;" actress: Michelle Pfeiffer, "The Fabulous Baker
Boys;" director: Paul Mazursky, "Enemies, a Love Story;" supporting actor:
Alan Alda, "Crimes and Misdemeanors;" supporting actress: Lena Olin,
"Enemies, a Love Story;" foreign film: "Story of Women," Claude Chabrol;
documentary: "Roger and Me," Michael Moore; new director: Kenneth Branagh,
"Henry V;" cinematography: Ernest Dickerson, "Do the Right Thing;"
screenplay: Daniel Yost, "Drugstore Cowboy."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tony (Antoinette Perry) Awards:%@AE@% play: "The Grapes of Wrath;" musical: "City%@EH@%
of Angels;" revival: "Gypsy;" actor: Robert Morse, "Tru;" actress: Maggie
Smith, "Lettice and Lovage;" actor, musical: James Naughton, "City of
Angels;" actress, musical: Tyne Daly, "Gypsy;" featured actor: Charles
Durning, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof;" featured actress: Margaret Tyzack,
"Lettice and Lovage;" featured actor, musical: Michael Jeter, "Grand Hotel;"
featured actress, musical: Randy Graff, "City of Angels;" direction: Frank
Galati, "The Grapes of Wrath;" direction, musical: Tommy Tune, "Grand
Hotel;" book, musical: Larry Gelbert, "City of Angels;" original musical
score: Cy Coleman, David Zippel, "City of Angels;" scenic design: Robin
Wagner, "City of Angels;" lighting design: Jules Fisher, "Grand Hotel;"
costume design: Santo Loquasto, "Grand Hotel;" choreography: Tommy Tune,
"Grand Hotel." %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Miscellaneous Awards %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%American Choreographer Awards,%@AE@% by The National Corporate Fund for Dance and%@EH@%
The General Electric Foundation, for talented emerging choreographers,
$5,000 each: David Dorfman, Miriam Mahdaviani, Sara Pearson, Daniel Shapiro
& Joanie Smith, Liz Lerman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%American Composers Alliance Awards,%@AE@% for contribution to American music:%@EH@%
Frank Wigglesworth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement: %@AE@%Fay%@EH@%
Jones. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bard Awards,%@AE@% by City Club of New York, for architecture and urban design:%@EH@%
Central Park Zoo, Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo & Associates; Brooklyn Borough
Hall, Conklin Rossant Architects; special awards: John Lindsay, Paul A.
Crotty, Abraham Biderman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carnegie Hall International American Music Competition for Violinists,%@AE@%%@EH@%
$10,000 cash award, $20,000 career grand, recital and concerto soloist
appearances at Carnegie Hall, New World Records contract, music reference
works: Michelle Makarski, Santa Barbara, Calif. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Candace Awards,%@AE@% by National Coalition of 100 Black Women, for leadership and%@EH@%
achievement: Euzhan Palcy, film director; Judith Jamison, artistic director
of Alvin Ailey Dance Theater; Maya Angelou, writer; Barbara Lamont, owner of
WWCL TV in New Orleans; Hazel N. Dukes, pres. of NAACP board of directors;
Sara Lawrence Lightfoot, professor, Harvard Graduate School of Education;
Clara Hale, founder of Hale House for drug-addicted babies; Gay J.
McDougall, director of Southern Africa Project Lawyers' Committee for Civil
Rights; Vivian W. Pinn-Wiggins, chairwoman of pathology at Howard Univ.
College of Medicine; distinguished service: Derrick A. Bell Jr., Weld
Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cleveland Prize,%@AE@% by Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of Science, $5,000 and%@EH@%
bronze medal, to author of outstanding paper published in %@AI@%Science:%@AE@% William
H. Landschulz, Peter F. Johnson, Steven L. McKnight, "The Leucine Zipper: A
Hypothetical Structure Common to a New Class of DNA Binding Proteins," and
"The DNA Binding Domain of the Rat Liver Nuclear Protein C/EBP Is
Bipartite."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Draper Prize,%@AE@% by National Academy of Engineering, $350,000: Jack S. Kilby%@EH@%
and Robert N. Noyce, for coinventing the monolithic integrated circuit. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Grawyemeyer Award,%@AE@% by University of Louisville, for original music%@EH@%
composition, $150,000: "Silver Ladders," Joan Tower, Bard College,
Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%International Ballet Competition: %@AE@%Grand Prix City of Jackson Award, $10,000:%@EH@%
Jose Manuel Carreno; gold medal, $7,000, senior female: Martha Butler;
silver medal, $5,000 each: Luis Ortigoza, Pierre Quinn; Simona Noja, bronze
medals, $3,000 each: Toomas Edue, Irma Nioradze. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lasker Awards,%@AE@% for medical research, $15,000 each: Etienne-Emile Baulieu,%@EH@%
for abortion drug, RU 486; Michael J. Berridge, Alfred G. Gilman, Edwin G.
Krebs, Yasutomi Nishizuka, for research on how cells receive information
from hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters; public service award:
Lewis Thomas, Cornell Univ. Medical College, New York. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Spelling Bee%@AE@% (See %@AI@%Language%@AE@%) %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York State Governor's Arts Awards,%@AE@% bronze sculptures: Vivienne Anderson,%@EH@%
Agnes de Mille; Avery Fisher; Maria Irene Fornes; Kurt Vonnegut; Brooklyn
Museum; New York Chinatown History Project; DeWitt Historical Society of
Tompkins County; Jamaica Arts Center; M&T Bank of Buffalo; Rockland County
and the Arts Council of Rockland, Visual AIDS. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Praemium Imperiale Award,%@AE@% by Japan Art Association, for lifetime achievement%@EH@%
in the arts, $100,000 and medal each: composer Leonard Bernstein; film maker
Federico Fellini; sculptor Arnaldo Pomodoro; architect James Stirling;
painter Antoni Tapies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Scripps American Dance Festival Award,%@AE@% for lifetime contribution by%@EH@%
choreographer, $25,000: Twyla Tharp. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Songwriters Hall of Fame: %@AE@%Smokey Robinson, Michel Legrand, Jim Croce. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tucker Award,%@AE@% by Richard Tucker Music Foundation, $25,000: Renee Fleming;%@EH@%
career grants: Ruth Ann Swenson, Susan Graham, Emily Manhart, Alan J. Held;
study grant: Camellia Johnson; Ruth Richards Grant for promising tenor: John
T. Keys; Robert M. Jacobson Study Grants: Angela Randell, Denyce Graves,
Mark Oswald. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Westinghouse Science Talent Search %@AE@%winners: first prize, $20,000 college%@EH@%
scholarship: Matthew Peter Headrick, Chicago; second prize, $15,000: David
Ruchien Liu, Riverside, Calif.; third prize, $15,000: David Michael Shull,
Tacoma, Washington; fourth prize, $10,000: Soojin Ryu, New York City; fifth
prize, $10,000: Joshua B. Fischman, Bethesda, Md.; sixth prize, $10,000:
Royce Yung-Tze Peng, Rancho Palos Verdes, Calif.; seventh prize: $7,500:
Laura Andrea Ascenzi, New York City; eighth prize, $7,500: Andrew M. Lines,
Arlington, Va.; ninth prize, $7,500: Mina Kim Yu, Fairfax, Va.; tenth prize,
$7,500: Bianca Denise Santomasso, New York City.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%The Spingarn Medal%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   45  1593 01 13 63 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1946         Dr. Percy L. Julian 1947         Channing H. Tobias    1948         Ralph J. Bunche    1949         Charles Hamilton Houston    1950         Mabel Keaton Staupers    1951         Harry T. Moore  1952         Paul R. Williams  1953         Theodore K. Lawless  1954         Carl Murphy  1955         Jack Roosevelt Robinson  1956         Martin Luther King Jr.  1957         Mrs. Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine  1958         Edward Kennedy (Duke) Ellington  1959         Langston Hughes  1960         Kenneth B. Clark  1961         Robert C. Weaver  1962         Medgar Wiley Evers  1963         Roy Wilkins  1964         Leontyne Price  1965         John H. Johnson  1966         Edward W. Brooke  1967         Sammy Davis Jr.  1968         Clarence M. Mitchell Jr.  1969         Jacob Lawrence  1970         Leon Howard Sullivan  1971         Gordon Parks  1972         Wilson C. Riles  1973         Damon Keith  1974         Henry (Hank) Aaron  1975         Alvin Ailey  1976         Alex Haley  1977         Andrew Young  1978         Mrs. Rosa L. Parks  1979         Dr. Rayford W. Logan  1980         Coleman Young  1981         Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays  1982         Lena Horne  1983         Thomas Bradley  1984         Bill Cosby  1985         Dr. Benjamin L. Hooks  1986         Percy E. Sutton  1987         Frederick Douglass Patterson  1988         Jesse Jackson  1989         L. Douglas Wilder%@TE:   45  1593 01 13 63 @%

%@NL@%
The Spingarn Medal has been awarded annually since 1914 by the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the highest
achievement by a black American. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Miss America Winners %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  138  5109 01 34 42 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1921                              Margaret Gorman, Washington, D.C. 1922-23                           Mary Campbell, Columbus, Ohio 1924                              Ruth Malcolmson, Philadelphia,                                   Pennsylvania 1925                              Fay Lamphier, Oakland, California 1926                              Norma Smallwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma 1927                              Lois Delaner, Joliet, Illinois 1933                              Marion Bergeron, West Haven, Connecticut1935                              Henrietta Leaver, Pittsburgh,                                   Pennsylvania 1936                              Rose Coyle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1937                              Bette Cooper, Bertrand Island, New                                   Jersey 1938                              Marilyn Meseke, Marion, Ohio 1939                              Patricia Donnelly, Detroit, Michigan 1940                              Frances Marie Burke, Philadelphia,                                   Pennsylvania 1941                              Rosemary LaPlanche, Los Angeles,                                   California 1942                              Jo-Caroll Dennison, Tyler, Texas 1943                              Jean Bartel, Los Angeles, California 1944                              Venus Ramey, Washington, D.C. 1945                              Bess Myerson, New York City, N.Y. 1946                              Marilyn Buferd, Los Angeles, California 1947                              Barbara Walker, Memphis, Tennessee 1948                              BeBe Shopp, Hopkins, Minnesota 1949                              Jacque Mercer, Litchfield, Arizona 1951                              Yolande Betbeze, Mobile, Alabama 1952                              Coleen Kay Hutchins, Salt Lake City,                                   Utah 1953                              Neva Jane Langley, Macon, Georgia 1954                              Evelyn Margaret Ay, Ephrata,                                   Pennsylvania 1955                              Lee Meriwether, San Francisco,                                   California 1956                              Sharon Ritchie, Denver, Colorado 1957                              Marian McKnight, Manning, South Carolina1958                              Marilyn Van Derbur, Denver, Colorado 1959                              Mary Ann Mobley, Brandon, Mississippi 1960                              Lynda Lee Mead, Natchez, Mississippi 1961                              Nancy Fleming, Montague, Michigan 1962                              Maria Fletcher, Asheville, North                                   Carolina 1963                              Jacquelyn Mayer, Sandusky, Ohio 1964                              Donna Axum, El Dorado, Arkansas 1965                              Vonda Kay Van Dyke, Phoenix, Arizona 1966                              Deborah Irene Bryant, Overland Park,                                   Kansas 1967                              Jane Anne Jayroe, Laverne, Oklahoma 1968                              Debra Dene Barnes, Moran, Kansas 1969                              Judith Anne Ford, Belvidere, Illinois 1970                              Pamela Anne Eldred, Birmingham, Michigan1971                              Phyllis Ann George, Denton, Texas 1972                              Laurie Lea Schaefer, Columbus, Ohio 1973                              Terry Anne Meeuwsen, DePere, Wisconsin 1974                              Rebecca Ann King, Denver, Colorado 1975                              Shirley Cothran, Fort Worth, Texas 1976                              Tawney Elaine Godin, Yonkers, N.Y. 1977                              Dorothy Kathleen Benham, Edina,                                   Minnesota 1978                              Susan Perkins, Columbus, Ohio 1979                              Kylene Barker, Galax, Virginia 1980                              Cheryl Prewitt, Ackerman, Mississippi 1981                              Susan Powell, Elk City, Oklahoma 1982                              Elizabeth Ward, Russellville, Arkansas 1983                              Debra Maffett, Anaheim, California 1984                              Vanessa Williams, Milwood, New                                   York*Suzette Charles, Mays Landing, New                                   Jersey 1985                              Sharlene Wells, Salt Lake City, Utah 1986                              Susan Akin, Meridian, Mississippi 1987                              Kellye Cash, Memphis, Tennessee 1988                              Kaye Lani Rae Rafko, Monroe, Michigan 1989                              Gretchen Carlson, Anoka, Minnesota 1990                              Debbye Turner, Columbia, Missouri%@TE:  138  5109 01 34 42 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@% Resigned July 23, 1984.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Motion Picture Academy Awards (Oscars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%1927-28%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Emil Jannings, %@AI@%The Way of All Flesh.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Janet Gaynor, %@AI@%Seventh Heaven.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Frank Borzage, %@AI@%Seventh Heaven;%@AE@% Lewis Milestone, %@AI@%Two Arabian%@EH@%
%@AI@%Knights.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Wings,%@AE@% Paramount.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%1928-29%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Warner Baxter, %@AI@%In Old Arizona.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Mary Pickford, %@AI@%Coquette.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Frank Lloyd, %@AI@%The Divine Lady.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Broadway Melody,%@AE@% MGM.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%1929-30%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%George Arliss, %@AI@%Disraeli.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Norma Shearer, %@AI@%The Divorcee.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Lewis Milestone, %@AI@%All Quiet on the Western Front.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%All Quiet on the Western Front,%@AE@% Univ.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%1930-31%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Lionel Barrymore, %@AI@%Free Soul.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Marie Dressler, %@AI@%Min and Bill.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Norman Taurog, %@AI@%Skippy.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Cimarron,%@AE@% RKO.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%1931-32%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Fredric March, %@AI@%Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde;%@AE@% Wallace Beery, %@AI@%The Champ%@AE@%%@EH@%
(tie).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Helen Hayes, %@AI@%Sin of Madelon Claudet.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Frank Borzage, %@AI@%Bad Girl.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Grand Hotel,%@AE@% MGM.Special: Walt Disney, %@AI@%Mickey Mouse.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%1932-33%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Charles Laughton, %@AI@%Private Life of Henry VIII.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Katharine Hepburn, %@AI@%Morning Glory.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Frank Lloyd, %@AI@%Cavalcade.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Cavalcade,%@AE@% Fox.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1934%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Clark Gable, %@AI@%It Happened One Night.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Claudette Colbert, %@AI@%It Happened One Night.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Frank Capra, %@AI@%It Happened One Night.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%It Happened One Night,%@AE@% Columbia.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1935%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Victor McLaglen, %@AI@%The Informer.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Bette Davis, %@AI@%Dangerous.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%John Ford, %@AI@%The Informer.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Mutiny on the Bounty,%@AE@% MGM.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1936%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Paul Muni, %@AI@%Story of Louis Pasteur.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Luise Rainer, %@AI@%The Great Ziegfeld.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Walter Brennan, %@AI@%Come and Get It.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Gale Sondergaard, %@AI@%Anthony Adverse.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Frank Capra, %@AI@%Mr. Deeds Goes to Town.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%The Great Ziegfeld,%@AE@% MGM.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1937%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Spencer Tracy, %@AI@%Captains Courageous.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Luise Rainer, %@AI@%The Good Earth.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Joseph Schildkraut, %@AI@%Life of Emile Zola.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Alice Brady, %@AI@%In Old Chicago.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Leo McCarey, %@AI@%The Awful Truth.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Life of Emile Zola,%@AE@% Warner.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1938%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Spencer Tracy, %@AI@%Boys Town.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Bette Davis, %@AI@%Jezebel.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Walter Brennan, %@AI@%Kentucky.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Fay Bainter, %@AI@%Jezebel.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Frank Capra, %@AI@%You Can't Take It With You.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%You Can't Take It With You,%@AE@% Columbia.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1939%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Robert Donat, %@AI@%Goodbye Mr. Chips.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Vivien Leigh, %@AI@%Gone With the Wind.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Thomas Mitchell, %@AI@%Stage Coach.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Hattie McDaniel, %@AI@%Gone With the Wind.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Victor Fleming, %@AI@%Gone With the Wind.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Gone With the Wind,%@AE@% Selznick International.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1940%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%James Stewart, %@AI@%The Philadelphia Story.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Ginger Rogers, %@AI@%Kitty Foyle.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Walter Brennan, %@AI@%The Westerner.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Jane Darwell, %@AI@%The Grapes of Wrath.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%John Ford, %@AI@%The Grapes of Wrath.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Rebecca,%@AE@% Selznick International.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1941%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Gary Cooper, %@AI@%Sergeant York.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Joan Fontaine, %@AI@%Suspicion.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Donald Crisp, %@AI@%How Green Was My Valley.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Mary Astor, %@AI@%The Great Lie.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%John Ford, %@AI@%How Green Was My Valley.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%How Green Was My Valley,%@AE@% 20th Cent.-Fox.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1942%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%James Cagney, %@AI@%Yankee Doodle Dandy.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Greer Garson, %@AI@%Mrs. Miniver.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Van Heflin, %@AI@%Johnny Eager.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Teresa Wright, %@AI@%Mrs. Miniver.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%William Wyler, %@AI@%Mrs. Miniver.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Mrs. Miniver,%@AE@% MGM.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1943%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Paul Lukas, %@AI@%Watch on the Rhine.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Jennifer Jones, %@AI@%The Song of Bernadette.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup.Actor:%@AE@% %@4@%Charles Coburn, %@AI@%The More the Merrier.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sup. Actress:%@AE@% %@4@%Katina Paxinou, %@AI@%For Whom the Bell Tolls.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Director:%@AE@% %@4@%Michael Curtiz, %@AI@%Casablanca.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Picture:%@AE@% %@4@%%@AI@%Casablanca,%@AE@% Warner.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%1944%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                            %@AS@%NOTED PERSONALITIES%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Widely Known Americans of the Present %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Statesmen, authors of nonfiction, military men, and other prominent persons%@EH@%
%@AS@%not listed in other categories; as of mid-1990.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  268 16351 02 53 23 @%Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Arledge, Roone (Forest Hills, N.Y.)                  7/8/31Anderson, Jack (Long Beach, Cal.)                    10/19/22Armstrong, Neil (Wapakoneta, Oh.)                    8/5/30Armstrong, William L. (Fremont, Neb.)                1937Ash, Mary Kay (Hot Wells, Tex.)                      --Aspin, Les (Milwaukee, Wis.)                         7/21/38Baker, James A. (Houston, Tex.)                      4/28/30Baker, Russell (Loudoun Co., Va.)                    8/14/25Barnes, Clive (London, England)                      5/13/27Barthelmy, Sidney K. (New Orleans, La.)              3/17/42Bennett, William J. (Salem, Oh.)                     5/4/44Bentsen, Lloyd (Mission, Tex.)                       2/11/21Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (Scranton, Pa.)                 11/20/42Blackmun, Harry (Nashville, Ill.)                    11/12/08Blass, Bill (Ft. Wayne, Ind.)                        6/22/22Bombeck, Erma (Dayton, Oh.)                          2/21/27Boorstin, Daniel (Atlanta, Ga.)                      10/1/14Bradlee, Ben (Boston, Mass.)                         8/26/21Bradley, Bill (Crystal City, Mo.)                    7/28/43Bradley, Ed (Philadelphia, Pa.)                      6/22/41Bradley, Thomas (Calvert, Tex.)                      12/29/17Brady, Nicholas (New York, N.Y.)                     4/11/30Brennan, William J. (Newark, N.J.)                   4/25/06Breslin, Jimmy (Jamaica, N.Y.)                       10/17/30Brinkley, David (Wilmington, N.C.)                   7/10/20Broder, David (Chicago Heights, Ill.)                9/11/29Brody, Jane (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                         5/19/41Brokaw, Tom (Webster, S. Dak.)                       2/6/40Brothers, Joyce (New York, N.Y.)                     9/20/28Brown, Helen Gurley (Green Forest, Ark.)             2/18/22Buchanan, Pat (Washington, D.C.)                     11/2/38Buchwald, Art (Mt. Vernon, N.Y.)                     10/20/25Buckley, William F. (New York, N.Y.)                 11/24/25Bumpers, Dale (Charleston, Ark.)                     8/12/25Buscaglia, Leo (Los Angeles, Cal.)                   3/31/24Bush, Barbara (Rye, N.Y.)                            6/8/25Byrd, Robert (N. Wilkesboro, N.C.)                   11/20/17Canby, Vincent (Chicago, Ill.)                       7/27/24Carter, Jimmy (Plains, Ga.)                          10/1/24Carter, Rosalynn (Plains, Ga.)                       8/18/27Chancellor, John (Chicago, Ill.)                     7/14/27Chavez, Cesar (Yuma, Ariz.)                          3/31/27Cheney, Richard B. (Lincoln, Neb.)                   1/30/41Child, Julia (Pasadena, Cal.)                        8/15/12Chisholm, Shirley (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                   11/30/24Chung, Connie (Washington, D.C.)                     8/20/46Claiborne, Craig (Sunflower, Miss.)                  9/4/20Clark, William (Dallas, Tex.)                        12/11/30Collins, Martha (Shelby Cty, Ky.)                    12/7/36Commager, Henry Steele (Pittsburgh, Pa.)             10/25/02Cooney, Joan Ganz (Phoenix, Ariz.)                   10/30/29Cosell, Howard (Winston-Salem, N.C.)                 3/25/20Cousins, Norman (Union Hill, N.J.)                   6/24/12Cranston, Alan (Palo Alto, Cal.)                     6/19/14Crist, Judith (New York, N.Y.)                       5/22/22Cronkite, Walter (St. Joseph, Mo.)                   11/4/16Cuomo, Mario (Queens, N.Y.)                          6/15/32Daley, Richard M. (Chicago, Ill.)                    4/24/42Dellums, Ronald (Oakland, Cal.)                      11/24/35Dingell, John D. Jr. (Colorado Spngs., Col.)         7/8/26Dinkins, David (Trenton, N.J.)                       7/10/27Dodd, Christopher (Willimantic, Conn.)               5/27/44Dole, Elizabeth (Salisbury, N.C.)                    7/29/36 Dole, Robert (Russell, Kan.)                         7/22/23Domenici, Pete (Albuquerque, N.M.)                   5/7/32Donaldson, Sam (El Paso, Tex.)                       3/11/34Drew, Elizabeth (Cincinnati, Oh.)                    11/16/35Dukakis, Michael S. (Boston, Mass.)                  11/3/33Dymally, Mervyn (Trinidad, W.I.)                     5/12/26Eisner, Michael (New York, N.Y.)                     3/7/42Ephron, Nora (New York, N.Y.)                        5/19/41Falwell, Jerry (Lynchburg, Va.)                      8/11/33Feinstein, Dianne (San Francisco, Cal.)              6/22/33Feldstein, Martin (New York, N.Y.)                   11/25/39Ferraro, Geraldine (Newburgh, N.Y.)                  8/26/35Fitzwater, Marlin (Salina, Kan.)                     11/24/42Florio, James J. (New York, N.Y.)                    8/29/37Foley, Thomas S. (Spokane, Wash.)                    3/6/29Ford, Betty  (Chicago, Ill.)                         4/8/18Ford, Gerald R. (Omaha, Neb.)                        7/14/13Friedan, Betty (Peoria, Ill.)                        2/4/21Friedman, Milton (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                    7/31/12Galbraith, John Kenneth (Ontario, Can.)              10/15/08Gephardt, Richard (St. Louis, Mo.)                   1/31/41Gingrich, Newt (Harrisburg, Pa.)                     6/17/43Ginsberg, Allen (Paterson, N.J.)                     6/3/21Glenn, John (Cambridge, Oh.)                         7/18/21Goldwater, Barry M. (Phoenix, Ariz.)                 1/1/09Goodman, Ellen (Newton, Mass.)                       4/11/41Gore, Albert Jr. (Washington, D.C.)                  3/31/48Gottlieb, Robert A. (New York)                       4/9/31Gould, Stephen Jay (New York, N.Y.)                  9/10/41Graham, Billy (Charlotte, N.C.)                      11/7/18Graham, Katharine (New York, N.Y.)                   6/16/17Gramm, Phil (Ft. Bennington, Ga.)                    7/8/42Gray, William H. 3d (Baton Rouge, La.)               8/20/41Greenfield, Meg (Seattle, Wash.)                     12/27/30Greenspan, Alan (New York, N.Y.)                     3/6/26Gumble, Bryant (New Orleans, La.)                    9/29/48Halberstam, David (New York, N.Y.)                   4/10/34Hammer, Armand (New York, N.Y.)                      5/21/98Harvey, Paul (Tulsa, Okla.)                          9/4/18Hatch, Orrin (Homestead, Pa.)                        3/22/34Hatfield, Mark O. (Dallas, Ore.)                     7/12/22Heflin, Howell (Poulan, Ga.)                         6/19/21Hefner, Hugh (Chicago, Ill.)                         4/9/26Helms, Jesse (Monroe, N.C.)                          10/18/21Heloise (Waco, Tex.)                                 4/15/51Hills, Carla (Los Angeles, Cal.)                     1/3/34Hollings, Ernest (Charleston, S.C.)                  1/1/22Iacocca, Lee A. (Allentown, Pa.)                     10/15/24Icahn, Carl (New York, N.Y.)                         1936Inouye, Daniel K. (Honolulu, Ha.)                    9/7/24Jackson, Jesse (Greenville, S.C.)                    10/8/41Jennings, Peter (Toronto, Ont.)                      8/29/38Johnson, Lady Bird  (Karnack, Tex.)                  12/22/12 Jordan, Barbara (Houston, Tex.)                      2/21/36Kael, Pauline (Petaluma, Calif.)                     6/19/19Karan, Donna (Forest Hills, N.Y.)                    10/2/48Kassebaum, Nancy (Topeka, Kan.)                      7/29/32Keillor, Garrison (Anoka, Minn.)                     8/7/42 Kemp, Jack (Los Angeles, Cal.)                       7/13/35Kennedy, Anthony (Sacramento, Cal.)                  7/23/36Kennedy, Edward M. (Brookline, Mass.)                2/22/32Kennedy, Rose (Boston, Mass.)                        7/22/90Kerr, Walter (Evanston, Ill.)                        7/8/13King, Coretta Scott (Marion, Ala.)                   4/27/27King, Larry (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                         11/19/34Kirkland, Lane (Camden, S.C.)                        3/12/22Kirkpatrick, Jeane (Duncan, Okla.)                   11/19/26Kissinger, Henry (Fuerth, Germany)                   5/27/23Klein, Calvin (New York, N.Y.)                       11/19/42Koch, Edward I. (New York, N.Y.)                     12/12/24Koop, C. Everett (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                    10/14/16Koppel, Ted (Lancashire, Eng.)                       2/8/40Kuhn, Maggie (Buffalo, N.Y.)                         1905Kunstler, William (New York, N.Y.)                   7/7/19Landers, Ann (Sioux City, Ia.)                       7/4/18Lauder, Estee (New York, N.Y.)                       --Lauren, Ralph (Bronx, N.Y.)                          10/14/39Leahy, Patrick (Montpelier, Vt.)                     3/31/40Lear, Norman (New Haven, Conn.)                      7/27/22Lehrer, Jim (Wichita, Kan.)                          5/19/34Lindbergh, Anne Morrow (Englewood, N.J.)             1906Lorenzo, Frank (New York, N.Y.)                      5/19/40Lott, Trent (Grenada, Miss.)                         10/9/41Lugar, Richard G. (Indianapolis, Ind.)               4/4/32Lukas, J. Anthony (New York, N.Y.)                   4/25/33MacNeil, Robert (Montreal, Que.)                     1/19/31Marshall, Thurgood (Baltimore, Md.)                  7/2/08Martinez, Bob (Tampa, Fla.)                          12/25/34Metzenbaum, Howard (Cleveland, Oh.)                  6/4/17Michel, Robert H. (Peoria, Ill.)                     3/2/23Mikulski, Barbara (Baltimore, Md.)                   7/20/36Mitchell, George (Waterville, Me.)                   8/20/33Mondale, Walter (Ceylon, Minn.)                      1/5/28Mosbacher, Robert (Mt. Vernon, N.Y.)                 3/11/27Moyers, Bill (Hugo, Okla.)                           6/5/34Moynihan, Daniel P. (Tulsa, Okla.)                   3/16/27Mudd, Roger (Washington, D.C.)                       2/9/28Murdoch, Rupert (Melbourne, Austr.)                  5/11/31Nader, Ralph (Winsted, Conn.)                        2/27/34Nidetch, Jean (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                       10/12/23 Nixon, Pat (Ely, Nev.)                               3/16/12Nixon, Richard (Yorba Linda, Cal.)                   1/9/13North, Oliver (San Antonio, Tex.)                    10/7/43 Norton, Eleanor Holmes (Washington, D.C.)            6/13/37Nunn, Sam (Perry, Ga.)                               9/8/38O'Connor, Cardinal John (Phila., Pa.)                1/15/20O'Connor, Sandra Day (nr. Duncan, Ariz.)             3/26/30Onassis, Jacqueline (Southampton, N.Y.)              7/28/29O'Neill, Thomas P. (Cambridge, Mass.)                12/9/12Packwood, Bob (Portland, Ore.)                       9/11/32Paley, William S. (Chicago, Ill.)                    9/28/01Pauley, Jane (Indianapolis, Ind.)                    10/31/50Pauling, Linus (Portland, Ore.)                      2/28/01Perot, H. Ross                                       1930Pickens, T. Boone (Holdenville, Okla.)               5/22/28Pickering, Thomas (Orange, N.J.)                     11/5/31Plimpton, George (New York, N.Y.)                    3/18/27Podhoretz, Norman (New York, N.Y.)                   1/16/30Porter, Sylvia (Patchogue, N.Y.)                     6/18/13Poussaint, Alvin F. (New York, N.Y.)                 5/15/34Powell, Colin (New York, N.Y.)                       4/5/37Quayle, Dan (Indianapolis, Ind.)                     2/4/47Quinn, Jane Bryant (Niagara Falls, N.Y.)             2/5/39Rangel, Charles (New York, N.Y.)                     6/11/30Rather, Dan (Wharton, Tex.)                          10/31/31Reagan, Nancy (New York, N.Y.)                       7/6/23Reagan, Ronald (Tampico, Ill.)                       2/6/11Reasoner, Harry (Dakota City, Ia.)                   4/17/23Rehnquist, William (Milwaukee, Wis.)                 10/1/24Rich, Frank (Washington, D.C.)                       6/2/49Ride, Sally K. (Encino, Calif.)                      1952Roberts, Oral (nr. Ada, Okla.)                       1/24/18Robertson, Pat (Lexington, Va.)                      3/22/30Rockefeller, David (New York, N.Y.)                  6/12/15Rockefeller, John D. 4th "Jay" (New York, N.Y.)      6/18/37Rockefeller, Laurance S. (New York, N.Y.)            5/26/10Roemer, Charles E. "Buddy" (Shreveport, La.)         10/4/43Rooney, Andy (Albany, N.Y.)                          1/14/19Rostenkowski, Dan (Chicago, Ill.)                    1/2/28Rozelle, Pete (S. Gate, Calif.)                      3/1/26Rukeyser, Louis (New York, N.Y.)                     1/30/33Safer, Morley (Toronto, Ontario)                     11/8/31Safire, William (New York, N.Y.)                     12/17/29Sagan, Carl (New York, N.Y.)                         11/9/34Salk, Jonas (New York, N.Y.)                         10/28/14Sawyer, Diane (Glasgow, Ky.)                         12/22/45Scalia, Antonin (Trenton, N.J.)                      3/11/36Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (Columbus, Oh.)              10/15/17Schroeder, Patricia (Portland, Ore.)                 7/30/40 Schuller, Robert (Alton, Ia.)                        9/16/26Scowcroft, Brent (Ogden, Ut.)                        3/19/25Sculley, John (New York, N.Y.)                       4/6/39Seaborg, Glenn T. (Ishpeming, Mich.)                 4/19/12Shanker, Albert (New York, N.Y.)                     9/14/28Shriver, Maria (Chicago, Ill.)                       11/6/55Shultz, George P. (New York, N.Y.)                   12/13/20Silverstein, Shel (Chicago, Ill.)                    1932Simmons, Richard (New Orleans, La.)                  7/12/48Simon, Paul (Eugene, Ore.)                           11/29/28Simpson, Alan K. (Cody, Wyo.)                        9/2/31Smith, Liz (Ft. Worth, Tex.)                         2/2/23Solarz, Stephen J. (New York, N.Y.)                  9/2/40Spock, Benjamin (New Haven, Conn.)                   5/2/03Stahl, Lesley (Lynn, Mass.)                          12/16/41Steinbrenner, George (Rocky River, Oh.)              7/4/30Steinem, Gloria (Toledo, Oh.)                        3/25/34Stern, David J. (New York, N.Y.)                     9/22/42Stevens, John Paul (Chicago, Ill.)                   4/20/20Sullivan, Louis (Atlanta, Ga.)                       11/3/33Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs (New York, N.Y.)             2/5/26Sununu, John H. (Havana, Cuba)                       7/2/39Terkel, Studs (New York, N.Y.)                       5/16/12Thornburgh, Dick (Pittsburgh, Pa.)                   7/16/32Thurmond, J. Strom (Edgefield, S.C.)                 12/5/02Tinker, Grant (Stamford, Conn.)                      1/11/26Tisch, Laurence (New York, N.Y.)                     3/15/23Toland, John (LaCrosse, Wis.)                        6/29/12Trillin, Calvin (Kansas City, Mo.)                   12/5/35 Truman, Margaret (Independence, Mo.)                 2/17/24Trump, Donald (New York, N.Y.)                       1946Turner, Ted (Cincinnati, Oh.)                        1938Udall, Morris K. (St. Johns, Ariz.)                  6/15/22Ueberroth, Peter (Chicago, Ill.)                     9/2/37Van Buren, Abigail (Sioux City, Ia.)                 7/4/18Wallace, George (Clio, Ala.)                         8/25/19Wallace, Mike (Brookline, Mass.)                     5/9/18Walters, Barbara (Boston, Mass.)                     9/25/31Walton, Sam (Kingfisher, Okla.)                      1920Webster, William H. (St. Louis, Mo.)                 3/6/24Weicker, Lowell (Paris, France)                      5/16/31Wenner, Jann (New York, N.Y.)                        1/7/46Westheimer, Ruth (Germany)                           1928White, Bill (Lakewood, Fla.)                         1/28/34White, Byron (Ft. Collins, Col.)                     6/8/17Wicker, Tom (Hamlet, N.C.)                           6/18/26Wiesel, Elie (Sighet, Transyl.)                      9/30/28Wilder, L. Douglas (Richmond, Va.)                   1/17/31 Will, George (Champaign, Ill.)                       1941Wright, James C. Jr. (Ft. Worth, Tex.)               12/22/22Yard, Molly (Shanghai, China)                        --Young, Andrew (New Orleans, La.)                     3/12/32Young, Coleman (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)                    5/24/18Ziegler, John (Grosse Point, Mich.)                  2/9/34 %@TE:  268 16351 02 53 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Noted Black Americans %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Names of black athletes and entertainers are not included here as they are%@EH@%
%@AS@%listed elsewhere in The World Almanac. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%The Rev. Dr. Ralph David Abernathy%@AE@% %@4@%, 1926-1990, organizer, 1957, and%@EH@%
president, 1968, of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Crispus Attucks%@AE@% %@4@%, c. 1723-1770, agitator who led group that precipitated the%@EH@%
"Boston Massacre," Mar. 5, 1770. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%James Baldwin%@AE@% %@4@%,  1924-1987, author, playwright; %@AI@%The Fire Next Time, Blues%@EH@%
%@AI@%for Mister Charlie, Just Above My Head.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Benjamin Banneker%@AE@% %@4@%, 1731-1806, inventor, astronomer, mathematician, and%@EH@%
gazetteer; served on commission that surveyed and laid out Washington, D. C.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Imamu Amiri Baraka%@AE@% %@4@%, b. LeRoi Jones, 1934, poet, playwright. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%James P. Beckwourth%@AE@% %@4@%, 1798-c. 1867, western fur-trader, scout, after whom%@EH@%
Beckwourth Pass in northern California is named. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dr. Mary McCleod Bethune%@AE@% %@4@%, 1875-1955, adviser to presidents Roosevelt,%@EH@%
Truman; division administrator, Natl. Youth Administration, 1935; founder,
pres. Bethune-Cookman College. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Henry Blair%@AE@% %@4@%, 19th century, obtained patents (believed the first issued to a%@EH@%
black) for a corn-planter, 1834, and for a cotton-planter, 1836. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Julian Bond%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1940, civil rights leader first elected to the Georgia%@EH@%
state legislature, 1965; helped found Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Edward Bouchet%@AE@% %@4@%, 1852-1918, first black to earn a Ph.D., Yale, 1876, at a U.%@EH@%
S. university; first black   elected to Phi Beta Kappa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Thomas Bradley%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1917, elected mayor of Los Angeles, 1973. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Andrew F. Brimmer%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1926, first black member, 1966, Federal Reserve%@EH@%
Board. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Edward W. Brooke%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1919, attorney general, 1962, of Massachusetts; first%@EH@%
black elected to U. S. Senate, 1967, since 19th century Reconstruction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Gwendolyn Brooks%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1917, poet, novelist; first black to win a Pulitzer%@EH@%
Prize, 1950, for %@AI@%Annie Allen.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sterling A. Brown%@AE@% %@4@%, 1901-1989, poet, literature professor; helped establish%@EH@%
Afro-American literary criticism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%William Wells Brown%@AE@% %@4@%, 1815-1884, novelist, dramatist; first American black%@EH@%
to publish a novel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dr. Ralph Bunche%@AE@% %@4@%, 1904-1971, first black to win the Nobel Peace Prize,%@EH@%
1950; undersecretary of the UN, 1950. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sherian Grace Cadoria%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1940, brigadier general; highest ranking black%@EH@%
woman in U.S. armed forces as of 1990. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alexa Canady%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1950, first black woman neurosurgeon in U.S. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%George E. Carruthers%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1940, physicist developed the Apollo 16 lunar%@EH@%
surface ultraviolet camera/spectograph. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%George Washington Carver%@AE@% %@4@%, 1861-1943, botanist, chemurgist, and educator;%@EH@%
his extensive experiments in soil building and plant diseases revolutionized
the economy of the South. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Charles Waddell Chestnutt%@AE@% %@4@%, 1858-1932, author known primarily for his short%@EH@%
stories, including %@AI@%The Conjure Woman.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Shirley Chisholm%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1924, first black woman elected to House of%@EH@%
Representatives, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1968. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bishop Philip R. Cousin%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1933, Pres., Natl. Council of Churches of%@EH@%
Christ in the USA, 1985-. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Countee Cullen%@AE@% %@4@%, 1903-1946, poet; won many  literary prizes. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lt. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Jr.%@AE@% %@4@%b. 1912, West Point, 1936, first black Air%@EH@%
Force general, 1954. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Brig. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Sr.%@AE@% %@4@%, 1877-1970, first black general, 1940, in%@EH@%
U. S. Army. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%William L. Dawson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1886-1970, Illinois congressman, first black chairman of%@EH@%
a major House of Representatives committee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%David Dinkins%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1927, first black mayor of New York City, 1990-. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Isaiah Dorman%@AE@% %@4@%, 19th century, U. S. Army interpreter, killed with Custer,%@EH@%
1876, at Battle of the Little Big Horn. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Aaron Douglas%@AE@% %@4@%, 1900-1979, painter; called father of black American art. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Frederick Douglass%@AE@% %@4@%, 1817-1895, author, editor, orator, diplomat; edited the%@EH@%
abolitionist weekly, The North Star, in Rochester, N. Y.; U.S. minister and
consul general to Haiti. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dr. Charles Richard Drew%@AE@% %@4@%, 1904-1950, pioneer in development of blood banks;%@EH@%
director of American Red Cross blood donor project in World War II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%William Edward Burghardt Du Bois%@AE@% %@4@%, 1868-1963, historian, sociologist; a%@EH@%
founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP), 1909, and founder of its magazine The Crisis; author, %@AI@%The Souls of
%@AI@%Black Folk.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Paul Laurence Dunbar%@AE@% %@4@%, 1872-1906, poet, novelist; won fame with %@AI@%Lyrics of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Lowly Life,%@AE@% 1896. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Jean Baptiste Point du Sable%@AE@% %@4@%, c. 1750-1818, pioneer trader and first%@EH@%
settler of Chicago, 1779. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Marian Wright Edelman%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1939, founder, pres. of Children's Defense Fund. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ralph Ellison%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1914, novelist, essayist, %@AI@%Invisible Man.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%James Farmer%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1920, a founder of the Congress of Racial Equality, 1942;%@EH@%
asst. secretary, Dept. of HEW, 1969. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Henry O. Flipper%@AE@% %@4@%, 1856-1940, first black to graduate, 1877, from West%@EH@%
Point. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Charles Fuller%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1939, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright; %@AI@%A Soldier's%@EH@%
%@AI@%Play.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mary Hatwood Futrell%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1940, president, Natl. Education Assn., 1983-. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Marcus Garvey%@AE@% %@4@%, 1887-1940, founded Universal Negro Improvement Assn., 1911. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kenneth Gibson%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1932, Newark, N.J., mayor, 1970-1986. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Charles Gordone%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1925, won 1970 Pulitzer Prize in Drama, with %@AI@%No Place%@EH@%
%@AI@%to Be Somebody.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vice Adm. Samuel L. Gravely Jr.%@AE@% %@4@%b. 1922, first black admiral, 1971, served%@EH@%
in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam; commander, Third Fleet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%William H. Gray 3d%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1941, U.S. representative from Pa., 1979--;%@EH@%
chairman, Budget Committee, 1985-88; chairman, House Democratic Caucus,
1988-89; majority whip, 1989-. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ewart Guinier%@AE@% %@4@%, 1911-1990, trade unionist, first chairman of Harvard Univ.'s%@EH@%
Department of Afro-American Studies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alex Haley%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1921, Pulitzer Prize-winning author; %@AI@%Roots, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Autobiography of Malcolm X.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Jupiter Hammon%@AE@% %@4@%, c. 1720-1800, poet; the first black American to have his%@EH@%
works published, 1761. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lorraine Hansberry%@AE@% %@4@%, 1930-1965, playwright; won New York Drama Critics%@EH@%
Circle Award, 1959, with %@AI@%Raisin in the Sun.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Barbara Harris%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1931, first woman Episcopal bishop. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Patricia Roberts Harris%@AE@% %@4@%, 1924-1985, U. S. ambassador to Luxembourg,%@EH@%
1965-67, secretary; Dept. of HUD, 1977-1979, Dept. of HHS, 1979-1981. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%William H. Hastie%@AE@% %@4@%,  1904-1976 first black federal judge, appointed 1937;%@EH@%
governor of Virgin Islands, 1946-49; judge, U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals,
1949. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chester Himes%@AE@% %@4@%, 1909-1984, novelist, %@AI@%Cotton Comes to Harlem.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Matthew A. Henson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1866-1955, member of Peary's 1909 expedition to the%@EH@%
North Pole; placed U.S. flag at the Pole. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dr. William A. Hinton%@AE@% %@4@%, 1883-1959, developed the Hinton and Davies-Hinton%@EH@%
tests for detection of syphilis; first black professor, 1949, at Harvard
Medical School. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Benjamin L. Hooks%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1925, first black member, 1972-1979, Federal%@EH@%
Communications Comm.; exec. dir., NAACP, 1977--. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Nathan I. Huggins%@AE@% %@4@%, 1927-1989, historian, scholar; Harvard professor from%@EH@%
1980, director of that university's Institute for Afro-American Research
from 1981. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Langston Hughes%@AE@% %@4@%, 1902-1967, poet; story, song lyric author. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Charlayne Hunter-Gault%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1942, first black woman admitted to Univ. of%@EH@%
Ga., 1961; ran %@AI@%N.Y. Times%@AE@% Harlem Bureau, 1968-1977; broadcast journalist,
1978--. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%The Rev. Jesse Jackson%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1941, national director, Operation Bread Basket;%@EH@%
campaigned for Democratic presidential nomination, 1984, 1988. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Maynard Jackson%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1938, elected mayor of Atlanta, 1973. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Gen. Daniel James Jr.%@AE@% %@4@%1920-1978, first black 4-star general, 1975;%@EH@%
Commander, North American Air Defense Command. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pvt. Henry Johnson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1897-1929, the first American decorated by France in%@EH@%
World War I with the Croix de Guerre. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%James Weldon Johnson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1871-1938, poet, lyricist, novelist; first black%@EH@%
admitted to Florida bar; U.S. consul in Venezuela and Nicaragua. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%John H. Johnson%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1918, publisher, editor of Ebony, Jet, Ebony Jr.%@EH@%
magazines, from 1942. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Barbara Jordan%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1936, former congresswoman from Texas; member, House%@EH@%
Judiciary Committee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vernon E. Jordan%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1935, exec. dir. Natl. Urban League, 1972. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ernest E. Just%@AE@% %@4@%, 1883-1941, marine biologist, studied egg development;%@EH@%
author, %@AI@%Biology of Cell Surfaces,%@AE@% 1941. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Leontine T.C. Kelly%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1920, United Methodist bishop; first black woman%@EH@%
bishop of a major American denomination, 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.%@AE@% %@4@%, 1929-1968, led 382-day Montgomery,%@EH@%
Ala., boycott that brought 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding
segregation on buses unconstitutional; founder, president, Southern
Christian Leadership Conference, 1957; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1964. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lewis H. Latimer%@AE@% %@4@%, 1848-1928, associate of Edison; supervised installation%@EH@%
of first electric street lighting in N.Y.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mickey Leland, 1944-1989%@AE@% %@4@%, U.S. representative from Texas, 1978 until death;%@EH@%
chairman of Congressional Black Caucus; guiding force behind House Select
Committee on Hunger, which he chaired from its 1984 founding. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Malcolm X, 1925-1965%@AE@% %@4@%, leading spokesman for black pride, founded, 1963,%@EH@%
Organization of Afro-American Unity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Thurgood Marshall%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1908, first black U.S. solicitor general 1965; first%@EH@%
black justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 1967; as a lawyer led the legal
battery that won the historic decision from the Supreme Court declaring
racial segregation of public schools unconstitutional, 1954. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Jan Matzeliger%@AE@% %@4@%, 1852-1889, invented lasting machine, patented 1883, which%@EH@%
revolutionized the shoe industry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Benjamin Mays%@AE@% %@4@%, 1895-1984, educator, civil rights leader; headed Morehouse%@EH@%
College, 1940-1967. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wade H. McCree Jr.%@AE@% %@4@%, 1920-1987, solicitor general of the U.S., 1977-1981. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Donald E. McHenry%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1936, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations,%@EH@%
1979-1981. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ronald McNair%@AE@% %@4@%, 1950-1986, physicist, first black astronaut; killed in%@EH@%
%@AI@%Challenger%@AE@% explosion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dorie Miller%@AE@% %@4@%, 1919-1943, Navy hero of Pearl Harbor attack; awarded the Navy%@EH@%
Cross. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ernest N. Morial%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1929, elected first black mayor of New Orleans, 1977. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Toni Morrison%@AE@% %@4@%, novelist; %@AI@%Song of Solomon, Tar Baby;%@AE@% won 1988 Pulitzer prize%@EH@%
for %@AI@%Beloved.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Willard Motley%@AE@% %@4@%, 1912-1965, novelist; %@AI@%Knock on Any Door.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Elijah Muhammad%@AE@% %@4@%, 1897-1975, founded      Black Muslims, 1931. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pedro Alonzo Nino%@AE@% %@4@%, navigator of the Nina, one of Columbus' 3 ships on his%@EH@%
first voyage of discovery to the New World, 1492. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Rosa Parks%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1913, Montgomery Ala. Citizen arrested for refusing to move%@EH@%
to the back of the bus, Dec. 1, 1955, bringing a 382-day bus boycott led by
Martin Luther King Jr. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Frederick D. Patterson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1901-1988, founder of United Negro College Fund,%@EH@%
1944; Tuskegee Institute's third pres., 1935-1953. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Adam Clayton Powell%@AE@% %@4@%, 1908-1972, early civil rights leader, congressman,%@EH@%
1945-1969; chairman, House Committee on Education and Labor, 1960-1967. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Colin Powell%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1937, first black Natl. Security Advisor, 1987-88; first%@EH@%
black chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Joseph H. Rainey%@AE@% %@4@%, 1832-1887, first black elected to House of%@EH@%
Representatives, 1869, from South Carolina. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%A. Philip Randolph%@AE@% %@4@%,  1889-1979, organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car%@EH@%
Porters, 1925; organizer of 1941 and 1963 March on Washington movements;
vice president, AFL-CIO. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Charles Rangel%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1930, congressman from N.Y.C. from 1970; member, Ways%@EH@%
and Means Committee; chairman, Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse &
Control. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hiram R. Revels%@AE@% %@4@%, 1822-1901, first black U.S. senator, elected in%@EH@%
Mississippi, served 1870-1871. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lloyd Richards%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1922(?), first black to direct a Broadway play, 1959;%@EH@%
dean, Yale Univ. School of Drama & artistic director of Yale Repertory
Theatre, 1979-1991. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wilson C. Riles%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1917, elected, 1970, California State Superintendent of%@EH@%
Public Instruction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Norbert Rillieux%@AE@% %@4@%, 1806-1894; invented a vacuum pan evaporator, 1846,%@EH@%
revolutionizing the sugar-refining industry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Paul Robeson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1898-1976, actor and concert singer, graduated 1st in class%@EH@%
at Rutgers, 1918, Phi Beta Kappa; grad. Columbia Univ. law school, 1923;
associated with communist causes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Max Robinson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1939-1988, TV journalist, first black to anchor network news,%@EH@%
1978. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Carl T. Rowan%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1925, prize-winning journalist; director of the U.S.%@EH@%
Information Agency, 1964, the first black to sit on the National Security
Council; U. S. ambassador to Finland, 1963. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%John B. Russwurm%@AE@% %@4@%, 1799-1851, with %@AB@%Samuel E. Cornish%@AE@%, 1793-1858, founded,%@EH@%
1827, the nation's first black newspaper, Freedom's Journal, in N.Y.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bayard Rustin%@AE@% %@4@%, 1910-1987, organizer of the 1963 March on Washington;%@EH@%
executive director, A. Philip Randolph Institute. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Peter Salem%@AE@% %@4@%, at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, shot and killed%@EH@%
British commander Maj. John Pitcairn. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ntozake Shange%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1948, writer, %@AI@%For Colored Girls Who Have Considered%@EH@%
%@AI@%Suicide/When the Rainbow is Enuf.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bishop Stephen Spottswood%@AE@% %@4@%, 1897-1974, board chairman of NAACP, 1961-1974. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%The Rev. Leon H. Sullivan%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1922, economic development planner, first%@EH@%
black on General Motors Bd. of Directors. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Willard Townsend%@AE@% %@4@%, 1895-1957, organized the United Transport Service%@EH@%
Employees, 1935 (redcaps, etc.); vice pres. AFL-CIO. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sojourner Truth%@AE@% %@4@%, 1797-1883, born Isabella Baumfree; preacher, abolitonist;%@EH@%
raised funds for Union in Civil War; worked for black educational
opportunities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Harriet Tubman%@AE@% %@4@%, 1823-1913, Underground Railroad conductor served as nurse%@EH@%
and spy for Union Army in the Civil War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Nat Turner%@AE@% %@4@%, 1800-1831, led the most significant of over 200 slave revolts%@EH@%
in U.S., in Southampton, Va.; hanged. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alice Walker%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1944, novelist, essayist, %@AI@%The Color Purple.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Booker T. Washington%@AE@% %@4@%, 1856-1915, founder, 1881, and first president of%@EH@%
Tuskegee Institute; author, %@AI@%Up From Slavery.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Harold Washington%@AE@% %@4@%, 1922-1978, first black mayor of Chicago, from 1983 until%@EH@%
death. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dr. Robert C. Weaver%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1907, first black member of the U.S. Cabinet,%@EH@%
secretary, Dept. of HUD, 1966. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ida B. Wells (Barnett)%@AE@% %@4@%, 1862-1931, journalist who waged anti-lynching%@EH@%
crusade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Clifton R. Wharton Jr.%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1926, first black pres. of major U.S. univ.;%@EH@%
chancellor, nation's largest univ. system, 8 yrs.; chairman & CEO, country's
largest pension fund, 1987--. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Phillis Wheatley%@AE@% %@4@%, c. 1753-1784, poet; 2d American woman and first black%@EH@%
woman to have her works published, 1770. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bill White%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1934, first black baseball league president; named Natl.%@EH@%
League head, 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Walter White%@AE@% %@4@%, 1893-1955, exec. secretary, NAACP, 1931-1955. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%L. Douglas Wilder%@AE@% %@4@%, first black governor, elected Virginia chief executive%@EH@%
1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Roy Wilkins%@AE@% %@4@%,  1901-1981, exec. director, NAACP, 1955-1977. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dr. Daniel Hale Williams%@AE@% %@4@%, 1858-1931, performed one of first 2 open-heart%@EH@%
operations, 1893; founded Provident, Chicago's first Negro hospital; first
black elected a fellow of the American College of Surgeons. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%August Wilson%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1945, playwright, won 1987 Pulitzer Prize for %@AI@%Fences,%@AE@%%@EH@%
1990 Pultizer for %@AI@%The Piano Lesson.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Granville T. Woods%@AE@% %@4@%, 1856-1910, invented the third-rail system now used in%@EH@%
subways, a complex railway telegraph device that helped reduce train
accidents, and an automatic air brake. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dr. Carter G. Woodson%@AE@% %@4@%, 1875-1950, historian; founded Assn. for the Study of%@EH@%
Negro Life and History, 1915, and Journal of Negro History, 1916. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Richard Wright%@AE@% %@4@%, 1908-1960, novelist; %@AI@%Native Son, Black Boy.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Frank Yerby%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1916, first best-selling American black novelist; %@AI@%The Foxes%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Harrow, Vixen.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Andrew Young%@AE@% %@4@%, b. 1932, civil rights leader, congressman from Georgia, U.S.%@EH@%
ambassador to the United Nations, 1977-79; mayor of Atlanta, 1982-. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Whitney M. Young Jr.%@AE@% %@4@%, 1921-1971, exec. director, 1961, National Urban%@EH@%
League; author, lecturer, newspaper columnist. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%About 5,000 blacks served in the Continental Army during the %@AB@%American%@EH@%
%@AB@%Revolution,%@AE@% mostly in integrated units, some in all-black combat units. Some
200,000 blacks served in the Union Army during the %@AB@%Civil War;%@AE@% 38,000 gave
their lives; 22 won the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest award. Of
367,000 blacks in the armed forces during %@AB@%World War I,%@AE@% 100,000 served in
France. More than 1,000,000 blacks served in the armed forces during %@AB@%World
%@AB@%War II;%@AE@% all-black fighter and bomber AAF units and infantry divisions gave
distinguished service. In 1954 the policy of all-black units was finally
abolished. Of 274,937 blacks who served in the armed forces during the
%@AB@%Vietnam War%@AE@% (1965-1974), 5,681 were killed in combat.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As of Jan., 1989, there were 299 black mayors, 2,882 members of municipal%@EH@%
governing boards, 416 state legislators, and 24 U.S. representatives. There
were then 7,226 blacks holding elected office in the U.S. and Virgin
Islands, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year, according to a survey
by the Joint Center for Political Studies, Washington, D.C.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Notable Living American Fiction Writers and Playwrights%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  110  6965 02 55 21 @%Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams, Alice (Fredericksburg, Va.)                     8/14/26Albee, Edward (Washington, D.C.)                       3/12/28Asimov, Isaac (Petrovichi, Russia)                     1/2/20Auchincloss, Louis (Lawrence, N.Y.)                    9/27/17Barth, John (Cambridge, Md.)                           5/27/30Beattie, Ann (Washington, D.C.)                        9/7/47Bellow, Saul (Quebec, Canada)                          7/10/15Benchley, Peter (New York, N.Y.)                       5/8/40Berger, Thomas (Cincinnati, Oh.)                       7/20/24Blume, Judy (Elizabeth, N.J.)                          2/12/38 Bradbury, Ray (Waukegan, Ill.)                         8/22/20Brooks, Gwendolyn (Topeka, Kan.)                       6/7/17Calisher, Hortense (New York, N.Y.)                    12/20/11Clark, Mary Higgins (New York, N.Y.)                   12/24/31Clavell, James (England)                               10/10/24Cleary, Beverly (McMinnville, Ore.)                    1916Connell, Evan S. (Kansas City, Mo.)                    8/17/24Conroy, Pat (Atlanta, Ga.)                             10/26/45Crews, Harry (Alma, Ga.)                               6/6/35Crichton, Michael (Chicago, Ill.)                      10/23/42Dailey, Janet (Storm Lake, Ia.)                        5/21/44De Vries, Peter (Chicago, Ill.)                        2/27/10Didion, Joan (Sacramento, Cal.)                        12/5/34Doctorow, E. L. (New York, N.Y.)                       1/6/31Dunne, John Gregory (Hartford, Conn.)                  5/25/32Elkin, Stanley (New York, N.Y.)                        5/11/30Ellison, Ralph (Oklahoma City, Okla.)                  3/1/14Fast, Howard (New York, N.Y.)                          11/11/14Fox, Paula (New York, N.Y.)                            4/22/23French, Marilyn (New York, N.Y.)                       11/21/29Fuller, Charles (Philadelphia, Pa.)                    3/5/39Gaddis, William (New York, N.Y.)                       1922Geisel, Theodore ("Dr. Seuss," Springfield, Mass.)     3/2/04 Gilroy, Frank (New York, N.Y.)                         10/13/25Godwin, Gail (Birmingham, Ala.)                        6/18/37Gold, Herbert (Cleveland, Oh.)                         3/9/24Goldman, William (Chicago, Ill.)                       8/12/31Gordon, Mary (Long Island, N.Y.)                       12/8/49Grau, Shirley Ann (New Orleans, La.)                   7/8/29Guare, John (New York, N.Y.)                           2/5/38Hailey, Arthur (Luton, England)                        4/5/20Haley, Alex (Ithaca, N.Y.)                             8/11/21Hawkes, John (Stamford, Conn.)                         8/17/25Heller, Joseph (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                        5/1/23Helprin, Mark (New York, N.Y.)                         6/28/47Hersey, John (Tientsin, China)                         6/17/14Hinton, S.E. (Tulsa, Okla.)                            1948Irving, John (Exeter, N.H.)                            3/2/42Jong, Erica (New York, N.Y.)                           3/26/42Kennedy, William (Albany, N.Y.)                        1/16/28Kerr, Jean (Scranton, Pa.)                             7/10/23King, Stephen (Portland, Me.)                          9/21/47Knowles, John (Fairmont, W. Va.)                       9/16/26Kosinski, Jerzy (Lodz, Poland)                         6/14/33Krantz, Judith (New York, N.Y.)                        1/9/28LeGuin, Ursula (Berkeley, Cal.)                        10/21/29L'Engle, Madeleine (New York, N.Y.)                    11/29/18Leonard, Elmore (New Orleans, La.)                     10/11/25Levin, Ira (New York, N.Y.)                            8/27/29Ludlum, Robert (New York, N.Y.)                        5/25/27Lurie, Alison (Chicago, Ill.)                          9/3/26Mailer, Norman (Long Branch, N.J.)                     1/31/23Mamet, David (Chicago, Ill.)                           11/30/47McGuane, Thomas (Wyandotte, Mich.)                     12/11/39McMurtry, Larry (Wichita Falls, Tex.)                  6/3/36Michener, James A. (New York, N.Y.)                    2/3/07Miller, Arthur (New York, N.Y.)                        10/17/15Morris, Wright (Central City, Neb.)                    1/6/10Morrison, Toni (Lorain, Oh.)                           -- Oates, Joyce Carol (Lockport, N.Y.)                    6/16/38Ozick, Cynthia (New York, N.Y.)                        4/17/28Paley, Grace (New York, N.Y.)                          12/11/22Percy, Walker (Birmingham, Ala.)                       5/28/16Piercy, Marge (Detroit, Mich.)                         3/31/36Potok, Chaim (New York, N.Y.)                          2/17/29Price, Reynolds (Macon, N.C.)                          2/1/33Puzo, Mario (New York, N.Y.)                           10/15/20Pynchon, Thomas (Glen Cove, N.Y.)                      5/8/37Rabe, David (Dubuque, Ia.)                             3/10/40Reed, Ishmael (Chattanooga, Tenn.)                     2/22/38Roth, Henry (Austria-Hungary)                          2/8/06Roth, Philip (Newark, N.J.)                            3/19/33Salinger, J. D. (New York, N.Y.)                       1/1/19Sanders, Lawrence (New York, N.Y.)                     1920Sendak, Maurice (New York, N.Y.)                       6/10/28Shepard, Sam (Ft. Sheridan, Ill.)                      11/5/43Simon, Neil (New York, N.Y.)                           7/4/27Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Radzymin, Poland)              7/14/04Spillane, Mickey (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                      3/9/18Stegner, Wallace (Lake Mills, Ia.)                     2/18/09Stern, Richard (New York, N.Y.)                        2/25/28Stone, Irving (San Francisco, Cal.)                    7/14/03Stone, Robert (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                         8/21/37Taylor, Peter (Trenton, Tenn.)                         1/8/17Theroux, Paul (Medford, Mass.)                         4/10/41Tyler, Anne (Minneapolis, Minn.)                       10/25/41Updike, John (Shillington, Pa.)                        3/18/32Uris, Leon (Baltimore, Md.)                            8/3/24Vidal, Gore (West Point, N.Y.)                         10/3/25Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. (Indianapolis, Ind.)                11/11/22Walker, Alice (Eatonton, Ga.)                          1944Wambaugh, Joseph (East Pittsburgh, Pa.)                1/22/37Welty, Eudora (Jackson, Miss.)                         4/13/09Wilson, August (Pittsburgh, Pa.)                       4/27/45Wilson, Lanford (Lebanon, Mo.)                         4/13/37Wolfe, Tom (Richmond, Va.)                             3/2/31Wolff, Tobias (Birmingham, Ala.)                       6/19/45Wouk, Herman (New York, N.Y.)                          5/27/15%@TE:  110  6965 02 55 21 @%

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%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%American Architects and Some of Their Achievements %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Abramovitz,%@AE@% b. 1908, Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Bacon,%@AE@% 1866-1924, Lincoln Memorial. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pietro Belluschi,%@AE@% b. 1899, Juilliard School of Music, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marcel Breuer,%@AE@% 1902-1981, Whitney Museum of American Art, N.Y.C. (with%@EH@%
Hamilton Smith). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Bulfinch,%@AE@% 1763-1844, State House, Boston;  Capitol, Wash. D.C.,%@EH@%
(part). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gordon Bunshaft,%@AE@% b. 1909, Lever House, Park Ave, N.Y.C.;  Hirshhorn Museum,%@EH@%
Wash., D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel H. Burnham,%@AE@% 1846-1912, Union Station, Wash. D.C.;  Flatiron, N.Y.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Irwin Chanin,%@AE@% 1892-1988, New York City theaters,  skyscrapers. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ralph Adams Cram,%@AE@% 1863-1942, Cathedral of St. John the  Divine, N.Y.C.; U.S.%@EH@%
Military Academy (part). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%R. Buckminster Fuller,%@AE@% 1895-1983, U.S. Pavilion, Expo 67,  Montreal%@EH@%
(geodesic domes). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cass Gilbert,%@AE@% 1859-1934, Custom House, Woolworth Bldg.,  N.Y.C.; Supreme%@EH@%
Court bldg., Wash., D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bertram G. Goodhue,%@AE@% 1869-1924, Capitol, Lincoln, Neb.;  St. Thomas, St.%@EH@%
Bartholomew, N.Y.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter Gropius,%@AE@% 1883-1969, Pan Am Building, N.Y.C. (with  Pietro Belluschi).%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Harrison,%@AE@% 1716-1775, Touro Synagogue, Redwood  Library, Newport, R.I. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wallace K. Harrison,%@AE@% 1895-1981, Metropolitan Opera House,  Lincoln Center,%@EH@%
N.Y.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Hastings,%@AE@% 1860-1929, Public Library, Frick  Mansion, N.Y.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Hoban,%@AE@% 1762-1831, The White House. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Raymond Hood,%@AE@% 1881-1934, Rockefeller Center, N.Y.C.  (part); Daily News,%@EH@%
N.Y.C.; Tribune, Chicago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard M. Hunt,%@AE@% 1827-1895, Metropolitan Museum, N.Y.C.  (part); Natl.%@EH@%
Observatory, Wash., D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Le Baron Jenney,%@AE@% 1832-1907, Home Insurance,  Chicago (demolished%@EH@%
1931). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philip C. Johnson,%@AE@% b. 1906, N.Y. State Theater, Lincoln  Center, N.Y.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Kahn,%@AE@% 1869-1942, Athletic Club Bldg., General  Motors Bldg., Detroit.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Kahn,%@AE@% 1901-1974, Salk Laboratory, La Jolla, Cal.;  Yale Art Gallery. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christopher Grant LaFarge,%@AE@% 1862-1938, Roman Catholic  Chapel, West Point. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benjamin H. Latrobe,%@AE@% 1764-1820, U.S. Capitol (part). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Lescaze,%@AE@% 1896-1969, Philadelphia Savings Fund  Society; Borg-Warner%@EH@%
Bldg., Chicago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernard R. Maybeck,%@AE@% 1862-1957, Hearst Hall, Chick House,  Univ. of Cal.,%@EH@%
First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles F. McKim,%@AE@% 1847-1909, Public Library, Boston,  Columbia Univ., N.Y.C.%@EH@%
(part). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles M. McKim,%@AE@% b. 1920, KUHT-TV Transmitter Building,  Houston; Lutheran%@EH@%
Church of the Redeemer, Houston. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,%@AE@% 1886-1969, Seagram Building,  N.Y.C. (with Philip%@EH@%
C. Johnson); National Gallery, Berlin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Mills,%@AE@% 1781-1855, Washington Monument. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard J. Neutra,%@AE@% 1892-1970, Mathematics Park,  Princeton; Orange Co.%@EH@%
Courthouse, Santa Ana, Cal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gyo Obata,%@AE@% b. 1923, Natl. Air & Space Mus., Smithsonian  Institution;%@EH@%
Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederick L. Olmsted,%@AE@% 1822-1903, Central Park,  N.Y.C.; Fairmount Park,%@EH@%
Philadelphia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%I(eoh) M(ing) Pei,%@AE@% b. 1917, National  Center for Atmospheric Research,%@EH@%
Boulder, Col.; East Wing, Natl. Gallery of Art, Wash.,  D.C.; Pyramid, The
Louvre, Paris. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Pereira,%@AE@% 1909-1985, Cape Canaveral; Transamerica  Bldg., San%@EH@%
Francisco. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Russell Pope,%@AE@% 1874-1937, National Gallery. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Browne Post,%@AE@% 1837-1913, New York Stock Exchange,  Wisconsin state%@EH@%
capitol. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Portman,%@AE@% b. 1924, Peachtree Center, Atlanta. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Renwick Jr.,%@AE@% 1818-1895, Grace Church, St.  Patrick's Cathedral,%@EH@%
N.Y.C.; Smithsonian, Corcoran Galleries,  Wash., D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry H. Richardson,%@AE@% 1838-1886, Trinity Church, Boston. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kevin Roche,%@AE@% b. 1922, Oakland Cal. Museum; Fine Arts  Center, U. of Mass. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Gamble Rogers,%@AE@% 1867-1947, Columbia-Presbyterian  Medical Center,%@EH@%
N.Y.C.; Northwestern Univ., Chicago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Wellborn Root,%@AE@% 1887-1963, Palmolive Building,  Chicago; Hotel Statler,%@EH@%
Washington; Hotel Tamanaco, Caracas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Rudolph,%@AE@% b. 1918, Jewitt Art Center, Wellesley  College; Art &%@EH@%
Architecture Bldg., Yale. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles M. Russell,%@AE@% 1866-1926, Western life. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eero Saarinen,%@AE@% 1910-1961, Gateway to the West Arch, St.  Louis; Trans World%@EH@%
Flight Center, N.Y.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Skidmore,%@AE@% 1897-1962, AEC town site, Oak Ridge,  Tenn.; Terrace Plaza%@EH@%
Hotel, Cincinnati. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clarence S. Stein,%@AE@% 1882-1975, Temple Emanu-El, N.Y.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Durell Stone,%@AE@% 1902-1978, U.S. Embassy, New  Delhi, India; (H.%@EH@%
Hartford) Gallery of Modern Art, N.Y.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis H. Sullivan,%@AE@% 1856-1924, Auditorium, Chicago. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Upjohn,%@AE@% 1802-1878, Trinity Church, N.Y.C. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ralph T. Walker,%@AE@% 1889-1973, N.Y. Telephone Hdqrs.,  N.Y.C.; IBM Research%@EH@%
Lab., Poughkeepsie, N.Y. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roland A. Wank,%@AE@% 1898-1970, Cincinnati Union Terminal;  head architect TVA,%@EH@%
1933-44. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stanford White,%@AE@% 1853-1906, Washington Arch; first  Madison Square Garden,%@EH@%
N.Y.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank Lloyd Wright,%@AE@% 1867 (or 1869)-1959, Imperial Hotel,  Tokyo; Guggenheim%@EH@%
Museum, N.Y.C.; Unity Church, Oak Park, Ill; Robie  House, Chicago;
Taliesin, Wis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Wurster,%@AE@% 1895-1973, Ghirardelli Sq., San  Francisco; Cowell College,%@EH@%
U. Cal., Berkeley. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Minoru Yamasaki,%@AE@% 1912-1986, World Trade Center, N.Y.C.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Noted American Cartoonists %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Addams,%@AE@% 1912-1988, macabre cartoons. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brad Anderson,%@AE@% b. 1924, Marmaduke. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Arno,%@AE@% 1904-1968, urban characterizations. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tex Avery,%@AE@% 1908-1980, %@AB@%Friz Freleng,%@AE@% b. 1905?, %@AB@%Chuck  Jones,%@AE@% b. 1912,%@EH@%
animators of Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Daffy  Duck. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Baker,%@AE@% 1915-1975, The Sad Sack. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C. C. Beck,%@AE@% b. 1910, Captain Marvel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jim Berry,%@AE@% b. 1932, Berry's World. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herb Block (Herblock),%@AE@% b. 1909, leading political  cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Booth,%@AE@% b. 1926, %@AI@%New Yorker%@AE@% cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Berke Breathed,%@AE@% b. 1957, Bloom County. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clare Briggs,%@AE@% 1875-1930, Mr. & Mrs. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dik Browne,%@AE@% 1917-1989, Hi & Lois, Hagar the Horrible. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernie Bushmiller,%@AE@% 1905-1982, Nancy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Milton Caniff,%@AE@% 1907-1988, Terry & the Pirates; Steve  Canyon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Al Capp,%@AE@% 1909-1979, Li'l Abner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Conrad,%@AE@% 1924, political cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roy Crane,%@AE@% 1901-1977, Captain Easy; Buz Sawyer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Crumb,%@AE@% b. 1943, "Underground" cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jay N. Darling (Ding),%@AE@% 1876-1962, political cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jim Davis,%@AE@% b. 1945, Garfield. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billy DeBeck,%@AE@% 1890-1942, Barney Google. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rudolph Dirks,%@AE@% 1877-1968, The Katzenjammer Kids. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walt Disney,%@AE@% 1901-1966, producer of animated cartoons; created Mickey Mouse%@EH@%
& Donald Duck. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Steve Ditko,%@AE@% b. 1927, Spider-Man. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mort Drucker,%@AE@% b. 1929, %@AI@%Mad%@AE@% magazine. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jules Feiffer,%@AE@% b. 1929, satirical %@AI@%Village Voice%@AE@% cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bud Fisher,%@AE@% 1884-1954, Mutt & Jeff. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ham Fisher,%@AE@% 1900-1955, Joe Palooka. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Montgomery Flagg,%@AE@% 1877-1960, illustrator; created  the famous Uncle%@EH@%
Sam recruiting poster during WWI. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Fleischer,%@AE@% 1883-1972, creator of Betty Boop, Popeye cartoons. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hal Foster,%@AE@% 1892-1982, Tarzan; Prince Valiant. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fontaine Fox,%@AE@% 1884-1964, Toonerville Folks. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rube Goldberg,%@AE@% 1883-1970, Boob McNutt. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chester Gould,%@AE@% 1900-1985, Dick Tracy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harold Gray,%@AE@% 1894-1968, Little Orphan Annie. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Matt Groenig,%@AE@% b. 1954, Life is Hell, The Simpsons. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cathy Guisewite,%@AE@% b. 1950, Cathy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bill Hanna,%@AE@% b. 1910, & %@AB@%Joe Barbera,%@AE@% b. 1911, animators of Tom & Jerry,%@EH@%
Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Flintstones. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnny Hart,%@AE@% b. 1931, BC, Wizard of Id. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy Hatlo,%@AE@% 1898-1963, Little Iodine. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Held Jr.,%@AE@% 1889-1958, "Jazz Age" cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Herriman,%@AE@% 1881-1944, Krazy Kat. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harry Hershfield,%@AE@% 1885-1974, Abie the Agent. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Al Hirschfeld,%@AE@% b. 1903, N.Y. Times theater caricaturist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Burne Hogarth,%@AE@% b. 1911, Tarzan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Helen Hokinson,%@AE@% 1900-1949, satirized clubwomen. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bil Keane,%@AE@% b. 1922, The Family Circus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walt Kelly,%@AE@% 1913-1973, Pogo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hank Ketcham,%@AE@% b. 1920, Dennis the Menace. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ted Key,%@AE@% b. 1912, Hazel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank King,%@AE@% 1883-1969, Gasoline Alley. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Kirby,%@AE@% b. 1917, Fantastic Four. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rollin Kirby,%@AE@% 1875-1952, political cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%B(ernard) Kliban,%@AE@% b. 1935, cat books. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Koren,%@AE@% b. 1935, New Yorker woolly characters. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter Lantz,%@AE@% b. 1900, Woody Woodpecker. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gary Larson,%@AE@% b. 1950, The Far Side. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mell Lazarus,%@AE@% b. 1929, Momma, Miss Peach. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stan Lee,%@AE@% b. 1922, Marvel Comics. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Don Martin,%@AE@% b. 1931, %@AI@%Mad%@AE@% magazine. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bill Mauldin,%@AE@% b. 1921, depicted squalid life of the G.I. in WWII. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jeff MacNelly,%@AE@% b. 1947, political cartoonist, and strip Shoe. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Winsor McCay,%@AE@% 1872-1934, Little Nemo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John T. McCutcheon,%@AE@% 1870-1949, midwestern rural life. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George McManus,%@AE@% 1884-1954, Bringing Up Father. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dale Messick,%@AE@% b. 1906, Brenda Starr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Norman Mingo,%@AE@% 1896-1980, Alfred E. Neuman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Montana,%@AE@% 1920-1975, Archie. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dick Moores,%@AE@% 1909-1986, Gasoline Alley. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Willard Mullin,%@AE@% 1902-1978, sports cartoonist; created Dodgers "Bum" and Mets%@EH@%
"Kid". %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russell Myers,%@AE@% b. 1938, Broom Hilda. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Nast,%@AE@% 1840-1902, political cartoonist; created the Democratic donkey%@EH@%
and Republican elephant. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pat Oliphant,%@AE@% b. 1935, political cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederick Burr Opper,%@AE@% 1857-1937, Happy Hooligan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Outcault,%@AE@% 1863-1928, Yellow Kid; Buster Brown. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mike Peters,%@AE@% b. 1943, editorial cartoons; Mother Goose & Grimm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Price,%@AE@% b. 1901, New Yorker lower-class life. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alex Raymond,%@AE@% 1909-1956, Flash Gordon; Jungle Jim. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Art Sansom,%@AE@% b. 1920, The Born Loser. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Schulz,%@AE@% b. 1922, Peanuts. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elzie C. Segar,%@AE@% 1894-1938, Popeye. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jerry Siegel,%@AE@% b. 1914, & %@AB@%Joe Shuster,%@AE@% b. 1914, Superman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sydney Smith,%@AE@% 1887-1935, The Gumps. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Otto Soglow,%@AE@% 1900-1975, Little King; Canyon Kiddies. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Steig,%@AE@% b. 1907, %@AI@%New Yorker%@AE@% cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Swinnerton,%@AE@% 1875-1974, Little Jimmy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Terry,%@AE@% 1887-1971, animator of Mighty Mouse. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Thaves,%@AE@% b. 1924, Frank and Ernest. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Thurber,%@AE@% 1894-1961, %@AI@%New Yorker%@AE@% cartoonist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Garry Trudeau,%@AE@% b. 1948, Doonesbury. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mort Walker,%@AE@% b. 1923, Beetle Bailey. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bill Watterson,%@AE@% b. 1958, Calvin and Hobbes. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russ Westover,%@AE@% 1887-1966, Tillie the Toiler. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank Willard,%@AE@% 1893-1958, Moon Mullins. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J. R. Williams,%@AE@% 1888-1957, The Willets Family; Out Our Way. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gahan Wilson,%@AE@% b. 1930, cartoonist of the macabre. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tom Wilson,%@AE@% b. 1931, Ziggy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Art Young,%@AE@% 1866-1943, political radical and satirist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chic Young,%@AE@% 1901-1973, Blondie. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Noted Political Leaders of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(U.S. presidents and most vice presidents, Supreme Court justices, signers%@EH@%
%@AS@%of Declaration of Independence, listed elsewhere.) %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Abu Bakr,%@AE@% 573-634, Mohammedan leader, first caliph, chosen successor to%@EH@%
Mohammed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dean Acheson,%@AE@% 1893-1971, (U.S.) secretary of state, chief architect of cold%@EH@%
war foreign policy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Adams,%@AE@% 1722-1803, (U.S.) patriot, Boston Tea Party firebrand. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Konrad Adenauer,%@AE@% 1876-1967, (G.) West German chancellor. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emilio Aguinaldo,%@AE@% 1869-1964, (Philip.) revolutionary, fought against Spain%@EH@%
and the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Akbar,%@AE@% 1542-1605, greatest Mogul emperor of India. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salvador Allende Gossens,%@AE@% 1908-1973, (Chil.) president, advocate of%@EH@%
democratic socialism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herbert H. Asquith,%@AE@% 1852-1928, (Br.) Liberal prime minister, instituted an%@EH@%
advanced program of social reform. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atahualpa,%@AE@% ?-1533, Inca (ruling chief) of Peru. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kemal Ataturk,%@AE@% 1881-1938, (Turk.) founded modern Turkey. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clement Attlee,%@AE@% 1883-1967, (Br.) Labour party leader, prime minister,%@EH@%
enacted national health, nationalized many industries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen F. Austin,%@AE@% 1793-1836, (U.S.) led Texas colonization. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mikhail Bakunin,%@AE@% 1814-1876, (R.) revolutionary, leading exponent of%@EH@%
anarchism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur J. Balfour,%@AE@% 1848-1930, (Br.) as foreign secretary  under Lloyd George%@EH@%
issued Balfour Declaration expressing  official British approval of Zionism.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernard M. Baruch,%@AE@% 1870-1965, (U.S.) financier, gvt.  adviser. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar,%@AE@% 1901-1973, (Cub.)  ruler overthrown by Castro.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lord Beaverbrook,%@AE@% 1879-1964, (Br.) financier, statesman,  newspaper owner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eduard Benes,%@AE@% 1884-1948, (Czech.) president during  interwar and post-WW II%@EH@%
eras. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Ben-Gurion,%@AE@% 1886-1973, (Isr.) first premier of  Israel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Hart Benton,%@AE@% 1782-1858, (U.S.) Missouri senator,  championed agrarian%@EH@%
interests and westward expansion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lavrenti Beria,%@AE@% 1899-1953, (USSR) Communist leader  prominent in political%@EH@%
purges under Stalin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aneurin Bevan,%@AE@% 1897-1960, (Br.) Labour party leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest Bevin,%@AE@% 1881-1951, (Br.) Labour party leader,  foreign minister,%@EH@%
helped lay foundation for NATO. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Otto von Bismarck,%@AE@% 1815-1898, (G.) statesman known as  the Iron Chancellor,%@EH@%
uniter of Germany, 1870. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James G. Blaine,%@AE@% 1830-1893, (U.S.) Republican  politician, diplomat,%@EH@%
influential in launching Pan-American  movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leon Blum,%@AE@% 1872-1950, (F.) socialist leader, writer,  headed first Popular%@EH@%
Front government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Simon Bolivar,%@AE@% 1783-1830, (Venez.) South  American revolutionary who%@EH@%
liberated much of the continent from  Spanish rule. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William E. Borah,%@AE@% 1865-1940, (U.S.) isolationist  senator, instrumental in%@EH@%
blocking U.S. membership in League of  Nations and the World Court. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cesare Borgia,%@AE@% 1476-1507, (It.) soldier, politician, an  outstanding figure%@EH@%
of the Italian Renaissance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leonid Brezhnev,%@AE@% 1906-1982, (USSR) leader of the Soviet Union,  1964-82. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aristide Briand,%@AE@% 1862-1932, (F.) foreign minister, chief  architect of%@EH@%
Locarno Pact and anti-war Kellogg-Briand Pact. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Jennings Bryan,%@AE@% 1860-1925, (U.S.) Democratic,  populist leader,%@EH@%
orator, 3 times lost race for presidency. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nikolai Bukharin,%@AE@% 1888-1938, (USSR) communist leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William C. Bullitt,%@AE@% 1891-1967, (U.S.) diplomat, first  ambassador to USSR,%@EH@%
ambassador to France. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ralph Bunche,%@AE@% 1904-1971, (U.S.) a founder and key  diplomat of United%@EH@%
Nations for more than 20 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John C. Calhoun,%@AE@% 1782-1850, (U.S.) political leader,  champion of states'%@EH@%
rights and a symbol of the Old South. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Castlereagh,%@AE@% 1769-1822, (Br.) foreign secy, guided Grand  Alliance%@EH@%
against Napoleon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Camillo Benso Cavour,%@AE@% 1810-1861, (It.) statesman,  largely responsible for%@EH@%
uniting Italy under the House of Savoy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nicolae Ceausescu,%@AE@% 1918-1989, Rumanian Communist leader, head  of state from%@EH@%
1967-1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Austen Chamberlain,%@AE@% 1863-1937, (Br.)  Conservative party  leader, largely%@EH@%
responsible for Locarno Pact of 1925. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Neville Chamberlain,%@AE@% 1869-1940, (Br.) Conservative prime  minister whose%@EH@%
appeasement of Hitler led to Munich Pact. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salmon P. Chase,%@AE@% 1808-1873, (U.S.) public official,  abolitionist, jurist,%@EH@%
6th Supreme Court chief justice. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chiang Kai-shek,%@AE@% 1887-1975, (Chin.) Nationalist Chinese  president whose%@EH@%
govt. was driven from mainland to Taiwan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chou En-lai,%@AE@% 1898-1976, (Chin.) diplomat, prime  minister, a leading figure%@EH@%
of the Chinese Communist party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Winston Churchill,%@AE@% 1874-1965, (Br.) prime minister,  soldier, author, guided%@EH@%
Britain through WW II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Galeazzo Ciano,%@AE@% 1903-1944, (It.) fascist foreign  minister, helped create%@EH@%
Rome-Berlin Axis, executed by Mussolini. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Clay,%@AE@% 1777-1852, (U.S.) "The Great  Compromiser," one of most%@EH@%
influential pre-Civil War  political leaders. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georges Clemenceau,%@AE@% 1841-1929, (F.) twice premier,  Wilson's chief%@EH@%
antagonist at Paris Peace Conference after WW I. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%DeWitt Clinton,%@AE@% 1769-1828, (U.S.) political leader,  responsible for%@EH@%
promoting idea of the Erie Canal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Clive,%@AE@% 1725-1774, (Br.) first administrator of  Bengal, laid%@EH@%
foundation for British Empire in India. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Baptiste Colbert,%@AE@% 1619-1683, (F.) statesman,  influential under Louis%@EH@%
XIV, created the French navy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oliver Cromwell,%@AE@% 1599-1658, (Br.) Lord Protector of  England, led%@EH@%
parliamentary forces during Civil War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Curzon of Kedleston,%@AE@% 1859-1925, (Br.) viceroy of India,  foreign secretary,%@EH@%
major force in dealing with post-WW I  problems in Europe and Far East. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edouard Daladier,%@AE@% 1884-1970, (F.) radical socialist  politician, arrested by%@EH@%
Vichy, interned by Germans until  liberation in 1945. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georges Danton,%@AE@% 1759-1794, (F.) a leading figure in the  French Revolution. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jefferson Davis,%@AE@% 1808-1889, (U.S.) president of the  Confederate States of%@EH@%
America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles G. Dawes,%@AE@% 1865-1951, (U.S.) statesman, banker,  advanced Dawes Plan%@EH@%
to stabilize post-WW I German finances. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alcide De Gasperi,%@AE@% 1881-1954, (It.) premier, founder of  the Christian%@EH@%
Democratic party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles DeGaulle,%@AE@% 1890-1970, (F.) general, statesman,  and first president%@EH@%
of the Fifth Republic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eamon De Valera,%@AE@% 1882-1975, (Ir.-U.S.) statesman, led  fight for Irish%@EH@%
independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas E. Dewey,%@AE@% 1902-1971, (U.S.) New York governor,  twice loser in try%@EH@%
for presidency. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ngo Dinh Diem,%@AE@% 1901-1963, (Viet.) South Vietnamese  president, assassinated%@EH@%
in government take-over. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Everett M. Dirksen,%@AE@% 1896-1969, (U.S.) Senate Republican  minority leader,%@EH@%
orator. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benjamin Disraeli,%@AE@% 1804-1881, (Br.) prime minister,  considered founder of%@EH@%
modern Conservative party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Engelbert Dollfuss,%@AE@% 1892-1934, (Aus.) chancellor,  assassinated by Austrian%@EH@%
Nazis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrea Doria,%@AE@% 1466-1560, (It.) Genoese admiral,  statesman, called "Father%@EH@%
of Peace" and "Liberator of  Genoa."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen A. Douglas,%@AE@% 1813-1861, (U.S.) Democratic  leader, orator, opposed%@EH@%
Lincoln for the presidency. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Foster Dulles,%@AE@% 1888-1959, (U.S.) secretary of state  under Eisenhower,%@EH@%
cold war policy maker. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Friedrich Ebert,%@AE@% 1871-1925, (G.) Social Democratic  movement leader,%@EH@%
instrumental in bringing about Weimar  constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sir Anthony Eden,%@AE@% 1897-1977, (Br.) foreign secretary,  prime minister during%@EH@%
Suez invasion of 1956. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ludwig Erhard,%@AE@% 1897-1977, (G.) economist, West German  chancellor, led%@EH@%
nation's economic rise after WW II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hamilton Fish,%@AE@% 1808-1893, (U.S.) secretary of state,  successfully mediated%@EH@%
disputes with Great Britain, Latin  America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James V. Forrestal,%@AE@% 1892-1949, (U.S.) secretary of navy,  first secretary of%@EH@%
defense. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francisco Franco,%@AE@% 1892-1975, (Sp.) leader of rebel  forces during Spanish%@EH@%
Civil War and dictator of Spain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benjamin Franklin,%@AE@% 1706-1790, (U.S.) printer, publisher,  author, inventor,%@EH@%
scientist, diplomat. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis de Frontenac,%@AE@% 1620-1698, (F.) governor of New  France (Canada);%@EH@%
encouraged explorations, fought Iroquois. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hugh Gaitskell,%@AE@% 1906-1963, (Br.) Labour party leader,  major force in%@EH@%
reversing its stand for unilateral disarmament. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Gallatin,%@AE@% 1761-1849, (U.S.) secretary of  treasury who was%@EH@%
instrumental in negotiating end of War of 1812. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leon Gambetta,%@AE@% 1838-1882, (F.) statesman,  politician, one of the founders%@EH@%
of the Third Republic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Indira Gandhi,%@AE@% 1917-1984, (Ind.) succeeded father, Jawaharlal  Nehru, as%@EH@%
prime minister, assassinated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mohandas K. Gandhi,%@AE@% 1869-1948, (Ind.) political leader,  ascetic, led%@EH@%
nationalist movement against British rule. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giuseppe Garibaldi,%@AE@% 1807-1882, (It.) patriot, soldier, a  leading figure in%@EH@%
the Risorgimento, the Italian unification  movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Genghis Khan,%@AE@% c. 1167-1227, brilliant Mongol conqueror,  ruler of vast Asian%@EH@%
empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William E. Gladstone,%@AE@% 1809-1898, (Br.) prime minister 4  times, dominant%@EH@%
force of Liberal party from 1868 to 1894. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Joseph Goebbels,%@AE@% 1897-1945, (G.) Nazi propagandist,  master of mass%@EH@%
psychology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Klement Gottwald,%@AE@% 1896-1953, (Czech.) communist leader  ushered communism%@EH@%
into his country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Che (Ernesto) Guevara,%@AE@% 1928-1967, (Arg.) guerilla  leader, prominent in%@EH@%
Cuban revolution, killed in Bolivia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Haile Selassie,%@AE@% 1891-1975, (Eth.) emperor, maintained  monarchy through%@EH@%
invasion, occupation, internal resistance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander Hamilton,%@AE@% 1755-1804, (U.S.) first treasury  secretary, champion of%@EH@%
strong central government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dag Hammarskjold,%@AE@% 1905-1961, (Swed.) statesman, UN  secretary general. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Hancock,%@AE@% 1737-1793, (U.S.) revolutionary leader,  first signer of%@EH@%
Declaration of Independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Hay,%@AE@% 1838-1905, (U.S.) secretary of state,  primarily associated with%@EH@%
Open Door Policy toward China. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Patrick Henry,%@AE@% 1736-1799, (U.S.) major revolutionary  figure, remarkable%@EH@%
orator. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edouard Herriot,%@AE@% 1872-1957, (F.) Radical Socialist  leader, twice premier,%@EH@%
president of National Assembly. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Theodor Herzl,%@AE@% 1860-1904, (Aus.) founder of modern  Zionism. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heinrich Himmler,%@AE@% 1900-1945, (G.) chief of Nazi SS and  Gestapo, primarily%@EH@%
responsible for the Holocaust. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul von Hindenburg,%@AE@% 1847-1934, (G.) field marshal,  president. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hirohito,%@AE@% 1902-1989; emperor of Japan from 1926. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Adolf Hitler,%@AE@% 1889-1945, (G.) dictator, founder of  National Socialism. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ho Chi Minh,%@AE@% 1890-1969, (Viet.) North Vietnamese  president, Vietnamese%@EH@%
Communist leader, national hero. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harry L. Hopkins,%@AE@% 1890-1946, (U.S.) New Deal  administrator, closest adviser%@EH@%
to FDR during WW II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward M. House,%@AE@% 1858-1938, (U.S.) diplomat,  confidential adviser to%@EH@%
Woodrow Wilson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Houston,%@AE@% 1793-1863, (U.S.) leader of struggle to  win control of%@EH@%
Texas from Mexico. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cordell Hull,%@AE@% 1871-1955, (U.S.) secretary of state,  initiated reciprocal%@EH@%
trade to lower tariffs, helped organize UN. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hubert H. Humphrey,%@AE@% 1911-1978, (U.S.) Minnesota  Democrat, senator, vice%@EH@%
president, spent 32 years in public  service. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ibn Saud,%@AE@% c. 1888-1953, (S. Arab.) founder of Saudi  Arabia and its first%@EH@%
king. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacob Javits,%@AE@% 1904-1986 (U.S.) U.S. senator from New York for  24 years. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jinnah,%@AE@% Muhammed Ali, 1876-1948, (Pak.) founder, first  governor-general of%@EH@%
Pakistan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benito Juarez,%@AE@% 1806-1872, (Mex.) rallied  countrymen against foreign%@EH@%
threats, sought to create democratic,  federal republic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kamehameha I,%@AE@% c. 1758-1819, (Haw.) founder, first monarch of  unified%@EH@%
Hawaii. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank B. Kellogg,%@AE@% 1856-1937, (U.S.) secretary of state,  negotiated%@EH@%
Kellogg-Briand Pact to outlaw war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert F. Kennedy,%@AE@% 1925-1968, (U.S.) attorney general,  senator,%@EH@%
assassinated while seeking presidential nomination. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aleksandr Kerensky,%@AE@% 1881-1970, (R.) revolutionary,  served as premier after%@EH@%
Feb. 1917 revolution until Bolshevik  overthrow. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ruhollah Khomeini,%@AE@% 1900-1989, (Iran), religious leader with  Islamic title%@EH@%
"ayatollah," directed overthrow of shah, 1979,  became source of political
authority in succeeding governments. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nikita Khrushchev,%@AE@% 1894-1971, (USSR) premier, first secretary  of Communist%@EH@%
party, initiated de-Stalinization. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lajos Kossuth,%@AE@% 1802-1894, (Hung.) principal figure in  1848 Hungarian%@EH@%
revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pyotr Kropotkin,%@AE@% 1842-1921, (R.) anarchist, championed  the peasants but%@EH@%
opposed Bolshevism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kublai Khan,%@AE@% c. 1215-1294, Mongol emperor, founder of  Yuan dynasty in%@EH@%
China. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bela Kun,%@AE@% 1886-c.1939, (Hung.) communist,  member of 3d International, tried%@EH@%
to foment worldwide  revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert M. LaFollette,%@AE@% 1855-1925, (U.S.) Wisconsin public  official, leader%@EH@%
of progressive movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Laval,%@AE@% 1883-1945, (F.) politician, Vichy foreign  minister, executed%@EH@%
for treason. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrew Bonar Law,%@AE@% 1858-1923, (Br.) Conservative party  politician, led%@EH@%
opposition to Irish home rule. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov),%@AE@% 1870-1924, (USSR)  revolutionary, founder%@EH@%
of Bolshevism, Soviet leader 1917-1924. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ferdinand de Lesseps,%@AE@% 1805-1894, (F.) diplomat, engineer,  conceived idea of%@EH@%
Suez Canal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rene Levesque,%@AE@% 1922-1987 (Can.) Premier of Quebec, 1976-85; led%@EH@%
unsuccessful fight to separate from Canada. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Liu Shao-ch'i,%@AE@% c.1898-1974, (Chin.) communist leader, fell  from grace%@EH@%
during "cultural revolution."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maxim Litvinov,%@AE@% 1876-1951, (USSR) revolutionary, commissar of  foreign%@EH@%
affairs, favored cooperation with Western powers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Lloyd George,%@AE@% 1863-1945, (Br.) Liberal party prime  minister, laid%@EH@%
foundations for modern welfare state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Cabot Lodge,%@AE@% 1850-1924, (U.S.) Republican senator, led  opposition to%@EH@%
participation in League of Nations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Huey P. Long,%@AE@% 1893-1935, (U.S.) Louisiana political demagogue,  governor,%@EH@%
assassinated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rosa Luxemburg,%@AE@% 1871-1919, (G.) revolutionary, leader of the  German Social%@EH@%
Democratic party and Spartacus party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J. Ramsay MacDonald,%@AE@% 1866-1937, (Br.) first Labour party prime  minister of%@EH@%
Great Britain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harold Macmillan,%@AE@% 1895-1987 (Br.) prime minister of Great  Britain, 1957-63.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph R. McCarthy,%@AE@% 1908-1957, (U.S.) senator notorious for his  witch hunt%@EH@%
for communists in the government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Makarios III,%@AE@% 1913-1977, (Cypr.) Greek Orthodox archbishop,  first president%@EH@%
of Cyprus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Malcolm X (Malcolm Little),%@AE@% 1925-1965, (U.S.) black separatist  leader,%@EH@%
assassinated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mao Tse-tung,%@AE@% 1893-1976, (Chin.) chief Chinese Marxist  theorist, soldier,%@EH@%
led Chinese revolution establishing his nation as an  important communist
state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Paul Marat,%@AE@% 1743-1793, (F.) revolutionary, politician,  identified with%@EH@%
radical Jacobins, assassinated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jose Marti,%@AE@% 1853-1895, (Cub.) patriot, poet, leader  of Cuban struggle for%@EH@%
independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan Masaryk,%@AE@% 1886-1948, (Czech.) foreign minister, died by  mysterious%@EH@%
suicide following communist coup. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas G. Masaryk,%@AE@% 1850-1937, (Czech.) statesman, philosopher,  first%@EH@%
president of Czechoslovak Republic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jules Mazarin,%@AE@% 1602-1661, (F.) cardinal, statesman, prime  minister under%@EH@%
Louis XIII and queen regent Anne of Austria. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giussepe Mazzini,%@AE@% 1805-1872, (It.), reformer dedicated to the  Risorgimento,%@EH@%
19th-century movement for the political and social  renewal of Italy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tom Mboya,%@AE@% 1930-1969, (Kenyan) political leader, instrumental in securing%@EH@%
independence for his country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cosimo I de' Medici,%@AE@% 1519-1574, (It.) Duke of Florence,  grand duke of%@EH@%
Tuscany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lorenzo de' Medici,%@AE@% the Magnificent, 1449-1492, (It.) merchant prince, a%@EH@%
towering figure in Italian Renaissance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Catherine de Medicis,%@AE@% 1519-1589, (F.) queen consort of Henry  II, regent of%@EH@%
France, influential in Catholic-Huguenot wars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Golda Meir,%@AE@% 1898-1979, (Isr.) prime minister, 1969-74. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Klemens W.N.L. Metternich,%@AE@% 1773-1859, (Aus.) statesman, arbiter  of%@EH@%
post-Napoleonic Europe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anastas Mikoyan,%@AE@% 1895-1978, (USSR) prominent Soviet leader from  1917;%@EH@%
president 1964-65. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Guy Mollet,%@AE@% 1905-1975, (F.) social politician, resistance  leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Morgenthau Jr.,%@AE@% 1891-1967, (U.S.) secretary of treasury,  raised funds%@EH@%
to finance New Deal and U.S. WW II activities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gouverneur Morris,%@AE@% 1752-1816, (U.S.) statesman, diplomat,  financial expert%@EH@%
who helped plan decimal coinage system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wayne Morse,%@AE@% 1900-1974, (U.S.) senator, long-time critic of  Vietnam War. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Muhammad Ali,%@AE@% 1769?-1849, (Egypt), pasha, founder of dynasty  that%@EH@%
encouraged emergence of modern Egyptian state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benito Mussolini,%@AE@% 1883-1945, (It.) dictator and leader of the  Italian%@EH@%
fascist state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Imre Nagy,%@AE@% c. 1895-1958, (Hung.) communist premier, assassinated after%@EH@%
Soviets crushed 1956 uprising. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gamal Abdel Nasser,%@AE@% 1918-1970, (Egypt.) leader of Arab  unification, second%@EH@%
Egyptian president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jawaharlal Nehru,%@AE@% 1889-1964, (Ind.) prime minister, guided  India through%@EH@%
its early years of independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kwame Nkrumah,%@AE@% 1909-1972, (Ghan.) dictatorial prime minister,  deposed in%@EH@%
1966. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederick North,%@AE@% 1732-1792, (Br.) prime minister, his inept  policies led to%@EH@%
loss of American colonies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel O'Connell,%@AE@% 1775-1847, (Ir.) political leader, known as  The%@EH@%
Liberator. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Omar,%@AE@% c.581-644, Mohammedan leader, 2d caliph, led Islam to  become an%@EH@%
imperial power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ignace Paderewski,%@AE@% 1860-1941, (Pol.) statesman, pianist,  composer, briefly%@EH@%
prime minister, an ardent patriot. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Viscount Palmerston,%@AE@% 1784-1865, (Br.) Whig-Liberal prime  minister, foreign%@EH@%
minister, embodied British nationalism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Papandreou,%@AE@% 1888-1968, (Gk.) Republican politician,  served three%@EH@%
times as prime minister. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz von Papen,%@AE@% 1879-1969, (G.) politician, played major role  in overthrow%@EH@%
of Weimar Republic and rise of Hitler. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Stewart Parnell,%@AE@% 1846-1891, (Ir.) nationalist leader,  "uncrowned%@EH@%
king of Ireland."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lester Pearson,%@AE@% 1897-1972, (Can.) diplomat, Liberal party  leader, prime%@EH@%
minister. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Peel,%@AE@% 1788-1850, (Br.) reformist prime minister, founder  of%@EH@%
Conservative party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Juan Peron,%@AE@% 1895-1974, (Arg.) president, dictator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Pilsudski,%@AE@% 1867-1935, (Pol.) statesman, instrumental in%@EH@%
re-establishing Polish state in the 20th century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Pinckney,%@AE@% 1757-1824, (U.S.) founding father, his Pinckney plan was%@EH@%
largely incorporated into constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Pitt,%@AE@% the Elder, 1708-1778, (Br.) statesman, called the  "Great%@EH@%
Commoner," transformed Britain into imperial power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Pitt,%@AE@% the Younger, 1759-1806, (Br.) prime minister  during French%@EH@%
Revolutionary wars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georgi Plekhanov,%@AE@% 1857-1918, (R.) revolutionary, social  philosopher, called%@EH@%
"father of Russian Marxism."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Raymond Poincare,%@AE@% 1860-1934, (F.) 9th president of the  Republic, advocated%@EH@%
harsh punishment of Germany after WW I. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georges Pompidou,%@AE@% 1911-1974, (F.) Gaullist political leader,  president from%@EH@%
1969 to 1974. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Grigori Potemkin,%@AE@% 1739-1791, (R.) field marshal, favorite of  Catherine II. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmund Randolph,%@AE@% 1753-1813, (U.S.) attorney, prominent in  drafting,%@EH@%
ratification of constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Randolph,%@AE@% 1773-1833, (U.S.) southern planter, strong  advocate of%@EH@%
states' rights. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jeannette Rankin,%@AE@% 1880-1973, (U.S.) pacifist, first woman  member of U.S.%@EH@%
Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter Rathenau,%@AE@% 1867-1922, (G.) industrialist, social  theorist, statesman.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sam Rayburn,%@AE@% 1882-1961, (U.S.) Democratic leader,  representative for 47%@EH@%
years, House speaker for 17. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Reynaud,%@AE@% 1878-1966, (F.) statesman, premier in 1940 at the  time of%@EH@%
France's defeat by Germany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Syngman Rhee,%@AE@% 1875-1965, (Kor.) first president of the  Republic of Korea. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cecil Rhodes,%@AE@% 1853-1902, (Br.) imperialist, industrial magnate,  established%@EH@%
Rhodes scholarships in his will. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cardinal de Richelieu,%@AE@% 1585-1642, (F.) statesman, known as " red eminence,"%@EH@%
chief minister to Louis XIII. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maximilien Robespierre,%@AE@% 1758-1794, (F.) leading figure of  French%@EH@%
Revolution, responsible for much of Reign of Terror. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nelson Rockefeller,%@AE@% 1908-1979, (U.S.) Republican gov. of N.Y.,  1959-73;%@EH@%
U.S. vice president, 1974-77. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eleanor Roosevelt,%@AE@% 1884-1962, (U.S.) humanitarian, United  Nations diplomat.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elihu Root,%@AE@% 1845-1937, (U.S.) lawyer, statesman, diplomat,  leading%@EH@%
Republican supporter of the League of Nations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Russell,%@AE@% 1792-1878, (Br.) Liberal prime minister during  the Irish%@EH@%
potato famine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anwar el-Sadat,%@AE@% 1918-1981, (Egypt) president, 1970-1981,  promoted peace%@EH@%
with Israel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Antonio de O. Salazar,%@AE@% 1899-1970, (Port.) statesman,  long-time dictator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jose de San Martin,%@AE@% 1778-1850, South American  revolutionary, protector of%@EH@%
Peru. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eisaku Sato,%@AE@% 1901-1975, (Jap.) prime minister, presided over  Japan's%@EH@%
post-WW II emergence as major world power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philipp Scheidemann,%@AE@% 1865-1939, (G.) Social Democratic leader,  first%@EH@%
chancellor of the German republic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Schuman,%@AE@% 1886-1963, (F.) statesman, founded European  Coal and Steel%@EH@%
Community. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Schurz,%@AE@% 1829-1906, (U.S.) German-American political  leader,%@EH@%
journalist, orator, dedicated reformer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kurt Schuschnigg,%@AE@% 1897-1977, (Aus.) chancellor, unsuccessful in  stopping%@EH@%
his country's annexation by Germany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William H. Seward,%@AE@% 1801-1872, (U.S.) anti-slavery activist, as  Lincoln's%@EH@%
secretary of state purchased Alaska. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carlo Sforza,%@AE@% 1872-1952, (It.) foreign minister, anti-fascist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred E. Smith,%@AE@% 1873-1944, (U.S.) New York Democratic  governor, first%@EH@%
Roman Catholic to run for presidency. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan C. Smuts,%@AE@% 1870-1950, (S.Af.) statesman, philosopher,  soldier, prime%@EH@%
minister. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Henri Spaak,%@AE@% 1899-1972, (Belg.) statesman, socialist  leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Stalin,%@AE@% 1879-1953, (USSR) Soviet dictator,  1924-53. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edwin M. Stanton,%@AE@% 1814-1869, (U.S.) Lincoln's secretary of  war during the%@EH@%
Civil War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward R. Stettinius Jr.,%@AE@% 1900-1949, (U.S.) industrialist,  secretary of%@EH@%
state who coordinated aid to WW II allies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Adlai E. Stevenson,%@AE@% 1900-1965, (U.S.) Democratic leader,  diplomat, Illinois%@EH@%
governor, presidential candidate. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry L. Stimson,%@AE@% 1867-1950, (U.S.) statesman, served in 5  administrations,%@EH@%
influenced foreign policy in 1930s and 1940s. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustav Stresemann,%@AE@% 1878-1929, (G.) chancellor, foreign  minister, dedicated%@EH@%
to regaining friendship for post-WW I Germany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sukarno,%@AE@% 1901-1970, (Indon.) dictatorial first president of the  Indonesian%@EH@%
republic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sun Yat-sen,%@AE@% 1866-1925, (Chin.) revolutionary, leader of  Kuomintang,%@EH@%
regarded as the father of modern China. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert A. Taft,%@AE@% 1889-1953, (U.S.) conservative Senate leader,  called "Mr.%@EH@%
Republican."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles de Talleyrand,%@AE@% 1754-1838, (F.) statesman, diplomat, the  major force%@EH@%
of the Congress of Vienna of 1814-15. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U Thant,%@AE@% 1909-1974 (Bur.) statesman, UN secretary-general. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Norman M. Thomas,%@AE@% 1884-1968, (U.S.) social reformer, 6 times  unsuccessful%@EH@%
Socialist party presidential candidate. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Josip Broz Tito,%@AE@% 1892-1980, (Yug.) president of Yugoslavia from  1953, World%@EH@%
War II guerrilla chief, postwar rival of Stalin, leader of  3d world
movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Palmiro Togliatti,%@AE@% 1893-1964, (It.) major leader of Italian  Communist%@EH@%
party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hideki Tojo,%@AE@% 1885-1948, (Jap.) statesman, soldier, prime  minister during%@EH@%
most of WW II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francois Toussaint L'Ouverture,%@AE@% c. 1744-1803, (Hait.)  patriot, martyr,%@EH@%
thwarted French colonial aims. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leon Trotsky,%@AE@% 1879-1940, (USSR) revolutionary, founded Red  Army, expelled%@EH@%
from party in conflict with Stalin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rafael L. Trujillo Molina,%@AE@% 1891-1961, (Dom.) absolute dictator,%@EH@%
assassinated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moise K. Tshombe,%@AE@% 1919-1969, (Cong.) politician, president of  secessionist%@EH@%
Katanga, premier of Republic of Congo (Zaire). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William M. Tweed,%@AE@% 1823-1878, (U.S.) politician, absolute leader  of Tammany%@EH@%
Hall, NYC's Democratic political machine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter Ulbricht,%@AE@% 1893-1973, (G.) communist leader of German  Democratic%@EH@%
Republic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur H. Vandenberg,%@AE@% 1884-1951, (U.S.) senator, proponent of%@EH@%
anti-communist bipartisan foreign policy after WW II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eleutherios Venizelos,%@AE@% 1864-1936, (Gk.) most prominent Greek  statesman in%@EH@%
early 20th century; expanded territory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hendrik F. Verwoerd,%@AE@% 1901-1966, (S.Af.) prime minister,  rigorously applied%@EH@%
apartheid policy despite protest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Walpole,%@AE@% 1676-1745, (Br.) statesman, generally  considered Britain's%@EH@%
first prime minister. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel Webster,%@AE@% 1782-1852, (U.S.) orator, politician,  advocate of business%@EH@%
interests during Jacksonian agrarianism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chaim Weizmann,%@AE@% 1874-1952, Zionist leader, scientist, first  Israeli%@EH@%
president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wendell L. Willkie,%@AE@% 1892-1944, (U.S.) Republican who tried to  unseat FDR%@EH@%
when he ran for his 3d term. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emiliano Zapata,%@AE@% c. 1879-1919, (Mex.) revolutionary, major  influence on%@EH@%
modern Mexico. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Notable Military and Naval Leaders of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Creighton Abrams,%@AE@% 1914-1974, (U.S.) commanded forces in Vietnam, 1968-72. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harold Alexander,%@AE@% 1891-1969, (Br.) led Allied invasion  of Italy, 1943. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ethan Allen,%@AE@% 1738-1789, (U.S.) headed Green Mountain  Boys; captured Ft.%@EH@%
Ticonderoga, 1775. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmund Allenby,%@AE@% 1861-1936, (Br.) in Boer War, WW1; led  Egyptian%@EH@%
expeditionary force, 1917-18. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benedict Arnold,%@AE@% 1741-1801, (U.S.) victorious at  Saratoga; tried to betray%@EH@%
West Point to British. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry "Hap" Arnold,%@AE@% 1886-1950, (U.S.) commanded  Army Air Force in WW2. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Petr Bagration,%@AE@% 1765-1812, (R.) hero of Napoleonic wars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Barry,%@AE@% 1745-1803, (U.S.) won numerous sea battles  during revolution. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Beauregard,%@AE@% 1818-1893, (U.S.) Confederate general  ordered%@EH@%
bombardment of Ft. Sumter that began the Civil War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gebhard v. Blucher,%@AE@% 1742-1819, (G.) helped defeat  Napoleon at Waterloo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Napoleon Bonaparte,%@AE@% 1769-1821, (F.) defeated Russia and %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Austria at Austerlitz,%@AE@% 1805; invaded Russia, 1812; defeated at  Waterloo,%@EH@%
1815. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Braddock,%@AE@% 1695-1755, (Br.) commanded forces in  French and Indian%@EH@%
War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Omar N. Bradley,%@AE@% 1893-1981, (U.S.) headed U.S. ground  troops in Normandy%@EH@%
invasion, 1944. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Burgoyne,%@AE@% 1722-1792, (Br.) defeated at Saratoga. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Claire Chennault,%@AE@% 1890-1958, (U.S.) headed Flying Tigers  in WW2. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mark Clark,%@AE@% 1896-1984, (U.S.) led forces in WW2 and Korean  War. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karl v. Clausewitz,%@AE@% 1780-1831, (G.) wrote books on  military theory. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Clinton,%@AE@% 1738-1795, (Br.) commander of forces in  America, 1778-81. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lucius D. Clay,%@AE@% 1897-1978, (U.S.) led Berlin airlift,  1948-49. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Cornwallis,%@AE@% 1738-1805, (Br.) victorious at  Brandywine, 1777;%@EH@%
surrendered at Yorktown. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Crazy Horse,%@AE@% 1849-1877, (U.S.) Sioux war chief  victorious at Little Big%@EH@%
Horn. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George A. Custer,%@AE@% 1839-1876, (U.S.) defeated and killed  at Little Big Horn.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moshe Dayan,%@AE@% 1915-1981, (Isr.) directed campaigns in the  1967, 1973 wars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen Decatur,%@AE@% 1779-1820, (U.S.) naval hero of Barbary  wars, War of 1812.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anton Denikin,%@AE@% 1872-1947, (R.) led White forces in  Russian civil war. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Dewey,%@AE@% 1837-1917, (U.S.) destroyed Spanish fleet  at Manila, 1898. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hugh C. Dowding,%@AE@% 1883-1970, (Br.) headed RAF, 1936-40. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jubal Early,%@AE@% 1816-1894, (U.S.) Confederate general led  raid on Washington,%@EH@%
1864. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dwight D. Eisenhower,%@AE@% 1890-1969, (U.S.) commanded Allied  forces in Europe,%@EH@%
WW2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Farragut,%@AE@% 1801-1870, (U.S.) Union admiral captured  New Orleans,%@EH@%
Mobile Bay. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ferdinand Foch,%@AE@% 1851-1929, (F.) headed victorious Allied  armies, 1918. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nathan Bedford Forrest,%@AE@% 1821-1877, (U.S.) Confederate  general led cavalry%@EH@%
raids against Union supply lines. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederick the Great,%@AE@% 1712-1786, (G.) led Prussia in The  Seven Years War. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nathanael Greene,%@AE@% 1742-1786, (U.S.) defeated British in  Southern campaign,%@EH@%
1780-81. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles G. Gordon,%@AE@% 1833-1885, (Br.) led forces in China;  killed at%@EH@%
Khartoum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horatio Gates,%@AE@% 1728-1806, (U.S.) commanded army at  Saratoga. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ulysses S. Grant,%@AE@% 1822-1885, (U.S.) headed Union army,  1864-65; forced%@EH@%
Lee's surrender, 1865. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heinz Guderian,%@AE@% 1888-1953, (G.) tank theorist led panzer  forces in Poland,%@EH@%
France, Russia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Douglas Haig,%@AE@% 1861-1928, (Br.) led British armies in  France, 1915-18. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William F. Halsey,%@AE@% 1882-1959, (U.S.) defeated Japanese  fleet at Leyte Gulf,%@EH@%
1944. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sir Arthur Travers Harris,%@AE@% 1895-1984, (Br.) led Britain's  WWII bomber%@EH@%
command. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Howe,%@AE@% 1726-1799, (Br.) commanded navy in  America, 1776-78; first of%@EH@%
June victory against French, 1794. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Howe,%@AE@% 1729-1814, (Br.) commanded forces in  America, 1776-78. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Isaac Hull,%@AE@% 1773-1843, (U.S.) sunk British frigate  Guerriere, 1812. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson,%@AE@% 1824-1863, (U.S.)  Confederate general led%@EH@%
forces in the Shenandoah Valley  campaign. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Joffre,%@AE@% 1852-1931, (F.) headed Allied armies, won  Battle of the%@EH@%
Marne, 1914. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Paul Jones,%@AE@% 1747-1792, (U.S.) raided British coast;  commanded %@AI@%Bonhomme%@EH@%
%@AI@%Richard%@AE@% in victory over Serapis, 1779. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen Kearny,%@AE@% 1794-1848, (U.S.) headed Army of the  West in Mexican War. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest J. King,%@AE@% 1878-1956, (U.S.) chief naval strategist  in WW2. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horatio H. Kitchener,%@AE@% 1850-1916, (Br.) led forces in  Boer War; victorious%@EH@%
at Khartoum; organized army in WW1. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lavrenti Kornilov,%@AE@% 1870-1918, (R.) Commander-in-Chief,  1917; led%@EH@%
counter-revolutionary march on Petrograd. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thaddeus Kosciusko,%@AE@% 1746-1817, (P.) aided American cause  in revolution. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mikhail Kutuzov,%@AE@% 1745-1813, (R.) fought French at  Borodino, 1812; abandoned%@EH@%
Moscow; forced French retreat. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marquis de Lafayette,%@AE@% 1757-1834, (F.) aided American  cause in the%@EH@%
revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas E. Lawrence (of Arabia),%@AE@% 1888-1935, (Br.) organ-  ized revolt of%@EH@%
Arabs against Turks in WW1. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee,%@AE@% 1756-1818, (U.S.) cavalry  officer in%@EH@%
revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert E. Lee,%@AE@% 1807-1870, (U.S.) Confederate general  defeated at%@EH@%
Gettysburg; surrendered to Grant, 1865. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lyman Lemnitzer,%@AE@% 1899-1988, (U.S.) WWII hero, later  general, chairman of%@EH@%
Joint Chiefs of Staff. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Longstreet,%@AE@% 1821-1904, (U.S.) aided Lee at  Gettysburg. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Douglas MacArthur,%@AE@% 1880-1964, (U.S.) commanded forces in  SW Pacific in WW2;%@EH@%
headed occupation forces in Japan, 1945-51;  UN commander in Korean War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francis Marion,%@AE@% 1733-1795, (U.S.) led guerrilla actions  in S.C. during%@EH@%
revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Duke of Marlborough,%@AE@% 1650-1722, (Br.) led forces against  Louis XIV in War%@EH@%
of the Spanish Sucession. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George C. Marshall,%@AE@% 1880-1959, (U.S.) chief of staff in  WW2; authored%@EH@%
Marshall Plan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George B. McClellan,%@AE@% 1826-1885, (U.S.) Union general  commanded Army of the%@EH@%
Potomac, 1861-62. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Meade,%@AE@% 1815-1872; (U.S.) commanded Union forces  at Gettysburg. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billy Mitchell,%@AE@% 1879-1936, (U.S.) air-power advocate;  court-martialed for%@EH@%
insubordination, later vindicated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Helmuth v. Moltke,%@AE@% 1800-1891; (G.) victorious in  Austro-Prussian,%@EH@%
Franco-Prussian wars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis de Montcalm,%@AE@% 1712-1759, (F.) headed troops in  Canada; defeated at%@EH@%
Quebec, 1759. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernard Law Montgomery,%@AE@% 1887-1976, (Br.) stopped German  offensive at%@EH@%
Alamein, 1942; helped plan Normandy invasion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel Morgan,%@AE@% 1736-1802, (U.S.) victorious at Cowpens,  1781. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Mountbatten,%@AE@% 1900-1979, (Br.) Supreme Allied  Commander of SE Asia,%@EH@%
1943-46. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joachim Murat,%@AE@% 1767-1815, (F.) leader of cavalry at  Marengo, 1800;%@EH@%
Austerlitz, 1805; and Jena, 1806. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horatio Nelson,%@AE@% 1758-1805, (Br.) naval commander  destroyed French fleet at%@EH@%
Trafalgar. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michel Ney,%@AE@% 1769-1815, (F.) commanded forces in  Switzerland, Austria,%@EH@%
Russia; defeated at Waterloo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chester Nimitz,%@AE@% 1885-1966, (U.S.) commander of naval  forces in Pacific in%@EH@%
WW2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George S. Patton,%@AE@% 1885-1945, (U.S.) led assault on  Sicily, 1943; headed 3d%@EH@%
Army invasion of German-occupied Europe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oliver Perry,%@AE@% 1785-1819, (U.S.) won Battle of Lake Erie  in War of 1812. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Pershing,%@AE@% 1860-1948, (U.S.) commanded Mexican  border campaign, 1916;%@EH@%
American expeditionary forces in WW1. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henri Philippe Petain,%@AE@% 1856-1951, (F.) defended  Verdun, 1916; headed Vichy%@EH@%
government in WW2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George E. Pickett,%@AE@% 1825-1875, (U.S.) Confederate general  famed for "charge"%@EH@%
at Gettysburg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hyman Rickover,%@AE@% 1900-1986 (U.S.) father of the nuclear navy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Erwin Rommel,%@AE@% 1891-1944, (G.) headed Afrika Korps. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karl v. Rundstedt,%@AE@% 1875-1953, (G.) supreme commander in  West, 1943-45. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aleksandr Samsonov,%@AE@% 1859-1914, (R.) led invasion of E.  Prussia, defeated at%@EH@%
Tannenberg, 1914. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Winfield Scott,%@AE@% 1786-1866, (U.S.) hero of War of 1812;  headed forces in%@EH@%
Mexican war, took Mexico City. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philip Sheridan,%@AE@% 1831-1888, (U.S.) Union cavalry officer  headed Army of the%@EH@%
Shenandoah, 1864-65. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William T. Sherman,%@AE@% 1820-1891, (U.S.) Union general  sacked Atlanta during%@EH@%
"march to the sea," 1864. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Spaatz,%@AE@% 1891-1974, (U.S.) directed strategic  bombing against Germany,%@EH@%
later Japan, in WW2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Raymond Spruance,%@AE@% 1886-1969, (U.S.) victorious at Midway  Island, 1942. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph W. Stilwell,%@AE@% 1883-1946, (U.S.) headed forces in  the China, Burma,%@EH@%
India theater in WW2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J.E.B. Stuart,%@AE@% 1833-1864, (U.S.) Confederate cavalry  commander. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George H. Thomas,%@AE@% 1816-1870, (U.S.) saved Union army at  Chattanooga, 1863;%@EH@%
victorious at Nashville, 1864. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Semyon Timoshenko,%@AE@% 1895-1970, (USSR) defended Moscow,  Stalingrad; led%@EH@%
winter offensive, 1942-43. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred v. Tirpitz,%@AE@% 1849-1930, (G.) responsible for  submarine blockade in%@EH@%
WW1. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jonathan M. Wainwright,%@AE@% 1883-1953, (U.S.) forced to  surrender on%@EH@%
Corregidor, 1942. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Washington,%@AE@% 1732-1799, (U.S.) led Continental  army, 1775-83. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Archibald Wavell,%@AE@% 1883-1950, (Br.) commanded forces in  N. and E. Africa,%@EH@%
and SE Asia in WW2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anthony Wayne,%@AE@% 1745-1796, (U.S.) captured Stony Point,  1779; defeated%@EH@%
Indians at Fallen Timbers, 1794. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Duke of Wellington,%@AE@% 1769-1852, (Br.) defeated Napoleon  at Waterloo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Wolfe,%@AE@% 1727-1759, (Br.) captured Quebec from  French, 1759. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georgi Zhukov,%@AE@% 1895-1974, (USSR) defended Moscow, 1941;  led assault on%@EH@%
Berlin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Poets Laureate of England %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There is no authentic record of the origin of the office of Poet Laureate of%@EH@%
England. According to Warton, there was a Versificator Regis, or King's
Poet, in the reign of Henry III (1216-1272), and he was paid 100 shillings a
year. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) assumed the title of Poet Laureate, and
in 1389 got a royal grant of a yearly allowance of wine. In the reign of
Edward IV (1461-1483), John Kay held the post. Under Henry VII (1485-1509),
Andrew Bernard was the Poet Laureate, and was succeeded under Henry VIII
(1509-1547) by John Skelton. Next came Edmund Spenser, who died in 1599;
then Samuel Daniel, appointed 1599, and then Ben Jonson, 1619. Sir William
D'Avenant was appointed in 1637. He was a godson of William Shakespeare. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Others were John Dryden, 1670; Thomas Shadwell, 1688; Nahum Tate, 1692;%@EH@%
Nicholas Rowe, 1715; the Rev. Laurence Eusden, 1718; Colley Cibber, 1730;
William Whitehead, 1757, on the refusal of Gray; Rev. Thomas Warton, 1785,
on the refusal of Mason; Henry J. Pye, 1790; Robert Southey, 1813, on the
refusal of Sir Walter Scott; William Wordsworth, 1843; Alfred, Lord
Tennyson, 1850; Alfred Austin, 1896; Robert Bridges, 1913; John Masefield,
1930; Cecil Day Lewis, 1967; Sir John Betjeman, 1972; Ted Hughes, 1984.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%U.S. Poet Laureate %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Robert Penn Warren, the poet, novelist, and essayist, was named the%@EH@%
country's first official Poet Laureate on Feb. 26, 1986. The only writer to
have won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and poetry (twice), Warren was
chosen by Daniel J. Boorstin, the Librarian of Congress. The appointment
began in September, 1986. On April 17, 1987, Richard Wilbur was named the
second Poet Laureate. In May 1988, Howard Nemerov was named the third, and
in May 1990 Mark Strand was named the fourth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Noted Writers of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Adams,%@AE@% 1838-1918, (U.S.) historian, philosopher.  %@AI@%The Education of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Henry Adams.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Ade,%@AE@% %@AI@%1866-1944, (U.S.) humorist.%@AE@% Fables in  Slang. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Conrad Aiken,%@AE@% %@AI@%1889-1973, (U.S.) poet, critic.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louisa May Alcott,%@AE@% %@AI@%1832-1888, (U.S.) novelist.%@AE@%  Little Women. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sholom Aleichem,%@AE@% %@AI@%1859-1916. (R.) Yiddish writer.%@AE@%  Tevye's Daughter, The%@EH@%
Great Fair. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vicente Aleixandre,%@AE@% 1898-1984, (Sp.) poet. 1977 Nobel Prize  winner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horatio Alger,%@AE@% 1832-1899, (U.S.) "rags-to-riches"  books. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hans Christian Andersen,%@AE@% 1805-1875, (Den.) author of  fairy tales. %@AI@%The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Princess and the Pea, The Ugly Duckling.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maxwell Anderson,%@AE@% 1888-1959, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@%What  Price Glory?, High%@EH@%
%@AI@%Tor, Winterset, Key Largo.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sherwood Anderson,%@AE@% 1876-1941, (U.S.) author. %@AI@%Winesburg, Ohio.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Matthew Arnold,%@AE@% 1822-1888, (Br.) poet, critic. " Thrysis," "Dover Beach,"%@EH@%
"The Gypsy Scholar."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jane Austen,%@AE@% 1775-1817, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%Pride and  Prejudice, Sense and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sensibility, Emma, Mansfield Park,  Persuasion.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Isaac Babel,%@AE@% 1894-1941, (R.) short-story writer,  playwright. %@AI@%Odessa Tales,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Red Cavalry.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James M. Barrie,%@AE@% 1860-1937, (Br.) playwright, novelist.  %@AI@%Peter Pan, Dear%@EH@%
%@AI@%Brutus, What Every Woman Knows.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Honore de Balzac,%@AE@% 1799-1850, (Fr.) novelist. %@AI@%Le Pere Goriot, Cousine Bette,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Eugenie Grandet, The Human Comedy.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Baudelaire,%@AE@% 1821-1867, (Fr.) symbolist poet. %@AI@%Les Fleurs du Mal.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%L. Frank Baum,%@AE@% 1856-1919, (U.S.) children's author.  Wizard of Oz series. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Simone de Beauvoir,%@AE@% 1908-1986, (Fr.) novelist,  essayist. %@AI@%The Second Sex.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Beckett,%@AE@% 1906-1989, (Ir.) novelist, playwright, in  French and%@EH@%
English. %@AI@%Waiting for Godot, Endgame%@AE@% (plays); %@AI@%Murphy, Watt, Molloy%@AE@% (novels). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brendan Behan,%@AE@% 1923-1964, (Ir.) playwright. %@AI@%The  Quare Fellow, The Hostage,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Borstal Boy.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Benchley,%@AE@% 1889-1945, (U.S.) humorist. %@AI@%From  Bed to Worse, My Ten%@EH@%
%@AI@%Years in a Quandary.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen Vincent Benet,%@AE@% 1898-1943, (U.S.) poet,  novelist. %@AI@%John Brown's Body.%@AE@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Berryman,%@AE@% 1914-1972, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Homage to  Mistress Bradstreet.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ambrose Bierce,%@AE@% 1842-1914, (U.S.) short-story writer,  journalist. %@AI@%In the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Midst of Life, The Devil's Dictionary.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Blake,%@AE@% 1757-1827, (Br.) poet, artist.  %@AI@%Songs of Innocence, Songs of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Experience.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni Boccaccio,%@AE@% 1313-1375, (It.) poet, storyteller.  %@AI@%Decameron,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Filostrato.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jorge Luis Borges,%@AE@% 1900-1986 (Arg.) short-story writer, poet,  essayist,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Labyrinths.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Boswell,%@AE@% 1740-1795, (Sc.) author. %@AI@%The Life of  Samuel Johnson.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anne Bradstreet,%@AE@% c. 1612-1672, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%The  Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up%@EH@%
%@AI@%in America.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bertolt Brecht,%@AE@% 1898-1956, (G.) dramatist, poet. %@AI@%The  Threepenny Opera,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Mother Courage and Her Children.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charlotte Bronte,%@AE@% 1816-1855, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%Jane Eyre.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emily Bronte,%@AE@% 1818-1848, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%Wuthering Heights.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elizabeth Barrett Browning,%@AE@% 1806-1861, (Br.) poet. %@AI@% Sonnets from the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Portuguese, Aurora Leigh.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Browning,%@AE@% 1812-1889, (Br.) poet. "My Last  Duchess," "Fra Lippo%@EH@%
Lippi," %@AI@%The Ring and The Book.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pearl Buck,%@AE@% 1892-1973, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%The Good  Earth.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mikhail Bulgakov,%@AE@% 1891-1940, (R.) novelist, playwright.  %@AI@%The Heart of a Dog,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Master and Margarita.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Bunyan,%@AE@% 1628-1688, (Br.) writer. %@AI@%Pilgrim's  Progress.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Burns,%@AE@% 1759-1796, (Sc.) poet. "Flow Gently,  Sweet Afton," "My%@EH@%
Heart's in the Highlands," " Auld Lang Syne."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edgar Rice Burroughs,%@AE@% 1875-1950, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@% Tarzan of the Apes.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Gordon Lord Byron,%@AE@% 1788-1824, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%Don  Juan, Childe Harold.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Italo Calvino,%@AE@% 1923-1985 (It.) novelist, short story  writer. %@AI@%If on a%@EH@%
%@AI@%Winter's Night a Traveler  . . . %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Camus,%@AE@% 1913-1960, (F.) novelist. %@AI@%The Plague,  The Stranger, Caligula,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Fall.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lewis Carroll,%@AE@% 1832-1898, (Br.) writer, mathematician.  %@AI@%Alice's Adventures%@EH@%
%@AI@%in Wonderland, Through the Looking  Glass.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karel Capek,%@AE@% 1890-1938, (Czech.) playwright, novelist,  essayist. %@AI@%R.U.R.%@EH@%
%@AI@%(Rossum's Universal Robots).%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giacomo Casanova,%@AE@% 1725-1798, (It.) Venetian adventurer,  author, world%@EH@%
famous for his memoirs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Willa Cather,%@AE@% 1876-1947, (U.S.) novelist, essayist. %@AI@% O Pioneers!, My%@EH@%
%@AI@%Antonia.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra,%@AE@% 1547-1616, (Sp.) novelist,  dramatist, poet.%@EH@%
%@AI@%Don Quixote de la Mancha.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Raymond Chandler,%@AE@% 1888-1959, (U.S.) writer of detective  fiction. Philip%@EH@%
Marlowe series. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Geoffrey Chaucer,%@AE@% c. 1340-1400, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%The  Canterbury Tales.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Cheever,%@AE@% 1912-1982, (U.S.) short story writer,  novelist. %@AI@%The Wapshot%@EH@%
%@AI@%Scandal, "The Country  Husband."%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anton Chekhov,%@AE@% 1860-1904, (R.) short-story writer,  dramatist. %@AI@%Uncle Vanya,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Cherry Orchard, The Three  Sisters.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%G.K. Chesterton,%@AE@% 1874-1936, (Br.) author, Fr. Brown  series. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Agatha Christie,%@AE@% 1891-1976, (Br.) mystery writer. %@AI@% And Then There Were None,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Murder on the Orient Express.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Cocteau,%@AE@% 1889-1963, (F.) writer, visual artist,  filmmaker. %@AI@%The Beauty%@EH@%
%@AI@%and the Beast, Enfants Terribles.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Taylor Coleridge,%@AE@% 1772-1834, (Br.) poet, man of  letters. "Kubla%@EH@%
Khan," "The Rime of the Ancient  Mariner." %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%(Sidonie) Colette,%@AE@% 1873-1954, (F.) novelist. %@AI@%Claudine, Gigi.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Conrad,%@AE@% 1857-1924, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%Lord Jim,  Heart of Darkness, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Nigger of the Narcissus.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Fenimore Cooper,%@AE@% 1789-1851, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@% Leather-Stocking Tales.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Corneille,%@AE@% 1606-1684, (F.) Dramatist. %@AI@% Medee, Le Cid, Horace, Cinna,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Polyeucte.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hart Crane,%@AE@% 1899-1932, (U.S.) poet. "The Bridge."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen Crane,%@AE@% 1871-1900, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%The Red  Badge of Courage.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%e.e. cummings,%@AE@% 1894-1962, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Tulips and  Chimneys.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gabriele D'Annunzio,%@AE@% 1863-1938, (It.) poet, novelist,  dramatist. %@AI@%The Child%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Pleasure, The Intruder, The Victim.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dante Alighieri,%@AE@% 1265-1321, (It.) poet. %@AI@%The Divine  Comedy.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel Defoe,%@AE@% 1660-1731, (Br.) writer. %@AI@%Robinson  Crusoe, Moll Flanders,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Journal of the Plague Year.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Dickens,%@AE@% 1812-1870, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%David  Copperfield, Oliver%@EH@%
%@AI@%Twist, Great Expectations, The Pickwick  Papers.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emily Dickinson,%@AE@% 1830-1886, (U.S.) poet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen),%@AE@% 1885-1962, (Dan.) author.  %@AI@%Out of Africa, Seven%@EH@%
%@AI@%Gothic Tales, Winter's Tales.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Donne,%@AE@% 1573-1631, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%Songs and  Sonnets, Holy Sonnets, "Death%@EH@%
%@AI@%Be Not Proud."%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Dos Passos,%@AE@% 1896-1970, (U.S.) author. %@AI@%U.S.A.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fyodor Dostoyevsky,%@AE@% 1821-1881, (R.) author. %@AI@%Crime  and Punishment, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Brothers Karamazov, The Possessed.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur Conan Doyle,%@AE@% 1859-1930, (Br.) author, created  Sherlock Holmes. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Theodore Dreiser,%@AE@% 1871-1945, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%An  American Tragedy, Sister%@EH@%
%@AI@%Carrie.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Dryden,%@AE@% 1631-1700, (Br.) poet, dramatist, critic.  %@AI@%Fables, Ancient and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Modern.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexandre Dumas,%@AE@% 1802-1870, (F.) novelist, dramatist.  %@AI@%The Three Musketeers,%@AE@%%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Count of Monte Cristo.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexandre Dumas (fils),%@AE@% 1824-1895, (F.) dramatist,  novelist. %@AI@%La Dame aux%@EH@%
%@AI@%camelias, Le Demi-Monde.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ilya G. Ehrenburg,%@AE@% 1891-1967, (R.) novelist, journalist.  %@AI@%The Thaw.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Eliot,%@AE@% 1819-1880, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%Adam Bede,  Silas Marner, The Mill%@EH@%
%@AI@%on the Floss, Middlemarch.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%T.S. Eliot,%@AE@% 1888-1965, (Br.) poet, critic. %@AI@%The Waste  Land,%@AE@% "The Love Song%@EH@%
of J. Alfred Prufrock,"  %@AI@%Murder in the Cathedral.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ralph Waldo Emerson,%@AE@% 1803-1882, (U.S.) poet, essayist.  "The Concord Hymn,"%@EH@%
"Brahma," %@AI@%Nature.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James T. Farrell,%@AE@% 1904-1979, (U.S.) novelist. Studs  Lonigan trilogy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Faulkner,%@AE@% 1897-1962, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@% Sanctuary, Light in August,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Sound and the Fury, Absalom,  Absalom!%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edna Ferber,%@AE@% 1885-1968, (U.S.) novelist, dramatist. %@AI@% Show Boat, Saratoga%@EH@%
%@AI@%Trunk, Giant, Dinner at Eight.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Fielding,%@AE@% 1707-1754, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%Tom  Jones.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%F. Scott Fitzgerald,%@AE@% 1896-1940, (U.S.) short-story  writer, novelist. %@AI@%The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustave Flaubert,%@AE@% 1821-1880, (F.) novelist. %@AI@%Madame  Bovary.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C.S. Forester,%@AE@% 1899-1966, (Br.) novelist. Horatio  Hornblower series. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%E.M. Forster,%@AE@% 1879-1970, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%A Passage  to India.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anatole France,%@AE@% 1844-1924. (F.) writer. %@AI@%Penguin  Island, My Friend's Book,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Frost,%@AE@% 1874-1963, (U.S.) poet. " Birches," "Fire and Ice," "Stopping%@EH@%
by Woods on  a Snowy Evening."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Galsworthy,%@AE@% 1867-1933, (Br.) novelist, dramatist.  %@AI@%The Forsyte Saga, A%@EH@%
%@AI@%Modern Comedy.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Erle Stanley Gardner,%@AE@% 1889-1970, (U.S.) author, lawyer.  Perry Mason series.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Genet,%@AE@% 1911-1986, (Fr.) playwright, novelist. "The  Blacks."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andre Gide,%@AE@% 1869-1951, (F.) writer, %@AI@%The  Immoralist, The Pastoral Symphony,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Strait is the Gate.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Giraudoux,%@AE@% 1882-1944, (F.) novelist, dramatist. %@AI@% Electra, The Madwoman%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Chaillot, Ondine, Tiger at the Gate.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johann W. von Goethe,%@AE@% 1749-1832, (G.) poet, dramatist,  novelist. %@AI@%Faust.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nikolai Gogol,%@AE@% 1809-1852, (R.) short-story writer,  dramatist, novelist.%@EH@%
%@AI@%Dead Souls, The Inspector General.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oliver Goldsmith,%@AE@% 1730?-1774, (Br.-Ir.) writer. %@AI@% The Vicar of Wakefield, She%@EH@%
%@AI@%Stoops to Conquer.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maxim Gorky,%@AE@% 1868-1936, (R.) writer, founder of Soviet  realism. %@AI@%Mother, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Lower Depths.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Graves,%@AE@% 1895-1985, (Br.) poet, classical scholar,  novelist. %@AI@%The%@EH@%
%@AI@%White Goddess.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Gray,%@AE@% 1716-1771, (Br.) poet. "Elegy Written in  a Country%@EH@%
Churchyard."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Zane Grey,%@AE@% 1875-1939, (U.S.) writer of western stories. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jakob Grimm,%@AE@% 1785-1863, (G.) philologist, folklorist.  %@AI@%German Methodology,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Grimm's Fairy Tales.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wilhelm Grimm,%@AE@% 1786-1859, (G.) philologist, folklorist.  %@AI@%Grimm's Fairy%@EH@%
%@AI@%Tales.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edgar A. Guest,%@AE@% 1881-1959, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%A Heap of  Livin!%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dashiell Hammett,%@AE@% 1894-1961, (U.S.) writer of detective  fiction, created%@EH@%
Sam Spade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Knute Hamsun,%@AE@% 1859-1952 (Nor.) novelist. %@AI@%Hunger.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Hardy,%@AE@% 1840-1928, (Br.) novelist, poet. %@AI@%The  Return of the Native,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Jude the  Obscure.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joel Chandler Harris,%@AE@% 1848-1908, (U.S.) short-story  writer. Uncle Remus%@EH@%
series. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moss Hart,%@AE@% 1904-1961, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@%Once in a  Lifetime, You Can't Take%@EH@%
%@AI@%It With You, The Man Who Came to Dinner.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bret Harte,%@AE@% 1836-1902, (U.S.) short-story writer, poet.  %@AI@%The Luck of Roaring%@EH@%
%@AI@%Camp.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jaroslav Hasek,%@AE@% 1883-1923, (Czech.) writer. %@AI@%The Good  Soldier Schweik.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nathaniel Hawthorne,%@AE@% 1804-1864, (U.S.) novelist, short  story writer. %@AI@%The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven  Gables.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heinrich Heine,%@AE@% 1797-1856, (G.) poet. %@AI@%Book of Songs.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lillian Hellman,%@AE@% 1905-1984, (U.S.) playwright, author of  memoirs, "The%@EH@%
Little Foxes," %@AI@%An Unfinished Woman,  Pentimento.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest Hemingway,%@AE@% 1899-1961, (U.S.) novelist,  short-story writer. %@AI@%A%@EH@%
%@AI@%Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell  Tolls.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%O. Henry (W.S. Porter),%@AE@% 1862-1910, (U.S.) short-story  writer. "The Gift of%@EH@%
the Magi."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hermann Hesse,%@AE@% 1877-1962, (G.) novelist, poet. %@AI@%Death  and the Lover,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Steppenwolf, Siddhartha.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oliver Wendell Holmes,%@AE@% 1809-1894, (U.S.) poet, novelist.  %@AI@%The Autocrat of%@EH@%
%@AI@%the Breakfast-Table.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred E. Housman,%@AE@% 1859-1936, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%A  Shropshire Lad.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Dean Howells,%@AE@% 1837-1920, (U.S.) novelist,  critic, dean of late 19th%@EH@%
century American letters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Langston Hughes,%@AE@% 1902-1967, (U.S.) poet, playwright. %@AI@% The Weary Blues,%@EH@%
%@AI@%One-Way Ticket, Shakespeare in Harlem.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Victor Hugo,%@AE@% 1802-1885, (F.) poet, dramatist, novelist.  %@AI@%Notre Dame de%@EH@%
%@AI@%Paris, Les Miserables.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aldous Huxley%@AE@% 1894-1963, (Br.) author. %@AI@%Point Counter  Point, Brave New%@EH@%
%@AI@%World.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henrik Ibsen,%@AE@% 1828-1906, (Nor.) dramatist, poet. %@AI@%A  Doll's House, Ghosts,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Inge,%@AE@% 1913-1973, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@%Come  Back Little Sheba, Bus%@EH@%
%@AI@%Stop, The Dark at the Top of the Stairs,  Picnic.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington Irving,%@AE@% 1783-1859, (U.S.) essayist, author.  "Rip Van Winkle,"%@EH@%
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Shirley Jackson,%@AE@% 1919-1965, (U.S.) writer. "The  Lottery."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry James,%@AE@% 1843-1916, (U.S.) novelist, critic. %@AI@% Washington Square,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Portrait of a Lady, The American, Daisy Miller.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robinson Jeffers,%@AE@% 1887-1962, (U.S.) poet, dramatist. %@AI@% Tamar and Other Poems,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Medea.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Johnson,%@AE@% 1709-1784, (Br.) author, scholar,  critic. %@AI@%Dictionary of the%@EH@%
%@AI@%English Language.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ben Jonson,%@AE@% 1572-1637, (Br.) dramatist, poet. %@AI@% Volpone.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Joyce,%@AE@% 1882-1941, (Ir.) novelist. %@AI@%Ulysses, A  Portrait of the Artist%@EH@%
%@AI@%as a Young Man, Finnegans Wake.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz Kafka,%@AE@% 1883-1924, (G.) novelist, short-story  writer. %@AI@%The Trial,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Amerika, The Castle, The Metamorphosis.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George S. Kaufman,%@AE@% 1889-1961, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@%The  Man Who Came to%@EH@%
%@AI@%Dinner, You Can't Take It With You, Stage  Door.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nikos Kazantzakis,%@AE@% 1883?-1957, (Gk.) novelist. %@AI@% Zorba the Greek, A Greek%@EH@%
%@AI@%Passion.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Keats,%@AE@% 1795-1821, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%On a Grecian Urn,  La Belle Dame Sans%@EH@%
%@AI@%Merci.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joyce Kilmer,%@AE@% 1886-1918, (U.S.) poet, "Trees."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rudyard Kipling,%@AE@% 1865-1936, (Br.) author, poet. "The White Man's Burden,"%@EH@%
"Gunga Din," %@AI@%The Jungle Book.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean de la Fontaine,%@AE@% 1621-1695, (F.) poet. %@AI@%Fables  choisies.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Par Lagerkvist,%@AE@% 1891-1974, (Swed.) poet, dramatist,  novelist. %@AI@%Barabbas, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sybil.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Selma Lagerlof,%@AE@% 1858-1940, (Swed.) novelist. %@AI@% Jerusalem, The Ring of the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Lowenskolds.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alphonse de Lamartine,%@AE@% 1790-1869, (F.) poet, novelist,  statesman.%@EH@%
%@AI@%Meditations poetiques.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Lamb,%@AE@% 1775-1834, (Br.) essayist. %@AI@%Specimens  of English Dramatic%@EH@%
%@AI@%Poets, Essays of Elia.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giuseppe di Lampedusa,%@AE@% 1896-1957, (It.) novelist. %@AI@% The Leopard.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ring Lardner,%@AE@% 1885-1933, (U.S.) short story writer,  humorist. %@AI@%You Know Me,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Al.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%D. H. Lawrence,%@AE@% 1885-1930, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@% Sons and Lovers, Women in  Love,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Lady Chatterley's Lover.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mikhail Lermontov,%@AE@% 1814-1841, (R.) novelist, poet. " Demon," %@AI@%Hero of Our%@EH@%
%@AI@%Time.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alain-Rene Lesage,%@AE@% 1668-1747, (F.) novelist. %@AI@% Gil Blas de Santillane.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gotthold Lessing,%@AE@% 1729-1781, (G.) dramatist,  philosopher, critic. %@AI@%Miss Sara%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sampson, Minna von Barnhelm.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sinclair Lewis,%@AE@% 1885-1951, (U.S.) novelist, playwright.  %@AI@%Babbitt,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Arrowsmith, Dodsworth, Main Street.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vachel Lindsay,%@AE@% 1879-1931, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%General  William Booth Enters into%@EH@%
%@AI@%Heaven, The Congo.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hugh Lofting,%@AE@% 1886-1947, (Br.) Dr. Doolittle series. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack London,%@AE@% 1876-1916, (U.S.) novelist, journalist. %@AI@% Call of the Wild, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sea-Wolf.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,%@AE@% 1807-1882, (U.S.) poet.  %@AI@%Evangeline, The Song of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Hiawatha.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amy Lowell,%@AE@% 1874-1925, (U.S.) poet, critic. "Lilacs."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Russell Lowell,%@AE@% 1819-1891, (U.S.) poet, editor.  %@AI@%Poems, The Bigelow%@EH@%
%@AI@%Papers.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Lowell,%@AE@% 1917-1977, (U.S.) poet. "Lord Weary' s Castle," "For the%@EH@%
Union Dead."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emil Ludwig,%@AE@% 1881-1948, (G.) biographer. %@AI@%Goethe,  Beethoven, Napoleon,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Bismarck.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Niccolo Machiavelli,%@AE@% 1469-1527, (It.) author,  statesman. %@AI@%The Prince,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Discourses on Livy.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernard Malamud,%@AE@% 1914-1986, (U.S.) short story writer,  novelist. "The Magic%@EH@%
Barrel," %@AI@%The Assistant, The Fixer.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephane Mallarme,%@AE@% 1842-1898, (F.) poet. %@AI@%The  Afternoon of a Faun.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Malory,%@AE@% ?-1471, (Br.) writer. %@AI@%Morte d' Arthur.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andre Malraux,%@AE@% 1901-1976, (F.) novelist. %@AI@%Man's  Fate.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Osip Mandelstam,%@AE@% 1891-1938, (R.) Acmeist poet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Mann,%@AE@% 1875-1955, (G.) novelist, essayist. %@AI@% Buddenbrooks, Death in%@EH@%
%@AI@%Venice, The Magic Mountain.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Katherine Mansfield,%@AE@% 1888-1923, (Br.) short story  writer. "Bliss," "The%@EH@%
Garden Party."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christopher Marlowe,%@AE@% 1564-1593, (Br.) dramatist, poet.  %@AI@%Tamburlaine the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Great, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Masefield,%@AE@% 1878-1967, (Br.) poet. "Sea Fever," "Cargoes," %@AI@%Salt Water%@EH@%
%@AI@%Ballads.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edgar Lee Masters,%@AE@% 1869-1950, (U.S.) poet, biographer.  %@AI@%Spoon River%@EH@%
%@AI@%Anthology.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%W. Somerset Maugham,%@AE@% 1874-1965, (Br.) author. %@AI@%Of  Human Bondage, The Razor's%@EH@%
%@AI@%Edge, The Moon and Sixpence.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Guy de Maupassant,%@AE@% 1850-1893, (F.) novelist, short-story  writer. "A Life,"%@EH@%
"Bel-Ami," "The Necklace."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francois Mauriac,%@AE@% 1885-1970, (F.) novelist,  dramatist. %@AI@%Viper's Tangle, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Kiss to the Leper.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vladimir Mayakovsky,%@AE@% 1893-1930, (R.) poet, dramatist.  %@AI@%The Cloud in%@EH@%
%@AI@%Trousers.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mary McCarthy,%@AE@% 1912-1989, (U.S.) critic, novelist. %@AI@%Memories  of a Catholic%@EH@%
%@AI@%Girlhood.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carson McCullers,%@AE@% 1917-1967, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%The  Heart is a Lonely Hunter,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Member of the Wedding.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herman Melville,%@AE@% 1819-1891, (U.S.) novelist, poet. %@AI@% Moby Dick, Typee, Billy%@EH@%
%@AI@%Budd, Omoo.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%H.L. Mencken,%@AE@% 1880-1956, (U.S.) author, critic, editor.  %@AI@%Prejudices, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%American Language.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Meredith,%@AE@% 1828-1909, (Br.) novelist, poet. %@AI@% The Ordeal of Richard%@EH@%
%@AI@%Feverel, The Egoist.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Prosper Merimee,%@AE@% 1803-1870, (F.) author. %@AI@% Carmen.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edna St. Vincent Millay,%@AE@% 1892-1950, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%The  Harp Weaver and Other%@EH@%
%@AI@%Poems, A Few Figs from Thistles.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%A.A. Milne,%@AE@% 1882-1956, (Br.) author. %@AI@%Winnie-the-Pooh.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Milton,%@AE@% 1608-1674, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%Paradise Lost.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gabriela Mistral,%@AE@% 1889-1957, (Chil.) poet. %@AI@%Sonnets  of Death, Desolacion,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Tala, Lagar.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Margaret Mitchell,%@AE@% 1900-1949, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%Gone  With the Wind.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Baptiste Moliere,%@AE@% 1622-1673, (F.) dramatist.  %@AI@%Le Tartuffe, Le%@EH@%
%@AI@%Misanthrope, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ferenc Molnar,%@AE@% 1878-1952, (Hung.) dramatist,  novelist. %@AI@%Liliom, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Guardsman, The Swan.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michel de Montaigne,%@AE@% 1533-1592, (F.) essayist. %@AI@% Essais.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eugenio Montale,%@AE@% 1896-1981, (It.) poet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clement C. Moore,%@AE@% 1779-1863, (U.S.) poet, educator. " A Visit from Saint%@EH@%
Nicholas."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marianne Moore,%@AE@% 1887-1972, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@% O to Be a  Dragon.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas More,%@AE@% 1478-1535, (Br.) author. %@AI@%Utopia.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%H.H. Munro (Saki),%@AE@% 1870-1916, (Br.) author. %@AI@% Reginald, The Chronicles of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Clovis, Beasts and Super-Beasts.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred de Musset,%@AE@% 1810-1857, (F.) poet, dramatist. %@AI@% Confession d'un enfant%@EH@%
%@AI@%du siecle.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vladimir Nabokov,%@AE@% 1899-1977, (Rus.-U.S.) author. %@AI@%Lolita.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ogden Nash,%@AE@% 1902-1971, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Hard Lines, I' m a Stranger Here Myself,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Private Dining Room.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pablo Neruda,%@AE@% 1904-1973, (Chil.) poet. %@AI@%Twenty Love  Poems and One Song of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Despair, Toward the Splendid City.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sean O'Casey,%@AE@% 1884-1964, (Ir.) dramatist. %@AI@%Juno and  the Paycock, The Plough%@EH@%
%@AI@%and the Stars.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Flannery O'Connor,%@AE@% 1925-1964, (U.S.) novelist, short  story writer. %@AI@%Wise%@EH@%
%@AI@%Blood,%@AE@% "A Good Man Is Hard to  Find."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clifford Odets,%@AE@% 1906-1963, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@% Waiting for Lefty, Awake and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sing, Golden Boy, The Country Girl.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John O'Hara,%@AE@% 1905-1970, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@% From the Terrace, Appointment in%@EH@%
%@AI@%Samarra.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Omar Khayyam,%@AE@% c. 1028-1122, (Per.) poet. %@AI@%Rubaiyat.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eugene O'Neill,%@AE@% 1888-1953, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@% Emperor Jones, Anna Christie,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Long Day's Journey into Night.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Orwell,%@AE@% 1903-1950, (Br.) novelist, essayist. %@AI@% Animal Farm, Nineteen%@EH@%
%@AI@%Eighty-Four.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas (Tom) Paine,%@AE@% 1737-1809, (U.S.) author, political  theorist. %@AI@%Common%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sense.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dorothy Parker,%@AE@% 1893-1967, (U.S.) poet, short-story  writer. %@AI@%Enough Rope,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Laments for the Living.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Boris Pasternak,%@AE@% 1890-1960, (R.) poet, novelist. %@AI@% Doctor Zhivago, My Sister,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Life.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Pepys,%@AE@% 1633-1703, (Br.) public official, author  of the greatest%@EH@%
diary in the English language. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%S. J. Perelman,%@AE@% 1904-1979, (U.S.) humorist. %@AI@%The Road  to Miltown, Under the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Spreading Atrophy.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francesco Petrarca,%@AE@% 1304-1374, (It.) poet, humanist. %@AI@% Africa, Trionfi,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Canzoniere, On Solitude.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Luigi Pirandello,%@AE@% 1867-1936, (It.) novelist, dramatist.  %@AI@%Six Characters in%@EH@%
%@AI@%Search of an Author.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edgar Allan Poe,%@AE@% 1809-1849, (U.S.) poet, short-story  writer, critic.%@EH@%
"Annabel Lee," "The Raven," " The Purloined Letter."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander Pope,%@AE@% 1688-1744, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%The Rape of  the Lock, An Essay on%@EH@%
%@AI@%Man.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Katherine Anne Porter,%@AE@% 1890-1980, (U.S.) novelist, short  story writer. %@AI@%Ship%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Fools.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ezra Pound,%@AE@% 1885-1972, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Cantos.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marcel Proust,%@AE@% 1871-1922, (F.) novelist. %@AI@%A la  recherche du temps perdu%@EH@%
%@AI@%(Remembrance of Things Past).%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aleksandr Pushkin,%@AE@% 1799-1837, (R.) poet, prose writer.  %@AI@%Boris Godunov,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Eugene Onegin, The Bronze Horseman.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francois Rabelais,%@AE@% 1495-1553, (F.) writer,  physician. Gargantua,%@EH@%
Pantagruel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Racine,%@AE@% 1639-1699, (F.) dramatist. %@AI@%Andromaque,  Phedre, Berenice,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Britannicus.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ayn Rand,%@AE@% 1905-1982 (Rus.-U.S.) novelist, philosopher. %@AI@%The  Fountainhead,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Atlas Shrugged.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Erich Maria Remarque,%@AE@% 1898-1970, (Ger.-U.S.) novelist.  %@AI@%All Quiet on the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Western Front.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Richardson,%@AE@% 1689-1761, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@% Clarissa Harlowe, Pamela; or,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Virtue Rewarded.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Whitcomb Riley,%@AE@% 1849-1916, (U.S.) poet. "When  the Frost is on the%@EH@%
Pumpkin," "Little Orphant Annie."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rainer Maria Rilke,%@AE@% 1875-1926, (G.) poet. %@AI@%Life and  Songs, Divine Elegies,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sonnets to Orpheus.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur Rimbaud,%@AE@% 1854-1891, (F.) %@AI@%A Season in Hell.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edwin Arlington Robinson,%@AE@% 1869-1935, (U.S.) poet. "%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Cory,%@AE@%" "Miniver Cheevy."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Theodore Roethke,%@AE@% 1908-1963, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Open  House, The Waking, The Far%@EH@%
%@AI@%Field.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Romain Rolland,%@AE@% 1866-1944, (F.) novelist, biographer.  %@AI@%Jean-Christophe.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre de Ronsard,%@AE@% 1524-1585, (F.) poet. %@AI@%Sonnets  pour Helene.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmond Rostand,%@AE@% 1868-1918, (F.) poet, dramatist. %@AI@% Cyrano de Bergerac.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Damon Runyon,%@AE@% 1880-1946, (U.S.) short-story writer,  journalist. %@AI@%Guys and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Dolls, Blue Plate Special.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Ruskin,%@AE@% 1819-1900, (Br.) critic, social theorist.  %@AI@%Modern Painters, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Seven Lamps of Architecture.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Antoine de Saint-Exupery,%@AE@% 1900-1944, (F.) writer,  aviator. %@AI@%Wind, Sand and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Stars, Le Petit Prince.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Sand,%@AE@% 1804-1876, (F.) novelist. %@AI@%Consuelo, The  Haunted Pool, Les%@EH@%
%@AI@%Maitres sonneurs.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Sandburg,%@AE@% 1878-1967, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Chicago  Poems, Smoke and Steel,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Harvest Poems.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Santayana,%@AE@% 1863-1952, (U.S.) poet, essayist,  philosopher. %@AI@%The Sense%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Beauty, The Realms of Being.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Saroyan,%@AE@% 1908-1981, (U.S.) playwright, novelist.  %@AI@%The Time of Your%@EH@%
%@AI@%Life, The Human Comedy.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean-Paul Sartre,%@AE@% 1905-1980, (Fr.) philosopher, novelist,  playwright,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Nausea, No Exit.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Friedrich von Schiller,%@AE@% 1759-1805, (G.) dramatist, poet,  historian. %@AI@%Don%@EH@%
%@AI@%Carlos, Maria Stuart, Wilhelm Tell.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sir Walter Scott,%@AE@% 1771-1832, (Sc.) novelist, poet.  %@AI@%Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Bride of Lammermoor.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jaroslav Seifert,%@AE@% 1902-1986, (Cz.) poet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Shakespeare,%@AE@% 1564-1616, (Br.) dramatist, poet.  %@AI@%Romeo and Juliet,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Hamlet, King Lear, The Merchant of Venice.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Bernard Shaw,%@AE@% 1856-1950, (Ir.) playwright,  critic. %@AI@%St. Joan,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Pygmalion, Major Barbara, Man and  Superman.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley,%@AE@% 1797-1851, (Br.) author.  %@AI@%Frankenstein.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Percy Bysshe Shelley,%@AE@% 1792-1822, (Br.) poet. %@AI@% Prometheus Unbound, Adonais,%@AE@%%@EH@%
"Ode to the West Wind,"  "To a Skylark."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard B. Sheridan,%@AE@% 1751-1816, (Br.) dramatist. %@AI@%The  Rivals, School for%@EH@%
%@AI@%Scandal.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Sherwood,%@AE@% 1896-1955, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@%The  Petrified Forest, Abe%@EH@%
%@AI@%Lincoln in Illinois, Reunion in Vienna.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mikhail Sholokhov,%@AE@% 1906-1984 (U.S.S.R.) author, 1965 Nobel  laureate. %@AI@%And%@EH@%
%@AI@%Quiet Flows the Don.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Upton Sinclair,%@AE@% 1878-1968, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%The  Jungle.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmund Spenser,%@AE@% 1552-1599, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%The Faerie  Queen.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christina Stead,%@AE@% 1903-1983 (Austral.) novelist, short-story  writer. %@AI@%The Man%@EH@%
%@AI@%Who Loved Children.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Steele,%@AE@% 1672-1729, (Br.) essayist, playwright,  began the Tatler and%@EH@%
Spectator. %@AI@%The Conscious Lovers.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lincoln Steffens,%@AE@% 1866-1936, (U.S.) editor, author. %@AI@% The Shame of the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Cities.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gertrude Stein,%@AE@% 1874-1946, (U.S.) author. %@AI@%Three  Lives.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Steinbeck,%@AE@% 1902-1968, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%Grapes  of Wrath, Of Mice and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Men, Winter of Our Discontent.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stendhal(Marie Henri Beyle),%@AE@% 1783-1842, (F.) poet,  novelist. %@AI@%The Red and%@EH@%
%@AI@%the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Laurence Sterne,%@AE@% 1713-1768, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%Tristram  Shandy.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wallace Stevens,%@AE@% 1879-1955, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Harmonium,  The Man With the Blue%@EH@%
%@AI@%Guitar, Transport to Summer.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Louis Stevenson,%@AE@% 1850-1894, (Br.) novelist, poet,  essayist. %@AI@%Treasure%@EH@%
%@AI@%Island, A Child's Garden of Verses.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rex Stout,%@AE@% 1886-1975, (U.S.) novelist, created Nero  Wolfe. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harriet Beecher Stowe,%@AE@% 1811-1896, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@% Uncle Tom's Cabin.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lytton Strachey,%@AE@% 1880-1932, (Br.) biographer, critic.  %@AI@%Eminent Victorians,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Queen Victoria, Elizabeth and Essex.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%August Strindberg,%@AE@% 1849-1912, (Swed.) dramatist,  novelist. %@AI@%The Father, Miss%@EH@%
%@AI@%Julie, The Creditors.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jonathan Swift,%@AE@% 1667-1745, (Br.) author. %@AI@%Gulliver' s Travels.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Algernon C. Swinburne,%@AE@% 1837-1909, (Br.) poet, critic.  %@AI@%Songs Before Sunrise.%@AE@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John M. Synge,%@AE@% 1871-1909, (Ir.) poet, dramatist. %@AI@% Riders to the Sea, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Playboy of the Western World.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rabindranath Tagore,%@AE@% 1861-1941, (Ind.), author, poet.  %@AI@%Sadhana, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Realization of Life, Gitanjali.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Booth Tarkington,%@AE@% 1869-1946, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@% Seventeen, Alice Adams,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Penrod.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sara Teasdale,%@AE@% 1884-1933, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Helen of Troy  and Other Poems,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Rivers to the Sea, Flame and Shadow.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred Lord Tennyson,%@AE@% 1809-1892, (Br.) poet. %@AI@%Idylls  of the King, In%@EH@%
%@AI@%Memoriam,%@AE@% "The Charge of the Light  Brigade."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Makepeace Thackeray,%@AE@% 1811-1863, (Br.) novelist.  %@AI@%Vanity Fair.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dylan Thomas,%@AE@% 1914-1953, (Welsh) poet. %@AI@%Under Milk  Wood, A Child's Christmas%@EH@%
%@AI@%in Wales.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry David Thoreau,%@AE@% 1817-1862, (U.S.) transcendentalist  thinker, writer.%@EH@%
%@AI@%Walden.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Thurber,%@AE@% 1894-1961, (U.S.) humorist, artist. %@AI@% The New Yorker, The Owl%@EH@%
%@AI@%in the Attic, Thurber Carnival.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J.R.R. Tolkien,%@AE@% 1892-1973, (Br.) author. %@AI@%The Hobbit,  Lord of the Rings.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leo Tolstoy,%@AE@% 1828-1910, (R.) novelist. %@AI@%War and  Peace, Anna Karenina.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anthony Trollope,%@AE@% 1815-1882, (Br.) novelist. %@AI@%The  Warden, Barchester Towers,%@AE@%%@EH@%
The Palliser novels. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ivan Turgenev,%@AE@% 1818-1883, (R.) novelist, short-story  writer. %@AI@%Fathers and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sons, First Love, A Month in the  Country.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens),%@AE@% 1835-1910, (U.S.) novelist,  humorist. %@AI@%The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sigrid Undset,%@AE@% 1881-1949, (Nor.) novelist, poet. %@AI@% Kristin Lavransdatter.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Valery,%@AE@% 1871-1945, (F.) poet, critic. %@AI@%La  Jeune Parque, The Graveyard%@EH@%
%@AI@%by the Sea.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jules Verne,%@AE@% 1828-1905, (F.) novelist, originator of  modern science%@EH@%
fiction. %@AI@%Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the  Sea.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francois Villon,%@AE@% 1431-1463?, (F.) poet. %@AI@%Le  petit et le Grand, Testament.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Evelyn Waugh,%@AE@% 1903-1966, (Br.) satirist. %@AI@% The Loved  One.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%H.G. Wells,%@AE@% 1866-1946, (Br.) author. %@AI@%The Time  Machine, The Invisible Man,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The War of the Worlds.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rebecca West,%@AE@% 1893-1983 (Br.) author. %@AI@%Black Lamb and Grey  Falcon.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edith Wharton,%@AE@% 1862-1937, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%The Age  of Innocence, The House%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Mirth.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%E.B. White,%@AE@% 1899-1985 (U.S.), essayist, children's book  author. %@AI@%Here is New%@EH@%
%@AI@%York, Charlotte's Web, Stuart Little.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%T.H. White,%@AE@% 1906-1964, (Br.) author. %@AI@%The Once and  Future King.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walt Whitman,%@AE@% 1819-1892, (U.S.) poet. %@AI@%Leaves of  Grass.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Greenleaf Whittier,%@AE@% 1807-1892, (U.S.) poet,  journalist. %@AI@%Snow-bound.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oscar Wilde,%@AE@% 1854-1900, (Ir.) author, wit. %@AI@%The  Picture of Dorian Gray, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Importance of Being Earnest.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Laura Ingalls Wilder,%@AE@% 1867-1957, (U.S.) children's books. %@AI@% Little House on%@EH@%
%@AI@%the Prairie.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thornton Wilder,%@AE@% 1897-1975, (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@%Our  Town, The Skin of Our%@EH@%
%@AI@%Teeth, The Matchmaker.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tennessee Williams,%@AE@% 1912-1983 (U.S.) playwright. %@AI@%A  Streetcar Named Desire,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Glass Menagerie.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Carlos Williams,%@AE@% 1883-1963, (U.S.) poet,  physician. %@AI@%Tempers, Al Que%@EH@%
%@AI@%Quiere!, Paterson.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmund Wilson,%@AE@% 1895-1972, (U.S.) author, literary and  social critic. %@AI@%Axel's%@EH@%
%@AI@%Castle, To the Finland Station.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%P.G. Wodehouse,%@AE@% 1881-1975, (U.S.) poet, dramatist. The  "Jeeves" novels,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Anything Goes.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Wolfe,%@AE@% 1900-1938, (U.S.) novelist. %@AI@%Look  Homeward, Angel, You Can't%@EH@%
%@AI@%Go Home Again, Of Time and the  River.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Virginia Woolf,%@AE@% 1882-1941, (Br.) novelist, essayist. %@AI@% Mrs. Dalloway, To the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Lighthouse, The Waves.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Wordsworth,%@AE@% 1770-1850, (Br.) poet. "Tintern  Abbey," "Ode:%@EH@%
Intimations of Immortality."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Butler Yeats,%@AE@% 1865-1939, (Ir.) poet, playwright.  %@AI@%The Wild Swans at%@EH@%
%@AI@%Coole, The Tower, Last Poems.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emile Zola,%@AE@% 1840-1902, (F.) novelist. %@AI@%Nana, The  Dram Shop.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Noted Artists and Sculptors of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%Artists are painters unless otherwise indicated. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington Allston,%@AE@% 1779-1843, (U.S.) landscapist. Belshazzar's Feast. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albrecht Altdorfer,%@AE@% 1480-1538, (Ger.) landscapist. Battle of  Alexander. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrea del Sarto,%@AE@% 1486-1530, frescoes. Madonna of the  Harpies. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fra Angelico,%@AE@% c. 1400-1455, (It.) Renaissance muralist.  Madonna of the%@EH@%
Linen Drapers' Guild. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexsandr Archipenko,%@AE@% 1887-1964, (U.S.) sculptor. Boxing Match,  Medranos. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John James Audubon,%@AE@% 1785-1851, (U.S.) Birds of America. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hans Baldung Grien,%@AE@% 1484-1545, (Ger.) Todentanz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernst Barlach,%@AE@% 1870-1938, (Ger.) Expressionist sculptor. Man  Drawing a%@EH@%
Sword. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi,%@AE@% 1834-1904, (Fr.) Liberty  Enlightening the%@EH@%
World, Lion of Belfort. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fra Bartolommeo,%@AE@% 1472-1517, (It.) Vision of St. Bernard. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aubrey Beardsley,%@AE@% 1872-1898, (Br.) illustrator. Salome,  Lysistrata. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Beckmann,%@AE@% 1884-1950, (Ger.) Expressionist. The Descent from  the Cross. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gentile Bellini,%@AE@% 1426-1507, (It.) Renaissance. Procession in  St. Mark's%@EH@%
Square. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni Bellini,%@AE@% 1428-1516, (It.) St. Francis in Ecstasy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacopo Bellini,%@AE@% 1400-1470, (It.) Crucifixion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Wesley Bellows,%@AE@% 1882-1925, (U.S.) sports artist. Stag at  Sharkey's. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Hart Benton,%@AE@% 1889-1975, (U.S.) American regionalist.  Threshing%@EH@%
Wheat, Arts of the West. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gianlorenzo Bernini,%@AE@% 1598-1680, (It.) Baroque sculpture. The  Assumption. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Bierstadt,%@AE@% 1830-1902, (U.S.) landscapist. The Rocky  Mountains, Mount%@EH@%
Corcoran. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Caleb Bingham,%@AE@% 1811-1879, (U.S.) Fur Traders Descending  the%@EH@%
Missouri. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Blake,%@AE@% 1752-1827, (Br.) engraver. Book of Job, Songs  of Innocence,%@EH@%
Songs of Experience. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rosa Bonheur,%@AE@% 1822-1899, (Fr.) The Horse Fair. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Bonnard,%@AE@% 1867-1947, (Fr.) Intimist. The Breakfast Room. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gutzon Borglum,%@AE@% 1871-1941, (U.S.) sculptor. Mt. Rushmore  Memorial. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hieronymus Bosch,%@AE@% 1450-1516, (Flem.) religious allegories. The  Crowning%@EH@%
with Thorns. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sandro Botticelli,%@AE@% 1444-1510, (It.) Renaissance. Birth of  Venus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Constantin Brancusi,%@AE@% 1876-1957, (Rum.) Nonobjective sculptor.  Flying%@EH@%
Turtle, The Kiss. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georges Braque,%@AE@% 1882-1963, (Fr.) Cubist. Violin and Palette. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pieter Bruegel the Elder,%@AE@% c. 1525-1569, (Flem.) The Peasant  Dance. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pieter Bruegel the Younger,%@AE@% 1564-1638, (Flem.) Village Fair, The%@EH@%
Crucifixion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Burne-Jones,%@AE@% 1833-1898, (Br.) Pre-Raphaelite  artist-craftsman. The%@EH@%
Mirror of Venus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander Calder,%@AE@% 1898-1976, (U.S.) sculptor. Lobster Trap and  Fish Tail. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio,%@AE@% 1573-1610, (It.) Baroque.  The Supper at%@EH@%
Emmaus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emily Carr,%@AE@% 1871-1945, (Can.) landscapist. Blunden Harbour, Big  Raven. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carlo Carra,%@AE@% 1881-1966, (It.) Metaphysical school. Lot's  Daughters. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mary Cassatt,%@AE@% 1845-1926, (U.S.) Impressionist. Woman Bathing. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Catlin,%@AE@% 1796-1872, (U.S.) American Indian life. Gallery  of Indians. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benvenuto Cellini,%@AE@% 1500-1571, (It.) Mannerist sculptor,  goldsmith. Perseus.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Cezanne,%@AE@% 1839-1906, (Fr.) Card Players,  Mont-Sainte-Victoire with%@EH@%
Large Pine Trees. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marc Chagall,%@AE@% 1887-1985, (Rus.) Jewish life and folklore. I and  the%@EH@%
Village. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Simeon Chardin,%@AE@% 1699-1779, (Fr.) still lifes. The Kiss,  The Grace. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederic Church,%@AE@% 1826-1900, (U.S.) Hudson River school.  Niagara, Andes of%@EH@%
Ecuador. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni Cimabue,%@AE@% 1240-1302, (It.) Byzantine mosaicist. Madonna  Enthroned%@EH@%
with St. Francis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Claude Lorrain,%@AE@% 1600-1682, (Fr.) ideal-landscapist. The  Enchanted Castle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Cole,%@AE@% 1801-1848, (U.S.) Hudson River school. The Ox-Bow. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Constable,%@AE@% 1776-1837, (Br.) landscapist. Salisbury  Cathedral from the%@EH@%
Bishop's Grounds. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Singleton Copley,%@AE@% 1738-1815, (U.S.) portraitist. Samuel  Adams, Watson%@EH@%
and the Shark. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lovis Corinth,%@AE@% 1858-1925, (Ger.)  Expressionist. Apocalypse. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot,%@AE@% 1796-1875, (Fr.) landscapist.  Souvenir de%@EH@%
Mortefontaine, Pastorale. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Correggio,%@AE@% 1494-1534, (It.) Renaissance muralist. Mystic  Marriages of St.%@EH@%
Catherine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustave Courbet,%@AE@% 1819-1877, (Fr.) Realist. The Artist's Studio. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lucas Cranach the Elder,%@AE@% 1472-1553, (Ger.) Protestant  Reformation%@EH@%
portraitist. Luther. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nathaniel Currier,%@AE@% 1813-1888, and %@AB@%James M. Ives,%@AE@%  1824-1895, (both U.S.)%@EH@%
lithographers. A Midnight Race on the  Mississippi. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Steuart Curry,%@AE@% 1897-1946, (U.S.) Americana,  murals. Baptism in Kansas.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salvador Dali,%@AE@% 1904-1989, (Sp.) Surrealist. Persistence  of Memory. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Honore Daumier,%@AE@% 1808-1879, (Fr.) caricaturist. The Third-Class  Carriage. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacques-Louis David,%@AE@% 1748-1825, (Fr.) Neoclassicist. The Oath  of the%@EH@%
Horatii. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur Davies,%@AE@% 1862-1928, (U.S.) Romantic landscapist.  Unicorns. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edgar Degas,%@AE@% 1834-1917, (Fr.) The Ballet Class. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eugene Delacroix,%@AE@% 1789-1863, (Fr.)  Romantic. Massacre at  Chios. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Delaroche,%@AE@% 1797-1856, (Fr.) historical themes. Children  of Edward IV. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Luca Della Robbia,%@AE@% 1400-1482, (It.) Renaissance terracotta  artist. Cantoria%@EH@%
(singing gallery), Florence cathedral. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@% Donatello,%@AE@% 1386-1466, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. David,  Gattamelata. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Dubuffet,%@AE@% 1902-1985, (Fr.) painter, sculptor,  printmaker. Group  of%@EH@%
Four Trees. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marcel Duchamp,%@AE@% 1887-1968, (Fr.) Nude Descending a Staircase. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Raoul Dufy,%@AE@% 1877-1953, (Fr.) Fauvist. Chateau and Horses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Asher Brown Durand,%@AE@% 1796-1886, (U.S.) Hudson River school.  Kindred Spirits.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albrecht Durer,%@AE@% 1471-1528, (Ger.) Renaissance engraver, woodcuts. St. Jerome%@EH@%
in His Study, Melancholia I, Apocalypse. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anthony van Dyck,%@AE@% 1599-1641, (Flem.) Baroque portraitist.  Portrait of%@EH@%
Charles I Hunting. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Eakins,%@AE@% 1844-1916, (U.S.) Realist. The Gross Clinic. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacob Epstein,%@AE@% 1880-1959, (Br.) religious and allegorical  sculptor.%@EH@%
Genesis, Ecce Homo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan van Eyck,%@AE@% 1380-1441, (Flem.) naturalistic panels. Adoration  of the%@EH@%
Lamb. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anselm Feuerbach,%@AE@% 1829-1880, (Ger.) Romantic Classicism.  Judgement of%@EH@%
Paris, Iphigenia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Bernard Flannagan,%@AE@% 1895-1942, (U.S.) animal sculptor.  Triumph of the%@EH@%
Egg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean-Honore Fragonard,%@AE@% 1732-1806, (Fr.) Rococo. The Swing. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel Chester French,%@AE@% 1850-1931, (U.S.) The Minute Man of  Concord; seated%@EH@%
Lincoln, Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Caspar David Friedrich,%@AE@% 1774-1840, (Ger.) Romantic landscapes.  Man and%@EH@%
Woman Gazing at the Moon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Gainsborough,%@AE@% 1727-1788, (Br.) portraitist. The Blue  Boy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Gauguin,%@AE@% 1848-1903, (Fr.) Post-impressionist. The  Tahitians. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lorenzo Ghiberti,%@AE@% 1378-1455, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. Gates  of Paradise%@EH@%
baptistry doors, Florence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alberto Giacometti,%@AE@% 1901-1966, (It.) attenuated sculptures of  solitary%@EH@%
figures. Man Pointing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giorgione,%@AE@% c. 1477-1510, (It.) Renaissance. The Tempest. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giotto di Bondone,%@AE@% 1267-1337, (It.) Renaissance. Presentation  of Christ in%@EH@%
the Temple. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francois Girardon,%@AE@% 1628-1715, (Fr.) Baroque sculptor of  classical themes.%@EH@%
Apollo Tended by the Nymphs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vincent van Gogh,%@AE@% 1853-1890, (Dutch) The Starry Night, L' Arlesienne. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arshile Gorky,%@AE@% 1905-1948, (U.S.) Surrealist. The Liver Is the  Cock's Comb. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francisco de Goya y Lucientes,%@AE@% 1746-1828, (Sp.) The Naked  Maja, The%@EH@%
Disasters of War (etchings). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%El Greco,%@AE@% 1541-1614, View of Toledo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horatio Greenough,%@AE@% 1805-1852, (U.S.) Neo-classical sculptor.  George%@EH@%
Washington. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Matthias Grunewald,%@AE@% 1480-1528, (Ger.) mystical religious  themes. The%@EH@%
Resurrection. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frans Hals,%@AE@% c. 1580-1666, (Dutch) portraitist. Laughing  Cavalier, Gypsy%@EH@%
Girl. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Childe Hassam,%@AE@% 1859-1935, (U.S.) Impressionist. Southwest Wind. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Hicks,%@AE@% 1780-1849, (U.S.) folk painter. The Peaceable  Kingdom. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hans Hofmann,%@AE@% 1880-1966, (U.S.) early Abstract Expressionist.  Spring. The%@EH@%
Gate. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Hogarth,%@AE@% 1697-1764, (Br.) caricaturist. The Rake's  Progress. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Katsushika Hokusai,%@AE@% 1760-1849, (Jap.) printmaker. Crabs. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hans Holbein the Elder,%@AE@% 1460-1524, (Ger.) late Gothic.  Presentation of%@EH@%
Christ in the Temple. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hans Holbein the Younger,%@AE@% 1497-1543, (Ger.) portraitist. Henry  VIII. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Winslow Homer,%@AE@% 1836-1910, (U.S.) marine themes. Marine Coast,  High Cliff. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Hopper,%@AE@% 1882-1967, (U.S.) realistic urban scenes.  Sunlight in a%@EH@%
Cafeteria. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,%@AE@% 1780-1867, (Fr.) Classicist.  Valpincon%@EH@%
Bather. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Inness,%@AE@% 1825-1894, (U.S.) luminous landscapist. Delaware  Water Gap. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vasily Kandinsky,%@AE@% 1866-1944, (Rus.) Abstractionist. Capricious  Forms. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Klee,%@AE@% 1879-1940, (Swiss) Abstractionist. Twittering  Machine. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oscar Kokoschka,%@AE@% 1886-1980, (Aus.) Expressionist. View of  Prague. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kathe Kollwitz,%@AE@% 1867-1945, (Ger.) printmaker, social justice  themes. The%@EH@%
Peasant War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gaston Lachaise,%@AE@% 1882-1935, (U.S.) figurative sculptor.  Standing Woman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John La Farge,%@AE@% 1835-1910, (U.S.) muralist. Red and White  Peonies. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fernand Leger,%@AE@% 1881-1955, (Fr.) machine art. The Cyclists. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leonardo da Vinci,%@AE@% 1452-1519, (It.) Mona Lisa, Last Supper,  The%@EH@%
Annunciation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emanuel Leutze,%@AE@% 1816-1868, (U.S.) historical themes. Washington  Crossing%@EH@%
the Delaware. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacques Lipchitz,%@AE@% 1891-1973, (Fr.) Cubist sculptor. Harpist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Filippino Lippi,%@AE@% 1457-1504, (It.) Renaissance. The Vision of  St. Bernard. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fra Filippo Lippi,%@AE@% 1406-1469, (It.) Renaissance. Coronation of  the Virgin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Morris Louis,%@AE@% 1912-1962, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Signa,  Stripes. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aristide Maillol,%@AE@% 1861-1944, (Fr.) sculptor. The  Mediterranean. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edouard Manet,%@AE@% 1832-1883, (Fr.) forerunner of Impressionism.  Luncheon on%@EH@%
the Grass, Olympia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrea Mantegna,%@AE@% 1431-1506, (It.) Renaissance frescoes.  Triumph of Caesar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz Marc,%@AE@% 1880-1916, (Ger.) Expressionist. Blue Horses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Marin,%@AE@% 1870-1953, (U.S.) expressionist seascapes. Maine  Island. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reginald Marsh,%@AE@% 1898-1954, (U.S.) satirical artist. Tattoo and  Haircut. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@% Masaccio,%@AE@% 1401-1428, (It.) Renaissance. The Tribute Money. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henri Matisse,%@AE@% 1869-1954, (Fr.) Fauvist. Woman with the Hat. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michelangelo Buonarroti,%@AE@% 1475-1564, (It.) Pieta, David, Moses,  The Last%@EH@%
Judgment, Sistine Ceiling. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean-Francois Millet,%@AE@% 1814-1875, (Fr.) painter of peasant  subjects. The%@EH@%
Gleaners, The Man with a Hoe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joan Mir,%@AE@% 1893-1983, (Sp.) Exuberant colors, playful  images. Catalan%@EH@%
landscape, Dutch Interior.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amedeo Modigliani,%@AE@% 1884-1920, (It.) Reclining Nude. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Piet Mondrian,%@AE@% 1872-1944, (Dutch) Abstractionist. Composition. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Claude Monet,%@AE@% 1840-1926, (Fr.) Impressionist. The Bridge at  Argenteuil,%@EH@%
Haystacks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Moore,%@AE@% 1898-1986, (Br.) sculptor of large-scale,  abstract works.%@EH@%
Reclining Figure (several). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustave Moreau,%@AE@% 1826-1898, (Fr.) Symbolist. The Apparition,  Dance of%@EH@%
Salome. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Wilson Morrice,%@AE@% 1865-1924, (Can.) landscapist. The Ferry,  Quebec,%@EH@%
Venice, Looking Over the Lagoon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Grandma Moses,%@AE@% 1860-1961, (U.S.) folk painter. Out for the  Christmas Trees.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edvard Munch,%@AE@% 1863-1944, (Nor.) Expressionist. The Cry. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bartolome Murillo,%@AE@% 1618-1682, (Sp.) Baroque religious artist.  Vision of St.%@EH@%
Anthony. The Two Trinities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barnett Newman,%@AE@% 1905-1970, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist.  Stations of the%@EH@%
Cross. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Isamu Noguchi,%@AE@% 1904-1988, (U.S.) trad. Japanese art,  modern techniques. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georgia O'Keeffe,%@AE@% 1887-1986, (U.S.) Southwest  motifs. Cow's Skull. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jose Clemente Orozco,%@AE@% 1883-1949, (Mex.) frescoes. House of  Tears. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Willson Peale,%@AE@% 1741-1827, (U.S.) American Revolutionary%@EH@%
portraitist. Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rembrandt Peale,%@AE@% 1778-1860, (U.S.) portraitist. Thomas  Jefferson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pietro Perugino,%@AE@% 1446-1523, (It.) Renaissance. Delivery of the  Keys to St.%@EH@%
Peter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pablo Picasso,%@AE@% 1881-1973, (Sp.) Guernica, Dove, Head of a  Woman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Piero della Francesca,%@AE@% c. 1415-1492, (It.) Renaissance. Duke  of Urbino,%@EH@%
Flagellation of Christ. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Camille Pissarro,%@AE@% 1830-1903, (Fr.) Impressionist. Morning  Sunlight. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jackson Pollock,%@AE@% 1912-1956, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist.  Autumn Rhythm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nicolas Poussin,%@AE@% 1594-1665, (Fr.) Baroque pictorial  classicism. St. John on%@EH@%
Patmos. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maurice B. Prendergast,%@AE@% c. 1860-1924, (U.S.) Post-impressionist  water%@EH@%
colorist. Umbrellas in the Rain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre-Paul Prud'hon,%@AE@% 1758-1823, (Fr.) Romanticist. Crime  pursued by%@EH@%
Vengeance and Justice. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Cecile Puvis de Chavannes,%@AE@% 1824-1898, (Fr.) muralist.  The Poor%@EH@%
Fisherman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Raphael Sanzio,%@AE@% 1483-1520, (It.) Renaissance. Disputa, School  of Athens,%@EH@%
Sistine Madonna. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Man Ray,%@AE@% 1890-1976, (U.S.) Dadaist. Observing Time, The Lovers. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Odilon Redon,%@AE@% 1840-1916, (Fr.) Symbolist lithographer. In the  Dream. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rembrandt van Rijn,%@AE@% 1606-1669, (Dutch) The Bridal Couple, The  Night Watch. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederic Remington,%@AE@% 1861-1909, (U.S.) painter, sculptor,  portrayer of the%@EH@%
American West. Bronco Buster. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre-Auguste Renoir,%@AE@% 1841-1919, (Fr.) Impressionist. The  Luncheon of the%@EH@%
Boating Party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joshua Reynolds,%@AE@% 1723-1792, (Br.) portraitist. Mrs. Siddons as  the Tragic%@EH@%
Muse. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Diego Rivera,%@AE@% 1886-1957, (Mex.) frescoes. The Fecund Earth. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Norman Rockwell,%@AE@% 1894-1978, (U.S.) illustrator. Saturday  Evening Post%@EH@%
covers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auguste Rodin,%@AE@% 1840-1917, (Fr.) sculptor. The Thinker, The  Burghers of%@EH@%
Calais. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mark Rothko,%@AE@% 1903-1970, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Light,  Earth and%@EH@%
Blue. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georges Rouault,%@AE@% 1871-1958, (Fr.) Expressionist. The Old King. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henri Rousseau,%@AE@% 1844-1910, (Fr.) primitive exotic themes. The  Snake%@EH@%
Charmer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Theodore Rousseau,%@AE@% 1812-1867, (Swiss-Fr.) landscapist. Under the Birches,%@EH@%
Evening. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Paul Rubens,%@AE@% 1577-1640, (Flem.) Baroque. Mystic Marriage  of St.%@EH@%
Catherine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacob van Ruisdael,%@AE@% c. 1628-1682, (Dutch) landscapist. Jewish  Cemetery. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salomon van Ruysdael,%@AE@% c. 1600-1670, (Dutch) landscapist. River  with%@EH@%
Ferry-Boat. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Pinkham Ryder,%@AE@% 1847-1917, (U.S.) seascapes and  allegories. Toilers%@EH@%
of the Sea. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Augustus Saint-Gaudens,%@AE@% 1848-1907, (U.S.) memorial statues.  Farragut, Mrs.%@EH@%
Henry Adams (Grief). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrea Sansovino,%@AE@% 1460-1529, (It.) Renaissance sculptor.  Baptism of Christ.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacopo Sansovino,%@AE@% 1486-1570, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. St.  John the%@EH@%
Baptist. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Singer Sargent,%@AE@% 1856-1925, (U.S.) Edwardian society  portraitist. The%@EH@%
Wyndham Sisters, Madam X. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georges Seurat,%@AE@% 1859-1891, (Fr.) Pointillist. Sunday Afternoon  on the%@EH@%
Island of Grande Jatte. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gino Severini,%@AE@% 1883-1966, (It.) Futurist and Cubist. Dynamic  Hieroglyph of%@EH@%
the Bal Tabarin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ben Shahn,%@AE@% 1898-1969, (U.S.) social and political themes. Sacco  and%@EH@%
Vanzetti series, Seurat's Lunch, Handball. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Sheeler,%@AE@% 1883-1965, (U.S.) Abstractionist. Upper Deck. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Alfaro Siqueiros,%@AE@% 1896-1974, (Mex.) political muralist.  March of%@EH@%
Humanity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John F. Sloan,%@AE@% 1871-1951, (U.S.) depictions of New York City.  Wake of the%@EH@%
Ferry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Smith,%@AE@% 1906-1965, (U.S.) welded metal sculpture. Hudson  River%@EH@%
Landscape, Zig, Cubi series. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gilbert Stuart,%@AE@% 1755-1828, (U.S.) portraitist. George  Washington. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Sully,%@AE@% 1783-1872, (U.S.) portraitist. Col. Thomas  Handasyd Perkins,%@EH@%
The Passage of the Delaware. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Yves Tanguy,%@AE@% 1900-1955, (Fr.) Surrealist. Rose of the Four  Winds. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni Battista Tiepolo,%@AE@% 1696-1770, (It.) Rococo frescoes.  The%@EH@%
Crucifixion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacopo Tintoretto,%@AE@% 1518-1594, (It.) Mannerist. The Last  Supper. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Titian,%@AE@% c. 1485-1576, (It.) Renaissance. Venus and the Lute  Player, The%@EH@%
Bacchanal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,%@AE@% 1864-1901, (Fr.) At the Moulin  Rouge. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Trumbull,%@AE@% 1756-1843, (U.S.) historical themes. The  Declaration of%@EH@%
Independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J(oseph) M(allord) W(illiam) Turner,%@AE@% 1775-1851, (Br.) Romantic  landscapist.%@EH@%
Snow Storm. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paolo Uccello,%@AE@% 1397-1475, (It.) Gothic-Renaissance. The Rout  of San Romano.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maurice Utrillo,%@AE@% 1883-1955, (Fr.) Impressionist. Sacre-Coeur  de Montmartre.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Vanderlyn,%@AE@% 1775-1852, (U.S.) Neo-classicist. Ariadne  Asleep on the%@EH@%
Island of Naxos. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Diego Velazquez,%@AE@% 1599-1660, (Sp.) Baroque. Las Meninas,  Portrait of Juan de%@EH@%
Pareja. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan Vermeer,%@AE@% 1632-1675, (Dutch) interior genre subjects. Young  Woman with a%@EH@%
Water Jug. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paolo Veronese,%@AE@% 1528-1588, (It.) devotional themes, vastly  peopled%@EH@%
canvases. The Temptation of St. Anthony. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrea del Verrocchio,%@AE@% 1435-1488, (It.) Florentine sculptor.  Colleoni. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maurice de Vlaminck,%@AE@% 1876-1958, (Fr.) Fauvist landscapist. The  Storm. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andy Warhol,%@AE@% 1928-1987 (U.S.) Pop Art, Campbell's Soup Cans. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Antoine Watteau,%@AE@% 1684-1721, (Fr.) Rococo painter of "scenes  of gallantry".%@EH@%
The Embarkation for Cythera. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Frederic Watts,%@AE@% 1817-1904, (Br.) painter and sculptor  of grandiose%@EH@%
allegorical themes. Hope, Physical Energy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benjamin West,%@AE@% 1738-1820, realistic historical themes.  Death of General%@EH@%
Wolfe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Abbott McNeill Whistler,%@AE@% 1834-1903, (U.S.) Arrangement in  Grey and%@EH@%
Black, No. 1: The Artist's Mother. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Archibald M. Willard,%@AE@% 1836-1918, (U.S.) The Spirit of '76. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Grant Wood,%@AE@% 1891-1942, (U.S.) Midwestern regionalist. American  Gothic,%@EH@%
Daughters of Revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ossip Zadkine,%@AE@% 1890-1967, (Rus.) School of Paris sculptor. The  Destroyed%@EH@%
City, Musicians, Christ. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Noted Philosophers and Religionists of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lyman Abbott,%@AE@% 1835-1922, (U.S.) clergyman, reformer; advocate of Christian%@EH@%
Socialism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Abelard,%@AE@% 1079-1142, (F.) philosopher, theologian, and teacher, used%@EH@%
dialectic method to support Christian dogma. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Felix Adler,%@AE@% 1851-1933, (U.S.) German-born founder of the Ethical Culture%@EH@%
Society. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Augustine,%@AE@% 354-430, Latin bishop considered the founder of formalized%@EH@%
Christian theology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Averroes,%@AE@% 1126-1198, (Sp.) Islamic philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roger Bacon,%@AE@% c.1214-1294, (Br.) philosopher and scientist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karl Barth,%@AE@% 1886-1968, (Sw.) theologian, a leading force in 20th-century%@EH@%
Protestantism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Benedict,%@AE@% c.480-547, (It.) founded the Benedictines. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jeremy Bentham,%@AE@% 1748-1832, (Br.) philosopher, reformer, founder of%@EH@%
Utilitarianism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henri Bergson,%@AE@% 1859-1941, (F.) philosopher of evolution. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Berkeley,%@AE@% 1685-1753, (Ir.) philosopher, churchman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Biddle,%@AE@% 1615-1662, (Br.) founder of English Unitarianism. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jakob Boehme,%@AE@% 1575-1624, (G.) theosophist and mystic. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Brewster,%@AE@% 1567-1644, (Br.) headed Pilgrims, signed Mayflower%@EH@%
Compact. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emil Brunner,%@AE@% 1889-1966, (Sw.) theologian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giordano Bruno,%@AE@% 1548-1600, (It.) philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martin Buber,%@AE@% 1878-1965, (G.) Jewish philosopher, theologian, wrote %@AI@%I and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Thou.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama),%@AE@% c.563-c.483 BC, (Ind.) philosopher, founded%@EH@%
Buddhism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Calvin,%@AE@% 1509-1564, (F.) theologian, a key figure in the Protestant%@EH@%
Reformation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rudolph Carnap,%@AE@% 1891-1970, (U.S.) German-born philosopher, a founder of%@EH@%
logical positivism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Ellery Channing,%@AE@% 1780-1842, (U.S.) clergyman, early spokesman for%@EH@%
Unitarianism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auguste Comte,%@AE@% 1798-1857, (F.) philosopher, the founder of positivism. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Confucius,%@AE@% 551-479 BC, (Chin.) founder of Confucianism. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Cotton,%@AE@% 1584-1652, (Br.) Puritan theologian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Cranmer,%@AE@% 1489-1556, (Br.) churchman, wrote much of %@AI@%Book of Common%@EH@%
%@AI@%Prayer;%@AE@% promoter of English Reformation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rene Descartes,%@AE@% 1596-1650, (F.) philosopher, mathematician. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Dewey,%@AE@% 1859-1952, (U.S.) philosopher, educator;  helped inaugurate the%@EH@%
progressive education movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Denis Diderot,%@AE@% 1713-1784, (F.) philosopher, creator of  first modern%@EH@%
encyclopedia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mary Baker Eddy,%@AE@% 1821-1910, (U.S.) founder of Christian Science. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jonathan Edwards,%@AE@% 1703-1758, (U.S.) preacher, theologian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%(Desiderius) Erasmus,%@AE@% c.1466-1536, (Du.) Renaissance humanist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johann Fichte,%@AE@% 1762-1814, (G.) philosopher, the first of the Transcendental%@EH@%
Idealists. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Fox,%@AE@% 1624-1691, (Br.) founder of Society of  Friends. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Francis of Assisi,%@AE@% 1182-1226, (It.) founded Franciscans. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%al Ghazali,%@AE@% 1058-1111, Islamic philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georg W. Hegel,%@AE@% 1770-1831, (G.) Idealist philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martin Heidegger,%@AE@% 1889-1976, (G.) existentialist  philosopher, affected%@EH@%
fields ranging from physics to literary  criticism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johann G. Herder,%@AE@% 1744-1803, (G.) philosopher, cultural  historian; a%@EH@%
founder of German Romanticism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Hume,%@AE@% 1711-1776, (Sc.) philosopher, historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan Hus,%@AE@% 1369-1415, (Czech.) religious reformer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmund Husserl,%@AE@% 1859-1938, (G.) philosopher, founded the  Phenomenological%@EH@%
movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Huxley,%@AE@% 1825-1895, (Br.) philosopher, educator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ignatius of Loyola,%@AE@% 1491-1556, (Sp.) founder of the  Jesuits. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Inge,%@AE@% 1860-1954, (Br.) theologian, explored the  mystic aspects of%@EH@%
Christianity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William James,%@AE@% 1842-1910, (U.S.) philosopher,  psychologist; advanced theory%@EH@%
of the pragmatic nature of truth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karl Jaspers,%@AE@% 1883-1969, (G.) existentialist  philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Immanuel Kant,%@AE@% 1724-1804, (G.) metaphysician, preeminent  founder of modern%@EH@%
critical philosophy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Soren Kierkegaard,%@AE@% 1813-1855, (Den.) philosopher,  considered the father of%@EH@%
Existentialism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Knox,%@AE@% 1505-1572, (Sc.) leader of the Protestant  Reformation in%@EH@%
Scotland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lao-Tzu,%@AE@% 604-531 BC, (Chin.) philosopher, considered the  founder of the%@EH@%
Taoist religion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gottfried von Leibniz,%@AE@% 1646-1716, (G.) philosopher,  mathematician. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martin Luther,%@AE@% 1483-1546, (G.) leader of the Protestant  Re-formation,%@EH@%
founded Lutheran church. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maimonides,%@AE@% 1135-1204, (Sp.) Jewish philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacques Maritain,%@AE@% 1882-1973, (F.) Neo-Thomist  philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cotton Mather,%@AE@% 1663-1728, (U.S.) defender of orthodox  Puritanism; founded%@EH@%
Yale, 1701. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philipp Melanchthon,%@AE@% 1497-1560, (G.) theologian,  humanist; an important%@EH@%
voice in the Reformation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Merton,%@AE@% 1915-1968, (U.S.) Trappist monk,  spiritual writer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mohammed,%@AE@% c.570-632, Arab prophet of the religion of  Islam. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dwight Moody,%@AE@% 1837-1899, (U.S.) evangelist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George E. Moore,%@AE@% 1873-1958, (Br.) ethical theorist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elijah Muhammad,%@AE@% 1897-1975, (U.S.) leader of the Black  Muslim sect. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heinrich Muhlenberg,%@AE@% 1711-1787, (G.) organized the  Lutheran Church in%@EH@%
America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John H. Newman,%@AE@% 1801-1890, (Br.) Roman Catholic  cardinal, led Oxford%@EH@%
Movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reinhold Niebuhr,%@AE@% 1892-1971, (U.S.) Protestant  theologian, social and%@EH@%
political critic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Friedrich Nietzsche,%@AE@% 1844-1900, (G.) moral philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Blaise Pascal,%@AE@% 1623-1662, (F.) philosopher and  mathematician. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Patrick,%@AE@% c.389-c.461, brought Christianity to  Ireland. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Paul,%@AE@% ?-c.67, a founder of the Christian  religion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles S. Peirce,%@AE@% 1839-1914, (U.S.) philosopher,  logician; originated%@EH@%
concept of Pragmatism, 1878. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Josiah Royce 1855-1916,%@AE@% (U.S.) Idealist philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles T. Russell,%@AE@% 1852-1916, (U.S.) founder of  Jehovah's Witnesses. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fredrich von Schelling,%@AE@% 1775-1854, (G.) philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Friedrich Schleiermacher,%@AE@% 1768-1834, (G.) theologian, a  founder of modern%@EH@%
Protestant theology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur Schopenhauer,%@AE@% 1788-1860, (G.) philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Smith,%@AE@% 1805-1844, (U.S.) founded Latter Day  Saints (Mormon)%@EH@%
movement, 1830. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herbert Spencer,%@AE@% 1820-1903, (Br.) philosopher of  evolution. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Baruch Spinoza,%@AE@% 1632-1677, (Du.) rationalist  philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billy Sunday,%@AE@% 1862-1935, (U.S.) evangelist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki,%@AE@% 1870-1966, (Jap.) Buddhist  scholar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emanuel Swedenborg,%@AE@% 1688-1722, (Swed.) philosopher, mystic. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas a Becket,%@AE@% 1118-1170, (Br.) archbishop of  Canterbury, opposed Henry%@EH@%
II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas a Kempis,%@AE@% c.1380-1471, (G.) theologian  probably wrote %@AI@%Imitation of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Christ.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Aquinas,%@AE@% 1225-1274, (It.) theologian, philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Tillich,%@AE@% 1886-1965, (U.S.) German-born philosopher  and theologian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Wesley,%@AE@% 1703-1791, (Br.) theologian, evangelist;  founded Methodism. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred North Whitehead,%@AE@% 1861-1947, (Br.) philosopher,  mathematician. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William of Occam,%@AE@% c.1285-c.1349 (Br.) philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roger Williams,%@AE@% c.1603-1683, (U.S.) clergyman,  championed religious freedom%@EH@%
and separation of church and state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ludwig Wittgenstein,%@AE@% 1889-1951, (Aus.) philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Wycliffe,%@AE@% 1320-1384, (Br.) theologian, reformer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brigham Young,%@AE@% 1801-1877, (U.S.) Mormon leader,  colonized Utah. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Huldrych Zwingli,%@AE@% 1484-1531, (Sw.) theologian, led Swiss Protestant%@EH@%
Reformation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Noted Social Reformers and Educators of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jane Addams,%@AE@% 1860-1935, (U.S.) co-founder of Hull House; won Nobel Peace%@EH@%
Prize, 1931. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Susan B. Anthony,%@AE@% 1820-1906, (U.S.) a leader in temperance, anti-slavery,%@EH@%
and women's suffrage movements. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Barnard,%@AE@% 1811-1900, (U.S.) public school reformer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Barnardo,%@AE@% 1845-1905, (Br.) social reformer, pioneered in the care of%@EH@%
destitute children. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clara Barton,%@AE@% 1821-1912, (U.S.) organizer of the American Red Cross. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Ward Beecher,%@AE@% 1813-1887, (U.S.) clergyman, abolitionist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sarah G. Blanding,%@AE@% 1899-1985, (U.S.), head of Vassar College, 1946-64. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amelia Bloomer,%@AE@% 1818-1894, (U.S.) social reformer, women's rights advocate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Booth,%@AE@% 1829-1912, (Br.) founded the Salvation Army. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nicholas Murray Butler,%@AE@% 1862-1947, (U.S.) educator headed Columbia Univ.,%@EH@%
1902-45; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1931. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frances X. (Mother) Cabrini,%@AE@% 1850-1917, (U.S.)  Italian-born nun founded%@EH@%
charitable institutions;  first American canonized. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carrie Chapman Catt,%@AE@% 1859-1947, (U.S.) suffragette,  helped win passage of%@EH@%
the 19th amendment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dorothy Day,%@AE@% 1897-1980, (U.S.) founder of Catholic  Worker Movement. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eugene V. Debs,%@AE@% 1855-1926, (U.S.) labor leader, led %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pullman strike,%@AE@% 1894; 4-time Socialist presidential candidate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Melvil Dewey,%@AE@% 1851-1931, (U.S.) devised decimal system  of library-book%@EH@%
classification. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dorothea Dix,%@AE@% 1802-1887, (U.S.) crusader for humane care  of mentally ill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederick Douglass,%@AE@% 1817-1895, (U.S.) abolitionist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%W.E.B. DuBois,%@AE@% 1868-1963, (U.S.) Negro-rights leader,  educator, and writer.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Lloyd Garrison,%@AE@% 1805-1879, (U.S.) abolitionist,  reformer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni Gentile,%@AE@% 1875-1944, (It.) philosopher,  educator; reformed Italian%@EH@%
educational system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Gompers,%@AE@% 1850-1924, (U.S.) labor leader; a  founder and president of%@EH@%
AFL. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Green,%@AE@% 1873-1952, (U.S.) president of AFL,  1924-52. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Harrington,%@AE@% 1928-1989, (U.S.) revealed poverty in  affluent U.S. in%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Other America,%@AE@% 1963. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sidney Hillman,%@AE@% 1887-1946, (U.S.) labor leader, helped  organize CIO. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Holt,%@AE@% 1924-1985, (U.S.) educator and author, %@AI@%How  Children Fail.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel G. Howe,%@AE@% 1801-1876, (U.S.) social reformer,  changed public attitudes%@EH@%
toward the handicapped. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Helen Keller,%@AE@% 1880-1968, (U.S.) crusader for better  treatment for the%@EH@%
handicapped. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martin Luther King Jr.,%@AE@% 1929-1968, (U.S.) civil rights  leader; won Nobel%@EH@%
Peace Prize, 1964. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John L. Lewis,%@AE@% 1880-1969, (U.S.) labor leader, headed  United Mine Workers,%@EH@%
1920-60. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horace Mann,%@AE@% 1796-1859, (U.S.) pioneered modern public  school system. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William H. McGuffey,%@AE@% 1800-1873, (U.S.) author of %@AI@%Reader,%@AE@% the mainstay of%@EH@%
19th century U.S. public education. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander Meiklejohn,%@AE@% 1872-1964, (U.S.) British-born educator, championed%@EH@%
academic freedom and experimental curricula. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lucretia Mott,%@AE@% 1793-1880, (U.S.) reformer, pioneer feminist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philip Murray,%@AE@% 1886-1952, (U.S.) Scotch-born labor leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Florence Nightingale,%@AE@% 1820-1910, (Br.) founder of modern  nursing. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emmeline Pankhurst,%@AE@% 1858-1928, (Br.) woman suffragist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elizabeth P. Peabody,%@AE@% 1804-1894, (U.S.) education  pioneer, founded 1st%@EH@%
kindergarten in U.S., 1860. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter Reuther,%@AE@% 1907-1970, (U.S.) labor leader, headed  UAW. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacob Riis,%@AE@% 1849-1914, (U.S.) crusader for urban  reforms. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Margaret Sanger,%@AE@% 1883-1966, (U.S.) social reformer,  pioneered the birth%@EH@%
control movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elizabeth Seton,%@AE@% 1774-1821, (U.S.) established parochial  school education%@EH@%
in U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Earl of Shaftesbury (A.A. Cooper),%@AE@% 1801-1885, (Br.)  social reformer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elizabeth Cady Stanton,%@AE@% 1815-1902, (U.S.) women's  suffrage pioneer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lucy Stone,%@AE@% 1818-1893, (U.S.) feminist, abolitionist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harriet Tubman,%@AE@% c.1820-1913, (U.S.) abolitionist, ran  Underground Railroad.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Booker T. Washington,%@AE@% 1856-1915, (U.S.) educator,  reformer; championed%@EH@%
vocational training for blacks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter F. White,%@AE@% 1893-1955, (U.S.) headed NAACP,  1931-55. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Wilberforce,%@AE@% 1759-1833, (Br.) social reformer,  prominent in%@EH@%
struggle to abolish the slave trade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emma Hart Willard,%@AE@% 1787-1870, (U.S.) pioneered higher  education for women. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frances E. Willard,%@AE@% 1839-1898, (U.S.) temperance,  woman's rights leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Whitney M. Young Jr.,%@AE@% 1921-1971, (U.S.) civil rights  leader, headed%@EH@%
National Urban League, 1961-71. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%     %@AS@%Noted Historians, Economists, and Social Scientists of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brooks Adams,%@AE@% 1848-1927, (U.S.) historian, political theoretician. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francis Bacon,%@AE@% 1561-1626, (Br.) philosopher, essayist, and statesman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Bancroft,%@AE@% 1800-1891, (U.S.) historian, wrote  10-volume %@AI@%History of%@EH@%
%@AI@%the United States.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles A. Beard,%@AE@% 1874-1948, (U.S.) historian, attacked  motives of the%@EH@%
Founding Fathers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bede (the Venerable),%@AE@% c.673-735, (Br.) scholar,  historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ruth Benedict,%@AE@% 1887-1948, (U.S.) anthropologist, studied  Indian tribes of%@EH@%
the Southwest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bruno Bettleheim,%@AE@% 1903-1990, (Aust.-U.S.) psychoanalyst  specializing in%@EH@%
autistic children; %@AI@%The Uses of Enchantment.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Blanc,%@AE@% 1811-1882, (F.) Socialist leader and  historian whose ideas%@EH@%
were a link between utopian and Marxist  socialism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leonard Bloomfield,%@AE@% 1887-1949, (U.S.) linguist. %@AI@%Language.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz Boas,%@AE@% 1858-1942, (U.S.) German-born  anthropologist, studied American%@EH@%
Indians. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Van Wyck Brooks,%@AE@% 1886-1963, (U.S.) cultural historian,  critic. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmund Burke,%@AE@% 1729-1797, (Ir.) British parliamentarian  and political%@EH@%
philosopher; influenced many Federalists. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Campbell,%@AE@% 1904-1987, (U.S.) authored books on  mythology, folklore. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Carlyle,%@AE@% 1795-1881, (Sc.) philosopher, historian,  and critic. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Channing,%@AE@% 1856-1931, (U.S.) historian, wrote  6-volume %@AI@%A History of%@EH@%
%@AI@%the United States.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John R. Commons,%@AE@% 1862-1945, (U.S.) economist, labor historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benedetto Croce,%@AE@% 1866-1952, (It.) philosopher,  statesman, and historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernard A. De Voto,%@AE@% 1897-1955, (U.S.) historian, won  Pulitzer prize in 1948%@EH@%
for %@AI@%Across the Wide Missouri.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ariel Durant,%@AE@% 1898-1981, (U.S.) historian, collaborated  with husband on%@EH@%
11-volume %@AI@%The Story of Civilization.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Will Durant,%@AE@% 1885-1981, (U.S.) historian. %@AI@%The Story  of Civilization, The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Story of Philosophy.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emile Durkheim,%@AE@% 1858-1917, (F.) a founder of modern  sociology. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Friedrich Engels,%@AE@% 1820-1895, (G.) political writer, with  Marx wrote the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Communist Manifesto.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Irving Fisher,%@AE@% 1867-1947, (U.S.) economist, contributed  to the development%@EH@%
of modern monetary theory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Fiske,%@AE@% 1842-1901, (U.S.) historian and lecturer,  popularized Darwinian%@EH@%
theory of evolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Fourier,%@AE@% 1772-1837, (F.) utopian socialist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry George,%@AE@% 1839-1897, (U.S.) economist, reformer, led  single-tax%@EH@%
movement. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Gibbon,%@AE@% 1737-1794, (Br.) historian, wrote %@AI@%The  History of the Decline%@EH@%
%@AI@%and Fall of the Roman Empire.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francesco Guicciardini,%@AE@% 1483-1540, (It.) historian,  wrote %@AI@%Storia d'Italia,%@AE@%%@EH@%
principal historical work of the  16th-century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alvin Hansen,%@AE@% 1887-1975, (U.S.) economist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Hobbes,%@AE@% 1588-1679, (Br.) social philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Hofstadter,%@AE@% 1916-1970, (U.S.) historian, wrote  %@AI@%The Age of Reform.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Maynard Keynes,%@AE@% 1883-1946, (Br.) economist,  principal advocate of%@EH@%
deficit spending. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred L. Kroeber,%@AE@% 1876-1960, (U.S.) cultural  anthropologist, studied%@EH@%
Indians of North and South America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James L. Laughlin,%@AE@% 1850-1933, (U.S.) economist, helped  establish Federal%@EH@%
Reserve System. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lucien Levy-Bruhl,%@AE@% 1857-1939, (F.) philosopher,  studied the psychology of%@EH@%
primitive societies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kurt Lewin,%@AE@% 1890-1947, (U.S.) German-born psychologist,  studied human%@EH@%
motivation and group dynamics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Locke,%@AE@% 1632-1704, (Br.) political philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Konrad Lorenz,%@AE@% 1904-1989, (Aus.) ethologist, pioneer in  study of animal%@EH@%
behavior. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas B. Macauley,%@AE@% 1800-1859, (Br.) historian,  statesman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bronislaw Malinowski,%@AE@% 1884-1942, (Pol.) anthropologist,  considered the%@EH@%
father of social anthropology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas R. Malthus,%@AE@% 1766-1834, (Br.) economist, famed for  %@AI@%Essay on the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Principle of Population.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karl Mannheim,%@AE@% 1893-1947, (Hung.) sociologist,  historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karl Marx,%@AE@% 1818-1883, (G.) political philosopher,  proponent of modern%@EH@%
communism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giuseppe Mazzini,%@AE@% 1805-1872, (It.) political  philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George H. Mead,%@AE@% 1863-1931, (U.S.) philosopher and social  psychologist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Margaret Mead,%@AE@% 1901-1978, (U.S.) cultural  anthropologist, popularized%@EH@%
field. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Mill,%@AE@% 1773-1836, (Sc.) philosopher, historian, and  economist; a%@EH@%
proponent of Utilitarianism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Stuart Mill,%@AE@% 1806-1873, (Br.) philosopher,  political economist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Perry G. Miller,%@AE@% 1905-1963, (U.S.) historian,  interpreted 17th-century New%@EH@%
England. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Theodor Mommsen,%@AE@% 1817-1903, (G.) historian, wrote %@AI@% The History of Rome.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles-Louis Montesquieu,%@AE@% 1689-1755, (F.) social  philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Eliot Morison,%@AE@% 1887-1976, (U.S.) historian,  chronicled voyages of%@EH@%
early explorers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lewis Mumford,%@AE@% 1895-1990, (U.S.) sociologist, critic, %@AI@%The  Culture of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Cities.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gunnar Myrdal,%@AE@% 1898-1987 (Swe.) economist, social  scientist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Allan Nevins,%@AE@% 1890-1971, (U.S.) historian, biographer;  twice won Pulitzer%@EH@%
prize. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jose Ortega y Gasset,%@AE@% 1883-1955, (Sp.) philosopher and  humanist; advocated%@EH@%
control by an elite. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Owen,%@AE@% 1771-1858, (Br.) political philosopher,  reformer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vilfredo Pareto,%@AE@% 1848-1923, (It.) economist,  sociologist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francis Parkman,%@AE@% 1823-1893, (U.S.) historian, wrote  8-volume %@AI@%France and%@EH@%
%@AI@%England in North America, 1851-92.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marco Polo,%@AE@% c.1254-1324, (It.) narrated an account of  his travels to China.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Prescott,%@AE@% 1796-1859, (U.S.) early American  historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Joseph Proudhon,%@AE@% 1809-1865, (F.) social theorist,  regarded as the%@EH@%
father of anarchism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francois Quesnay,%@AE@% 1694-1774, (F.) economic theorist,  demonstrated circular%@EH@%
flow of economic activity through society. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Ricardo,%@AE@% 1772-1823, (Br.) economic theorist,  advocated free%@EH@%
international trade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James H. Robinson,%@AE@% 1863-1936, (U.S.) historian,  educator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Rogers,%@AE@% 1902-1987, (U.S.) psychotherapist, author. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean-Jacques Rousseau,%@AE@% 1712-1778, (F.) social  philosopher, author. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Sapir,%@AE@% 1884-1939 (Ger.-U.S.) anthropologist, studied  ethnology and%@EH@%
linguistics of some U.S. Indian groups. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ferdinand de Saussure,%@AE@% 1857-1913, (Swiss) a founder of modern  lingustics. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hjalmar Schacht,%@AE@% 1877-1970, (G.) economist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Schumpeter,%@AE@% 1883-1950, (U.S.) Czech.-born  economist, championed big%@EH@%
business, capitalism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Schweitzer,%@AE@% 1875-1965, (Alsatian) social  philosopher, theologian,%@EH@%
and humanitarian. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Simmel,%@AE@% 1858-1918, (G.) sociologist, philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Adam Smith,%@AE@% 1723-1790, (Br.) economist, advocated  laissez-faire economy and%@EH@%
free trade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jared Sparks,%@AE@% 1789-1866, (U.S.) historian, among first  to do research from%@EH@%
original documents. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oswald Spengler,%@AE@% 1880-1936, (G.) philosopher and  historian, wrote %@AI@%The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Decline of the West.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William G. Sumner,%@AE@% 1840-1910, (U.S.) social scientist,  economist;%@EH@%
championed laissez-faire economy, Social Darwinism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hippolyte Taine,%@AE@% 1828-1893, (F.) historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank W. Taussig,%@AE@% 1859-1940, (U.S.) economist, educator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nikolaas Tinbergen,%@AE@% 1907-1988, (Dutch-Br.) ethologist,  pioneer in study of%@EH@%
animal behavior. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexis de Tocqueville,%@AE@% 1805-1859, (F.) political  scientist, historian. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francis E. Townsend,%@AE@% 1867-1960, (U.S.) author of old-age  pension plan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arnold Toynbee,%@AE@% 1889-1975, (Br.) historian, wrote  10-volume %@AI@%A Study of%@EH@%
%@AI@%History.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heinrich von Treitschke,%@AE@% 1834-1896, (G.) historian,  political writer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Trevelyan,%@AE@% 1838-1928, (Br.) historian, statesman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barbara Tuchman,%@AE@% 1912-1989, (U.S.) author of Pulitzer  Prize-winning history%@EH@%
books, %@AI@%The Guns of August.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederick J. Turner,%@AE@% 1861-1932, (U.S.) historian,  educator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thorstein B. Veblen,%@AE@% 1857-1929, (U.S.) economist, social  philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni Vico,%@AE@% 1668-1744, (It.) historian, philosopher. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Voltaire (F.M. Arouet),%@AE@% 1694-1778, (F.) philosopher,  historian, and poet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Izaak Walton,%@AE@% 1593-1683, (Br.) author, wrote first  biographical works in%@EH@%
English literature. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sidney J.,%@AE@% 1859-1947, and wife %@AB@%Beatrice,%@AE@% 1858-1943, %@AB@%Webb%@AE@% (Br.) leading%@EH@%
figures in Fabian Society  and British Labour Party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter P. Webb,%@AE@% 1888-1963, (U.S.) historian of the West. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Weber,%@AE@% 1864-1920, (G.) sociologist. %@AI@%The Protestant  Ethic and the Spirit%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Capitalism.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Noted Scientists of the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Howard H. Aiken,%@AE@% 1900-1973, (U.S.) mathematician,  credited with designing%@EH@%
forerunner of digital computer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albertus Magnus,%@AE@% 1193-1280, (G.) theologian,  philosopher, scientist,%@EH@%
established medieval Christian study of  natural science. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andre-Marie Ampere,%@AE@% 1775-1836, (F.) scientist known  for contributions to%@EH@%
electrodynamics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amedeo Avogadro,%@AE@% 1776-1856, (It.) chemist, physicist,  advanced important%@EH@%
theories on properties of gases. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%A.C. Becquerel,%@AE@% 1788-1878, (F.) physicist, pioneer in  electrochemical%@EH@%
science. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%A.H. Becquerel,%@AE@% 1852-1908, (F.) physicist, discovered  radioactivity in%@EH@%
uranium. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander Graham Bell,%@AE@% 1847-1922, (U.S.) inventor, first  to patent and%@EH@%
commercially exploit the telephone, 1876. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel Bernoulli,%@AE@% 1700-1782, (Swiss) mathematician,  advanced kinetic theory%@EH@%
of gases and fluids. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jons Jakob Berzelius,%@AE@% 1779-1848, (Swed.) chemist,  developed modern chemical%@EH@%
symbols and formulas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Bessemer,%@AE@% 1813-1898, (Br.) engineer, invented  Bessemer steel-making%@EH@%
process. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Bleriot,%@AE@% 1872-1936, (F.) engineer, pioneer  aviator, invented and%@EH@%
constructed monoplanes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Niels Bohr,%@AE@% 1885-1962, (Dan.) physicist, leading figure  in the development%@EH@%
of quantum theory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Born,%@AE@% 1882-1970, (G.) physicist known for research  in quantum%@EH@%
mechanics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Satyendranath Bose,%@AE@% 1894-1974, (In.) physicist, chemist,  mathematician%@EH@%
known for Bose statistics, forerunner of modern quantum  theory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter Brattain,%@AE@% 1902-1987, (U.S.) inventor, worked on  invention of%@EH@%
transistor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis de Broglie,%@AE@% 1893-1987, (F.) physicist, best known  for  wave theory. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Bunsen,%@AE@% 1811-1899, (G.) chemist, invented Bunsen  burner. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Luther Burbank,%@AE@% 1849-1926, (U.S.) plant breeder whose  work developed plant%@EH@%
breeding into a modern science. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vannevar Bush,%@AE@% 1890-1974, (U.S.) electrical engineer,  developed%@EH@%
differential analyzer, first electronic analogue  computer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexis Carrel,%@AE@% 1873-1944, (F.) surgeon, biologist,  developed methods of%@EH@%
suturing blood vessels and transplanting  organs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Washington Carver,%@AE@% 1860?-1943, (U.S.)  agricultural chemist,%@EH@%
experimenter, benefactor of South, a black  hero. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Cavendish,%@AE@% 1731-1810, (Br.) chemist, physicist,  discovered hydrogen. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Chadwick,%@AE@% 1891-1974, (Br.) physicist, discovered  the neutron. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean M. Charcot,%@AE@% 1825-1893, (F.) neurologist known for  work on hysteria,%@EH@%
hypnotism, sclerosis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Claude,%@AE@% 1899-1983, (Belg.) a founder of modern cell  biology. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John D. Cockcroft,%@AE@% 1897-1967, (Br.) nuclear physicist,  constructed first%@EH@%
atomic particle accelerator with E.T.S.  Walton. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Crookes,%@AE@% 1832-1919, (Br.) physicist, chemist,  discovered thallium,%@EH@%
invented a cathode-ray tube, radiometer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marie Curie,%@AE@% 1867-1934, (Pol.-F.) physical chemist known  for work on radium%@EH@%
and its compounds. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Curie,%@AE@% 1859-1906, (F.) physical chemist known for  work with his wife%@EH@%
on radioactivity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gottlieb Daimler,%@AE@% 1834-1900, (G.) engineer, inventor,  pioneer automobile%@EH@%
manufacturer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Dalton,%@AE@% 1766-1844, (Br.) chemist, physicist,  formulated atomic theory,%@EH@%
made first table of atomic weights. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Darwin,%@AE@% 1809-1882, (Br.) naturalist, established  theory of organic%@EH@%
evolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Humphry Davy,%@AE@% 1778-1829, (Br.) chemist, research in  electrochemistry led to%@EH@%
isolation of potassium, sodium, calcium,  barium, boron, magnesium, and
strontium. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lee De Forest,%@AE@% 1873-1961, (U.S.) inventor, pioneer in  development of%@EH@%
wireless telegraphy, sound pictures, television. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Delbruck,%@AE@% 1907-1981, (U.S.) pioneer in modern  molecular genetics. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rudolf Diesel,%@AE@% 1858-1913, (G.) mechanical engineer,  patented Diesel engine.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Dooley,%@AE@% 1927-1961, (U.S.) "jungle doctor," noted for efforts to%@EH@%
supply medical aid to underdeveloped  countries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christian Doppler,%@AE@% 1803-1853, (Aus.) physicist,  demonstrated Doppler effect%@EH@%
(change in energy wavelengths caused  by motion). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas A. Edison,%@AE@% 1847-1931, (U.S.) inventor, held over  1,000 patents,%@EH@%
including incandescent electric lamp, phonograph. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Ehrlich,%@AE@% 1854-1915, (G.) bacteriologist, pioneer in  modern immunology%@EH@%
and bacteriology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Einstein,%@AE@% 1879-1955, (Ger.-U.S.) theoretical  physicist, known for%@EH@%
formulation of relativity theory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John F. Enders,%@AE@% 1897-1985, (U.S.) virologist who helped  discover vaccines%@EH@%
against polio, measles, and mumps. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leonhard Euler,%@AE@% 1707-1783, (Swiss), mathematician,  physicist, authored%@EH@%
first calculus book. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gabriel Fahrenheit,%@AE@% 1686-1736, (G.) physicist,  introduced Fahrenheit scale%@EH@%
for thermometers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Faraday,%@AE@% 1791-1867, (Br.) chemist, physicist,  known for work in%@EH@%
field of electricity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre de Fermat,%@AE@% 1601-1665, (F.) mathematician,  discovered analytic%@EH@%
geometry, founded modern theory of numbers  and calculus of probabilities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Enrico Fermi,%@AE@% 1901-1954, (It.) physicist, one of chief  architects of the%@EH@%
nuclear age. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Galileo Ferraris,%@AE@% 1847-1897, (It.) physicist, electrical  engineer,%@EH@%
discovered principle of rotary magnetic field. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Feynman,%@AE@% 1918-1988, (U.S.) a leading theoretical  physicist of the%@EH@%
postwar generation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Camille Flammarion,%@AE@% 1842-1925, (F.) astronomer,  popularized study of%@EH@%
astronomy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander Fleming,%@AE@% 1881-1955, (Br.) bacteriologist,  discovered penicillin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean B.J. Fourier,%@AE@% 1768-1830, (F.) mathematician,  discovered theorem%@EH@%
governing periodic oscillation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Franck,%@AE@% 1882-1964, (G.) physicist, proved value of  quantum theory. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sigmund Freud,%@AE@% 1856-1939, (Aus.) psychiatrist, founder  of psychoanalysis. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Galileo Galilei,%@AE@% 1564-1642, (It.) astronomer, physicist,  a founder of the%@EH@%
experimental method. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Luigi Galvani,%@AE@% 1737-1798, (It.) physician, physicist,  known as founder of%@EH@%
galvanism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Friedrich Gauss,%@AE@% 1777-1855, (G.) mathematician,  astronomer, physicist,%@EH@%
made important contributions to almost every field of physical science,
founded a number of new fields. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Gay-Lussac,%@AE@% 1778-1850, (F.) chemist, physicist,  investigated%@EH@%
behavior of gases, discovered law of combining  volumes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Josiah W. Gibbs,%@AE@% 1839-1903, (U.S.) theoretical  physicist, chemist, founded%@EH@%
chemical thermodynamics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert H. Goddard,%@AE@% 1882-1945 (U.S.) physicist, father of modern  rocketry. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George W. Goethals,%@AE@% 1858-1928, (U.S.) army engineer,  built the Panama%@EH@%
Canal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William C. Gorgas,%@AE@% 1854-1920, (U.S.) sanitarian, U.S.  army surgeon-general,%@EH@%
his work to prevent yellow fever, malaria  helped insure construction of
Panama Canal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest Haeckel,%@AE@% 1834-1919, (G.) zoologist, evolutionist,  a strong proponent%@EH@%
of Darwin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Otto Hahn,%@AE@% 1879-1968, (G.) chemist, worked on atomic  fission. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J.B.S. Haldane,%@AE@% 1892-1964, (Sc.) scientist, known for  work as geneticist%@EH@%
and application of mathematics to science. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Hall,%@AE@% 1761-1832, (Br.) geologist, chemist, founded  experimental%@EH@%
geology, geochemistry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edmund Halley,%@AE@% 1656-1742, (Br.) astronomer, calculated  the orbits of many%@EH@%
planets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Harvey,%@AE@% 1578-1657, (Br.) physician, anatomist,  discovered%@EH@%
circulation of the blood. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hermann v. Helmholtz,%@AE@% 1821-1894, (G.) physicist,  anatomist, physiologist,%@EH@%
made fundamental contributions to  physiology, optics, electrodynamics,
mathematics, meteorology, %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Herschel,%@AE@% 1738-1822, (Br.) astronomer,  discovered Uranus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heinrich Hertz,%@AE@% 1857-1894, (G.) physicist, his  discoveries led to wireless%@EH@%
telegraphy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Hilbert,%@AE@% 1862-1943, (G.) mathematician, formulated  first satisfactory%@EH@%
set of axioms for modern Euclidean geometry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edwin P. Hubble,%@AE@% 1889-1953, (U.S.) astronomer, produced  first observational%@EH@%
evidence of expanding universe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander v. Humboldt,%@AE@% 1769-1859, (G.) explorer,  naturalist, propagator of%@EH@%
earth sciences, originated ecology,  geophysics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Julian Huxley,%@AE@% 1887-1975, (Br.) biologist, a gifted  exponent and%@EH@%
philosopher of science. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Jenner,%@AE@% 1749-1823, (Br.) physician, discovered  vaccination. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Jenner,%@AE@% 1815-1898, (Br.) physician, pathological  anatomist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederic Joliot-Curie,%@AE@% 1900-1958, (F.) physicist, with  his wife continued%@EH@%
work of Curies on radioactivity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Irene Joliot-Curie,%@AE@% 1897-1956, (F.) physicist, continued  work of Curies in%@EH@%
radioactivity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James P. Joule,%@AE@% 1818-1889, (Br.) physicist, determined  relationship between%@EH@%
heat and mechanical energy (conservation of  energy). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Jung,%@AE@% 1875-1961, (Sw.) psychiatrist, founder of  analytical psychology.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wm. Thomson Kelvin,%@AE@% 1824-1907, (Br.) mathematician,  physicist, known for%@EH@%
work on heat and electricity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sister Elizabeth Kenny,%@AE@% 1886-1952, (Austral.) nurse,  developed method of%@EH@%
treatment for polio. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johannes Kepler,%@AE@% 1571-1630, (G.) astronomer, discovered  important laws of%@EH@%
planetary motion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Lagrange,%@AE@% 1736-1813, (F.) geometer, astronomer,  worked in all fields%@EH@%
of analysis, and number theory, and  analytical and celestial mechanics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean B. Lamarck,%@AE@% 1744-1829, (F.) naturalist, forerunner  of Darwin in%@EH@%
evolutionary theory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Irving Langmuir,%@AE@% 1881-1957, (U.S.) physical chemist, his  studies of%@EH@%
molecular films on solid and liquid surfaces opened  new fields in colloid
research and biochemistry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre S. Laplace,%@AE@% 1749-1827, (F.) astronomer,  physicist, put forth nebular%@EH@%
hypothesis of origin of solar  system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Antoine Lavoisier,%@AE@% 1743-1794, (F.) chemist, founder of  modern chemistry. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest O. Lawrence,%@AE@% 1901-1958, (U.S.) physicist,  invented the cyclotron. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Leakey,%@AE@% 1903-1972, (Br.) anthropologist,  discovered important%@EH@%
fossils, remains of early hominids. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anton van Leeuwenhoek,%@AE@% 1632-1723, (Du.) microscopist,  father of%@EH@%
microbiology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,%@AE@% 1646-1716, (G.)  mathematician, developed%@EH@%
theories of differential and integral  calculus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Justus von Liebig,%@AE@% 1803-1873, (G.) chemist, established  quantitative%@EH@%
organic chemical analysis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Lister,%@AE@% 1827-1912, (Br.) pioneer of antiseptic  surgery. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Percival Lowell,%@AE@% 1855-1916, (U.S.) astronomer, predicted  the existence of%@EH@%
Pluto. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Guglielmo Marconi,%@AE@% 1874-1937, (It.) physicist, known for  his development of%@EH@%
wireless telegraphy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Clerk Maxwell,%@AE@% 1831-1879, (Sc.) physicist, known  especially for his%@EH@%
work in electricity and magnetism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maria Goeppert Mayer,%@AE@% 1906-1972, (G.-U.S.) physicist,  independently%@EH@%
developed theory of structure of atomic nuclei. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lise Meitner,%@AE@% 1878-1968, (Aus.) physicist whose work  contributed to the%@EH@%
development of the atomic bomb. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gregor J. Mendel,%@AE@% 1822-1884, (Aus.) botanist, known for  his experimental%@EH@%
work on heredity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz Mesmer,%@AE@% 1734-1815, (G.) physician, developed  theory of animal%@EH@%
magnetism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert A. Michelson,%@AE@% 1852-1931, (U.S.) physicist,  established speed of%@EH@%
light as a fundamental constant. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert A. Millikan,%@AE@% 1868-1953, (U.S.) physicist, noted  for study of%@EH@%
elementary electronic charge and photoelectric  effect. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Hunt Morgan,%@AE@% 1866-1945, (U.S.) geneticist,  embryologist, established%@EH@%
chromosome theory of heredity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Isaac Newton,%@AE@% 1642-1727, (Br.) natural philosopher,  mathematician,%@EH@%
discovered law of gravitation, laws of motion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J. Robert Oppenheimer,%@AE@% 1904-1967, (U.S.) physicist,  director of Los Alamos%@EH@%
during development of the atomic bomb. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wilhelm Ostwald,%@AE@% 1853-1932, (G.) physical chemist,  philosopher, chief%@EH@%
founder of physical chemistry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Pasteur,%@AE@% 1822-1895, (F.) chemist, originated  process of%@EH@%
pasteurization. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Planck,%@AE@% 1858-1947, (G.) physicist, originated and  developed quantum%@EH@%
theory. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henri Poincare,%@AE@% 1854-1912, (F.) mathematician,  physicist, influenced%@EH@%
cosmology, relativity, and topology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Priestley,%@AE@% 1733-1804, (Br.) chemist, one of the  discoverers of%@EH@%
oxygen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rabi,%@AE@% Isidor Isaac, 1899-1988 (U.S.) physicist, pioneered atom  exploration.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter S. Reed,%@AE@% 1851-1902, (U.S.) army pathologist,  bacteriologist, proved%@EH@%
mosquitos transmit yellow fever. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernhard Riemann,%@AE@% 1826-1866, (G.) mathematician,  contributed to development%@EH@%
of calculus, complex variable theory,  and mathematical physics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wilhelm Roentgen,%@AE@% 1845-1923, (G.) physicist, discovered  X-rays. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bertrand Russell,%@AE@% 1872-1970, (Br.) logician,  philosopher, one of the%@EH@%
founders of modern logic, wrote %@AI@% Principia Mathematica.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest Rutherford,%@AE@% 1871-1937, (Br.) physicist,  discovered the atomic%@EH@%
nucleus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni Schiaparelli,%@AE@% 1835-1910, (It.) astronomer,  hypothesized canals on%@EH@%
the surface of Mars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Angelo Secchi,%@AE@% 1818-1878, (It.) astronomer, pioneer in  classifying stars by%@EH@%
their spectra. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harlow Shapley,%@AE@% 1885-1972, (U.S.) astronomer, noted for  his studies of the%@EH@%
galaxy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles P. Steinmetz,%@AE@% 1865-1923, (G.-U.S.) electrical  engineer, developed%@EH@%
basic ideas on alternating current systems. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leo Szilard,%@AE@% 1898-1964, (Hung.-U.S.) physicist, helped create  first%@EH@%
sustained nuclear reaction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nikola Tesla,%@AE@% 1856-1943, (Croatia-U.S.) electrical engineer,  contributed to%@EH@%
most developments in electronics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rudolf Virchow,%@AE@% 1821-1902, (G.) pathologist, a founder  of cellular%@EH@%
pathology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alessandro Volta,%@AE@% 1745-1827, (It.) physicist, pioneer in  electricity. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred Russell Wallace,%@AE@% 1823-1913, (Br.) naturalist,  proposed concept of%@EH@%
evolution similar to Darwin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%August v. Wasserman,%@AE@% 1866-1925, (G.) bacteriologist,  discovered reaction%@EH@%
used as test for syphilis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James E. Watt,%@AE@% 1736-1819, (Sc.) mechanical engineer,  inventor, invented%@EH@%
modern steam condensing engine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred L. Wegener,%@AE@% 1880-1930, (G.) meteorologist,  geophysicist, postulated%@EH@%
theory of continental drift. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Norbert Wiener,%@AE@% 1894-1964, (U.S.) mathematician, founder  of the science of%@EH@%
cybernetics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sewall Wright,%@AE@% 1890-1988 (U.S.) a leading evolutionary  theorist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ferdinand v. Zeppelin,%@AE@% 1838-1917 (G.) soldier, aeronaut,  airship designer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%  %@AS@%Noted Business Leaders, Industrialists, and Philanthropistsof the Past %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elizabeth Arden (F.N. Graham),%@AE@% 1884-1966, (U.S.)  Canadian-born%@EH@%
businesswoman founded and headed cosmetics empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philip D. Armour,%@AE@% 1832-1901, (U.S.) industrialist,  streamlined meat%@EH@%
packing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Jacob Astor,%@AE@% 1763-1848, (U.S.) German-born fur  trader, banker, real%@EH@%
estate magnate; at death, richest in U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francis W. Ayer,%@AE@% 1848-1923, (U.S.) ad industry pioneer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%August Belmont,%@AE@% 1816-1890, (U.S.) German-born financier. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James B. (Diamond Jim) Brady,%@AE@% 1856-1917, (U.S.)  financier, philanthropist,%@EH@%
legendary bon vivant. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Adolphus Busch,%@AE@% 1839-1913, (U.S.) German-born  businessman, established%@EH@%
brewery empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Asa Candler,%@AE@% 1851-1929, (U.S.) founded Coca-Cola Co. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrew Carnegie,%@AE@% 1835-1919, (U.S.) Scots-born  industrialist, founded U.S.%@EH@%
Steel; financed over 2,800  libraries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Colgate,%@AE@% 1783-1857, (U.S.) British-born  businessman,%@EH@%
philanthropist; founded soap-making empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jay Cooke,%@AE@% 1821-1905, (U.S.) financier, sold $1  billion in Union bonds%@EH@%
during Civil War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Cooper,%@AE@% 1791-1883, (U.S.) industrialist, inventor,  philanthropist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ezra Cornell,%@AE@% 1807-1874, (U.S.) businessman,  philanthropist; headed Western%@EH@%
Union, established univ. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Erastus Corning,%@AE@% 1794-1872, (U.S.) financier, headed  N.Y. Central. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Crocker,%@AE@% 1822-1888, (U.S.) railroad builder,  financier. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Cunard,%@AE@% 1787-1865, (Can.) pioneered  trans-Atlantic steam navigation.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marcus Daly,%@AE@% 1841-1900, (U.S.) Irish-born copper  magnate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walt Disney,%@AE@% 1901-1966, (U.S.) pioneer in cinema  animation, built%@EH@%
entertainment empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herbert H. Dow,%@AE@% 1866-1930, (U.S.) Canadian-born founder  of chemical co. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Duke,%@AE@% 1856-1925, (U.S.) founded American Tobacco,  Duke Univ. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eleuthere I. du Pont,%@AE@% 1771-1834, (U.S.) French-born  gunpowder manufacturer;%@EH@%
founded one of world's largest  business empires. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas C. Durant,%@AE@% 1820-1885, (U.S.) railroad official,  financier. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William C. Durant,%@AE@% 1861-1947, (U.S.) industrialist,  formed General Motors. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Eastman,%@AE@% 1854-1932, (U.S.) inventor, manufacturer  of photographic%@EH@%
equipment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marshall Field,%@AE@% 1834-1906, (U.S.) merchant, founded  Chicago's largest%@EH@%
department store. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harvey Firestone,%@AE@% 1868-1938, (U.S.) industrialist,  founded tire co. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry M. Flagler,%@AE@% 1830-1913, (U.S.) financier, helped  form Standard Oil;%@EH@%
developed Florida as resort state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Malcolm Forbes,%@AE@% 1919-1990, (U.S.) publisher of %@AI@%Fortune  magazine.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Ford,%@AE@% 1863-1947, (U.S.) auto maker, developed  first popular%@EH@%
low-priced car. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Ford 2d,%@AE@% 1917-1987, (U.S.) headed auto company founded by%@EH@%
grandfather. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry C. Frick,%@AE@% 1849-1919, (U.S.) industrialist, helped  organize U.S.%@EH@%
Steel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jakob Fugger (Jakob the Rich),%@AE@% 1459-1525, (G.) headed leading banking house,%@EH@%
trading concern, in 16th-century Europe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred C. Fuller,%@AE@% 1885-1973, (U.S.) Canadian-born  businessman, founded%@EH@%
brush co. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elbert H. Gary,%@AE@% 1846-1927, (U.S.) U.S. Steel head,  1903-27. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amadeo P. Giannini,%@AE@% 1870-1949, (U.S.) founded Bank of  America. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen Girard,%@AE@% 1750-1831, (U.S.) French-born financier,  philanthropist;%@EH@%
richest man in U.S. at his death. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Paul Getty,%@AE@% 1892-1976, (U.S.) founded oil empire. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jay Gould,%@AE@% 1836-1892, (U.S.) railroad magnate,  financier, speculator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hetty Green,%@AE@% 1834-1916, (U.S.) financier, the "witch  of Wall St."; richest%@EH@%
woman in U.S in her day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Gregg,%@AE@% 1800-1867, (U.S.) launched textile  industry in the South. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Meyer Guggenheim,%@AE@% 1828-1905, (U.S.) Swiss-born merchant,  philanthropist;%@EH@%
built merchandising, mining empires. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward H. Harriman,%@AE@% 1848-1909, (U.S.) railroad  financier, administrator;%@EH@%
headed Union Pacific. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Randolph Hearst,%@AE@% 1863-1951, (U.S.) a dominant  figure in American%@EH@%
journalism; built vast publishing empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry J. Heinz,%@AE@% 1844-1919, (U.S.) founded food empire. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James J. Hill,%@AE@% 1838-1916, (U.S.) Canadian-born railroad  magnate, financier;%@EH@%
founded Great Northern Railway. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Conrad N. Hilton,%@AE@% 1888-1979, (U.S.) intl. hotel chain  founder. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Howard Hughes,%@AE@% 1905-1976, (U.S.) industrialist,  financier, movie maker. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%H.L. Hunt,%@AE@% 1889-1974, (U.S.) oil magnate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Collis P. Huntington,%@AE@% 1821-1900, (U.S.) railroad  magnate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry E. Huntington,%@AE@% 1850-1927, (U.S.) railroad builder,  philanthropist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter L. Jacobs,%@AE@% 1898-1985, (U.S.) founder of the first rental  car agency,%@EH@%
which later became Hertz. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Howard Johnson,%@AE@% 1896-1972, (U.S.) founded restaurant  chain. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry J. Kaiser,%@AE@% 1882-1967, (U.S.) industrialist, built  empire in steel,%@EH@%
aluminum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Minor C. Keith,%@AE@% 1848-1929, (U.S.) railroad magnate;  founded United Fruit%@EH@%
Co. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Will K. Kellogg,%@AE@% 1860-1951, (U.S.) businessman,  philanthropist, founded%@EH@%
breakfast food co. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard King,%@AE@% 1825-1885, (U.S.) cattleman, founded  half-million acre King%@EH@%
Ranch in Texas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William S. Knudsen,%@AE@% 1879-1948, (U.S.) Danish-born auto  industry executive. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel H. Kress,%@AE@% 1863-1955, (U.S.) businessman, art  collector,%@EH@%
philanthropist; founded "dime store" chain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ray A. Kroc,%@AE@% 1902-1984, (U.S.) builder of McDonald's fast  food empire;%@EH@%
owner, San Diego Padres baseball team. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred Krupp,%@AE@% 1812-1887, (G.) armaments magnate. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Lasker,%@AE@% 1880-1952, (U.S.) businessman,  philanthropist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Lipton,%@AE@% 1850-1931, (Scot.) merchant, built tea  empire. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James McGill,%@AE@% 1744-1813, (Can.) Scots-born fur trader,  founded univ. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrew W. Mellon,%@AE@% 1855-1937, (U.S.) financier,  industrialist; benefactor of%@EH@%
National Gallery of Art. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles E. Merrill,%@AE@% 1885-1956, (U.S.) financier,  developed firm of Merrill%@EH@%
Lynch. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Pierpont Morgan,%@AE@% 1837-1913, (U.S.) most powerful  figure in finance and%@EH@%
industry at the turn-of-the-century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Malcolm Muir,%@AE@% 1885-1979, (U.S.) created %@AI@%Business  Week%@AE@% magazine; headed%@EH@%
%@AI@%Newsweek,%@AE@% 1937-61. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Newhouse,%@AE@% 1895-1979, (U.S.) publishing and  broadcasting magnate,%@EH@%
built communications empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aristotle Onassis,%@AE@% 1900-1975, (Gr.) shipping magnate.  George Peabody, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1795-1869,%@AE@% (U.S.) merchant, financier, philanthropist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James C. Penney,%@AE@% 1875-1971, (U.S.) businessman,  developed department store%@EH@%
chain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William C. Procter,%@AE@% 1862-1934, (U.S.) headed soap co. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John D. Rockefeller,%@AE@% 1839-1937, (U.S.) industrialist,  established Standard%@EH@%
Oil; became world's wealthiest person. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John D. Rockefeller Jr.,%@AE@% 1874-1960, (U.S.)  philanthropist, established%@EH@%
foundation; provided land for United  Nations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Meyer A. Rothschild,%@AE@% 1743-1812, (G.) founded  international banking house. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Fortune Ryan,%@AE@% 1851-1928, (U.S.) financier,  dominated N.Y. City%@EH@%
public transportation; helped found American  Tobacco. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russell Sage,%@AE@% 1816-1906, (U.S.) financier. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Sarnoff,%@AE@% 1891-1971, (U.S.) broadcasting pioneer,  established first%@EH@%
radio network, NBC. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard W. Sears,%@AE@% 1863-1914, (U.S.) founded mail-order  co. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%(Ernst) Werner von Siemens,%@AE@% 1816-1892, (G.)  industrialist, inventor. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alfred P. Sloan,%@AE@% 1875-1966, (U.S.) industrialist,  philanthropist; headed%@EH@%
General Motors. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%A. Leland Stanford,%@AE@% 1824-1893, (U.S.) railroad official,  philanthropist;%@EH@%
founded univ. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nathan Strauss,%@AE@% 1848-1931, (U.S.) German-born merchant,  philanthropist;%@EH@%
headed Macy's. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Levi Strauss,%@AE@% c.1829-1902, (U.S.) pants manufacturer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clement Studebaker,%@AE@% 1831-1901, (U.S.) wagon, carriage  manufacturer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustavus Swift,%@AE@% 1839-1903, (U.S.) pioneer meat-packer;  promoted%@EH@%
refrigerated railroad cars. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gerard Swope,%@AE@% 1872-1957, (U.S.) industrialist,  economist; headed General%@EH@%
Electric. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Walter Thompson,%@AE@% 1847-1928, (U.S.) ad executive. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Theodore N. Vail,%@AE@% 1845-1920, (U.S.) organized Bell  Telephone system, headed%@EH@%
ATT. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cornelius Vanderbilt,%@AE@% 1794-1877, (U.S.) financier,  established steamship,%@EH@%
railroad empires. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Villard,%@AE@% 1835-1900, (U.S.) German-born railroad  executive, financier.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles R. Walgreen,%@AE@% 1873-1939, (U.S.) founded drugstore  chain. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%DeWitt Wallace,%@AE@% 1890-1981, (U.S.) and %@AB@%Lila Wallace,%@AE@%  1890-1984, (U.S.)%@EH@%
co-founders of %@AI@%Reader's Digest%@AE@% magazine,  philanthropists. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Wanamaker,%@AE@% 1838-1922, (U.S.) pioneered  department-store merchandising.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aaron Montgomery Ward,%@AE@% 1843-1913, (U.S.) established  first mail-order firm.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas J. Watson,%@AE@% 1874-1956, (U.S.) headed IBM, 1924-49. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Hay Whitney,%@AE@% 1905-1982, (U.S.) publisher,  sportsman, philanthropist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles E. Wilson,%@AE@% 1890-1961, (U.S.) auto industry  executive; public%@EH@%
official. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank W. Woolworth,%@AE@% 1852-1919, (U.S.) created 5 & 10  chain. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Wrigley Jr.,%@AE@% 1861-1932, (U.S.) founded chewing gum co. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Composers of the Western World %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach,%@AE@% 1714-1788, (G.) Prussian and  Wurtembergian%@EH@%
Sonatas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johann Christian Bach,%@AE@% 1735-1782, (G.) Concertos;  sonatas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johann Sebastian Bach,%@AE@% 1685-1750, (G.) St. Matthew  Passion, The%@EH@%
Well-Tempered Clavichord. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel Barber,%@AE@% 1910-1981, (U.S.) Adagio for Strings,  Vanessa. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bela Bartok,%@AE@% 1881-1945, (Hung.) Concerto for Orchestra,  The Miraculous%@EH@%
Mandarin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ludwig Van Beethoven,%@AE@% 1770-1827, (G.) Concertos  (Emperor); sonatas%@EH@%
(Moonlight, Pastorale, Pathetique);  symphonies (Eroica). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vincenzo Bellini,%@AE@% 1801-1835, (It.) La Sonnambula, Norma,  I Puritani. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alban Berg,%@AE@% 1885-1935, (Aus.) Wozzeck, Lulu. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hector Berlioz,%@AE@% 1803-1869, (F.) Damnation of Faust,  Symphonie Fantastique,%@EH@%
Requiem. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leonard Bernstein,%@AE@% b. 1918, (U.S.) Jeremiah, West Side  Story. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georges Bizet,%@AE@% 1838-1875, (F.) Carmen, Pearl Fishers. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest Bloch,%@AE@% 1880-1959, (Swiss) Schelomo, Voice in the  Wilderness, Sacred%@EH@%
Service. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Luigi Boccherini,%@AE@% 1743-1805, (It.) Cello Concerto in B  Flat, Symphony in C.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander Borodin,%@AE@% 1833-1887, (R.) Prince Igor, In the  Steppes of Central%@EH@%
Asia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johannes Brahms,%@AE@% 1833-1897, (G.) Liebeslieder Waltzes,  Rhapsody in E Flat%@EH@%
Major, Opus 119 for Piano, Academic Festival  Overture; symphonies;
quartets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benjamin Britten,%@AE@% 1913-1976, (Br.) Peter Grimes, Turn of  the Screw,%@EH@%
Ceremony of Carols, War Requiem. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anton Bruckner,%@AE@% 1824-1896, (Aus.) Symphonies (Romantic),  Intermezzo for%@EH@%
String Quintet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ferruccio Busoni,%@AE@% 1866-1924, (It.) Doctor Faust, Comedy  Overture. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dietrich Buxtehude,%@AE@% 1637-1707, (D.) Cantatas, trio  sonatas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Byrd,%@AE@% 1543-1623, (Br.) Masses, sacred songs. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%(Alexis-) Emmanuel Chabrier,%@AE@% 1841-1894, (Fr.) Le Roi Malgre  Lui, Espana. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustave Charpentier,%@AE@% 1860-1956, (F.) Louise. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederic Chopin,%@AE@% 1810-1849, (P.) Polonaises, mazurkas, waltzes,  etudes,%@EH@%
nocturnes. Polonaise No. 6 in A Flat Major (Heroic); sonatas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aaron Copland,%@AE@% b. 1900, (U.S.) Appalachian Spring. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%(Achille-) Claude Debussy,%@AE@% 1862-1918, (F.) Pelleas et  Melisande, La Mer,%@EH@%
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C.P. Leo Delibes,%@AE@% 1836-1891, (F.) Lakme, Coppelia,  Sylvia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Norman Dello Joio,%@AE@% b. 1913, (U.S.), Triumph of St. Joan,  Psalm of David. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gaetano Donizetti,%@AE@% 1797-1848, (It.) Elixir of Love, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lucia Di Lammermoor,%@AE@% Daughter of the Regiment. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Dukas,%@AE@% 1865-1935, (Fr.) Sorcerer's Apprentice. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Antonin Dvorak,%@AE@% 1841-1904, (C.) Symphony in E Minor  (From the New World). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Elgar,%@AE@% 1857-1934, (Br.) Pomp and Circumstance. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Manuel de Falla,%@AE@% 1876-1946, (Sp.) La Vide Breve, El Amor  Brujo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gabriel Faure,%@AE@% 1845-1924, (Fr.) Requiem, Ballade. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Friedrich von Flotow,%@AE@% 1812-1883, (G.) Martha. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cesar Franck,%@AE@% 1822-1890, (Belg.) D Minor Symphony. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Gershwin,%@AE@% 1898-1937, (U.S.) Rhapsody in Blue,  American in Paris,%@EH@%
Porgy and Bess. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Umberto Giordano,%@AE@% 1867-1948, (It.) Andrea Chenier. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alexander K. Glazunoff,%@AE@% 1865-1936, (R.) Symphonies, Stenka  Razin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mikhail Glinka,%@AE@% 1804-1857, (R.) Ruslan and Ludmilla. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christoph W. Gluck,%@AE@% 1714-1787, (G.) Alceste, Iphigenie  en Tauride. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Gounod,%@AE@% 1818-1893, (F.) Faust, Romeo and Juliet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edvard Grieg,%@AE@% 1843-1907, (Nor.) Peer Gynt Suite,  Concerto in A Minor. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Frederick Handel,%@AE@% 1685-1759, (G., Br.) Messiah,  Xerxes, Berenice. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Howard Hanson,%@AE@% 1896-1981, (U.S.) Symphonies No. 1  (Nordic) and 2%@EH@%
(Romantic). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roy Harris,%@AE@% 1898-1979, (U.S.) Symphonies, Amer.  Portraits. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Haydn,%@AE@% 1732-1809, (Aus.) Symphonies (Clock);  oratorios; chamber%@EH@%
music. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Hindemith,%@AE@% 1895-1963, (U.S.) Mathis Der Maler. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustav Holst,%@AE@% 1874-1934, (Br.) The Planets. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur Honegger,%@AE@% 1892-1955, (Swiss) Judith, Le Roi  David, Pacific 231. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alan Hovhaness,%@AE@% b. 1911, (U.S.) Symphonies, Magnificat. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Engelbert Humperdinck,%@AE@% 1854-1921, (G.) Hansel and  Gretel. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Ives,%@AE@% 1874-1954, (U.S.) Third Symphony. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aram Khachaturian,%@AE@% 1903-1978, (Armen.) Gayane (ballet),  symphonies. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Zoltan Kodaly,%@AE@% 1882-1967, (Hung.) Hary Janos, Psalmus  Hungaricus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fritz Kreisler,%@AE@% 1875-1962, (Aus.) Caprice Viennois,  Tambourin Chinois. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rodolphe Kreutzer,%@AE@% 1766-1831, (F.) 40 etudes for violin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edouard V.A. Lalo,%@AE@% 1823-1892, (F.) Symphonie Espagnole. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ruggiero Leoncavallo,%@AE@% 1857-1919, (It.) Pagliacci. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz Liszt,%@AE@% 1811-1886, (Hung.) 20 Hungarian rhapsodies;  symphonic poems. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward MacDowell,%@AE@% 1861-1908, (U.S.) To a Wild Rose. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gustav Mahler,%@AE@% 1860-1911, (Aus.) Lied von der Erde. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pietro Mascagni,%@AE@% 1863-1945, (It.) Cavalleria Rusticana. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jules Massenet,%@AE@% 1842-1912, (F.) Manon, Le Cid, Thais. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Felix Mendelssohn,%@AE@% 1809-1847, (G.) Midsummer  Night's Dream, Songs Without%@EH@%
Words. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gian-Carlo Menotti,%@AE@% b. 1911, (It.-U.S.) The Medium, The  Consul, Amahl and%@EH@%
the Night Visitors. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giacomo Meyerbeer,%@AE@% 1791-1864, (G.) Robert le Diable, Les  Huguenots. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Claudio Monteverdi,%@AE@% 1567-1643, (It.) Opera; masses;  madrigals. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,%@AE@% 1756-1791, (Aus.) Magic Flute,  Marriage of Figaro;%@EH@%
concertos; symphonies, etc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Modest Moussorgsky,%@AE@% 1835-1881, (R.) Boris Godunov,  Pictures at an%@EH@%
Exhibition. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacques Offenbach,%@AE@% 1819-1880, (F.) Tales of Hoffmann. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Orff,%@AE@% 1895-1982, (G.) Carmina Burana. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ignace Paderewski,%@AE@% 1860-1941, (P.) Minuet in G. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni P. da Palestrina,%@AE@% c. 1525-1594, (It.) Masses;  madrigals. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amilcare Ponchielli,%@AE@% 1834-1886, (It.) La Gioconda. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francis Poulenc,%@AE@% 1899-1963, (F.) Dialogues des  Carmelites. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Serge Prokofiev,%@AE@% 1891-1953, (R.) Love for Three Oranges,  Lt. Kije, Peter%@EH@%
and the Wolf. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giacomo Puccini,%@AE@% 1858-1924, (It.) La Boheme, Manon  Lescaut, Tosca, Madame%@EH@%
Butterfly. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sergei Rachmaninov,%@AE@% 1873-1943, (R.) 24 preludes, E concerti, 4  symphonies.%@EH@%
Prelude in C Sharp Minor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maurice Ravel,%@AE@% 1875-1937, (Fr.) Bolero, Daphnis et  Chloe, Rapsodie%@EH@%
Espagnole. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov,%@AE@% 1844-1908, (R.) Golden  Cockerel, Capriccio%@EH@%
Espagnol, Scheherazade, Russian Easter  Overture. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gioacchino Rossini,%@AE@% 1792-1868, (It.) Barber of Seville,  Semiramide, William%@EH@%
Tell. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chas. Camille Saint-Saens,%@AE@% 1835-1921, (F.) Samson and  Delilah, Danse%@EH@%
Macabre. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alessandro Scarlatti,%@AE@% 1660-1725, (It.) Cantatas;  concertos. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Domenico Scarlatti,%@AE@% 1685-1757, (It.) Harpsichord  sonatas. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arnold Schoenberg,%@AE@% 1874-1951, (Aus.) Pelleas and  Melisande, Transfigured%@EH@%
Night, De Profundis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz Schubert,%@AE@% 1797-1828, (A.) Lieder; symphonies  (Unfinished); overtures%@EH@%
(Rosamunde). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Schuman,%@AE@% b. 1910, (U.S.) Credendum, New England  Triptych. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Schumann,%@AE@% 1810-1856, (G.) Symphonies, songs. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aleksandr Scriabin,%@AE@% 1872-1915, (R.) Prometheus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dimitri Shostakovich,%@AE@% 1906-1975, (R.) Symphonies, Lady  Macbeth of Mzensk,%@EH@%
The Nose. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Sibelius,%@AE@% 1865-1957, (Finn.) Finlandia, Karelia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bedrich Smetana,%@AE@% 1824-1884, (Cz.). The Bartered Bride. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karlheinz Stockhausen,%@AE@% b. 1928, (G.) Kontrapunkte,  Kontakte. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Strauss,%@AE@% 1864-1949, (G.) Salome, Elektra, Der  Rosenkavalier, Thus%@EH@%
Spake Zarathustra. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Igor F. Stravinsky,%@AE@% 1882-1971, (R.-U.S.) Oedipus Rex, Le  Sacre du%@EH@%
Printemps, Petrushka. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peter I. Tchaikovsky,%@AE@% 1840-1893, (R.) Nutcracker Suite,  Swan Lake, Eugene%@EH@%
Onegin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ambroise Thomas,%@AE@% 1811-1896, (F.) Mignon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Virgil Thomson,%@AE@% b. 1896, (U.S.) Opera, ballet; Four  Saints in Three Acts. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ralph Vaughan Williams,%@AE@% 1872-1958, (Br.) Job, London  Symphony, Symphony No.%@EH@%
7 (Antartica). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giuseppe Verdi,%@AE@% 1813-1901, (It.) Aida, Rigoletto, Don Carlo, II Trovatore,%@EH@%
La Traviata, Falstaff, Macbeth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Heitor Villa-Lobos,%@AE@% 1887-1959, (Brazil) Choros. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Antonio Vivaldi,%@AE@% 1678-1741, (It.) Concerti, The Four  Seasons. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Wagner,%@AE@% 1813-1883, (G.) Rienzi, Tannhauser,  Lohengrin, Tristan und%@EH@%
Isolde. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Maria von Weber,%@AE@% 1786-1826, (G.) Der Freischutz.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Composers of Operettas, Musicals, and Popular Music %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Adler,%@AE@% b. 1921, (U.S.) %@AI@%Pajama Game; Damn  Yankees.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Milton Ager,%@AE@% 1893-1979, (U.S.) I Wonder What's Become  of Sally; Hard%@EH@%
Hearted Hannah; Ain't She Sweet?%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leroy Anderson,%@AE@% 1908-1975, (U.S.) Syncopated Clock. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Anka,%@AE@% b. 1941, (Can.) My Way; She's a Lady; Tonight Show  theme. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harold Arlen,%@AE@% 1905-1986, (U.S.) Stormy Weather; Over the  Rainbow; Blues in%@EH@%
the Night; That Old Black Magic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Burt Bacharach,%@AE@% b. 1928, (U.S.) Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head; Walk on%@EH@%
By; What the World Needs Now is Love. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ernest Ball,%@AE@% 1878-1927, (U.S.) Mother Machree; When  Irish Eyes Are Smiling.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Irving Berlin,%@AE@% 1888-1989 (U.S.) %@AI@%This is the Army;  Annie Get Your Gun; Call%@EH@%
%@AI@%Me Madam;%@AE@% God Bless America; White  Christmas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leonard Bernstein,%@AE@% b. 1918, (U.S.) %@AI@%On the Town; Wonderful  Town; Candide;%@EH@%
%@AI@%West Side Story.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eubie Blake,%@AE@% 1883-1983, (U.S.) %@AI@%Shuffle Along;%@AE@% I'm  Just Wild about Harry. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jerry Bock,%@AE@% b. 1928, (U.S.) %@AI@%Mr. Wonderful; Fiorello;  Fiddler on the Roof;%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Rothschilds.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carrie Jacobs Bond,%@AE@% 1862-1946, (U.S.) I Love You Truly.  Nacio Herb Brown,%@EH@%
1896-1964, (U.S.) Singing in the Rain;  You Were Meant for Me; All I Do Is
Dream of You. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hoagy Carmichael,%@AE@% 1899-1981, (U.S.) Stardust; Georgia  on My Mind; Old%@EH@%
Buttermilk Sky. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George M. Cohan,%@AE@% 1878-1942, (U.S.) Give My Regards to  Broadway; You're A%@EH@%
Grand Old Flag; Over There. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cy Coleman,%@AE@% b. 1929, (U.S.) %@AI@%Sweet Charity;%@AE@% Witchcraft. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Noel Coward,%@AE@% 1899-1973 (Br.) %@AI@%Bitter Sweet;%@AE@% Mad  Dogs and Englishmen; Mad%@EH@%
About the Boy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Walter Donaldson,%@AE@% 1893-1947, (U.S.) My Buddy; Carolina  in the Morning;%@EH@%
You're Driving Me Crazy; Makin' Whoopee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Neil Diamond,%@AE@% b. 1941, (U.S.) I'm a Believer; Sweet Caroline. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vernon Duke,%@AE@% 1903-1969, (U.S.) April in Paris. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Dylan,%@AE@% b. 1941, (U.S.) Blowin' in the Wind. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gus Edwards,%@AE@% 1879-1945, (U.S.) School Days; By the Light  of the Silvery%@EH@%
Moon; In My Merry Oldsmobile. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sherman Edwards,%@AE@% 1919-1981, (U.S.) See You in September;  Wonderful!%@EH@%
Wonderful!%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Duke Ellington,%@AE@% 1899-1974, (U.S.) Sophisticated Lady;  Satin  Doll; It Don't%@EH@%
Mean a Thing; Solitude. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sammy Fain,%@AE@% b. 1902, I'll Be Seeing You; Love Is a  Many-Splendored Thing. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fred Fisher,%@AE@% 1875-1942, (U.S.) Peg O' My Heart;  Chicago. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen Collins Foster,%@AE@% 1826-1864, (U.S.) My Old  Kentucky Home; Old Folks%@EH@%
At Home. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rudolf Friml,%@AE@% 1879-1972, (naturalized U.S.) %@AI@%The Firefly; Rose Marie;%@EH@%
%@AI@%Vagabond King; Bird of Paradise.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Gay,%@AE@% 1685-1732, (Br.) %@AI@%The Beggar's Opera.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Gershwin,%@AE@% 1898-1937, (U.S.) Someone to Watch Over Me;  I've Got a%@EH@%
Crush on You; Embraceable You. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ferde Grofe,%@AE@% 1892-1972, (U.S.) Grand Canyon Suite. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marvin Hamlisch,%@AE@% b. 1944, (U.S.) The Way We Were, Nobody Does  It Better, %@AI@%A%@EH@%
%@AI@%Chorus Line.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%W. C. Handy,%@AE@% 1873-1958, (U.S.) St. Louis Blues. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ray Henderson,%@AE@% 1896-1970, (U.S.) %@AI@%George White's  Scandals;%@AE@% That Old Gang of%@EH@%
Mine; Five Foot Two, Eyes of  Blue. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Victor Herbert,%@AE@% 1859-1924, (Ir.-U.S.) %@AI@%Mlle. Modiste;  Babes in Toyland; The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Red Mill; Naughty Marietta; Sweethearts.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jerry Herman,%@AE@% b. 1932, (U.S.) %@AI@%Hello Dolly; Mame.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brian Holland,%@AE@% b. 1941, %@AB@%Lamont Dozier,%@AE@% b. 1941, %@AB@%Eddie Holland,%@AE@% b. 1939, (all%@EH@%
U.S.) Heat Wave; Stop! In the Name of Love; Baby, I Need Your Loving. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Scott Joplin,%@AE@% 1868-1917, (U.S.) %@AI@%Treemonisha.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Kander,%@AE@% b. 1927, (U.S.) %@AI@%Cabaret; Chicago; Funny  Lady.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jerome Kern,%@AE@% 1885-1945, (U.S.) %@AI@%Sally; Sunny; Show  Boat.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carole King,%@AE@% b. 1942, (U.S.) Will You Love Me Tomorrow?;  Natural Woman; One%@EH@%
Fine Day; Up on the Roof. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Burton Lane,%@AE@% b. 1912, (U.S.) %@AI@%Finian's Rainbow.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Franz Lehar,%@AE@% 1870-1948, (Hung.) %@AI@%Merry Widow.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jerry Leiber,%@AE@% & %@AB@%Mike Stoller,%@AE@% both b. 1933,  (both U.S.) Hound Dog;%@EH@%
Searchin'; Yakety Yak; Love Me Tender. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mitch Leigh,%@AE@% b. 1928, (U.S.) %@AI@%Man of La Mancha.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Lennon,%@AE@% 1940-1980, & %@AB@%Paul McCartney,%@AE@% b. 1942, (both Br.)  I Want to%@EH@%
Hold Your Hand; She Loves You; Hard Day's Night; Can't Buy  Me Love; And I
Love Her. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank Loesser,%@AE@% 1910-1969, (U.S.) %@AI@%Guys and Dolls; Where's Charley?; The Most%@EH@%
%@AI@%Happy Fella; How to Succeed  . . . %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frederick Loewe,%@AE@% 1901-1988, (Aust.-U.S.) %@AI@%The Day  Before Spring; Brigadoon;%@EH@%
%@AI@%Paint Your Wagon; My Fair Lady;  Camelot.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Mancini,%@AE@% b. 1924, (U.S.) Moon River; Days of Wine  and Roses; Pink%@EH@%
Panther Theme. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barry Mann,%@AE@% b. 1939, & %@AB@%Cynthia Weil,%@AE@% b. 1937, (both  U.S.) You've Lost That%@EH@%
Loving Feeling, Saturday Night at the Movies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy McHugh,%@AE@% 1894-1969 (U.S.) Don't Blame Me; I'm in the Mood  for Love; I%@EH@%
Feel a Song Coming On. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joseph Meyer,%@AE@% 1894-1987, (U.S.) If You Knew Susie;  California, Here I Come;%@EH@%
Crazy Rhythm. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chauncey Olcott,%@AE@% 1860-1932, (U.S.) Mother Machree. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cole Porter,%@AE@% 1893-1964, (U.S.) %@AI@%Anything Goes;  Kiss Me Kate; Can Can; Silk%@EH@%
%@AI@%Stockings.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Rodgers,%@AE@% 1902-1979, (U.S.) %@AI@%Connecticut Yankee;  Oklahoma!; Carousel;%@EH@%
%@AI@%South Pacific; The King and I; The Sound of Music.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Smokey Robinson,%@AE@% b. 1940, (U.S.) Shop Around; My Guy; My  Girl; Get Ready. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sigmund Romberg,%@AE@% 1887-1951, (Hung.) %@AI@%Maytime; The  Student Prince; Desert%@EH@%
%@AI@%Song; Blossom Time.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harold Rome,%@AE@% b. 1908, (U.S.) %@AI@%Pins and Needles; Call  Me Mister; Wish You%@EH@%
%@AI@%Were Here; Fanny; Destry Rides Again.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vincent Rose,%@AE@% b. 1880-1944, (U.S.) Avalon; Whispering;  Blueberry Hill. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harry Ruby,%@AE@% 1895-1974, (U.S.) Three Little Words; Who's Sorry Now?%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur Schwartz,%@AE@% 1900-1984, (U.S.) %@AI@%The Band Wagon;%@AE@%  Dancing in the Dark; By%@EH@%
Myself; That's Entertainment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Neil Sedaka,%@AE@% b. 1939, (U.S.) Breaking Up Is Hard to Do. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Simon,%@AE@% b. 1942, (U.S.) Sounds of Silence; I Am a Rock;  Mrs. Robinson;%@EH@%
Bridge Over Troubled Waters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephen Sondheim,%@AE@% b. 1930, (U.S.) %@AI@%A Little Night  Music; Company; Sweeney%@EH@%
%@AI@%Todd; Sunday in the Park with George.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Philip Sousa.%@AE@% 1854-1932, (U.S.) %@AI@%El Capitan;%@AE@%  Stars and Stripes Forever.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oskar Straus,%@AE@% 1870-1954, (Aus.) %@AI@%Chocolate Soldier.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johann Strauss,%@AE@% 1825-1899, (Aus.) %@AI@%Gypsy Baron; Die  Fledermaus;%@AE@% waltzes:%@EH@%
Blue Danube, Artist's Life. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Strouse,%@AE@% b. 1928, (U.S.) %@AI@%Bye Bye, Birdie;  Annie.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jule Styne,%@AE@% b. 1905, (b. Br.-U.S.) %@AI@%Gentlemen  Prefer Blondes; Bells Are%@EH@%
%@AI@%Ringing; Gypsy; Funny Girl.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur S. Sullivan,%@AE@% 1842-1900, (Br.) %@AI@%H.M.S.  Pinafore, Pirates of Penzance;%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Mikado.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Deems Taylor,%@AE@% 1885-1966, (U.S.) %@AI@%Peter Ibbetson.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Egbert van Alstyne,%@AE@% 1882-1951, (U.S.) In the Shade of  the Old Apple Tree;%@EH@%
Memories; Pretty Baby. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy Van Heusen,%@AE@% 1913-1990, (U.S.) Moonlight Becomes You;  Swinging on a%@EH@%
Star; All the Way; Love and Marriage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Albert von Tilzer,%@AE@% 1878-1956, (U.S.) I'll Be With You  in Apple Blossom%@EH@%
Time; Take Me Out to the Ball Game. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harry von Tilzer,%@AE@% 1872-1946, (U.S.) Only a Bird in a  Gilded Cage; On a%@EH@%
Sunday Afternoon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fats Waller,%@AE@% 1904-1943, (U.S.) Honeysuckle Rose; Ain't  Misbehavin'. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harry Warren,%@AE@% 1893-1981, (U.S.) You're My Everything;  We're in the Money; I%@EH@%
Only Have Eyes for You. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy Webb,%@AE@% b. 1946, (U.S.) Up, Up and Away; By the Time I Get  to Phoenix;%@EH@%
Didn't We?; Wichita Lineman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andrew Lloyd Webber,%@AE@% b. 1948, (Br.) %@AI@%Jesus Christ  Superstar, Evita, Cats,%@EH@%
%@AI@%The Phantom of the Opera.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kurt Weill,%@AE@% 1900-1950, (G.-U.S.) %@AI@%Threepenny Opera;  Lady in the Dark;%@EH@%
%@AI@%Knickerbocker Holiday; One Touch of Venus.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Percy Wenrich,%@AE@% 1887-1952, (U.S.) When You Wore a Tulip;  Moonlight Bay; Put%@EH@%
On Your Old Gray Bonnet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Richard A. Whiting,%@AE@% 1891-1938, (U.S.) Till We Meet  Again; Sleepytime Gal;%@EH@%
Beyond the Blue Horizon; My Ideal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Williams,%@AE@% b. 1932, (U.S.) %@AI@%Jaws, E.T., Star Wars%@AE@%  series, %@AI@%Raiders of the%@EH@%
%@AI@%Lost Ark%@AE@% series. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Meredith Willson,%@AE@% 1902-1984, (U.S.) %@AI@%The Music Man.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stevie Wonder,%@AE@% b. 1950, (U.S.) You Are the Sunshine of My  Life; Signed,%@EH@%
Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vincent Youmans,%@AE@% 1898-1946, (U.S.) %@AI@%Two Little Girls  in Blue; Wildflower;%@EH@%
%@AI@%No, No, Nanette; Hit the Deck; Rainbow;  Smiles.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                %@AS@%Lyricists %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnny Burke,%@AE@% 1908-1984, (U.S.) What's New?; Misty;  Imagination; Polka Dots%@EH@%
and Moonbeams. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sammy Cahn,%@AE@% b. 1913, (U.S.) High Hopes; Love and  Marriage; The Second Time%@EH@%
Around; It's Magic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Betty Comden,%@AE@% b. 1919 (U.S.) and %@AB@%Adolph Green,%@AE@%  b. 1915 (U.S.) The Party's%@EH@%
Over; Just in Time; New York, New  York. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hal David,%@AE@% b. 1921 (U.S.) What the World Needs Now Is  Love; Close to You. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buddy De Sylva,%@AE@% 1895-1950, (U.S.) When Day is Done;  Look for the Silver%@EH@%
Lining; April Showers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Howard Dietz,%@AE@% 1896-1983, (U.S.) Dancing in the Dark; You  and the Night and%@EH@%
the Music; That's Entertainment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Al Dubin,%@AE@% 1891-1945, (U.S.) Tiptoe Through the Tulips;  Anniversary Waltz;%@EH@%
Lullaby of Broadway. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fred Ebb,%@AE@% b. 1936 (U.S.) %@AI@%Cabaret, Zorba, Woman of the Year.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dorothy Fields,%@AE@% 1905-1974, (U.S.) On the Sunny Side of  the Street; Don't%@EH@%
Blame Me; The Way You Look Tonight. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ira Gershwin,%@AE@% 1896-1983, (U.S.) The Man I Love;  Fascinating Rhythm;%@EH@%
S'Wonderful; Embraceable You. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William S. Gilbert,%@AE@% 1836-1911, (Br.) %@AI@%The Mikado; H.M.S.  Pinafore, Pirates%@EH@%
%@AI@%of Penzance.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gerry Goffin,%@AE@% b. 1939, (U.S.) Will You Love Me Tomorrow, Take  Good Care of%@EH@%
My Baby, Up on the Roof, One Fine Day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mack Gordon,%@AE@% 1905-1959, (Pol.-U.S.) You'll Never Know; The  More I See You;%@EH@%
Chattanooga Choo-Choo; You Make Me Feel So  Young. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oscar Hammerstein II,%@AE@% 1895-1960, (U.S.) Ol' Man  River; %@AI@%Oklahoma; Carousel.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%E. Y. (Yip) Harburg,%@AE@% 1898-1981, (U.S.) Brother, Can You  Spare a Dime; April%@EH@%
in Paris; Over the Rainbow. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lorenz Hart,%@AE@% 1895-1943, (U.S.) Isn't It  Romantic; Blue Moon; Lover;%@EH@%
Manhattan; My Funny Valentine; Mountain  Greenery. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%DuBose Heyward,%@AE@% 1885-1940, (U.S.) Summertime; A Woman Is  A Sometime Thing. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gus Kahn,%@AE@% 1886-1941, (U.S.) Memories; Ain't We Got  Fun. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alan J. Lerner,%@AE@% 1918-1986, (U.S.) %@AI@%Brigadoon; My Fair Lady;  Camelot; Gigi.;%@EH@%
%@AI@%On a Clear Day You Can See Forever.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnny Mercer,%@AE@% 1909-1976, (U.S.) Blues in the Night;  Come Rain or Come%@EH@%
Shine; Laura; That Old Black Magic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Merrill,%@AE@% b. 1921, (U.S.) People; Don't Rain on My Parade. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Norworth,%@AE@% 1879-1959, (U.S.) Take Me Out to the Ball  Game; Shine On%@EH@%
Harvest Moon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mitchell Parish,%@AE@% b. 1901, (U.S.) Stairway to the Stars;  Stardust. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Andy Razaf,%@AE@% 1895-1973, (U.S.) Honeysuckle Rose, Ain't  Misbehavin',%@EH@%
S'posin'. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leo Robin,%@AE@% 1900-1984, (U.S.) Thanks for the Memory;  Hooray for Love;%@EH@%
Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Francis Webster,%@AE@% b. 1907, (U.S.) I Got It Bad and That  Ain't Good,%@EH@%
Secret Love, The Shadow of Your Smile, Love Is a  Many-Splendored Thing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Yellen,%@AE@% b. 1892, (U.S.) Down by the O-Hi-O; Ain't  She Sweet; Happy%@EH@%
Days Are Here Again.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Noted Jazz Artists  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jazz has been called America's only completely unique  contribution to%@EH@%
Western culture. The following individuals have  made major contributions in
this field: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Julian "Cannonball" Adderley,%@AE@% 1928-1975: alto  sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong,%@AE@% 1900-1971: trumpet,  singer; originated the%@EH@%
"scat" vocal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mildred Bailey,%@AE@% 1907-1951: blues singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chet Baker,%@AE@% 1929-1988: trumpet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Count Basie,%@AE@% 1904-1984: orchestra leader, piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sidney Bechet,%@AE@% 1897-1959: early innovator, soprano  sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bix Beiderbecke,%@AE@% 1903-1931: cornet, piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bunny Berrigan,%@AE@% 1909-1942: trumpet, singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barney Bigard,%@AE@% 1906-1980: clarinet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Art Blakey,%@AE@% b. 1919: drums, leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy Blanton,%@AE@% 1921-1942: bass. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles "Buddy" Bolden,%@AE@% 1868-1931: cornet;  formed the first jazz band in%@EH@%
the 1890s. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Big Bill Broonzy,%@AE@% 1893-1958: blues singer, guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clifford Brown,%@AE@% 1930-1956: trumpet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ray Brown,%@AE@% b. 1926: bass. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dave Brubeck,%@AE@% b. 1920: piano, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Don Byas,%@AE@% 1912-1972: tenor sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harry Carney,%@AE@% 1910-1974: baritone sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benny Carter,%@AE@% b. 1907: alto sax, trumpet, clarinet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ron Carter,%@AE@% b. 1937: bass, cello. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sidney Catlett,%@AE@% 1910-1951: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charlie Christian,%@AE@% 1919-1942: guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kenny Clarke,%@AE@% 1914-1985: pioneer of modern drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buck Clayton,%@AE@% b. 1911: trumpet, arranger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Al Cohn,%@AE@% 1925-1988: tenor sax, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cozy Cole,%@AE@% 1909-1981: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ornette Coleman,%@AE@% b. 1930: saxophone; unorthodox style. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Coltrane,%@AE@% 1926-1967: tenor sax innovator. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eddie Condon,%@AE@% 1904-1973: guitar, band leader; promoter of Dixieland. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chick Corea,%@AE@% b. 1941: pianist, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tadd Dameron,%@AE@% 1917-1965: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis,%@AE@% 1921-1986: tenor sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Miles Davis,%@AE@% b. 1926: trumpet; pioneer of cool jazz. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wild Bill Davison,%@AE@% b. 1906: cornet, leader; prominent in early Chicago jazz.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buddy De Franco,%@AE@% b. 1933: clarinet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Desmond,%@AE@% 1924-1977: alto sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vic Dickenson,%@AE@% 1906-1984: trombone, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Warren "Baby" Dodds,%@AE@% 1898-1959: Dixieland drummer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnny Dodds,%@AE@% 1892-1940: clarinet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eric Dolphy,%@AE@% 1928-1964: alto sax, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy Dorsey,%@AE@% 1904-1957: clarinet, alto sax; band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tommy Dorsey,%@AE@% 1905-1956: trombone; band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roy Eldridge,%@AE@% 1911-1989: trumpet, drums, singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Duke Ellington,%@AE@% 1899-1974: piano, band leader, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bill Evans,%@AE@% 1929-1980: piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gil Evans,%@AE@% 1912-1988: composer, arranger, piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ella Fitzgerald,%@AE@% b. 1918: singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%"Red" Garland,%@AE@% 1923-1984; piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Erroll Garner,%@AE@% 1921-1977: piano, composer, "Misty."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stan Getz,%@AE@% b. 1927: tenor sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dizzy Gillespie,%@AE@% b. 1917: trumpet, composer; bop developer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benny Goodman,%@AE@% 1909-1986: clarinet, band and combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dexter Gordon,%@AE@% 1923-1990: tenor sax; bop-derived style. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephane Grappelli,%@AE@% b. 1908: violin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bobby Hackett,%@AE@% 1915-1976: trumpet, cornet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lionel Hampton,%@AE@% b. 1913: vibes, drums, piano, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herbie Hancock,%@AE@% b. 1940: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%W. C. Handy,%@AE@% 1873-1958: composer, "St. Louis Blues."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Coleman Hawkins,%@AE@% 1904-1969: tenor sax; 1939 recording of "Body and Soul", a%@EH@%
classic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roy Haynes,%@AE@% b. 1926: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fletcher Henderson,%@AE@% 1898-1952: orchestra leader, arranger; pioneered jazz%@EH@%
and dance bands of the 30s. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Woody Herman,%@AE@% 1913-87: clarinet, alto sax, band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jay C. Higginbotham,%@AE@% 1906-1973: trombone. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Earl "Fatha" Hines,%@AE@% 1905-1983: piano, songwriter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnny Hodges,%@AE@% 1906-1971: alto sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billie Holiday,%@AE@% 1915-1959: blues singer, "Strange Fruit."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins,%@AE@% 1912-1982: blues singer, guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mahalia Jackson,%@AE@% 1911-1972: gospel singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Milt Jackson,%@AE@% b. 1923: vibes, piano, guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Illinois Jacquet,%@AE@% b. 1922: tenor sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Keith Jarrett,%@AE@% b. 1945: technically phenomenal pianist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Blind Lemon Jefferson,%@AE@% 1897-1930: blues singer, guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bunk Johnson,%@AE@% 1879-1949: cornet, trumpet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James P. Johnson,%@AE@% 1891-1955: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J. J. Johnson,%@AE@% b. 1924: trombone, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elvin Jones,%@AE@% b. 1927: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jo Jones,%@AE@% 1911-1985: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philly Joe Jones,%@AE@% 1923-1985: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Quincy Jones,%@AE@% b. 1933: arranger. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thad Jones,%@AE@% 1923-1986: trumpet, cornet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Scott Joplin,%@AE@% 1868-1917: composer; "Maple Leaf Rag."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stan Kenton,%@AE@% 1912-1979: orchestra leader, composer, piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barney Kessel,%@AE@% b. 1923: guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lee Konitz,%@AE@% b. 1927: alto sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gene Krupa,%@AE@% 1909-1973: drums, band and combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Scott LaFaro,%@AE@% 1936-1961: bass. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly),%@AE@% 1888-1949: blues singer, guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Lewis,%@AE@% b. 1920: composer, piano, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mel Lewis,%@AE@% b. 1929: drummer, orchestra leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmie Lunceford,%@AE@% 1902-1947: band leader, sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herbie Mann,%@AE@% b. 1930: flute. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wynton Marsalis,%@AE@% b. 1961: trumpet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy McPartland,%@AE@% b. 1907: trumpet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marian McPartland,%@AE@% b. 1920: piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Glenn Miller,%@AE@% 1904-1944: trombone, dance band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Mingus,%@AE@% 1922-1979: bass, composer, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thelonious Monk,%@AE@% 1920-1982: piano, composer, combo leader; a developer of%@EH@%
bop. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wes Montgomery,%@AE@% 1925-1968: guitar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%"Jelly Roll" Morton,%@AE@% 1885-1941: composer, piano, singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bennie Moten,%@AE@% 1894-1935: piano; an early organizer of large jazz orchestras.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gerry Mulligan,%@AE@% b. 1927: baritone sax, arranger, leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Turk Murphy,%@AE@% 1915-1987: trombone, band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Theodore "Fats" Navarro,%@AE@% 1923-1950: trumpet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Red Nichols,%@AE@% 1905-1965: cornet, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Red Norvo,%@AE@% b. 1908: vibes, band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anita O'Day,%@AE@% b. 1919: singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%King Oliver,%@AE@% 1885-1938: cornet, band leader; teacher of Louis Armstrong. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kid Ory,%@AE@% 1886-1973: trombone, "Muskrat Ramble". %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charlie "Bird" Parker,%@AE@% 1920-1955: alto sax, composer; rated by many as the%@EH@%
greatest jazz improviser. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Art Pepper,%@AE@% 1925-1982: alto sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oscar Peterson,%@AE@% b. 1925: piano, composer, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oscar Pettiford,%@AE@% 1922-1960: a leading bassist in the bop era. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bud Powell,%@AE@% 1924-1966: piano; modern jazz pioneer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tito Puente,%@AE@% b. 1923: band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sun Ra,%@AE@% b. 1915?: big band leader, pianist, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gertrude "Ma" Rainey,%@AE@% 1886-1939: blues singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Don Redman,%@AE@% 1900-1964: composer, arranger; pioneer in the evolution of the%@EH@%
large orchestra. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Django Reinhardt,%@AE@% 1910-1953: guitar; Belgian gypsy, first European to%@EH@%
influence American jazz. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buddy Rich,%@AE@% 1917-1987: drums, band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Max Roach,%@AE@% b. 1925: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sonny Rollins,%@AE@% b. 1929: tenor sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank Rosollino,%@AE@% 1926-1978: trombone. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy Rushing,%@AE@% 1903-1972: blues singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Russell,%@AE@% b. 1923: composer, piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pee Wee Russell,%@AE@% 1906-1969: clarinet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Artie Shaw,%@AE@% b. 1910: clarinet, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Shearing,%@AE@% b. 1919: piano, composer, "Lullaby of Birdland."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horace Silver,%@AE@% b. 1928: piano, combo leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Zoot Sims,%@AE@% 1925-1985: tenor, alto sax; clarinet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Zutty Singleton,%@AE@% 1898-1975: Dixieland drummer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bessie Smith,%@AE@% 1894-1937: blues singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clarence "Pinetop" Smith,%@AE@% 1904-1929: piano, singer; pioneer of boogie%@EH@%
woogie. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Willie "The Lion" Smith,%@AE@% 1897-1973: stride style pianist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Muggsy Spanier,%@AE@% 1906-1967: cornet, band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billy Strayhorn,%@AE@% 1915-67: composer, piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sonny Stitt,%@AE@% 1924-1982: alto, tenor sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Art Tatum,%@AE@% 1910-1956: piano; technical virtuoso. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billy Taylor,%@AE@% b. 1921: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cecil Taylor,%@AE@% b. 1933: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Teagarden,%@AE@% 1905-1964: trombone, singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dave Tough,%@AE@% 1908-1948: drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lennie Tristano,%@AE@% 1919-1978: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joe Turner,%@AE@% 1911-1985: blues singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%McCoy Tyner,%@AE@% b. 1938: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sarah Vaughan,%@AE@% 1924-1990: singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joe Venuti,%@AE@% 1904-1978: first great jazz violinist. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas "Fats" Waller,%@AE@% 1904-1943: piano, singer, composer. "Ain't%@EH@%
Misbehavin'". %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dinah Washington,%@AE@% 1924-1963: singer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chick Webb,%@AE@% 1902-1939: band leader, drums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ben Webster,%@AE@% 1909-1973: tenor sax. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Whiteman,%@AE@% 1890-1967: orchestra leader; a major figure in the%@EH@%
introduction of jazz to a large audience. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles "Cootie" Williams,%@AE@% 1908-1985: trumpet, band leader. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mary Lou Williams,%@AE@% 1914-1981: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Teddy Wilson,%@AE@% 1912-1986: piano, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kai Winding,%@AE@% 1922-1983: trombone, composer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimmy Yancey,%@AE@% 1894-1951: piano. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lester "Pres" Young,%@AE@% 1909-1959: tenor sax, composer: a bop pioneer.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Rock & Roll Notables %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For more than a quarter of a century, rock & roll has been an important%@EH@%
force in American popular culture. The following individuals or groups have
made a significant impact. Next to each is an associated single record or
record album. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Allman Brothers Band:%@AE@% "Ramblin' Man"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Animals:%@AE@% "House of the Rising Sun"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Anka:%@AE@% "Lonely Boy"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Association:%@AE@% "Cherish"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frankie Avalon:%@AE@% "Venus"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Band:%@AE@% "The Weight"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Beach Boys:%@AE@% "Surfin' U.S.A."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Beastie Boys:%@AE@% "(You've Got to) Fight for Your Right to Party"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Beatles:%@AE@% "Hey Jude"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Bee Gees:%@AE@% "Stayin' Alive"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pat Benatar:%@AE@% "Hit Me With Your Best Shot"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chuck Berry:%@AE@% "Johnny B. Goode"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Big Bopper:%@AE@% "Chantilly Lace"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Black Sabbath:%@AE@% "Paranoid"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Blind Faith:%@AE@% "Can't Find My Way Home"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Blondie:%@AE@% "Heart of Glass"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Blood, Sweat and Tears:%@AE@% "Spinning Wheel"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bon Jovi:%@AE@% %@AI@%Slippery When Wet%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gary "U.S." Bonds:%@AE@% "Quarter to Three"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Booker T. and the MGs:%@AE@% "Green Onions"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Earl Bostic:%@AE@% "Flamingo"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Bowie:%@AE@% "Let's Dance"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Brown:%@AE@% "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jackson Browne:%@AE@% "Doctor My Eyes"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buffalo Springfield:%@AE@% "For What It's Worth"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Byrds:%@AE@% "Turn! Turn! Turn!"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Canned Heat:%@AE@% "Going Up the Country"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Cars:%@AE@% "Shake It Up"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ray Charles:%@AE@% "Georgia on My Mind"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chubby Checker:%@AE@% "The Twist"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chicago:%@AE@% "Hard Habit to Break"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eric Clapton:%@AE@% "Layla"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Coasters:%@AE@% "Yakety Yak"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eddie Cochran:%@AE@% "Summertime Blues"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Phil Collins:%@AE@% "Against All Odds"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sam Cooke:%@AE@% "You Send Me"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alice Cooper:%@AE@% "School's Out"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elvis Costello:%@AE@% "Allison"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cream:%@AE@% "Sunshine of Your Love"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Credence Clearwater Revival:%@AE@% "Proud Mary"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young:%@AE@% "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Crystals:%@AE@% "Da Doo Ron Ron"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Danny and the Juniors:%@AE@% "At the Hop"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bobby Darin:%@AE@% "Splish Splash"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Spencer Davis Group:%@AE@% "Gimme Some Lovin'"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bo Diddley:%@AE@% "Who Do You Love?"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dion and the Belmonts:%@AE@% "A Teenager in Love"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dire Straits:%@AE@% %@AI@%Brothers in Arms%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fats Domino:%@AE@% "Blueberry Hill"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Doobie Brothers:%@AE@% "What a Fool Believes"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Doors:%@AE@% "Light My Fire"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Drifters:%@AE@% "Save the Last Dance for Me"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Duran Duran:%@AE@% "Hungry Like the Wolf"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Dylan:%@AE@% "Like a Rolling Stone"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Eagles:%@AE@% "Hotel California"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Earth, Wind and Fire:%@AE@% "Shining Star"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emerson, Lake and Palmer:%@AE@% "From the Beginning"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Eurythmics:%@AE@% "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Everly Brothers:%@AE@% "Wake Up Little Susie"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jose Feliciano:%@AE@% "Light My Fire"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Five Satins:%@AE@% "In the Still of the Night"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Fleetwood Mac:%@AE@% %@AI@%Rumours%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dan Fogelberg:%@AE@% "Missing You"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Four Seasons:%@AE@% "Sherry"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Four Tops:%@AE@% "I Can't Help Myself"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aretha Franklin:%@AE@% "Respect"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marvin Gaye:%@AE@% "I Heard It through the Grapevine"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Genesis:%@AE@% "Land of Confusion"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The J. Geils Band:%@AE@% %@AI@%Freeze-Frame%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Grand Funk Railroad:%@AE@% "We're an American Band"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Grateful Dead:%@AE@% "Truckin'"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bill Haley and the Comets:%@AE@% "Rock Around the Clock"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hall and Oates:%@AE@% "Rich Girl"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jimi Hendrix:%@AE@% %@AI@%Are You Experienced?%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buddy Holly and the Crickets:%@AE@% "That'll Be the Day"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Whitney Houston:%@AE@% "The Greatest Love"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Janis Ian:%@AE@% "At Seventeen"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Isley Brothers:%@AE@% "It's Your Thing"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Jackson 5/The Jacksons:%@AE@% "ABC"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Janet Jackson:%@AE@% "Control"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Jackson:%@AE@% "Beat It"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jay and the Americans:%@AE@% "This Magic Moment"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Jefferson Airplane/Jefferson Starship:%@AE@% "White Rabbit"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jethro Tull:%@AE@% %@AI@%Aqualung%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joan Jett:%@AE@% "I Love Rock' n' Roll"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billy Joel:%@AE@% "Uptown Girl"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elton John:%@AE@% "Sad Songs"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Janis Joplin:%@AE@% "Me and Bobby McGee"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chaka Khan:%@AE@% "I Feel for You"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%B.B. King:%@AE@% "The Thrill Is Gone"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carole King:%@AE@% %@AI@%Tapestry%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Kinks:%@AE@% "You Really Got Me"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kiss:%@AE@% "Rock' n' Roll All Night"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gladys Knight and the Pips:%@AE@% "Midnight Train to Georgia"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cyndi Lauper:%@AE@% "Girls Just Want to Have Fun"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Led Zeppelin:%@AE@% "Stairway to Heaven"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brenda Lee:%@AE@% "I'm Sorry"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Huey Lewis and the News:%@AE@% %@AI@%Sports%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jerry Lee Lewis:%@AE@% "Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Little Anthony and the Imperials:%@AE@% "Tears on My Pillow"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Little Richard:%@AE@% "Tutti Frutti"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lovin Spoonful:%@AE@% "Do You Believe in Magic?"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frankie Lymon:%@AE@% "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lynyrd Skynyrd:%@AE@% "Freebird"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Madonna:%@AE@% "Material Girl"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Mamas and the Papas:%@AE@% "Monday, Monday"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Marley:%@AE@% "Jamming"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martha and the Vandellas:%@AE@% "Dancin' in the Streets"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Marvelettes:%@AE@% "Please Mr. Postman"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clyde McPhatter:%@AE@% "Money Honey"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Cougar Mellencamp:%@AE@% "Hurt So Good"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Michael:%@AE@% "I Want Your Sex"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Steve Miller Band:%@AE@% "Abracadabra"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joni Mitchell:%@AE@% "Big Yellow Taxi"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Monkees:%@AE@% "I'm a Believer"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Moody Blues:%@AE@% "Nights in White Satin"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rick Nelson:%@AE@% "Hello Mary Lou"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roy Orbison:%@AE@% "Oh Pretty Woman"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ozzy Osbourne:%@AE@% "You Can't Kill Rock 'n' Roll"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Perkins:%@AE@% "Blue Suede Shoes"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers:%@AE@% "Refugee"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pink Floyd:%@AE@% %@AI@%Dark Side of the Moon%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Poco:%@AE@% %@AI@%Deliverin'%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Police:%@AE@% %@AI@%"Every Breath You Take"%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Iggy Pop:%@AE@% "Lust for Life"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Elvis Presley:%@AE@% "Love Me Tender"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Pretenders:%@AE@% %@AI@%Learning to Crawl%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lloyd Price:%@AE@% %@AI@%"Stagger Lee"%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Prince:%@AE@% "Purple Rain"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Procul Harum:%@AE@% "A Whiter Shade of Pale"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gary Puckett and the Union Gap:%@AE@% "Young Girl"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Queen:%@AE@% "Bohemian Rhapsody"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Rascals:%@AE@% "Good Lovin'"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Otis Redding:%@AE@% "The Dock of the Bay"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lou Reed:%@AE@% "Walk on the Wild Side"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%REO Speedwagon:%@AE@% "Keep on Lovin' You"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Righteous Brothers:%@AE@% "You've Lost that Lovin' Feeling"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnny Rivers:%@AE@% "Poor Side of Town"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Smokey Robinson and the Miracles:%@AE@% "Ooh Baby Baby"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Rolling Stones:%@AE@% "Satisfaction"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Ronettes:%@AE@% "Be My Baby"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Linda Ronstadt:%@AE@% "You're No Good"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Run D.M.C.:%@AE@% "Raisin' Hell"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sam and Dave:%@AE@% "Soul Man"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Santana:%@AE@% "Black Magic Woman"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Neil Sedaka:%@AE@% "Breaking Up is Hard to Do"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Seger:%@AE@% "Old Time Rock and Roll"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Del Shannon:%@AE@% "Runaway"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Shirelles:%@AE@% "Soldier Boy"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Simon and Garfunkel:%@AE@% "Bridge Over Troubled Water"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carly Simon:%@AE@% "You're So Vain"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sly and the Family Stone:%@AE@% "Everyday People"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Patti Smith:%@AE@% "Because the Night"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes:%@AE@% This Time %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dusty Springfield:%@AE@% "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bruce Springsteen:%@AE@% "Born in the U.S.A."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Steely Dan:%@AE@% "Rikki Don't Lose That Number"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Steppenwolf:%@AE@% "Born to Be Wild"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cat Stevens:%@AE@% "Wild World"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rod Stewart:%@AE@% "Maggie Mae"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sting:%@AE@% "If You Love Somebody, Set Them Free"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Donna Summer:%@AE@% "Bad Girls"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Supremes:%@AE@% "Stop! In the Name of Love"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Talking Heads:%@AE@% "Wild Wild Life"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Taylor:%@AE@% "You've Got a Friend"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Temptations:%@AE@% "My Girl"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Three Dog Night:%@AE@% "Joy to the World"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Traffic:%@AE@% "Feelin' Alright"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Big Joe Turner:%@AE@% "Shake, Rattle & Roll"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tina Turner:%@AE@% "What's Love Got to Do with It?"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U2:%@AE@% "With or Without You"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Van Halen:%@AE@% "Jump"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dionne Warwick:%@AE@% "I'll Never Fall in Love Again"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Muddy Waters:%@AE@% "Rollin' Stone'"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mary Wells:%@AE@% "My Guy"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Who:%@AE@% "My Generation"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jackie Wilson:%@AE@% "That's Why"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stevie Wonder:%@AE@% "You Are the Sunshine of My Life"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Yardbirds:%@AE@% "For Your Love"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Yes:%@AE@% "Owner of a Lonely Heart"%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank Zappa/Mothers of Invention:%@AE@% %@AI@%Sheik Yerbouti%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Entertainment Personalities -- Where and When Born%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Actors, Actresses, Dancers, Musicians, Producers, Radio-TV Performers,%@EH@%
%@AS@%Singers%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%(As of July, 1990)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  866 56942 02 29 28 11 @%Name                         Birthplace                  Born%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Abbado, Claudio              Milan, Italy                6/26/33Abbott, George               Forestville, N.Y.           6/25/87 Abraham, F. Murray           Pittsburgh, Pa.             10/24/39 Acuff, Roy                   Maynardville, Tenn.         9/15/03 Adams, Don                   New York, N.Y.              4/19/26 Adams, Edie                  Kingston, Pa.               4/16/29 Adams, Joey                  New York, N.Y.              1/6/11 Adams, Mason                 New York, N.Y.              2/26/19 Adams, Maud                  Lulea, Sweden               2/12/45 Adjani, Isabelle             W. Germany                  6/27/55 Adler, Larry                 Baltimore, Md.              2/10/14 Agutter, Jenny               London, England             12/20/52 Aiello, Danny                New York, N.Y.              6/20/33 Aimee, Anouk                 Paris, France               4/27/32 Akins, Claude                Nelson, Ga.                 5/25/18 Albanese, Licia              Bari, Italy                 7/22/13 Alberghetti, Anna Maria      Pesaro, Italy               5/15/36 Albert, Eddie                Rock Island, Ill.           4/22/08 Albert, Edward               Los Angeles, Cal.           2/20/51 Albright, Lola               Akron, Oh.                  7/20/24 Alda, Alan                   New York, N.Y.              1/28/36 Alexander, Jane              Boston, Mass.               10/28/39 Allen, Debbie                Houston, Tex.               1/16/51 Allen, Karen                 Carrollton, Ill.            10/5/51 Allen, Mel                   Birmingham, Ala.            2/14/13 Allen, Nancy                 New York, N.Y.              6/24/50 Allen, Peter                 Tenderfield, Australia      2/10/44 Allen, Steve                 New York, N.Y.              12/26/21 Allen, Woody                 Brooklyn, N.Y.              12/1/35 Alley, Kirstie               Wichita, Kan.               1/12/55 Allman, Gregg                Nashville, Tenn.            12/7/47 Allyson, June                New York, N.Y.              10/7/17 Alonso, Maria Conchita       Cuba                        1957 Alpert, Herb                 Los Angeles, Cal.           3/31/35 Altman, Robert               Kansas City, Mo.            2/20/25 Ameche, Don                  Kenosha, Wis.               5/31/08 Ames, Ed                     Boston, Mass.               7/9/27 Ames, Leon                   Portland, Ind.              1/20/03 Amos, John                   Newark, N.J.                12/27/41 Amsterdam, Morey             Chicago, Ill.               12/14/14 Anderson, Harry              Newport, R.I.               10/14/52 Anderson, Ian                Dunfermline, Scotland       8/10/47 Anderson, Judith             Adelaide, Australia         2/10/98 Anderson, Loni               St. Paul, Minn.             8/5/46 Anderson, Lynn               Grand Forks, N.D.           9/26/47 Anderson, Marian             Philadelphia, Pa.           2/17/02 Anderson, Melissa Sue        Berkeley, Cal.              9/26/62 Anderson, Richard            Long Branch, N.J.           8/8/26 Anderson, Richard Dean       Minneapolis, Minn.          1/23/53 Andersson, Bibi              Stockholm, Sweden           11/11/35 Andress, Ursula              Bern, Switzerland           3/19/36 Andrews, Anthony             London, England             1948 Andrews, Dana                Collins, Miss.              1/1/09 Andrews, Julie               Walton, England             10/1/35 Andrews, Maxene              Minneapolis, Minn.          1/3/18 Andrews, Patty               Minneapolis, Minn.          2/16/20 Anka, Paul                   Ottawa, Ont.                7/30/41 Ann-Margret                  Stockholm, Sweden           4/28/41 Anspach, Susan               New York, N.Y.              11/23/39 Ant, Adam                    London, England             11/3/54 Archer, Anne                 Los Angeles, Cal.           8/25/50 Arden, Eve                   Mill Valley, Cal.           4/30/12 Arkin, Alan                  New York, N.Y.              3/26/34 Arnaz, Desi Jr.              Los Angeles, Cal.           1/19/53 Arnaz, Lucie                 Hollywood, Cal.             7/17/51 Arness, James                Minneapolis, Minn.          5/26/23 Arnold, Eddy                 Henderson, Tenn.            5/15/18 Arquette, Rosanna            New York, N.Y.              8/10/59 Arrau, Claudio               Chillau, Chile              2/6/03 Arroyo, Martina              New York, N.Y.              2/2/37 Arthur, Beatrice             New York, N.Y.              5/13/26 Arthur, Jean                 New York, N.Y.              10/17/05 Ashcroft, Peggy              Croyden, England            12/22/07 Ashley, Elizabeth            Ocala, Fla.                 8/30/41 Asner, Ed                    Kansas City, Mo.            11/15/29 Assante, Armand              New York, N.Y.              10/4/49 Astin, John                  Baltimore, Md.              3/30/30 Atherton, William            New Haven, Conn.            7/30/47 Atkins, Chet                 Luttrell, Tenn.             6/20/24 Attenborough, Richard        Cambridge, England          8/29/23 Auberjonois, Rene            New York, N.Y.              6/1/40 Aumont, Jean-Pierre          Paris, France               1/5/09 Austin, Patti                New York, N.Y.              1948 Autry, Gene                  Tioga, Tex.                 9/29/07 Avalon, Frankie              Philadelphia, Pa.           9/18/40 Ax, Emmanuel                 Lvov, USSR                  6/8/49 Aykroyd, Dan                 Ottawa, Ont.                7/1/52 Ayres, Lew                   Minneapolis, Minn.          12/28/08 Aznavour, Charles            Paris, France               5/22/24Bacall, Lauren               New York, N.Y.              9/16/24 Bacon, Kevin                 Philadelphia, Pa.           7/8/58 Baez, Joan                   Staten Island, N.Y.         1/9/41 Bailey, Pearl                Newport News, Va.           3/29/18 Bain, Conrad                 Lethbridge, Alta.           2/4/23 Baio, Scott                  Brooklyn, N.Y.              9/22/61 Baker, Anita                 Toledo, Oh.                 1/26/58 Baker, Carroll               Johnstown, Pa.              5/28/31 Baker, Joe Don               Groesbeck, Tex.             2/12/36 Baldwin, Alec                Massapequa, N.Y             4/3/58 Ballard, Kaye                Cleveland, Oh.              11/20/26 Balsam, Martin               New York, N.Y.              11/4/19 Bancroft, Anne               New York, N.Y.              9/17/31 Banks, Jonathan              Washington, D.C.            1/31/46 Barber, Red                  Columbus, Miss.             2/17/08 Bardot, Brigitte             Paris, France               9/28/34 Barker, Bob                  Darrington, Wash.           12/12/23 Barkin, Ellen                New York, N.Y.              4/16/54 Barnes, Priscilla            Ft. Dix, N.J.               12/7/56 Barr, Roseanne               Salt Lake City, Ut.         11/3/52 Barrault, Jean-Louis         Vesinet, France             9/8/10 Barrie, Barbara              Chicago, Ill.               5/23/31 Barrie, Mona                 London, England             12/18/09 Barry, Gene                  New York, N.Y.              6/14/19 Bartholomew, Freddie         London, England             3/28/24 Barty, Billy                 Millsboro, Pa.              10/25/24 Baryshnikov, Mikhail         Riga, Latvia                1/28/48 Basinger, Kim                Athens, Ga.                 12/8/53 Bassey, Shirley              Cardiff, Wales              1/8/37 Bateman, Jason               Rye, N.Y.                   1/14/69 Bateman, Justine             Rye, N.Y.                   2/19/66 Bates, Alan                  Allestree, England          2/17/34 Baxter-Birney, Meredith      Los Angeles, Cal.           6/21/47 Beal, John                   Joplin, Mo.                 8/13/09 Bean, Orson                  Burlington, Vt.             7/22/28 Beasley, Allyce              New York, N.Y.              7/6/54 Beatty, Ned                  Louisville, Ky.             7/6/37 Beatty, Warren               Richmond, Va.               3/30/37 Beck, John                   Chicago, Ill.               1/28/43 Bedelia, Bonnie              New York, N.Y.              3/25/48 Bee GeesGibb, Barry                  Isle of Man, England        9/1/46Gibb, Robin                  " "                         12/22/49 Gibb, Maurice                " "                         12/22/49 Beery, Noah Jr.              New York, N.Y.              8/10/13 Begley, Ed Jr.               Los Angeles, Cal.           9/16/49 Belafonte, Harry             New York, N.Y.              3/1/27 Belafonte-Harper, Shari      New York, N.Y.              9/22/54 Bel Geddes, Barbara          New York, N.Y.              10/31/22 Bellamy, Ralph               Chicago, Ill.               6/17/04 Belmondo, Jean-Paul          Neuilly-sur-Seine, France   4/9/33 Belushi, Jim                 Chicago, Ill.               6/15/54 Benatar, Pat                 Brooklyn, N.Y.              1/10/53 Benedict, Dirk               Helena, Mont.               3/1/45 Benjamin, Richard            New York, N.Y.              5/22/38 Bennett, Joan                Palisades, N.J.             2/27/10 Bennett, Tony                New York, N.Y.              8/3/26 Benson, George               Pittsburgh, Pa.             3/22/43 Benson, Robby                Dallas, Tex.                1/21/55 Beradino, John               Los Angeles, Cal.           5/1/17 Berenger, Tom                Chicago, Ill.               5/31/50 Bergen, Candice              Beverly Hills, Cal.         5/9/46 Bergen, Polly                Knoxville, Tenn.            7/14/30 Bergerac, Jacques            Biarritz, France            5/26/27 Bergman, Ingmar              Uppsala, Sweden             7/14/18 Berle, Milton                New York, N.Y.              7/12/08 Berlinger, Warren            Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/31/37 Berman, Lazar                Leningrad, USSR             2/26/30 Berman, Shelley              Chicago, Ill.               2/3/26 Bernsen, Corbin              No. Hollywood, Cal.         9/7/54 Bernstein, Leonard           Lawrence, Mass.             8/25/18 Berry, Chuck                 St. Louis, Mo.              10/18/26 Berry, Ken                   Moline, Ill.                11/3/33 Bertinelli, Valerie          Wilmington, Del.            4/23/60 Bikel, Theodore              Vienna, Austria             5/2/24 Birney, David                Washington, D.C.            4/23/39 Bishop, Joey                 Bronx, N.Y.                 2/3/18 Bisoglio, Val                New York, N.Y.              5/7/26 Bisset, Jacqueline           Weybridge, England          9/13/44 Bixby, Bill                  San Francisco, Cal.         1/22/34 Black, Karen                 Park Ridge, Ill.            7/1/42 Blackstone Jr., Harry        Three Rivers, Mich.         6/30/34 Blades, Ruben                Panama                      1948 Blaine, Vivian               Newark, N.J.                11/21/21 Blair, Linda                 St. Louis, Mo.              1/22/59 Blake, Robert                Nutley, N.J.                9/18/33 Bledsoe, Tempestt            Chicago, Ill.               8/1/73 Bloom, Claire                London, England             2/15/31 Blyth, Ann                   Mt. Kisco, N.Y.             8/16/28 Bochco, Steven               New York, N.Y.              12/16/43 Bogarde, Dirk                London, England             3/28/20 Bogdanovich, Peter           Kingston, N.Y.              7/30/39 Bonet, Lisa                  San Francisco, Cal.         11/16/67 Bonham-Carter, Helena        England                     1967 Bon Jovi, Jon                Sayreville, N.J.            3/2/61 Bono, Sonny                  Detroit, Mich.              2/16/35 Booke, Sorrell               Buffalo, N.Y.               1/4/30 Boone, Debby                 Hackensack, N.J.            9/22/56 Boone, Pat                   Jacksonville, Fla.          6/1/34 Booth, Shirley               New York, N.Y.              8/30/07 Borge, Victor                Copenhagen, Denmark         1/3/09 Borgnine, Ernest             Hamden, Conn.               1/24/17 Bosco, Philip                Jersey City, N.J.           9/26/30 Bosley, Tom                  Chicago, Ill.               10/1/27 Bosson, Barbara              Charleroi, Pa.              11/1/39 Bostwick, Barry              San Mateo, Cal.             2/24/46 Bottoms, Joseph              Santa Barbara, Cal.         4/22/54 Bottoms, Timothy             Santa Barbara, Cal.         8/30/51 Bowie, David                 London, England             1/8/47 Boxleitner, Bruce            Elgin, Ill.                 5/12/50 Boy George                   London, England             6/14/61 Boyle, Peter                 Philadelphia, Pa.           10/18/33 Bracco, Lorraine             New York, N.Y.              1955 Bracken, Eddie               New York, N.Y.              2/7/20 Branagh, Kenneth             Belfast, No. Ireland        1961 Brand, Neville               Kewanee, Ill.               8/13/21 Brando, Marlon               Omaha, Neb.                 4/3/24 Brazzi, Rossano              Bologna, Italy              9/18/16 Brendel, Alfred              Wiesenberg, Austria         1/5/31 Brennan, Eileen              Los Angeles, Cal.           9/3/35 Brenner, David               Philadelphia, Pa.           2/4/45 Brewer, Teresa               Toledo, Oh.                 5/7/31 Brian, David                 New York, N.Y.              8/5/14 Bridges, Beau                Hollywood, Cal.             12/9/41 Bridges, Jeff                Los Angeles, Cal.           12/4/49 Bridges, Lloyd               San Leandro, Cal.           1/15/13 Brimley, Wilford             Salt Lake City, Ut.         9/27/34 Broderick, Matthew           New York, N.Y.              3/21/62 Brolin, James                Los Angeles, Cal.           7/18/40 Bronson, Charles             Ehrenfeld, Pa.              11/3/22 Brooks, Albert               Beverly Hills, Cal.         7/22/47 Brooks, Avery                Evansville, Ind.            10/2/- Brooks, Mel                  New York, N.Y.              6/28/26 Brooks, Stephen              Columbus, Oh.               1942 Brosnan, Pierce              Co. Meath, Ireland          5/15/53 Brown, Blair                 Washington, D.C.            1948 Brown, Bryan                 Australia                   1947 Brown, James                 Pulaski, Tenn.              6/17/28 Brown, Jim                   St. Simons Island, Ga.      2/17/36 Brown, Les                   Reinerton, Pa.              3/14/12 Brown, Ray                   Pittsburgh, Pa.             10/13/26 Browne, Roscoe Lee           Woodbury, N.J.              5/2/25 Bryant, Anita                Barnsdall, Okla.            3/25/40 Buckley, Betty               Ft. Worth, Tex.             7/3/47 Bujold, Genevieve            Montreal, Que.              7/1/42 Bumbry, Grace                St. Louis, Mo.              1/4/37 Burghoff, Gary               Bristol, Conn.              5/24/40 Burke, Delta                 Orlando, Fla.               7/30/56 Burke, Paul                  New Orleans, La.            7/21/26 Burnett, Carol               San Antonio, Tex.           4/26/33 Burns, George                New York, N.Y.              1/20/96 Burr, Raymond                New Westminster, B.C.       5/21/17 Burstyn, Ellen               Detroit, Mich.              12/7/32 Burton, LeVar                Landsthul, W. Germany       2/16/57 Busey, Gary                  Goose Creek, Tex.           6/29/44 Butkus, Dick                 Chicago, Ill.               12/9/42 Button, Dick                 Englewood, N.J.             7/18/29 Buttons, Red                 New York, N.Y.              2/5/19 Buzzi, Ruth                  Westerly, R.I.              7/24/36 Byrne, David                 Dumbarton, Scotland         5/14/52 Caan, James                  New York, N.Y.              3/26/39 Caballe, Montserrat          Barcelona, Spain            4/12/33 Caesar, Sid                  Yonkers, N.Y.               9/8/22 Cage, Nicolas                Long Beach, Cal.            1965 Caine, Michael               London, England             3/14/33 Caldwell, Sarah              Maryville, Mo.              3/6/24 Caldwell, Zoe                Melbourne, Australia        9/14/33 Calhoun, Rory                Los Angeles, Cal.           8/8/23 Callas, Charlie              Brooklyn, N.Y.              12/20/- Calloway, Cab                Rochester, N.Y.             12/25/07 Cameron, Kirk                Panorama City, Cal.         10/12/70 Camp, Hamilton               London, England             10/30/34 Campanella, Joseph           New York, N.Y.              11/21/27 Campbell, Glen               Billstown, Ark.             4/22/36 Candy, John                  Toronto, Ont.               10/31/50 Cannell, Stephen J.          Los Angeles, Cal.           2/5/42 Cannon, Dyan                 Tacoma, Wash.               1/4/37 Cantrell, Lana               Sydney, Australia           8/7/43 Capra, Frank                 Palermo, Italy              5/18/97 Cara, Irene                  New York, N.Y.              3/18/59 Carey, Macdonald             Sioux City, Ia.             3/15/13 Cariou, Len                  Winnipeg, Canada            9/30/39 Carle, Frankie               Providence, R.I.            3/25/03 Carlin, George               New York, N.Y.              5/12/38 Carlisle, Kitty              New Orleans, La             9/3/15 Carmen, Eric                 Cleveland, Oh.              8/11/49 Carmichael, Ian              Hull, England               6/18/20 Carnes, Kim                  California                  1948 Carney, Art                  Mt. Vernon, N.Y.            11/4/18 Carnovsky, Morris            St. Louis, Mo.              9/5/97 Caron, Leslie                Boulogne, France            7/1/31 Carpenter, John              Carthage, N.Y.              1/16/48 Carr, Vikki                  El Paso, Tex.               7/19/41 Carradine, David             Hollywood, Cal.             10/8/36 Carradine, Keith             San Mateo, Cal.             8/8/50 Carreras, Jose               Barcelona, Spain            12/5/47 Carroll, Diahann             Bronx, N.Y.                 7/17/35 Carroll, Pat                 Shreveport, La.             5/5/27 Carson, Johnny               Corning, Ia.                10/23/25 Carter, Dixie                McLemoresville, Tenn.       5/25/39 Carter, Jack                 New York, N.Y.              6/24/23 Carter, June                 Maces Spring, Va.           6/23/29 Carter, Lynda                Phoenix, Ariz.              7/24/51 Carter, Nell                 Birmingham, Ala.            9/13/48 Carvey, Dana                 Missoula, Mont.             4/2/55 Casadesus, Gaby              Marseilles, France          1902 Cash, Johnny                 Kingsland, Ark.             2/26/32 Cash, Rosanne                Memphis, Tenn.              5/24/55 Cass, Peggy                  Boston, Mass.               5/21/24 Cassidy, David               New York, N.Y.              4/12/50 Cassidy, Shaun               Los Angeles, Cal.           9/27/58 Cates, Phoebe                New York, N.Y.              1964 Caulfield, Joan              West Orange, N.J.           6/1/22 Cavallaro, Carmen            New York, N.Y.              5/6/13 Cavett, Dick                 Gibbon, Neb.                11/19/36 Chamberlain, Richard         Beverly Hills, Cal.         3/31/35 Champion, Marge              Los Angeles, Cal.           9/2/23 Channing, Carol              Seattle, Wash.              1/31/23 Channing, Stockard           New York, N.Y.              2/13/44 Chaplin, Geraldine           Santa Monica, Cal.          7/31/44 Chaplin, Sydney              Beverly Hills, Cal.         3/31/26 Chapman, Tracy               Cleveland, OH.              1964 Charisse, Cyd                Amarillo, Tex.              3/8/21 Charles, Ray                 Albany, Ga.                 9/23/30 Charo                        Murcia, Spain               1/15/51 Chase, Chevy                 New York, N.Y.              10/8/43 Checker, Chubby              Philadelphia, Pa.           10/3/41 Cher                         El Centro, Cal.             5/20/46 Chong, Rae Dawn              California                  1961 Chong, Thomas                Edmonton, Alta.             5/24/38 Christie, Julie              Assam, India                4/14/40 Christopher, William         Evanston, Ill.              10/20/32 Christy, June                Springfield, Ill.           11/20/25 Clapton, Eric                Surrey, England             3/30/45 Clark, Dane                  New York, N.Y.              2/18/13 Clark, Dick                  Mt. Vernon, N.Y.            11/30/29 Clark, Petula                Ewell, Surrey, England      11/15/32 Clark, Roy                   Meherrin, Va.               4/15/33 Clark, Susan                 Sarnia, Ont.                3/8/44 Clary, Robert                Paris, France               3/1/26 Clayburgh, Jill              New York, N.Y.              4/30/44 Cleese, John                 England                     10/27/39 Cleveland, James             Chicago, Ill.               12/5/31 Cliburn, Van                 Shreveport, La.             7/12/34 Clooney, Rosemary            Maysville, Ky.              5/23/28 Close, Glenn                 Greenwich, Conn.            3/19/47 Coburn, James                Laurel, Neb.                8/31/28 Coca, Imogene                Philadelphia, Pa.           11/18/08 Cohn, Mindy                  Los Angeles, Cal.           5/20/66 Colbert, Claudette           Paris, France               9/18/05 Cole, Gary                   Park Ridge, Ill.            9/20/57 Cole, Natalie                Los Angeles, Cal.           2/6/50 Cole, Olivia                 Memphis, Tenn.              11/26/42 Coleman, Dabney              Austin, Tex.                1/3/32 Coleman, Gary                Zion, Ill.                  2/8/68 Collins, Joan                London, England             5/23/33 Collins, Judy                Seattle, Wash.              5/1/39 Collins, Phil                London, England             1/30/51 Comden, Betty                Brooklyn, N.Y.              5/3/19 Como, Perry                  Canonsburg, Pa.             5/18/12 Conner, Nadine               Compton, Cal.               2/20/13 Connery, Sean                Edinburgh, Scotland         8/25/30 Conniff, Ray                 Attleboro, Mass.            11/6/16 Connors, Chuck               Brooklyn, N.Y.              4/10/21 Connors, Mike                Fresno, Cal.                8/15/25 Conrad, Robert               Chicago, Ill.               3/1/35 Conrad, William              Louisville, Ky.             9/27/20 Constantine, Michael         Reading, Pa.                5/22/27 Conti, Tom                   Paisley, Scotland           11/22/41 Convy, Bert                  St. Louis, Mo.              6/23/39 Conway, Tim                  Willoughby, Oh.             12/15/33 Cook, Barbara                Atlanta, Ga.                10/25/27 Cook, Peter                  Torquay, England            11/17/37 Cooke, Alistair              Manchester, England         11/20/08 Coolidge, Rita               Nashville, Tenn.            5/1/45 Cooper, Alice                Detroit, Mich.              2/4/48 Cooper, Jackie               Los Angeles, Cal.           9/15/22 Copperfield, David           Metuchen, N.J.              1957 Coppola, Francis             Detroit, Mich.              4/7/39 Corby, Ellen                 Racine, Wis.                6/3/13 Cord, Alex                   New York, N.Y.              8/3/31 Corea, Chick                 Chelsea, Mass.              6/12/41 Corelli, Franco              Ancona, Italy               4/8/23 Corey, Jeff                  New York, N.Y.              8/10/14 Cosby, Bill                  Philadelphia, Pa.           7/12/37 Costas, Bob                  New York, N.Y.              3/22/52 Costello, Elvis              London, England             8/25/54 Costner, Kevin               Los Angeles, Cal.           1/18/55 Cotten, Joseph               Petersburg, Va.             5/15/05 Cougar, John                 Seymour, Ind.               10/7/51 Courtenay, Tom               Hull, England               2/25/37 Cox, Ronny                   Cloudcroft, N.M.            8/23/38 Craddock, Crash              Greensboro, N.C.            6/16/40 Crain, Jeanne                Barstow, Cal.               5/25/25 Crawford, Michael            Salisbury, England          1/19/42 Crenna, Richard              Los Angeles, Cal.           11/30/27 Crespin, Regine              Marseilles, France          2/23/26 Cronyn, Hume                 London, Ont.                7/18/11 Crosby, Bob                  Spokane, Wash.              8/23/13 Crosby, David                Los Angeles, Cal.           8/14/41 Crosby, Norm                 Boston, Mass.               9/15/27 Crouse, Lindsay              New York, N.Y.              5/12/48 Crowell, Rodney              Houston, Tex.               8/17/50 Cruise, Tom                  Syracuse, N.Y.              7/3/62 Crystal, Billy               Long Beach, N.Y.            3/14/47 Cugat, Xavier                Barcelona, Spain            1/1/00 Cullum, John                 Knoxville, Tenn.            3/2/30 Culp, Robert                 Oakland, Cal.               8/16/30 Cummings, Constance          Seattle, Wash.              5/15/10 Cummings, Robert             Joplin, Mo.                 6/9/10 Curtin, Jane                 Cambridge, Mass.            9/6/47 Curtis, Jamie Lee            Los Angeles, Cal.           11/22/58 Curtis, Keene                Salt Lake City, Ut.         2/15/23 Curtis, Ken                  Lamar, Col.                 7/2/16 Curtis, Tony                 New York, N.Y.              6/3/25 Cusack, Cyril                Durban, S. Africa           11/26/10 Cusack, Joan                 Evanston, Ill.              10/11/62 Cusack, John                 Chicago, Ill.               1967 Cushing, Peter               Surrey, England             5/26/13Dafoe, Willem                Appleton, Wis.              7/22/55 Dahl, Arlene                 Minneapolis, Minn.          8/11/28 Dale, Jim                    Rothwell, England           8/15/35 Dalton, Abby                 Las Vegas, Nev.             8/15/32 Dalton, Timothy              Wales                       3/21/44 Daltrey, Roger               London, England             3/1/44 Daly, John                   Johannesburg, S. Africa     2/20/14 Daly, Tyne                   Madison, Wis.               2/21/47 Damone, Vic                  Brooklyn, N.Y.              6/12/28 D'Angelo, Beverly            Columbus, Oh.               1954 Dangerfield, Rodney          Babylon, N.Y.               11/22/22 Daniels, Charlie             Wilmington, N.C.            10/28/36 Daniels, Jeff                Georgia                     1955 Daniels, William             Brooklyn, N.Y.              3/31/27 Danner, Blythe               Philadelphia, Pa.           2/3/44 Danson, Ted                  San Diego, Cal.             12/29/47 Danza, Tony                  New York, N.Y.              4/21/50 Darby, Kim                   Hollywood, Cal.             7/8/48 D'Arby, Terence Trent        New York, N.Y.              3/15/62 Darren, James                Philadelphia, Pa.           6/8/36 Davidson, John               Pittsburgh, Pa.             12/13/41 Davis, Ann B.                Schenectady, N.Y.           5/5/26 Davis, Clifton               Chicago, Ill.               10/4/45 Davis, Geena                 Ware, Mass.                 1/21/57 Davis, Judy                  Perth, Australia            1956 Davis, Mac                   Lubbock, Tex.               1/21/42 Davis, Ossie                 Cogdell, Ga.                12/18/17 Davis, Skeeter               Dry Ridge, Ky.              12/30/31 Dawber, Pam                  Farmington Hills, Mich.     10/18/51 Dawson, Richard              Hampshire, England          11/20/32 Day, Doris                   Cincinnati, Oh.             4/3/24 Day, Laraine                 Roosevelt, Ut.              10/13/20 Day-Lewis, Daniel            England                     1957 Dean, Jimmy                  Plainview, Tex.             8/10/28 De Camp, Rosemary            Prescott, Ariz.             11/14/10 DeCarlo, Yvonne              Vancouver, B.C.             9/1/22 Dee, Frances                 Los Angeles, Cal.           11/26/07 Dee, Ruby                    Cleveland, Oh.              10/27/23 Dee, Sandra                  Bayonne, N.J.               4/23/42 Defore, Don                  Cedar Rapids, Ia.           8/25/17 DeHaven, Gloria              Los Angeles, Cal.           7/23/25 De Havilland, Olivia         Tokyo, Japan                7/1/16 Delany, Dana                 New York, N.Y.              3/13/56 Della Chiesa, Vivienne       Chicago, Ill.               10/9/20 Delon, Alain                 Sceaux, France              11/8/35 DeLuise, Dom                 Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/1/33 De Mille, Agnes              New York, N.Y.              9/18/05 De Mornay, Rebecca           Santa Rosa, Cal.            1962 Deneuve, Catherine           Paris, France               10/22/43 De Niro, Robert              New York, N.Y.              8/17/43 Dennehy, Brian               Bridgeport, Conn.           7/9/40 Dennis, Sandy                Hastings, Neb.              4/27/37 Denver, Bob                  New Rochelle, N.Y.          1/9/35 Denver, John                 Roswell, N.M.               12/31/43 DePalma, Brian               Newark, N.J.                9/11/40 Depp, Johnny                 Owensboro, KY.              6/9/63 Derek, Bo                    Long Beach, Cal.            11/20/56 Derek, John                  Hollywood, Cal.             8/12/26 Dern, Bruce                  Chicago, Ill.               6/4/36 Devane, William              Albany, N.Y.                9/5/37 DeVito, Danny                Neptune, N.J.               11/17/44 Dewhurst, Colleen            Montreal, Que.              6/3/26 DeWitt, Joyce                Wheeling, W.Va.             4/23/49 Dey, Susan                   Pekin, Ill.                 12/10/52 Diamond, Neil                Brooklyn, N.Y.              1/24/41 Dickinson, Angie             Kulm, N.D.                  9/30/31 Diddley, Bo                  McComb, Miss.               12/20/28 Dietrich, Marlene            Berlin, Germany             12/27/01 Diller, Phyllis              Lima, Oh.                   7/17/17 Dillman, Bradford            San Francisco, Cal.         4/14/30 Dillon, Matt                 New Rochelle, N.Y.          2/18/64 Dixon, Ivan                  New York, N.Y.              4/6/31 Dobson, Kevin                New York, N.Y.              3/18/44 Domingo, Placido             Madrid, Spain               1/21/41 Domino, Fats                 New Orleans, La.            2/26/28 Donahue, Phil                Cleveland, Oh.              12/21/35 Donahue, Troy                New York, N.Y.              1/27/36 Donovan                      Glasgow, Scotland           5/10/43 Dotrice, Roy                 Guernsey, England           5/26/23 Douglas, Kirk                Amsterdam, N.Y.             12/9/18 Douglas, Michael             New Brunswick, N.J.         9/25/44 Douglas, Mike                Chicago, Ill.               8/11/25 Down, Leslie-Ann             London, England             3/17/54 Downey, Robert Jr.           California                  4/4/65 Downs, Hugh                  Akron, Oh.                  2/14/21 Doyle, David                 Lincoln, Neb.               12/1/29 Dragon, Daryl                Los Angeles, Cal.           8/27/42 Drake, Alfred                Bronx, N.Y.                 10/7/14 Drake, Larry                 Tulsa, Okla.                2/21/- Drew, Ellen                  Kansas City, Mo.            11/23/15 Dryer, Fred                  Hawthorne, Cal.             7/6/46 Dreyfuss, Richard            Brooklyn, N.Y.              10/29/47 Dru, Joanne                  Logan, W.Va.                1/31/23 Duchin, Peter                New York, N.Y.              7/28/37 Duffy, Julia                 Minneapolis, Minn.          6/27/51 Duffy, Patrick               Townsend, Mont.             3/17/49 Dufour, Val                  New Orleans, La.            2/5/27 Dukakis, Olympia             Massachusetts               1932 Duke, Patty                  New York, N.Y.              12/14/46 Dullea, Keir                 Cleveland, Oh.              5/30/36 Dunaway, Faye                Bascom, Fla.                1/14/41 Duncan, Sandy                Henderson, Tex.             2/20/46 Dunham, Katherine            Joliet, Ill.                6/22/10 Dunn, Nora                   Chicago, Ill.               4/29/52 Dunne, Griffin               California                  6/8/55 Dunne, Irene                 Louisville, Ky.             12/20/98 Dunnock, Mildred             Baltimore, Md.              1/25/04 Durbin, Deanna               Winnipeg, Man.              12/4/21 Durning, Charles             Highland Falls, N.Y.        2/28/23 Dussault, Nancy              Pensacola, Fla.             6/30/36 Duvall, Robert               San Diego, Cal.             1/5/31 Duvall, Shelley              Houston, Tex.               1949 Dylan, Bob                   Duluth, Minn.               5/24/41 Dysart, Richard              Augusta, Me.                3/30/-Easton, Sheena               Bellshill, Scotland         4/27/59 Eastwood, Clint              San Francisco, Cal.         5/31/30 Ebert, Roger                 Urbana, Ill.                6/18/42 Ebsen, Buddy                 Belleville, Ill.            4/2/08 Eckstine, Billy              Pittsburgh, Pa.             7/8/14 Edelman, Herb                Brooklyn, N.Y.              11/5/33 Eden, Barbara                Tucson, Ariz.               8/23/34 Edwards, Anthony             Santa Barbara, Cal.         1/19/62 Edwards, Blake               Tulsa, Okla.                7/26/22 Edwards, Ralph               Merino, Col.                6/13/13 Eggar, Samantha              London, England             3/5/39 Eichhorn, Lisa               Reading, Pa.                2/4/52 Eikenberry, Jill             New Haven, Conn.            1/21/47 Ekberg, Anita                Malmo, Sweden               9/29/31 Ekland, Britt                Stockholm, Sweden           10/6/42 Elam, Jack                   Miami, Ariz.                11/13/16 Elizondo, Hector             New York, N.Y.              12/22/36 Elliott, Bob                 Boston, Mass.               3/26/23 Elliott, Denholm             London, England             5/31/22 Elliott, Sam                 Sacramento, Cal.            8/9/44 Elvira (Cassandra Peterson)  Manhattan, Kan.             9/17/51 Estevan, Gloria              Cuba                        1957 Estevez, Emilio              New York, N.Y.              1962 Estrada, Erik                New York, N.Y.              3/16/49 Evans, Dale                  Uvalde, Tex.                10/31/12 Evans, Gene                  Holbrook, Ariz.             7/11/24 Evans, Linda                 Hartford, Conn.             11/18/42 Evans, Robert                New York, N.Y.              6/29/30 Everett, Chad                South Bend, Ind.            6/11/36 Everly, Don                  Brownie, Ky.                2/1/37 Everly, Phil                 Chicago, Ill.               1/19/38 Evigan, Greg                 S. Amboy, N.J.              10/14/53 Ewell, Tom                   Owensboro, Ky.              4/29/09Fabares, Shelley             Santa Monica, Cal.          1/19/42 Fabian (Forte)               Philadelphia, Pa.           2/6/43 Fabray, Nanette              San Diego, Cal.             10/27/20 Fairbanks, Douglas Jr.       New York, N.Y.              12/9/09 Fairchild, Morgan            Dallas, Tex.                2/3/50 Falana, Lola                 Philadelphia, Pa.           9/11/46 Falk, Peter                  New York, N.Y.              9/16/27 Farentino, James             Brooklyn, N.Y.              2/24/38 Fargo, Donna                 Mt. Airy, N.C.              11/10/45 Farr, Jamie                  Toledo, Oh.                 7/1/34 Farrell, Eileen              Willimantic, Conn.          2/13/20 Farrell, Mike                St. Paul, Minn.             2/6/39 Farrow, Mia                  Los Angeles, Cal.           2/9/45 Fawcett, Farrah              Corpus Christi, Tex.        2/2/47 Faye, Alice                  New York, N.Y.              5/5/12 Feld, Fritz                  Berlin, Germany             10/15/00 Feldon, Barbara              Pittsburgh, Pa.             3/12/41 Feldshuh, Tovah              New York, N.Y.              12/27/52 Feliciano, Jose              Lares, Puerto Rico          9/10/45 Fell, Norman                 Philadelphia, Pa.           3/24/24 Fellini, Federico            Rimini, Italy               1/20/20 Fender, Freddy               San Benito, Tex.            6/4/37 Ferrell, Conchata            Charleston, W. Va.          3/28/43 Ferrer, Jose                 Santurce, P.R.              1/8/12 Ferrer, Mel                  Elberon, N.J.               8/25/17 Ferrigno, Lou                Brooklyn, N.Y.              11/9/52 Fiedler, John                Platville, Wis.             2/3/25 Field, Sally                 Pasadena, Cal.              11/6/46 Fields, Kim                  Los Angeles, Cal.           5/12/69 Finney, Albert               Salford, England            5/9/36 Firkusny, Rudolf             Napajedla, Czechoslovakia   2/11/12 Firth, Peter                 Yorkshire, England          10/27/53 Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich    Berlin, Germany             5/28/25 Fisher, Carrie               Beverly Hills, Cal.         10/21/56 Fisher, Eddie                Philadelphia, Pa.           8/10/28 Fitzgerald, Ella             Newport News, Va.           4/25/18 Fitzgerald, Geraldine        Dublin, Ireland             11/24/13 Flack, Roberta               Black Mountain, N.C.        2/10/39 Flanagan, Fionnula           Dublin, Ireland             12/10/41 Flanders, Ed                 Minneapolis, Minn.          12/29/34 Fleming, Rhonda              Hollywood, Cal.             8/10/23 Fletcher, Louise             Birmingham, Ala.            1936 Foch, Nina                   Leyden, Netherlands         4/20/24 Fogelberg, Dan               Peoria, Ill.                8/13/51 Fonda, Jane                  New York, N.Y.              12/21/37 Fonda, Peter                 New York, N.Y.              2/23/40 Fontaine, Joan               Tokyo, Japan                10/22/17 Fonteyn, Margot              Reigate, England            5/18/19 Ford (Tenn.), Ernie          Bristol, Tenn.              2/13/19 Ford, Glenn                  Quebec, Canada              5/1/16 Ford, Harrison               Chicago, Ill.               7/13/42 Forrest, Steve               Huntsville, Tex.            9/29/24 Forsythe, John               Penns Grove, N.J.           1/29/18 Foster, Jodie                New York, N.Y.              11/19/62 Fox, James                   London, England             5/19/39 Fox, Michael J.              Edmonton, Alta.             6/9/61 Foxworth, Robert             Houston, Tex.               11/1/41 Foxx, Redd                   St. Louis, Mo.              12/9/22 Frampton, Peter              Kent, England               4/22/50 Francescatti, Zino           Marseilles, France          8/9/05 Franciosa, Anthony           New York, N.Y.              10/25/28 Francis, Anne                Ossining, N.Y.              9/16/30 Francis, Arlene              Boston, Mass.               10/20/08 Francis, Connie              Newark, N.J.                12/12/38 Francis, Genie               Los Angeles, Cal.           5/26/62 Frankenheimer, John          Malba, N.Y.                 2/19/30 Franklin, Aretha             Memphis, Tenn.              3/25/42 Franklin, Bonnie             Santa Monica, Cal.          1/6/44 Franklin, Joe                New York, N.Y.              1929 Frann, Mary                  St. Louis, Mo.              2/27/43 Franz, Dennis                Chicago, Ill.               10/28/44 Freeman Jr., Al              San Antonio, Tex.           3/21/34 Frick, Mr. (W. Groebli)      Basel, Switzerland          4/21/15 Friedkin, William            Chicago, Ill.               8/29/39 Frost, David                 Tenterden, England          4/7/39 Funicello, Annette           Utica, N.Y.                 10/22/42 Funt, Allen                  New York, N.Y.              9/16/14Gabor, Eva                   Hungary                     1921 Gabor, Zsa Zsa               Hungary                     -Gabriel, John                Niagara Falls, N.Y.         5/25/31 Gabriel, Peter               London, England             5/13/50 Gail, Max                    Detroit, Mich.              4/5/43 Gallagher, Megan             Reading, Pa.                2/6/- Galway, James                Belfast, Ireland            12/8/39 Garagiola, Joe               St. Louis, Mo.              2/12/26 Gardenia, Vincent            Naples, Italy               1/7/22 Garfunkel, Art               New York, N.Y.              10/13/41 Garland, Beverly             Santa Cruz, Cal.            10/17/26 Garner, James                Norman, Okla.               4/7/28 Garr, Teri                   Lakewood, Oh.               12/11/49 Garrett, Betty               St. Joseph, Mo.             5/23/19 Garson, Greer                Co. Down, N. Ireland        9/29/08 Gatlin, Larry                Seminole, Tex.              5/2/48 Gayle, Crystal               Paintsville, Ky.            1/9/51 Gaynor, Mitzi                Chicago, Ill.               9/4/30 Gazzara, Ben                 New York, N.Y.              8/28/30 Gedda, Nicolai               Stockholm, Sweden           7/11/25 Geldof, Bob                  Co. Dublin, Ire.            10/5/51 Gentry, Bobbie               Chickasaw Co., Miss.        7/27/44 Gere, Richard                Philadelphia, Pa.           8/31/49 Getty, Estelle               New York, N.Y.              7/25/24 Ghostley, Alice              Eve, Mo.                    8/14/26 Giannini, Giancarlo          Spezia, Italy               8/1/42 Gibb, Cynthia                Bennington,Vt.              12/14/63 Gibbs, Marla                 Chicago, Ill.               6/14/31 Gibson, Debbie               Merrick, N.Y.               8/31/70 Gibson, Henry                Germantown, Pa.             9/21/35 Gibson, Mel                  Peerskill, N.Y.             1/3/51 Gielgud, John                London, England             4/14/04 Gifford, Frank               Santa Monica, Cal.          8/16/30 Gilbert, Melissa             Los Angeles, Cal.           5/8/64 Gilberto, Astrud             Salvador, Brazil            3/30/40 Gillette, Anita              Baltimore, Md.              8/16/38 Gilley, Mickey               Natchez, Miss.              3/9/36 Ginty, Robert                New York, N.Y.              11/14/48 Gish, Lillian                Springfield, Oh.            10/14/96 Givens, Robin                New York, N.Y.              11/27/64 Glaser, Paul Michael         Cambridge, Mass.            3/25/43 Glass, Ron                   Evansville, Ind.            7/10/45 Glenn, Scott                 Pittsburgh, Pa.             1/26/42 Gless, Sharon                Los Angeles, Cal.           5/31/43 Glover, Danny                San Francisco, Cal.         1948 Glynn, Carlin                Cleveland, Oh.              2/19/40 Gobel, George                Chicago, Ill.               5/20/19 Godard, Jean Luc             Paris, France               12/3/30 Godunov, Alexander           Sakhalin Is., USSR          11/28/49 Goldberg, Whoopi             New York, N.Y.              1949 Goldblum, Jeff               Pittsburgh, Pa.             10/22/53 Goldsboro, Bobby             Marianna, Fla.              1/18/42 Goldthwait, Bob              Syracuse, N.Y.              1962 Goodman, John                St. Louis, Mo.              6/20/53 Gordon, Gale                 New York, N.Y.              2/2/06 Gorman, Cliff                New York, N.Y.              10/13/36 Gorme, Eydie                 Bronx, N.Y.                 8/16/32 Gorshin, Frank               Pittsburgh, Pa.             4/5/34 Gossett Jr., Louis           Brooklyn, N.Y.              5/27/36 Gould, Elliott               Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/29/38 Gould, Harold                Schenectady, N.Y.           12/10/23 Gould, Morton                Richmond Hill, N.Y.         12/10/13 Goulet, Robert               Lawrence, Mass.             11/26/33 Gowdy, Curt                  Green River, Wyo.           7/31/19 Graham, Martha               Pittsburgh, Pa.             5/11/94 Graham, Virginia             Chicago, Ill.               7/4/12 Grammer, Kelsey              Virgin Islands              2/20/- Granger, Farley              San Jose, Cal.              7/1/25 Granger, Stewart             London, England             5/6/13 Grant, Amy                   Augusta, Ga.                1961 Grant, Lee                   New York, N.Y.              10/31/29 Graves, Peter                Minneapolis, Minn.          3/18/26 Gray, Coleen                 Staplehurst, Neb.           10/23/22 Gray, Erin                   Honolulu, Ha.               1/7/52 Gray, Linda                  Santa Monica, Cal.          9/12/40 Grayson, Kathryn             Winston-Salem, N.C.         2/9/22 Greco, Buddy                 Philadelphia, Pa.           8/14/26 Greco, Jose                  Abruzzi, Italy              12/23/18 Green, Adolph                New York, N.Y.              12/2/15 Green, Al                    Forest City, Ark.           4/13/46 Greene, Ellen                New York, N.Y.              1950 Greene, Michele              Las Vegas, Nev.             2/3/- Greene, Shecky               Chicago, Ill.               4/8/26 Gregory, Cynthia             Los Angeles, Cal.           7/8/46 Gregory, Dick                St. Louis, Mo.              10/12/32 Gregory, James               Bronx, N.Y.                 12/23/11 Grey, Joel                   Cleveland, Oh.              4/11/32 Griffin, Merv                San Mateo, Cal.             7/6/25 Griffith, Andy               Mount Airy, N.C.            6/1/26 Griffith, Melanie            New York, N.Y.              8/9/57 Grimes, Tammy                Lynn, Mass.                 1/30/34 Grizzard, George             Roanoke Rapids, N.C.        4/1/28 Grodin, Charles              Pittsburgh, Pa.             4/21/35 Groh, David                  New York, N.Y.              5/21/41 Grosbard, Ulu                Antwerp, Belgium            1/19/29 Gross, Michael               Chicago, Ill.               6/21/47 Guardino, Harry              New York, N.Y.              12/23/25 Guillaume, Robert            St. Louis, Mo.              11/30/37 Guinness, Alec               London, England             4/2/14 Guthrie, Arlo                New York, N.Y.              7/10/47 Guttenberg, Steve            New York, N.Y.              8/24/58 Guy, Jasmine                 Boston, Mass.               3/10/- Gwynne, Fred                 New York, N.Y.              7/10/26Hackett, Buddy               Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/31/24 Hackman, Gene                San Bernardino, Cal.        1/30/30 Hagen, Uta                   Gottingen, Germany          6/12/19 Haggard, Merle               Bakersfield, Cal.           4/6/37 Haggerty, Dan                Hollywood, Cal.             11/19/41 Hagman, Larry                Weatherford, Tex.           9/21/31 Hague, Albert                Berlin, Germany             10/13/20 Haid, Charles                San Francisco, Cal.         6/2/43 Hale, Barbara                DeKalb, Ill.                4/18/22 Hall, Arsenio                Cleveland, Oh.              2/12/58 Hall, Daryl                  Pottstown, Pa.              10/11/49 Hall, Deidre                 Milwaukee, Wis.             10/31/48 Hall, Huntz                  New York, N.Y.              8/15/19 Hall, Monty                  Winnipeg, Man.              8/25/25 Hall, Tom T.                 Olive Hill, Ky.             5/25/36 Hamel, Veronica              Philadelphia, Pa.           11/20/43 Hamill, Mark                 Oakland, Cal.               9/25/51 Hamilton, George             Memphis, Tenn.              8/12/39 Hamlin, Harry                Pasadena, Cal.              10/30/51 Hampton, Lionel              Birmingham, Ala.            4/12/13 Hancock, Herbie              Chicago, Ill.               4/12/40 Hanks, Tom                   Oakland, Cal.               7/9/56 Hannah, Daryl                Chicago, Ill.               1961 Hardison, Kadeem             New York, N.Y.              7/24/- Harmon, Mark                 Burbank, Cal.               9/2/51 Harper, Jessica              Chicago, Ill.               1949 Harper, Tess                 Mammoth Springs, Ark.       1952 Harper, Valerie              Suffern, N.Y.               8/22/40 Harrelson, Woody             Midland, Tex.               7/23/- Harrington, Pat Jr.          New York, N.Y.              8/13/29 Harris, Barbara              Evanston, Ill.              7/25/35 Harris, Ed                   Englewood, N.J.             11/28/50 Harris, Emmylou              Birmingham, Ala.            4/2/47 Harris, Julie                Grosse Pte. Park, Mich.     12/2/25 Harris, Phil                 Linton, Ind.                6/24/04 Harris, Richard              Co. Limerick, Ireland       10/1/33 Harris, Rosemary             Ashby, England              9/19/30 Harrison, George             Liverpool, England          2/25/43 Harrison, Gregory            Avalon, Cal.                5/31/50 Harry, Deborah               Miami, Fla.                 7/1/45 Hart, Mary                   Sioux Falls, S.D.           1951 Hartley, Mariette            New York, N.Y.              6/21/40 Hartman, David               Pawtucket, R.I.             5/19/35 Hartman, Lisa                Houston, Tex.               6/1/56 Hartman, Phil                Ontario, Canada             9/24/48 Hasselhoff, David            Baltimore, Md.              7/17/52 Hasso, Signe                 Stockholm, Sweden           8/15/10 Hauer, Rutger                Netherlands                 1/23/44 Haver, June                  Rock Island, Ill.           6/10/26 Havoc, June                  Seattle, Wash.              11/8/16 Hawn, Goldie                 Washington, D.C.            11/21/45 Hayden, Melissa              Toronto, Ont.               4/25/23 Hayes, Helen                 Washington, D.C.            10/10/00 Hayes, Isaac                 Covington, Tenn.            8/20/42 Hays, Robert                 Bethesda, Md.               7/24/47 Heard, John                  Washington, D.C.            5/7/47 Hearn, George                Memphis, Tenn.              1935 Heatherton, Joey             Rockville Centre, N.Y.      9/14/44 Heckart, Eileen              Columbus, Oh.               3/29/19 Helmond, Katherine           Galveston, Tex.             7/5/34 Hemingway, Margaux           Portland, Ore.              2/19/55 Hemingway, Mariel            Mill Valley, Cal.           11/21/61 Hemmings, David              Guildford, England          11/18/41 Hemsley, Sherman             Philadelphia, Pa.           2/1/38 Henderson, Florence          Dale, Ind.                  2/14/34 Henderson, Skitch            Halstad, Minn.              1/27/18 Henner, Marilu               Chicago, Ill.               4/6/52 Henning, Doug                Ft. Garry, Man.             5/3/47 Henreid, Paul                Trieste, Austria            1/10/08 Hepburn, Audrey              Brussels, Belgium           5/4/29 Hepburn, Katharine           Hartford, Conn.             11/8/09 Herman, Pee-wee              Peekskill, N.Y.             1952 Herrmann, Edward             Washington, D.C.            7/21/43 Hershey, Barbara             Los Angeles, Cal.           2/5/48 Hesseman, Howard             Lebanon, Ore.               2/27/40 Heston, Charlton             Evanston, Ill.              10/4/23 Hewett, Christopher          Sussex, England             4/5/- Higgins, Joel                Bloomington, Ill.           9/28/43 Hildegarde                   Adell, Wis.                 2/1/06 Hill, Arthur                 Melfort, Sask.              8/1/22 Hill, Benny                  Southampton, England        1/21/25 Hill, George Roy             Minneapolis, Minn.          12/20/22 Hiller, Wendy                Stockport, England          8/15/12 Hillerman, John              Denison, Tex.               12/30/32 Hines, Gregory               New York, N.Y.              2/14/46 Hines, Jerome                Hollywood, Cal.             11/8/21 Hingle, Pat                  Miami, Fla.                 7/19/23 Hirsch, Judd                 Bronx, N.Y.                 3/15/35 Hirt, Al                     New Orleans, La.            11/7/22 Ho, Don                      Kakaako, Oahu, Ha.          8/13/30 Hoffman, Dustin              Los Angeles, Cal.           8/8/37 Hogan, Paul                  New South Wales, Australia  1941 Holbrook, Hal                Cleveland, Oh.              2/17/25 Holder, Geoffrey             Trinidad                    8/1/30 Holliday, Polly              Jasper, Ala.                7/2/37 Holliman, Earl               Delhi, La.                  9/11/28 Holloway, Sterling           Cedartown, Ga.              1/4/05 Holm, Celeste                New York, N.Y.              4/29/19 Hooks, Jan                   Decatur, Ga.                4/23/57 Hooks, Robert                Washington, D.C.            4/18/37 Hope, Bob                    London, England             5/29/03 Hopkins, Anthony             Wales                       12/31/37 Hopkins, Telma               Louisville, Ky.             10/28/48 Hopper, Dennis               Dodge City, Kan.            5/17/36 Horne, Lena                  Brooklyn, N.Y.              6/30/17 Horne, Marilyn               Bradford, Pa.               1/16/34 Horsley, Lee                 Muleshoe, Tex.              5/15/55 Horton, Robert               Los Angeles, Cal.           7/29/24 Hoskins, Bob                 Suffolk, England            10/26/42 Houston, Whitney             E. Orange, N.J.             8/9/63 Howard, Ken                  El Centro, Cal.             3/28/44 Howard, Ron                  Duncan, Okla.               3/1/54 Howell, C. Thomas            Los Angeles, Cal.           12/7/66 Howes, Sally Ann             London, England             7/20/30 Hughes, Barnard              Bedford Hills, N.Y.         7/16/15 Hulce, Tom                   Whitewater, Wis.            12/6/53 Humperdinck, Engelbert       Madras, India               5/3/36 Hunt, Linda                  Morristown, N.J.            4/2/45 Hunter, Holly                Conyers, Ga.                1959 Hunter, Kim                  Detroit, Mich.              11/12/22 Hunter, Ross                 Cleveland, Oh.              5/6/21 Hunter, Tab                  New York, N.Y.              7/11/31 Hurt, John                   Chesterfield, England       1/22/40 Hurt, Mary Beth              Marshalltown, Ia.           9/26/46 Hurt, William                Washington, D.C.            3/20/50 Hussey, Ruth                 Providence, R.I.            10/30/14 Huston, Anjelica             Ireland                     1952 Hutton, Betty                Battle Creek, Mich.         2/26/21 Hutton, Lauren               Charleston, S.C.            11/17/43 %@TE:  866 56942 02 29 28 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH: 1076 67560 02 28 26 11 @%Name                        Birthplace                Born%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Hutton, Timothy             Malibu, Cal.              8/16/61 Hyde-White, Wilfrid         Gloucester, England       5/12/03 Hyman, Earle                Rocky Mount, N.C.         10/11/26 Ian, Janis                  New York, N.Y.            4/7/51 Idol, Billy                 London, England           11/30/55 Iglesias, Julio             Madrid, Spain             9/23/43 Ireland, John               Vancouver, B.C.           1/30/14 Irons, Jeremy               Cowes, England            9/19/48 Irving, Amy                 Palo Alto, Cal.           9/10/53 Irving, George S.           Springfield, Mass.        11/1/22 Ives, Burl                  Hunt Township, Ill.       6/14/09 Ivey, Judith                El Paso, Tex.             9/4/51 Jackee                      Winston-Salem, N.C.       8/14/- Jackson, Anne               Allegheny, Pa.            9/3/25 Jackson, Glenda             Liverpool, England        5/9/36 Jackson, Janet              Gary, Ind.                5/16/66 Jackson, Jermaine           Gary, Ind.                12/11/54 Jackson, La Toya            Gary, Ind.                1/29/56 Jackson, Kate               Birmingham, Ala.          10/29/48 Jackson, Michael            Gary, Ind.                8/29/58 Jackson, Victoria           Miami, Fla.               8/2/59 Jacobi, Derek               London, England           10/22/38 Jaeckel, Richard            Long Beach, N.Y.          10/10/26 Jagger, Dean                Lima, Oh.                 11/7/03 Jagger, Mick                Dartford, England         7/26/43 James, Dennis               Jersey City, N.J.         8/24/17 James, John                 Minneapolis, Minn.        4/18/56 Janis, Conrad               New York, N.Y.            2/11/28 Jarreau, Al                 Milwaukee, Wis            3/12/40 Jeffreys, Anne              Goldsboro, N.C.           1/26/23 Jenner, Bruce               Mt. Kisco, N.Y.           10/28/49 Jennings, Waylon            Littlefield, Tex.         6/15/37 Jett, Joan                  Philadelphia, Pa.         9/22/60 Jewison, Norman             Toronto, Ont.             7/21/26 Jillian, Ann                Cambridge, Mass.          1/29/50 Joel, Billy                 Bronx, N.Y.               5/9/49 John, Elton                 Middlesex, England        3/25/47 Johns, Glynis               Durban, S. Africa         10/5/23 Johnson, Anne-Marie         Los Angeles, Cal.         7/18/- Johnson, Arte               Benton Harbor, Mich.      1/20/29 Johnson, Ben                Foraker, Okla.            6/13/18 Johnson, Don                Flatt Creek, Mo.          12/15/49 Johnson, Van                Newport, R.I.             8/25/16 Jones, Allan                Scranton, Pa.             10/14/07 Jones, Charlie              Ft. Smith, Ark.           11/9/30 Jones, Dean                 Morgan City, Ala.         1/25/35 Jones, George               Saratoga, Tex.            9/12/31 Jones, Grace                Spanishtown, Jamaica      5/19/52 Jones, Grandpa              Niagara, Ky.              10/20/13 Jones, Henry                Philadelphia, Pa.         8/1/12 Jones, Jack                 Hollywood, Cal.           1/14/38 Jones, James Earl           Tate Co., Miss.           1/17/31 Jones, Jennifer             Tulsa, Okla.              3/2/19 Jones, Shirley              Smithton, Pa.             3/31/34 Jones, Tom                  Pontypridd, Wales         6/7/40 Jones, Tommy Lee            San Saba, Tex.            9/15/46 Jordan, Richard             New York, N.Y.            7/19/38 Jourdan, Louis              Marseilles, France        6/19/21 Julia, Raul                 San Juan, P.R.            3/9/40 Jump, Gordon                Dayton, Oh.               4/1/32 Kahn, Madeline              Boston, Mass.             9/29/42 Kanaly, Steve               Burbank, Cal.             3/14/46 Kane, Carol                 Cleveland, Oh.            6/18/52 Kaplan, Gabe                Brooklyn, N.Y.            3/31/45 Karlen, John                New York, N.Y.            5/28/33 Karras, Alex                Gary, Ind.                7/15/35 Kasem, Casey                Detroit, Mich.            1933 Katt, William               Los Angeles, Cal.         2/16/51 Kavner, Julie               Los Angeles, Cal.         9/7/51 Kazan, Elia                 Istanbul, Turkey          9/7/09 Kazan, Lainie               New York, N.Y.            5/15/42 Keach, Stacy                Savannah, Ga.             6/2/41 Keaton, Diane               Santa Ana, Cal.           1/5/46 Keaton, Michael             Pittsburgh, Pa.           9/9/51 Keel, Howard                Gillespie, Ill.           4/13/17 Keeler, Ruby                Halifax, N.S.             8/25/09 Keeshan, Bob                Lynbrook, N.Y.            6/27/27 Keitel, Harvey              Brooklyn, N.Y.            1947 Keith, Brian                Bayonne, N.J.             11/14/21 Keith, David                Knoxville, Tenn.          5/8/54 Kellerman, Sally            Long Beach, Cal.          6/2/37 Kelley, DeForest            Atlanta, Ga.              1/20/20 Kelly, Gene                 Pittsburgh, Pa.           8/23/12 Kelly, Jack                 Astoria, N.Y.             9/16/27 Kelly, Nancy                Lowell, Mass.             3/25/21 Kennedy, George             New York, N.Y.            2/18/26 Kennedy, Jayne              Washington, D.C.          11/27/51 Kent, Allegra               Los Angeles, Cal.         8/11/37 Kercheval, Ken              Wolcottville, Ind.        7/15/35 Kerns, Joanna               San Francisco, Cal.       2/12/53 Kerr, Deborah               Helensburgh, Scotland     9/30/21 Kerr, John                  New York, N.Y.            11/15/31 Khan, Chaka                 Great Lakes, Ill.         3/23/53 Kidder, Margot              Yellowknife, N.W.T.       10/17/48 Kiley, Richard              Chicago, Ill.             3/31/22 King, Alan                  Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/26/27 King, B. B.                 Itta Bena, Miss.          9/16/25 King, Carole                Brooklyn, N.Y.            2/9/42 King, Larry                 New York, N.Y.            11/19/33 King, Perry                 Alliance, Oh.             4/30/48 Kingsley, Ben               Yorkshire, England        12/31/43 Kinski, Klaus               Sopot, Poland             10/8/26 Kinski, Nastassia           Berlin, W. Germany        1/24/60 Kirby, Durward              Covington, Ky.            8/24/12 Kirkland, Gelsey            Bethlehem, Pa.            12/29/53 Kirsten, Dorothy            Montclair, N.J.           7/6/19 Kitt, Eartha                North, S.C.               1/26/28 Klein, Robert               New York, N.Y.            2/8/42 Klemperer, Werner           Cologne, Germany          3/22/19 Kline, Kevin                St. Louis, Mo.            10/24/47 Klugman, Jack               Philadelphia, Pa.         4/27/22 Knight, Gladys              Atlanta, Ga.              5/28/44 Knotts, Don                 Morgantown, W. Va.        7/21/24 Knox, Alexander             Strathroy, Ont.           1/16/07 Kopell, Bernie              New York, N.Y.            6/21/33 Korman, Harvey              Chicago, Ill.             2/15/27 Kotero, Apollonia           Santa Monica, Cal.        8/2/60 Kotto, Yaphet               New York, N.Y.            11/15/44 Kramer, Stanley             New York, N.Y.            9/29/13 Kramer, Stepfanie           Los Angeles, Cal.         8/6/56 Kristofferson, Kris         Brownsville, Tex.         6/22/36 Kubelik, Rafael             Bychori, Czechoslovakia   6/29/14 Kubrick, Stanley            Bronx, N.Y.               7/26/28 Kulp, Nancy                 Harrisburg, Pa.           8/28/21 Kurtz, Swoosie              Omaha, Neb.               9/6/44 LaBelle, Patti              Philadelphia, Pa.         10/4/44 Ladd, Cheryl                Huron, S.D.               7/12/51 Ladd, Diane                 Meridian, Miss.           11/29/32 Lahti, Christine            Detroit, Mich.            4/5/50 Laine, Cleo                 Middlesex, England        10/28/27 Laine, Frankie              Chicago, Ill.             3/30/13 Lamarr, Hedy                Vienna, Austria           11/9/13 Lamas, Lorenzo              Santa Monica, Cal.        1/20/58 Lamb, Gil                   Minneapolis, Minn.        6/14/06 Lamour, Dorothy             New Orleans, La.          12/10/14 Lancaster, Burt             New York, N.Y.            11/2/13 Landau, Martin              New York, N.Y.            6/20/34 Landesberg, Steve           New York, N.Y.            11/23/45 Landis, John                Chicago, Ill.             8/3/50 Landon, Michael             Forest Hills, N.Y.        10/21/36 Lane, Abbe                  Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/14/32 Lane, Diane                 New York, N.Y.            1/22/63 Lane, Priscilla             Indianola, Ia.            6/12/17 Lang, K.D.                  Consort, Alberta          1962 Lang, Stephen               New York, N.Y.            7/11/52 Lange, Hope                 Redding Ridge, Conn.      11/28/31 Lange, Jessica              Cloquet, Minn.            4/20/49 Langella, Frank             Bayonne, N.J.             1/1/40 Langford, Frances           Lakeland, Fla.            4/4/13 Lansbury, Angela            London, England           10/16/25 Lansing, Robert             San Diego, Cal.           6/5/28 Laredo, Ruth                Detroit, Mich.            11/20/37 Larroquette, John           New Orleans, La.          11/25/47 Lasser, Louise              New York, N.Y.            4/11/39 Lauper, Cyndi               New York, N.Y.            6/20/53 Laurie, Piper               Detroit, Mich.            1/22/32 Lauter, Ed                  Long Beach, N.Y.          10/30/40 Lavin, Linda                Portland, Me.             10/15/37 Lawrence, Carol             Melrose Park, Ill.        9/5/34 Lawrence, Steve             Brooklyn, N.Y.            7/8/35 Lawrence, Vicki             Inglewood, Cal.           3/26/49 Leach, Robin                London, England           8/29/41 Leachman, Cloris            Des Moines, Ia.           4/4/26 Lean, David                 Croydon, England          3/25/08 Lear, Norman                New Haven, Conn.          7/27/22 Learned, Michael            Washington, D.C.          4/9/39 LeBon, Simon                Bushey, England           10/27/58 Lee, Brenda                 Atlanta, Ga.              12/11/44 Lee, Christopher            London, England           5/27/22 Lee, Michele                Los Angeles, Cal.         6/24/42 Lee, Peggy                  Jamestown, N.D.           5/26/20 Lee, Spike                  Atlanta, Ga.              3/20/57 Le Gallienne, Eva           London, England           1/11/99 Legrand, Michel             Paris, France             2/24/32 Leibman, Ron                New York, N.Y.            10/11/37 Leifer, Carol               E. Williston, N.Y.        1956 Leigh, Janet                Merced, Cal.              7/6/27 Leinsdorf, Erich            Vienna, Austria           2/4/12 Leisure, David              San Diego, Cal.           11/16/- Lemmon, Chris               Los Angeles, Cal.         1/22/54 Lemmon, Jack                Boston, Mass.             2/8/25 Lennon, Julian              London, England           4/8/63 Lennon SistersDianne                      Los Angeles, Cal.         12/1/39Janet                       Culver City, Cal.         11/15/46Kathy                       Santa Monica, Cal.        8/22/42Peggy                       Los Angeles, Cal.         4/8/41 Leno, Jay                   New Rochelle, N.Y.        4/28/50 Lenz, Kay                   Los Angeles, Cal.         3/4/53 Leonard, Sheldon            New York, N.Y.            2/22/07 Leontovich, Eugenie         Moscow, Russia            3/21/00 Leslie, Joan                Detroit, Mich.            1/26/25 Letterman, David            Indianapolis, Ind.        4/12/47 Levine, James               Cincinnati, Oh.           6/23/43 Levinson, Barry             Baltimore, Md.            1932 Lewis, Emmanuel             New York, N.Y.            3/9/71 Lewis, Dawnn                New York, N.Y.            8/13/- Lewis, Huey                 New York, N.Y.            1952 Lewis, Jerry                Newark, N.J.              3/16/26 Lewis, Jerry Lee            Ferriday, La.             9/29/35 Lewis, Richard              New York, N.Y.            6/29/47 Lewis, Shari                New York, N.Y.            1/17/34 Light, Judith               Trenton, N.J.             2/9/50 Lightfoot, Gordon           Orillia, Ont.             11/17/38 Linden, Hal                 New York, N.Y.            3/20/31 Lindfors, Viveca            Uppsala, Sweden           12/29/20 Linkletter, Art             Saskatchewan, Canada      7/17/12 Linn-Baker, Mark            St. Louis, Mo.            6/17/53 Lithgow, John               Rochester, N.Y.           10/19/45 Little, Cleavon             Chickasha, Okla.          6/1/39 Little, Rich                Ottawa, Ont.              11/26/38 Little Richard              Macon, Ga.                12/5/32 Lloyd, Christopher          Stamford, Conn.           10/22/38 Lloyd, Emily                England                   9/29/70 Locke, Sondra               Shelbyville, Tenn.        5/28/47 Lockhart, June              New York, N.Y.            6/25/25 Locklear, Heather           Los Angeles, Cal.         9/25/61 Loggia, Robert              New York, N.Y.            1/3/30 Loggins, Kenny              Everett, Wash.            1/7/48 Lollobrigida, Gina          Subiaco, Italy            7/4/28 Lom, Herbert                Prague, Czechoslovakia    1/9/17 London, Julie               Santa Rosa, Cal.          9/26/26 Long, Shelley               Ft. Wayne, Ind.           8/23/49 Lord, Jack                  New York, N.Y.            -Loren, Sophia               Rome, Italy               9/20/34 Loring, Gloria              New York, N.Y.            12/10/46 Loudon, Dorothy             Boston, Mass.             9/17/33 Louise, Tina                New York, N.Y.            2/11/34 Lovitz, Jon                 Tarzana, Cal.             7/21/57 Lowe, Rob                   Charlottesville, Va.      3/17/64 Loy, Myrna                  Helena, Mon.              8/2/05 Lucas, George               Modesto, Cal.             5/14/44 Lucci, Susan                Westchester Co., N.Y.     12/23/49 Luckinbill, Laurence        Ft. Smith, Ark.           11/21/34 Ludwig, Christa             Berlin, Germany           3/16/28 Luke, Keye                  Canton, China             1904 Lumet, Sidney               Philadelphia, Pa.         6/25/24 Lupino, Ida                 London, England           2/4/18 LuPone, Patti               Northport, N.Y.           4/21/49 Lynn, Jeffrey               Auburn, Mass.             2/16/09 Lynch, David                Missoula, Mont.           1/1/46 Lynn, Loretta               Butcher Hollow, Ky.       4/14/-Maazel, Lorin               Paris, France             3/6/30 MacArthur, James            Los Angeles, Cal.         12/8/37 MacCorkindale, Simon        Cambridge, England        2/12/53 MacGraw, Ali                Pound Ridge, N.Y.         4/1/39 MacKenzie, Gisele           Winnipeg, Man.            1/10/27 MacLaine, Shirley           Richmond, Va.             4/24/34 MacLeod, Gavin              Mt. Kisco, N.Y.           2/28/30 MacMurray, Fred             Kankakee, Ill.            8/30/08 MacNee, Patrick             London, England           2/6/22 MacNeil, Cornell            Minneapolis, Minn.        9/24/22 Macchio, Ralph              Long Island, N.Y.         11/4/62 Macy, Bill                  Revere, Mass.             5/18/22 Madden, John                Austin, Minn.             4/10/36 Madonna (Ciccone)           Bay City, Mich.           8/16/58 Majors, Lee                 Wyandotte, Mich.          4/23/40 Malbin, Elaine              New York, N.Y.            5/24/32 Malden, Karl                Chicago, Ill.             3/22/13 Malfitano, Catherine        New York, N.Y.            4/18/48 Malkovich, John             Christopher, Ill.         12/9/53 Malle, Louis                Thumeries, France         10/30/32 Malone, Dorothy             Chicago, Ill.             1/30/25 Manchester, Melissa         Bronx, N.Y.               2/15/51 Mancini, Henry              Cleveland, Oh.            4/16/24 Mandel, Howie               Toronto, Ont.             11/29/- Mandrell, Barbara           Houston, Tex.             12/25/48 Mangione, Chuck             Rochester, N.Y.           11/29/40 Manilow, Barry              New York, N.Y.            6/17/46 Mann, Herbie                New York, N.Y.            4/16/30 Manoff, Dinah               New York, N.Y.            1/25/58 Marceau, Marcel             Strasbourg, France        3/22/23 Marsalis, Wynton            New Orleans, La.          10/18/61 Marchand, Nancy             Buffalo, N.Y.             6/19/28 Margolin, Janet             New York, N.Y.            7/25/43 Marin, Cheech               Los Angeles, Cal.         7/13/46 Markova, Alicia             London, England           12/1/10 Marriner, Neville           Lincoln, England          4/15/24 Marsh, Jean                 London, England           7/1/34 Marshall, E. G.             Owatonna, Minn.           6/18/10 Marshall, Penny             New York, N.Y.            10/15/43 Marshall, Peter             Huntington, W.Va.         3/30/27 Martin, Dean                Steubenville, Oh.         6/17/17 Martin, Dick                Detroit, Mich.            1/30/23 Martin, Mary                Weatherford, Tex.         12/1/13 Martin, Pamela Sue          Westport, Conn.           1/5/54 Martin, Steve               Waco, Tex.                1945 Martin, Tony                San Francisco, Cal.       12/25/13 Martins, Peter              Copenhagen, Denmark       10/27/46 Mason, Jackie               Sheboygan, Wis.           6/9/31 Mason, Marsha               St. Louis, Mo.            4/3/42 Mastrantonio, Mary Eliz.    Lombard, Ill.             11/17/58 Mastroianni, Marcello       Rome, Italy               9/28/24 Matheson, Tim               Glendale, Cal.            12/31/47 Mathis, Johnny              San Francisco, Cal.       9/30/35 Matthau, Walter             New York, N.Y.            10/1/20 Mature, Victor              Louisville, Ky.           1/29/16 May, Elaine                 Philadelphia, Pa.         4/21/32 Mayfield, Curtis            Chicago, Ill.             6/3/42 Mayo, Virginia              St. Louis, Mo.            11/30/20 Mazurki, Mike               Austria                   12/25/09 Mazursky, Paul              Brooklyn, N.Y.            4/25/30 McArdle, Andrea             Philadelphia, Pa.         11/5/63 McBride, Patricia           Teaneck, N.J.             8/23/42 McCallum, David             Glasgow, Scotland         9/19/33 McCambridge, Mercedes       Joliet, Ill.              3/17/18McCarthy, Andrew            New York, N.Y.            1963 McCarthy, Kevin             Seattle, Wash.            2/15/14 McCartney, Paul             Liverpool, England        6/18/42 McCarver, Tim               Memphis, Tenn.            10/16/41 McClanahan, Rue             Healdton, Okla.           2/21/36 McClure, Doug               Glendale, Cal.            5/11/35 McClurg, Edie               Kansas City, Mo.          7/23/- McCoo, Marilyn              Jersey City, N.J.         9/30/43 McCrea, Joel                Los Angeles, Cal.         11/5/05 McDowall, Roddy             London, England           9/28/28 McDowell, Malcolm           Leeds, England            6/13/43 McEntire, Reba              McAlester, Okla.          3/28/55 McFarland, Spanky           Dallas, Tex.              10/2/28 McGavin, Darren             Spokane, Wash.            5/7/22 McGillis, Kelly             Newport, Cal.             1957 McGoohan, Patrick           New York, N.Y.            3/19/28 McGovern, Elizabeth         Evanston, Ill.            7/18/61 McGovern, Maureen           Youngstown, Oh.           7/27/49 McGuire, Al                 New York, N.Y.            9/7/31 McGuire, Dorothy            Omaha, Neb.               6/14/19 McIntire, John              Spokane, Wash.            6/27/07 McKechnie, Donna            Pontiac, Mich.            11/16/42 McKee, Lonette              Detroit, Mich.            1954 McKellen, Ian               Burnley, England          5/25/39 McKeon, Nancy               Westbury, N.Y.            4/4/66 McLean, Don                 New Rochelle, N.Y.        10/2/45 McLerie, Allyn              Grand Mere, Que.          12/1/26 McMahon, Ed                 Detroit, Mich.            3/6/23 McNichol, Kristy            Los Angeles, Cal.         9/11/62 McQueen, Butterfly          Tampa, Fla.               1/7/11 McRaney, Gerald             Collins, Miss.            8/19/47 Meadows, Audrey             Wu Chang, China           2/8/24 Meadows, Jayne              Wu Chang, China           9/27/20 Meara, Anne                 New York, N.Y.            9/20/29 Mehta, Zubin                Bombay, India             4/29/36 Melanie                     New York, N.Y.            2/3/47 Mendes, Sergio              Niteroi, Brazil           2/11/41 Menuhin, Yehudi             New York, N.Y.            4/22/16 Mercer, Marian              Akron, Oh.                11/26/35 Mercouri, Melina            Athens, Greece            10/18/25 Meredith, Burgess           Cleveland, Oh.            11/16/08 Merrick, David              Hong Kong                 11/27/12 Merrill, Dina               New York, N.Y.            12/9/25 Merrill, Robert             Brooklyn, N.Y.            6/4/19 Messina, Jim                Maywood, Cal.             12/5/47 Meyers, Ari                 San Juan, Puerto Rico     4/6/69 Michael, George             Watford, England          6/26/63 Michaels, Al                New York, N.Y.            11/12/44 Midler, Bette               Paterson, N.J.            12/1/45 Milano, Alyssa              New York, N.Y.            12/19/73 Miles, Sarah                Ingatestone, England      12/31/41 Miles, Vera                 near Boise City, Okla.    8/23/30 Miller, Ann                 Houston, Tex.             4/12/19 Miller, Dennis              Pittsburgh, Pa.           11/3/53 Miller, Mitch               Rochester, N.Y.           7/4/11 Miller, Roger               Ft. Worth, Tex.           1/2/36 Mills, Donna                Chicago, Ill.             12/11/43 Mills, John                 Suffolk, England          2/22/08 Mills, Juliet               London, England           11/21/41 Milner, Martin              Detroit, Mich.            12/28/27 Milnes, Sherrill            Downers Grove, Ill.       1/10/35 Milsap, Ronnie              Robinsville, N.C.         1/16/44 Milstein, Nathan            Odessa, Russia            12/31/04 Mimieux, Yvette             Hollywood, Cal.           1/8/39 Minnelli, Liza              Los Angeles, Cal.         3/12/46 Mitchell, Cameron           Dallastown, Pa.           4/11/18 Mitchell, James             Sacramento, Cal.          2/29/20 Mitchell, Joni              McLeod, Alta.             11/7/43 Mitchum, Robert             Bridgeport, Conn.         8/6/17 Moffat, Donald              Plymouth, England         12/26/30 Moffo, Anna                 Wayne, Pa.                6/27/27 Molinaro, Al.               Kenosha, Wis.             6/24/19 Moll, Richard               Pasadena, Cal.            1/13/43 Montalban, Ricardo          Mexico City, Mexico       11/25/20 Montand, Yves               Monsumagno, Italy         10/13/21 Montgomery, Elizabeth       Hollywood, Cal.           4/15/33 Moody, Ron                  London, England           1/8/24 Moore, Clayton              Chicago, Ill.             9/14/14 Moore, Constance            Sioux City, Ia.           1/18/22 Moore, Demi                 Roswell, N.M.             11/11/62 Moore, Dudley               London, England           4/19/35 Moore, Garry                Baltimore, Md.            1/31/15 Moore, Mary Tyler           Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/29/37 Moore, Melba                New York, N.Y.            10/29/45 Moore, Roger                London, England           10/14/27 Moore, Terry                Los Angeles, Cal.         1/1/29 Moranis, Rick               Toronto, Ont.             4/18/- Moreau, Jeanne              Paris, France             1/23/28 Moreno, Rita                Humacao, P.R.             12/11/31 Morgan, Dennis              Prentice, Wis.            12/10/10 Morgan, Harry               Detroit, Mich.            4/10/15 Moriarty, Michael           Detroit, Mich.            4/5/41 Morini, Erika               Vienna, Austria           1/5/10 Morita, Pat                 Isleton, Cal.             6/28/32 Morley, Robert              Wiltshire, England        5/26/08 Morris, Greg                Cleveland, Oh.            9/27/34 Morris, Howard              New York, N.Y.            9/4/25 Morse, Robert               Newton, Mass.             5/18/31 Moses, William              Los Angeles, Cal.         11/17/59 Muldaur, Diana              New York, N.Y.            8/19/38 Mulgrew, Kate               Dubuque, Ia.              4/29/55 Mulhare, Edward             Ireland                   4/8/23 Mull, Martin                Chicago, Ill.             8/18/43 Mulligan, Richard           New York, N.Y.            11/13/32 Munsel, Patrice             Spokane, Wash.            5/14/25 Murphy, Ben                 Jonesboro, Ark.           3/6/42 Murphy, Eddie               Brooklyn, N.Y.            4/3/61 Murphy, George              New Haven, Conn.          7/4/02 Murphy, Michael             Los Angeles, Cal.         5/5/38 Murray, Anne                Springhill, Nova Scotia   6/20/45 Murray, Arthur              New York, N.Y.            4/4/95 Murray, Bill                Evanston, Ill.            9/21/50 Murray, Don                 Hollywood, Cal.           7/31/29 Murray, Kathryn             Jersey City, N.J.         9/15/06 Musante, Tony               Bridgeport, Conn.         6/30/36 Musburger, Brent            Portland, Ore.            5/26/39 Muti, Riccardo              Naples, Italy             7/28/41 Nabors, Jim                 Sylacauga, Ala.           6/12/33 Nash, Graham                Blackpool, England        2/2/42 Natwick, Mildred            Baltimore, Md.            6/19/08 Naughton, James             Middletown, Conn.         7/6/46 Neal, Patricia              Packard, Ky.              1/20/26 Nealon, Kevin               Bridgeport, Conn.         11/18/53 Neill, Sam                  New Zealand               1948 Nelligan, Kate              London, Ontario           3/16/51 Nelson, Craig T.            Spokane, Wash.            4/4/46 Nelson, Ed                  New Orleans, La.          12/21/28 Nelson, Gene                Seattle, Wash.            3/24/20 Nelson, Harriet (Hilliard)  Des Moines, Ia.           7/18/14 Nelson, Judd                Portland, Me.             1959 Nelson, Tracy               Santa Monica, Cal.        10/25/63 Nelson, Willie              Abbott, Tex.              4/30/33 Nero, Peter                 New York, N.Y.            5/22/34 New Kids On The BlockKnight, Jonathan            Worcester, Mass.          11/29/68Knight, Jordan              Worcester, Mass.          5/17/70McIntyre, Joe               Needham, Mass.            12/31/72Wahlberg, Donnie            Boston, Mass.             8/17/69Wood, Danny                 Boston, Mass.             5/14/69 Newhart, Bob                Oak Park, Ill.            9/29/29 Newley, Anthony             Hackney, England          9/24/31 Newman, Laraine             Los Angeles, Cal.         3/2/52 Newman, Paul                Cleveland, Oh.            1/26/25 Newman, Phyllis             Jersey City, N.J.         3/19/35 Newman, Randy               Los Angeles, Cal.         11/28/43 Newton, Wayne               Norfolk, Va.              4/3/42 Newton-John, Olivia         Cambridge, England        9/26/47 Nichols, Mike               Berlin, Germany           11/6/31 Nicholson, Jack             Neptune, N.J.             4/28/37 Nicks, Stevie               Phoenix, Ariz.            5/26/48 Nielsen, Leslie             Regina, Sask              2/11/26 Nilsson, Birgit             Karup, Sweden             5/17/18 Nimoy, Leonard              Boston, Mass.             3/26/31 Noble, James                Dallas, Tex.              3/5/22 Nolte, Nick                 Omaha, Neb.               2/8/40 Norman, Jessye              Augusta, Ga.              9/15/45 Norris, Chuck               Ryan, Okla.               1939 North, Sheree               Los Angeles, Cal.         1/17/33 Novak, Kim                  Chicago, Ill.             2/13/33 Novello, Don                Ashtabula, Oh.            1/1/43 Nureyev, Rudolf             Russia                    3/17/38Oates, John                 New York, N.Y.            4/7/48 O'Brian, Hugh               Rochester, N.Y.           4/19/30 O'Brien, Margaret           San Diego, Cal.           1/15/37 Ocean, Billy                Trinidad                  1/21/52 O'Connell, Helen            Lima, Oh.                 5/23/20 O'Connor, Carroll           New York, N.Y.            8/2/24 O'Connor, Donald            Chicago, Ill.             8/28/25 Odetta                      Birmingham, Ala.          12/31/30 O'Hara, Maureen             Dublin, Ireland           8/17/20 O'Herlihy, Dan              Wexford, Ireland          5/1/19 Olin, Ken                   Chicago, Ill.             7/30/54 Olin, Lena                  Sweden                    1956 Olmos, Edward James         E. Los Angeles, Cal.      2/24/47 Olsen, Merlin               Logan, Ut.                9/15/40 Olsin, K.T.                 Arkansas                  1942 O'Neal, Patrick             Ocala, Fla.               9/26/27 O'Neal, Ryan                Los Angeles, Cal.         4/20/41 O'Neal, Tatum               Los Angeles, Cal.         11/5/63 O'Neill, Ed                 Youngstown, Oh.           1946 O'Neill, Jennifer           Brazil                    2/20/47 Ontkean, Michael            Vancouver, B.C.           1/24/46 Opatoshu, David             New York, N.Y.            1/30/18 Orbach, Jerry               New York, N.Y.            10/20/35 Orlando, Tony               New York, N.Y.            4/3/44 Osbourne, Ozzy              Birmingham, England       12/3/46 O'Shea, Milo                Ireland                   1926 Osmond, Donny               Ogden, Ut.                12/9/57 Osmond, Marie               Ogden, Ut.                10/13/59 O'Sullivan, Maureen         Boyle, Ireland            5/17/11 O'Toole, Annette            Houston, Tex.             4/1/52 O'Toole, Peter              Connemara, Ireland        8/2/32 Owens, Buck                 Sherman, Tex.             8/12/29 Ozawa, Seiji                Shenyang, China           9/1/35Paar, Jack                  Canton, Oh.               5/1/18 Pacino, Al                  New York, N.Y.            4/25/40 Page, Patti                 Claremore, Okla.          11/8/27 Paige, Janis                Tacoma, Wash.             9/16/22 Palance, Jack               Lattimer, Pa.             2/18/20 Palin, Michael              England                   1943 Palmer, Betsy               East Chicago, Ind.        11/1/29 Papas, Irene                Greece                    3/9/26 Papp, Joseph                Brooklyn, N.Y.            6/22/21 Parker, Alan                London, England           2/14/44 Parker, Eleanor             Cedarville, Oh.           6/26/22 Parker, Fess                Ft. Worth, Tex.           8/16/25 Parker, Jameson             Baltimore, Md.            11/18/47 Parker, Jean                Deer Lodge, Mon.          8/11/12 Parks, Bert                 Atlanta, Ga.              12/30/14 Parsons, Estelle            Lynn, Mass.               11/20/27 Parton, Dolly               Sevierville, Tenn.        1/19/46 Pasternak, Joseph           Hungary                   9/19/01 Patinkin, Mandy             Chicago, Ill.             11/30/52 Pavarotti, Luciano          Modena, Italy             10/12/35 Paycheck, Johnny            Greenfield, Oh.           5/31/41 Pearl, Minnie               Centerville, Tenn.        10/25/12 Peck, Gregory               La Jolla, Cal.            4/5/16 Pendergrass, Teddy          Philadelphia, Pa.         3/26/50 Penn, Arthur                Philadelphia, Pa.         9/27/22 Penn, Sean                  Burbank, Cal.             8/17/60 Penny, Joe                  London, England           9/14/56 Peppard, George             Detroit, Mich.            10/1/28 Perkins, Elizabeth          Vermont                   1961 Perkins, Anthony            New York, N.Y.            4/4/32 Perlman, Itzhak             Tel Aviv, Israel          8/31/45 Perlman, Rhea               Brooklyn, N.Y.            3/31/48 Perlman, Ron                New York, N.Y.            4/13/- Perrine, Valerie            Galveston, Tex.           9/3/43 Persoff, Nehemiah           Jerusalem, Palestine      8/14/20 Peters, Bernadette          New York, N.Y.            2/28/48 Peters, Brock               New York, N.Y.            7/2/27 Peters, Jean                Canton, Oh.               10/15/26 Peters, Roberta             New York, N.Y.            5/4/30 Petty, Tom                  Gainesville, Fla.         10/20/53 Pfeiffer, Michelle          Santa Ana, Cal.           4/29/57 Phillips, MacKenzie         Alexandria, Va.           11/10/59 Phillips, Michelle          Long Beach, Cal.          6/4/44 Phoenix, River              Madras, Ore.              8/23/70 Pickett, Cindy              Norman, Okla.             4/18/47 Picon, Molly                New York, N.Y.            6/1/98 Pinchot, Bronson            New York, N.Y.            5/20/59 Piscopo, Joe                Passaic, N.J.             6/17/51 Pleasence, Donald           Worksop, England          10/5/19 Pleshette, Suzanne          New York, N.Y.            1/31/37 Plowright, Joan             Brigg, England            10/28/29 Plummer, Amanda             New York, N.Y.            3/23/57 Plummer, Christopher        Toronto, Ont.             12/13/29 Poitier, Sidney             Miami, Fla.               2/20/27 Polanski, Roman             Paris, France             8/18/33 Pollack, Sidney             Lafayette, Ind.           7/1/34 Ponti, Carlo                Milan, Italy              12/11/13 Porizkova, Paulina          Czechoslovakia            4/9/65 Post, Markie                Palo Alto, Cal.           11/4/50 Poston, Tom                 Columbus, Oh.             10/17/27 Potts, Annie                Nashville, Tenn.          10/28/- Powell, Jane                Portland, Ore.            4/1/28 Powers, Stefanie            Hollywood, Cal.           11/2/42 Prentiss, Paula             San Antonio, Tex.         3/4/39 Presley, Priscilla          New York, N.Y.            5/24/45 Preston, Billy              Houston, Tex.             9/9/46 Previn, Andre               Berlin, Germany           4/6/29 Price, Leontyne             Laurel, Miss.             2/10/27 Price, Ray                  Perryville, Tex.          1/12/26 Price, Vincent              St. Louis, Mo.            5/27/11 Pride, Charlie              Sledge, Miss.             3/18/39 Prince                      Minneapolis, Minn.        6/7/58 Principal, Victoria         Japan                     -Prosky, Robert              Philadelphia, Pa.         12/13/30 Prowse, Juliet              Bombay, India             9/25/37 Pryor, Richard              Peoria, Ill.              12/1/40 Pulliam, Keshia Knight      Newark, N.J.              4/9/79 Pyle, Denver                Bethune, Col.             5/11/20Quaid, Dennis               Houston, Tex.             4/9/54 Quaid, Randy                Houston, Tex.             10/1/50 Quinlan, Kathleen           Pasadena, Cal.            11/19/54 Quinn, Anthony              Chihuahua, Mexico         4/21/15 Quinn, Martha               Albany, N.Y.              5/11/59Rabb, Ellis                 Memphis, Tenn.            6/20/30 Rabbitt, Eddie              Brooklyn, N.Y.            11/27/41 Rachins, Alan               Cambridge, Mass.          10/10/- Rae, Charlotte              Milwaukee, Wis.           4/22/26 Raffin, Deborah             Los Angeles, Cal.         3/13/53 Rainer, Luise               Vienna, Austria           1/12/09 Raitt, Bonnie               Burbank, Cal.             11/8/49 Raitt, John                 Santa Ana, Cal.           1/19/17 Ralston, Esther             Bar Harbor, Me.           9/17/02 Ralston, Vera Hruba         Prague, Czechoslovakia    6/12/19 Rambo, Dack                 Delano, Cal.              11/13/41 Rampal, Jean-Pierre         Marseilles, France        1/7/22 Randall, Tony               Tulsa, Okla.              2/26/20 Randolph, John              New York, N.Y.            6/1/15 Rashad, Phylicia            Houston, Tex.             6/17/48 Ratzenberger, John          Bridgeport, Conn.         4/6/47 Rawls, Lou                  Chicago, Ill.             12/1/36 Ray, Aldo                   Pen Argyl, Pa.            9/25/26 Rayburn, Gene               Christopher, Ill.         12/22/17 Raye, Martha                Butte, Mon.               8/27/16 Raymond, Gene               New York, N.Y.            8/13/08 Reddy, Helen                Melbourne, Australia      10/25/41 Redford, Robert             Santa Monica, Cal.        8/18/37 Redgrave, Lynn              London, England           3/8/43 Redgrave, Vanessa           London, England           1/30/37 Reed, Jerry                 Atlanta, Ga.              3/20/37 Reed, Oliver                London, England           2/13/38 Reed, Rex                   Ft. Worth, Tex.           10/2/38 Reed, Robert                Highland Park, Ill.       10/19/32 Reese, Della                Detroit, Mich.            7/6/31 Reeve, Christopher          New York, N.Y.            9/25/52 Reid, Kate                  London, England           11/4/30 Reid, Tim                   Norfolk, Va.              12/19/44 Reilly, Charles Nelson      New York, N.Y.            1/13/31 Reiner, Carl                Bronx, N.Y.               3/20/22 Reiner, Rob                 Bronx, N.Y.               3/6/45 Reinhold, Judge             Wilmington, Del.          1956 Reinking, Ann               Seattle, Wash.            11/10/50 Remick, Lee                 Quincy, Mass.             12/14/35 Resnik, Regina              New York, N.Y.            8/30/24 Reynolds, Burt              Waycross, Ga.             2/11/36 Reynolds, Debbie            El Paso, Tex.             4/1/32 Rhue, Madlyn                Washington, D.C.          10/3/34 Rich, Charlie               Forest City, Ark.         12/14/32 Richards, Keith             Kent, England             12/18/43 Richardson, Tony            Shipley, England          6/5/28 Richie, Lionel              Tuskegee, Ala.            6/20/50 Rickles, Don                New York, N.Y.            5/8/26 Riegert, Peter              New York, N.Y.            1948 Rigg, Diana                 Doncaster, England        7/20/38 Ringwald, Molly             Rosewood, Cal.            2/14/68 Ritter, John                Burbank, Cal.             9/17/48 Rivera, Chita               Washington, D.C.          1/23/33 Rivera, Geraldo             New York, N.Y.            7/4/43 Rivers, Joan                Brooklyn, N.Y.            6/8/33 Robards, Jason Jr.          Chicago, Ill.             7/26/22 Robbins, Jerome             New York, N.Y.            10/11/18 Roberts, Doris              St. Louis, Mo.            11/4/30 Roberts, Eric               Biloxi, Miss.             4/18/56 Roberts, Julia              Smyrna, Ga.               1967 Roberts, Pernell            Waycross, Ga.             5/18/30 Roberts, Tony               New York, N.Y.            10/22/39 Robertson, Cliff            La Jolla, Cal.            9/9/25 Robertson, Dale             Harrah, Okla.             7/14/23 Robinson, Charles           Houston, Tex.             11/9/- Robinson, Holly             Philadelphia, Pa.         1965 Robinson, Smokey            Detroit, Mich.            2/19/40 Roche, Eugene               Boston, Mass.             9/22/28 Rodgers, Jimmie             Camas, Wash.              1933 Rodrigues, Percy            Montreal, Que.            6/13/24 Rodriquez, Johnny           Sabinal, Tex.             12/10/51 Rogers, Chas. (Buddy)       Olathe, Kan.              8/13/04 Rogers, Fred                Latrobe, Pa.              3/20/28 Rogers, Ginger              Independence, Mo.         7/16/11 Rogers, Kenny               Houston, Tex.             8/21/38 Rogers, Mimi                Coral Gables, Fla.        1/27/- Rogers, Roy                 Cincinnati, Oh.           11/5/12 Rogers, Wayne               Birmingham, Ala.          4/7/33 Roland, Gilbert             Juarez, Mexico            12/11/05 Rolle, Esther               Pompano Beach, Fla.       11/8/33 Rollins, Howard             Baltimore, Md.            10/17/50 Romero, Cesar               New York, N.Y.            2/15/07 Ronstadt, Linda             Tucson, Ariz.             7/15/46 Rooney, Mickey              Brooklyn, N.Y.            9/23/20 Rose Marie                  New York, N.Y.            8/15/25 Ross, Diana                 Detroit, Mich.            3/26/44 Ross, Katharine             Hollywood, Cal.           1/29/43 Ross, Marion                Albert Lea, Minn.         10/25/28 Rosselini, Isabella         Rome, Italy               6/18/52 Rostropovich, Mstislav      Baku, USSR                3/12/27 Roth, David Lee             Bloomington, Ind.         10/10/55 Rourke, Mickey              Miami, Fla.               1956 Rowlands, Gena              Cambria, Wis.             6/19/34 Rubinstein, John            Los Angeles, Cal.         12/8/46 Rush, Barbara               Denver, Col.              1/4/30 Russell, Jane               Bemidji, Minn.            6/21/21 Russell, Ken                Southampton, England      7/3/27 Russell, Kurt               Springfield, Mass.        3/17/51 Russell, Mark               Buffalo, N.Y.             8/23/32 Russell, Nipsey             Atlanta, Ga.              10/13/24 Russell, Theresa            San Diego, Cal.           1957 Rutherford, Ann             Toronto, Ont.             11/2/20 Ruttan, Susan               Oregon City, Ore.         9/16/50 Ryan, Meg                   Fairfield, Conn.          1962 Ryan, Peggy                 Long Beach, Cal.          8/28/24 Ryan, Roz                   Detroit, Mich.            7/7/51 Rydell, Bobby               Philadelphia, Pa.         4/26/42Sahl, Mort                  Montreal, Que.            5/11/27 Saint, Eva Marie            Newark, N.J.              7/4/24 St. James, Susan            Los Angeles, Cal.         8/14/46 St. John, Jill              Los Angeles, Cal.         8/19/40 Sainte-Marie, Buffy         Maine                     2/20/41 Sajak, Pat                  Chicago, Ill.             10/26/47 Saks, Gene                  New York, N.Y.            11/8/21 Sales, Soupy                Franklinton, N.C.         1/8/26 Samms, Emma                 London, England           8/28/60 Sanderson, William          Memphis, Tenn.            1/10/48 Sandy, Gary                 Dayton, Oh.               12/25/45 Sanford, Isabel             New York, N.Y.            8/29/17 Santana, Carlos             Mexico                    7/20/47 Sarandon, Chris             Beckley, W.Va.            7/24/42 Sarandon, Susan             New York, N.Y.            10/4/46 Sarnoff, Dorothy            New York, N.Y.            5/25/17 Sarrazin, Michael           Quebec City, Que.         5/22/40 Savage, Fred                Highland Park, Ill.       7/9/66 Savalas, Telly              Garden City, N.Y.         1/21/24 Saxon, John                 Brooklyn, N.Y.            8/5/35 Sayles, John                Schenetady, N.Y.          9/28/50 Scaggs, Boz                 Dallas, Tex.              6/8/44 Schallert, William          Los Angeles, Cal.         7/6/22 Scheider, Roy               Orange, N.J.              11/10/32 Schell, Maria               Vienna, Austria           1/15/26 Schell, Maximilian          Vienna, Austria           12/8/30 Schell, Ronnie              Richmond, Cal.            12/23/31 Schenkel, Chris             Bippus, Ind.              8/21/23 Schnabel, Stefan            Berlin, Germany           2/2/12 Schneider, Alexander        Vilna, Poland             10/21/08 Schneider, John             Mt. Kisco, N.Y.           4/8/54 Schreiber, Avery            Chicago, Ill.             4/9/35 Schroder, Rick              Staten Island, N.Y.       4/3/70 Schwarzenegger, Arnold      Graz, Austria             7/30/47 Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth      Jarotschin, Poland        12/9/15 Scofield, Paul              Hurst, Pierpont, England  1/21/22 Scolari, Peter              New Rochelle, Ill.        9/12/54 Scorsese, Martin            New York, N.Y.            11/17/42 Scott, George C.            Wise, Va.                 10/18/27 Scott, Lizabeth             Scranton, Pa.             9/29/22 Scott, Martha               Jamesport, Mo.            9/22/14 Scotto, Renata              Savona, Italy             2/24/35 Scully, Vin                 New York, N.Y.            11/29/27 Sebastian, John             New York N.Y.             3/17/44 Sedaka, Neil                New York, N.Y.            3/13/39 Seeger, Pete                New York, N.Y.            5/3/19 Segal, George               Great Neck, N.Y.          2/13/34 Segal, Vivienne             Philadelphia, Pa.         4/19/97 Seinfeld, Jerry             New York, N.Y.            1954 Sellecca, Connie            New York, N.Y.            5/25/55 Selleck, Tom                Detroit, Mich.            1/29/45 Serkin, Rudolf              Eger, Austria             3/28/03 Severinsen, Doc             Arlington, Ore.           7/7/27 Seymour, Jane               Middlesex, England        2/15/51 Shackelford, Ted            Oklahoma City, Okla.      6/23/46 Shaffer, Paul               Thunder Bay, Ont.         11/28/49 Shandling, Garry            Tucson, Ariz.             11/29/49 Shankar, Ravi               India                     4/7/20 Sharif, Omar                Alexandria, Egypt         4/10/32 Shatner, William            Montreal, Que.            3/22/31 Shearer, Moira              Scotland                  1/17/26 Sheedy, Ally                New York, N.Y.            6/12/62 Sheen, Charlie              Santa Monica, Cal.        1966 Sheen, Martin               Dayton, Oh.               8/3/40 Shelley, Carole             London, England           8/16/39 Shepard, Sam                Ft. Sheridan, Ill.        11/5/43 Shepherd, Cybill            Memphis, Tenn.            2/18/50 Shields, Brooke             New York, N.Y.            5/31/65 Shire, Talia                New York, N.Y.            4/25/46 Shirley, Ann                New York, N.Y.            4/17/18 Shore, Dinah                Winchester, Tenn.         3/1/17 Short, Bobby                Danville, Ill.            9/15/24 Short, Martin               Hamilton, Ont.            3/26/51 Shull, Richard B.           Evanston, Ill.            2/24/29 Sidney, Sylvia              New York, N.Y.            8/8/10 Siepi, Cesare               Milan, Italy              2/10/23 Sikking, James B.           Los Angeles, Cal.         3/5/34 Sills, Beverly              Brooklyn, N.Y.            5/25/29 Silver, Ron                 New York, N.Y.            7/2/46 Simmons, Gene               Haifa, Israel             8/25/49 Simmons, Jean               London, England           1/31/29 Simon, Carly                New York, N.Y.            6/25/45 Simon, Paul                 Newark, N.J.              11/5/42 Simone, Nina                Tyron, N.C.               2/21/33 Sinatra, Frank              Hoboken, N.J.             12/12/15 Sinatra, Nancy              Jersey City, N.J.         6/8/40 Sinbad                      Benton Harbor, Mich.      11/10/- Siskel, Gene                Chicago, Ill.             1/26/46 Skelton, Red (Richard)      Vincennes, Ind.           7/18/13 Skerritt, Tom               Detroit, Mich.            8/25/33 Slater, Helen               Massapequa, N.Y.          12/14/63 Slezak, Erika               Hollywood, Cal.           8/5/46 Slick, Grace                Chicago, Ill.             10/30/39 Smirnoff, Yakov             Odessa, USSR              1/24/51 Smith, Allison              New York, N.Y.            12/9/69 Smith, Alexis               Penticton, B.C.           6/8/21 Smith, Buffalo Bob          Buffalo, N.Y.             11/27/17 Smith, Connie               Elkhart, Ind.             8/14/41 Smith, Jaclyn               Houston, Tex.             10/26/47 Smith, Keely                Norfolk, Va.              3/9/35 Smith, Maggie               Ilford, England           12/28/34 Smith, Roger                South Gate, Cal.          12/18/32 Smits, Jimmy                New York, N.Y.            7/9/58 Smothers, Dick              New York, N.Y.            11/20/39 Smothers, Tom               New York, N.Y.            2/2/37 Snow, Hank                  Nova Scotia, Canada       5/9/14 Snyder, Tom                 Milwaukee, Wis.           5/12/36 Solti, Georg                Budapest, Hungary         10/21/12 Somers, Suzanne             San Bruno, Cal.           10/16/46 Somes, Michael              nr. Stroud, England       9/28/17 Sommer, Elke                Berlin, Germany           11/5/41 Sorvino, Paul               New York, N.Y.            1939 Sothern, Ann                Valley City, N.D.         1/22/09 Soul, David                 Chicago, Ill.             8/28/43 Spacek, Sissy               Quitman, Tex.             12/25/49 Spano, Joe                  San Francisco, Cal.       7/7/46 Spelling, Aaron             Dallas, Tex.              4/22/28 Spielberg, Steven           Cincinnati, Oh.           12/18/47 Springfield, Dusty          London, England           4/16/39 Springfield, Rick           Sydney, Australia         8/23/49 Springsteen, Bruce          Freehold, N.J.            9/23/49 Stack, Robert               Los Angeles, Cal.         1/13/19 Stafford, Jo                Coalinga, Cal.            11/12/18 Stahl, Richard              Detroit, Mich.            1/4/32 Stallone, Sylvester         New York, N.Y.            7/6/46 Stamos, John                Cypress, Cal.             8/19/63 Stamp, Terence              Stepney, England          7/22/39 Stander, Lionel             New York, N.Y.            1/11/08 Stang, Arnold               New York, N.Y.            9/28/25 Stanley, Kim                Tularosa, N.M.            2/11/25 Stanton, Harry Dean         Kentucky                  7/14/26 Stapleton, Jean             New York, N.Y.            1/19/23 Stapleton, Maureen          Troy, N.Y.                6/21/25 Starr, Kay                  Dougherty, Okla.          7/21/22 Starr, Ringo                Liverpool, England        7/7/40 Steber, Eleanor             Wheeling, W. Va.          7/17/14 Steenburgen, Mary           Little Rock, Ark.         1953 Steiger, Rod                W. Hampton, N.Y.          4/14/25 Stephens, James             Mt. Kisco, N.Y..          5/18/51 Sterling, Jan               New York, N.Y.            4/3/23 Sterling, Robert            New Castle, Pa.           11/13/17 Stern, Isaac                Kreminiecz, Russia        7/21/20 Sternhagen, Frances         Washington, D.C.          1/13/30 Stevens, Andrew             Memphis, Tenn.            6/10/55 Stevens, Cat                London, England           7/21/48 Stevens, Connie             Brooklyn, N.Y.            8/8/38 Stevens, Kaye               E. Cleveland, Oh.         7/21/35 Stevens, Rise               New York, N.Y.            6/11/13 Stevens, Stella             Yazoo City, Miss.         10/1/36 Stevenson, McLean           Normal, Ill.              11/14/29 Stevenson, Parker           Philadelphia, Pa.         6/4/52 Stewart, James              Indiana, Pa.              5/20/08 Stewart, Rod                London, England           1/10/45 Stickney, Dorothy           Dickinson, N.D.           6/21/00 Stiers, David Ogden         Peoria, Ill.              10/31/42 Stiller, Jerry              New York, N.Y.            6/8/29 Stills, Stephen             Dallas, Tex.              1/3/45 Sting (G. Sumner)           Newcastle, England        10/2/51 Stockwell, Dean             Hollywood, Cal.           3/5/36 Stone, Oliver               New York, N.Y.            9/15/46 Stookey, Paul               Baltimore, Md.            12/30/37 Storch, Larry               New York, N.Y.            1/8/23 Storm, Gale                 Bloomington, Tex.         4/5/22 Straight, Beatrice          Old Westbury, N.Y.        8/2/18 Strasser, Robin             New York, N.Y.            5/7/45 Stratas, Teresa             Toronto, Ont.             5/26/38 Strauss, Peter              New York, N.Y.            2/20/47 Streep, Meryl               Summit, N.J.              6/22/49 Streisand, Barbra           Brooklyn, N.Y.            4/24/42 Stritch, Elaine             Detroit, Mich.            2/2/26 Struthers, Sally            Portland, Ore.            7/28/48 Stuarti, Enzo               Rome, Italy               3/3/25 Sullivan, Barry             New York, N.Y.            8/29/12 Sullivan, Susan             New York, N.Y.            11/18/44 Sullivan, Tom               Boston, Mass.             3/27/47 Sumac, Yma                  Ichocan, Peru             9/10/27 Summer, Donna               Boston, Mass.             12/31/48 Sutherland, Donald          St. John, New Brunswick   7/17/35 Sutherland, Joan            Sydney, Australia         11/7/26 Swayze, Patrick             Houston, Tex.             8/18/54 Swenson, Inga               Omaha, Neb.               12/29/34 Swit, Loretta               Passaic, N.J.             11/4/37Mr. T (Lawrence Tero)       Chicago, Ill.             5/21/52 Talbot, Lyle                Pittsburgh, Pa.           2/8/02 Tallchief, Maria            Fairfax, Okla.            1/24/25 Tandy, Jessica              London, England           6/7/09 Tarkenton, Fran             Richmond, Va.             2/3/40 Tayback, Vic                New York, N.Y.            1/6/29 Taylor, Elizabeth           London, England           2/27/32 Taylor, James               Boston, Mass.             3/12/48 Taylor, Rod                 Sydney, Australia         1/11/30 Te Kanawa, Kiri             Gisborne, New Zealand     3/6/44 Tebaldi, Renata             Pesaro, Italy             2/1/22 Temple, Shirley             Santa Monica, Cal.        4/23/28 Tennille, Toni              Montgomery, Ala.          5/8/43 Tharp, Twyla                Portland, Ind.            7/1/41 Thaxter, Phyllis            Portland, Me.             11/20/19 Thicke, Alan                Kirkland Lake, Ont.       3/1/47 Thomas, B.J.                Hugo, Okla.               8/7/42 Thomas, Betty               St. Louis, Mo.            7/27/48 Thomas, Danny               Deerfield, Mich.          1/6/14 Thomas, Heather             Greenwich, Conn.          9/8/57 Thomas, Marlo               Detroit, Mich.            11/21/43 Thomas, Philip Michael      Columbus, Oh.             5/26/49 Thomas, Richard             New York, N.Y.            6/13/51 Thompson, Jack              Sydney, Australia         8/31/40 Thompson, Lea               Rochester, Minn.          5/31/61 Thompson, Sada              Des Moines, Ia.           9/27/29 Thulin, Ingrid              Sweden                    1/27/29 Tiegs, Cheryl               Minnesota                 9/27/47 Tierney, Gene               Brooklyn, N.Y.            11/20/20 Tiffany                     Norwalk, Cal.             10/2/71 Tillis, Mel                 Tampa, Fla.               8/8/32 Tiny Tim                    New York, N.Y.            4/12/23 Todd, Richard               Dublin, Ireland           6/11/19 Tomlin, Lily                Detroit, Mich.            9/1/39 Tomlinson, David            Scotland                  5/7/17 Toomey, Regis               Pittsburgh, Pa.           8/13/02 Torme, Mel                  Chicago, Ill.             9/13/25 Torn, Rip                   Temple, Tex.              2/6/31 Tracy, Arthur               Russia                    6/25/03 Travanti, Daniel J.         Kenosha, Wis.             3/7/40 Travers, Mary               Louisville, Ky.           11/9/36 Travis, Randy               Marshville, N.C.          1959 Travolta, John              Englewood, N.J.           2/18/54 Trebek, Alex                Sudbury, Ont.             7/22/40 Trevor, Claire              New York, N.Y.            3/8/09 Troyanos, Tatiana           New York, N.Y.            9/12/38 Tucker, Michael             Baltimore, Md.            2/6/44 Tucker, Tanya               Seminole, Tex.            10/10/58 Tune, Tommy                 Wichita Falls, Tex.       2/28/39 Turner, Ike                 Clarksdale, Miss.         11/5/39 Turner, Kathleen            Springfield, Mo.          6/19/54 Turner, Lana                Wallace, Ida.             2/8/20 Turner, Tina                Nutbush, Tenn.            11/26/39 Tushingham, Rita            Liverpool, England        3/14/40 Twiggy (Leslie Hornby)      London, England           9/19/49 Twitty, Conway              Friar's Point, Miss.      9/1/33 Tyson, Cicely               New York, N.Y.            12/19/33Uecker, Bob                 Milwaukee, Wis.           1/26/35 Uggams, Leslie              New York, N.Y.            5/25/43 Ullman, Tracey              Slough, England           1960 Ullmann, Liv                Tokyo, Japan              12/16/38 Underwood, Blair            Tacoma, Wash.             8/25/- Urich, Robert               Toronto, Oh.              12/19/46 Ustinov, Peter              London, England           4/16/21Vaccaro, Brenda             Brooklyn, N.Y.            11/18/39 Vale, Jerry                 New York, N.Y.            7/8/31 Valente, Caterina           Paris, France             1/14/31 Valentine, Karen            Santa Rosa, Cal.          5/25/47 Valli, Frankie              Newark, N.J.              5/3/37 Van Ark, Joan               New York, N.Y.            6/16/43 Van Doren, Mamie            Rowena, S.D.              2/6/33 Vandross, Luther            New York, N.Y.            4/20/51 Van Dyke, Dick              West Plains, Mo.          12/13/25 Van Dyke, Jerry             Danville, Ill.            7/27/32 Van Fleet, Jo               Oakland, Cal.             12/30/22 Van Halen, Eddie            Nijmegan, Netherlands     1/26/57 Van Pallandt, Nina          Copenhagen, Denmark       7/15/32 Van Patten, Dick            New York, N.Y.            12/9/28 Vaughn, Robert              New York, N.Y.            11/22/32 Venuta, Benay               San Francisco, Cal.       1/27/11 Verdon, Gwen                Los Angeles, Cal.         1/13/25 Vereen, Ben                 Miami, Fla.               10/10/46 Verrett, Shirley            New Orleans, La.          5/31/31 Vickers, Jon                Prince Albert, Sask.      10/26/26 Vigoda, Abe                 New York, N.Y.            2/24/21 Villella, Edward            Long Island, N.Y.         10/1/36 Vincent, Jan-Michael        Denver, Col.              7/15/44 Vinson, Helen               Beaumont, Tex.            9/17/07 Vinton, Bobby               Canonsburg, Pa.           4/16/35 Vitale, Dick                E. Rutherford, N.J.       6/9/40 Voight, Jon                 Yonkers, N.Y.             12/29/38 Von Stade, Frederica        Somerville, N.J.          6/1/45 Von Sydow, Max              Lund, Sweden              4/10/29Wagner, Lindsay             Los Angeles, Cal.         6/22/49 Wagner, Robert              Detroit, Mich.            2/10/30 Wagoner, Porter             West Plains, Mo.          8/12/27 Wahl, Ken                   Chicago, Ill.             1956 Wain, Bea                   Bronx, N.Y.               4/30/17 Waite, Ralph                White Plains, N.Y.        6/22/29 Walden, Robert              New York, N.Y.            9/25/43 Walken, Christopher         New York, N.Y.            3/31/43 Walker, Clint               Hartford, Ill.            5/30/27 Walker, Nancy               Philadelphia, Pa.         5/10/22 Wallach, Eli                Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/7/15 Walston, Ray                Laurel, Miss.             11/2/24 Walter, Jessica             New York, N.Y.            1/31/44 Wanamaker, Sam              Chicago, Ill.             6/14/19 Ward, Rachel                London, England           1957 Ward, Simon                 London, England           10/19/41 Warden, Jack                Newark, N.J.              9/18/20 Warfield, William           W. Helena, Ark.           1/22/20 Warner, Malcolm-Jamal       Jersey City, N.J.         8/18/70 Warren, Lesley Ann          New York, N.Y.            8/16/46 Warren, Michael             So. Bend, Ind.            3/5/46 Warrick, Ruth               St. Joseph, Mo.           6/29/16 Warwick, Dionne             E. Orange, N.J.           12/12/41 Washington, Denzel          Mt. Vernon, N.Y.          12/28/54 Waterston, Sam              Cambridge, Mass.          11/15/40 Watkins, Carlene            Hartford, Conn.           6/4/52 Watts, Andre                Nuremberg, Germany        6/20/46 Wayne, David                Traverse City, Mich.      1/30/14 Waxman, Al                  Toronto, Ont.             3/2/35 Weaver, Dennis              Joplin, Mo.               6/4/24 Weaver, Fritz               Pittsburgh, Pa.           1/19/26 Weaver, Sigourney           New York, N.Y.            10/8/49 Weir, Peter                 Sydney, Australia         8/8/44 Weitz, Bruce                Norwalk, Conn.            5/27/43 Welch, Raquel               Chicago, Ill.             9/5/40 Weld, Tuesday               New York, N.Y.            8/27/43 Welk, Lawrence              nr. Strasburg, N.D.       3/11/03 Wells, Kitty                Nashville, Tenn.          8/30/19 Wendt, George               Chicago, Ill.             10/17/48 Weston, Jack                Cleveland, Oh.            8/21/24 Whelchel, Lisa              Ft. Worth, Tex.           5/29/63 White, Barry                Galveston, Tex.           9/12/44 White, Betty                Oak Park, Ill.            1/17/22 White, Jesse                Buffalo, N.Y.             1/3/19 White, Vanna                N. Myrtle Beach, S.C.     2/18/57 Whiting, Margaret           Detroit, Mich.            7/22/24 Whitmore, James             White Plains, N.Y.        10/1/21 Widmark, Richard            Sunrise, Minn.            12/26/14 Wiest, Dianne               Kansas City, Mo.          3/28/48 Wilder, Billy               Vienna, Austria           6/22/06 Wilder, Gene                Milwaukee, Wis.           6/11/35 Williams, Andy              Wall Lake, Ia.            12/3/30 Williams, Billy Dee         New York, N.Y.            4/6/37 Williams, Cindy             Van Nuys, Cal.            8/22/47 Williams, Esther            Los Angeles, Cal.         8/8/23 Williams, Hal               Columbus, Oh.             12/14/38 Williams Jr., Hank          Shreveport, La.           5/26/49 Williams, Joe               Cordele, Ga.              12/12/18 Williams, JoBeth            Houston, Tex.             1953 Williams, Paul              Omaha, Neb.               9/19/40 Williams, Robin             Chicago, Ill.             7/21/52 Williams, Treat             Rowayton, Conn.           12/1/51 Williamson, Nicol           Hamilton, Scotland        9/14/38 Willis, Bruce               W. Germany                3/19/55 Wilson, Demond              Valdosta, Ga.             10/13/46 Wilson, Elizabeth           Grand Rapids, Mich.       4/4/25 Wilson, Flip                Jersey City, N.J.         12/8/33 Wilson, Nancy               Chillicothe, Oh.          2/20/37 Windom, William             New York, N.Y.            9/28/23 Winfield, Paul              Los Angeles, Cal.         5/22/41 Winfrey, Oprah              Kosciusko, Miss.          1/29/54 Winger, Debra               Cleveland, Oh.            5/16/55 Winkler, Henry              New York, N.Y.            10/30/45 Winters, Jonathan           Dayton, Oh.               11/11/25 Winters, Shelley            St. Louis, Mo.            8/18/22 Winwood, Steve              Birmingham, England       5/12/48 Wiseman, Joseph             Montreal, Que.            5/15/18 Withers, Jane               Atlanta, Ga.              4/12/26 Wonder, Stevie              Saginaw, Mich.            5/13/50 Woodard, Alfre              Tulsa, Okla.              11/2/53 Woods, James                Vernal, N.J.              4/18/47 Woodward, Edward            Croyden, England          6/1/30 Woodward, Joanne            Thomasville, Ga.          2/27/30 Worth, Irene                Nebraska                  6/23/16 Wray, Fay                   Alberta, Canada           9/10/07 Wright, Martha              Seattle, Wash.            3/23/26 Wright, Max                 Detroit, Mich.            8/2/- Wright, Steven              New York, N.Y.            12/6/55 Wright, Teresa              New York, N.Y.            10/27/18 Wyatt, Jane                 Campgaw, N.J.             8/10/11 Wyman, Jane                 St. Joseph, Mo.           1/4/14 Wynette, Tammy              Red Bay, Ala.             5/5/42 Yarborough, Glenn           Milwaukee, Wis.           1/12/30 Yarrow, Peter               New York, N.Y.            5/31/38 York, Michael               Fulmer, England           3/27/42 York, Susannah              London, England           1/9/42 Yothers, Tina               Whittier, Cal.            9/5/73 Young, Alan                 Northumberland, England   11/19/19 Young, Burt                 New York, N.Y.            4/30/40 Young, Loretta              Salt Lake City, Ut.       1/6/13 Young, Neil                 Toronto, Ont.             11/12/45 Young, Robert               Chicago, Ill.             2/22/07 Youngman, Henny             Liverpool, England        1/12/06Zappa, Frank                Baltimore, Md.            12/21/40 Zeffirelli, Franco          Florence, Italy           2/12/23 Zimbalist, Efrem Jr.        New York, N.Y.            11/30/23 Zimbalist, Stephanie        New York, N.Y.            10/6/56 Zmed, Adrian                Chicago, Ill.             3/14/54 Zukerman, Pinchas           Tel Aviv, Israel          7/16/48%@TE: 1076 67560 02 28 26 11 @%

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%@TH:  822 42638 02 06 06 27 @%Born  Died  Name%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Abbott, Bud %@AB@%1872%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Adams, Maude %@AB@%1855%@AE@%  %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  Adler, Jacob P. %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Adler, Luther %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  Adoree, Renee%@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Aherne, Brian %@AB@%1931%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Ailey, Alvin %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Albertson, Frank %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Albertson, Jack %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Allen, Fred %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Allen, Gracie %@AB@%1883%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Allgood, Sara %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Andrews, Laverne %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Anglin, Margaret %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  Arbuckle, Fatty (Roscoe) %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Arlen, Richard %@AB@%1868%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Arliss, George %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1945%@AE@%  Armetta, Henry %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Armstrong, Louis %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Arnaz, Desi %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Arnold, Edward %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Arquette, Cliff %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Astaire, Fred %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Astor, Mary %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Atwill, Lionel %@AB@%1845%@AE@%  %@AB@%1930%@AE@%  Auer, Leopold %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Auer, Mischa %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Austin, Gene %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Ayres, Agnes%@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Backus, Jim %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Bainter, Fay %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Baker, Josephine %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Balanchine, George %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Ball, Lucille %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Bancroft, George %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Bankhead, Tallulah %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  Banks, Leslie %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Bara, Theda %@AB@%1810%@AE@%  %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  Barnum, Phineas T. %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Barrymore, Ethel %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Barrymore, John %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1954%@AE@%  Barrymore, Lionel %@AB@%1848%@AE@%  %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  Barrymore, Maurice %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Barthelmess, Richard %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Barton, James %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Basehart, Richard %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Basie, Count %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Baxter, Anne %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Baxter, Warner %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  Bayes, Nora %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Beatty, Clyde %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Beavers, Louise %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Beery, Noah %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Beery, Wallace %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Begley, Ed %@AB@%1854%@AE@%  %@AB@%1931%@AE@%  Belasco, David %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Belushi, John %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Benaderet, Bea %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Bendix, William %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Bennett, Constance %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Bennett, Michael %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Benny, Jack %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Benzell, Mimi %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Berg, Gertrude %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Bergen, Edgar %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Bergman, Ingrid %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Berkeley, Busby %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Bernardi, Herschel %@AB@%1844%@AE@%  %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  Bernhardt, Sarah %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  Bernie, Ben %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Bickford, Charles %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Bjoerling, Jussi %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Blackmer, Sidney %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Blanc, Mel %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  Bledsoe, Jules %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Blocker, Dan %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Blondell, Joan %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Blore, Eric %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Blue, Ben %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Bogart, Humphrey %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Boland, Mary %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Boles, John %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Bolger, Ray %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Bond, Ward %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Bondi, Beulah %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Boone, Richard %@AB@%1833%@AE@%  %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  Booth, Edwin %@AB@%1796%@AE@%  %@AB@%1852%@AE@%  Booth, Junius Brutus %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Bordoni, Irene %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Bori, Lucrezia %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Bow, Clara %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Bowes, Maj. Edward %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Boyd, Stephen %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Boyd, William %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Boyer, Charles %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1939%@AE@%  Brady, Alice %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Brennan, Walter %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Brent, George %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Brice, Fanny %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Broderick, Helen %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Bromberg, J. Edward %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Brown, Joe E. %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Bruce, Lenny %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Bruce, Nigel %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Bruce, Virginia %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Brynner, Yul %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Buchanan, Edgar %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Buchanan, Jack %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Buck, Gene %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Buono, Victor %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Burke, Billie %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Burnette, Smiley %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Burns, David %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Burton, Richard %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Busch, Mae %@AB@%1883%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Bushman, Francis X. %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Butterworth, Charles %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Byington, Spring%@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Cabot, Bruce %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Cabot, Sebastian %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Cagney, James %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Calhern, Louis %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Callas, Maria %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Cambridge, Godfrey %@AB@%1865%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Campbell, Mrs. Patrick %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Cantor, Eddie %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Carey, Harry %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Carpenter, Karen %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1988%@AE@%  Carradine, John %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Carrillo, Leo %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Carroll, Leo G. %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Carroll, Nancy %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Carson, Jack %@AB@%1862%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Carter, Mrs. Leslie %@AB@%1873%@AE@%  %@AB@%1921%@AE@%  Caruso, Enrico %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Casals, Pablo %@AB@%1929%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Cassavetes, John %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Castle, Irene %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  Castle, Vernon %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Catlett, Walter %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Cavanaugh, Hobart %@AB@%1873%@AE@%  %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Chaliapin, Feodor %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Champion, Gower %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Chandler, Jeff %@AB@%1883%@AE@%  %@AB@%1930%@AE@%  Chaney, Lon %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Chaney Jr., Lon %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Chapin, Harry %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Chaplin, Charles %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Chase, Charlie %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Chatterton, Ruth %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Chevalier, Maurice %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Clark, Bobby %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Clark, Fred %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Clift, Montgomery %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Cline, Patsy %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Clive, Colin %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Clyde, Andy %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Cobb, Lee J. %@AB@%1877%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Coburn, Charles %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Cohan, George M. %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Cohen, Myron %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Cole, Nat (King) %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Collins, Ray %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Colman, Ronald %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1934%@AE@%  Columbo, Russ %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1944%@AE@%  Compton, Betty %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Connolly, Walter %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Conried, Hans %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Conte, Richard %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Coogan, Jackie %@AB@%1935%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Cooke, Sam %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Cooper, Gary %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Cooper, Gladys %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Cooper, Melville %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Corey, Wendell %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Cornell, Katherine %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Correll, Charles (Andy) %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Costello, Dolores %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Costello, Helene %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Costello, Lou %@AB@%1877%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Costello, Maurice %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Coward, Noel %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Cox, Wally %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Crabbe, Buster %@AB@%1847%@AE@%  %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  Crabtree, Lotta %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Crane, Bob %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Crawford, Broderick %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Crawford, Joan %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  %@AB@%1944%@AE@%  Cregar, Laird %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Crews, Laura Hope %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Crisp, Donald %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Croce, Jim %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Crosby, Bing %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Cross, Milton %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Crothers, Scatman %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Currie, Finlay %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Dailey, Dan %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Dandridge, Dorothy %@AB@%1869%@AE@%  %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  Danforth, William %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Daniell, Henry %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Daniels, Bebe %@AB@%1860%@AE@%  %@AB@%1935%@AE@%  Daniels, Frank %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Darin, Bobby %@AB@%1921%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Darnell, Linda %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Darwell, Jane %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Da Silva, Howard %@AB@%1866%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Davenport, Harry %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Davis, Bette %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Davis, Joan %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Davis Jr., Sammy %@AB@%1931%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Dean, James %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Dekker, Albert %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Del Rio, Dolores %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Demarest, William %@AB@%1881%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  DeMille, Cecil B. %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Denny, Reginald %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  DeSica, Vittorio %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Devine, Andy %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  De Wilde, Brandon %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  De Wolfe, Billy %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Diamond, Selma %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Digges, Dudley %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Disney, Walt %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Dix, Richard %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Donat, Robert %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Donlevy, Brian %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Douglas, Melvyn %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Douglas, Paul %@AB@%-%@AE@%     %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Dragonette, Jessica %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Draper, Ruth %@AB@%1881%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Dresser, Louise %@AB@%1869%@AE@%  %@AB@%1934%@AE@%  Dressler, Marie %@AB@%1820%@AE@%  %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  Drew, Mrs. John %@AB@%1853%@AE@%  %@AB@%1927%@AE@%  Drew, John (son) %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Duchin, Eddy %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Dumbrille, Douglass %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Dumont, Margaret %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1927%@AE@%  Duncan, Isadora %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Dunn, James %@AB@%1935%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Dunn, Michael %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Durante, Jimmy %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Duryea, Dan %@AB@%1858%@AE@%  %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  Duse, Eleanora%@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1929%@AE@%  Eagels, Jeanne %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Eddy, Nelson %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Edwards, Cliff %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1945%@AE@%  Edwards, Gus %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Ellington, Duke %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Elliot, Cass %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Elman, Mischa %@AB@%1881%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Errol, Leon %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Evans, Edith %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Evans, Maurice %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Evelyn, Judith%@AB@%1883%@AE@%  %@AB@%1939%@AE@%  Fairbanks, Douglas %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Farmer, Frances %@AB@%1870%@AE@%  %@AB@%1929%@AE@%  Farnum, Dustin %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Farnum, William %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Farrar, Geraldine %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Farrell, Glenda %@AB@%1868%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Faversham, William %@AB@%1861%@AE@%  %@AB@%1939%@AE@%  Fawcett, George %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Fay, Frank %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Fazenda, Louise %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Feldman, Marty %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Fetchit, Stepin %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Fiedler, Arthur %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Field, Betty %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Fields, Gracie %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Fields, W.C. %@AB@%1931%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Fields, Totie %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Finch, Peter %@AB@%1865%@AE@%  %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Fiske, Minnie Maddern %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Fitzgerald, Barry %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Flagstad, Kirsten %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Flippen, Jay C. %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Flynn, Errol %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Flynn, Joe %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Fokine, Michel %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Foley, Red %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Fonda, Henry %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Fontaine, Frank %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Fontanne, Lynn %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Ford, John %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Ford, Paul %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Ford, Wallace %@AB@%1927%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Fosse, Bob %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Foster, Preston %@AB@%1857%@AE@%  %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  Foy, Eddie %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Francis, Kay %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Frawley, William %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Frederick, Pauline %@AB@%1870%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Friganza, Trixie %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Frisco, Joe %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Gable, Clark %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Galli-Curci, Amelita %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Garbo, Greta %@AB@%1877%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Garden, Mary %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Gardner, Ava %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  Garfield, John %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Garland, Judy %@AB@%1939%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Gaye, Marvin %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Gaynor, Janet %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Geer, Will %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1954%@AE@%  George, Gladys %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Gibson, Hoot %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Gilbert, Billy %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  Gilbert, John %@AB@%1855%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Gillette, William %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1939%@AE@%  Gilpin, Charles %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Gingold, Hermione %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Gish, Dorothy %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Gleason, Jackie %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Gleason, James %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Gluck, Alma %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Goddard, Paulette %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Godfrey, Arthur %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Golden, John %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Goldwyn, Samuel %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Goodman, Benny %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Gorcey, Leo %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Gordon, Ruth %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Gosden, Freeman (Amos) %@AB@%1869%@AE@%  %@AB@%1944%@AE@%  Gottschalk, Ferdinand %@AB@%1829%@AE@%  %@AB@%1869%@AE@%  Gottschalk, Louis %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Grable, Betty %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Grahame, Gloria %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Grant, Cary %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Greene, Lorne %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1954%@AE@%  Greenstreet, Sydney %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Griffith, David Wark %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Griffith, Hugh %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Guthrie, Woody %@AB@%1875%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Gwenn, Edmund%@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Hackett, Charles %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Hackett, Raymond %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Hale, Alan %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Haley, Bill %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Haley, Jack %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Hamilton, Margaret %@AB@%1847%@AE@%  %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  Hammerstein, Oscar %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Hardwicke, Cedric %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Hardy, Oliver %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Harlow, Jean %@AB@%1844%@AE@%  %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  Harrigan, Edward %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Harrison, Rex %@AB@%1870%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Hart, William S. %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Harvey, Laurence %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Hawkins, Jack %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Hayakawa, Sessue %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Hayes, Gabby %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Hayward, Leland %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Hayward, Susan %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Hayworth, Rita %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Healy, Ted %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Heflin, Van %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Heifetz, Jascha %@AB@%1873%@AE@%  %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  Held, Anna %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Hendrix, Jimi %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Henson, Jim %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Henie, Sonja %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Herbert, Henry %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Herbert, Hugh %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Hersholt, Jean %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Hitchcock, Alfred %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Hodiak, John %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Holden, Fay %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Holden, William %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Holliday, Judy %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Holly, Buddy %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Holt, Jack %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Holt, Tim %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Homolka, Oscar %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Hopkins, Miriam %@AB@%1858%@AE@%  %@AB@%1935%@AE@%  Hopper, DeWolf %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Hopper, Edna Wallace %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Hopper, William %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Horowitz, Vladimir %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Horton, Edward Everett %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  Houdini, Harry %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1988%@AE@%  Houseman, John %@AB@%1881%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Howard, Eugene %@AB@%1867%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Howard, Joe %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  Howard, Leslie %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Howard, Tom %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  %@AB@%1988%@AE@%  Howard, Trevor %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Howard, Willie %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Hudson, Rock %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Hull, Henry %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Hull, Josephine %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Humphrey, Doris %@AB@%1927%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Hunter, Jeffrey %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Husing, Ted %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Huston, John %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Huston, Walter%@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Ingram, Rex %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Ingram, Rex %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Iturbi, Jose %@AB@%1838%@AE@%  %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  Irving, Henry %@AB@%1871%@AE@%  %@AB@%1944%@AE@%  Irving, Isabel %@AB@%1872%@AE@%  %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  Irving, Laurence%@AB@%1875%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Jackson, Joe %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Jackson, Mahalia %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Jaffe, Sam %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  James, Harry %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Janis, Elsie %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Jannings, Emil %@AB@%1930%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Janssen, David %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Jenkins, Allen %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Jessel, George %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Johnson, Chic %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Jolson, Al %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Jones, Buck %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Jones, Carolyn %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Jones, Spike %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Joplin, Janis %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Jory, Victor %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Joslyn, Allyn %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Kane, Helen %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Karloff, Boris %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Karns, Roscoe %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Kaye, Danny %@AB@%1811%@AE@%  %@AB@%1868%@AE@%  Kean, Charles %@AB@%1806%@AE@%  %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  Kean, Mrs. Charles %@AB@%1787%@AE@%  %@AB@%1833%@AE@%  Kean, Edmund %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Keaton, Buster %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Keith, Ian %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Kellaway, Cecil %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Kelly, Emmett %@AB@%1929%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Kelly, Grace %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Kelly, Patsy %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Kelton, Pert %@AB@%1823%@AE@%  %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  Kemble, Agnes %@AB@%1775%@AE@%  %@AB@%1854%@AE@%  Kemble, Charles %@AB@%1809%@AE@%  %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  Kemble, Fannie %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Kendall, Kay %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Kennedy, Arthur %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Kennedy, Edgar %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Kibbee, Guy %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Kilbride, Percy %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Knight, Ted %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Kostelanetz, Andre %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Kovacs, Ernie %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Kruger, Otto%@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Ladd, Alan %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Lahr, Bert %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Lake, Veronica %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Lamas, Fernando %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Lanchester, Elsa %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Landis, Carole %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Landis, Jessie Royce %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1944%@AE@%  Langdon, Harry %@AB@%1853%@AE@%  %@AB@%1929%@AE@%  Langtry, Lillie %@AB@%1921%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Lanza, Mario %@AB@%1870%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Lauder, Harry %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Laughton, Charles %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Laurel, Stan %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Lawford, Peter %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  Lawrence, Gertrude %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Lee, Bruce %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  Lee, Canada %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Lee, Gypsy Rose %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Lehmann, Lotte %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Leigh, Vivien %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Leighton, Margaret %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Lennon, John %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Lenya, Lotte %@AB@%1870%@AE@%  %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  Leonard, Eddie %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  LeRoy Mervyn %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Levant, Oscar %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Levene, Sam %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Lewis, Joe E. %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Lewis, Ted %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Liberace %@AB@%1820%@AE@%  %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  Lind, Jenny %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Lillie, Beatrice %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Lindsay, Howard %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Lloyd, Harold %@AB@%1870%@AE@%  %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  Lloyd, Marie %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Lockhart, Gene %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Logan, Ella %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Lombard, Carole %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Lombardo, Guy %@AB@%1927%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Long, Richard %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Lopez, Vincent %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Lorne, Marion %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Lorre, Peter %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Lovejoy, Frank %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Lowe, Edmund %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Lubitsch, Ernst %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Lugosi, Bela %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Lukas, Paul %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Lunt, Alfred %@AB@%1853%@AE@%  %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Lupino, George %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Lupino, Stanley %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Lynde, Paul %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Lynn, Diana %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  MacDonald, Jeanette %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  MacLane, Barton %@AB@%1921%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  MacRae, Gordon %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Macready, George %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Magnani, Anna %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Mahoney, Will %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Main, Marjorie %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Mansfield, Jayne %@AB@%1854%@AE@%  %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  Mansfield, Richard %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Mantovani, Annunzio %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  March, Fredric %@AB@%1945%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Marley, Bob %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Marshall, Herbert %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Martin, Ross %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Martinelli, Giovanni %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Marvin, Lee %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Marx, Arthur (Harpo) %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Marx, Julius (Groucho) %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Marx, Leonard (Chico) %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Mason, James %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Massey, Raymond %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  May, Edna %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Mayer, Louis B. %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Maynard, Ken %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1945%@AE@%  McCormack, John %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  McDaniel, Hattie %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  McGiver, John %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  McHugh, Frank %@AB@%1883%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  McLaglen, Victor %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  McMahon, Horace %@AB@%1930%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  McQueen, Steve %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Medford, Kay %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Meek, Donald %@AB@%1861%@AE@%  %@AB@%1931%@AE@%  Melba, Nellie %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Melchior, Lauritz %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Melton, James %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Menjou, Adolphe %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Menken, Helen %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Merman, Ethel %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Milland, Ray %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1944%@AE@%  Miller, Glenn %@AB@%1860%@AE@%  %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  Miller, Henry %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  Miller, Marilyn %@AB@%1939%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Mineo, Sal %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Minnevitch, Borrah %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Miranda, Carmen %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Mitchell, Thomas %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Mix, Tom %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Monroe, Marilyn %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Monroe, Vaughn %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Montez, Maria %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Montgomery, Robert %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Moore, Grace %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Moore, Victor %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Moorehead, Agnes %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Morgan, Frank %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  Morgan, Helen %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Morris, Chester %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Morris, Wayne %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Morrison, Jim %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Morrow, Vic %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Mostel, Zero %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Mowbray, Alan %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Muni, Paul %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Munn, Frank %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Munshin, Jules %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Murphy, Audie %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Murray, Mae%@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Nagel, Conrad %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Naish, J. Carroll %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Naldi, Nita %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Nelson, Ozzie %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Nelson, Rick %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Nesbit, Evelyn %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Niven, David %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Nijinsky, Vaslav %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Nilsson, Anna Q. %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Nolan, Lloyd %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1930%@AE@%  Normand, Mabel %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Novarro, Ramon %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Novello, Ivor%@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Oakie, Jack %@AB@%1860%@AE@%  %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  Oakley, Annie %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Oates, Warren %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Oberon, Merle %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  O'Brien, Edmond %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  O'Brien, Pat %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  O'Connell, Arthur %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  O'Connor, Una %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  O'Keefe, Dennis %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Oland, Warner %@AB@%1860%@AE@%  %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Olcott, Chauncey %@AB@%1883%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Oliver, Edna May %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Olivier, Laurence %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Olsen, Ole %@AB@%1849%@AE@%  %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  O'Neill, James %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  %@AB@%1988%@AE@%  Orbison, Roy %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Ormandy, Eugene %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Ouspenskaya, Maria %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Owen, Reginald%@AB@%1860%@AE@%  %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  Paderewski, Ignace %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Page, Geraldine %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1954%@AE@%  Pallette, Eugene %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Palmer, Lilli %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Pangborn, Franklin %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Parks, Larry %@AB@%1881%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Pasternack, Josef A. %@AB@%1837%@AE@%  %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  Pastor, Tony %@AB@%1843%@AE@%  %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  Patti, Adelina %@AB@%1840%@AE@%  %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  Patti, Carlotta %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1931%@AE@%  Pavlova, Anna %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Paxinou, Katina %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Peerce, Jan %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1950%@AE@%  Pemberton, Brock %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Pendleton, Nat %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  Penner, Joe %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Perkins, Osgood %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Piaf, Edith %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Pickford, Mary %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Pidgeon, Walter %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Pinza, Ezio %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Pitts, Zasu %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Pons, Lily %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Ponselle, Rosa %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Powell, Dick %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Powell, Eleanor %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Powell, William %@AB@%1913%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Power, Tyrone %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Preminger, Otto %@AB@%1935%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Presley, Elvis %@AB@%1918%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Preston, Robert %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Prima, Louis %@AB@%1954%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Prinze, Freddie %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  %@AB@%1989%@AE@%  Radner, Gilda %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Raft, George %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Rains, Claude %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Rambeau, Marjorie %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Rathbone, Basil %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Ratoff, Gregory %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  Ray, Charles %@AB@%1941%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Redding, Otis %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Redgrave, Michael %@AB@%1921%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Reed, Donna %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Reeves, George %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Reeves, Jim %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  Reid, Wallace %@AB@%1873%@AE@%  %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  Reinhardt, Max %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1971%@AE@%  Rennie, Michael %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Richardson, Ralph %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Richman, Harry %@AB@%1921%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Riddle, Nelson %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Ritchard, Cyril %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Ritter, Tex %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Ritter, Thelma %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Ritz, Al %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Ritz, Harry %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Ritz, Jimmy %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Robbins, Marty %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Robeson, Paul %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Robinson, Bill %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Robinson, Edward G. %@AB@%1865%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Robson, May %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Rochester (E. Anderson) %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  Rodgers, Jimmy %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1935%@AE@%  Rogers, Will %@AB@%1880%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Rooney, Pat %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Rose, Billy %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Roth, Lillian %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Rowan, Dan %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Rubinstein, Artur %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Ruffo, Titta %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Ruggles, Charles %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Russell, Gail %@AB@%1861%@AE@%  %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  Russell, Lillian %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Russell, Rosalind %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Rutherford, Margaret %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Ryan, Irene %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Ryan, Robert%@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Sabu (Dastagir) %@AB@%1877%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  St. Denis, Ruth %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1955%@AE@%  Sakall, S.Z. %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  Sale (Chic), Charles %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Sanders, George %@AB@%1934%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Sands, Diana %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Savo, Jimmy %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1964%@AE@%  Schildkraut, Joseph %@AB@%1865%@AE@%  %@AB@%1930%@AE@%  Schildkraut, Rudolph %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Schipa, Tito %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Schnabel, Artur %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Schneider, Romy %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Scott, Hazel %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Scott, Randolph %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Scott, Zachary %@AB@%1843%@AE@%  %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  Scott-Siddons, Mrs. %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Seberg, Jean %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Seeley, Blossom %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1987%@AE@%  Segovia, Andres %@AB@%1925%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Sellers, Peter %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1965%@AE@%  Selznick, David O. %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Sennett, Mack %@AB@%1927%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Shaw, Robert %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Shawn, Ted %@AB@%1868%@AE@%  %@AB@%1949%@AE@%  Shean, Al %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Shearer, Norma %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Sheridan, Ann %@AB@%1875%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Shubert, Lee %@AB@%1755%@AE@%  %@AB@%1831%@AE@%  Siddons, Mrs. Sarah %@AB@%1921%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Signoret, Simone %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Silvers, Phil %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Sim, Alastair %@AB@%1858%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Skinner, Otis %@AB@%1863%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Smith, C. Aubrey %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Smith, Kate %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Soo, Jack %@AB@%1854%@AE@%  %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Sousa, John Philip %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Sparks, Ned %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Speaks, Oley %@AB@%1873%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Standing, Guy %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Stanwyck, Barbara %@AB@%1934%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Stevens, Inger %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Stokowski, Leopold %@AB@%1873%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Stone, Fred %@AB@%1879%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Stone, Lewis %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Stone, Milburn %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Sturges, Preston %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Sullavan, Margaret %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1974%@AE@%  Sullivan, Ed %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1956%@AE@%  Sullivan, Francis L. %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Summerville, Slim %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Swanson, Gloria %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Swarthout, Gladys%@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Talmadge, Norma %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Tamiroff, Akim %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Tanguay, Eva %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Taylor, Deems %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Taylor, Estelle %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1946%@AE@%  Taylor, Laurette %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Taylor, Robert %@AB@%1878%@AE@%  %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  Tearle, Conway %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Tearle, Godfrey %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1937%@AE@%  Tell, Alma %@AB@%1864%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Tempest, Marie %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Templeton, Alec %@AB@%1847%@AE@%  %@AB@%1928%@AE@%  Terry, Ellen %@AB@%1871%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Tetrazzini, Luisa %@AB@%1899%@AE@%  %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  Thalberg, Irving %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Thomas, John Charles %@AB@%1882%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Thorndike, Sybil             (Three Stooges) %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Fine, Larry %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  Howard, Curly %@AB@%1897%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Howard, Moe %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Tibbett, Lawrence %@AB@%1909%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Todd, Michael %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  %@AB@%1947%@AE@%  Toler, Sidney %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Tone, Franchot %@AB@%1867%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Toscanini, Arturo %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Tracy, Lee %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Tracy, Spencer %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Traubel, Helen %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Treacher, Arthur %@AB@%1853%@AE@%  %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  Tree, Herbert Beerbohm %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Truex, Ernest %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Truffaut, Francois %@AB@%1919%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Tucker, Forrest %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Tucker, Richard %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Tucker, Sophie %@AB@%1874%@AE@%  %@AB@%1940%@AE@%  Turpin, Ben %@AB@%1908%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Twelvetrees, Helen%@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1970%@AE@%  Ulric, Lenore %@AB@%1933%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Ure, Mary%@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  Valentino, Rudolph %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Vallee, Rudy %@AB@%1911%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Vance, Vivian %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1990%@AE@%  Vaughan, Sarah %@AB@%1893%@AE@%  %@AB@%1943%@AE@%  Veidt, Conrad %@AB@%1926%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Vera-Ellen %@AB@%1885%@AE@%  %@AB@%1957%@AE@%  Von Stroheim, Erich %@AB@%1906%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Von Zell, Harry%@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Walburn, Raymond %@AB@%1914%@AE@%  %@AB@%1951%@AE@%  Walker, Robert %@AB@%1898%@AE@%  %@AB@%1983%@AE@%  Wallenstein, Alfred %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  Walsh, Raoul %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1962%@AE@%  Walter, Bruno %@AB@%1876%@AE@%  %@AB@%1958%@AE@%  Warner, H. B. %@AB@%1924%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Washington, Dinah %@AB@%1900%@AE@%  %@AB@%1977%@AE@%  Waters, Ethel %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Wayne, John %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Webb, Clifton %@AB@%1920%@AE@%  %@AB@%1982%@AE@%  Webb, Jack %@AB@%1867%@AE@%  %@AB@%1942%@AE@%  Weber, Joe %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1973%@AE@%  Webster, Margaret %@AB@%1915%@AE@%  %@AB@%1985%@AE@%  Welles, Orson %@AB@%1896%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Wellman, William %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  %@AB@%1984%@AE@%  Werner, Oskar %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1980%@AE@%  West, Mae %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1968%@AE@%  Wheeler, Bert %@AB@%1889%@AE@%  %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  White, Pearl %@AB@%1891%@AE@%  %@AB@%1967%@AE@%  Whiteman, Paul %@AB@%1865%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  Whitty, May %@AB@%1912%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Wilding, Michael %@AB@%1895%@AE@%  %@AB@%1948%@AE@%  William, Warren %@AB@%1877%@AE@%  %@AB@%1922%@AE@%  Williams, Bert %@AB@%1923%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Williams, Hank %@AB@%1905%@AE@%  %@AB@%1975%@AE@%  Wills, Bob %@AB@%1903%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Wills, Chill %@AB@%1894%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Wilson, Dooley %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  Wilson, Marie %@AB@%1884%@AE@%  %@AB@%1969%@AE@%  Winninger, Charles %@AB@%1904%@AE@%  %@AB@%1959%@AE@%  Withers, Grant %@AB@%1907%@AE@%  %@AB@%1961%@AE@%  Wong, Anna May %@AB@%1938%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Wood, Natalie %@AB@%1892%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Wood, Peggy %@AB@%1888%@AE@%  %@AB@%1963%@AE@%  Woolley, Monty %@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1981%@AE@%  Wyler, William %@AB@%1886%@AE@%  %@AB@%1966%@AE@%  Wynn, Ed %@AB@%1916%@AE@%  %@AB@%1986%@AE@%  Wynn, Keenan %@AB@%1890%@AE@%  %@AB@%1960%@AE@%  Young, Clara Kimball %@AB@%1917%@AE@%  %@AB@%1978%@AE@%  Young, Gig %@AB@%1887%@AE@%  %@AB@%1953%@AE@%  Young, Roland%@AB@%1902%@AE@%  %@AB@%1979%@AE@%  Zanuck, Darryl F. %@AB@%1869%@AE@%  %@AB@%1932%@AE@%  Ziegfeld, Florenz %@AB@%1873%@AE@%  %@AB@%1976%@AE@%  Zukor, Adolph   %@TE:  822 42638 02 06 06 27 @%

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%@4@%%@AB@%Edie Adams:%@AE@% Elizabeth Edith Enke%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Eddie Albert:%@AE@% Edward Albert Heimberger %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Alan Alda:%@AE@% Alphonso D'Abruzzo %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jane Alexander:%@AE@% Jane Quigley %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Fred Allen:%@AE@% John Sullivan %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Woody Allen:%@AE@% Allen Konigsberg %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Julie Andrews:%@AE@% Julia Wells %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Eve Arden:%@AE@% Eunice Quedens %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Beatrice Arthur:%@AE@% Bernice Frankel %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Arthur:%@AE@% Gladys Greene %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Fred Astaire:%@AE@% Frederick Austerlitz %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Lauren Bacall:%@AE@% Betty Joan Perske %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Anne Bancroft:%@AE@% Anna Maria Italiano %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Brigitte Bardot:%@AE@% Camille Javal %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Gene Barry:%@AE@% Eugene Klass %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Orson Bean:%@AE@% Dallas Burrows %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Pat Benatar:%@AE@% Patricia Andrejewski %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Robbie Benson:%@AE@% Robert Segal %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Tony Bennett:%@AE@% Anthony Benedetto %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Busby Berkeley:%@AE@% William Berkeley Enos %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Benny:%@AE@% Benjamin Kubelsky %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Joey Bishop:%@AE@% Joseph Gottlieb %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Blake:%@AE@% Michael Gubitosi %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Victor Borge:%@AE@% Borge Rosenbaum %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%David Bowie:%@AE@% David Robert Jones %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Boy George:%@AE@% George Alan O'Dowd %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Fanny Brice:%@AE@% Fanny Borach %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Morgan Brittany:%@AE@% Suzanne Cupito %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Bronson:%@AE@% Charles Buchinski %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Albert Brooks:%@AE@% Albert Einstein %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Mel Brooks:%@AE@% Melvin Kaminsky %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%George Burns:%@AE@% Nathan Birnbaum %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Ellen Burstyn:%@AE@% Edna Gilhooley %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Richard Burton:%@AE@% Richard Jenkins %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Red Buttons:%@AE@% Aaron Chwatt %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Nicolas Cage:%@AE@% Nicholas Coppola %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Caine:%@AE@% Maurice Micklewhite %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Maria Callas:%@AE@% Maria Kalogeropoulos %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Vikki Carr:%@AE@% Florencia Casillas %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Diahann Carroll:%@AE@% Carol Diahann Johnson %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Cyd Charisse:%@AE@% Tula Finklea %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Ray Charles:%@AE@% Ray Charles Robinson %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Cher:%@AE@% Cherilyn Sarkisian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Patsy Cline:%@AE@% Virginia Patterson Hensley %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Lee J. Cobb:%@AE@% Leo Jacoby %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Claudette Colbert:%@AE@% Lily Chauchoin %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Connors:%@AE@% Kreker Ohanian %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Conrad:%@AE@% Conrad Robert Falk %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Alice Cooper:%@AE@% Vincent Furnier %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%David Copperfield:%@AE@% David Kotkin %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Howard Cosell:%@AE@% Howard Cohen %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Elvis Costello:%@AE@% Declan Patrick McManus %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Lou Costello:%@AE@% Louis Cristillo %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Joan Crawford:%@AE@% Lucille Le Sueur %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Crawford:%@AE@% Michael Dumbell-Smith %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Tom Cruise:%@AE@% Thomas Mopother %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Tony Curtis:%@AE@% Bernard Schwartz %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Vic Damone:%@AE@% Vito Farinola %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Rodney Dangerfield:%@AE@% Jacob Cohen %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Bobby Darin:%@AE@% Walden Waldo Cassotto %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Doris Day:%@AE@% Doris von Kappelhoff %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Yvonne De Carlo:%@AE@% Peggy Middleton %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Sandra Dee:%@AE@% Alexandra Zuck %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%John Denver:%@AE@% Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Bo Derek:%@AE@% Cathleen Collins %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%John Derek:%@AE@% Derek Harris %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Angie Dickinson:%@AE@% Angeline Brown %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Phyllis Diller:%@AE@% Phyllis Driver %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Diana Dors:%@AE@% Diana Fluck %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Melvyn Douglas:%@AE@% Melvyn Hesselberg %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Bob Dylan:%@AE@% Robert Zimmerman %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sheena Easton:%@AE@% Sheena Shirley Orr %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Barbara Eden:%@AE@% Barbara Huffman %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Ron Ely:%@AE@% Ronald Pierce %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Chad Everett:%@AE@% Raymond Cramton %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Tom Ewell:%@AE@% S. Yewell Tompkins %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Douglas Fairbanks:%@AE@% Douglas Ullman %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Morgan Fairchild:%@AE@% Patsy McClenny %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Alice Faye:%@AE@% Ann Leppert %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Stepin Fetchit:%@AE@% Lincoln Perry %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%W.C. Fields:%@AE@% William Claude Dukenfield %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Finch:%@AE@% William Mitchell %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barry Fitzgerald:%@AE@% William Joseph Shields %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joan Fontaine:%@AE@% Joan de Havilland %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%John Ford:%@AE@% Sean O'Fearna %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%John Forsythe:%@AE@% John Freund %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Redd Foxx :%@AE@% John Sanford %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Anthony Franciosa:%@AE@% Anthony Papaleo %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arlene Francis:%@AE@% Arlene Kazanjian %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Connie Francis:%@AE@% Concetta Franconero %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Greta Garbo:%@AE@% Greta Gustafsson %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vincent Gardenia:%@AE@% Vincent Scognamiglio %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Garfield:%@AE@% Julius Garfinkle %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Judy Garland:%@AE@% Frances Gumm %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%James Garner:%@AE@% James Bumgarner %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Crystal Gayle:%@AE@% Brenda Gayle Webb %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Paulette Goddard:%@AE@% Marion Levy %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Eydie Gorme:%@AE@% Edith Gormezano %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Stewart Granger:%@AE@% James Stewart %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Cary Grant:%@AE@% Archibald Leach%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Lee Grant:%@AE@% Lyova Rosenthal %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Joel Grey:%@AE@% Joe Katz %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Buddy Hackett:%@AE@% Leonard Hacker %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Harlow:%@AE@% Harlean Carpentier %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rex Harrison:%@AE@% Reginald Carey %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Laurence Harvey:%@AE@% Larushka Skikne %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Helen Hayes:%@AE@% Helen Brown %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Susan Hayward:%@AE@% Edythe Marriner %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rita Hayworth:%@AE@% Margarita Cansino %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pee-Wee Herman:%@AE@% Paul Rubenfeld %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Barbara Hershey:%@AE@% Barbara Herzstine %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Holden:%@AE@% William Beedle %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Judy Holliday:%@AE@% Judith Tuvim %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Harry Houdini:%@AE@% Ehrich Weiss %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Leslie Howard:%@AE@% Leslie Stainer %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Moe Howard:%@AE@% Moses Horowitz %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Rock Hudson:%@AE@% Roy Scherer Jr. (later Fitzgerald) %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Engelbert Humperdinck:%@AE@% Arnold Dorsey %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Kim Hunter:%@AE@% Janet Cole %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Mary Beth Hurt:%@AE@% Mary Supinger %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Betty Hutton:%@AE@% Betty Thornberg %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%David Janssen:%@AE@% David Meyer %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Elton John:%@AE@% Reginald Dwight %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Don Johnson:%@AE@% Donald Wayne %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jennifer Jones:%@AE@% Phyllis Isley %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Tom Jones:%@AE@% Thomas Woodward %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Louis Jourdan:%@AE@% Louis Gendre %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Boris Karloff:%@AE@% William Henry Pratt %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Danny Kaye:%@AE@% David Kaminsky %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Diane Keaton:%@AE@% Diane Hall %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Keaton:%@AE@% Michael Douglas %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Howard Keel:%@AE@% Harold Leek %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Chaka Khan:%@AE@% Yvette Stevens %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Carole King:%@AE@% Carole Klein %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Ben Kingsley:%@AE@% Krishna Banji %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Nastassja Kinski:%@AE@% Nastassja Naksyznyski %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Ted Knight:%@AE@% Tadeus Wladyslaw Konopka %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Cheryl Ladd:%@AE@% Cheryl Stoppelmoor %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Veronica Lake:%@AE@% Constance Ockleman %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Dorothy Lamour:%@AE@% Mary Kaumeyer %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Michael Landon:%@AE@% Eugene Orowitz %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Mario Lanza:%@AE@% Alfredo Cocozza %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Stan Laurel:%@AE@% Arthur Jefferson %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Steve Lawrence:%@AE@% Sidney Leibowitz %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Brenda Lee:%@AE@% Brenda Mae Tarpley %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Bruce Lee:%@AE@% Lee Yuen Kam %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Gypsy Rose Lee:%@AE@% Rose Louise Hovick %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Michelle Lee:%@AE@% Michelle Dusiak %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Peggy Lee:%@AE@% Norma Egstrom %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Janet Leigh:%@AE@% Jeanette Morrison %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Vivien Leigh:%@AE@% Vivien Hartley %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Huey Lewis:%@AE@% Hugh Cregg %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jerry Lewis:%@AE@% Joseph Levitch %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Hal Linden:%@AE@% Harold Lipshitz %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Carole Lombard:%@AE@% Jane Peters %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Lord:%@AE@% John Joseph Ryan %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Sophia Loren:%@AE@% Sophia Scicoloni %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Lorre:%@AE@% Laszio Lowenstein %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Myrna Loy:%@AE@% Myrna Williams %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Bela Lugosi:%@AE@% Bela Ferenc Blasko %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Moms Mabley:%@AE@% Loretta Mary Aitken %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Shirley MacLaine:%@AE@% Shirley Beaty %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Madonna:%@AE@% Madonna Louise Ciccone %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lee Majors:%@AE@% Harvey Lee Yeary 2d %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Karl Malden:%@AE@% Malden Sekulovich %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Jayne Mansfield:%@AE@% Vera Jane Palmer %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Fredric March:%@AE@% Frederick Bickel %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Marshall:%@AE@% Pierre LaCock %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Dean Martin:%@AE@% Dino Crocetti %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ethel Merman:%@AE@% Ethel Zimmerman %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ray Milland:%@AE@% Reginald Truscott-Jones %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ann Miller:%@AE@% Lucille Collier %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Joni Mitchell:%@AE@% Roberta Joan Anderson %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marilyn Monroe:%@AE@% Norma Jean Mortenson, (later) Baker %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Yves Montand:%@AE@% Ivo Levi %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ron Moody:%@AE@% Ronald Moodnick %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Demi Moore:%@AE@% Demi Guynes %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Garry Moore:%@AE@% Thomas Garrison Morfit %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rita Moreno:%@AE@% Rosita Alverio %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harry Morgan:%@AE@% Harry Bratsburg %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Muni:%@AE@% Muni Weisenfreund %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mike Nichols:%@AE@% Michael Igor Peschowsky %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sheree North:%@AE@% Dawn Bethel %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hugh O'Brian:%@AE@% Hugh Krampke %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maureen O'Hara:%@AE@% Maureen Fitzsimmons %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Patti Page:%@AE@% Clara Ann Fowler %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Palance:%@AE@% Walter Palanuik %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lilli Palmer:%@AE@% Lilli Peiser %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bert Parks:%@AE@% Bert Jacobson %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Minnie Pearl:%@AE@% Sarah Ophelia Cannon %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bernadette Peters:%@AE@% Bernadette Lazzaro %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edith Piaf:%@AE@% Edith Gassion %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Slim Pickens:%@AE@% Louis Lindley %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mary Pickford:%@AE@% Gladys Smith %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stephanie Powers:%@AE@% Stefania Federkiewcz %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paula Prentiss:%@AE@% Paula Ragusa %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Preston:%@AE@% Robert Preston %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Meservey Prince:%@AE@% Prince Rogers %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Nelson Tony Randall:%@AE@% Leonard Rosenberg %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%%@AB@%Martha Raye:%@AE@% Margaret O'Reed %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Donna Reed:%@AE@% Donna Belle Mullenger %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Della Reese:%@AE@% Delloreese Patricia Early %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Joan Rivers:%@AE@% Joan Sandra Molinsky %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward G. Robinson:%@AE@% Emmanuel Goldenberg %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ginger Rogers:%@AE@% Virginia McMath %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roy Rogers:%@AE@% Leonard Slye %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mickey Rooney:%@AE@% Joe Yule Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lillian Russell:%@AE@% Helen Leonard %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Susan St. James:%@AE@% Susan Miller %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Soupy Sales:%@AE@% Milton Hines %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Susan Sarandon:%@AE@% Susan Tomaling %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Randolph Scott:%@AE@% George Randolph Crane %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jane Seymour:%@AE@% Joyce Frankenberg %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Omar Sharif:%@AE@% Michael Shalhoub %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martin Sheen:%@AE@% Ramon Estevez %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Beverly Sills:%@AE@% Belle Silverman %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Talia Shire:%@AE@% Talia Coppola %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Phil Silvers:%@AE@% Philip Silversmith %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Suzanne Somers:%@AE@% Suzanne Mahoney %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ann Sothern:%@AE@% Harriette Lake %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barbara Stanwyck:%@AE@% Ruby Stevens %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jean Stapleton:%@AE@% Jeanne Murray %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ringo Starr:%@AE@% Richard Starkey %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Connie Stevens:%@AE@% Concetta Ingolia %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sting:%@AE@% Gordon Sumner %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Donna Summers:%@AE@% LaDonna Gaines %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Taylor:%@AE@% Spangler Arlington Brugh %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Danny Thomas:%@AE@% Amos Jacobs %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sophie Tucker:%@AE@% Sophia Kalish %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tina Turner:%@AE@% Annie Mae Bullock %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Conway Twitty:%@AE@% Harold Lloyd Jenkins %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rudolph Valentino:%@AE@% Rudolpho D'Antonguolla %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frankie Valli:%@AE@% Frank Castelluccio %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%David Wayne:%@AE@% Wayne McMeekan %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Wayne:%@AE@% Marion Morrison %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Clifton Webb:%@AE@% Webb Parmalee Hollenbeck %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Raquel Welch:%@AE@% Raquel Tejada %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gene Wilder:%@AE@% Jerome Silberman %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Shelly Winters:%@AE@% Shirley Schrift %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stevie Wonder:%@AE@% Stevland Morris %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Natalie Wood:%@AE@% Natasha Gurdin %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jane Wyman:%@AE@% Sarah Jane Fulks %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gig Young:%@AE@% Byron Barr  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Federal Aid to the Arts and Humanities%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%U.S. National Endowment for the Arts; U.S National Endowment for the%@EH@%
Humanities (annual reports) %@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%(millions of dollars) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   32  4257 02 52 06 07 07 08 08 07 07 07 07 07 @%Type of Fund and Program                            1970  1975   1980   1982    1983    1984   1985   1986   1987   1988%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%National Endowment for the Arts:Funds available%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                    15.7  86.9   188.1  133.4   147.5   169.9  171.7  167.1  170.9  171.1Program appropriation                               6.3   67.3   97.0   103.3   101.7   119.0  118.7  115.7  120.8  122.2Matching funds%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                     2.0   7.5    42.9   14.2    24.9    27.4   29.5   30.0   29.3   32.9Grants awarded (number)                             556   3,071  5,505  5,090   5,174   5,056  4,801  4,484  4,542  4,628Funds obligated                                     12.9  81.7   166.4  131.8   127.0   147.4  149.4  146.6  151.4  156.3Music                                               2.5   14.9   13.6   14.1    12.9    15.2   15.3   14.6   15.1   15.3State programs                                      1.9   14.7   22.1   21.3    21.1    24.6   24.4   23.8   24.6   24.9Museums                                             %@AH@%NA%@AE@%    10.8   11.2   11.5    10.0    12.5   11.9   11.5   11.5   12.6Theater                                             2.8   6.4    8.4    9.6     9.5     10.7   10.6   10.2   10.8   10.7Dance                                               1.7   6.1    8.0    8.5     9.1     9.1    9.0    9.0    9.1    9.2Media arts                                          0.2   5.4    8.4    10.1    9.3     9.5    9.9    12.3   12.9   12.4Challenge%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                          %@AH@%X%@AE@%     %@AH@%X%@AE@%      50.8   14.4    14.0    18.8   20.7   20.7   20.8   24.8Visual arts                                         1.0   3.2    7.3    6.5     5.8     6.6    6.2    5.7    6.2    6.0Other                                               2.8   20.1   36.6   35.8    35.1    40.6   41.3   38.8   40.4   40.4National Endowment for the Humanities:Funds available%@AH@%1%@AE@%                                    13.0  86.0   186.2  120.9%@AH@%4%@AE@%  123.5%@AH@%5%@AE@%  127.3  125.6  121.1  128.4  125.2Program appropriation                               6.1   67.3   100.3  90.4    90.4    97.8   95.2   91.9%@AH@%6%@AE@%  95.8%@AH@%6%@AE@%  96.7Matching funds%@AH@%2%@AE@%                                     2.0   6.5    38.4   28.8    27.9    29.5   30.4   27.3   28.5   28.5Grants awarded (number)                             542   1,330  2,917  2,143   1,928   2,523  2,241  2,297  2,888  2,113Funds obligated                                     10.5  73.1   185.5  115.8   123.3   127.6  125.7  121.1  128.4  125.2Education programs                                  4.2   17.1   18.3   13.0    14.7    19.3   17.9   14.8   16.4   16.6State programs                                      %@AH@%X%@AE@%     %@AH@%X%@AE@%      26.0   22.8    24.0    26.0   24.4   24.1   25.0   25.3Research grants                                     2.0   13.4   32.0   25.7    23.1    24.1   24.4   21.0   21.7   21.9Fellowship program                                  1.7   10.9   18.0   16.5    14.1    15.0   15.3   14.4   15.3   15.3Challenge%@AH@%3%@AE@%                                          %@AH@%X%@AE@%     %@AH@%X%@AE@%      53.5   20.7    21.8    18.3   19.6   16.2   16.5   16.5General programs                                    %@AH@%X%@AE@%     %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%      16.2    24.9    24.3   24.1   24.7   25.4   24.9Preservation%@AH@%7%@AE@%                                       %@AH@%X%@AE@%     %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%       %@AH@%X%@AE@%       %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%      4.1    4.1    4.7National Capital Arts and Cultural Affairs Program  %@AH@%X%@AE@%     %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%       %@AH@%X%@AE@%       %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%      1.9    4.0    %@AH@%X%@AE@%Other                                               2.6   31.8   37.7   0.9     0.7     0.7    %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%      %@AH@%X%@AE@%%@TE:   32  4257 02 52 06 07 07 08 08 07 07 07 07 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Not available. %@AH@%X%@AE@% = Not applicable. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes other funds, not shown
separately. Excludes administrative funds. Gifts are included through 1980;
excluded thereafter. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Represents Federal funds appropriated only upon
receipt or certification by Endowment of matching non-Federal gifts. %@AH@%3%@AE@%
Program designed to stimulate new sources and higher levels of giving to
institutions for the purpose of guaranteeing long-term stability and
financial independence. Program requires a match of at least 3 private
dollars to each Federal dollar. Funds for challenge grants are not allocated
by program area because they are awarded on a grant-by-grant basis. %@AH@%4%@AE@%
Excludes $5.2 million reappropriated to challenge grants in 1983. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Includes
reappropriated funds from 1982. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Excludes National Capital Arts and
Cultural Affairs Program. %@AH@%7%@AE@% Program designed to support projects which
preserve and guarantee access to print and non-print media in danger of
disintegration or deterioration.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                           %@AS@%CABINETS OF THE U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Secretaries of State %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   86  4533 02 17 23 07 08 @%President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Washington       Thomas Jefferson       Va.    1789"                Edmund Randolph        "      1794 "                Timothy Pickering      Pa.    1795Adams, J.        "                      "      1797 "                John Marshall          Va.    1800Jefferson        James Madison          "      1801Madison          Robert Smith           Md.    1809"                James Monroe           Va.    1811Monroe           John Quincy Adams      Mass.  1817Adams, J.Q.      Henry Clay             Ky.    1825Jackson          Martin Van Buren       N.Y.   1829"                Edward Livingston      La.    1831"                Louis McLane           Del.   1833"                John Forsyth           Ga.    1834Van Buren        "                      "      1837Harrison, W.H.   Daniel Webster         Mass.  1841Tyler            "                      "      1841"                Abel P. Upshur         Va.    1843"                John C. Calhoun        S.C.   1844Polk             "                      "      1845"                James Buchanan         Pa.    1845Taylor           "                      "      1849                 John M. Clayton        Del.   1849Fillmore         "                      "      1850"                Daniel Webster         Mass.  1850"                Edward Everett         "      1852Pierce           William L. Marcy       N.Y.   1853Buchanan         "                      "      1857"                Lewis Cass             Mich.  1857"                Jeremiah S. Black      Pa.    1860Lincoln          "                      "      1861"                William H. Seward      N.Y.   1861Johnson, A.      "                      "      1865Grant            Elihu B. Washburne     Ill.   1869"                Hamilton Fish          N.Y.   1869Hayes            "                      "      1877"                William M. Evarts      "      1877Garfield         "                      "      1881"                James G. Blaine        Me.    1881Arthur           "                      "      1881"                F.T. Frelinghuysen     N.J.   1881Cleveland        F.T. Frelinghuysen     N.J.   1885"                Thomas F. Bayard       Del.   1885Harrison, B.     "                      "      1889"                James G. Blaine        Me.    1889Harrison, B.     John W. Foster         Ind.   1892Cleveland        Walter Q. Gresham      Ill.   1893"                Richard Olney          Mass.  1895McKinley         "                      "      1897"                John Sherman           Oh.    1897"                William R. Day         "      1898"                John Hay               D.C.   1898Roosevelt, T.    "                      "      1901"                Elihu Root             N.Y.   1905"                Robert Bacon           "      1909Taft             "                      "      1909"                Philander C. Knox      Pa.    1909Wilson           "                      "      1913"                William J. Bryan       Neb.   1913"                Robert Lansing         N.Y.   1915"                Bainbridge Colby       "      1920Harding          Charles E. Hughes      "      1921Coolidge         "                      "      1923"                Frank B. Kellogg       Minn.  1925Hoover           "                      "      1929"                Henry L. Stimson       N.Y.   1929Roosevelt, F.D.  Cordell Hull           Tenn.  1933"                E.R. Stettinius Jr.    Va.    1944Truman           "                      "      1945"                James F. Byrnes        S.C.   1945"                George C. Marshall     Pa.    1947"                Dean G. Acheson        Conn.  1949Eisenhower       John Foster Dulles     N.Y.   1953"                Christian A. Herter    Mass.  1959Kennedy          Dean Rusk              N.Y.   1961Johnson, L.B.    "                      "      1963Nixon            William P. Rogers      N.Y.   1969"                Henry A. Kissinger     D.C.   1973Ford             "                      "      1974Carter           Cyrus R. Vance         N.Y.   1977"                Edmund S. Muskie       Me.    1980Reagan           Alexander M. Haig Jr.  Conn.  1981"                George P. Shultz       Cal.   1982Bush             James A. Baker 3d      Tex.   1989%@TE:   86  4533 02 17 23 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
The Department of Foreign Affairs was created by act of CongressJuly 27,
1789, and the name changed to Department of State on Sept. 15. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Secretaries of the Treasury %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%The Treasury Department was organized by act of Congress Sept. 2, 1789.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   83  4375 02 17 23 07 08 @%President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Washington       Alexander Hamilton     N.Y.   1789"                Oliver Wolcott         Conn.  1795Adams, J.        "                      "      1797"                Samuel Dexter          Mass.  1801Jefferson        "                      "      1801"                Albert Gallatin        Pa.    1801Madison          "                      "      1809"                George W. Campbell     Tenn.  1814"                Alexander J. Dallas    Pa.    1814"                William H. Crawford    Ga.    1816Monroe           "                      "      1817Adams, J.Q.      Richard Rush           Pa.    1825Jackson          Samuel D. Ingham       "      1829"                Louis McLane           Del.   1831"                William J. Duane       Pa.    1833"                Roger B. Taney         Md.    1833"                Levi Woodbury          N.H.   1834Van Buren        "                      "      1837Harrison, W.H.   Thomas Ewing           Oh.    1841Tyler            "                      "      1841"                Walter Forward         Pa.    1841"                John C. Spencer        N.Y.   1843Tyler            George M. Bibb         Ky.    1844Polk             Robert J. Walker       Miss.  1845Taylor           William M. Meredith    Pa.    1849Fillmore         Thomas Corwin          Oh.    1850Pierce           James Guthrie          Ky.    1853Buchanan         Howell Cobb            Ga.    1857"                Phillip F. Thomas      Md.    1860"                John A. Dix            N.Y.   1861Lincoln          Salmon P. Chase        Oh.    1861Lincoln          William P. Fessenden   Me.    1864"                Hugh McCulloch         Ind.   1865Johnson, A.      "                      "      1865Grant            George S. Boutwell     Mass.  1869"                William A. Richardson  Mass.  1873"                Benjamin H. Bristow    Ky.    1874"                Lot M. Morrill         Me.    1876Hayes            John Sherman           Oh.    1877Garfield         William Windom         Minn.  1881Arthur           Charles J. Folger      N.Y.   1881"                Walter Q. Gresham      Ind.   1884"                Hugh McCulloch         Ind.   1884Cleveland        Daniel Manning         N.Y.   1885Cleveland        Charles S. Fairchild   "      1887Harrison, B.     William Windom         Minn.  1889"                Charles Foster         Oh.    1891Cleveland        John G. Carlisle       Ky.    1893McKinley         Lyman J. Gage          Ill.   1897Roosevelt, T.    "                      "      1901"                Leslie M. Shaw         Ia.    1902"                George B. Cortelyou    N.Y.   1907Taft             Franklin MacVeagh      Ill.   1909Wilson           William G. McAdoo      N.Y.   1913"                Carter Glass           Va.    1918"                David F. Houston       Mo.    1920Harding          Andrew W. Mellon       Pa.    1921Coolidge         "                      "      1923Hoover           "                      "      1929"                Ogden L. Mills         N.Y.   1932Roosevelt, F.D.  William H. Woodin      "      1933"                Henry Morgenthau, Jr.  "      1934Truman           Fred M. Vinson         Ky.    1945"                John W. Snyder         Mo.    1946Eisenhower       George M. Humphrey     Oh.    1953"                Robert B. Anderson     Conn.  1957Kennedy          C. Douglas Dillon      N.J.   1961Johnson, L.B.    "                      "      1963"                Henry H. Fowler        Va.    1965"                Joseph W. Barr         Ind.   1968Nixon            David M. Kennedy       Ill.   1969"                John B. Connally       Tex.   1971Nixon            George P. Shultz       Ill.   1972"                William E. Simon       N.J.   1974Ford             "                      "      1974Carter           W. Michael Blumenthal  Mich.  1977"                G. William Miller      R.I.   1979Reagan           Donald T. Regan        N.Y.   1981"                James A. Baker 3d      Tex.   1985"                Nicholas F. Brady      N.J.   1988Bush             "                      "      1989%@TE:   83  4375 02 17 23 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Secretaries of Defense %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1088 02 15 22 07 08 @%President      Secretary             Home   Apptd.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Truman         James V. Forrestal    N.Y.   1947"              Louis A. Johnson      W.Va.  1949"              George C. Marshall    Pa.    1950"              Robert A. Lovett      N.Y.   1951Eisenhower     Charles E. Wilson     Mich.  1953"              Neil H. McElroy       Oh.    1957"              Thomas S. Gates Jr.   Pa.    1959Kennedy        Robert S. McNamara    Mich.  1961Johnson, L.B.  "                     "      1963"              Clark M. Clifford     Md.    1968Nixon          Melvin R. Laird       Wis.   1969"              Elliot L. Richardson  Mass.  1973"              James R. Schlesinger  Va.    1973Ford           "                     "      1974"              Donald H. Rumsfeld    Ill.   1975Carter         Harold Brown          Cal.   1977Reagan         Caspar W. Weinberger  Cal.   1981"              Frank C. Carlucci     Pa.    1987Bush           Richard B. Cheney     Wyo.   1989%@TE:   21  1088 02 15 22 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
The Department of Defense, originally designated the National
MilitaryEstablishment, was created Sept. 18, 1947. It is headed by the
secretaryof defense, who is a member of the president's cabinet.%@NL@%
The departments of the army, of the navy, and of the air force
functionwithin the Department of Defense, and their respective secretaries
are nolonger members of the president's cabinet.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Secretaries of War %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   66  3371 02 17 21 07 08 @%President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Washington       Henry Knox           Mass.  1789"                Timothy Pickering    Pa.    1795"                James McHenry        Md.    1796Adams, J.        "                    "      1797"                Samuel Dexter        Mass.  1800Jefferson        Henry Dearborn       "      1801Madison          William Eustis       Mass.  1809"                John Armstrong       N.Y.   1813Madison          James Monroe         Va.    1814"                William H. Crawford  Ga.    1815Monroe           John C. Calhoun      S.C.   1817Adams, J.Q.      James Barbour        Va.    1825"                Peter B. Porter      N.Y.   1828Jackson          John H. Eaton        Tenn.  1829"                Lewis Cass           Mich.  1831"                Benjamin F. Butler   N.Y.   1837Van Buren        Joel R. Poinsett     S.C.   1837Harrison, W.H.   John Bell            Tenn.  1841Tyler            John Bell            Tenn   1841Tyler            John C. Spencer      N.Y.   1841"                James M. Porter      Pa.    1843"                William Wilkins      "      1844Polk             William L. Marcy     N.Y.   1845Taylor           George W. Crawford   Ga.    1849Fillmore         Charles M. Conrad    La.    1850Pierce           Jefferson Davis      Miss.  1853Buchanan         John B. Floyd        Va.    1857"                Joseph Holt          Ky.    1861Lincoln          Simon Cameron        Pa.    1861"                Edwin M. Stanton     Pa.    1862Johnson, A.      "                    "      1865"                John M. Schofield    Ill.   1868Grant            John A. Rawlins      Ill.   1869"                William T. Sherman   Oh.    1869"                William W. Belknap   Ia.    1869"                Alphonso Taft        Oh.    1876"                James D. Cameron     Pa.    1876Hayes            George W. McCrary    Ia.    1877"                Alexander Ramsey     Minn.  1879Garfield         Robert T. Lincoln    Ill.   1881Arthur           "                    "      1881Cleveland        William C. Endicott  Mass.  1885Harrison, B.     Redfield Proctor     Vt.    1889"                Stephen B. Elkins    W.Va.  1891Cleveland        Daniel S. Lamont     N.Y.   1893McKinley         Russel A. Alger      Mich.  1897"                Elihu Root           N.Y.   1899Roosevelt, T.    "                    "      1901"                William H. Taft      Oh.    1904"                Luke E. Wright       Tenn.  1908Taft             Jacob M. Dickinson   Tenn.  1909"                Henry L. Stimson     N.Y.   1911Wilson           Lindley M. Garrison  N.J.   1913"                Newton D. Baker      Oh.    1916Harding          John W. Weeks        Mass.  1921Coolidge         "                    "      1923"                Dwight F. Davis      Mo.    1925Hoover           James W. Good        Ill.   1929Hoover           Patrick J. Hurley    Okla.  1929Roosevelt, F.D.  George H. Dern       Ut.    1933"                Harry H. Woodring    Kan.   1937Roosevelt, F.D.  Henry L. Stimson     N.Y.   1940Truman           Robert P. Patterson  N.Y.   1945"                %@AH@%*%@AE@%Kenneth C. Royall   N.C.   1947%@TE:   66  3371 02 17 21 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
The War (and Navy) Department was created by act of Congress Aug. 7,1789,
and Gen. Henry Knox was commissioned secretary of war under that actSept.
12, 1789. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Secretaries of the Navy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%     %@AS@%The Navy Department was created by act of Congress Apr. 30, 1798.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   59  3729 02 17 33 07 08 @%President        Secretary                        Home   Apptd.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams, J.        Benjamin Stoddert                Md.    1798Jefferson        "                                "      1801"                Robert Smith                     "      1801Madison          Paul Hamilton                    S.C.   1809"                William Jones                    Pa.    1813"                Benjamin Williams Crowninshield  Mass.  1814Monroe           "                                "      1817"                Smith Thompson                   N.Y.   1818"                Samuel L. Southard               N.J.   1823Adams, J.Q.      "                                "      1825Jackson          John Branch                      N.C.   1829"                Levi Woodbury                    N.H.   1831"                Mahlon Dickerson                 N.J.   1834Van Buren        Mahlon Dickerson                 N.J.   1837"                James K. Paulding                N.Y.   1838Harrison, W.H.   George E. Badger                 N.C.   1841Tyler            "                                "      1841"                Abel P. Upshur                   Va.    1841"                David Henshaw                    Mass.  1843"                Thomas W. Gilmer                 Va.    1844"                John Y. Mason                    "      1844Polk             George Bancroft                  Mass.  1845"                John Y. Mason                    Va.    1846Taylor           William B. Preston               "      1849Fillmore         William A. Graham                N.C.   1850"                John P. Kennedy                  Md.    1852Pierce           James C. Dobbin                  N.C.   1853Buchanan         Isaac Toucey                     Conn.  1857Lincoln          Gideon Welles                    Conn.  1861Johnson, A.      "                                "      1865Grant            Adolph E. Borie                  Pa.    1869"                George M. Robeson                N.J.   1869Hayes            Richard W. Thompson              Ind.   1877"                Nathan Goff Jr.                  W.Va.  1881Garfield         William H. Hunt                  La.    1881Arthur           William E. Chandler              N.H.   1882Cleveland        William C. Whitney               N.Y.   1885Harrison, B.     Benjamin F. Tracy                N.Y.   1889Cleveland        Hilary A. Herbert                Ala.   1893McKinley         John D. Long                     Mass.  1897Roosevelt, T.    "                                "      1901"                William H. Moody                 "      1902Roosevelt, T.    Paul Morton                      Ill.   1904"                Charles J. Bonaparte             Md.    1905"                Victor H. Metcalf                Cal.   1906"                Truman H. Newberry               Mich.  1908Taft             George von L. Meyer              Mass.  1909Wilson           Josephus Daniels                 N.C.   1913Harding          Edwin Denby                      Mich.  1921Coolidge         "                                "      1923"                Curtis D. Wilbur                 Cal.   1924Hoover           Charles Francis Adams            Mass.  1929Roosevelt, F.D.  Claude A. Swanson                Va.    1933"                Charles Edison                   N.J.   1940"                Frank Knox                       Ill.   1940"                %@AH@%*%@AE@%James V. Forrestal              N.Y.   1944Truman           "                                "      1945%@TE:   59  3729 02 17 33 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Last members of Cabinet. The War Department became the Department of   the
Army and it and the Navy Department became branches of the   Department of
Defense, created Sept. 18, 1947.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                            %@AS@%Attorneys General %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   90  4829 02 17 24 07 08 @%President        Attorney General        Home   Apptd.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Washington       Edmund Randolph         Va.    1789"                William Bradford        Pa.    1794"                Charles Lee             Va.    1795Adams, J.        "                       "      1797Jefferson        Levi Lincoln            Mass.  1801"                John Breckenridge       Ky.    1805"                Caesar A. Rodney        Del.   1807Madison          "                       "      1809"                William Pinkney         Md.    1811"                Richard Rush            Pa.    1814Monroe           "                       "      1817"                William Wirt            Va.    1817Adams, J.Q.      "                       "      1825Jackson          John M. Berrien         Ga.    1829"                Roger B. Taney          Md.    1831"                Benjamin F. Butler      N.Y.   1833Van Buren        "                       "      1837"                Felix Grundy            Tenn.  1838"                Henry D. Gilpin         Pa.    1840Harrison, W.H.   John J. Crittenden      Ky.    1841Tyler            "                       "      1841"                Hugh S. Legare          S.C.   1841"                John Nelson             Md.    1843Polk             John Y. Mason           Va.    1845"                Nathan Clifford         Me.    1846"                Isaac Toucey            Conn.  1848Taylor           Reverdy Johnson         Md.    1849Fillmore         John J. Crittenden      Ky.    1850Pierce           Caleb Cushing           Mass.  1853Buchanan         Jeremiah S. Black       Pa.    1857"                Edwin M. Stanton        Pa.    1860Lincoln          Edward Bates            Mo.    1861"                James Speed             Ky.    1864Johnson, A.      "                       "      1865"                Henry Stanbery          Oh.    1866"                William M. Evarts       N.Y.   1868Grant            Ebenezer R. Hoar        Mass.  1869"                Amos T. Akerman         Ga.    1870"                George H. Williams      Ore.   1871"                Edwards Pierrepont      N.Y.   1875"                Alphonso Taft           Oh.    1876Hayes            Charles Devens          Mass.  1877Garfield         Wayne MacVeagh          Pa.    1881Arthur           Benjamin H. Brewster    "      1881Cleveland        Augustus Garland        Ark.   1885Harrison, B.     William H. H. Miller    Ind.   1889Cleveland        Richard Olney           Mass.  1893"                Judson Harmon           Oh.    1895McKinley         Joseph McKenna          Cal.   1897"                John W. Griggs          N.J.   1898"                Philander C. Knox       Pa.    1901Roosevelt, T.    "                       "      1901"                William H. Moody        Mass.  1904"                Charles J. Bonaparte    Md.    1906Taft             George W. Wickersham    N.Y.   1909Wilson           J.C. McReynolds         Tenn.  1913"                Thomas W. Gregory       Tex.   1914"                A. Mitchell Palmer      Pa.    1919Harding          Harry M. Daugherty      Oh.    1921Coolidge         "                       "      1923"                Harlan F. Stone         N.Y.   1924"                John G. Sargent         Vt.    1925Hoover           William D. Mitchell     Minn.  1929Roosevelt, F.D.  Homer S. Cummings       Conn.  1933"                Frank Murphy            Mich.  1939"                Robert H. Jackson       N.Y.   1940"                Francis Biddle          Pa.    1941Truman           Thomas C. Clark         Tex.   1945"                J. Howard McGrath       R.I.   1949"                J.P. McGranery          Pa.    1952Eisenhower       Herbert Brownell Jr.    N.Y.   1953"                William P. Rogers       Md.    1957Kennedy          Robert F. Kennedy       Mass.  1961Johnson, L.B.    "                       "      1963"                N. de B. Katzenbach     Ill.   1964"                Ramsey Clark            Tex.   1967Nixon            John N. Mitchell        N.Y.   1969"                Richard G. Kleindienst  Ariz.  1972"                Elliot L. Richardson    Mass.  1973"                William B. Saxbe        Oh.    1974Ford             "                       "      1974"                Edward H. Levi          Ill.   1975Carter           Griffin B. Bell         Ga.    1977"                Benjamin R. Civiletti   Md.    1979Reagan           William French Smith    Cal.   1981"                Edwin Meese 3d          Cal.   1985"                Richard Thornburgh      Pa     1988Bush             "                       "      1989%@TE:   90  4829 02 17 24 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
The office of attorney general was organized by act of Congress   Sept. 24,
1789. The Department of Justice was created June 22, 1870. %@NL@%
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%@2@%                       %@AS@%Secretaries of the Interior  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%  %@AS@%The Department of Interior was created by act of Congress Mar. 3, 1849.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   54  2867 02 17 23 07 08 @%President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Taylor           Thomas Ewing           Oh.    1849Fillmore         Thomas M. T. McKennan  Pa.    1850Fillmore         Alex H. H. Stuart      Va.    1850Pierce           Robert McClelland      Mich.  1853Buchanan         Jacob Thompson         Miss.  1857Lincoln          Caleb B. Smith         Ind.   1861"                John P. Usher          "      1863Johnson, A.      "                      "      1865"                James Harlan           Ia.    1865"                Orville H. Browning    Ill.   1866Grant            Jacob D. Cox           Oh.    1869"                Columbus Delano        "      1870"                Zachariah Chandler     Mich.  1875Hayes            Carl Schurz            Mo.    1877Garfield         Samuel J. Kirkwood     Ia.    1881Arthur           Henry M. Teller        Col.   1882Cleveland        Lucius Q.C. Lamar      Miss.  1885"                William F. Vilas       Wis.   1888Harrison, B.     John W. Noble          Mo.    1889Cleveland        Hoke Smith             Ga.    1893Cleveland        David R. Francis       Mo.    1896McKinley         Cornelius N. Bliss     N.Y.   1897"                Ethan A. Hitchcock     Mo.    1898Roosevelt, T.    "                      "      1901"                James R. Garfield      Oh.    1907Taft             Richard A. Ballinger   Wash.  1909"                Walter L. Fisher       Ill.   1911Wilson           Franklin K. Lane       Cal.   1913"                John B. Payne          Ill.   1920Harding          Albert B. Fall         N.M.   1921"                Hubert Work            Col.   1923Coolidge         "                      "      1923"                Roy O. West            Ill.   1929Hoover           Ray Lyman Wilbur       Cal.   1929Roosevelt, F.D.  Harold L. Ickes        Ill.   1933Truman           "                      "      1945Truman           Julius A. Krug         Wis.   1946"                Oscar L. Chapman       Col.   1949Eisenhower       Douglas McKay          Ore.   1953"                Fred A Seaton          Neb.   1956Kennedy          Stewart L. Udall       Ariz.  1961Johnson, L.B.    "                      "      1963Nixon            Walter J. Hickel       Alas.  1969"                Rogers C.B. Morton     Md.    1971Ford             "                      "      1974"                Stanley K. Hathaway    Wyo.   1975"                Thomas S. Kleppe       N.D.   1975Carter           Cecil D. Andrus        Ida.   1977Reagan           James G. Watt          Col.   1981"                William P. Clark       Cal.   1983"                Donald P. Hodel        Ore.   1985Bush             Manuel Lujan           N.M.   1989%@TE:   54  2867 02 17 23 07 08 @%

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%@2@%                        %@AS@%Secretaries of Agriculture %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   30  1559 02 17 21 07 08 @%President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Cleveland        Norman J. Colman     Mo.    1889Harrison, B.     Jeremiah M. Rusk     Wis.   1889Cleveland        J. Sterling Morton   Neb.   1893McKinley         James Wilson         Ia.    1897Roosevelt, T.    "                    "      1901Taft             "                    "      1909Wilson           David F. Houston     Mo.    1913"                Edwin T. Meredith    Ia.    1920Harding          Henry C. Wallace     Ia.    1921Coolidge         "                    "      1923"                Howard M. Gore       W.Va.  1924"                William M. Jardine   Kan.   1925Hoover           Arthur M. Hyde       Mo.    1929Roosevelt, F.D.  Henry A. Wallace     Ia.    1933"                Claude R. Wickard    Ind.   1940Truman           Clinton P. Anderson  N.M.   1945"                Charles F. Brannan   Col.   1948Eisenhower       Ezra Taft Benson     Ut.    1953Kennedy          Orville L. Freeman   Minn.  1961Johnson, L.B.    "                    "      1963Nixon            Clifford M. Hardin   Ind.   1969"                Earl L. Butz         Ind.   1971Ford             "                    "      1974"                John A. Knebel       Va.    1976Carter           Bob Bergland         Minn.  1977Reagan           John R. Block        Ill.   1981"                Richard E. Lyng      Cal.   1986Bush             Clayton K. Yeutter   Neb.   1989%@TE:   30  1559 02 17 21 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
The Department of Agriculture was created by act of Congress May 15,1862. On
Feb. 8, 1889, its commissioner was renamed secretary ofagriculture and
became a member of the cabinet. %@NL@%
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%@2@%                    %@AS@%Secretaries of Commerce and Labor %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  131  6772 02 31 31 31 31 @%President                      Secretary                      Home                           Apptd.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Secretaries of Commerce and    Secretaries of Commerce and    Secretaries of Commerce and    Secretaries of Commerce and Labor                          Labor                          Labor                          LaborRoosevelt, T.                  George B. Cortelyou            N.Y.                           1903"                              Victor H. Metcalf              Cal.                           1904"                              Oscar S. Straus                N.Y.                           1906Taft                           Charles Nagel                  Mo.                            1909Secretaries of Labor           Secretaries of Labor           Secretaries of Labor           Secretaries of LaborWilson                         William B. Wilson              Pa.                            1913Harding                        James J. Davis                 Pa.                            1921Coolidge                       "                              "                              1923Hoover                         "                              "                              1929"                              William N. Doak                Va.                            1930Roosevelt, F.D.                Frances Perkins                N.Y.                           1933Truman                         L.B. Schwellenbach             Wash.                          1945"                              Maurice J. Tobin               Mass.                          1949Eisenhower                     Martin P. Durkin               Ill.                           1953"                              James P. Mitchell              N.J.                           1953Kennedy                        Arthur J. Goldberg             Ill.                           1961"                              W. Willard Wirtz               Ill.                           1962Johnson, L.B.                  "                              "                              1963Nixon                          George P. Shultz               Ill                            1969"                              James D. Hodgson               Cal.                           1970"                              Peter J. Brennan               N.Y.                           1973Ford                           "                              "                              1974"                              John T. Dunlop                 Cal.                           1975"                              W.J. Usery Jr.                 Ga.                            1976Carter                         F. Ray Marshall                Tex.                           1977Reagan                         Raymond J. Donovan             N.J.                           1981"                              William E. Brock               Tenn.                          1985"                              Ann D. McLaughlin              D.C.                           1987Bush                           Elizabeth Hanford Dole         N.C.                           1989Secretaries of Commerce        Secretaries of Commerce        Secretaries of Commerce        Secretaries of CommerceWilson                         William C. Redfield            N.Y.                           1913"                              Joshua W. Alexander            Mo.                            1919Harding                        Herbert C. Hoover              Cal.                           1921Coolidge                       "                              "                              1923"                              William F. Whiting             Mass.                          1928Hoover                         Robert P. Lamont               Ill.                           1929"                              Roy D. Chapin                  Mich.                          1932Roosevelt, F.D.                Daniel C. Roper                S.C.                           1933"                              Harry L. Hopkins               N.Y.                           1939"                              Jesse Jones                    Tex.                           1940"                              Henry A. Wallace               Ia.                            1945Truman                         "                              "                              1945"                              W. Averell Harriman            N.Y.                           1947"                              Charles Sawyer                 Oh.                            1948Eisenhower                     Sinclair Weeks                 Mass.                          1953"                              Lewis L. Strauss               N.Y.                           1958"                              Frederick H. Mueller           Mich.                          1959Kennedy                        Luther H. Hodges               N.C.                           1961Johnson, L.B.                  "                              "                              1963"                              John T. Connor                 N.J.                           1965"                              Alex B. Trowbridge             N.J.                           1967"                              Cyrus R. Smith                 N.Y.                           1968Nixon                          Maurice H. Stans               Minn.                          1969"                              Peter G. Peterson              Ill.                           1972"                              Frederick B. Dent              S.C.                           1973Ford                           "                              "                              1974"                              Rogers C.B.  Morton            Md.                            1975"                              Elliot L. Richardson           Mass.                          1975Carter                         Juanita M. Kreps               N.C.                           1977"                              Philip M. Klutznick            Ill.                           1979Reagan                         Malcolm Baldrige               Conn.                          1981"                              C. William Verity Jr.          Oh.                            1987Bush                           Robert A. Mosbacher            Tex.                           1989%@TE:  131  6772 02 31 31 31 31 @%

%@NL@%
The Department of Commerce and Labor, created by Congress Feb. 14, 1903,was
divided by Congress Mar. 4, 1913, into separate departments of Commerceand
Labor. The secretary of each was made a cabinet member.%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%The Department of Housing and Urban Development was created by act of%@EH@%
%@AS@%Congress Sept. 9, 1965. %@AE@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   12   707 02 15 26 08 08 @%President      Secretary                 Home    Apptd.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Johnson, L.B.  Robert C. Weaver          Wash.   1966"              Robert C. Wood            Mass.   1969Nixon          George W. Romney          Mich.   1969"              James T. Lynn             Oh.     1973Ford           "                         "       1974Ford           Carla Anderson Hills      Cal.    1975Carter         Patricia Roberts Harris   D.C.    1977"              Moon Landrieu             La.     1979Reagan         Samuel R. Pierce Jr.      N.Y.    1981Bush           Jack F. Kemp              N.Y.    1989%@TE:   12   707 02 15 26 08 08 @%

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%@2@%                      %@AS@%Secretaries of Transportation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%The Department of Transportation was created by act of Congress Oct. 15,%@EH@%
%@AS@%1966. %@AB@%%@AE@%%@AE@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   13   722 02 15 24 07 08 @%President      Secretary               Home   Apptd.%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Johnson, L.B.  Alan S. Boyd            Fla.   1966Nixon          John A. Volpe           Mass.  1969"              Claude S. Brinegar      Cal.   1973Ford           Claude S. Brinegar      Cal.   1974"              William T. Coleman Jr.  Pa.    1975Carter         Brock Adams             Wash.  1977Carter         Neil E. Goldschmidt     Ore.   1979Reagan         Andrew L. Lewis Jr.     Pa.    1981"              Elizabeth Hanford Dole  N.C.   1983"              James H. Burnley        N.C.   1987Bush           Samuel K. Skinner       Ill.   1989%@TE:   13   722 02 15 24 07 08 @%

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%@2@%                          %@AS@%Secretaries of Energy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%    %@AS@%The Department of Energy was created by federal law Aug. 4, 1977. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:    8   411 02 11 22 06 08 @%President  Secretary             Home  Apptd.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Carter     James R. Schlesinger  Va.   1977"          Charles Duncan Jr.    Wyo.  1979Reagan     James B. Edwards      S.C.  1981Reagan     Donald P. Hodel       Ore.  1982"          John S. Herrington    Cal.  1985Bush       James D. Watkins      Cal.  1989%@TE:    8   411 02 11 22 06 08 @%

%@NL@%
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%@2@%              %@AS@%Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:   17   955 02 15 25 07 08 @%President      Secretary                Home   Apptd.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Eisenhower     Oveta Culp Hobby         Tex.   1953"              Marion B. Folsom         N.Y.   1955 "              Arthur S. Flemming       Oh.    1958 Kennedy        Abraham A. Ribicoff      Conn.  1961 "              Anthony J. Celebrezze    Oh.    1962 Johnson, L.B.  "                        "      1963"              John W. Gardner          N.Y.   1965 Johnson, L.B.  Wilbur J. Cohen          Mich.  1968 Nixon          Robert H. Finch          Cal.   1969 "              Elliot L. Richardson     Mass.  1970 "              Caspar W. Weinberger     Cal.   1973 Ford           "                        "      1974 "              Forrest D. Mathews       Ala.   1975 Carter         Joseph A. Califano, Jr.  D.C.   1977 "              Patricia Roberts Harris  D.C.   1979%@TE:   17   955 02 15 25 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare, created by CongressApr. 11,
1953, was divided by Congress Sept. 27, 1979, into separatedepartments of
Education, and Health and Human Services. The secretary ofeach is a cabinet
member.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Secretaries of Health and Human Services %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:    7   397 02 11 25 07 08 @%President  Secretary                Home   Apptd.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Carter     Patricia Roberts Harris  D.C.   1979Reagan     Richard S. Schweiker     Pa.    1981 "          Margaret M. Heckler      Mass.  1983 Reagan     Otis R. Bowen            Ind.   1985Bush       Louis W. Sullivan        Ga.    1989%@TE:    7   397 02 11 25 07 08 @%

%@NL@%
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%@2@%                         %@AS@%Secretaries of Education %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   356 02 11 20 06 08 @%President  Secretary           Home  Apptd.%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Carter     Shirley Hufstedler  Cal.  1979Reagan     Terrel Bell         Ut.   1981 Reagan     William J. Bennett  N.Y.  1985 Reagan     Lauro F. Cavazos    Tex.  1988 Bush       "                   "     1989%@TE:    7   356 02 11 20 06 08 @%
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%@2@%                     %@AS@%Secretaries of Veterans Affairs %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:    3   188 02 11 21 06 08 @%President  Secretary            Home  Apptd.%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bush       Edward J. Derwinski  Ill.  1989%@TE:    3   188 02 11 21 06 08 @%

%@NL@%
The Department of Veterans Affairs was created Oct. 25, 1988 when
Pres.Reagan signed a bill which made the Veterans Administration into a
cabinetpost as of Mar. 15, 1989.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@2@%                          %@AS@%Librarians of Congress %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   15   767 02 25 12 24 @%Librarian                Served      Appointed by President%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%John J. Beckley          1802-1807   JeffersonPatrick Magruder         1807-1815   JeffersonGeorge Watterston        1815-1829   MadisonJohn Silva Meehan        1829-1861   JacksonJohn G. Stephenson       1861-1864   Lincoln Ainsworth Rand Spofford  1864-1897   LincolnJohn Russell Young       1897-1899   McKinleyHerbert Putnam           1899-1939   McKinleyArchibald MacLeish       1939-1944   F. RooseveltLuther H. Evans          1945-1953   TrumanL. Quincy Mumford        1954-1974   EisenhowerDaniel J. Boorstin       1975-1987   FordJames H. Billington      1987-       Reagan%@TE:   15   767 02 25 12 24 @%
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%@2@%                 %@AS@%Speakers of the House of Representatives %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Party designations: A, American; D, Democratic; DR, DemocraticRepublican; F,%@EH@%
%@AS@%Federalist;R, Republican; W, Whig.%@AE@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   59  2835 02 23 07 07 12 @%Name                   Party  State  Tenure%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Frederick Muhlenberg   F      Pa.    1789-1791Jonathan Trumbull      F      Conn.  1791-1793Frederick Muhlenberg   F      Pa.    1793-1795Jonathan Dayton        F      N.J.   1795-1799Theodore Sedgwick      F      Mass.  1799-1801Nathaniel Macon        DR     N.C.   1801-1807 Joseph B. Varnum       DR     Mass.  1807-1811Henry Clay             DR     Ky.    1811-1814Langdon Cheves         DR     S.C.   1814-1815Henry Clay             DR     Ky.    1815-1820John W. Taylor         DR     N.Y.   1820-1821Philip P. Barbour      DR     Va.    1821-1823Henry Clay             DR     Ky.    1823-1825John W. Taylor         D      N.Y.   1825-1827Andrew Stevenson       D      Va.    1827-1834John Bell              D      Tenn.  1834-1835James K. Polk          D      Tenn.  1835-1839Robert M. T. Hunter    D      Va.    1839-1841John White             W      Ky.    1841-1843John W. Jones          D      Va.    1843-1845John W. Davis          D      Ind.   1845-1847Robert C. Winthrop     W      Mass.  1847-1849Howell Cobb            D      Ga.    1849-1851Linn Boyd              D      Ky.    1851-1855Nathaniel P. Banks     A      Mass.  1856-1857James L. Orr           D      S.C.   1857-1859William Pennington     R      N.J.   1860-1861Galusha A. Grow        R      Pa.    1861-1863Schuyler Colfax        R      Ind.   1863-1869%@AH@%*%@AE@%Theodore M. Pomeroy   R      N.Y.   1869-1869James G. Blaine        R      Me.    1869-1875Michael C. Kerr        D      Ind.   1875-1876Samuel J. Randall      D      Pa.    1876-1881Joseph W. Keifer       R      Oh.    1881-1883John G. Carlisle       D      Ky.    1883-1889Thomas B. Reed         R      Me.    1889-1891Charles F. Crisp       D      Ga.    1891-1895Thomas B. Reed         R      Me.    1895-1899David B. Henderson     R      Ia.    1899-1903Joseph G. Cannon       R      Ill.   1903-1911Champ Clark            D      Mo.    1911-1919Frederick H. Gillett   R      Mass.  1919-1925Nicholas Longworth     R      Oh.    1925-1931John N. Garner         D      Tex.   1931-1933Henry T. Rainey        D      Ill.   1933-1935Joseph W. Byrns        D      Tenn.  1935-1936William B. Bankhead    D      Ala.   1936-1940Sam Rayburn            D      Tex.   1940-1947Joseph W. Martin Jr.   R      Mass.  1947-1949Sam Rayburn            D      Tex.   1949-1953Joseph W. Martin Jr.   R      Mass.  1953-1955Sam Rayburn            D      Tex.   1955-1961John W. McCormack      D      Mass.  1962-1971Carl Albert            D      Okla.  1971-1977Thomas P. O'Neill Jr.  D      Mass.  1977-1987James Wright           D      Tex.   1987-1989Thomas S. Foley        D      Wash.  1989-%@TE:   59  2835 02 23 07 07 12 @%

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%@AH@%*%@AE@%Served only one day.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                     %@AS@%Floor Leaders in the U.S. Senate %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   34  2399 02 22 18 18 18 @%Name                  State             Party             Tenure%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Majority Leaders      Majority Leaders  Majority Leaders  Majority LeadersCharles Curtis        Kan.              R                 1925-1929James E. Watson       Ind.              R                 1929-1933 Joseph T. Robinson    Ark.              D                 1933-1937 Alben W. Barkley      Ky.               D                 1937-1947 Wallace H. White      Me.               R                 1947-1949 Scott W. Lucas        Ill.              D                 1949-1951 Ernest W. McFarland   Ariz.             D                 1951-1953 Robert A. Taft        Oh.               R                 1953 William F. Knowland   Cal.              R                 1953-1955 Lyndon B. Johnson     Tex.              D                 1955-1961 Mike Mansfield        Mont.             D                 1961-1977 Robert C. Byrd        W.Va.             D                 1977-1981 Howard H. Baker Jr.   Tenn.             R                 1981-1985 Robert J. Dole        Kan.              R                 1985-1987 Robert C. Byrd        W.Va.             D                 1987-1989 George J. Mitchell    Me.               D                 1989-Minority Leaders      Minority Leaders  Minority Leaders  Minority LeadersOscar W. Underwood    Ala.              D                 1920-1923 Joseph T. Robinson    Ark.              D                 1923-1933 Charles L. McNary     Ore.              R                 1933-1944 Wallace H. White      Me.               R                 1944-1947 Alben W. Barkley      Ky.               D                 1947-1949 Kenneth S. Wherry     Neb.              R                 1949-1951 Henry Styles Bridges  N.H.              R                 1952-1953 Lyndon B. Johnson     Tex.              D                 1953-1955 William F. Knowland   Cal.              R                 1955-1959 Everett M. Dirksen    Ill.              R                 1959-1969 Hugh D. Scott         Penn.             R                 1969-1977 Howard H. Baker Jr.   Tenn.             R                 1977-1981 Robert C. Byrd        W.Va.             D                 1981-1987 Robert J. Dole        Kan.              R                 1987-%@TE:   34  2399 02 22 18 18 18 @%

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%@2@%                     %@AS@%Federal Bureau of Investigation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15   860 02 39 37 @%Director                               Assumed office%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Stanley W. Finch                       July 26, 1908A(lexander) Bruce Bielaski             Apr. 30, 1912William E. Allen, act.                 Feb. 10, 1919William J. Flynn                       July 1, 1919William J. Burns                       Aug. 22, 1921J. Edgar Hoover, act.                  May 10, 1924J. Edgar Hoover                        Dec. 10, 1924L. Patrick Gray, act.                  May 3, 1972William D. Ruckelshaus, act.           Apr. 27, 1973Clarence M. Kelley                     July 9, 1973William H. Webster                     Feb. 23, 1978John E. Otto, act.                     May 27, 1987William S. Sessions                    Nov. 2, 1987%@TE:   15   860 02 39 37 @%

%@NL@%
The Federal Bureau of Investigation was created July 26, 1908 and
wasreferred to as Office of Chief Examiner. It became the Bureau
ofInvestigation (Mar. 26, 1909), United States Bureau of Investigation(July
1, 1932), Division of Investigation (Aug. 10, 1933), and FederalBureau of
Investigation (July 1, 1935). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Central Intelligence Agency%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:   16   855 02 30 11 24 @%Director                      Served     Appointed by President%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adm. Sidney W. Souers         1946       TrumanGen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg       1946-1947  TrumanAdm. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter  1947-1950  TrumanGen. Walter Bedell Smith      1950-1953  TrumanAllen W. Dulles               1953-1961  EisenhowerJohn A. McCone                1961-1965  KennedyAdm. William F. Raborn Jr.    1965-1966  JohnsonRichard Helms                 1966-1973  JohnsonJames R. Schlesinger          1973       NixonWilliam E. Colby              1973-1976  NixonGeorge Bush                   1976-1977  FordAdm. Stansfield Turner        1977-1981  CarterWilliam J. Casey              1981-1987  ReaganWilliam H. Webster            1987-      Reagan%@TE:   16   855 02 30 11 24 @%

%@NL@%
On June 13, 1942 President Roosevelt established the Office of
StrategicServices (OSS) and maned William J. Donovan as its director. The
OSS wasdisbanded Oct. 1, 1945 and its functions absorbed by the State and
Wardepartments. President Truman, Jan. 22, 1946, established the
CentralIntelligence Agency Group (CIG) to operate under the direction of
theNational Intelligence Authority (NIA). The National Security Act of
1947replaced the NIA with the National Security Council and the CIG with
theCentral Intelligence Agency.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                        %@AS@%National Political Parties %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%As of mid-1990 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Republican Party %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Headquarters%@AE@% %@4@%--310 First St., SE, Washington, DC 20003. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chairman%@AE@% %@4@%--Lee Atwater.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Co-Chairman%@AE@% %@4@%--Jeanie Austin.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vice Chairmen%@AE@% %@4@%--Bernard M. Shanley, Jack Londen, Martha Moore, Nelda Barton,%@EH@%
Ernest Angelo Jr., Kay Riddle, Elsie Vartanian, Duane Acklie.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Kit Mehrtens.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% %@4@%--William J. McManus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Counsel%@AE@% %@4@%--Jan Baran. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Democratic Party %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Headquarters%@AE@% %@4@%--430 South Capitol St., SE, Washington, DC 20003.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chairman%@AE@% %@4@%--Ronald H. Brown.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vice Chairpersons%@AE@% %@4@%--Lynn Cutler, Jack Otero, Carmen Perez, James Ruvolo,%@EH@%
Lottie Shackelford.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Kathleen M. Vick. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Farmer.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@3@%                   %@AS@%Other Major Political Organizations %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%American Party of the United States%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%(P.O. Box 597, Provo, UT 84603) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Chairman%@AE@% %@4@%--Arly Pedersen. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Doris Feimer. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Treasurer%@AE@% %@4@%--Florence Bale. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
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%@3@%                      %@AS@%Americans For Democratic Action%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%(1511 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%President%@AE@% %@4@%--Charles Rangel %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Director%@AE@% %@4@%--Amy Isaacs. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chair, Exec. Comm.%@AE@% %@4@%--James Bishop. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%Communist Party U.S.A. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%(235 W. 23d St., New York, NY 10011) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Gus Hall. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Conservative Party of the State of N.Y.%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%(486 78th St., Ft. Hamilton Sta., NY 11209) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chairman%@AE@% %@4@%--Michael R. Long. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Executive Director%@AE@% %@4@%--Anthony Rudmann. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--John J. Flynn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Liberal Party of New York State%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%(18 W. 56th St., New York, NY 10019) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chairman%@AE@% %@4@%--Frank Marin.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Exec. Director%@AE@% %@4@%--Carl F. Grillo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Libertarian Party%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%(1528 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Wash., DC 20003) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chair%@AE@% %@4@%--David Walter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vice-Chair%@AE@% %@4@%--Mary Gingell. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Joseph Dehn. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Director%@AE@% %@4@%--D. Nick Dunbar. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Prohibition National Committee %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%(P.O. Box 2635, Denver, CO 80201) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Chairman%@AE@% %@4@%--Earl  F.  Dodge. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Margaret L. Storms. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
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%@3@%                           %@AS@%Socialist Labor Party%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Minnesota: Industrial Gov't. Party(914 Industrial Ave., Palo Alto, CA%@EH@%
94303) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Robert Bills. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%Socialist Workers Party%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%(14 Charles Lane, New York, NY 10014) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%National Secretary%@AE@% %@4@%--Jack Barnes. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%America's Third Parties %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Since 1860, there have been only 4 presidential elections in which all"third%@EH@%
parties" together polled more than 10% of the vote: thePopulists (James
Baird Weaver) in 1892, the National Progressives (TheodoreRoosevelt) in
1912, the La Follette Progressives in 1924, and GeorgeWallace's American
Party in 1968. In 1948, the combined "thirdparties" (Henry Wallace's
Progessives, Strom Thurmond's States'Rights party or Dixiecrats,
Prohibition, Socialists, and others) receivedonly 5.75% of the vote. In most
elections since 1860, fewer than one votein 20 has been cast for a third
party. The only successful third party inAmerican history was the Republican
Party in the election of AbrahamLincoln in 1860. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Notable Third Parties %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  2329 02 26 22 10 42 24 @%Party                     Presidential nominee  Election  Issues                                    Strength in %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Anti-Masonic              William Wirt          1832      Against secret societies and oaths        Pa., Vt.Liberty                   James G. Birney       1844      Anti-slavery                              North  Free Soil                 Martin Van Buren      1848      Anti-slavery                              New York, Ohio American (Know Nothing)   Millard Fillmore      1856      Anti-immigrant                            Northeast, South  Greenback                 Peter Cooper          1876      For "cheap money," labor rights           National   Greenback                 James B. Weaver       1880      For "cheap money," labor rights           National   Prohibition               John P. St. John      1884      Anti-liquor                               National  Populist                  James B. Weaver       1892      For "cheap money," end of national banks  South, West  Socialist                 Eugene V. Debs        1900-20   For public ownership                      National  Progressive (Bull Moose)  Theodore Roosevelt    1912      Against high tariffs                      Midwest, West  Progressive               Robert M. LaFollette  1924      Farmer & labor rights                     Midwest, West  Socialist                 Norman Thomas         1928-48   Liberal reforms                           National  Union                     William Lemke         1936      Anti "New Deal"                           National  States' Rights            Strom Thurmond        1948      For states' rights                        South  Progressive               Henry Wallace         1948      Anti-cold war                             New York, California  American Independent      George Wallace        1968      For states' rights                        South  American                  John G. Schmitz       1972      For "law and order"                       Far West, Oh., La.  None (Independent)        John B. Anderson      1980      A 3d choice                               National%@TE:   20  2329 02 26 22 10 42 24 @%

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%@1@%                           %@AS@%UNITED STATES FACTS %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@2@%                        %@AS@%Superlative U.S. Statistics%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  110  4184 01 25 25 25 @%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Area for 50 states and   Total                    3,618,770 sq. mi.D. of C.                                                                   Land                     3,539,289 sq. mi.                          Water                    79,481 sq. mi.Largest state            Alaska                   591,004 sq. mi.Smallest state           Rhode Island             1,212 sq. mi. Largest county           San Bernardino County,   20,064 sq. mi. (excludes Alaska)        California               Smallest county          Kalawo, Hawaii           14 sq. mi. Northernmost city        Barrow, Alaska           71 deg17'N. Northernmost point       Point Barrow, Alaska     71 deg23'N. Southernmost city        Hilo, Hawaii             19 deg43'N. Southernmost settlement  Naalehu, Hawaii          19 deg03'N. Southernmost point       Ka Lae (South Cape),     18 deg55'N. (155                          Island of Hawaii         deg41'W.) Easternmost city         Eastport, Maine          66 deg59'02"W. Easternmost settlement   Lubec, Maine             66 deg58'49"W. Easternmost point        Quoddy Head, Maine       66 deg57'W. Westernmost city         West Unalaska, Alaska    166 deg32'W. Westernmost settlement   Adak, Alaska             176 deg39'W. Westernmost point        Cape Wrangell, Alaska    172 deg27'E. Highest settlement       Climax, Colorado         11,560 ft. Lowest settlement        Calipatria, California   -185 ft. Highest point on         Cadillac Mountain,       1,530 ft. Atlantic coast           Mount Desert Is., Maine  Oldest national park     Yellowstone National     3,468 sq. mi.                          Park (1872), Wyoming,                             Montana, Idaho           Largest national park    Wrangell-St. Elias,      13,018 sq. mi.                          Alaska                   Largest national         Death Valley,            3,231 sq. mi. monument                 California, Nevada       Highest waterfall        Yosemite Falls--Total    2,425 ft.                         in three sections                                 Upper Yosemite Fall      1,430 ft.                           Cascades in middle       675 ft.                           section                                           Lower Yosemite Fall      320 ft. Longest river            Mississippi-Missouri     3,710 mi. Highest mountain         Mount McKinley, Alaska   20,320 ft. Lowest point             Death Valley,            -282 ft.                          California               Deepest lake             Crater Lake, Oregon      1,932 ft. Rainiest spot            Mt. Waialeale, Hawaii    Annual aver. rainfall                                                   460 inches Largest gorge            Grand Canyon, Colorado   277 miles long, 600 ft.                         River, Arizona           to 18 miles wide, 1                                                   mile deep Deepest gorge            Hell's Canyon, Snake     7,900 ft.                          River, Idaho-Oregon      Strongest surface wind   Mount Washington, New    231 mph                          Hampshire recorded 1934  Biggest dam              New Cornelia Tailings,   274,026,000 cu. yds.                          Ten Mile Wash, Arizona   material used Tallest building         Sears Tower, Chicago,    1,454 ft.                          Illinois                 Largest building         Boeing 747               205,600,000 cu. ft.;                          Manufacturing Plant,     covers 47 acres.                          Everett, Washington      Tallest structure        TV tower, Blanchard,     2,063 ft.                          North Dakota             Longest bridge span      Verrazano-Narrows, New   4,260 ft.                          York                     Highest bridge           Royal Gorge, Colorado    1,053 ft. above water Deepest well             Gas well, Washita        31,441 ft.                         County, Oklahoma         %@TE:  110  4184 01 25 25 25 @%

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%@2@%                         %@AS@%The 48 Contiguous States%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   28  1109 01 28 28 19 @%%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Area for 48 states          Total                       3,021,295 sq. mi.                            Land                        2,962,031 sq. mi.                            Water                       59,264 sq. mi. Largest state               Texas                       266,807 sq. mi Northernmost city           International Falls,        48 deg36'N.                             Minnesota                   Northernmost settlement     Angle Inlet, Minnesota      49 deg21'N. Northernmost point          Northwest Angle, Minnesota  49 deg23'N. Southernmost city           Key West, Florida           24 deg33'N. Southernmost mainland city  Florida City, Florida       25 deg27'N. Southernmost point          Key West, Florida           24 deg33'N. Westernmost town            La Push, Washington         124 deg38'W. Westernmost point           Cape Alava, Washington      124 deg44'W. Highest mountain            Mount Whitney, California   14,494 ft.%@TE:   28  1109 01 28 28 19 @%

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Note to users: The distinction between cities and towns varies fromstate to
state. In this table the U.S. Bureau of the Census usage wasfollowed.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                     %@AS@%Geodetic Datum of North America %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In July 1986, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National%@EH@%
Geodetic Survey (NGS) completed the readjustment and redefinition of the
North American Datum. This new datum is known as the North American Datum of
1983. Rapid advances in economic growth and scientific exploration in the
United States after World War II resulted in an increasing need for accurate
coordinate information. To facilitate the use of satellite surveying and
navigation systems, the new datum was redefined using the Geodetic Reference
System 1980 as the reference ellipsoid because this model more closely
approximates the true size and shape of the Earth. The readjustment of the
datum resulted in position changes of as much as 330 feet in the Continental
United States and as much as 1/4 mile in Hawaii, the Aleutian Islands,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Statistical Information about the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the %@AI@%Statistical Abstract of the United States%@AE@% the Bureau of the Census,%@EH@%
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, annually publishes a summary of social, political,
and economic information. A book of almost 1,000 pages, it presents in 31
sections comprehensive data on population, housing, health, education,
employment, income, prices, business, banking, energy, science, defense,
trade, government finance, foreign country comparison, and other subjects.
Special features include sections  on State Rankings and Metropolitan
Statistical Areas and a new section on computer technology in the office.
The book is prepared under the direction of Glenn W. King, Chief,
Statistical Compendia Staff, Bureau of the Census. Supplements to the
%@AI@%Statistical Abstract%@AE@% are %@AI@%County and City Data Book, 1988; Historical
%@AI@%Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970;%@AE@% and %@AI@%State and
%@AI@%Metropolitan Area Data Book, 1986%@AE@% (1990 forthcoming). Information concerning
these and other publications may be obtained from the Supt. of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C. 20402, or from the U.S. Bureau of
the Census, Data User Services Division, Wash., D.C. 20233. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%Highest and Lowest Altitudes in the U.S. and Territories%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          U.S. Geological Survey%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%       %@AS@%(Minus sign means below sea level; elevations are in feet.) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   58  6853 03 16 25 19 15 18 16 14 @%                Highest Point            Highest Point      Highest Point  Lowest Point      Lowest Point    Lowest PointState           Name                     County             Elev.          Name              County          Elev.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         Cheaha Mountain          Cleburne           2,405          Gulf of Mexico    Gulf of Mexico  Sea level Alaska          Mount McKinley           Mount McKinley     20,320         Pacific Ocean     Pacific Ocean   Sea level Arizona         Humphreys Peak           Coconino           12,633         Colorado R.       Yuma            70 Arkansas        Magazine Mountain        Logan              2,753          Ouachita R.       Ashley-Union    55 California      Mount Whitney            Inyo-Tulare        14,494         Death Valley      Inyo            -282 Colorado        Mount Elbert             Lake               14,433         Arkansas R.       Prowers         3,350 Connecticut     Mount Frissell           Litchfield         2,380          L.I. Sound        L.I. Sound      Sea level Delaware        On Ebright Road          New Castle         442            Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Dist. of Col.   Tenleytown               N. W. part         410            Potomac R.        Potomac R.      1 Florida         Sec. 30, T 6N, R 20W.    Walton             345            Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Georgia         Brasstown Bald           Towns-Union        4,784          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Guam            Mount Lamlam             Agat District      1,332          Pacific Ocean     Pacific Ocean   Sea level Hawaii          Mauna Kea                Hawaii             13,796         Pacific Ocean     Pacific Ocean   Sea level Idaho           Borah Peak               Custer             12,662         Snake R.          Nez Perce       710 Illinois        Charles Mound            Jo Daviess         1,235          Mississippi R.    Alexander       279 Indiana         Franklin Township        Wayne              1,257          Ohio R.           Posey           320 Iowa            Sec. 29, T 100N, R 41W.  Osceola            1,670          Mississippi R.    Lee             480 Kansas          Mount Sunflower          Wallace            4,039          Verdigris R.      Montgomery      679 Kentucky        Black Mountain           Harlan             4,139          Mississippi R.    Fulton          257 Louisiana       Driskill Mountain        Bienville          535            New Orleans       Orleans         -8 Maine           Mount Katahdin           Piscataquis        5,267          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Maryland        Backbone Mountain        Garrett            3,360          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Massachusetts   Mount Greylock           Berkshire          3,487          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Michigan        Mount Arvon              Baraga             1,979          Lake Erie         Monroe          571 Minnesota       Eagle Mountain           Cook               2,301          Lake Superior     Lake Superior   600 Mississippi     Woodall Mountain         Tishomingo         806            Gulf of Mexico    Gulf of Mexico  Sea level Missouri        Taum Sauk Mt.            Iron               1,772          St. Francis R.    Dunklin         230 Montana         Granite Peak             Park               12,799         Kootenai R.       Lincoln         1,800 Nebraska        Johnson Township         Kimball            5,426          Missouri R.       Richardson      840 Nevada          Boundary Peak            Esmeralda          13,140         Mount Manchester  Clark           479 New Hamp.       Mt. Washington           Coos               6,288          Atlantic Ocean    Rockingham      Sea level New Jersey      High Point               Sussex             1,803          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level New Mexico      Wheeler Peak             Taos               13,161         Red Bluff Res     Eddy            2,842 New York        Mount Marcy              Essex              5,344          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level North Carolina  Mount Mitchell           Yancey             6,684          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level North Dakota    White Butte              Slope              3,506          Red R.            Pembina         750 Ohio            Campbell Hill            Logan              1,549          Ohio R.           Hamilton        455 Oklahoma        Black Mesa               Cimarron           4,973          Little R.         McCurtain       289 Oregon          Mount Hood               Clackamas-Hood R.  11,239         Pacific Ocean     Pacific Ocean   Sea level Pennsylvania    Mt. Davis                Somerset           3,213          Delaware R.       Delaware        Sea level Puerto Rico     Cerro de Punta           Ponce District     4,390          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Rhode Island    Jerimoth Hill            Providence         812            Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Samoa           Lata Mountain            Tau Island         3,160          Pacific Ocean     Pacific Ocean   Sea level South Carolina  Sassafras Mountain       Pickens            3,560          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level South Dakota    Harney Peak              Pennington         7,242          Big Stone Lake    Roberts         966 Tennessee       Clingmans Dome           Sevier             6,643          Mississippi R.    Shelby          178 Texas           Guadalupe Peak           Culberson          8,749          Gulf of Mexico    Gulf of Mexico  Sea level Utah            Kings Peak               Duchesne           13,528         Beaverdam Wash.   Washington      2,000 Vermont         Mount Mansfield          Lamoille           4,393          Lake Champlain    Lake Champlain  95 Virginia        Mount Rogers             Grayson-Smyth      5,729          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Virgin Islands  Crown Mountain           St. Thomas Island  1,556          Atlantic Ocean    Atlantic Ocean  Sea level Washington      Mount Rainier            Pierce             14,410         Pacific Ocean     Pacific Ocean   Sea level West Virginia   Spruce Knob              Pendleton          4,861          Potomac R.        Jefferson       240 Wisconsin       Timms Hill               Price              1,951          Lake Michigan     Lake Michigan   579 Wyoming         Gannett Peak             Fremont            13,804         B. Fourche R.     Crook           3,099%@TE:   58  6853 03 16 25 19 15 18 16 14 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%U.S. Coastline by States %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(statute miles)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   32  1413 02 22 12 12 @%State                 Coastline%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Shoreline%@AH@%2%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlantic coast        2,069       28,673 Connecticut           0           618 Delaware              28          381  Florida               580         3,331  Georgia               100         2,344  Maine                 228         3,478  Maryland              31          3,190  Massachusetts         192         1,519  New Hampshire         13          131  New Jersey            130         1,792  New York              127         1,850  North Carolina        301         3,375  Pennsylvania          0           89  Rhode Island          40          384  South Carolina        187         2,876  Virginia              112         3,315  Gulf coast            1,631       17,141  Alabama               53          607  Florida               770         5,095  Louisiana             397         7,721  Mississippi           44          359  Texas                 367         3,359  Pacific coast         7,623       40,298  Alaska                5,580       31,383  California            840         3,427  Hawaii                750         1,052   Oregon                296         1,410  Washington            157         3,026  Arctic coast, Alaska  1,060       2,521  United States         12,383      88,633%@TE:   32  1413 02 22 12 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Figures are lengths of general outline of seacoast. Measurementswere made
with a unit measure of 30 minutes of latitude on charts as nearthe scale of
1:1,200,000 as possible. Coastline of sounds and bays isincluded to a point
where they narrow to width of unit measure, andincludes the distance across
at such point. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Figures obtainedin 1939-40 with a recording instrument on
the largest-scale chartsand maps then available. Shoreline of outer coast,
offshore islands,sounds, bays, rivers, and creeks is included to the head of
tidewateror to a point where tidal waters narrow to a width of 100 feet.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%States: Settled, Capitals, Entry into Union, Area, Rank %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   55  9997 04 07 10 16 15 15 15 17 17 22 22 22 14 @%                                                                              Extent in miles  Extent in miles                                 Entered Union  Entered Union  Entered Union  Long             Wide             Area in square miles  Area in square miles  Area in square milesState  Settled%@AH@%*%@AE@%  Capital         Date           Date           Order          (approx. mean)   (approx. mean)   Land                  Inland Water          Total                 Rank in area%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ala.   1702      Montgomery      Dec.           14, 1819       22             330              190              50,767                938                   51,705                29Alas.  1784      Juneau          Jan.           3, 1959        49             %@AH@%(a)%@AE@%1,480         810              570,833               20,171                591,004               1Ariz.  1776      Phoenix         Feb.           14, 1912       48             400              310              113,508               492                   114,000               6Ark.   1686      Little Rock     June           15, 1836       25             260              240              52,078                1,109                 53,187                27Cal.   1769      Sacramento      Sept.          9, 1850        31             770              250              156,299               2,407                 158,706               3Col.   1858      Denver          Aug.           1, 1876        38             380              280              103,595               496                   104,091               8Conn.  1634      Hartford        Jan.           9, 1788        5              110              70               4,872                 147                   5,018                 48Del.   1638      Dover           Dec.           7, 1787        1              100              30               1,932                 112                   2,045                 49 D.C.   . . .     Washington                                                   . . .            . . .            63                    6                     69                    51Fla.   1565      Tallahassee     Mar.           3, 1845        27             500              160              54,153                4,511                 58,664                22Ga.    1733      Atlanta         Jan.           2, 1788        4              300              230              58,056                854                   58,910                21 Ha.    1820      Honolulu        Aug.           21, 1959       50             . . .            . . .            6,425                 46                    6,471                 47Ida.   1842      Boise           July           3, 1890        43             570              300              82,412                1,153                 83,564                13Ill.   1720      Springfield     Dec.           3, 1818        21             390              210              55,645                700                   56,345                24Ind.   1733      Indianapolis    Dec.           11, 1816       19             270              140              35,932                253                   36,185                38Ia.    1788      Des Moines      Dec.           28, 1846       29             310              200              55,965                310                   56,275                25Kan.   1727      Topeka          Jan.           29, 1861       34             400              210              81,778                499                   82,277                14Ky.    1774      Frankfort       June           1, 1792        15             380              140              39,669                740                   40,410                37La.    1699      Baton Rouge     Apr.           30, 1812       18             380              130              44,521                3,230                 47,752                31Me.    1624      Augusta         Mar.           15, 1820       23             320              190              30,995                2,270                 33,265                39Md.    1634      Annapolis       Apr.           28, 1788       7              250              90               9,837                 623                   10,460                42Mass.  1620      Boston          Feb.           6, 1788        6              190              50               7,824                 460                   8,284                 45Mich.  1668      Lansing         Jan.           26, 1837       26             490              240              56,954                1,573                 58,527                23Minn.  1805      St. Paul        May            11, 1858       32             400              250              79,548                4,854                 84,402                12Miss.  1699      Jackson         Dec.           10, 1817       20             340              170              47,233                457                   47,689                32Mo.    1735      Jefferson City  Aug.           10, 1821       24             300              240              68,945                752                   69,697                19Mon.   1809      Helena          Nov.           8, 1889        41             630              280              145,388               1,658                 147,046               4Neb.   1823      Lincoln         Mar.           1, 1867        37             430              210              76,644                711                   77,355                15Nev.   1849      Carson City     Oct.           31, 1864       36             490              320              109,894               667                   110,561               7N.H.   1623      Concord         June           21, 1788       9              190              70               8,993                 286                   9,279                 44N.J.   1660      Trenton         Dec.           18, 1787       3              150              70               7,468                 319                   7,787                 46N.M.   1610      Santa Fe        Jan.           6, 1912        47             370              343              121,335               258                   121,593               5N.Y.   1614      Albany          July           26, 1788       11             330              283              47,377                1,731                 49,108                30N.C.   1660      Raleigh         Nov.           21, 1789       12             500              150              48,843                3,826                 52,669                28N.D.   1812      Bismarck        Nov.           2, 1889        39             340              211              69,300                1,403                 70,702                17Oh.    1788      Columbus        Mar.           1, 1803        17             220              220              41,004                325                   41,330                35Okla.  1889      Oklahoma City   Nov.           16, 1907       46             400              220              68,655                1,301                 69,956                18Ore.   1811      Salem           Feb.           14, 1859       33             360              261              96,184                889                   97,073                10Pa.    1682      Harrisburg      Dec.           12, 1787       2              283              160              44,888                420                   45,308                33R.I.   1636      Providence      May            29, 1790       13             40               30               1,055                 158                   1,212                 50S.C.   1670      Columbia        May            23, 1788       8              260              200              30,203                909                   31,113                40S.D.   1859      Pierre          Nov.           2, 1889        40             380              210              75,952                1,164                 77,116                16Tenn.  1769      Nashville       June           1, 1796        16             440              120              41,155                989                   42,144                34Tex.   1682      Austin          Dec.           29, 1845       28             790              660              262,017               4,790                 266,807               2Ut.    1847      Salt Lake City  Jan.           4, 1896        45             350              270              82,073                2,826                 84,899                11Vt.    1724      Montpelier      Mar.           4, 1791        14             160              80               9,273                 341                   9,614                 43Va.    1607      Richmond        June           11, 1788       10             430              200              39,704                1,063                 40,767                36Wash.  1811      Olympia         Nov.           11, 1889       42             360              240              66,511                1,627                 68,139                20W.Va.  1727      Charleston      June           20, 1863       35             240              130              24,119                112                   24,232                41Wis.   1766      Madison         May            29, 1848       30             310              260              54,426                1,727                 56,153                26Wy.    1834      Cheyenne        July           10, 1890       44             360              280              96,989                820                   97,809                9%@TE:   55  9997 04 07 10 16 15 15 15 17 17 22 22 22 14 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%The original 13 states%@AE@%--The 13 colonies that seceded from GreatBritain and
fought the War of Independence (American Revolution) becamethe 13 original
states. They were: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Georgia, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina,New Hampshire, Virginia, New York,
North Carolina, and Rhode Island.The order for the original 13 states is the
order in which they ratifiedthe Constitution.  %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%First European permanent settlement. %@AH@%a%@AE@% Aleutian Islands andAlexander
Archipelago are not considered in these lengths.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%The Continental Divide  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Continental Divide: watershed, created by mountain ranges or table-lands%@EH@%
of the Rocky Mountains, from which the drainage is easterly or westerly; the
easterly flowing waters reaching the Atlantic Ocean chiefly through the Gulf
of Mexico, and the westerly flowing waters reaching the Pacific Ocean
through the Columbia River, or through the Colorado River, which flows into
the Gulf of California. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The location and route of the Continental Divide across the United States%@EH@%
may briefly be described as follows: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Beginning at point of crossing the United States-Mexican boundary, near%@EH@%
long. 108 deg45'W., the Divide, in a northerly direction, crosses New Mexico
along the western edge of the Rio Grande drainage basin, entering Colorado
near long. 106 deg41'W. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thence by a very irregular route northerly across Colorado along the western%@EH@%
summits of the Rio Grande and of the Arkansas, the South Platte, and the
North Platte River basins, and across Rocky Mountain National Park, entering
Wyoming near long. 106 deg52'W. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thence in a northwesterly direction, forming the western rims of the North%@EH@%
Platte, Big Horn, and Yellowstone River basins, crossing the southwestern
portion of Yellowstone National Park. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thence in a westerly and then a northerly direction forming the common%@EH@%
boundary of Idaho and Montana, to a point on said boundary near long. 114
deg00'W. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thence northeasterly and northwesterly through Montana and the Glacier%@EH@%
National Park, entering Canada near long. 114 deg04'W. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Chronological List of Territories%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                  National Archives and Records Service %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   32  6321 02 35 21 21 21 30 20 20 20 12 @%Name of territory                  Date of Organic Act  Date of Organic Act  Date of Organic Act  Organic Act effective         Admission as state  Admission as state  Admission as state  Yrs. terr.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Northwest Territory%@AH@%(a)%@AE@%             July                 13,                  1787                 No fixed date                 Mar.                1,                  1803%@AH@%(b)%@AE@%             16 Territory southwest of River Ohio  May                  26,                  1790                 No fixed date                 June                1,                  1796%@AH@%(c)%@AE@%             6  Mississippi                        Apr.                 7,                   1798                 When president acted          Dec.                10,                 1817                19  Indiana                            May                  7,                   1800                 July 4, 1800                  Dec.                11,                 1816                16  Orleans                            Mar.                 26,                  1804                 Oct. 1, 1804                  Apr.                30,                 1812%@AH@%(f)%@AE@%             7  Michigan                           Jan.                 11,                  1805                 June 30, 1805                 Jan.                26,                 1837                31  Louisiana-Missouri%@AH@%(e)%@AE@%              Mar.                 3,                   1805                 July 4, 1805                  Aug.                10,                 1821                16  Illinois                           Feb.                 3,                   1809                 Mar. 1, 1809                  Dec.                3,                  1818                9  Alabama                            Mar.                 3,                   1817                 When Miss. became a state     Dec.                14,                 1819                2  Arkansas                           Mar.                 2,                   1819                 July 4, 1819                  June                15,                 1836                17   Florida                            Mar.                 30,                  1822                 No fixed date                 Mar.                3,                  1845                23   Wisconsin                          Apr.                 20,                  1836                 July 3, 1836                  May                 29,                 1848                12  Iowa                               June                 12,                  1838                 July 3, 1838                  Dec.                28,                 1846                7  Oregon                             Aug.                 14,                  1848                 Date of act                   Feb.                14,                 1859                10  Minnesota                          Mar.                 3,                   1849                 Date of act                   May                 11,                 1858                9  New Mexico                         Sept.                9,                   1850                 On president's proclamation   Jan.                6,                  1912                61  Utah                               Sept.                9,                   1850                 Date of act                   Jan.                4,                  1896                44  Washington                         Mar.                 2,                   1853                 Date of act                   Nov.                11,                 1889                36  Nebraska                           May                  30,                  1854                 Date of act                   Mar.                1,                  1867                12  Kansas                             May                  30,                  1854                 Date of act                   Jan.                29,                 1861                6  Colorado                           Feb.                 28,                  1861                 Date of act                   Aug.                1,                  1876                15  Nevada                             Mar.                 2,                   1861                 Date of act                   Oct.                31,                 1864                3  Dakota                             Mar.                 2,                   1861                 Date of act                   Nov.                2,                  1889                28  Arizona                            Feb.                 24,                  1863                 Date of act                   Feb.                14,                 1912                49  Idaho                              Mar.                 3,                   1863                 Date of act                   July                3,                  1890                27  Montana                            May                  26,                  1864                 Date of act                   Nov.                8,                  1889                25  Wyoming                            July                 25,                  1868                 When officers were qualified  July                10,                 1890                22  Alaska%@AH@%(f)%@AE@%                          May                  17,                  1884                 No fixed date                 Jan.                3,                  1959                75  Oklahoma                           May                  2,                   1890                 Date of act                   Nov.                16,                 1907                17  Hawaii                             Apr.                 30,                  1900                 June 14, 1900                 Aug.                21,                 1959                59%@TE:   32  6321 02 35 21 21 21 30 20 20 20 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%a%@AE@% Included Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, easternMinnesota; %@AH@%b%@AE@%
as the state of Ohio; %@AH@%c%@AE@% as the state of Tennessee;%@AH@%d%@AE@% as the state of
Louisiana; %@AH@%e%@AE@% organic act for Missouri Territoryof June 4, 1812, became
effective Dec. 7, 1812; %@AH@%f%@AE@% Although the May 17,1884 act actually constituted
Alaska as a district, it was often referredto as a territory, and
unofficially administered as such. The Territory ofAlaska was legally and
formally organized by an act of Aug. 24, 1912.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Geographic Centers, U.S. and Each State%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          U.S. Geological Survey %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@AB@%United States, including Alaska and Hawaii%@AE@% %@4@%-- South Dakota; Butte County,%@EH@%
W of Castle Rock,    Approx. lat. 44 deg58'N. long. 103 deg46'W. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Contiguous U. S. (48 states)%@AE@% %@4@%-- Near Lebanon, Smith Co., Kansas, lat. 39%@EH@%
deg50'N. long. 98 deg35'W. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%North American continent%@AE@% %@4@%-- The geographic center is in Pierce County, North%@EH@%
Dakota, 6 miles W of Balta, latitude 48 deg10', longitude 100 deg10'W. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%State--county, locality %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alabama%@AE@% %@4@%--Chilton, 12 miles SW of Clanton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alaska%@AE@% %@4@%--lat. 63 deg50'N. long. 152 degW. Approx. 60 mi. NW of Mt. McKinley.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arizona%@AE@% %@4@%--Yavapai, 55 miles ESE of Prescott. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arkansas%@AE@% %@4@%--Pulaski, 12 miles NW of Little Rock. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%California%@AE@% %@4@%--Madera, 38 miles E of Madera. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Colorado%@AE@% %@4@%--Park, 30 miles NW of Pikes Peak. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Connecticut%@AE@% %@4@%--Hartford, at East Berlin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Delaware%@AE@% %@4@%--Kent, 11 miles S of Dover. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%District of Columbia%@AE@% %@4@%--Near 4th and L Sts.,   NW. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Florida%@AE@% %@4@%--Hernando, 12 miles NNW of Brooksville. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Georgia%@AE@% %@4@%--Twiggs, 18 miles SE of Macon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hawaii%@AE@% %@4@%--Hawaii, 20 deg15'N, 156 deg20'W, off Maui Island. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Idaho%@AE@% %@4@%--Custer, at Custer, SW of Challis. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Illinois%@AE@% %@4@%--Logan, 28 miles NE of Springfield. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Indiana%@AE@% %@4@%--Boone, 14 miles NNW of Indianapolis. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Iowa%@AE@% %@4@%--Story, 5 miles NE of Ames. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kansas%@AE@% %@4@%--Barton, 15 miles NE of Great Bend. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kentucky%@AE@% %@4@%--Marion, 3 miles NNW of Lebanon. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Louisiana%@AE@% %@4@%--Avoyelles, 3 miles SE of Marksville. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Maine%@AE@% %@4@%--Piscataquis, 18 miles north of Dover. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Maryland%@AE@% %@4@%--Prince Georges, 4.5 miles NW of Davidsonville. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Massachusetts%@AE@% %@4@%--Worcester, north part of city. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Michigan%@AE@% %@4@%--Wexford, 5 miles NNW of Cadillac. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Minnesota%@AE@% %@4@%--Crow Wing, 10 miles SW of Brainerd. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mississippi%@AE@% %@4@%--Leake, 9 miles WNW of Carthage. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Missouri%@AE@% %@4@%--Miller, 20 miles SW of Jefferson City. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Montana%@AE@% %@4@%--Fergus, 11 miles west of Lewistown. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Nebraska%@AE@% %@4@%--Custer, 10 miles NW of Broken Bow. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Nevada%@AE@% %@4@%--Lander, 26 miles SE of Austin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New Hampshire%@AE@% %@4@%--Belknap, 3 miles E of Ashland. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New Jersey%@AE@% %@4@%--Mercer, 5 miles SE of Trenton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New Mexico%@AE@% %@4@%--Torrance, 12 miles SSW of Willard. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%New York%@AE@% %@4@%--Madison, 12 miles S of Oneida and 26 miles SW of Utica. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%North Carolina%@AE@% %@4@%--Chatham, 10 miles NW of Sanford. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%North Dakota%@AE@% %@4@%--Sheridan, 5 miles SW of McClusky. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ohio%@AE@% %@4@%--Delaware, 25 miles NNE of Columbus. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Oklahoma%@AE@% %@4@%--Oklahoma, 8 miles N of Oklahoma City. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Oregon%@AE@% %@4@%--Crook, 25 miles SSE of Prineville. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pennsylvania%@AE@% %@4@%--Centre, 2.5 miles SW of Bellefonte. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Rhode Island%@AE@% %@4@%--Kent, 1 mile SSW of Crompton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%South Carolina%@AE@% %@4@%--Richland, 13 miles SE of Columbia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%South Dakota%@AE@% %@4@%--Hughes, 8 miles NE of Pierre. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Tennessee%@AE@% %@4@%--Rutherford, 5 mi. NE of Murfreesboro. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Texas%@AE@% %@4@%--McCulloch, 15 miles NE of Brady. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Utah%@AE@% %@4@%--Sanpete, 3 miles N of Manti. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vermont%@AE@% %@4@%--Washington, 3 miles E of Roxbury. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Virginia%@AE@% %@4@%--Buckingham, 5 miles SW of Buckingham. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Washington%@AE@% %@4@%--Chelan, 10 mi. WSW of Wenatchee. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%West Virginia%@AE@% %@4@%--Braxton, 4 miles E of Sutton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wisconsin%@AE@% %@4@%--Wood, 9 miles SE of Marshfield. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wyoming%@AE@% %@4@%--Fremont, 58 miles ENE of Lander. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%There is no generally accepted definition of geographic center, and no%@EH@%
satisfactory method for determining it. The geographic center of an area may
be defined as the center of gravity of the surface, or that point on which
the surface of the area would balance if it were a plane of uniform
thickness. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency%@EH@%
as the geographic center of either the 50 states, the contiguous United
States, or the North American continent. A monument was erected in Lebanon,
Kan., contiguous U.S. center, by a group of citizens. A cairn in Rugby, N.D.
marks the center of the North American continent.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%International Boundary Lines of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The length of the northern boundary of the contiguous U.S. -- the%@EH@%
U.S.-Canadian border, excluding Alaska -- is 3,987 miles according to the
U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior. The length of the
Alaskan-Canadian border is 1,538 miles. The length of the U.S.-Mexican
border, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, is approximately 1,933
miles (1963 boundary agreement).  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Origin of the Names of U.S. States %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%State officials, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Topographic Division,%@EH@%
U.S. Geological Survey. %@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alabama%@AE@%--Indian for tribal town, later a tribe (Alabamas or Alibamons) of%@EH@%
the Creek confederacy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alaska%@AE@%--Russian version of Aleutian (Eskimo) word, alakshak, for%@EH@%
"peninsula," "great lands," or "land that is not an island."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arizona%@AE@%--Spanish version of Pima Indian word for "little spring place," or%@EH@%
Aztec arizuma, meaning "silver-bearing."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arkansas%@AE@%--French variant of Quapaw, a Siouan people meaning "downstream%@EH@%
people."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%California%@AE@%--Bestowed by the Spanish conquistadors (possibly by Cortez). It%@EH@%
was the name of an imaginary island, an earthly paradise, in "Las Serges de
Esplandian," a Spanish romance written by Montalvo in 1510. Baja California
(Lower California, in Mexico) was first visited by Spanish in 1533. The
present U.S. state was called Alta (Upper) California. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Colorado%@AE@%--Spanish, red, first applied to Colorado River. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Connecticut%@AE@%--From Mohican and other Algonquin words meaning "long river%@EH@%
place."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Delaware%@AE@%--Named for Lord De La Warr, early governor of Virginia; first%@EH@%
applied to river, then to Indian tribe (Lenni-Lenape), and the state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%District of Columbia%@AE@%--For Columbus, 1791. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Florida%@AE@%--Named by Ponce de Leon on Pascua Florida, "Flowery Easter," on%@EH@%
Easter Sunday, 1513. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Georgia%@AE@%--For King George II of England by James Oglethorpe, colonial%@EH@%
administrator, 1732. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hawaii%@AE@%--Possibly derived from native word for homeland, Hawaiki or Owhyhee. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Idaho%@AE@%--A coined name with an invented Indian meaning: "gem of the%@EH@%
mountains;" originally suggested for the Pike's Peak mining territory
(Colorado), then applied to the new mining territory of the Pacific
Northwest. Another theory suggests Idaho may be a Kiowa Apache term for the
Comanche. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Illinois%@AE@%--French for Illini or land of Illini, Algonquin word meaning men or%@EH@%
warriors. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Indiana%@AE@%--Means "land of the Indians."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Iowa%@AE@%--Indian word variously translated as "one who puts to sleep" or%@EH@%
"beautiful land."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kansas%@AE@%--Sioux word for "south wind people."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kentucky%@AE@%--Indian word variously translated as "dark and bloody ground,"%@EH@%
"meadow land" and "land of tomorrow."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Louisiana%@AE@%--Part of territory called Louisiana by Sieur de La Salle for%@EH@%
French King Louis XIV. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maine%@AE@%--From Maine, ancient French province. Also: descriptive, referring to%@EH@%
the mainland as distinct from the many coastal islands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maryland%@AE@%--For Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I of England. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Massachusetts%@AE@%--From Indian tribe named after "large hill place" identified%@EH@%
by Capt. John Smith as being near Milton, Mass. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Michigan%@AE@%--From Chippewa words mici gama meaning "great water," after the%@EH@%
lake of the same name. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Minnesota%@AE@%--From Dakota Sioux word meaning "cloudy water" or "sky-tinted%@EH@%
water" of the Minnesota River. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mississippi%@AE@%--Probably Chippewa; mici zibi, "great river" or "gathering-in of%@EH@%
all the waters." Also: Algonquin word, "Messipi."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Missouri%@AE@%--Algonquin Indian tribe named after Missouri River, meaning "muddy%@EH@%
water."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Montana%@AE@%--Latin or Spanish for "mountainous."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nebraska%@AE@%--From Omaha or Otos Indian word meaning "broad water" or "flat%@EH@%
river," describing the Platte River. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nevada%@AE@%--Spanish, meaning snow-clad. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Hampshire%@AE@%--Named 1629 by Capt. John Mason of Plymouth Council for his%@EH@%
home county in England. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Jersey%@AE@%--The Duke of York, 1664, gave a patent to John Berkeley and Sir%@EH@%
George Carteret to be called Nova Caesaria, or New Jersey, after England's
Isle of Jersey. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New Mexico%@AE@%--Spaniards in Mexico applied term to land north and west of Rio%@EH@%
Grande in the 16th century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New York%@AE@%--For Duke of York and Albany who received patent to New Netherland%@EH@%
from his brother Charles II and sent an expedition to capture it, 1664. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%North Carolina%@AE@%--In 1619 Charles I gave a large patent to Sir Robert Heath to%@EH@%
be called Province of Carolana, from Carolus, Latin name for Charles. A new
patent was granted by Charles II to Earl of Clarendon and others. Divided
into North and South Carolina, 1710. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%North Dakota%@AE@%--Dakota is Sioux for friend or ally. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ohio%@AE@%--Iroquois word for "fine or good river."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oklahoma%@AE@%--Choctaw coined word meaning red man, proposed by Rev. Allen%@EH@%
Wright, Choctaw-speaking Indian. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oregon%@AE@%--Origin unknown. One theory holds that the name may have been derived%@EH@%
from that of the Wisconsin River shown on a 1715 French map as
"Ouaricon-sint."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pennsylvania%@AE@%--William Penn, the Quaker, who was made full proprietor by King%@EH@%
Charles II in 1681, suggested Sylvania, or woodland, for his tract. The
king's government owed Penn's father, Admiral William Penn, [pound ]16,000,
and the land was granted as partial settlement. Charles II added the Penn to
Sylvania, against the desires of the modest proprietor, in honor of the
admiral. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Puerto Rico%@AE@%--Spanish for Rich Port. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rhode Island%@AE@%--Exact origin is unknown. One theory notes that Giovanni de%@EH@%
Verrazano recorded an island about the size of Rhodes in the Mediterranean
in 1524, but others believe the state was named Roode Eylandt by Adriaen
Block, Dutch explorer, because of its red clay. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%South Carolina%@AE@%--See North Carolina. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%South Dakota%@AE@%--See North Dakota. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tennessee%@AE@%--Tanasi was the name of Cherokee villages on the Little Tennessee%@EH@%
River. From 1784 to 1788 this was the State of Franklin, or Frankland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Texas%@AE@%--Variant of word used by Caddo and other Indians meaning friends or%@EH@%
allies, and applied to them by the Spanish in eastern Texas. Also written
texias, tejas, teysas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Utah%@AE@%--From a Navajo word meaning upper, or higher up, as applied to a%@EH@%
Shoshone tribe called Ute. Spanish form is Yutta, English Uta or Utah.
Proposed name Deseret, "land of honeybees," from Book of Mormon, was
rejected by Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vermont%@AE@%--From French words vert (green) and mont (mountain). The Green%@EH@%
Mountains were said to have been named by Samuel de Champlain. When the
state was formed, 1777, Dr. Thomas Young suggested combining vert and mont
into Vermont. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Virginia%@AE@%--Named by Sir Walter Raleigh, who fitted out the expedition of%@EH@%
1584, in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen of England. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington%@AE@%--Named after George Washington. When the bill creating the%@EH@%
Territory of Columbia was introduced in the 32d Congress, the name was
changed to Washington because of the existence of the District of Columbia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%West Virginia%@AE@%--So named when western counties of Virginia refused to secede%@EH@%
from the United States, 1863. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wisconsin%@AE@%--An Indian name, spelled Ouisconsin and Mesconsing by early%@EH@%
chroniclers. Believed to mean "grassy place" in Chippewa. Congress made it
Wisconsin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wyoming%@AE@%--The word was taken from Wyoming Valley, Pa., which was the site of%@EH@%
an Indian massacre and became widely known by Campbell's poem, "Gertrude of
Wyoming." In Algonquin it means "large prairie place." %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Territorial Sea of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%According to a December 27, 1988 proclamation by Pres. Ronald Reagan: "The%@EH@%
territorial sea of the United States henceforth extends to 12 nautical miles
from the baselines of the United States determined in accordance with
international law. In accordance with international law, as reflected in the
applicable provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea, within the territorial sea of the United States, the ships of all
countries enjoy the right of innocent passage and the ships and aircraft of
all countries enjoy the right of transit passage through international
straits."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Accession of Territory by the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   42  1431 03 29 18 29 @%                             Acquisition date  Gross Area (Land and water)                                               Sq. mi.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total U.S.                   %@AH@%(x)%@AE@%               3,623,434United States                %@AH@%(x)%@AE@%               3,618,770Territory in 1790%@AH@%1%@AE@%           %@AH@%(x)%@AE@%               891,364Louisiana Purchase           1803              831,321Purchase of Florida          1819              69,866Texas                        1845              384,958Oregon                       1846              283,439Mexican Cession              1848              530,706Gadsden Purchase             1853              29,640Alaska                       1867              591,004Hawaii                       1898              6,471Other areas:Puerto Rico                  %@AH@%2%@AE@%1898             3,515Guam                         %@AH@%3%@AE@%1898             209American Samoa               %@AH@%4%@AE@%1899             77Virgin Islands of the U.S.   1917              132Pacific Islands, Trust       1947              533Territory of the%@AH@%5%@AE@%                              No. Mariana Islands%@AH@%5%@AE@%         1947              184All other%@AH@%6%@AE@%                   %@AH@%(x)%@AE@%               14%@TE:   42  1431 03 29 18 29 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%x%@AE@% Not applicable. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes that part of drainage basin ofRed River of the
North, south of 49th parallel, sometimes considered partof Louisiana
Purchase. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Ceded by Spain in 1898, ratified in 1899,and became Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico by Act of Congress on July 25,1952. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Acquired 1898; ratified
1899. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Acquired 1899; ratified1900. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Land area only. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Comprises the
following islands withgross areas as indicated, in sq. mi.: Midway (2), Wake
(3), Palmyra (4),Navassa (2), Baker, Howland, and Jarvis (combined area, 3),
Johnston Atoll(combined area, less than .5), and Kingman Reef (less than
.5). ExcludesCanton and Enderbury Islands (combined area 27 sq. mi.), which
areconsidered to be under the jurisdiction of Kiribati since 1979, and
SwanIslands (1 sq. mi.), which were returned to Honduras in 1972.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Public Lands of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%            Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Interior Department%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Disposition of Public Lands 1781 to 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   19  1347 02 53 23 @%                                                     Acres%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%Disposition by methods not elsewhere classified%@AE@%%@AH@%1%@AE@%     303,500,000Granted or sold to homesteaders                      287,500,000Granted to railroad corporations                     94,400,000Granted to veterans as military bounties             61,000,000Confirmed as private land claims%@AH@%2%@AE@%                    34,000,000Sold under timber and stone law%@AH@%3%@AE@%                     13,900,000Granted or sold under timber culture law%@AH@%4%@AE@%            10,900,000Sold under desert land law%@AH@%5%@AE@%                          10,700,000%@AB@%Granted to states for:%@AE@%Support of common schools                            77,630,000 Reclamation of swampland                             64,920,000 Construction of railroads                            37,130,000 Support of misc. institutions%@AH@%6%@AE@%                       21,700,000 Purposes not elsewhere classified%@AH@%7%@AE@%                   117,600,000 Canals and rivers                                    6,100,000 Construction of wagon roads                          3,400,000 Total granted to states                              328,480,000%@TE:   19  1347 02 53 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Chiefly public, private, and preemption sales, but includes
mineralentries, scrip locations, sales of townsites and townlots. %@AH@%2%@AE@%
TheGovernment has confirmed title to lands claimed under valid grantsmade by
foreign governments prior to the acquisition of the publicdomain by the
United States. %@AH@%3%@AE@% The law provided for the sale of landsvaluable for timber
or stone and unfit for cultivation. %@AH@%4%@AE@% The lawprovided for the granting of
public lands to settlers on conditionthat they plant and cultivate trees on
the lands granted. %@AH@%5%@AE@% The lawprovided for the sale of arid agricultural
public lands to settlers whoirrigate them and bring them under cultivation.
%@AH@%6%@AE@% Universities,hospitals, asylums, etc. %@AH@%7%@AE@% For construction of various
publicimprovements (individual items not specified in the granting
act)reclamation of desert lands, construction of water reservoirs, etc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Public Lands Administered by Federal Agencies %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15  1358 02 45 15 14 16 @%Agency (Acres, Sept. 30, 1989)               Public domain  Acquired      Total%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Forest Service                               161,038,854.3  28,341,223.5  189,380,077.8Bureau of Land Management                    268,093,335.0  2,324,840.0   270,418,175.0 Bureau of Reclamation                        3,533,817.5    1,969,275.9   5,503,093.4 Fish and Wildlife Service                    81,321,344     10,097,347    91,318,691 National Park Service                        64,325,741.0   8,517,114.8   72,842,855.8 Bureau of Indian Affairs                     2,554,358.7    193,079.6     2,747,438.3 Tennessee Valley Authority                   0              1,040,231.3   1,040,231.3 Corps of Engineers                           604,971.2      4,869,200.0   5,474,171.2 U.S. Army                                    3,187,901.0    6,495,173.0   9,683,074.0 U.S. Navy                                    618,005.6      1,743,750.2   2,361,755.8 U.S. Air Force                               6,858,510.0    1,255,022.0   8,113,532.0 Department of Energy                         1,465,862.4    700,478.8     2,166,341.2Total, all agencies (incl. those not shown)  660,976,655.8  63,089,515.1  724,066,170.9%@TE:   15  1358 02 45 15 14 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%      %@AS@%National Parks, Other Areas Administered by Nat'l Park Service %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Figures given are date area initially protected by Congress or presidential%@EH@%
proclamation, date given current designation, and gross area in acres
12/31/88. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%National Parks%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Acadia, Me.%@AE@% %@4@%(1916/1929) 41,409. Includes Mount Desert Island, half of Isle%@EH@%
au Haut, Schoodic Point on mainland. Highest elevation on Eastern seaboard. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arches, Ut.%@AE@% %@4@%(1929/1971) 73,379. Contains giant red sandstone arches and%@EH@%
other products of erosion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Badlands, S.D.%@AE@% %@4@%(1929/1978) 243,244; eroded prairie, bison, bighorn and%@EH@%
antelope. Contains animal fossils of 40 million years ago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Big Bend, Tex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1935/1944) 802,541. Rio Grande, Chisos Mts. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Biscayne, Fla.%@AE@% %@4@%(1968/1980) 173,039. Aquatic park encompasses chain of%@EH@%
islands south of Miami. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bryce Canyon, Ut.%@AE@% %@4@%(1923/1928) 35,835. Spectacularly colorful and unusual%@EH@%
display of erosion effects. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Canyonlands, Ut.%@AE@% %@4@%(1964) 337,570. At junction of Colorado and Green rivers,%@EH@%
extensive evidence of prehistoric Indians. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Capitol Reef, Ut.%@AE@% %@4@%(1937/1971) 241,904. A 60-mile uplift of sandstone cliffs%@EH@%
dissected by high-walled gorges. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Carlsbad Caverns, N.M.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%(1923/1930) 46,755. Largest known caverns; not yet fully explored. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Channel Islands, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1938/1980) 249,354. Seal lion breeding place, nesting%@EH@%
sea birds, unique plants. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Crater Lake, Ore.%@AE@% %@4@%(1902) 183,224. Extraordinary blue lake in crater of%@EH@%
extinct volcano encircled by lava walls 500 to 2,000 feet high. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Denali, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1917/1980) 4,716,726. Name changed from Mt. McKinley NP.%@EH@%
Contains highest mountain in U.S.; wildlife. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Everglades, Fla.%@AE@% %@4@%(1934) 1,508,939. Largest remaining subtropical wilderness%@EH@%
in continental U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Gates of the Arctic, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978/1980) 7,523,888. Vast wilderness in north%@EH@%
central region. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Glacier, Mon.%@AE@% %@4@%(1910) 1,013,572. Superb Rocky Mt. scenery, numerous glaciers%@EH@%
and glacial lakes. Part of Waterton-Glacier Intl. Peace Park established by
U.S. and Canada in 1932. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Glacier Bay, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1925/1980) 3,225,284. Great tidewater glaciers that move%@EH@%
down mountain sides and break up into the sea; much wildlife. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Grand Canyon, Ariz.%@AE@% %@4@%(1908/1919) 1,218,375. Most spectacular part of Colorado%@EH@%
River's greatest canyon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Grand Teton, Wy.%@AE@% %@4@%(1929) 309,994. Most impressive part of the Teton%@EH@%
Mountains, winter feeding ground of largest American elk herd. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Great Basin, Nev.%@AE@% %@4@%(1922/1986) 77,109. Wide basins and high mountain ranges. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Great Smoky Mountains, N.C.-Tenn.%@AE@% %@4@%(1926/1934) 520,269. Largest eastern%@EH@%
mountain range, magnificent forests. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Guadalupe Mountains, Tex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1966/1972) 86,416. Extensive Permian limestone%@EH@%
fossil reef; tremendous earth fault. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Haleakala, Ha.%@AE@% %@4@%(1916/1960) 28,655. Dormant volcano on Maui with large%@EH@%
colorful craters. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hawaii Volcanoes, Ha.%@AE@% %@4@%(1916/1961) 229,177. Contains Kilauea and Mauna Loa,%@EH@%
active volcanoes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hot Springs, Ark.%@AE@% %@4@%(1832/1921) 5,839. Government supervised bath houses use%@EH@%
waters of 45 of the 47 natural hot springs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Isle Royale, Mich.%@AE@% %@4@%(1931) 571,790. Largest island in Lake Superior, noted%@EH@%
for its wilderness area and wildlife. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Katmai, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1918/1980) 3,716,000. Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, scene of%@EH@%
1912 volcanic eruption. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kenai Fjords, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978/1980) 669,541. Abundant mountain goats, marine%@EH@%
mammals, birdlife; the Harding Icefield, one of the major icecaps in U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kings Canyon, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1890/1940) 461,901. Mountain wilderness, dominated by%@EH@%
Kings River Canyons and High Sierra; contains giant sequoias. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kobuk Valley, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978/1980) 1,750,421. Broad river is core of native%@EH@%
culture. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lake Clark, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978/1980) 2,636,839. Across Cook Inlet from Anchorage. A%@EH@%
scenic wilderness rich in fish and wildlife. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lassen Volcanic, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1907/1916) 106,372. Contains Lassen Peak, recently%@EH@%
active volcano, and other volcanic phenomena. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mammoth Cave, Ky.%@AE@% %@4@%(1926/1941) 52,419. 144 miles of surveyed underground%@EH@%
passages, beautiful natural formations, river 300 feet below surface. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mesa Verde, Col.%@AE@% %@4@%(1906) 52,085. Most notable and best preserved prehistoric%@EH@%
cliff dwellings in the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mount Rainier, Wash.%@AE@% %@4@%(1899) 235,404. Greatest single-peak glacial system in%@EH@%
the lower 48 states. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%North Cascades, Wash.%@AE@% %@4@%(1968) 504,781. Spectacular mountainous region with%@EH@%
many glaciers, lakes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Olympic, Wash.%@AE@% %@4@%(1909/1938) 921,942. Mountain wilderness containing finest%@EH@%
remnant of Pacific Northwest rain forest, active glaciers, Pacific
shoreline, rare elk. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Petrified Forest, Ariz.%@AE@% %@4@%(1906/1962) 93,533. Extensive petrified wood and%@EH@%
Indian artifacts. Contains part of Painted Desert. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Redwood, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1968) 110,132. Forty miles of Pacific coastline, groves of%@EH@%
ancient redwoods and world's tallest trees. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Rocky Mountain, Col.%@AE@% %@4@%(1915) 265,200. On the continental divide, includes 107%@EH@%
named peaks over 11,000 feet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Samoa, American Samoa%@AE@% %@4@%(1988) 8,000. Features the only paleotropical rain%@EH@%
forest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sequoia, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1890) 402,482. Groves of giant sequoias, highest mountain in%@EH@%
contiguous United States -- Mount Whitney (14,494 feet). World's largest
tree. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Shenandoah, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1926/1935) 195,382. Portion of the Blue Ridge Mountains;%@EH@%
overlooks Shenandoah Valley; Skyline Drive. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theodore Roosevelt, N.D.%@AE@% %@4@%(1947/1978) 70,416. Contains part of T.R.'s ranch%@EH@%
and scenic badlands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Virgin Islands, V.I.%@AE@% %@4@%(1956) 14,689. Covers 75% of St. John Island, lush%@EH@%
growth, lovely beaches, Indian relics, evidence of colonial Danes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Voyageurs, Minn.%@AE@% %@4@%(1971/1975) 218,036. Abundant lakes, forests, wildlife,%@EH@%
canoeing, boating. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wind Cave, S.D.%@AE@% %@4@%(1903) 28,292. Limestone caverns in Black Hills. Extensive%@EH@%
wildlife includes a herd of bison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wrangell-St. Elias, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978/1980) 8,331,604. Largest area in park%@EH@%
system, most peaks over 16,000 feet, abundant wildlife; day's drive east of
Anchorage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Yellowstone,
%@AB@%Ida., Mon., Wy.,%@AE@% %@4@%(1872) 2,219,791. Oldest national park. World's greatest%@EH@%
geyser area has about 3,000 geysers and hot springs; spectacular falls and
impressive canyons of the Yellowstone River; grizzly bear, moose, and bison.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Yosemite, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1890) 761,170. Yosemite Valley, the nation's highest%@EH@%
waterfall, 3 groves of  sequoias, and mountainous. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Zion, Ut.%@AE@% %@4@%(1909/1919) 146,598. Unusual shapes and landscapes have resulted%@EH@%
from  erosion and faulting;  Zion Canyon, with sheer walls ranging up to
2,500 feet, is readily accessible. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%National Historical Parks %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Appomattox Court House, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1930/1954) 1,325. Where Lee surrendered to%@EH@%
Grant. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Boston, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1974) 41. Includes Faneuil Hall, Old North Church, Bunker%@EH@%
Hill, Paul Revere House. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chaco Culture, N.M.%@AE@% %@4@%(1907/1980) 33,974. Ruins of pueblos built by%@EH@%
prehistoric Indians. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Md.-W.Va.-D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1961/1971) 20,781. 184 mile%@EH@%
historic canal; D.C. to Cumberland, Md. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Colonial, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1930/1936) 9,327. Includes most of Jamestown Island, site of%@EH@%
first successful English colony; Yorktown, site of Cornwallis' surrender to
George Washington; and the Colonial Parkway. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cumberland Gap, Ky.-Tenn.-Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1940) 20,274. Mountain pass of the Wilderness%@EH@%
Road which carried the first great migration of pioneers into America's
interior. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%George Rogers Clark, Vincennes, Ind.%@AE@% %@4@%(1966) 26. Commemorates American defeat%@EH@%
of British in west during Revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Harpers Ferry, Md., W. Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1944/1963) 2,239. At the confluence of the%@EH@%
Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, the site of John Brown's 1859 raid on the
Army arsenal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Independence, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1948/1956) 45. Contains several properties in%@EH@%
Philadelphia associated with the Revolutionary War and the founding of the
U.S. Includes Independence Hall. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Jean Laffite%@AE@% %@4@%(and preserve), La.(1939/1978) 20,020. Includes Chalmette, site%@EH@%
of 1814 Battle of New Orleans; French Quarter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kalaupapa, Ha.%@AE@% %@4@%(1980) 10,779. Molokai's former leper colony site and other%@EH@%
historic areas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kaloko-Honokohau, Ha.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978) 1,161. Culture center has 234 historic features%@EH@%
and grave of first king, Kamehameha. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Klondike Gold Rush, Alas.-Wash.%@AE@% %@4@%(1976) 13,191. Alaskan Trails in 1898 Gold%@EH@%
Rush. Museum in Seattle. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lowell, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978) 137. Seven mills, canal, 19th C. structures, park to%@EH@%
show planned city of Industrial Revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lyndon B. Johnson, Tex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1969/1980) 1,571. President's birthplace, boyhood%@EH@%
home, ranch. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Minute Man, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1959) 750. Where the colonial Minute Men battled the%@EH@%
British, April 19, 1775. Also contains Nathaniel Hawthorne's home. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Morristown, N.J.%@AE@% %@4@%(1933) 1,671. Sites of important military encampments%@EH@%
during the Revolutionary War; Washington's headquarters 1777, 1779-80. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Natchez, Miss.%@AE@% %@4@%(1988) 80. Mansions, townhouses, and villas concerning%@EH@%
history of Natchez, Miss. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Nez Perce, Ida.%@AE@% %@4@%(1965) 2,109. Illustrates the history and culture of the Nez%@EH@%
Perce Indian country. 20 separate sites. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pu'uhonua o Honaunau, Ha.%@AE@% %@4@%(1955/1978) 182. Until 1819, a sanctuary for%@EH@%
Hawaiians vanquished in battle, and those guilty of crimes or breaking
taboos. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Antonio Missions, Tex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978/1983) 493. Four of finest Spanish missions%@EH@%
in U.S., 18th C. irrigation system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Francisco Maritime%@AE@% %@4@%(1988) 50. Artifacts, photographs, and historic%@EH@%
vessels related to the development of the Pacific Coast. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Juan Island, Wash.%@AE@% %@4@%(1966) 1,752. Commemorates peaceful relations of the%@EH@%
U.S., Canada and Great Britain since the 1872 boundary disputes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Saratoga, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1938) 3,393. Scene of a major battle which became a turning%@EH@%
point in the War of Independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sitka, Alas.%@AE@% %@4@%(1910/1972) 107. Scene of last major resistance of the Tlingit%@EH@%
Indians to the Russians, 1804. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Valley Forge, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1976) 3,468. Continental Army campsite in 1777-78 winter.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%War in the Pacific, Guam%@AE@% %@4@%(1978) 1,960. Scenic park memorial for WWII%@EH@%
combatants in Pacific. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Women's Rights, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1980) 6. Seneca Falls site where Susan B. Anthony,%@EH@%
Elizabeth Cady Stanton began rights movement in 1848. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Zuni-Cibola, N. Mex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1988) 800. Historical, archeological, and cultural%@EH@%
site associated with the Zuni Tribe over its 1700-year cultural continuum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%National Battlefields %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Antietam, Md.%@AE@% %@4@%(1890/1978) 3,244. Battle ended first Confederate invasion of%@EH@%
North, Sept. 17, 1862. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Big Hole, Mon.%@AE@% %@4@%(1910/1963) 656. Site of major battle with Nez Perce Indians.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cowpens, S.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1929/1972) 842. Revolutionary War battlefield. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Donelson, Tenn.%@AE@% %@4@%(1928/1985) 536. Site of first major Union victory. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Necessity, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1931/1961) 903. First battle of French and Indian War. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Monocacy, Md.%@AE@% %@4@%(1934/1976) 1,647. Civil War battle in defense of Wash., D.C.,%@EH@%
July 9, 1864. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Moores Creek, N.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1926/1980) 87. Pre-Revolutionary War battle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Petersburg, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1926/1962) 2,735. Scene of 10-month Union campaign 1864-65.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Stones River, Tenn.%@AE@% %@4@%(1927/1960) 403. Civil War battle leading to Sherman's%@EH@%
"March to the Sea."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Tupelo, Miss.%@AE@% %@4@%(1929/1961) 1. Crucial battle over Sherman's supply line. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wilson's Creek, Mo.%@AE@% %@4@%(1960/1970) 1,750. Civil War battle for control of%@EH@%
Missouri. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%National Battlefield Parks %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kennesaw Mountain, Ga.%@AE@% %@4@%(1917/1935) 2,885. Two major battles of Atlanta%@EH@%
campaign in Civil War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Manassas, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1940) 5,072. Two battles of Bull Run in Civil War, 1861 and%@EH@%
1862. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Richmond, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1936) 769. Site of battles defending Confederate capital. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%National Battlefield Site %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Brices Cross Roads, Miss.%@AE@% %@4@%(1929) 1. Civil War battlefield. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%National Military Parks %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chickamauga and Chattanooga, Ga.-Tenn.%@AE@% %@4@%(1890) 8,106. Four Civil War%@EH@%
battlefields. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1927) 5,907. Sites of several%@EH@%
major Civil War battles and campaigns. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Gettysburg, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1895) 3,896. Site of decisive Confederate defeat in North.%@EH@%
Gettysburg Address. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Guilford Courthouse, N.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1917) 220. Revolutionary War battle site. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Horseshoe Bend, Ala.%@AE@% %@4@%(1956) 2,040. On Tallapoosa River, where Gen. Andrew%@EH@%
Jackson broke the power of the Creek Indian Confederacy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Kings Mountain, S.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1931) 3,945. Revolutionary War battle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pea Ridge, Ark.%@AE@% %@4@%(1956) 4,300. Civil War battle. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Shiloh, Tenn.%@AE@% %@4@%(1894) 3,838. Major Civil War battle; site includes some%@EH@%
well-preserved Indian burial mounds. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vicksburg, Miss.%@AE@% %@4@%(1899) 1,620. Union victory gave North control of the%@EH@%
Mississippi and split the Confederacy in two. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%National Memorials %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arkansas Post, Ark.%@AE@% %@4@%(1960) 389. First permanent French settlement in the%@EH@%
lower Mississippi River valley. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1925/1972) 28. Lee's home%@EH@%
overlooking the Potomac. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Chamizal, El Paso, Tex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1966/1974) 55. Commemorates 1963 settlement of%@EH@%
99-year border dispute with Mexico. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Coronado, Ariz.%@AE@% %@4@%(1941/1952) 4,750. Commemorates first European exploration%@EH@%
of the Southwest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%DeSoto, Fla.%@AE@% %@4@%(1948) 27. Commemorates 16th-century Spanish explorations. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Federal Hall, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1939/1955) 0.45. First seat of U.S. government under the%@EH@%
Constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Caroline, Fla.%@AE@% %@4@%(1950) 138. On St. Johns River, overlooks site of second%@EH@%
attempt by French Huguenots to colonize North America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Clatsop, Ore.%@AE@% %@4@%(1958) 125. Lewis and Clark encampment 1805-06. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%General Grant, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1958) 0.76. Tombs of Pres. and wife. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hamilton Grange, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1962) 0.11. Home of Alexander Hamilton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts,%@AE@% %@4@%D.C. (1958/1964) 18. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Johnstown Flood, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1964) 164. Commemorates tragic flood of 1889. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lincoln Boyhood, Ind.%@AE@% %@4@%(1962) 200. Lincoln grew up here. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lincoln Memorial, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1911) 110. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lyndon B. Johnson Grove on the Potomac, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1973) 17. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Mount Rushmore, S.D.%@AE@% %@4@%(1925) 1,278. World famous sculpture of 4 presidents. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Roger Williams, R.I.%@AE@% %@4@%(1965) 5. Memorial to founder of Rhode Island. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1972) 0.02. Memorial to Polish hero of American%@EH@%
Revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theodore Roosevelt Island, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1932) 89. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Thomas Jefferson Memorial, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1934) 18. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%USS Arizona, Ha.%@AE@% %@4@%(1980). 00. Memorializes American losses at Pearl Harbor. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Washington Monument, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1848) 106. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Wright Brothers
%@AB@%, N.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1927/1953) 431. Site of first powered flight. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%National Historic Sites %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Abraham Lincoln Birthplace, Hodgenville, Ky.%@AE@% %@4@%(1916/1959) 117. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Adams, Quincy, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1946/1952) 10. Home of Presidents John Adams, John%@EH@%
Quincy Adams, and celebrated descendants. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Allegheny Portage Railroad, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1964) 1,247. Part of the Pennsylvania Canal%@EH@%
system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Andersonville, Andersonville, Ga.%@AE@% %@4@%(1970) 476. Noted Civil War prison. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Andrew Johnson, Greeneville, Tenn.%@AE@% %@4@%(1935/1963) 17. Home of the President. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Bent's Old Fort, Col.%@AE@% %@4@%(1960) 800. Old West fur-trading post. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Boston African American%@AE@% %@4@%(1980) Pre-Civil War black history structures. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Carl Sandburg Home, N.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1968/1972) 264. Poet's home. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Charles Pinckney, S.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1988) 25. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Christiansted, St. Croix; V.I.%@AE@% %@4@%(1952/1961) 27. Commemorates Danish colony. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Clara Barton, Md.%@AE@% %@4@%(1974) 9. Home of founder of American Red Cross. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Edgar Allan Poe, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978/1980) 1. Poet's home. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Edison,
%@AB@%West Orange, N.J.%@AE@% %@4@%(1955/1962) 21. Home and laboratory. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Eisenhower, Gettysburg, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1967/1969) 690. Home of 34th president. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Eleanor Roosevelt, Hyde Park, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1977) 181. Personal retreat. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Eugene O'Neill, Danville, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1976) 13. Playwright's home. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1866/1970) 0.29. Includes theater, now%@EH@%
restored, where Lincoln was assassinated, house where he died, and Lincoln
Museum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Bowie, Ariz.%@AE@% %@4@%(1964/1972) 1,000. Focal point of operations against%@EH@%
Geronimo and the Apaches. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Davis, Tex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1961/1963) 460. Frontier outpost battled Comanches and%@EH@%
Apaches. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Laramie, Wy.%@AE@% %@4@%(1938/1960) 833. Military post on Oregon Trail. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Larned, Kan.%@AE@% %@4@%(1964/1966) 718. Military post on Santa Fe Trail. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Point, San Francisco, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1970) 29. Largest West Coast fortification.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Raleigh, N.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1941) 157. First English settlement. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Scott, Kan.%@AE@% %@4@%(1965/1978) 17. Commemorates U.S. frontier of 1840-50. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Smith, Ark.%@AE@% %@4@%(1961) 75. Active post from 1817 to 1890. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Union Trading Post, Mon., N.D.%@AE@% %@4@%(1966) 442. Principal fur-trading post%@EH@%
on upper Missouri, 1829-1867. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Fort Vancouver, Wash.%@AE@% %@4@%(1948/1961) 209. Hdqts. for Hudson's Bay Company in%@EH@%
1825. Early military and political seat. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Frederick Douglass Home, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1962/1988) 9. Home of nation's leading black%@EH@%
spokesman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Frederick Law Olmsted, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1979) 2. Home of famous park planner%@EH@%
(1822-1903). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Friendship Hill, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978) 675. Home of Albert Gallatin, Jefferson's Sec'y%@EH@%
of Treasury. Not open to public. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Golden Spike, Utah%@AE@% %@4@%(1957) 2,735. Commemorates completion of first%@EH@%
transcontinental railroad in 1869. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Mon.%@AE@% %@4@%(1972) 1,498. Ranch house and part of 19th century%@EH@%
ranch. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hampton, Md.%@AE@% %@4@%(1948) 62. 18th-century Georgian mansion. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Harry S Truman, Mo.%@AE@% %@4@%(1983). 0.78.  Home of Pres. Truman after 1919. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Herbert Hoover, West Branch, Ia.%@AE@% %@4@%(1965) 187. Birthplace and boyhood home of%@EH@%
31st president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hyde Park, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1944) 290. Birthplace, home%@EH@%
and "Summer White House". %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hopewell Furnace, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1938/1985) 848. 19th-century iron making village. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hubbell Trading Post, Ariz.%@AE@% %@4@%(1965) 160. Indian trading post. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%James A. Garfield, Mentor, Oh.%@AE@% %@4@%(1980) 8. President's home. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Jefferson National Expansion, Mo.%@AE@% %@4@%(1935/1954) 191. Commemorates westward%@EH@%
expansion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Jimmy Carter, Ga.%@AE@% %@4@%(1987) 70. Birthplace and home of 39th president. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Brookline, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1967) 0.09. Birthplace and%@EH@%
childhood home of the President. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%John Muir, Martinez, Cal.%@AE@% %@4@%(1964) 339. Home of early conservationist and%@EH@%
writer. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Knife River Indian Villages, N.D.%@AE@% %@4@%(1974) 1,293. Remnants of 5 Hidatsa%@EH@%
villages. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lincoln Home, Springfield, Ill.%@AE@% %@4@%(1971) 12. Lincoln's residence when he was%@EH@%
elected President, 1860. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1972) 2. Longfellow's home, 1837-82, and%@EH@%
Washington's hq. during Boston Siege, 1775-76. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Maggie L. Walker, Va.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978) 1. Richmond home of black leader and 1903%@EH@%
founder of bank. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, Ga.%@AE@% %@4@%(1980) 23. Birthplace, grave. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Martin Van Buren, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1974) 40. Lindenwald, home of 8th president, near%@EH@%
Kinderhook. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ninety Six, S.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1976) 989. Colonial trading village. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Palo Alto Battlefield, Tex.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978) 50. One of 2 Mexican War battles fought%@EH@%
in U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pennsylvania Avenue, D.C.%@AE@% %@4@%(1965) NA. Includes area between Capitol and White%@EH@%
House, Ford's Theatre. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Puukohola Heiau, Ha.%@AE@% %@4@%(1972) 80. Ruins of temple built by King Kamehameha. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1962) 83. Home of President Theodore%@EH@%
Roosevelt from 1885 until his death in 1919. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Saint-Gaudens, Cornish, N.H.%@AE@% %@4@%(1964/1977) 148. Home, studio and gardens of%@EH@%
American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Saint Paul's Church, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1943/1978) 6. Eighteenth Century site of John%@EH@%
Peter Zenger's "freedom of press" trial. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Salem Maritime, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1938) 9. Only port never seized from the patriots by%@EH@%
the British. Major fishing and whaling port. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%San Juan, P.R.%@AE@% %@4@%(1949) 75. 16th-century Spanish fortifications. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Saugus Iron Works, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1968) 9. Reconstructed 17th-century colonial%@EH@%
ironworks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Springfield Armory, Mass.%@AE@% %@4@%(1974) 55. Small arms manufacturing center for%@EH@%
nearly 200 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Steamtown, Pa.%@AE@% %@4@%(1986) 42. Railyard, roadhouse and repair shops of former%@EH@%
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace, N.Y., N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1962) 0.11. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural, Buffalo, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1966) 1. Wilcox House where he%@EH@%
took oath of office, 1901. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Thomas Stone, Md.%@AE@% %@4@%(1978) 328. Home of signer of Declaration, built in 1771.%@EH@%
Not open to public. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Tuskegee Institute, Ala.%@AE@% %@4@%(1974) 74. College founded by Booker T. Washington%@EH@%
in 1881 for blacks, includes student-made brick buildings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ulysses S. Grant, St. Louis Co., Mo.%@AE@% %@4@%(1989) 10. Home of Grant during%@EH@%
pre-Civil War years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Vanderbilt Mansion, Hyde Park, N.Y.%@AE@% %@4@%(1940) 212. Mansion of 19th-century%@EH@%
financier. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Whitman Mission, Wash.%@AE@% %@4@%(1936/1963) 98. Site where Dr. and Mrs. Marcus%@EH@%
Whitman ministered to the Indians until slain by them in 1847. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%William Howard Taft, Cincinnati, Oh.%@AE@% %@4@%(1969) 3. Birthplace and early home of%@EH@%
the 27th president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%National Monuments%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   81  6196 02 52 11 06 12 @%Name                                                State      Year  Acreage%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Agate Fossil Beds                                   Neb.       1965  3,055 Alibates Flint Quarries                             N.M.-Tex.  1965  1,371 Aniakchak                                           Alas.      1978  137,176 Aztec Ruins                                         N.M.       1923  319 Bandelier                                           N.M.       1916  32,737 Black Canyon of the Gunnison                        Col.       1933  20,766 Booker T. Washington                                Va.        1956  224 Buck Island Reef                                    V.I.       1961  880 Cabrillo                                            Cal.       1913  137 Canyon de Chelly                                    Ariz.      1931  83,840 Cape Krusenstern                                    Alas.      1978  659,807 Capulin Volcano                                     N.M.       1916  793 Casa Grande Ruins                                   Ariz.      1892  473 Castillo de San Marcos                              Fla.       1924  20 Castle Clinton                                      N.Y.       1946  1 Cedar Breaks                                        Ut.        1933  6,155 Chiricahua                                          Ariz.      1924  11,985 Colorado                                            Col.       1911  20,454 Congaree Swamp                                      S.C.       1976  22,200 Craters of the Moon                                 Ida.       1924  53,545 Custer Battlefield                                  Mon.       1879  765 Death Valley                                        Cal.-Nev.  1933  2,067,628 Devils Postpile                                     Cal.       1911  798 Devils Tower                                        Wy.        1906  1,347 Dinosaur                                            Col.-Ut.   1915  210,844 Effigy Mounds                                       Ia.        1949  1,481 El Malpais                                          N.M.       1987  114,942 El Morro                                            N.M.       1906  1,279 Florissant Fossil Beds%@AH@%**%@AE@%                            Col.       1969  5,998 Fort Frederica                                      Ga.        1936  216 Fort Jefferson                                      Fla.       1935  64,700 Fort Matanzas                                       Fla.       1924  228 Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine  Md.        1925  43 Fort Pulaski                                        Ga.        1924  5,623 Fort Stanwix                                        N.Y.       1935  16 Fort Sumter                                         S.C.       1948  197 Fort Union                                          N.M.       1954  721 Fossil Butte                                        Wy.        1972  8,198 G. Washington Birthplace                            Va.        1930  538 George Washington Carver                            Mo.        1943  210 Gila Cliff Dwellings                                N.M.       1907  533 Grand Portage                                       Minn.      1951  710 Great Sand Dunes                                    Col.       1932  38,662 Hagerman Fossil Beds                                Ida.       1988  4,280 Hohokam Pima%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                       Ariz.      1972  1,690 Homestead Nat'l. Monument of America                Neb.       1936  195 Hovenweep                                           Col.-Ut.   1923  785 Jewel Cave                                          S.D.       1908  1,274 John Day Fossil Beds                                Ore.       1974  14,014 Joshua Tree                                         Cal.       1936  559,955 Lava Beds                                           Cal.       1925  46,560 Montezuma Castle                                    Ariz.      1906  858 Mound City Group                                    Oh.        1923  270 Muir Woods                                          Cal.       1908  554 Natural Bridges                                     Ut.        1908  7,636 Navajo                                              Ariz.      1909  360 Ocmulgee                                            Ga.        1934  683 Oregon Caves                                        Ore.       1909  488 Organ Pipe Cactus                                   Ariz.      1937  330,689 Pecos                                               N.M.       1965  365 Pinnacles                                           Cal.       1908  16,265 Pipe Spring                                         Ariz.      1923  40 Pipestone                                           Minn.      1937  282 Poverty Point                                       La.        1988  911 Rainbow Bridge                                      Ut.        1910  160 Russell Cave                                        Ala.       1961  310 Saguaro                                             Ariz.      1933  83,574 Salinas                                             N.M.       1909  1,077 Scotts Bluff                                        Neb.       1919  2,997 Statue of Liberty                                   N.J.-N.Y.  1924  58 Sunset Crater                                       Ariz.      1930  3,040 Timpanogos Cave                                     Ut.        1922  250 Tonto                                               Ariz.      1907  1,120 Tumacacori                                          Ariz.      1908  17 Tuzigoot                                            Ariz.      1939  801 Walnut Canyon                                       Ariz.      1915  2,249 White Sands                                         N.M.       1933  143,733 Wupatki                                             Ariz.      1924  35,253 Yucca House%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                        Col.       1919  10%@TE:   81  6196 02 52 11 06 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Not open to the public. %@AH@%**%@AE@%No federal facilities.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%National Preserves %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   16  1071 02 41 07 06 12 @%Name                                     State  Year  Acreage%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aniakchak                                Alas.  1978  465,603 Bering Land Bridge                       Alas.  1978  2,784,960 Big Cypress                              Fla.   1974  570,000 Big Thicket                              Tex.   1974  85,733 City of Rocks                            Ida.   1988  14,407 Denali                                   Alas.  1917  1,311,365 Gates of the Arctic                      Alas.  1978  948,629 Glacier Bay                              Alas.  1925  57,884 Katmai                                   Alas.  1918  374,000 Lake Clark                               Alas.  1978  1,407,293 Noatak                                   Alas.  1978  6,574,481 Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve  Fla.   1988  35,000 Wrangell-St. Elias                       Alas.  1978  4,856,721 Yukon-Charley Rivers                     Alas.  1978  2,523,509%@TE:   16  1071 02 41 07 06 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%National Seashores %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12   609 02 19 12 06 10 @%Name               State       Year  Acreage%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Assateague Island  Md.-Va.     1965  39,631 Canaveral          Fla.        1975  57,662 Cape Cod           Mass.       1961  43,557 Cape Hatteras      N.C.        1937  30,319 Cape Lookout%@AH@%**%@AE@%     N.C.        1966  28,243 Cumberland Island  Ga.         1972  36,415 Fire Island        N.Y.        1964  19,579 Gulf Islands       Fla.-Miss.  1971  139,775 Padre Island       Tex.        1962  130,434 Point Reyes        Cal.        1962  71,047%@TE:   12   609 02 19 12 06 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%**%@AE@%No federal facilities.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%National Parkways %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    6   425 02 30 18 06 09 @%Name                          State             Year  Acreage%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Blue Ridge                    Va.-N.C.          1936  85,950 George Washington Memorial    Va.-Md.           1930  7,131 John D. Rockefeller Jr. Mem.  Wy.               1972  23,777 Natchez Trace                 Ala.-Miss.-Tenn.  1938  51,756%@TE:    6   425 02 30 18 06 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%National Lakeshores %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    6   306 02 21 07 06 09 @%Name                 State  Year  Acreage%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Apostle Islands      Wis.   1970  69,372 Indiana Dunes        Ind.   1966  13,841 Pictured Rocks       Mich.  1966  72,916 Sleeping Bear Dunes  Mich.  1970  71,134%@TE:    6   306 02 21 07 06 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%National Rivers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    7   512 02 40 11 06 10 @%Name                                    State      Year  Acreage%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Big South Fork Natl. R. and Recreation  Tenn.-Ky.  1976  122,960 Buffalo                                 Ark.       1972  94,219 New River Gorge                         W.Va.      1978  62,144 Ozark                                   Mo.        1964  80,788 Mississippi Natl. R. and Recreation     Minn.      1988  50,000 %@TE:    7   512 02 40 11 06 10 @%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%National Wild and Scenic Rivers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   11   747 02 35 15 06 09 @%Name                               State          Year  Acreage%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alagnak Wild                       Alas.          1980  24,038 Bluestone                          W.Va.          1988  N.A. Delaware                           N.Y.-N.J.-Pa.  1978  1,973 Lower Saint Croix                  Minn.-Wis.     1972  9,475 Missouri Natl. Recreational River  Neb.           1978  0 Obed Wild                          Tenn.          1976  5,075 Rio Grande                         Tex.           1978  9,600 Saint Croix                        Minn.-Wis.     1968  67,432 Upper Delaware                     N.Y.-N.J.      1978  75,000%@TE:   11   747 02 35 15 06 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%Parks (no other classification) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12   823 02 45 07 06 09 @%Name                                         State  Year  Acreage%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Catoctin Mountain                            Md.    1954  5,770 Constitution Gardens                         D.C.   1978  52 Fort Washington                              Md.    1930  341 Greenbelt                                    Md.    1950  1,176 Perry's Victory                              Oh.    1936  25 Piscataway                                   Md.    1961  4,263 Prince William Forest                        Va.    1948  18,572 Rock Creek                                   D.C.   1890  1,754 Vietnam Veterans                             D.C.   1980  2 Wolf Trap Farm Park for the Performing Arts  Va.    1966  130%@TE:   12   823 02 45 07 06 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%National Recreation Areas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20   984 02 20 12 06 12 @%Name                State       Year  Acreage%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Amistad             Tex.        1965  57,292 Bighorn Canyon      Mon.-Wy.    1966  120,296 Chattahoochee R.    Ga.         1978  9,268 Chickasaw           Okla.       1902  9,522 Coulee Dam          Wash.       1946  100,390 Curecanti           Col.        1965  42,114 Cuyahoga Valley     Oh.         1974  32,438 Delaware Water Gap  N.J.-Pa.    1965  66,652 Gateway             N.Y.-N.J.   1972  26,311 Gauley R.           W.Va.       1988  N.A. Glen Canyon         Ariz.-Ut.   1958  1,236,880 Golden Gate         Cal.        1972  73,082 Lake Chelan         Wash.       1968  61,883 Lake Mead           Ariz.-Nev.  1936  1,495,666 Lake Meredith       Tex.        1965  44,978 Ross Lake           Wash.       1968  117,575 Santa Monica Mts.   Cal.        1978  150,050 Whiskeytown         Cal.        1965  42,503 %@TE:   20   984 02 20 12 06 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%National Mall%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Name  State  Year  Acreage
%@AB@%────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
      D.C.   1933  146

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%National Scenic Trails %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Name              State             Year  Acreage
%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
Appalachian       Me. to Ga.        1968  161,546
Natchez Trace     Ga.-Ala.-Tenn.    1983  10,995
Potomac Heritage  Md.-D.C.-Va.-Pa.  1983  %@AH@%***%@AE@%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%***%@AE@%Undetermined.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%International Historic Sites%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
Name                State  Year  Acreage
%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
Saint Croix Island  Me.    1949  35

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%National Park Service Recreation Visits%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                           National Park Service%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   27  1692 02 49 27 @%Park                                             Recreation Visits%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Acadia Natl. Park                                5,440,952Blue Ridge Natl. Parkway                         16,176,170 Cape Cod Natl. Seashore                          5,020,069 Castle Clinton Natl. Monument                    3,285,976 Gateway Natl. Recreation Area                    6,748,181 George Washington Memorial Parkway               3,048,161 Glen Canyon Natl. Recreation Area                3,452,847 Golden Gate Natl. Recreation Area                16,656,900 Grand Canyon Natl. Park                          3,966,209 Great Smokey Mtns. Natl. Park                    8,333,553 Gulf Islands Natl. Seashore                      4,458,368 Independence Natl. Hist. Park                    5,174,682 Jefferson Natl. Expansion Memorial Hist. Site    2,518,712 J.F.K. Center for the Performing Arts            3,450,734 Lake Mead Natl. Recreation Area                  8,495,295 Natchez Trace Parkway                            10,837,880 National Capital Parks                           8,934,149 Olympic Natl. Park                               2,737,611 Rocky Mountain Natl. Park                        2,502,915 San Francisco Maritime Natl. Hist. Park          5,203,302 Statue of Liberty Natl. Monument                 2,655,797 Valley Forge Natl. Hist. Park                    4,700,074 Vietnam Veterans Memorial                        2,594,694 Yellowstone Natl. Park                           2,644,442 Yosemite Natl. Park                              3,308,159%@TE:   27  1692 02 49 27 @%

%@NL@%
The following places had more than 2.5 million recreation visitsin 1989: %@NL@%
Attendance at all areas administered by the National Park Service in1989 was
269,399,900 recreation visits.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%National Recreation Areas Administered by Forest Service %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14   801 02 28 11 06 10 @%Name                        State      Year  Acreage%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Allegheny                   Pa.        1984  23,063Arapaho                     Col.       1978  34,928 Flaming Gorge               Ut.-Wyo.   1968  201,114 Hell's Canyon               Ida.-Ore.  1975  538,115 Mount Baker                 Wash.      1984  8,473 Mount Rogers                Va.        1966  154,816 Oregon Dunes                Ore.       1972  31,566 Rattlesnake                 Mon.       1980  61,000 Sawtooth                    Ida.       1972  756,019 Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks    W. Va.     1965  100,000 Whiskeytown Shasta-Trinity  Cal.       1965  203,587 White Rocks                 Vt.        1984  36,400%@TE:   14   801 02 28 11 06 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Recreational Use of Public Lands Administered by Bureau of Land%@EH@%
%@AS@%Management%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                      U.S. Bureau of Land Management%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%(In thousands. For year ending Sept. 30.)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24  3351 08 06 20 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%                                    Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation                                    Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)                                    Land-based          Land-based          Land-based          Land-based          Land-based          Water-based         Water-based                                     recreation          recreation          recreation          recreation          recreation          recreation          recreation                                     activities          activities          activities          activities          activities          activities          activities                                    Motorized travel    Motorized travel    Motorized travel    Site based          Site basedYear  Number of visits    Total     Off road vehicle    Other motorized     Non-motorized       Camping             Hunting             Fishing             Boating             Snow- and                                     travel              travel              travel                                                                                              ice-based                                                                                                                                                                                 recreational                                                                                                                                                                                 activity, winter                                                                                                                                                                                 sports%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1983  56,270              334,010   24,397              35,534              12,237              84,066              92,974              20,290              16,869              2,9171984  59,228              271,373   21,348              25,433              9,579               73,032              73,898              14,263              11,184              2,8941985  51,739              244,612   36,995              24,053              10,047              65,397              51,842              14,254              11,710              5,0231986  54,253              284,142   49,688              25,866              14,397              95,196              35,570              18,227              15,891              6,0251987  56,427              514,716%@AH@%1%@AE@%  123,325             34,325              19,172              195,315             57,624              22,932              15,140              3,2591989  60,957              493,214   65,808              74,075              36,676              173,597             46,760              23,392              18,491              3,119%@TE:   24  3351 08 06 20 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Increase due to an estimated longer length of stay per visit,especially in
California.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%         %@AS@%Federal Indian Reservations and Trust Lands%@AH@%1%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%   Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Interior Department (data as of 1988)%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%The total American Indian population according to the 1980 Census is 1.534%@EH@%
%@AS@%million. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   66  6425 02 16 14 25 50 17 27 50 @%State           No of Reser.  Tribally-owned acreage%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Individually-owned acreage%@AH@%2%@AE@%                       No. of persons%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Average (%) unempl. rate%@AH@%4%@AE@%  Major tribes and/or nations%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         1             230                      0                                                 1,480            30                         Poarch CreekAlaska          1%@AH@%5%@AE@%            86,773                   884,100                                           91,106           47                         Aleut, Eskimo, Athapascan%@AH@%6%@AE@%, Haida, Tlingit,                                                                                                                                                      Tsimpshian Arizona         20            19,766,911               256,927                                           165,385          48                         Navajo, Apache, Papago, Hopi, Yavapai, Pima California      83            513,005                  67,175                                            28,815           38                         Hoopa, Paiute, Yurok, Karok, Mission Bands Colorado        2             785,411                  2,964                                             10,467           17                         Ute Connecticut     1             1,201                    0                                                 80               0                          Mashantucket Pequot Florida         4             153,840                  0                                                 2,062            28                         Seminole, Miccosukee%@AH@%7%@AE@% Idaho           4             464,077                  327,301                                           10,607           45                         Shoshone, Bannock, Nez Perce Iowa            1             4,164                    0                                                 737              31                         Sac and Fox%@AH@%8%@AE@%  Kansas          4             7,620                    22,058                                            2,321            17                         Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Iowa Louisiana       3             567                      0                                                 936              41                         Chitimacha, Coushatta, Tunica-Biloxi Maine           3             212,699                  0                                                 2,859            32                         Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Maliseet Michigan        8             12,433                   9,224                                             12,723           47                         Chippewa, Potawatomi, Ottawa Minnesota       14            714,271                  51,011                                            19,863           58                         Chippewa, Sioux Mississippi     1             17,715                   19                                                4,832            26                         Choctaw Montana         7             2,327,347                2,881,339                                         34,001           50                         Blackfeet, Crow, Sioux, Assiniboine, Cheyenne Nebraska        3             21,657                   43,186                                            3,690            46                         Omaha, Winnebago, Santee Sioux Nevada          22            1,147,163                78,566                                            9,075            37                         Paiute, Shoshone, Washoe New Mexico      24            7,174,491                675,968                                           126,346          37                         Zuni, Apache, Navajo New York        8             87,058                   0                                                 12,314           51                         Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida%@AH@%9%@AE@%  North Carolina  1             56,461                   0                                                 6,110            40                         Cherokee North Dakota    3             217,049                  634,950                                           23,629           57                         Sioux, Chippewa, Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa Oklahoma        1%@AH@%10%@AE@%           94,488                   1,018,738                                         231,952          21                         Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Osage,                                                                                                                                                      Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Kiowa,  Comanche  Oregon          6             643,561                  135,052                                           10,231           37                         Warm Springs, Wasco, Paiute, Umatilla, Siletz Rhode Island    1             1,800                    0                                                 2,058            45                         Narragansett South Dakota    9             2,660,995                2,421,092                                         58,201           74                         Sioux Texas           3             4,574                    0                                                 1,320            12                         Alabama-Coushatta, Tiwa, Kickapoo Utah            4             2,298,302                33,343                                            9,010            23                         Ute, Goshute, Southern Paiute Washington      27            2,102,097                467,785                                           40,893           53                         Yakima, Lummi, Quinault Wisconsin       11            337,330                  80,671                                            21,037           40                         Chippewa, Oneida, Winnebago Wyoming         1             1,793,420                93,842                                            4,935            46                         Shoshone, Arapahoe%@TE:   66  6425 02 16 14 25 50 17 27 50 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% As of 1988 the federal government recognized and acknowledged thatit had a
special relationship with, and a trust responsibility for, 307federally
recognized Indian entities in the continental U.S., plus some200 tribal
entities in Alaska.  The term "Indian entities"encompasses Indian tribes,
bands, villages, groups, pueblos, Eskimos,and Aleuts, eligible for federal
services and classified in the following3 categories: (a) Officially
approved Indian organizations pursuant tofederal statutory authority (Indian
Reorganization Act; Oklahoma IndianWelfare Act and Alaska Native Act.)  (b)
Officially approved Indianorganizations outside of specified federal
statutory authority.(c) Traditional Indian organizations recognized without
formal federalapproval of organizational structure. Some reservation
boundariestranscend state boundaries (e.g., Navajo which is in Arizona, New
Mexico,and Utah). For statistical convenience under "Number ofReservations,"
such reservations are counted in the state wherepopulation is predominant
and/or tribal headquarters is located.%@NL@%
%@AH@%2%@AE@% The acreages refer only to Indian lands which are either ownedby the
tribes or individual Indians, and held in trust by the U.S.government. Many
of these parcels are located off reservations. Not alllands within
reservation boundaries are necessarily trust lands. Manyparcels are
privately-owned by tribes, individual Indians, and non-Indians.Also, some
internal lands are the property of various governmental agencies.%@NL@%
%@AH@%3%@AE@% Number of Indians living on or adjacent to federally
recognizedreservations comprising the BIA service population.%@NL@%
%@AH@%4%@AE@% Unemployment rate of Indian work force consisting of all those16 years old
and over who are able and actively seeking work.%@NL@%
%@AH@%5%@AE@% Alaskan Indian Affairs are carried out under the Alaska NativeClaims
Settlement Act (Dec. 18, 1971). The Act provided for theestablishment of
regional and village corporations to conduct businessfor profit and
non-profit purposes. There are 13 such regionalcorporations, each one with
organized village corporations. The AnnetteIsland Reservation remains the
only federally recognized reservation inAlaska in the sense of specific
reservation boundaries, trust lands, etc.%@NL@%
%@AH@%6%@AE@% Aleuts and Eskimos are racially and linguistically related.Athapascans are
related to the Navaho and Apache Indians.%@NL@%
%@AH@%7%@AE@% "Seminole" means "runaways" and theseIndians from various tribes were
originally refugees from whites in theCarolinas and Georgia. Later joined by
runaway slaves, the Seminole wereunited by their hostility to the United
States. Formal peace with theSeminoles in Florida was not achieved until
1934. The Miccosukee are abranch of the Seminole; they retain their Indian
religion and have not madeformal peace with the United States.%@NL@%
%@AH@%8%@AE@% Once two tribes, the Sac and Fox formed a political alliance in1734.%@NL@%
%@AH@%9%@AE@% These 4 tribes along with the Cayuga andTuscarora made up the Iroquois
League, which ruled large portions ofNew York, New England and Pennsylvania
and ranged into the Midwest andSouth. The Onondaga, who traditionally
provide the president of the league,maintain that they are a foreign nation
within New York and the UnitedStates.%@NL@%
%@AH@%10%@AE@% Indian land status in Oklahoma is unique andthere are no reservations
except for Osage in the sense that the term isused elsewhere in the U.S.
Likewise, many of the Oklahoma tribes are uniquein their high degree of
assimilation to the white culture.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                          %@AS@%PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Popular and Electoral Vote, 1984 and 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          News Election Service %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   56  6609 04 08 16 16 12 12 16 16 12 12 @%        1988            1988            1988        1988        1984            1984            1984        1984        Electoral Vote  Electoral Vote  Democrat    Republican  Electoral Vote  Electoral Vote  Democrat    RepublicanStates  Dukakis         Bush            Dukakis     Bush        Mondale         Reagan          Mondale     Reagan%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ala.    0               9               549,506     815,576     0               9               551,899     872,849 Alas.   0               3               72,584      119,251     0               3               62,007      138,377Ariz.   0               7               454,029     702,541     0               7               333,854     681,416Ark.    0               6               349,237     466,578     0               6               338,646     534,774Cal.    0               47              4,702,233   5,054,917   0               47              3,815,947   5,305,410Col.    0               8               621,453     728,177     0               8               454,975     821,817Conn.   0               8               676,584     750,241     0               8               569,597     890,877Del.    0               3               108,647     139,639     0               3               101,656     152,190D.C.    3               0               159,407     27,590      3               0               180,408     29,009Fla.    0               21              1,655,851   2,616,597   0               21              1,448,344   2,728,775Ga.     0               12              714,792     1,081,331   0               12              706,628     1,068,722Ha.     4               0               192,364     158,625     0               4               147,098     184,934Ida.    0               4               147,272     253,881     0               4               108,510     297,523Ill.    0               24              2,215,940   2,310,939   0               24              2,086,499   2,707,103Ind.    0               12              860,643     1,297,763   0               12              841,481     1,377,230Ia.     8               0               670,557     545,355     0               8               605,620     703,088Kan.    0               7               422,636     554,049     0               7               332,471     674,646Ky.     0               9               580,368     734,281     0               9               536,756     815,345La.     0               10              717,460     883,702     0               10              651,586     1,037,299Me.     0               4               243,569     307,131     0               4               214,515     336,500Md.     0               10              826,304     876,167     0               10              787,935     879,918Mass.   13              0               1,401,415   1,194,635   0               13              1,239,606   1,310,936Mich.   0               20              1,675,783   1,965,486   0               20              1,529,638   2,251,571Minn.   10              0               1,109,471   962,337     10              0               1,036,364   1,032,603Miss.   0               7               363,921     557,890     0               7               352,192     582,377Mo.     0               11              1,001,619   1,084,953   0               11              848,583     1,274,188Mon.    0               4               168,936     190,412     0               4               146,742     232,450Neb.    0               5               259,235     397,956     0               5               187,475     459,135Nev.    0               4               132,738     206,040     0               4               91,655      188,770N.H.    0               4               163,696     281,537     0               4               120,377     267,051N.J.    0               16              1,317,541   1,740,604   0               16              1,261,323   1,933,630N.M.    0               5               244,497     270,341     0               5               201,769     307,101N.Y.    36              0               3,347,882   3,081,871   0               36              3,119,609   3,664,763N.C.    0               13              890,167     1,237,258   0               13              824,287     1,346,481N.D.    0               3               127,739     166,559     0               3               104,429     200,336Oh.     0               23              1,939,629   2,416,549   0               23              1,825,440   2,678,559Okla.   0               8               483,423     678,367     0               8               385,080     861,530Ore.    7               0               616,206     560,126     0               7               536,479     685,700Pa.     0               25              2,194,944   2,300,087   0               25              2,228,131   2,584,323R.I.    4               0               225,123     177,761     0               4               197,106     212,080S.C.    0               8               370,554     606,443     0               8               344,459     615,539S.D.    0               3               145,560     165,415     0               3               116,113     200,267Tenn.   0               11              679,794     947,233     0               11              711,714     990,212Tex.    0               29              2,352,748   3,036,829   0               29              1,949,276   3,433,428Ut.     0               5               207,352     428,442     0               5               155,369     469,105Vt.     0               3               115,775     124,331     0               3               95,730      135,865Va.     0               12              859,799     1,309,162   0               12              796,250     1,337,078Wash.   10              0               933,516     903,835     0               10              798,352     1,051,670W.Va.   6               0               341,016     310,065     0               6               328,125     405,483Wis.    11              0               1,126,794   1,047,499   0               11              995,740     1,198,584Wyo.    0               3               67,113      106,867     0               3               53,370      133,241Total   112             426             41,805,422  48,881,221  13              525             37,457,215  54,281,858%@TE:   56  6609 04 08 16 16 12 12 16 16 12 12 @%

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%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Presidential Election Returns by Counties%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           News Election Service%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%All results are official. Results for New England states are forselected%@EH@%
cities or towns due to unavailability of county results.Totals are always
statewide. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Alabama  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   72  3326 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Autauga     3,667    7,828    3,366    8,350 Baldwin     9,271    25,933   7,272    24,964Barbour     3,836    4,958    4,591    5,459Bibb        2,244    2,885    2,167    3,487Blount      4,485    8,754    3,738    8,508Bullock     3,122    1,421    3,537    1,697Butler      3,465    3,923    3,641    4,941Calhoun     12,451   19,806   12,752   23,291Chambers    5,103    7,694    5,302    8,024Cherokee    3,176    2,868    3,029    3,225Chilton     3,820    8,761    3,924    8,243Choctaw     3,491    3,629    3,373    3,960Clarke      4,217    5,708    4,452    6,282Clay        1,602    3,496    1,456    3,432Cleburne    1,383    3,071    1,238    3,259Coffee      4,319    8,890    4,370    10,558Colbert     10,397   7,775    11,008   9,530Conecuh     3,022    3,256    2,737    3,538Coosa       1,860    2,405    1,781    2,585Covington   3,845    8,130    3,812    9,944Crenshaw    1,836    2,617    1,904    3,261Cullman     8,517    14,351   7,989    14,782Dale        3,476    9,266    3,215    10,319Dallas      9,660    7,630    10,955   9,585DeKalb      7,333    11,478   7,212    12,098 Elmore      4,501    10,852   4,198    11,694Escambia    4,020    6,807    3,853    8,694Etowah      17,762   17,828   19,074   19,243Fayette     3,186    4,338    2,533    4,654Franklin    4,961    5,146    4,601    5,304Geneva      2,685    5,703    2,330    6,308Greene      3,295    1,048    3,675    1,361Hale        3,187    2,414    3,289    2,691Henry       2,206    3,613    2,231    3,952Houston     7,001    19,989   6,488    20,834Jackson     7,418    6,090    7,635    6,730Jefferson   107,766  148,879  107,506  158,362Lamar       2,274    3,214    1,910    3,943Lauderdale  12,862   12,942   12,907   15,354Lawrence    4,646    3,616    4,866    4,466Lee         9,078    17,180   9,077    16,757Limestone   5,455    9,086    5,410    8,423Lowndes     3,328    1,405    3,567    1,629Macon       6,351    1,304    7,857    1,543Madison     25,800   53,575   26,889   50,428Marengo     4,402    4,241    4,811    5,261Marion      4,505    5,955    3,918    6,771Marshall    7,357    12,148   7,704    12,330Mobile      45,524   72,203   47,252   81,923Monroe      3,509    5,379    3,725    5,917Montgomery  28,709   41,131   31,206   43,328Morgan      10,594   18,679   11,324   24,103Perry       3,574    2,107    3,731    2,600Pickens     3,107    3,851    3,586    4,685Pike        3,813    5,897    3,541    6,231Randolph    2,462    4,625    2,439    4,940Russell     6,589    6,333    7,610    6,654St. Clair   4,335    10,604   4,000    10,408Shelby      7,138    27,052   5,884    21,858Sumter      4,390    2,212    4,478    2,493Talladega   8,291    12,973   8,490    14,067Tallapoosa  4,598    8,502    4,458    9,045Tuscaloosa  18,166   27,396   16,066   28,075Walker      11,338   11,011   10,591   12,852Washington  3,402    3,741    3,081    4,434Wilcox      3,369    1,739    2,663    2,337Winston     2,954    6,235    2,624    6,845Totals      549,506  815,576  551,899  872,849%@TE:   72  3326 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Alabama Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 250,726; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%42,174; Babson, Proh., 698; Browder, Com., 509; Thomas, Soc.,
%@AB@%100.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 198,918; Dewey, Rep., 44,540;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 1,095; Thomas, Soc., 190.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 171,443; Dewey,
%@AB@%Rep., 40,930; Wallace, Prog., 1,522; Watson, Proh., 1,085.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 149,231; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%275,075; Hamblen, Proh., 1,814.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Stevenson, Dem., 290,844; Eisenhower, Rep.
%@AB@%195,694; Independent electors, 20,323.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 324,050; Nixon, Rep., 237,981;
%@AB@%Faubus, States' Rights, 4,367; Decker, Proh., 2,106; King,
%@AB@%Afro-Americans, 1,485; scattering, 236.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Dem. 209,848 (electors unpledged); Goldwater,
%@AB@%Rep., 479,085; scattering, 105.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 146,923; Humphrey, Dem., 196,579;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 691,425; Munn, Proh., 4,022.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 728,701; McGovern, Dem., 219,108
%@AB@%plus 37,815 Natl. Demo. Party of Alabama; Schmitz, Conservative,
%@AB@%11,918; Munn., Proh., 8,551.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 659,170; Ford, Rep., 504,070;
%@AB@%Maddox, Am. Ind., 9,198; Bubar, Proh., 6,669; Hall, Com., 1,954;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 1,481.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 654,192; Carter, Dem., 636,730;
%@AB@%Anderson, Independent, 16,481; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 15,010;
%@AB@%Clark, Libertarian,  13,318; Bubar, Statesman, 1,743; Hall,
%@AB@%Com., 1,629; DeBerry, Soc. Work., 1,303; McReynolds, Socialist,
%@AB@%1,006; Commoner, Citizens, 517.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 872,849; Mondale, Dem., 551,899; Bergland,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 9,504.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 815,576; Dukakis, Dem., 549,506; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%8,460; Fulani, Ind., 3,311.
%@AB@%%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Alaska %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   32  1725 04 19 09 09 09 09 @%                   1988     1988     1984     1984                   Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganElection District  (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%No. 1              3,167    4,564    2,937    5,256No. 2              1,879    2,274    1,857    2,645No. 3              1,884    2,313    1,561    2,540No. 4              6,057    5,963    5,293    7,322No. 5              3,696    6,874    2,896    8,188No. 6              1,543    2,347    1,261    2,883No. 7              2,088    3,806    1,539    4,363No. 8              3,815    7,629    2,752    8,603No. 9              3,980    6,876    3,186    8,361No. 10             3,786    6,241    3,034    7,634No. 11             2,590    3,189    2,621    5,176No. 12             3,733    3,511    4,063    5,348No. 13             2,643    4,968    2,616    6,106No. 14             3,387    6,164    2,843    7,465No. 15             3,726    8,949    2,749    8,993No. 16             4,174    8,851    2,935    9,942No. 17             1,302    3,093    1,014    3,793No. 18             1,674    5,998    967      4,858No. 19             2,737    4,485    1,905    3,880No. 20             3,389    5,225    2,914    6,538No. 21             2,816    3,127    2,433    3,629No. 22             1,377    1,861    1,319    2,075No. 23             1,390    1,898    1,546    2,165No. 24             1,381    1,818    1,473    2,321No. 25             1,430    1,611    1,825    2,004No. 26             1,568    2,959    1,216    3,019No. 27             1,372    2,657    1,252    3,270Totals             72,584   119,251  62,007   138,377%@TE:   32  1725 04 19 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Alaska Vote Since 1960 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 29,809; Nixon, Rep. 30,953.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 44,329; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%22,930.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 37,600; Humphrey, Dem., 35,411;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 10,024.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 55,349; McGovern, Dem., 32,967;
%@AB@%Schmitz, American, 6,903.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 44,058; Ford, Rep., 71,555;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 6,785.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 86,112;  Carter, Dem., 41,842;
%@AB@%Clark, Libertarian, 18,479; Anderson, Ind., 11,155; Write-in,
%@AB@%857.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 138,377; Mondale, Dem., 62,007;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 6,378.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 119,251; Dukakis, Dem., 72,584; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%5,484; Fulani, New. Alliance, 1,024.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Arizona  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20   975 04 12 09 09 09 10 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Apache      8,944    5,347    7,277    5,638 Cochise     11,812   15,815   9,671    16,405Coconino    14,660   16,649   11,528   17,581Gila        7,147    7,861    6,509    8,543Graham      3,407    5,120    3,080    5,247Greenlee    1,733    1,526    1,963    1,801La Paz      1,746    2,562    1,502    2,757Maricopa    230,952  442,337  154,833  411,902Mohave      10,197   17,651   7,436    17,364Navajo      9,023    10,393   8,017    11,379Pima        113,824  117,899  91,585   123,830 Pinal       13,850   14,966   11,923   16,464Santa Cruz  3,268    3,320    2,463    3,855Yavapai     14,514   27,842   9,609    24,802Yuma        8,952    13,253   6,458    13,848Totals      454,029  702,541  333,854  681,416%@TE:   20   975 04 12 09 09 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Arizona Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 95,267; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%54,030; Babson, Proh., 742.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 80,926; Dewey, Rep., 56,287;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 421.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 95,251; Dewey, Rep., 77,597;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 3,310; Watson, Proh., 786; Teichert, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%121.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 152,042; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%108,528.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 176,990; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%112,880; Andrews, Ind. 303.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 176,781; Nixon, Rep., 221,241;
%@AB@%Hass, Soc. Labor, 469.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 237,753; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%242,535; Hass, Soc. Labor, 482.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 266,721; Humphrey, Dem., 170,514;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 46,573; McCarthy, New Party, 2,751; Halstead,
%@AB@%Soc. Worker, 85; Cleaver, Peace and Freedom, 217; Blomen, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 75.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 402,812; McGovern, Dem., 198,540;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 21,208; Soc. Workers, 30,945. (Due to ballot
%@AB@%peculiarities in 3 counties (particularly Pima), thousands of
%@AB@%voters cast ballots for the Socialist Workers Party %@AI@%and%@AE@%
one of the major candidates. Court ordered both votes counted as
official.
%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 295,602; Ford, Rep., 418,642;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 19,229; MacBride, Libertarian, 7,647; Camejo,
%@AB@%Soc. Workers, 928; Anderson, Amer., 564; Maddox, Am. Ind., 85.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 529,688;  Carter, Dem., 246,843;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 76,952; Clark, Libertarian, 18,784; De Berry,
%@AB@%Soc. Workers, 1,100; Commoner, Citizens, 551; Hall, Com., 25;
%@AB@%Griswold, Workers World, 2.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 681,416; Mondale, Dem., 333,854;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 10,585.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 702,541; Dukakis, Dem., 454,029; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%13,351; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,662.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Arkansas  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   80  3835 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%              1988     1988     1984     1984              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Arkansas      3,075    4,007    3,153    4,804Ashley        4,466    4,111    3,373    5,675Baxter        4,808    8,614    4,528    10,870Benton        9,399    24,295   7,306    24,296Boone         3,998    7,567    3,356    7,961Bradley       2,167    2,089    2,313    2,690Calhoun       1,024    1,316    1,058    1,474Carroll       2,632    4,553    2,263    5,041Chicot        2,426    1,901    3,407    2,502Clark         4,675    3,389    4,638    4,185Clay          3,442    2,766    3,279    3,767Cleburne      3,404    4,932    3,172    5,769Cleveland     1,404    1,462    1,378    1,773Columbia      3,706    5,810    3,680    6,526Conway        4,134    4,066    3,742    5,049Craighead     9,083    11,887   8,035    14,047Crawford      3,582    9,092    3,071    9,551Crittenden    6,702    7,441    6,520    6,663Cross         2,989    3,186    2,701    3,917Dallas        1,990    1,947    2,035    2,361Desha         2,859    2,334    2,918    2,696Drew          2,578    2,995    2,638    3,407Faulkner      7,302    10,678   7,169    11,595Franklin      2,458    3,588    2,399    4,382Fulton        2,018    1,918    1,864    2,329Garland       11,406   19,281   11,484   21,213Grant         2,142    2,717    2,148    3,167Greene        5,065    5,161    4,730    6,179Hempstead     3,841    3,938    3,327    4,904Hot Spring    5,090    4,181    5,836    5,629Howard        1,818    2,510    1,746    3,079Independence  4,523    6,637    4,415    7,428Izard         2,652    2,824    2,346    2,726Jackson       4,199    3,049    4,038    3,901Jefferson     16,664   12,520   18,082   14,514Johnson       2,818    4,046    3,056    4,720Lafayette     1,915    1,860    1,695    2,290Lawrence      3,179    3,205    2,594    4,039Lee           2,878    1,863    2,541    2,101Lincoln       2,204    1,557    2,406    1,860Little River  2,740    2,347    2,090    3,155Logan         1,254    2,203    3,206    5,663Lonoke        4,786    7,215    4,636    8,425Madison       2,106    3,067    2,133    3,516Marion        2,033    2,993    1,945    3,545Miller        5,437    7,110    4,686    8,302Mississippi   6,759    7,841    7,548    10,180Monroe        2,052    1,862    2,413    2,508Montgomery    1,362    1,752    1,497    2,221Nevada        1,732    1,714    1,783    2,352Newton        1,489    2,504    1,414    2,749Ouachita      5,229    6,297    5,858    6,700Perry         1,470    1,627    1,404    2,047Phillips      5,580    3,892    5,946    4,686Pike          1,681    2,105    1,443    2,665Poinsett      3,873    3,644    3,906    5,622Polk          2,390    4,099    2,101    5,181Pope          4,941    10,084   5,082    10,667Prairie       1,688    1,947    1,437    2,407Pulaski       55,857   70,562   54,237   77,651Randolph      2,781    2,560    2,507    3,188St. Francis   4,656    4,298    4,866    5,378Saline        8,436    12,353   5,977    11,709Scott         1,707    2,507    1,609    3,066Searcy        1,340    2,743    1,313    2,819Sebastian     9,684    24,426   8,688    27,595Sevier        2,037    2,254    1,942    3,302Sharp         2,955    3,623    2,492    4,392Stone         1,728    2,186    1,654    2,325Union         5,931    10,581   6,208    12,333Van Buren     2,607    3,562    2,529    4,060Washington    12,557   23,601   11,319   24,993White         6,957    11,094   6,603    12,566Woodruff      1,924    1,097    2,055    1,675Yell          2,763    3,535    2,679    4,051Totals        349,237  466,578  338,646  534,774%@TE:   80  3835 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Arkansas Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 158,622; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%42,121; Babson, Proh., 793; Thomas, Soc., 305.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 148,965; Dewey, Rep., 63,551;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc. 438.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 149,659; Dewey, Rep., 50,959;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 40,068; Thomas, Soc., 1,037;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 751; Watson, Proh., 1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 177,155; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%226,300; Hamblen, Proh., 886; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist,
%@AB@%458; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Stevenson, Dem., 213,277; Eisenhower, Rep.,
%@AB@%186,287; Andrews, Ind., 7,008.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 215,049; Nixon, Rep., 184,508;
%@AB@%Nat'l. States' Rights, 28,952.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 314,197; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%243,264; Kasper, Nat'l. States Rights, 2,965.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 189,062; Humphrey, Dem., 184,901;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 235,627.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 445,751; McGovern, Dem., 198,899;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer. , 3,016.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 498,604; Ford, Rep., 267,903;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 639; Anderson, Amer., 389.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 403,164;  Carter, Dem., 398,041;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 22,468; Clark, Libertarian, 8,970; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 2,345; Bubar, Statesman, 1,350; Hall, Comm., 1,244.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 534,774; Mondale, Dem., 338,646;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 2,220.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 466,578; Dukakis, Dem., 349,237; Duke, Chr. Pop.,
%@AB@%5,146; Paul, Lib., 3,297.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%California  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   63  3647 04 17 11 11 11 11 @%                 1988       1988       1984       1984                 Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty           (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alameda          310,283    162,815    279,281    190,029Alpine           230        306        194        264Amador           5,197      6,893      4,166      6,970Butte            30,406     40,143     25,126     44,836Calaveras        5,674      7,640      3,919      7,339Colusa           2,022      3,077      1,715      3,362Contra Costa     169,411    158,652    137,941    167,797Del Norte        3,587      3,714      2,693      3,989El Dorado        19,801     30,021     13,969     26,900Fresno           92,635     94,835     83,416     101,156Glenn            2,894      4,944      2,480      5,994Humboldt         29,781     21,460     24,870     27,495Imperial         10,243     12,889     8,231      13,816Inyo             2,653      5,042      2,348      5,811Kern             55,083     90,550     44,523     85,872Kings            9,142      12,118     7,317      13,357Lake             9,828      9,366      8,292      10,291Lassen           3,446      5,157      3,253      5,338Los Angeles      1,372,352  1,239,716  1,114,578  1,370,813Madera           10,642     13,255     8,701      13,853Marin            69,394     46,855     56,796     55,845Mariposa         2,998      3,768      2,121      3,571Mendocino        17,152     12,979     14,172     16,107Merced           20,105     21,717     16,875     25,003Modoc            1,416      2,518      1,219      2,995Mono             1,284      2,177      944        2,630Monterey         48,998     50,022     39,676     54,440Napa             22,283     23,235     18,234     25,715Nevada           14,980     21,383     10,941     19,440Orange           269,013    586,230    200,477    615,099Placer           27,516     42,096     20,527     36,565Plumas           4,251      4,603      3,709      5,079Riverside        133,122    199,979    99,853     178,397Sacramento       188,557    201,832    153,450    197,957San Benito       4,559      5,578      3,454      5,530San Bernardino   151,118    235,167    114,710    217,556San Diego        333,264    523,143    251,134    487,362San Francisco    201,887    72,503     190,396    88,683San Joaquin      61,699     75,309     53,441     81,084San Luis Obispo  35,667     46,613     26,626     48,331San Mateo        141,859    109,261    120,853    133,912Santa Barbara    63,586     77,524     49,505     85,458Santa Clara      277,810    254,442    224,032    280,425Santa Cruz       63,133     37,728     47,240     39,862Shasta           21,171     32,402     19,178     32,854Sierra           791        860        781        1,078Siskiyou         8,365      9,056      7,130      10,544Solano           54,344     50,314     41,435     50,867Sonoma           91,262     67,725     69,383     74,014Stanislaus       44,685     51,648     36,599     54,085Sutter           6,557      14,100     5,526      14,425Tehama           7,213      9,854      6,511      11,536Trinity          2,518      3,267      2,204      3,525Tulare           30,711     46,891     27,707     50,262Tuolumne         8,717      10,646     7,212      10,376Ventura          89,065     147,604    64,623     146,647Yolo             30,429     22,358     25,264     23,604Yuba             5,444      8,937      4,996      9,265Totals           4,702,233  5,054,917  3,815,947  5,305,410%@TE:   63  3647 04 17 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%California Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,877,618; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,351,419; Thomas, Prog., 16,506; Browder, Com., 13,586; Babson,
%@AB@%Proh., 9,400.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,988,564; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,512,965; Watson, Proh., 14,770; Thomas, Soc., 3,923; Teichert,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 327.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 1,913,134; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,895,269; Wallace, Prog., 190,381; Watson, Proh., 16,926;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc., 3,459; Thurmond, States' Rights, 1,228;
%@AB@%Teichert, Soc. Labor, 195; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 133.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,897,310; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,197,548; Hallinan, Prog., 24,106; Hamblen, Proh., 15,653;
%@AB@%MacArthur, (Tenny Ticket), 3,326; (Kellems Ticket) 178; Hass,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 273; Hoopes, Soc., 206; scattered, 3,249.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 3,027,668; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,420,136; Holtwick, Proh., 11,119; Andrews, Constitution,
%@AB@%6,087; Hass, Soc. Labor, 300; Hoopes, Soc., 123; Dobbs, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 96; Smith, Christian Nat'l., 8.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 3,224,099; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%3,259,722; Decker, Proh., 21,706; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,051.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 4,171,877; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,879,108; Hass, Soc. Labor, 489; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 378;
%@AB@%Munn, Proh., 305; Hensley, Universal, 19.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 3,467,664; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%3,244,318; Wallace, 3d party, 487,270; Peace and Freedom party,
%@AB@%27,707; McCarthy, Alternative, 20,721; Gregory, write-in, 3,230;
%@AB@%Mitchell, Com., 260; Munn, Proh., 59; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 341;
%@AB@%Soeters, Defense, 17.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 4,602,096; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%3,475,847; Schmitz, Amer., 232,554; Spock, Peace and Freedom,
%@AB@%55,167; Hall, Com., 373; Hospers, Libertarian, 980; Munn, Proh.,
%@AB@%53; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 197; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 574; Green,
%@AB@%Universal, 21.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 3,742,284; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%3,882,244; MacBride, Libertarian, 56,388; Maddox, Am. Ind.,
%@AB@%51,098; Wright, People's, 41,731; Camejo, Soc. Workers,
%@AB@%17,259; Hall, Com., 12,766; write-in, McCarthy, 58,412; other
%@AB@%write-in, 4,935.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep. 4,524,858;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%3,083,661; Anderson, Ind., 739,833; Clark, Libertarian, 148,434;
%@AB@%Commoner, Ind. 61,063; Smith, Peace & Freedom, 18,116; Rarick,
%@AB@%Amer. Ind., 9,856.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep. 5,305,410; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%3,815,947; Bergland, Libertarian, 48,400.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 5,054,917; Dukakis, Dem., 4,702,233; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%70,105; Fulani, Ind., 31,181.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Colorado  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   68  3177 04 13 09 09 09 09 @%             1988     1988     1984     1984             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty       (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams        49,464   43,163   35,285   55,092Alamosa      2,146    2,567    1,720    2,953Arapahoe     61,113   95,926   39,891   107,556Archuleta    795      1,440    584      1,557Baca         851      1,670    580      1,903Bent         1,088    1,032    859      1,314Boulder      57,265   48,174   42,195   53,535Chaffee      2,548    3,080    1,779    3,680Cheyenne     399      760      307      892Clear Creek  1,698    1,820    1,089    2,151Conejos      1,976    1,445    1,553    1,669Costilla     1,120    454      997      621Crowley      630      862      517      993Custer       310      753      241      832Delta        3,521    5,449    2,835    6,678Denver       127,173  77,753   110,200  105,096Dolores      230      488      173      667Douglas      6,931    17,035   3,011    12,249Eagle        3,314    4,366    2,032    4,500Elbert       1,566    2,805    802      2,605El Paso      39,995   96,965   28,185   88,377Fremont      5,278    7,623    3,895    8,250Garfield     4,620    6,358    3,076    7,111Gilpin       804      728      634      896Grand        1,451    2,306    1,017    2,865Gunnison     1,897    2,520    1,424    3,100Hinsdale     111      295      98       310Huerfano     1,876    1,079    1,602    1,581Jackson      294      584      191      722Jefferson    81,824   110,820  53,700   124,496Kiowa        398      645      265      850Kit Carson   1,196    2,262    778      2,762Lake         1,516    969      1,324    1,364La Plata     5,443    7,714    4,040    8,719Larimer      35,703   45,967   23,896   49,883Las Animas   4,075    2,162    3,670    2,992Lincoln      874      1,356    587      1,661Logan        3,382    4,485    2,155    5,883Mesa         14,372   22,150   9,938    23,736Mineral      174      217      117      333Moffat       1,634    2,757    1,228    3,630Montezuma    2,233    4,208    1,665    4,753Montrose     3,748    6,012    2,864    7,162Morgan       3,728    4,795    2,331    6,097Otero        3,910    4,265    3,005    5,373Ouray        439      814      366      914Park         1,343    1,909    782      2,041Philips      923      1,317    651      1,689Pitkin       3,420    2,801    2,293    3,117Prowers      2,207    2,978    1,467    3,501Pueblo       32,788   20,119   27,126   24,634Rio Blanco   803      1,821    484      2,131Rio Grande   1,545    2,626    1,104    3,122Routt        2,922    3,264    2,051    4,239Saguache     1,033    945      867      1,201San Juan     192      210      183      320San Miguel   961      798      654      833Sedgwick     611      921      429      1,146Summit       2,595    2,893    1,588    3,253Teller       1,656    3,760    1,043    3,460Washington   958      1,707    568      2,080Weld         20,548   26,497   13,863   31,293Yuma         1,835    2,513    1,121    3,394Total        621,453  728,177  454,975  821,817%@TE:   68  3177 04 13 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Colorado Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 265,554; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%279,576; Thomas, Soc., 1,899; Babson, Proh., 1,597; Browder,
%@AB@%Com., 378.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 234,331; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%268,731; Thomas, Soc., 1,977.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 267,288; Dewey, Rep., 239,714;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 6,115; Thomas, Soc., 1,678; Dobbs, Soc. Workers,
%@AB@%228; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 214.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 379,782; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%245,504; MacArthur, Constitution, 2,181; Hallinan, Prog., 1,919;
%@AB@%Hoopes, Soc., 365; Hass, Soc. Labor, 352.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 394,479; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%263,997; Hass, Soc. Lab., 3,308; Andrews, Ind., 759; Hoopes,
%@AB@%Soc., 531.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 330,629; Nixon, Rep., 402,242;
%@AB@%Hass, Soc. Labor, 2,803; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 572.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 476,024; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%296,767; Hass, Soc. Labor, 302; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 2,537;
%@AB@%Munn, Proh., 1,356.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 409,345; Humphrey, Dem., 335,174;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 60,813; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 3,016; Gregory,
%@AB@%New-party, 1,393; Munn, Proh., 275; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 235.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 597,189; McGovern, Dem., 329,980;
%@AB@%Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,361; Hospers, Libertarian, 1,111; Hall,
%@AB@%Com., 432; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 555; Munn, Proh., 467;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 17,269; Spock, Peoples, 2,403.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 460,353; Ford, Rep., 584,367;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 26,107; MacBride, Libertarian, 5,330; Bubar,
%@AB@%Proh., 2,882.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 652,264;  Carter, Dem., 367,973;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 130,633; Clark, Libertarian, 25,744; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 5,614; Bubar, Statesman, 1,180; Pulley, Socialist,
%@AB@%520; Hall, Com., 487.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 821,817; Mondale, Dem., 454,975;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 11,257.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 728,177; Dukakis, Dem., 621,453; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%15,482; Dodge, Proh., 4,604.
%@AB@% %@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Connecticut%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   13   693 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%               1988     1988     1984     1984               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCity           (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bridgeport     23,831   17,084   24,332   24,256Hartford       27,295   8,100    29,327   11,621New Britain    15,843   9,569    14,608   13,723New Haven      31,951   11,616   32,518   16,483Norwalk        14,518   18,618   12,509   22,447Stamford       20,773   24,877   19,432   29,167Waterbury      18,202   20,018   18,217   24,764West Hartford  19,311   16,482   16,882   20,517Totals         676,584  750,241  569,597  890,877%@TE:   13   693 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Connecticut Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 417,621; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%361,021; Browder, Com., 1,091; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 971; Willkie,
%@AB@%Union, 798.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 435,146; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%390,527; Thomas, Soc., 5,097; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,220.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 423,297; Dewey, Rep., 437,754;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 13,713; Thomas, Soc., 6,964; Teichert, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 1,184; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 606.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 611,012; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%481,649; Hoopes, Soc., 2,244; Hallinan, Peoples, 1,466; Hass,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 535; write-in, 5.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 711,837; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%405,079; scattered, 205.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 657,055; Nixon, Rep., 565,813.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 826,269; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%390,996; scattered, 1,313.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 556,721; Humphrey, Dem., 621,561;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 76,650; scattered, 1,300.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 810,763; McGovern, Dem., 555,498;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer.,  17,239; scattered, 777.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 647,895; Ford, Rep., 719,261;
%@AB@%Maddox, George Wallace Party, 7,101; LaRouche, U.S. Labor,
%@AB@%1,789.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 677,210;  Carter, Dem., 541,732;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 171,807; Clark, Libertarian, 8,570; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 6,130; scattered, 836.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 890,877; Mondale, Dem., 569,597.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 750,241; Dukakis, Dem., 676,584; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%14,071; Fulani; New Alliance, 2,491.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Delaware%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    8   425 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Kent        12,996   19,923   11,789   21,531New Castle  79,147   92,587   76,238   102,322Sussex      16,504   27,129   13,629   28,337Totals      108,647  139,639  101,656  152,190%@TE:    8   425 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Delaware Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 74,559; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%61,440; Babson, Proh., 220; Thomas, Soc., 115.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 68,166; Dewey, Rep., 56,747;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 294; Thomas, Soc., 154.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 67,813; Dewey, Rep., 69,688;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 1,050; Watson, Proh., 343; Thomas, Soc., 250;
%@AB@%Teichert, Soc. Labor, 29.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 90,059; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%83,315; Hass, Soc. Labor, 242; Hamblen, Proh., 234; Hallinan,
%@AB@%Prog., 155; Hoopes, Soc., 20.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 98,057; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%79,421; Oltwick, Proh., 400; Hass, Soc. Labor, 110.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 99,590; Nixon, Rep., 96,373;
%@AB@%Faubus, States' Rights, 354; Decker, Proh., 284; Hass, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 82.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 122,704; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%78,078; Hass, Soc. Labor, 113; Munn, Proh., 425.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 96,714; Humphrey, Dem., 89,194;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 28,459.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 140,357; McGovern, Dem., 92,283;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer.,  2,638; Munn, Proh., 238.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 122,596; Ford, Rep., 109,831;
%@AB@%McCarthy, non-partisan, 2,437; Anderson, Amer., 645; LaRouche,
%@AB@%U.S. Labor, 136; Bubar, Proh., 103; Levin, Soc. Labor, 86.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 111,252;  Carter, Dem., 105,754;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 16,288; Clark, Libertarian, 1,974; Greaves,
%@AB@%American, 400.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 152,190; Mondale, Dem., 101,656;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 268.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 139,639; Dukakis, Dem., 108,647; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%1,162; Fulani, New Alliance, 443.
%@AB@% %@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%District of Columbia%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    5   269 04 08 10 09 09 08 @%        1988      1988     1984     1984        Dukakis   Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty  (D)       (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Totals  159,407   27,590   180,408  29,009%@TE:    5   269 04 08 10 09 09 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%District of Columbia Vote Since 1964 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 169,796; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%28,801.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 31,012; Humphrey, Dem., 139,566.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 35,226; McGovern, Dem., 127,627;
%@AB@%Reed, Soc. Workers, 316; Hall, Com., 252.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 137,818; Ford, Rep., 27,873;
%@AB@%Camejo, Soc. Workers, 545; MacBride, Libertarian, 274; Hall,
%@AB@%Com., 219; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 157.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 23,313; Carter, Dem., 130,231;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 16,131; Commoner, Citizens,  1,826; Clark,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 1,104; Hall, Com., 369; De Berry, Soc. Work., 173;
%@AB@%Griswold, Workers World, 52; write-ins, 690.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Mondale, Dem., 180,408; Reagan, Rep., 29,009;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 279.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 27,590; Dukakis, Dem., 159,407; Fulani, New
%@AB@%Alliance, 2,901; Paul, Lib., 554.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Florida%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   72  3997 04 15 11 11 11 11 @%               1988       1988       1984       1984               Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alachua        29,375     30,124     26,551     30,582Baker          1,353      3,414      1,381      3,485Bay            11,582     31,712     9,381      29,322Bradford       2,386      4,218      2,341      4,128Brevard        42,967     104,721    36,963     102,339Broward        218,211    220,196    194,542    254,501Calhoun        1,329      2,420      1,312      2,493Charlotte      15,967     28,879     11,303     27,464Citrus         12,177     21,052     10,463     20,754Clay           7,766      25,882     5,488      21,545Collier        12,768     38,910     9,065      33,603Columbia       4,072      7,759      4,261      8,807Dade           216,847    270,672    223,793    324,216De Soto        2,181      4,237      2,302      4,822Dixie          1,366      2,027      1,224      2,204Duval          74,832     127,875    77,459     128,653Escambia       29,934     64,774     26,798     66,638Flagler        4,241      6,494      2,999      4,907Franklin       1,283      1,911      1,089      2,218Gadsden        6,368      5,987      7,399      5,805Gilchrist      1,137      1,854      1,051      2,056Glades         1,034      1,546      1,070      1,987Gulf           1,687      3,040      1,783      3,573Hamilton       1,314      2,062      1,401      1,921Hardee         1,688      3,636      1,536      3,957Hendry         2,036      3,962      2,018      4,524Hernando       15,432     21,179     12,204     21,273Highlands      8,087      16,713     7,217      16,465Hillsborough   98,969     150,065    86,189     157,827Holmes         1,639      4,221      1,231      4,547Indian River   10,447     24,619     8,731      23,694Jackson        5,002      8,392      4,956      9,086Jefferson      2,055      2,326      2,055      2,244Lafayette      722        1,450      862        1,513Lake           16,762     37,314     12,215     35,304Lee            40,709     87,247     30,011     85,006Leon           33,446     36,032     29,654     36,301Levy           3,433      5,250      3,103      5,561Liberty        709        1,419      649        1,409Madison        1,950      2,556      2,101      2,816Manatee        26,618     51,160     20,887     55,775Marion         20,679     41,488     16,221     37,796Martin         11,486     31,270     8,976      28,897Monroe         10,151     15,919     7,771      16,316Nassau         4,138      8,366      3,483      8,033Okaloosa       9,726      40,295     7,289      36,963Okeechobee     3,007      4,733      2,226      4,447Orange         53,991     117,141    48,737     122,007Osceola        9,811      21,350     6,627      18,344Palm Beach     144,143    181,408    116,071    186,755Pasco          50,369     63,788     40,961     66,609Pinellas       152,374    210,971    128,547    240,535Polk           38,236     77,065     35,505     84,174Putnam         8,569      11,621     7,821      11,424St. Johns      7,999      19,164     6,652      16,493St. Lucie      17,427     32,241     13,039     28,189Santa Rosa     5,251      18,948     4,646      21,237Sarasota       42,095     84,585     30,512     87,713Seminole       22,627     60,328     17,789     56,229Sumter         3,900      5,933      3,460      6,252Suwannee       3,126      5,859      2,788      6,079Taylor         1,762      4,054      1,728      4,030Union          691        1,643      761        1,804Volusia        55,437     74,116     43,811     68,317Wakulla        1,605      3,157      1,469      3,087Walton         3,231      7,481      2,500      7,117Washington     2,139      4,366      1,916      4,603Totals         1,655,851  2,616,597  1,448,344  2,728,775%@TE:   72  3997 04 15 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Florida Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 359,334; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%126,158.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 339,377; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%143,215.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 281,988; Dewey, Rep., 194,280;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 89,755; Wallace, Prog., 11,620.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 544,036; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%444,950; scattered, 351.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 643,849; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%480,371.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 748,700; Nixon, Rep., 795,476.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 948,540; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%905,941.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 886,804; Humphrey, Dem., 676,794;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 624,207.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,857,759; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%718,117; scattered, 7,407.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 1,636,000; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,469,531; McCarthy, Ind., 23,643; Anderson, Amer., 21,325.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,046,951;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,419,475; Anderson, Ind., 189,692; Clark, Libertarian, 30,524;
%@AB@%write-ins, 285.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,728,775; Mondale, Dem., 1,448,344.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 2,616,597; Dukakis, Dem., 1,655,851; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%19,796, Fulani, New Alliance, 6,655.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Georgia%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  164  8418 04 16 09 11 09 11 @%                1988     1988       1984     1984                Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  ReaganCounty          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Appling         1,837    3,000      1,958    2,929Atkinson        887      1,126      901      944Bacon           780      1,407      1,010    1,778Baker           707      629        691      675Baldwin         4,008    5,852      3,853    5,717Banks           984      1,590      1,063    1,549Barrow          2,442    4,738      2,367    4,123Bartow          4,884    8,039      4,780    7,104Ben Hill        1,867    2,005      1,859    2,313Berrien         1,381    2,030      1,670    2,395Bibb            22,084   22,179     26,427   24,170Bleckley        1,175    1,950      1,465    1,912Brantley        1,450    1,539      1,517    1,679Brooks          1,500    2,136      1,661    2,229Bryan           1,423    2,802      1,398    2,265Bulloch         3,417    6,354      3,644    6,117Burke           2,861    2,988      3,127    3,137Butts           1,730    2,184      1,820    2,141Calhoun         901      644        1,077    776Camden          2,090    2,913      2,164    2,841Candler         877      1,261      1,014    1,497Carroll         4,706    10,754     5,590    11,436Catoosa         3,588    9,319      3,089    7,908Charlton        943      1,327      1,111    1,368Chatham         25,063   35,623     28,271   38,482Chattahoochee   362      454        428      459Chattooga       2,206    3,665      2,576    2,953Cherokee        4,378    14,593     3,499    11,146Clarke          11,154   11,150     10,132   11,503Clay            595      398        750      419Clayton         14,689   28,225     11,763   31,553Clinch          594      863        625      862Cobb            39,297   106,621    28,414   97,429Coffee          2,777    4,019      2,633    4,200Colquitt        2,998    5,653      3,208    5,815Columbia        4,617    16,401     3,727    12,294Cook            1,226    1,555      1,510    1,860Coweta          4,212    9,668      3,650    7,981Crawford        1,340    1,235      1,423    1,298Crisp           1,690    2,916      2,128    2,895Dade            1,120    2,539      1,150    2,750Dawson          761      1,908      643      1,322Decatur         2,348    3,866      2,656    4,134DeKalb          92,521   90,179     77,329   104,697Dodge           2,164    2,677      2,513    2,765Dooly           1,613    1,386      1,726    1,435Dougherty       12,579   15,520     12,904   16,920Douglas         5,086    13,493     4,371    12,428Early           1,359    1,918      1,494    2,239Echols          245      422        227      453Effingham       1,905    3,933      2,055    4,266Elbert          2,118    2,796      2,670    3,366Emanuel         2,387    3,530      2,458    3,920Evans           1,023    1,707      1,193    1,601Fannin          2,123    4,271      1,965    4,159Fayette         4,593    16,443     2,861    12,575Floyd           8,548    14,697     8,873    15,437Forsyth         2,347    7,947      2,275    6,841Franklin        1,842    2,615      1,838    2,549Fulton          120,752  91,785     125,567  95,149Gilmer          1,363    3,353      1,234    2,972Glascock        210      580        317      827Glynn           6,339    11,126     6,574    11,724Gordon          2,369    6,051      2,607    5,566Grady           1,883    2,989      2,261    3,886Greene          1,818    1,432      1,992    1,599Gwinnett        20,948   66,372     14,139   54,749Habersham       2,114    4,871      2,125    4,647Hall            7,782    17,415     7,421    15,076Hancock         1,947    621        2,109    644Haralson        2,404    4,529      1,938    3,945Harris          1,905    3,414      2,096    3,138Hart            2,476    3,044      2,496    2,842Heard           874      1,551      810      1,492Henry           4,348    10,882     4,096    9,142Houston         8,664    15,748     9,226    14,255Irwin           918      1,226      905      1,330Jackson         2,607    4,407      2,717    4,202Jasper          1,188    1,474      1,122    1,431Jeff Davis      1,242    2,050      1,380    2,233Jefferson       2,346    2,788      2,816    2,999Jenkins         953      1,288      1,108    1,399Johnson         927      1,567      1,199    1,733Jones           2,662    3,618      2,781    3,401Lamar           1,416    2,035      1,605    2,198Lanier          698      725        741      852Laurens         4,879    6,929      5,471    7,181Lee             995      2,875      1,284    2,972Liberty         2,906    3,100      2,803    3,229Lincoln         893      1,417      1,115    1,357Long            681      858        816      1,099Lowndes         6,427    10,855     6,167    10,437Lumpkin         1,286    2,688      1,110    1,991McDuffie        1,704    3,231      2,006    3,284McIntosh        1,527    1,273      1,796    1,512Macon           2,268    1,412      2,521    1,515Madison         1,639    3,724      1,690    3,768Marion          844      804        951      846Meriwether      2,934    3,101      2,864    3,195Miller          515      1,105      526      1,348Mitchell        2,260    2,590      2,791    2,737Monroe          1,970    2,570      2,189    2,420Montgomery      903      1,228      950      1,365Morgan          1,508    2,108      1,714    2,301Murray          1,679    3,996      1,649    3,521Muscogee        18,772   23,058     20,835   23,816Newton          3,111    5,809      3,389    5,810Oconee          1,990    4,265      1,467    3,471Oglethorpe      1,154    1,951      1,238    2,122Paulding        2,717    7,329      2,621    6,048Peach           2,972    2,782      3,369    2,652Pickens         1,430    3,021      1,329    2,801Pierce          1,558    1,947      1,501    1,978Pike            1,176    2,074      1,203    1,855Polk            2,977    5,454      3,262    5,435Pulaski         1,476    1,400      1,440    1,509Putnam          1,532    2,111      1,336    1,830Quitman         436      296        490      361Rabun           1,301    2,278      1,267    2,191Randolph        1,369    1,319      1,454    1,578Richmond        20,489   27,566     21,208   29,869Rockdale        4,330    12,413     3,291    10,121Schley          439      635        403      614Screven         1,461    2,178      1,747    2,583Seminole        1,171    1,469      1,350    1,636Spalding        4,318    7,730      4,878    8,571Stephens        2,185    4,329      2,272    4,057Stewart         1,136    832        1,308    805Sumter          3,332    4,289      3,725    4,607Talbot          1,248    802        1,494    778Taliaferro      469      306        550      318Tattnall        1,694    3,172      1,954    3,641Taylor          1,134    1,145      1,340    1,292Telfair         1,765    1,805      2,049    1,980Terrell         1,383    1,517      1,598    1,744Thomas          3,530    6,572      4,039    6,427Tift            2,446    4,760      2,736    4,429Toombs          1,152    4,433      2,385    4,470Towns           942      1,783      1,007    1,960Treutlen        726      970        843      1,086Troup           4,562    9,484      5,272    9,340Turner          1,122    1,312      1,270    1,329Twiggs          1,730    1,261      1,755    1,143Union           1,258    2,396      1,112    1,914Upson           2,666    4,614      2,943    4,803Walker          4,753    10,487     5,000    10,734Walton          3,091    5,974      2,481    4,995Ware            4,292    4,819      4,435    5,547Warren          1,091    897        1,258    1,087Washington      2,615    2,752      3,034    2,887Wayne           2,417    3,340      2,434    3,698Webster         427      361        534      402Wheeler         658      709        774      833White           1,028    2,648      1,090    2,369Whitfield       4,618    12,761     5,284    11,957Wilcox          1,079    1,235      1,212    1,218Wilkes          1,549    1,810      1,586    1,837Wilkinson       1,831    1,546      2,102    1,756Worth           1,311    2,668      1,685    2,910Totals          714,792  1,081,331  706,628  1,068,722%@TE:  164  8418 04 16 09 11 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Georgia Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 265,194; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%23,934; Ind. Dem., 22,428; total, 46,362; Babson, Proh., 983.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 268,187; Dewey, Rep., 56,506;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 36.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 254,646; Dewey, Rep., 76,691;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 85,055; Wallace, Prog., 1,636;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 732.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 198,979; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%456,823; Liberty Party, 1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Stevenson, Dem., 444,388; Eisenhower, Rep.,
%@AB@%222,778; Andrews, Ind., write-in, 1,754.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 458,638; Nixon, Rep., 274,472;
%@AB@%write-in, 239.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 522,557; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%616,600.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 380,111; Humphrey, Dem., 334,440;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 535,550; write-in, 162.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 881,496; McGovern, Dem., 289,529;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer.,  2,288; scattered.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 979,409; Ford, Rep., 483,743;
%@AB@%write-in, 4,306.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 654,168;  Carter, Dem., 890,955;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 36,055; Clark, Libertarian, 15,627.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,068,722; Mondale, Dem., 706,628.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,081,331; Dukakis, Dem., 714,792; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%8,435; Fulani, New Alliance, 5,099.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Hawaii%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    9   452 04 10 09 09 09 09 @%          1988     1988     1984     1984          Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty    (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Hawaii    24,091   17,125   17,866   20,707Honolulu  138,971  120,258  107,404  140,258Kauai     11,770   8,298    8,862    9,249Maui      17,532   12,944   12,966   14,720Totals    192,364  158,625  147,098  184,934%@TE:    9   452 04 10 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Hawaii Vote Since 1960 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 92,410; Nixon, Rep., 92,295.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 163,249; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%44,022.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 91,425; Humphrey, Dem., 141,324;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 3,469.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 168,865; McGovern, Dem., 101,409.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 147,375; Ford, Rep., 140,003;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 3,923.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 130,112;  Carter, Dem., 135,879;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 32,021; Clark, Libertarian, 3,269; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 1,548; Hall, Com., 458.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 184,934; Mondale, Dem., 147,098;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 2,167.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 158,625; Dukakis, Dem., 192,364; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%1,999; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,003.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Idaho%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   49  2270 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ada         30,525   54,951   21,760   60,036Adams       643      1,107    540      1,381 Bannock     13,074   14,986   9,399    18,742Bear Lake   867      2,084    481      2,760Benewah     1,518    1,650    1,447    2,039Bingham     4,346    10,131   3,064    11,900Blaine      2,498    3,130    1,971    3,603Boise       620      1,044    436      1,249Bonner      5,555    5,721    4,628    6,889Bonneville  7,032    22,613   4,877    24,392Boundary    1,336    1,800    1,158    2,159Butte       521      899      429      1,245Camas       136      288      123      364Canyon      10,207   21,426   7,527    24,613Caribou     867      2,239    535      3,032Cassias     1,833    5,345    1,036    6,503Clark       133      281      59       353Clearwater  1,861    1,659    1,608    2,176Custer      616      1,253    461      1,653Elmore      2,078    3,756    1,458    4,595Franklin    806      2,992    439      3,261Fremont     1,178    3,401    818      4,006Gem         2,064    2,926    1,607    3,644Gooding     1,872    2,908    1,247    3,819Idaho       2,198    3,541    1,996    4,219Jefferson   1,198    5,295    743      5,770Jerome      1,985    3,830    1,284    4,913Kootenai    11,621   15,093   9,004    17,330Latah       6,544    6,367    5,571    7,709Lemhi       1,157    2,378    852      2,810Lewis       807      786      648      1,000Lincoln     574      918      386      1,211Madison     1,009    6,197    483      6,798Minidoka    2,290    4,623    1,398    5,938Nez Perce   7,754    7,027    5,981    8,153Oneida      508      1,269    360      1,528Owyhee      848      1,707    574      2,141Payette     1,900    3,786    1,410    4,605Power       1,095    1,838    678      2,298Shoshone    3,379    2,134    3,033    3,156Teton       531      982      370      1,242Twin Falls  7,078    13,243   4,567    16,974Valley      1,251    1,897    945      2,299Washington  1,359    2,380    1,119    3,015Totals      147,272  253,881  108,510  297,523%@TE:   49  2270 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Idaho Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 127,842; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%106,553; Thomas, Soc., 497; Browder, Com., 276.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 107,399; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%100,137; Watson, Proh., 503; Thomas, Soc., 282.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 107,370; Dewey, Rep., 101,514;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 4,972; Watson, Proh., 628; Thomas, Soc., 332.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 180,707; Stevenson Dem.,
%@AB@%95,081; Hallinan, Prog., 443; write-in, 23.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 166,979; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%105,868; Andrews, Ind., 126; write-in, 16.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 138,853; Nixon, Rep., 161,597.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 148,920; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%143,557.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 165,369; Humphrey, Dem., 89,273;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 36,541.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 199,384; McGovern, Dem., 80,826;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 28,869; Spock, Peoples, 903.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 126,549; Ford, Rep., 204,151;
%@AB@%Maddox, Amer., 5,935; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,558; LaRouche,
%@AB@%U.S. Labor, 739.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 290,699;  Carter, Dem., 110,192;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 27,058; Clark, Libertarian, 8,425; Rarick,
%@AB@%Amer., 1,057.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 297,523; Mondale, Dem., 108,510;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 2,823.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 253,881; Dukakis, Dem., 147,272; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%5,313; Fulani, Ind., 2,502.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Illinois%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  107  5672 04 13 11 11 11 11 @%             1988       1988       1984       1984             Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams        13,768     15,831     10,336     20,225Alexander    2,693      1,954      2,872      2,574Bond         3,459      3,608      2,870      4,240Boone        4,234      6,923      3,717      7,536Brown        1,267      1,373      959        1,478Bureau       7,354      8,896      6,925      11,741Calhoun      1,544      1,238      1,443      1,648Carroll      2,990      4,464      2,398      5,237Cass         3,316      2,916      2,937      3,435Champaign    29,733     33,247     27,266     39,224Christian    8,295      7,040      7,541      8,534Clark        3,275      4,508      3,032      5,318Clay         2,761      3,494      2,524      4,562Clinton      5,935      7,681      4,628      9,233Coles        8,327      11,043     7,156      14,044Cook         1,129,973  878,582    1,112,641  1,055,558Crawford     3,555      4,951      3,130      6,261Cumberland   1,904      2,667      1,733      3,002DeKalb       11,811     17,182     10,942     20,294DeWitt       2,660      3,942      2,352      4,534Douglas      3,184      4,378      2,886      5,691DuPage       94,285     217,907    71,430     227,141Edgar        3,880      5,538      3,241      6,821Edwards      1,218      2,212      1,057      2,778Effingham    4,553      8,431      3,841      9,617Fayette      4,632      5,452      3,844      6,607Ford         2,026      4,059      1,763      4,871Franklin     11,023     7,677      10,667     9,656Fulton       9,046      6,999      9,131      9,147Gallatin     2,455      1,580      2,164      1,939Greene       3,020      3,136      2,563      4,057Grundy       5,525      8,743      4,671      9,595Hamilton     2,618      2,622      2,251      3,074Hancock      4,740      4,568      3,713      6,251Hardin       1,308      1,504      1,205      1,689Henderson    2,085      1,726      1,969      2,289Henry        11,594     11,358     10,679     14,504Iroquois     4,221      9,596      3,300      11,327Jackson      11,334     9,687      12,105     13,609Jasper       2,135      3,024      1,750      3,673Jefferson    7,729      7,624      7,200      9,642Jersey       4,376      4,343      3,762      5,146JoDaviess    4,141      4,923      3,348      5,877Johnson      1,872      2,797      1,647      3,424Kane         36,366     66,283     31,875     72,655Kankakee     15,147     20,316     15,246     23,807Kendall      4,347      10,653     3,789      10,872Knox         12,752     10,842     12,027     14,974Lake         64,327     114,115    53,947     118,401LaSalle      22,271     22,166     20,532     27,388Lawrence     3,140      3,655      2,924      4,686Lee          4,608      8,903      3,919      11,178Livingston   5,009      10,324     4,567      12,291Logan        4,727      8,490      4,052      9,932McDonough    5,247      7,173      4,561      9,383McHenry      18,919     46,135     14,420     47,282McLean       18,659     30,572     15,880     32,221Macon        25,364     23,862     25,463     30,457Macoupin     12,195     9,362      10,602     12,282Madison      54,175     44,907     48,352     57,021Marion       8,592      8,695      7,599      11,300Marshall     2,742      3,588      2,386      4,060Mason        3,406      3,424      3,354      4,109Massac       3,227      3,507      3,194      3,827Menard       2,103      3,560      1,826      3,925Mercer       4,204      3,683      3,982      4,907Monroe       4,529      6,275      3,256      6,936Montgomery   7,293      6,388      6,360      8,191Morgan       6,032      8,808      5,361      10,683Moultrie     3,013      3,167      2,458      3,593Ogle         5,641      11,644     4,803      13,503Peoria       35,253     37,605     36,830     45,607Perry        5,167      4,576      4,584      5,852Piatt        3,099      4,137      2,840      5,000Pike         4,614      3,965      3,965      5,295Pope         996        1,202      940        1,545Pulaski      1,793      1,666      1,724      1,923Putnam       1,601      1,516      1,487      1,912Randolph     7,844      7,396      6,355      9,415Richland     2,863      4,264      2,182      5,665Rock Island  40,174     27,412     40,208     35,121St. Clair    55,465     41,439     52,294     51,046Saline       6,676      5,798      6,038      7,176Sangamon     37,729     50,175     34,059     54,086Schuyler     1,866      2,178      1,533      2,515Scott        1,243      1,535      943        1,976Shelby       4,650      5,370      4,317      6,372Stark        1,274      1,841      1,072      2,228Stephenson   7,460      11,342     6,723      14,237Tazewell     24,603     28,861     23,095     33,782Union        4,197      4,244      3,815      4,721Vermilion    17,918     16,943     16,530     22,932Wabash       2,241      3,453      1,795      3,639Warren       3,617      4,584      3,318      5,846Washington   2,689      4,127      2,363      5,129Wayne        3,135      5,481      2,621      6,298White        4,144      4,354      3,457      5,500Whiteside    11,328     12,978     11,226     16,743Will         49,816     73,129     45,193     78,684Williamson   12,712     12,274     11,614     14,930Winnebago    45,280     55,699     44,629     64,203Woodford     4,604      9,474      4,425      10,758Totals       2,215,940  2,310,939  2,086,499  2,707,103%@TE:  107  5672 04 13 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Illinois Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,149,934; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,047,240; Thomas, Soc., 10,914; Babson, Proh., 9,190.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,079,479; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,939,314; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 9,677; Watson, Proh., 7,411;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc., 180.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 1,994,715; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,961,103; Watson, Proh., 11,959; Thomas, Soc., 11,522;
%@AB@%Teichert, Soc. Labor, 3,118.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,457,327; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,013,920; Hass, Soc. Labor, 9,363; write-in, 448.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,623,327; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,775,682; Hass, Soc. Labor, 8,342; write-in, 56.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 2,377,846; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,368,988; Hass, Soc. Labor, 10,560; write-in, 15.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 2,796,833; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,905,946; write-in, 62.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 2,174,774; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,039,814; Wallace, 3d party, 390,958; Blomen, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%13,878; write-in, 325.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep. 2,788,179; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,913,472; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 12,344; Schmitz, Amer., 2,471;
%@AB@%Hall, Com., 4,541; others, 2,229.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 2,271,295; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,364,269; McCarthy, Ind., 55,939; Hall, Com., 9,250; MacBride,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 8,057; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 3,615; Levin, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 2,422; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 2,018; write-in, 1,968.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,358,049;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,981,413; Anderson, Ind., 346,754; Clark, Libertarian, 38,939;
%@AB@%Commoner, Citizens, 10,692; Hall, Com., 9,711; Griswold, Workers
%@AB@%World, 2,257; DeBerry, Socialist Workers, 1,302; write-ins, 604.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,707,103; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,086,499; Bergland, Libertarian, 10,086.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 2,310,939; Dukakis, Dem., 2,215,940; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%14,944; Fulani, Solid., 10,276.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Indiana%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   97  4758 04 13 09 11 09 11 @%             1988     1988       1984     1984             Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  ReaganCounty       (D)      (R)        (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams        3,811    8,137      3,923    7,958Allen        39,238   74,638     38,462   75,505Bartholomew  8,804    17,364     8,075    18,704Benton       1,349    2,698      1,357    3,281Blackford    2,253    3,336      2,395    3,787Boone        4,168    11,608     3,982    11,790Brown        2,115    3,348      2,657    3,517Carroll      2,952    4,981      2,774    5,528Cass         5,784    10,970     5,521    12,355Clark        14,528   16,544     14,138   19,419Clay         3,724    5,852      3,707    6,957 Clinton      4,412    8,570      4,329    8,969Crawford     2,036    2,532      2,256    2,633Daviess      3,483    6,768      3,545    7,721Dearborn     5,066    8,195      4,920    9,149Decatur      2,979    6,245      2,766    6,551Dekalb       4,657    9,018      4,617    8,769Delaware     20,548   27,348     19,791   30,092Dubois       5,954    9,995      5,423    9,391Elkhart      14,236   33,793     13,240   34,621Fayette      4,118    5,949      4,122    7,142Floyd        11,024   14,291     10,616   15,466Fountain     3,279    5,113      2,897    5,450Franklin     2,472    4,777      2,225    5,202Fulton       2,788    5,234      2,527    6,057Gibson       7,031    7,610      7,082    8,618Grant        10,799   18,441     9,986    20,482Greene       5,979    7,689      5,267    8,438Hamilton     8,853    36,654     6,364    30,254Hancock      5,355    13,374     4,550    12,880Harrison     4,933    6,702      4,634    7,255Hendricks    7,643    22,090     6,659    21,307Henry        7,779    11,280     7,064    11,926Howard       11,518   19,971     10,458   22,386Huntington   3,873    11,675     4,598    10,805Jackson      5,550    9,470      5,163    9,879Jasper       3,237    6,009      2,821    6,537Jay          3,212    5,363      3,174    5,975Jefferson    5,221    6,949      4,952    7,482Jennings     3,667    5,636      3,264    6,356Johnson      9,001    24,654     7,715    23,482Knox         7,006    9,813      6,417    10,872Kosciusko    5,321    17,761     4,877    17,560LaGrange     2,029    4,495      1,884    4,772Lake         105,026  79,929     117,984  94,870LaPorte      17,585   20,537     15,904   23,346Lawrence     5,787    10,742     5,608    11,440Madison      24,443   32,596     22,254   36,510Marion       128,627  184,519    130,185  184,880Marshall     5,488    10,490     4,931    11,100Martin       2,132    3,066      1,937    3,363Miami        4,613    8,533      4,224    9,551Monroe       15,855   20,756     14,719   21,772Montgomery   3,623    10,793     3,626    11,119Morgan       5,375    14,284     4,627    14,884Newton       1,744    3,274      1,596    3,560Noble        4,143    7,889      4,237    8,459Ohio         1,113    1,412      1,068    1,503Orange       2,739    5,245      D2,571   5,909Owen         2,484    3,837      2,082    4,204Parke        2,563    4,458      2,205    5,052Perry        4,804    4,720      4,760    4,785Pike         3,037    3,294      3,231    3,689Porter       19,390   29,790     17,862   32,505Posey        4,468    5,987      4,452    6,472Pulaski      2,213    3,677      2,008    4,167Putnam       3,850    7,119      3,392    7,820Randolph     3,990    6,856      3,805    7,793Ripley       3,605    6,414      3,336    7,143Rush         2,451    5,112      2,307    5,429St. Joseph   48,056   49,481     47,513   54,404Scott        3,378    3,455      3,460    4,110Shelby       5,382    10,176     5,357    11,056Spencer      4,061    4,964      4,005    5,816Starke       4,104    4,458      3,674    5,104Steuben      3,114    6,855      2,441    6,424Sullivan     4,320    4,246      4,006    4,771Switzerland  1,479    1,572      1,484    1,857Tippecanoe   16,256   27,897     15,789   29,706Tipton       2,485    5,148      2,328    5,687Union        946      1,814      816      1,970Vanderburgh  31,270   38,928     31,049   40,994Vermillion   4,044    3,674      3,666    4,428Vigo         19,192   21,929     18,429   26,259Wabash       4,168    9,153      4,077    9,862Warren       1,542    2,243      1,309    2,525Warrick      7,999    10,504     6,345    10,202Washington   3,370    4,998      3,334    5,874Wayne        10,209   16,388     10,173   18,955Wells        3,437    7,712      3,274    7,579White        3,256    6,220      3,157    7,279Whitley      3,642    7,679      3,690    7,763Totals       860,643  1,297,763  841,481  1,377,230%@TE:   97  4758 04 13 09 11 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Indiana Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 874,063; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%899,466; Babson, Proh., 6,437; Thomas, Soc., 2,075; Aiken, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 706.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 781,403; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%875,891; Watson, Proh., 12,574; Thomas, Soc., 2,223.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 807,833; Dewey, Rep., 821,079;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 14,711; Wallace, Prog., 9,649; Thomas, Soc.,
%@AB@%2,179; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 763.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,136,259; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%801,530; Hamblen, Proh., 15,335; Hallinan, Prog., 1,222; Hass,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 979.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,182,811; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%783,908; Holtwick, Proh., 6,554; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,334.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 952,358; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,175,120; Decker, Proh., 6,746; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,136.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem. 1,170,848; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%911,118; Munn, Proh., 8,266; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,374.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,067,885; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%806,659; Wallace, 3d party, 243,108; Munn, Proh., 4,616;
%@AB@%Halstead, Soc. Worker, 1,293; Gregory, write-in, 36.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,405,154; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%708,568; Reed, Soc. Workers, 5,575; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 1,688;
%@AB@%Spock, Peace & Freedom, 4,544.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 1,014,714; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,185,958; Anderson, Amer., 14,048; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 5,695;
%@AB@%LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 1,947.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980 Reagan, Rep., 1,255,656;  Carter, Dem., 844,197;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 111,639; Clark, Libertarian, 19,627; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 4,852; Greaves, American, 4,750; Hall, Com., 702;
%@AB@%DeBerry, Soc., 610.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984 Reagan, Rep., 1,377,230; Mondale, Dem., 841,481;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 6,741.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,297,763; Dukakis, Dem., 860,643; Fulani, New
%@AB@%Alliance, 10,215.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Iowa%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  104  5068 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%               1988     1988     1984     1984               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty         (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adair          2,261    1,833    1,979    2,615Adams          1,283    1,080    1,221    1,706Allamakee      2,768    3,186    2,282    3,997Appanoose      3,209    2,779    3,289    3,412Audubon        1,863    1,478    1,854    2,306Benton         5,873    4,011    4,993    5,566Black Hawk     31,657   24,112   31,467   32,262Boone          7,232    4,381    6,485    5,746Bremer         4,961    5,079    4,084    6,895Buchanan       4,778    3,495    4,129    4,965Buena Vista    4,580    4,170    4,109    5,193Butler         2,593    3,523    2,323    4,570Calhoun        2,990    2,474    2,541    3,311Carroll        5,437    3,701    4,960    5,021Cass           2,934    3,962    2,417    5,053Cedar          4,032    3,373    3,086    4,617Cerro Gordo    12,857   9,358    11,570   11,214Cherokee       3,574    3,218    3,349    4,046Chickasaw      3,530    2,549    3,186    3,661Clarke         2,262    1,631    2,030    2,262Clay           4,173    3,641    3,774    4,450Clayton        4,320    3,839    3,446    5,029Clinton        12,549   10,243   11,240   13,914Crawford       3,868    3,375    3,396    4,552Dallas         7,501    4,858    6,564    6,080Davis          2,246    1,563    2,187    1,956Decatur        2,192    1,406    2,098    2,104Delaware       3,947    3,425    3,158    4,769Des Moines     11,593   7,652    11,173   9,559Dickinson      3,342    3,678    3,025    4,064Dubuque        23,797   14,530   21,876   19,239Emmet          2,778    2,173    2,746    2,946Fayette        5,304    4,921    4,677    6,505Floyd          4,377    3,266    4,154    4,341Franklin       2,594    2,320    2,349    3,129Fremont        1,547    1,946    1,426    2,686Greene         3,011    2,091    2,831    2,579Grundy         2,211    3,433    1,915    4,527Guthrie        2,910    2,005    2,517    2,783Hamilton       4,156    3,277    3,330    4,279Hancock        2,831    2,731    2,539    3,362Hardin         5,088    3,856    4,477    5,195Harrison       2,883    3,108    2,495    4,352Henry          3,754    3,951    3,377    4,516Howard         2,330    1,970    2,135    2,718Humboldt       2,713    2,594    2,406    3,396Ida            1,787    1,951    1,559    2,618Iowa           3,338    3,247    2,815    4,352Jackson        4,864    3,237    4,400    4,811 Jasper         8,940    6,703    8,023    8,576Jefferson      3,594    3,614    2,961    4,727Johnson        28,759   15,453   26,000   18,677Jones          4,641    3,496    3,825    4,907Keokuk         2,899    2,278    2,649    2,913Kossuth        5,088    3,938    4,838    4,872Lee            10,911   6,228    8,912    8,756Linn           42,993   33,129   38,528   41,061Louisa         2,268    2,060    1,927    2,623Lucas          2,454    1,776    2,422    2,630Lyon           1,706    3,517    1,401    4,178Madison        3,421    2,410    3,067    3,168Mahaska        4,451    4,798    4,107    6,086Marion         6,922    5,914    6,313    7,259Marshall       9,760    7,657    8,809    10,839Mills          2,092    3,212    1,434    3,994Mitchell       2,870    2,338    2,531    3,144Monona         2,408    2,068    2,159    2,746 Monroe         2,338    1,313    2,342    1,927Montgomery     1,898    3,166    1,661    4,224Muscatine      7,059    6,904    5,986    9,069O'Brien        2,768    4,241    2,479    5,008Osceola        1,277    1,951    1,146    2,285Page           2,185    4,583    1,914    5,876Palo Alto      3,377    2,041    3,018    2,715Plymouth       4,220    5,316    3,464    6,482Pocahontas     2,722    1,871    2,481    2,627Polk           84,476   57,854   75,413   71,413Pottawattamie  14,958   17,193   12,329   21,527Poweshiek      4,876    3,683    4,103    4,715Ringgold       1,609    1,110    1,593    1,512Sac            2,613    2,411    2,363    3,298Scott          34,415   31,025   32,550   38,034Shelby         2,806    3,019    2,291    4,200Sioux          2,923    10,270   2,585    11,665Story          19,051   13,782   18,277   19,804Tama           4,584    3,362    4,061    4,882Taylor         1,671    1,647    1,499    2,496Union          3,236    2,751    2,875    3,583Van Buren      1,612    1,692    1,606    2,138Wapello        10,177   5,350    10,545   7,098Warren         9,627    6,424    8,171    8,277Washington     3,776    3,741    3,079    4,613Wayne          1,988    1,467    1,927    2,061Webster        10,267   6,926    9,930    9,619Winnebago      2,804    2,863    2,669    3,616Winneshiek     4,443    4,194    3,724    5,277Woodbury       20,153   18,790   18,951   23,002Worth          2,440    1,488    2,263    1,985Wright         3,353    2,658    2,980    3,675Totals         670,557  545,355  605,620  703,088%@TE:  104  5068 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Iowa Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 578,800; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%632,370; Babson, Proh., 2,284; Browder, Com., 1,524; Aiken, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 452.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 499,876; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%547,267; Watson, Proh., 3,752; Thomas, Soc., 1,511; Teichert,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 193.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 522,380; Dewey, Rep., 494,018;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 12,125; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 4,274; Watson,
%@AB@%Proh., 3,382; Thomas, Soc., 1,829; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 26.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 808,906; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%451,513; Hallinan, Prog., 5,085; Hamblen, Proh., 2,882; Hoopes,
%@AB@%Soc., 219; Hass, Soc. Labor, 139; scattering 29.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 729,187; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%501,858; Andrews (A.C.P. of Iowa), 3,202; Hoopes, Soc., 192;
%@AB@%Hass, Soc. Labor, 125.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 550,565; Nixon, Rep., 722,381;
%@AB@%Hass, Soc. Labor, 230; write-in, 634.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 733,030; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%449,148; Hass, Soc. Labor, 182; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 159; Munn,
%@AB@%Proh., 1,902.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 619,106; Humphrey, Dem., 476,699;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 66,422; Munn, Proh., 362; Halstead, Soc.
%@AB@%Worker, 3,377; Cleaver, Peace and Freedom, 1,332; Blomen, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 241.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 706,207; McGovern, Dem., 496,206;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 22,056; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 488; Fisher, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 195; Hall, Com. 272; Green, Universal, 199; scattered,
%@AB@%321.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 619,931; Ford, Rep., 632,863;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 20,051; Anderson, Amer., 3,040; MacBride,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 1,452.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 676,026;  Carter, Dem., 508,672;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 115,633; Clark, Libertarian, 13,123; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 2,273; McReynolds, Socialist, 534; Hall Com., 298;
%@AB@%DeBerry, Soc. Work., 244; Greaves, American, 189; Bubar,
%@AB@%Statesman, 150; scattering, 519.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 703,088; Mondale, Dem., 605,620;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 1,844.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 545,355; Dukakis, Dem., 670,557; LaRouche, Ind.,
%@AB@%3,526; Paul, Lib., 2,494.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Kansas%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  110  5343 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%               1988     1988     1984     1984               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty         (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Allen          2,392    3,429    1,779    4,266Anderson       1,466    1,781    1,155    2,462Atchison       3,177    3,243    2,641    4,536Barber         1,118    1,539    805      2,111Barton         5,024    7,741    3,111    10,234Bourbon        2,623    3,660    2,174    4,856Brown          1,719    3,059    1,303    3,894Butler         7,690    10,976   6,352    12,920Chase          538      884      393      1,162Chautauqua     661      1,247    497      1,688Cherokee       4,069    4,281    3,663    5,081Cheyenne       594      1,105    356      1,442Clark          409      876      324      1,075Clay           1,112    2,997    919      3,559Cloud          2,022    3,043    1,878    3,856Coffey         1,246    2,581    1,037    3,063Comanche       375      738      285      993Cowley         6,186    7,778    5,153    9,930Crawford       7,783    6,940    6,722    9,518Decatur        793      1,291    467      1,769Dickinson      2,870    5,121    2,168    6,487Doniphan       1,312    2,162    962      2,818Douglas        15,752   16,149   12,877   18,804Edwards        792      993      606      1,352Elk            608      1,075    452      1,301Ellis          5,289    5,194    3,457    7,509Ellsworth      1,219    1,711    905      2,353Finney         3,408    5,381    2,398    6,943Ford           3,817    5,685    2,914    6,738Franklin       3,592    4,777    2,524    6,283Geary          2,721    3,782    2,301    4,475Gove           663      966      426      1,310Graham         702      1,139    480      1,423Grant          907      1,654    615      2,043Gray           696      1,180    514      1,580Greeley        317      506      227      699Greenwood      1,421    2,217    1,173    2,900Hamilton       517      801      408      1,037Harper         1,235    1,941    893      2,696Harvey         5,503    6,893    4,599    8,507Haskell        427      964      281      1,151Hodgeman       439      732      306      939Jackson        2,261    2,759    1,667    3,464 Jefferson      2,810    3,605    1,990    4,524Jewell         684      1,546    583      1,992Johnson        55,183   95,591   37,782   101,042Kearny         524      1,073    321      1,214Kingman        1,420    2,205    1,047    2,826Kiowa          485      1,276    361      1,537Labette        4,433    5,125    3,631    6,542Lane           450      768      282      1,008Leavenworth    8,797    9,913    6,583    11,018Lincoln        796      1,229    551      1,723Linn           1,497    2,163    1,152    2,794Logan          503      988      331      1,235Lyon           5,314    6,820    4,188    9,796McPherson      4,354    6,563    3,185    8,630Marion         2,024    3,685    1,633    4,407Marshall       2,560    3,140    1,813    4,097Meade          664      1,322    491      1,804Miami          4,427    4,807    3,076    5,877Mitchell       1,145    2,257    919      3,036Montgomery     5,429    9,067    4,933    12,023Morris         1,165    1,682    820      2,240Morton         569      1,074    322      1,353Nemaha         2,261    2,849    1,761    3,653Neosho         3,402    3,739    2,679    4,968Ness           887      1,230    539      1,779Norton         855      1,923    611      2,515Osage          2,840    3,496    2,072    4,288Osborne        943      1,541    686      2,171Ottawa         953      1,836    698      2,343Pawnee         1,474    1,825    1,092    2,570Phillips       960      2,316    626      2,810Pottawatomie   2,544    3,897    1,798    4,596Pratt          1,651    2,505    1,253    3,240Rawlins        612      1,318    412      1,625Reno           11,545   12,753   9,229    16,621Republic       1,069    2,346    966      2,974Rice           2,033    2,503    1,559    3,598Riley          7,283    9,507    5,974    11,306Rooks          1,012    1,938    699      2,604Rush           1,020    1,045    718      1,758Russell        1,448    2,403    1,055    3,673Saline         7,998    11,371   6,527    15,242Scott          717      1,590    427      2,017Sedgwick       65,618   86,124   55,060   95,972Seward         1,655    4,089    1,198    5,047Shawnee        33,940   35,489   26,307   43,435Sheridan       600      901      429      1,274Sherman        1,082    1,929    714      2,702Smith          1,004    1,951    684      2,330Stafford       1,121    1,532    844      2,062Stanton        310      592      205      783Stevens        612      1,642    386      1,862Summer         4,417    5,394    3,713    6,942Thomas         1,408    2,342    887      3,106Trego          795      979      598      1,491Wabaunsee      1,166    1,737    805      2,276Wallace        257      655      152      838Washington     1,063    2,269    889      2,979Wichita        399      721      232      916Wilson         1,545    2,743    1,343    3,660Woodson        761      1,062    596      1,408Wyandotte      38,678   19,097   35,887   27,267Totals         422,636  554,049  332,471  674,646%@TE:  110  5343 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Kansas Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 364,725; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%489,169; Babson, Proh., 4,056; Thomas, Soc., 2,347.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 287,458; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%442,096; Watson, Proh., 2,609; Thomas, Soc., 1,613.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 351,902; Dewey, Rep., 423,039;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 6,468; Wallace, Prog., 4,603; Thomas, Soc.,
%@AB@%2,807.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 616,302; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%273,296; Hamblen, Proh., 6,038; Hoopes, Soc., 530.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 566,878; Stevenson. Dem.,
%@AB@%296,317; Holtwick, Proh., 3,048.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 363,213; Nixon, Rep., 561,474;
%@AB@%Decker, Proh., 4,138.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 464,028; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%386,579; Munn, Proh., 5,393; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,901.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 478,674; Humphrey, Dem., 302,996;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d, 88,921; Munn, Proh., 2,192.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 619,812; McGovern, Dem., 270,287;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Cons., 21,808; Munn, Proh., 4,188.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 430,421; Ford, Rep., 502,752;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 13,185; Anderson, Amer., 4,724; MacBride,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 3,242; Maddox, Cons., 2,118; Bubar, Proh., 1,403.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 566,812;  Carter, Dem., 326,150;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 68,231; Clark, Libertarian, 14,470; Shelton,
%@AB@%American, 1,555; Hall, Com., 967; Bubar, Statesman, 821; Rarick,
%@AB@%Conservative, 789.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 674,646; Mondale, Dem., 332,471;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 3,585.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 554,049; Dukakis, Dem., 422,636; Paul, Ind.,
%@AB@%12,553; Fulani, Ind., 3,806.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Kentucky%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  125  5945 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%              1988     1988     1984     1984              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adair         1,723    4,346    1,812    4,500Allen         1,573    3,342    1,521    3,427Anderson      2,176    3,225    1,717    3,425Ballard       2,162    1,460    2,002    1,663Barren        4,799    6,653    4,503    7,717Bath          2,099    1,614    1,781    2,020Bell          5,182    5,759    5,490    7,249Boone         5,382    12,667   4,853    12,690Bourbon       2,793    3,308    2,649    3,836Boyd          9,552    9,379    9,601    10,925Boyle         3,575    4,746    3,378    5,675Bracken       1,176    1,630    1,136    1,812Breathitt     3,387    2,149    3,435    2,855Breckinridge  2,765    3,841    2,669    4,432Bullitt       6,005    8,859    5,005    9,556Butler        1,245    3,278    1,055    3,121Caldwell      2,564    2,952    2,427    3,162Calloway      5,287    6,225    5,028    6,442Campbell      9,553    19,387   9,068    21,473Carlisle      1,428    1,104    1,277    1,308Carroll       1,913    1,702    1,564    1,824Carter        4,570    4,325    3,985    4,656Casey         1,216    3,857    1,122    4,356Christian     5,704    9,250    5,432    10,708Clark         4,252    5,329    3,595    6,130Clay          1,709    4,156    1,634    4,772Clinton       899      3,248    838      3,459Crittenden    1,443    2,211    1,483    2,167Cumberland    753      2,231    766      2,729Daviess       14,815   17,356   13,347   19,495Edmonson      1,243    2,555    1,200    3,001Elliott       1,797    550      1,683    601Estill        1,692    3,077    1,593    3,512Fayette       32,554   48,065   28,961   51,993Fleming       2,086    2,409    1,616    2,824Floyd         12,327   5,296    10,259   5,218Franklin      9,271    9,805    7,790    11,057Fulton        1,531    1,474    1,534    1,780Gallatin      1,060    881      1,042    1,042Garrard       1,710    2,681    1,566    3,284 Grant         1,896    2,835    1,685    2,840Graves        7,153    6,274    6,759    7,287Grayson       2,575    5,186    2,200    5,524Green         1,595    3,139    1,611    3,210Greenup       6,956    6,559    6,923    7,451Hancock       1,478    1,733    1,287    1,967Hardin        7,262    13,240   6,329    14,293Harlan        7,341    5,166    7,663    6,959Harrison      2,748    2,983    2,405    3,467Hart          2,519    2,927    2,278    3,065Henderson     7,648    6,911    6,795    7,389Henry         2,544    2,286    2,279    2,802Hickman       1,158    1,142    1,049    1,380Hopkins       7,453    7,979    6,743    9,368Jackson       678      3,926    542      3,806Jefferson     127,936  139,711  119,350  161,283Jessamine     2,955    7,057    2,379    7,081Johnson       3,538    4,619    3,078    5,225Kenton        14,838   30,738   14,642   34,304Knott         5,185    1,691    4,487    1,728Knox          2,919    4,903    2,932    5,730Larue         1,822    2,590    1,514    2,873Laurel        3,620    9,296    3,267    9,621Lawrence      2,198    2,294    2,223    2,713Lee           984      1,588    768      1,862Leslie        1,105    3,280    1,075    3,385Letcher       4,697    3,601    4,153    3,676Lewis         1,568    3,108    1,484    3,445Lincoln       2,677    3,530    2,498    3,996Livingston    2,052    1,834    2,007    1,866Logan         3,379    4,295    3,347    4,889Lyon          1,337    1,077    1,272    969McCracken     12,208   12,160   12,535   12,903McCreary      1,644    3,477    1,609    4,028McLean        2,269    1,829    1,917    1,942Madison       6,672    9,958    6,509    11,309Magoffin      2,895    2,158    2,942    2,343Marion        3,152    2,500    2,835    3,305Marshall      5,888    5,256    5,725    5,152Martin        1,581    2,587    1,471    3,248Mason         2,721    3,158    2,663    2,751Meade         3,079    3,441    2,503    3,820Menifee       1,096    670      956      785Mercer        2,832    3,904    2,516    4,592Metcalfe      1,705    2,179    1,575    2,349Monroe        1,025    4,214    1,052    4,670Montgomery    3,082    3,435    2,490    3,864Morgan        2,329    1,452    2,481    1,834Muhlenberg    6,912    5,369    6,157    6,094Nelson        4,788    5,283    4,199    6,044Nicholas      1,242    1,271    1,107    1,535Ohio          3,612    4,910    3,253    5,119Oldham        4,025    8,716    2,857    8,112Owen          1,823    1,468    1,575    1,735Owsley        345      1,266    375      1,466Pendleton     1,576    2,487    1,529    2,767Perry         5,557    5,154    5,258    5,218Pike          16,339   9,976    15,817   11,869Powell        2,113    2,128    1,575    2,269Pulaski       4,788    13,482   4,384    14,434Robertson     515      511      467      567Rockcastle    1,041    3,880    1,089    4,328Rowan         2,968    3,093    2,748    3,698Russell       1,455    4,292    1,448    4,476Scott         3,380    4,482    2,606    4,461Shelby        3,834    4,998    3,326    5,390Simpson       2,138    2,699    2,140    3,073Spencer       1,121    1,368    910      1,456Taylor        2,879    5,362    3,286    5,932Todd          1,632    2,282    1,505    2,364Trigg         1,991    2,427    1,905    2,512Trimble       1,342    1,083    1,088    1,389Union         3,316    2,292    3,090    2,524Warren        9,684    16,703   7,937    16,167Washington    1,950    2,445    1,786    2,804Wayne         2,057    3,672    2,277    4,449Webster       3,019    2,159    3,042    2,504Whitley       3,794    7,337    3,575    7,851Wolfe         1,516    916      1,394    1,257Woodford      2,653    4,512    2,290    4,746Totals        580,368  734,281  536,756  815,345%@TE:  125  5945 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Kentucky Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 557,222; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%410,384; Babson, Proh., 1,443; Thomas, Soc., 1,014.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 472,589; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%392,448; Watson, Proh., 2,023; Thomas, Soc., 535; Teichert, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 326.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 466,756; Dewey, Rep., 341,210;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 10,411; Wallace, Prog., 1,567;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc., 1,284; Watson, Proh., 1,245; Teichert, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%185.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 495,029; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%495,729; Hamblen, Proh., 1,161; Hass, Soc. Labor, 893; Hallinan,
%@AB@%Proh., 336.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 572,192; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%476,453; Byrd, States' Rights, 2,657; Holtwick, Proh.,
%@AB@%2,145; Hass, Soc. Labor, 358.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 521,855; Nixon, Rep., 602,607.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 669,659; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%372,977; John Kasper, Nat'l. States Rights, 3,469.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 462,411; Humphrey, Dem., 397,547;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d p., 193,098; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 2,843.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 676,446; McGovern, Dem., 371,159;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 17,627; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 685; Hall, Com.,
%@AB@%464; Spock, Peoples, 1,118.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 615,717; Ford, Rep., 531,852;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 8,308; McCarthy, Ind., 6,837; Maddox, Amer.
%@AB@%Ind., 2,328; MacBride, Libertarian, 814.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 635,274;  Carter, Dem., 616,417;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 31,127; Clark, Libertarian, 5,531; McCormack,
%@AB@%Respect For Life, 4,233; Commoner, Citizens, 1,304; Pulley,
%@AB@%Socialist, 393; Hall, Com., 348.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 815,345; Mondale, Dem., 536,756.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 734,281; Dukakis, Dem., 580,368; Duke, Pop.,
%@AB@%4,494; Paul, Lib., 2,118.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Louisiana%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   69  3885 04 22 09 09 09 11 @%                      1988     1988     1984     1984                      Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganParish                (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Acadia                11,510   11,319   9,262    14,906Allen                 5,204    3,674    4,842    4,474Ascension             12,147   10,726   11,048   11,945Assumption            5,610    4,017    4,660    5,433Avoyelles             7,353    7,659    6,808    9,402Beauregard            4,704    6,466    4,199    7,353Bienville             3,705    3,680    3,530    4,587Bossier               9,035    20,807   7,006    22,638Caddo                 39,204   54,498   35,727   63,429Calcasieu             33,932   29,649   33,214   35,566Caldwell              1,423    2,997    1,348    3,341Cameron               2,257    1,775    1,608    2,265Catahoula             1,916    2,862    1,649    3,640Claiborne             3,158    3,756    2,788    4,349Concordia             3,461    5,037    3,332    6,177DeSoto                5,366    5,022    4,642    5,989E. Baton Rouge        59,270   86,791   56,673   95,704East Carroll          1,809    1,536    2,089    1,974East Feliciana        3,659    3,527    4,122    4,166Evangeline            7,693    7,437    6,981    8,680Franklin              3,043    5,520    2,937    6,708Grant                 2,628    4,402    2,588    5,334Iberia                12,166   15,438   10,170   17,727Iberville             8,678    5,855    8,587    6,455Jackson               2,842    4,251    2,568    5,034Jefferson             53,035   110,942  41,183   123,997Jefferson Davis       6,799    5,851    5,962    8,296Lafayette             24,133   36,648   19,265   44,344Lafourche             15,013   16,152   10,186   20,930LaSalle               1,622    4,559    1,318    5,404Lincoln               5,427    8,853    5,432    9,087Livingston            9,659    15,779   8,913    17,465Madison               2,416    2,334    2,906    2,849Morehouse             4,496    7,335    4,829    8,585Natchitoches          6,151    7,224    5,806    8,836Orleans               116,851  64,763   119,478  86,316Ouachita              15,429   33,858   15,525   37,270Plaquemines           3,997    6,084    3,261    7,655Pointe Coupee         6,308    4,333    6,732    5,477Rapides               17,928   29,977   16,121   32,879Red River             2,254    2,266    1,958    3,060Richland              2,833    5,226    2,918    5,980Sabine                3,532    4,767    2,980    6,295St. Bernard           11,406   19,609   8,076    24,428St. Charles           7,973    9,685    6,784    10,185St. Helena            3,013    2,006    2,956    2,366St. James             6,707    3,799    5,989    4,627St. John The Baptist  8,366    7,464    7,646    9,093St. Landry            19,091   15,790   17,950   19,055St. Martin            10,148   7,541    8,589    9,698St. Mary              10,364   11,540   9,411    15,275St. Tammany           15,638   38,334   11,719   38,664Tangipahoa            13,527   16,669   12,799   19,580Tensas                1,556    1,645    1,628    1,956Terrebonne            12,686   18,745   9,640    23,696Union                 3,210    5,900    2,916    6,585Vermilion             12,180   9,224    9,033    12,721Vernon                4,998    7,453    4,076    9,035Washington            8,369    9,374    7,680    11,185Webster               7,434    10,204   6,509    12,055W. Baton Rouge        4,686    3,972    4,631    4,189West Carroll          1,607    3,077    1,474    3,874West Feliciana        2,146    1,854    2,296    2,097Winn                  2,699    4,165    2,633    4,934Totals                717,460  883,702  651,586  1,037,299%@TE:   69  3885 04 22 09 09 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Louisiana Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 319,751; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%52,446.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 281,564; Dewey, Rep., 67,750.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 204,290; Truman,
%@AB@%Dem., 136,344; Dewey, Rep., 72,657; Wallace, Prog., 3,035.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 306,925, Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%345,027.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 329,047; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%243,977; Andrews, States' Rights, 44,520.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 407,339; Nixon, Rep., 230,890;
%@AB@%States' Rights (unpledged) 169,572.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 387,068; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%509,225.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 257,535; Humphrey, Dem., 309,615;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 530,300.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 686,852; McGovern, Dem., 298,142;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 52,099; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 14,398.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 661,365; Ford, Rep., 587,446;
%@AB@%Maddox, Amer., 10,058; Hall, Com., 7,417; McCarthy, Ind., 6,588;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 3,325.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 792,853;  Carter, Dem., 708,453;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 26,345; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 10,333; Clark,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 8,240; Commoner, Citizens, 1,584; DeBerry, Soc.
%@AB@%Work., 783.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,037,299; Mondale, Dem., 651,586;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 1,876.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 883,702; Dukakis, Dem., 717,460; Duke, Pop.,
%@AB@%18,612; Paul, Lib., 4,115.
%@AB@% %@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Maine%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1112 04 17 09 09 09 09 @%                 1988     1988     1984     1984                 Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCity             (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Auburn           4,629    5,947    4,430    6,994Augusta          4,576    5,182    4,451    5,995Bangor           6,534    7,194    6,155    8,389Bath             1,838    2,543    1,714    2,899Bidderford       5,017    4,375    5,489    4,147Brewer           1,784    2,908    1,461    3,093Gardiner         1,395    1,609    1,216    1,942Lewiston         9,225    7,265    9,853    9,480Old Town         2,220    1,640    2,217    2,087Portland         18,234   11,676   17,543   13,315Rockland         1,198    1,850    1,051    2,169Saco             3,169    3,852    3,094    3,761Sanford          3,456    4,541    3,517    4,578South Portland   5,820    5,744    5,377    6,653Waterville       4,031    3,158    4,075    3,873Westbrook        3,648    4,086    3,345    4,456Totals           243,569  307,131  214,515  336,500%@TE:   21  1112 04 17 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Maine Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 156,478; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%165,951; Browder, Com., 411.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 140,631; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%155,434; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 335.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 111,916; Dewey, Rep., 150,234;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 1,884; Thomas, Soc., 547; Teichert, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%206.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 232,353; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%118,806; Hallinan, Prog., 332; Hass, Soc. Labor, 156; Hoopes,
%@AB@%Soc., 138; scattered, 1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 249,238; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%102,468.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 181,159; Nixon, Rep., 240,608.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 262,264; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%118,701.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 169,254; Humphrey, Dem., 217,312;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 6,370.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 256,458; McGovern, Dem., 160,584;
%@AB@%scattered, 229.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 232,279; Ford, Rep., 236,320;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 10,874; Bubar, Proh., 3,495.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 238,522;  Carter, Dem., 220,974;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 53,327; Clark, Libertarian, 5,119; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 4,394; Hall, Com., 591; write-ins, 84.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 336,500; Mondale, Dem., 214,515.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 307,131; Dukakis, Dem., 243,569; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%2,700; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,405.
%@AB@%
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Maryland%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  1477 04 17 09 09 09 09 @%                 1988     1988     1984     1984                 Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty           (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Allegany         11,844   17,462   11,143   19,763Anne Arundel     55,440   98,540   47,565   94,171Baltimore        121,570  163,881  106,908  171,929Calvert          6,376    10,956   5,455    8,303Caroline         2,440    4,661    2,198    4,876Carroll          12,368   31,224   8,898    27,230Cecil            7,807    13,224   6,681    13,111Charles          11,823   20,828   10,264   16,132Dorchester       3,709    6,343    3,160    6,699Frederick        17,061   32,575   13,411   29,606Garrett          2,557    6,665    2,386    7,042Harford          19,803   38,493   17,133   37,382Howard           34,007   44,153   25,713   35,641Kent             2,925    3,761    2,390    3,897Montgomery       165,187  154,191  146,036  146,924Prince George's  133,816  86,545   136,063  95,121Queen Anne's     3,857    7,803    2,938    6,784St. Mary's       7,434    12,767   6,420    11,201Somerset         2,911    4,222    2,439    4,508Talbot           3,948    8,170    3,198    8,028Washington       14,408   25,912   13,329   27,118Wicomico         9,413    16,272   8,160    16,124Worcester        4,787    8,430    3,770    8,208Totals           826,304  876,167  787,935  879,918%@TE:   28  1477 04 17 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Maryland Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 384,546; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%269,534; Thomas, Soc., 4,093; Browder, Com., 1,274; Aiken, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 657.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem.,  315,490; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%292,949.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 286,521; Dewey, Rep., 294,814;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 9,983; Thomas, Soc., 2,941; Thurmond, States' Rights, 2,476;
%@AB@%Wright, write-in, 2,294.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 499,424; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%395,337; Hallinan, Prog., 7,313.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 559,738; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%372,613.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 565,800; Nixon, Rep., 489,538.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 730,912; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%385,495; write-in, 50.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 517,995; Humphrey, Dem., 538,310;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 178,734.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 829,305; McGovern, Dem., 505,781;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer.,  18,726.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 759,612; Ford, Rep., 672,661.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 680,606;  Carter, Dem., 726,161;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 119,537; Clark, Libertarian, 14,192.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 879,918; Mondale, Dem., 787,935;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 5,721.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 876,167; Dukakis, Dem., 826,304; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%6,748; Fulani, Alliance, 5,115.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Massachusetts%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   19  1066 04 13 11 11 11 11 @%             1988       1988       1984       1984             Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCity         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Boston       122,349    62,202     131,745    75,311Brockton     14,776     16,056     14,130     17,161Cambridge    32,027     8,770      32,582     10,007Fall River   20,184     8,394      20,722     11,463Framingham   15,826     12,745     14,368     15,074Lawrence     9,255      8,265      10,986     9,877Lowell       16,391     13,998     15,042     16,834Lynn         18,540     12,182     17,103     14,445New Bedford  22,609     9,901      22,070     13,147Newton       29,039     13,892     27,343     16,184Quincy       20,911     18,403     18,971     20,123Somerville   21,612     8,931      21,065     11,318Springfield  30,113     16,244     29,376     21,431Worcester    34,369     24,355     32,525     27,348Totals       1,401,415  1,194,635  1,239,606  1,310,936%@TE:   19  1066 04 13 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Massachusetts Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,076,522; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%939,700; Thomas, Soc., 4,091; Browder, Com., 3,806; Aiken, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 1,492; Babson, Proh., 1,370.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,035,296; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%921,350; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 2,780; Watson, Proh., 973.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 1,151,788; Dewey, Rep., 909,370;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 38,157; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 5,535; Watson,
%@AB@%Proh., 1,663.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,292,325; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,083,525; Hallinan, Prog., 4,636; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,957;
%@AB@%Hamblen, Proh., 886; scattered, 69; blanks, 41,150.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,393,197; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%948,190; Hass, Soc. Labor, 5,573; Holtwick, Proh., 1,205;
%@AB@%others, 341.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,487,174; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%976,750; Hass, Soc. Labor, 3,892; Decker, Proh., 1,633; others,
%@AB@%31; blank and void, 26,024.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,786,422; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%549,727; Hass, Soc. Labor, 4,755; Munn, Proh., 3,735; scattered,
%@AB@%159; blank, 48,104.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 766,844; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,469,218; Wallace, 3d party, 87,088; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 6,180;
%@AB@%Munn, Proh., 2,369; scattered, 53; blanks, 25,394.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,112,078; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,332,540; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 10,600; Fisher, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%129; Schmitz, Amer., 2,877; Spock, Peoples, 101; Hall, Com., 46;
%@AB@%Hospers, Libertarian, 43; scattered, 342.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 1,429,475; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,030,276; McCarthy, Ind., 65,637; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 8,138;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 7,555; La Rouche, U.S. Labor, 4,922; MacBride,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 135.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,057,631;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,053,802; Anderson, Ind., 382,539; Clark, Libertarian, 22,038;
%@AB@%DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 3,735; Commoner, Citizens, 2,056;
%@AB@%McReynolds, Socialist, 62; Bubar, Statesman, 34; Griswold,
%@AB@%Workers World, 19; scattered, 2,382.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,310,936; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,239,606.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,194,635; Dukakis, Dem., 1,401,415; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%24,251; Fulani, New Alliance, 9,561.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Michigan%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   88  5036 04 17 11 11 11 11 @%                 1988       1988       1984       1984                 Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty           (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alcona           1,918      2,966      1,616      3,223Alger            2,210      1,830      2,018      2,175Allegan          10,785     22,163     8,389      23,762Alpena           6,341      6,664      5,136      8,212Antrim           3,159      5,231      2,507      5,726Arenac           3,211      3,064      2,436      3,483Baraga           1,753      1,630      1,818      1,965Barry            7,983      12,546     5,898      14,245Bay              28,225     20,710     22,597     26,198Benzie           2,437      3,240      1,866      3,590Berrien          21,948     37,799     21,228     43,160Branch           5,231      9,225      3,860      11,004Calhoun          22,717     26,771     20,313     34,470Cass             7,444      10,229     6,634      11,647Charlevoix       3,875      5,802      3,175      6,355Cheboygan        3,943      5,395      3,358      6,053Chippewa         5,222      6,786      4,575      8,135Clare            4,710      5,661      3,764      6,587Clinton          9,225      15,497     6,226      17,387Crawford         1,825      3,097      1,558      3,303Delta            8,891      7,114      7,934      8,952Dickinson        6,129      6,158      5,614      6,880Eaton            15,322     24,193     10,290     27,720Emmet            4,170      7,105      3,254      7,760Genesee          104,880    70,922     89,491     92,943Gladwin          4,164      4,746      3,368      5,401Gogebic          5,151      3,509      5,554      4,006Grand Traverse   10,098     17,191     7,271      18,036Gratiot          5,719      8,447      4,000      10,456Hillsdale        4,763      10,571     3,616      12,063Houghton         6,510      7,098      6,434      8,652Huron            5,714      9,419      3,966      11,073Ingham           55,984     58,363     46,411     68,753Ionia            8,160      12,028     5,735      14,162Iosco            4,929      7,234      3,850      7,907Iron             3,774      2,866      3,559      3,468Isabella         7,960      10,362     6,435      12,215Jackson          21,865     33,885     18,340     40,133Kalamazoo        39,457     50,205     32,460     58,327Kalkaska         2,092      3,369      1,595      3,623Kent             73,467     131,910    66,238     137,417Keweenaw         631        536        628        599Lake             1,958      1,713      1,845      2,125Lapeer           10,736     16,670     7,800      19,222Leelanau         3,331      5,215      2,498      5,356Lenawee          13,690     19,115     11,012     22,409Livingston       13,749     31,331     10,720     31,846Luce             864        1,528      833        1,715Mackinac         2,093      3,127      1,949      3,627Macomb           112,856    175,632    97,816     194,300Manistee         4,765      5,368      3,917      6,328Marquette        15,418     11,704     14,074     14,196Mason            4,531      6,800      3,803      8,202Mecosta          4,736      8,181      4,048      9,023Menominee        4,918      5,440      4,425      6,618Midland          13,452     19,994     10,769     21,521Missaukee        1,621      3,566      1,256      3,970Monroe           21,847     26,189     19,617     29,419Montcalm         7,664      10,963     5,491      13,109Montmorency      1,563      2,514      1,387      2,913Muskegon         28,977     33,567     25,247     39,355Newaygo          5,389      9,896      4,496      10,636Oakland          174,745    283,359    150,286    306,050Oceana           3,356      5,693      2,865      6,405Ogemaw           4,012      4,091      3,132      4,901Ontonagon        2,517      2,023      2,350      2,464Osceola          2,860      5,218      2,127      5,923Oscoda           1,170      1,972      951        2,239Otsego           2,635      4,620      2,117      4,639Ottawa           18,769     61,515     15,000     60,142Presque Isle     3,025      3,614      2,481      4,207Roscommon        4,394      5,866      3,359      6,419Saginaw          45,616     42,401     38,420     51,495St. Clair        20,909     32,336     16,998     36,114St. Joseph       7,017      13,084     5,795      15,405Sanilac          5,445      10,653     4,126      12,627Schoolcraft      2,071      1,802      1,920      2,139Shiawassee       13,056     15,506     9,514      18,756Tuscola          9,060      12,093     6,212      14,698Van Buren        10,668     14,522     8,853      16,426Washtenaw        61,799     55,029     55,084     58,736Wayne            450,222    291,996    496,632    367,391Wexford          4,287      6,043      3,398      7,279Totals           1,675,783  1,965,486  1,529,638  2,251,571%@TE:   88  5036 04 17 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Michigan Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,032,991; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,039,917; Thomas, Soc., 7,593; Browder, Com., 2,834; Babson,
%@AB@%Proh., 1,795; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 795.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,106,899; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,084,423; Watson, Proh., 6,503; Thomas, Soc., 4,598; Smith,
%@AB@%America First, 1,530; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,264.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 1,003,448; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,038,595; Wallace, Prog., 46,515; Watson, Proh., 13,052;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc. 6,063; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,263; Dobbs, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 672.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,551,529; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,230,657; Hamblen, Proh., 10,331; Hallinan, Prog., 3,922; Hass,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 1,495; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 655; scattered, 3.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,713,647; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,359,898; Holtwick, Proh., 6,923.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,687,269; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,620,428; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 4,347; Decker, Proh., 2,029;
%@AB@%Daly, Tax Cut, 1,767; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,718; Ind. American,
%@AB@%539.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 2,136,615; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,060,152; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 3,817; Hass, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%1,704; Proh. (no candidate listed), 699, scattering, 145.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,370,665; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,593,082; Wallace, 3d party, 331,968; Halstead, Soc. Worker,
%@AB@%4,099; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 1,762; Cleaver, New Politics, 4,585;
%@AB@%Munn, Proh., 60; scattering, 29.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,961,721; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,459,435; Schmitz, Amer., 63,321; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 2,437;
%@AB@%Jenness, Soc. Workers, 1,603; Hall, Com., 1,210.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 1,696,714; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,893,742; McCarthy, Ind., 47,905; MacBride, Libertarian, 5,406;
%@AB@%Wright, People's, 3,504, Camejo, Soc. Workers, 1,804;
%@AB@%LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 1,366; Levin, Soc. Labor, 1,148;
%@AB@%scattering, 2,160.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,915,225;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,661,532; Anderson, Ind., 275,223; Clark, Libertarian, 41,597;
%@AB@%Commoner, Citizens, 11,930; Hall, Com., 3,262; Griswold, Workers
%@AB@%World, 30; Greaves, American, 21; Bubar, Statesman, 9.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,251,571; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,529,638; Bergland, Libertarian, 10,055.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,965,486; Dukakis, Dem., 1,675,783; Paul,
%@AB@%Lib., 18,336; Fulani, Ind., 2,513.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Minnesota%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   92  4776 04 14 11 09 11 11 @%              1988       1988     1984       1984              Dukakis    Bush     Mondale    ReaganCounty        (D)        (R)      (D)        (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aitkin        3,863      3,011    3,943      3,422Anoka         57,953     46,853   50,305     46,578Becker        5,787      6,738    5,456      7,553Beltrami      7,566      6,652    7,481      7,414Benton        5,861      6,060    4,922      6,830Big Stone     2,026      1,469    1,994      1,821Blue Earth    12,375     11,959   11,877     14,298Brown         5,109      6,898    4,469      8,399Carlton       8,790      4,626    9,189      4,877Carver        8,439      12,560   6,725      11,963Cass          5,127      5,895    4,773      6,619Chippewa      3,238      3,190    3,047      3,964Chisago       7,875      6,163    6,683      6,279Clay          11,186     10,380   10,294     11,565Clearwater    1,769      1,763    1,917      2,066Cook          1,080      1,078    1,129      1,219Cottonwood    3,095      3,390    3,073      4,275Crow Wing     9,674      11,017   8,719      11,362Dakota        61,942     61,606   49,125     55,119Dodge         2,925      3,848    2,786      4,428Douglas       5,803      7,898    5,444      9,005Faribault     3,879      4,846    3,993      5,690Fillmore      4,114      5,004    4,351      6,342Freebom       8,836      7,226    9,338      8,413Goodhue       9,438      9,455    8,679      11,171Grant         1,950      1,693    1,867      2,111Hennepin      292,909    240,209  272,401    253,921Houston       3,936      4,777    3,512      5,645Hubbard       3,306      4,365    2,806      4,621Isanti        6,075      5,246    5,378      5,660Itasca        10,517     8,358    11,455     9,306Jackson       3,275      2,629    3,437      3,131Kanabec       2,970      2,571    2,660      3,027Kandiyohi     8,962      8,634    8,402      9,539Kittson       1,650      1,381    1,610      1,716Koochiching   3,867      2,842    4,238      3,466LacQuiParle   2,805      2,116    2,685      2,731Lake          3,887      1,838    4,468      2,003Lake O'Woods  798        984      824        1,094Le Sueur      5,410      5,415    5,070      6,033Lincoln       1,891      1,479    1,827      1,905Lyon          5,657      5,969    5,389      7,170McLeod        5,736      7,967    4,864      8,728Mahnomen      1,277      1,051    1,241      1,328Marshall      3,001      2,752    2,705      3,433Martin        4,922      5,724    4,673      7,308Meeker        4,544      4,999    4,156      5,511Mille Lacs    4,327      3,862    4,011      4,307Morrison      6,469      6,598    6,225      7,556Mower         11,893     6,969    12,498     8,054Murray        2,840      2,316    2,741      2,780Nicollet      6,786      6,878    5,789      7,472Nobles        4,953      4,348    4,619      4,876Norman        2,149      1,789    2,202      2,152Olmsted       19,423     27,683   16,335     28,129Otter Tail    10,373     14,015   9,714      15,664Pennington    3,105      2,920    2,913      3,536Pine          5,540      3,857    5,223      4,493Pipestone     2,382      2,760    2,391      3,043Polk          7,523      7,032    7,033      8,617Pope          3,074      2,627    2,757      3,064Ramsey        143,767    88,736   141,623    95,667Red Lake      1,229      918      1,294      1,184Redwood       3,178      5,076    2,957      6,020Renville      4,454      4,356    3,972      5,571Rice          11,570     9,460    10,880     10,456Rock          2,435      2,737    2,188      2,971Roseau        2,630      3,500    2,319      3,445St. Louis     70,344     31,799   77,683     34,162Scott         11,405     13,050   9,452      12,573Sherburne     7,959      8,360    6,140      7,738Sibley        3,154      3,655    2,761      4,638Stearns       23,798     27,529   20,944     30,216Steele        5,496      7,981    5,060      8,780Stevens       2,721      2,679    2,451      3,251Swift         3,579      2,156    3,531      2,893Todd          5,023      5,633    4,657      6,585Traverse      1,399      1,061    1,325      1,399Wabasha       4,442      4,681    3,872      5,299Wadena        2,484      3,733    2,454      4,306Waseca        3,721      4,471    3,527      5,509Washington    34,952     30,850   28,527     29,046Watonwan      2,544      2,821    2,425      3,526Wilkin        1,486      1,933    1,410      2,367Winona        10,310     11,012   9,577      11,981Wright        14,177     14,987   12,486     15,399Yellow Med    3,282      2,925    3,018      3,819Totals        1,109,471  962,337  1,036,364  1,032,603%@TE:   92  4776 04 14 11 09 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Minnesota Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 644,196; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%596,274; Thomas, Soc., 5,454; Browder, Com., 2,711; Aiken, Ind.,
%@AB@%2,553.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 589,864; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%527,416; Thomas, Soc., 5,073; Teichert, Ind. Gov't., 3,176.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 692,966; Dewey, Rep., 483,617;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 27,866; Thomas, Soc., 4,646; Teichert, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 2,525; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 606.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 763,211; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%608,458; Hallinan, Prog., 2,666; Hass, Soc. Labor, 2,383;
%@AB@%Hamblen, Proh., 2,147; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 618.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 719,302; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%617,525; Hass, Soc. Labor (Ind. Gov.), 2,080; Dobbs, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 1,098.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 779,933; Nixon, Rep., 757,915;
%@AB@%Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 3,077; Industrial Gov., 962.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 991,117; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%559,624; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 1,177; Hass, Industrial Gov.,
%@AB@%2,544.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 658,643; Humphrey, Dem., 857,738;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 68,931; scattered, 2,443; Halstead, Soc.
%@AB@%Worker, 808; Blomen, Ind. Gov't., 285; Mitchell, Com., 415;
%@AB@%Cleaver, Peace, 935; McCarthy, write-in, 585; scattered, 170.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 898,269; McGovern, Dem., 802,346;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 31,407; Spock, Peoples, 2,805; Fisher, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 4,261; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 940; Hall, Com., 662;
%@AB@%scattered, 962.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 1,070,440; Ford, Rep., 819,395;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 35,490; Anderson, Amer., 13,592; Camejo, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 4,149; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,529; Hall, Com., 1,092.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 873, 268; Carter, Dem., 954,173;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 174,997; Clark, Libertarian, 31,593; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 8,406; Hall, Com., 1,117; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 711;
%@AB@%Griswold, Workers World, 698; McReynolds, Socialist, 536;
%@AB@%write-ins, 281.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Mondale, Dem., 1,036,364; Reagan, Rep., 1,032,603; Bergland,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 2,996.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush., 962,337; Dukakis, Dem., 1,109,471; McCarthy,
%@AB@%Minn. Prog., 5,403; Paul, Lib., 5,109.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Mississippi%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
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%@TH:   87  4506 04 18 09 09 09 09 @%                  1988     1988     1984     1984                  Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty            (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams             7,732    8,116    7,849    9,440Alcom             5,335    6,641    4,862    7,203Amite             2,834    3,333    2,569    3,463Attala            2,997    4,524    3,327    4,870Benton            1,718    1,565    1,715    1,737Bolivar           7,606    6,105    8,769    6,939Calhoun           2,086    3,375    1,749    3,579Carroll           1,560    2,628    1,462    2,823Chickasaw         2,713    3,390    2,329    3,605Choctaw           1,335    2,297    1,166    2,491Claiborne         3,083    1,233    3,179    1,294Clarke            2,576    4,522    2,262    4,551Clay              3,849    3,645    4,046    4,112Coahoma           6,139    4,939    6,839    5,759Copiah            4,175    5,100    4,591    5,806Covington         2,591    4,005    2,219    4,165DeSoto            5,449    14,681   4,369    12,576Forrest           6,953    14,249   6,786    15,719Franklin          1,563    2,376    1,494    2,564George            2,435    4,545    1,655    4,346Greene            1,637    2,837    1,297    2,744Grenada           3,683    5,352    3,325    5,181Hancock           3,760    7,763    2,630    7,662Harrison          14,439   32,892   12,495   33,995Hinds             41,058   52,749   42,373   56,953Holmes            5,350    2,737    5,641    3,102Humphreys         2,644    2,018    2,596    2,309Issaquena         511      424      501      512Itawamba          3,143    4,535    2,674    4,587Jackson           10,328   29,830   8,821    29,585Jasper            3,184    3,368    3,104    3,727Jefferson         2,693    702      3,049    856Jefferson Davis   2,948    2,745    2,644    2,884Jones             7,383    16,764   7,298    17,586Kemper            2,069    2,128    2,089    2,354Lafayette         3,967    5,841    3,646    6,006Lamar             2,535    9,145    1,964    7,929Lauderdale        7,967    18,302   7,534    18,807Lawrence          2,517    3,682    2,274    3,970Leake             2,787    4,168    2,845    4,663Lee               6,604    13,767   6,208    13,312Leflore           5,830    6,409    7,443    7,550Lincoln           4,534    8,710    4,458    8,898Lowndes           5,993    11,258   6,078    12,049Madison           8,242    11,399   8,002    9,298Marion            4,240    7,019    3,757    7,355Marshall          6,982    4,668    5,845    4,389Monroe            4,669    6,447    4,437    7,387Montgomery        1,893    2,504    1,881    3,093Neshoba           2,942    6,363    2,630    6,715Newton            2,332    5,658    2,127    5,911Noxubee           2,722    1,870    2,928    2,123Oktibbeha         5,100    7,126    5,097    7,574Panola            5,222    5,382    5,465    5,850Pearl River       3,939    10,220   3,085    9,978Perry             1,326    2,983    1,415    3,098Pike              6,531    7,637    6,137    8,254Pontotoc          2,772    4,939    2,434    5,182Prentiss          3,429    4,348    2,897    4,821Quitman           2,497    1,832    2,343    2,198Rankin            6,201    22,937   5,874    22,393Scott             2,939    5,522    3,274    5,763Sharkey           1,609    1,277    1,723    1,487Simpson           3,016    6,151    2,894    5,983Smith             1,660    4,573    1,573    5,116Stone             1,452    3,007    1,185    2,980Sunflower         4,898    4,362    4,913    5,178Tallahatchie      2,881    2,633    2,725    2,901Tate              2,872    4,553    2,846    4,677Tippah            2,958    4,593    2,566    4,706Tishomingo        3,378    3,646    2,879    3,527Tunica            1,510    896      1,621    1,109Union             3,044    5,511    2,766    5,837Walthall          2,354    3,103    2,219    3,305Warren            7,437    12,507   8,054    12,959Washington        10,222   10,229   10,617   12,454Wayne             2,889    4,496    2,818    5,000Webster           1,550    3,061    1,397    3,390Wilkinson         2,678    1,528    2,627    1,722Winston           3,851    5,317    3,543    5,192Yalobusha         2,402    2,660    2,337    2,934Yazoo             4,989    5,538    5,037    6,275Totals            363,921  557,890  352,192  582,377%@TE:   87  4506 04 18 09 09 09 09 @%

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%@3@%                       %@AS@%Mississippi Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 168,252; Willkie, Ind. Rep.,
%@AB@%4,550; Rep., 2,814; total, 7,364; Thomas, Soc., 103.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 158,515; Dewey, Rep., 3,742;
%@AB@%Reg. Dem., 9,964; Ind. Rep., 7,859.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 167,538; Truman,
%@AB@%Dem., 19,384; Dewey, Rep., 5,043; Wallace, Prog., 225.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Ind. vote pledged to Rep.
%@AB@%candidate, 112,966; Stevenson, Dem., 172,566.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Stevenson, Dem., 144,498; Eisenhower, Rep.,
%@AB@%56,372; Black and Tan Grand Old Party, 4,313; total, 60,685;
%@AB@%Byrd, Ind., 42,966.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Democratic unpledged electors, 116,248;
%@AB@%Kennedy, Dem., 108,362; Nixon, Rep., 73,561. Mississippi's
%@AB@%victorious slate of 8 unpledged Democratic electors cast their
%@AB@%votes for Sen. Harry F. Byrd (D-Va.).
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 52,618; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%356,528.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 88,516; Humphrey, Dem., 150,644;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 415,349.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 505,125; McGovern, Dem., 126,782;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 11,598; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 2,458.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 381,309; Ford, Rep., 366,846;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 6,678; McCarthy, Ind., 4,074; Maddox, Ind.,
%@AB@%4,049; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 2,805; MacBride, Libertarian,
%@AB@%2,609.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 441,089;  Carter, Dem., 429,281;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 12,036; Clark, Libertarian, 5,465; Griswold,
%@AB@%Workers World, 2,402; Pulley, Soc. Worker, 2,347.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 582,377; Mondale, Dem., 352,192;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 2,336.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 557,890; Dukakis, Dem., 363,921; Duke, Ind.,
%@AB@%4,232; Paul, Lib., 3,329.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Missouri%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  119  6507 04 17 11 11 09 11 @%                 1988       1988       1984     1984                 Dukakis    Bush       Mondale  ReaganCounty           (D)        (R)        (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adair            3,571      5,721      3,119    6,430Andrew           3,108      3,407      2,457    4,252Atchison         1,468      1,761      1,219    2,277Audrain          5,226      5,072      4,662    7,261Barry            4,210      7,231      3,483    7,683Barton           1,603      3,339      1,348    3,996Bates            3,332      3,574      2,889    4,223Benton           2,654      3,467      2,251    3,805Bollinger        1,883      2,710      1,923    2,778Boone            24,370     22,948     19,364   26,600Buchanan         18,601     15,336     15,369   19,735Butler           5,751      7,968      4,699    8,712Caldwell         1,726      2,074      1,382    2,678Callaway         5,209      6,687      4,327    8,262Camden           3,930      7,773      3,088    8,057Cape Girardeau   7,904      16,583     7,346    17,404Carroll          2,330      2,811      1,980    3,495Carter           1,087      1,429      916      1,402Cass             10,092     12,799     7,517    14,456Cedar            1,774      2,966      1,440    3,539Chariton         2,347      2,193      2,244    2,744Christian        4,724      7,670      3,223    7,634Clark            1,925      1,493      1,627    2,068Clay             29,620     30,293     22,586   36,529Clinton          3,653      3,282      2,778    4,226Cole             8,359      18,023     6,702    20,366Cooper           2,510      3,737      2,219    4,603Crawford         3,107      3,856      2,610    4,716Dade             1,315      2,154      1,100    2,600Dallas           2,293      2,898      1,902    3,577Daviess          1,743      1,765      1,526    2,414DeKalb           1,970      1,863      1,464    2,188Dent             2,421      2,975      2,544    3,490Douglas          1,735      3,225      1,536    3,662Dunklin          5,281      5,026      4,967    6,092Franklin         11,891     16,611     8,319    18,669Gasconade        1,621      4,216      1,130    4,678Gentry           1,872      1,554      1,600    2,047Greene           35,475     52,211     27,965   57,250Grundy           2,052      2,668      1,861    3,156Harrison         1,776      2,271      1,649    2,844Henry            4,135      4,167      3,741    5,419Hickory          1,677      2,043      1,212    2,190Holt             1,258      1,583      1,026    2,087Howard           2,446      1,865      2,014    2,360Howell           4,324      7,277      3,767    8,204Iron             2,283      1,877      2,023    2,316Jackson          147,964    107,810    135,067  132,271Jasper           11,159     19,934     9,259    23,066Jefferson        27,738     29,279     20,026   34,525Johnson          5,373      7,512      4,238    8,413Knox             1,255      1,212      1,097    1,513Laclede          3,442      6,070      2,665    6,406Lafayette        5,654      6,825      4,848    8,581Lawrence         4,432      6,911      3,720    8,370Lewis            2,460      1,803      1,977    2,438Lincoln          4,605      5,305      3,290    6,137Linn             3,150      3,061      3,112    3,822Livingston       3,077      3,462      2,699    4,090McDonald         2,299      3,812      2,109    4,521Macon            3,215      3,406      3,037    4,542Madison          2,167      2,528      1,862    2,808Maries           1,552      1,919      1,388    2,267Marion           5,617      5,034      4,666    6,831Mercer           877        875        875      1,229Miller           2,555      5,662      2,054    6,706Missouri         2,814      2,218      2,524    2,502Moniteau         1,936      3,502      1,614    4,197Monroe           2,461      1,542      1,992    2,163Montgomery       2,064      2,714      1,668    3,261Morgan           2,604      3,958      2,169    4,392New Madrid       3,812      3,387      3,776    4,323Newton           5,798      10,617     4,623    11,709Nodaway          4,240      4,103      3,615    5,471Oregon           2,042      1,717      2,026    1,979Osage            1,771      3,885      1,343    4,381Ozark            1,329      2,404      1,110    2,614Pemiscot         3,288      3,066      3,293    3,733Perry            2,136      3,836      1,837    4,493Pettis           5,486      9,648      5,413    10,991Phelps           5,867      8,329      5,074    9,012Pike             3,816      3,271      3,313    3,933Platte           11,225     11,838     7,668    12,859Polk             3,419      5,030      2,819    5,467Pulaski          3,446      4,642      2,865    5,330Putnam           803        1,365      797      1,540Ralls            2,489      1,494      2,011    2,067Randolph         5,291      4,384      4,471    5,735Ray              4,879      3,763      3,979    4,875Reynolds         1,864      1,162      2,026    1,330Ripley           1,961      2,647      1,883    2,927St. Charles      29,286     50,005     17,617   47,784St. Clair        1,864      2,312      1,655    2,667St. Francois     8,158      7,923      7,137    9,792Ste. Genevieve   3,612      2,532      2,723    3,245St. Louis        216,534    262,784    173,144  307,684Saline           5,039      4,625      4,281    6,042Schuyler         1,013      1,063      1,141    1,250Scotland         1,117      1,248      1,075    1,485Scott            5,914      8,013      5,569    8,727Shannon          1,796      1,696      1,580    1,779Shelby           1,818      1,586      1,573    2,243Stoddard         4,701      5,822      4,294    6,701Stone            2,889      5,080      2,119    5,706Sullivan         1,562      1,897      1,784    2,306Taney            3,888      7,043      2,912    7,082Texas            3,887      4,584      3,662    5,591Vernon           3,402      4,149      2,984    5,181Warren           2,935      4,452      1,964    5,150Washington       3,744      3,240      2,987    3,755Wayne            2,456      2,648      2,363    2,867Webster          3,890      5,123      2,982    5,529Worth            732        677        734      921Wright           2,232      4,151      1,973    4,687Totals           1,001,619  1,084,953  848,583  1,274,188%@TE:  119  6507 04 17 11 11 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Missouri Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 958,476; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%871,009; Thomas, Soc., 2,226; Babson, Proh., 1,809; Aiken, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 209.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 807,357; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%761,175; Thomas, Soc., 1,750; Watson, Proh., 1,175; Teichert,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 221.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 917,315; Dewey, Rep., 655,039;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 3,998; Thomas, Soc., 2,222.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 959,429; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%929,830; Hallinan, Prog., 987; Hamblen, Proh., 885; MacArthur,
%@AB@%Christian Nationalist, 302; America First, 233; Hoopes, Soc.,
%@AB@%227; Hass, Soc. Labor, 169.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Stevenson, Dem., 918,273; Eisenhower, Rep.,
%@AB@%914,299.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 972,201; Nixon, Rep., 962,221.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,164,344; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%653,535.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 811,932; Humphrey, Dem., 791,444;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 206,126.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,154,058; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%698,531.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 999,163; Ford, Rep., 928,808;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 24,329.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,074,181;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%931,182; Anderson, Ind., 77,920; Clark, Libertarian, 14,422;
%@AB@%DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 1,515; Commoner, Citizens, 573;
%@AB@%write-ins, 31.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,274,188; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%848,583.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,084,953; Dukakis, Dem., 1,001,619; Fulani, New
%@AB@%Alliance, 6,656; Paul, write-in, 434.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Montana %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   61  2969 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%               1988     1988     1984     1984               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty         (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Beaverhead     1,274    2,668    942      3,044Big Horn       2,233    1,711    2,681    2,390Blaine         1,460    1,402    1,229    1,736Broadwater     592      1,054    458      1,345Carbon         2,039    2,360    1,657    2,877Carter         242      686      194      823Cascade        15,718   15,946   14,252   19,846Chouteau       1,166    1,980    896      2,425Custer         2,343    3,007    1,982    3,879Daniels        571      802      473      984Dawson         2,120    2,658    1,776    3,468Deer Lodge     3,185    1,168    3,539    1,901Fallon         612      1,002    569      1,237Fergus         2,052    3,948    1,804    4,585Flathead       10,202   14,461   8,310    17,012Gallatin       9,527    13,214   8,163    15,643Garfield       196      631      134      770Glacier        2,151    1,728    2,167    2,228Golden Valley  203      335      211      384Granite        511      789      417      880Hill           4,219    3,467    3,657    4,635Jefferson      1,746    2,007    1,324    2,226Judith Basin   590      902      483      1,050Lake           4,109    4,883    3,473    5,754Lewis & Clark  11,932   10,946   8,768    13,569Liberty        418      771      323      895Lincoln        3,601    3,500    2,959    4,080Madison        878      2,045    708      2,308McCone         567      814      459      1,015Meagher        337      656      283      771Mineral        789      616      718      943Missoula       19,178   15,965   16,540   19,777Musselshell    898      1,280    781      1,541Park           2,526    3,823    2,387    4,115Petroleum      91       204      86       258Phillips       905      1,462    787      1,934Pondera        1,245    1,795    1,039    2,239Powder River   395      815      346      1,066Powell         1,174    1,574    1,066    1,877Prairie        343      541      289      693Ravalli        4,763    7,418    3,825    8,161Richland       1,824    2,628    1,382    3,847Roosevelt      2,083    1,957    1,962    2,431Rosebud        1,869    1,822    1,920    2,413Sanders        1,959    2,152    1,654    2,467Sheridan       1,354    1,381    1,087    1,774Silver Bow     11,422   5,043    11,095   6,637Stillwater     1,407    1,920    1,100    2,118Sweet Grass    462      1,242    378      1,417Teton          1,303    1,876    1,102    2,257Toole          1,070    1,505    789      1,949Treasure       231      291      209      353Valley         2,163    2,467    1,849    3,123Wheatland      443      667      407      753Wibaux         258      358      216      423Yellowstone    21,987   28,069   19,437   34,124Totals         168,936  190,412  146,742  232,450%@TE:   61  2969 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Montana Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 145,698; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%99,579; Thomas, Soc., 1,443; Babson, Proh., 664; Browder, Com.,
%@AB@%489.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 112,556; Dewey, Rep., 93,163;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc., 1,296; Watson, Proh., 340.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 119,071; Dewey, Rep., 96,770;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 7,313; Thomas, Soc., 695; Watson, Proh., 429.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 157,394; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%106,213; Hallinan, Prog., 723; Hamblen, Proh., 548; Hoopes,
%@AB@%Soc., 159.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 154,933; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%116,238.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 134,891; Nixon, Rep., 141,841;
%@AB@%Decker, Proh., 456; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 391.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 164,246; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%113,032; Kasper, Nat'l States Rights, 519; Munn, Proh., 499;
%@AB@%DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 332.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 138,835; Humphrey, Dem., 114,117;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 20,015; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 457; Munn,
%@AB@%Proh., 510; Caton, New Reform, 470.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 183,976; McGovern, Dem., 120,197;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 13,430.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 149,259; Ford, Rep., 173,703;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 5,772.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 206,814;  Carter, Dem., 118,032;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 29,281; Clark, Libertarian, 9,825.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 232,450; Mondale, Dem., 146,742;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 5,185.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 190,412; Dukakis, Dem., 168,936; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%5,047; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,279.
%@AB@% %@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Nebraska %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   98  4737 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%               1988     1988     1984     1984               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty         (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams          4,145    8,063    2,940    9,092Antelope       933      2,626    697      3,222Arthur         58       210      33       248Banner         112      361      58       457Blaine         72       338      48       363Boone          976      2,160    690      2,508Box Butte      2,466    3,253    1,471    4,011Boyd           480      967      308      1,173Brown          435      1,335    312      1,513Buffalo        4,700    9,980    3,083    11,343Burt           1,458    2,050    1,054    2,645Butler         1,715    2,083    1,192    2,555Cass           3,674    4,658    2,495    5,451Cedar          1,759    2,462    1,201    3,298Chase          597      1,446    367      1,687Cherry         642      2,240    463      2,720Cheyenne       1,333    2,862    857      3,159Clay           1,097    2,352    811      2,919Colfax         1,542    2,329    981      2,998Cuming         1,238    3,201    779      3,931Custer         1,496    4,202    1,090    4,749Dakota         2,941    2,744    2,510    3,467Dawes          1,122    2,618    864      3,325Dawson         2,184    5,529    1,487    6,878Deuel          302      769      198      961Dixon          1,166    1,802    985      2,154Dodge          6,116    8,412    4,259    10,167Douglas        76,444   99,806   58,867   112,557Dundy          333      828      225      992Fillmore       1,433    1,952    1,009    2,474Franklin       768      1,294    522      1,597Frontier       384      1,057    258      1,351Furnas         791      1,830    579      2,363Gage           4,008    5,114    2,699    6,102Garden         366      986      180      1,158Garfield       234      803      196      899Gosper         331      694      201      802Grant          89       301      51       404Greeley        670      763      485      948Hall           6,822    12,020   4,615    13,082Hamilton       1,289    3,019    840      3,417Harlan         725      1,403    493      1,692Hayes          160      512      100      591Hitchcock      480      1,132    341      1,391Holt           1,327    4,081    893      4,611Hooker         91       378      55       433Howard         1,186    1,526    887      1,899Jefferson      1,819    2,470    1,366    3,114Johnson        1,162    1,182    821      1,536Kearney        1,056    2,120    726      2,505Keith          1,067    2,879    631      3,423Keya Paha      145      446      126      505Kimball        540      1,321    339      1,732Knox           1,477    2,644    1,149    3,364Lancaster      44,260   44,605   32,780   48,627Lincoln        6,070    8,395    4,483    10,692Logan          93       373      66       445Loup           97       295      79       323McPherson      60       229      57       295Madison        2,779    9,135    1,755    9,786Merrick        1,192    2,376    818      2,696Morrill        753      1,554    463      1,888Nance          794      1,185    524      1,391Nemaha         1,457    2,293    1,004    2,752Nuckolls       1,114    1,750    947      2,132Otoe           2,616    3,724    1,868    4,679Pawnee         767      975      552      1,306Perkins        467      1,117    307      1,418Phelps         1,047    3,316    739      3,739Pierce         914      2,474    545      3,016Platte         3,285    9,029    2,057    10,035Polk           944      1,768    610      2,149Red Willow     1,505    3,325    1,022    4,101Richardson     1,926    2,702    1,422    3,634Rock           198      756      147      873Saline         3,119    2,352    2,385    2,941Sarpy          10,936   20,179   6,831    20,155Saunders       3,524    4,454    2,467    5,217Scotts Bluff   4,454    8,594    3,060    10,676Seward         2,682    3,467    1,905    3,969Sheridan       612      2,251    377      2,661Sherman        839      914      701      1,144Sioux          194      568      121      732Stanton        637      1,709    410      2,080Thayer         1,322    1,981    946      2,578Thomas         81       383      73       298Thurston       1,225    1,105    1,077    1,410Valley         873      1,603    739      2,052Washington     2,552    4,567    1,561    5,163Wayne          1,111    2,473    833      3,075Webster        891      1,314    645      1,694Wheeler        141      309      97       365York           1,748    4,744    1,114    5,012Totals         259,235  397,956  187,475  459,135%@TE:   98  4737 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Nebraska Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 263,677; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%352,201.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 233,246; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%329,880.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 224,165; Dewey, Rep., 264,774.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 421,603; Stevenson Dem.,
%@AB@%188,057.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 378,108; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%199,029.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 232,542; Nixon, Rep., 380,553.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 307,307; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%276,847.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 321,163; Humphrey, Dem., 170,784;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 44,904.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 406,298; McGovern, Dem., 169,991;
%@AB@%scattered 817.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 233,287; Ford, Rep., 359,219;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 9,383; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 3,378; MacBride,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 1,476.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 419,214;  Carter, Dem., 166,424;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 44,854; Clark, Libertarian, 9,041.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 459,135; Mondale, Dem., 187,475;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 2,075.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 397,956; Dukakis, Dem., 259,235; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%2,534; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,740.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Nevada %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1000 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Churchill   1,481    4,578    1,304    4,479Clark       78,359   108,110  53,386   94,133Douglas     3,107    7,074    1,877    6,385Elko        2,310    5,722    1,566    5,110Esmeralda   143      380      158      453Eureka      151      413      124      439Humboldt    1,024    2,378    862      2,498Lander      439      1,214    301      1,222Lincoln     466      1,035    397      1,175Lyon        2,301    4,390    1,673    4,370Mineral     978      1,480    766      1,645Nye         1,748    3,619    1,269    3,573Pershing    458      867      333      956Storey      432      651      252      570Washoe      32,902   52,654   22,321   50,418White Pine  1,351    1,774    1,276    1,917Totals      132,738  206,040  91,655   188,770%@TE:   21  1000 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Nevada Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 31,945; Willkie, Rep., 21,229.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 29,623; Dewey, Rep., 24,611.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 31,291; Dewey, Rep., 29,357; Wallace, Prog., 1,469.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 50,502; Stevenson, Dem., 31,688.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 56,049; Stevenson, Dem., 40,640.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 54,880; Nixon, Rep., 52,387.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 79,339; Goldwater, Rep., 56,094.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 73,188; Humphrey, Dem., 60,598;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 20,432.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 115,750; McGovern, Dem. 66,016.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter Dem., 92,479; Ford, Rep., 101,273;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 1,519; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 1,497;
%@AB@%scattered 5,108.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 155,017;  Carter, Dem., 66,666;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 17,651; Clark, Libertarian, 4,358.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 188,770; Mondale, Dem., 91,655;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 2,292.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 206,040; Dukakis, Dem., 132,738; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%3,520; Fulani, New Alliance, 835.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%New Hampshire%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15   753 04 13 09 09 09 09 @%             1988     1988     1984     1984             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCity         (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Berlin City  2,271    2,529    1,863    3,261Claremont    2,254    2,513    2,006    2,868Concord      6,698    7,439    5,172    7,190Dover        4,803    5,357    3,826    5,397Keene        4,466    4,535    3,238    4,975Laconia      2,111    3,835    1,552    4,151Manchester   12,567   23,893   10,283   24,780Nashua       12,833   19,369   9,305    16,961Portsmith    5,377    4,827    4,418    4,967Rochester    3,591    5,368    2,622    5,457Totals       163,696  281,537  120,377  267,051%@TE:   15   753 04 13 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%New Hampshire Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 125,292; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%110,127.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 119,663; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%109,916; Thomas, Soc., 46.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 107,995; Dewey, Rep., 121,299;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 1,970; Thomas, Soc., 86; Teichert, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%83; Thurmond, States' Rights, 7.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 166,287; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%106,663.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 176,519; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%90,364; Andrews, Const., 111.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 137,772; Nixon, Rep., 157,989.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 182,065; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%104,029.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 154,903; Humphrey, Dem., 130,589;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 11,173; New Party, 421; Halstead, Soc.
%@AB@%Worker, 104.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 213,724; McGovern, Dem., 116,435;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 3,386; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 368; scattered,
%@AB@%142.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 147,645; Ford, Rep., 185,935;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 4,095; MacBride, Libertarian, 936; Reagan,
%@AB@%write-in, 388; La Rouche, U.S. Labor, 186; Camejo, Soc. Workers,
%@AB@%161, Levin, Soc. Labor, 66; scattered, 215.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 221,705;  Carter, Dem., 108,864;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 49,693; Clark, Libertarian, 2,067; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 1,325; Hall, Com., 129; Griswold, Workers World, 76;
%@AB@%DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 72; scattered, 68.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 267,051; Mondale, Dem., 120,377;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 735.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 281,537; Dukakis, Dem., 163,696; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%4,502; Fulani, New Alliance, 790.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%New Jersey %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26  1422 04 12 11 11 11 11 @%            1988       1988       1984       1984            Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty      (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Atlantic    34,047     44,748     33,240     49,158Bergen      160,655    226,885    155,039    268,507Burlington  61,140     87,416     57,467     89,815Camden      90,704     100,072    90,233     109,749Cape May    15,105     28,738     13,378     28,768Cumberland  21,869     26,024     21,141     29,398Essex       156,098    111,491    173,295    136,798Gloucester  35,479     51,708     32,702     54,041Hudson      95,696     81,807     94,304     112,834Hunterdon   13,758     31,907     10,972     29,737Mercer      68,712     65,384     66,398     71,195Middlesex   117,149    143,361    104,905    160,221Monmouth    91,844     147,320    79,382     152,595Morris      58,721     127,420    53,201     137,719Ocean       64,474     124,587    51,012     124,391Passaic     66,254     88,070     69,590     101,951Salem       9,956      15,240     8,935      17,368Somerset    37,406     67,658     31,924     66,303Sussex      13,676     36,086     11,502     35,680Union       93,158     112,967    92,056     135,446Warren      11,640     21,715     10,647     21,938Totals      1,317,541  1,740,604  1,261,323  1,933,630%@TE:   26  1422 04 12 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%New Jersey Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,016,404; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%944,876; Browder, Com., 8,814; Thomas, Soc., 2,823; Babson,
%@AB@%Proh., 851; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 446.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 987,874; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%961,335; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 6,939; Watson, Nat'l. Proh.,
%@AB@%4,255; Thomas, Soc., 3,385.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 895,455; Dewey, Rep., 981,124;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 42,683; Watson, Proh., 10,593; Thomas, Soc.,
%@AB@%10,521; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 5,825; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 3,354.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,373,613; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,015,902; Hoopes, Soc., 8,593; Hass, Soc. Labor, 5,815;
%@AB@%Hallinan, Prog., 5,589; Krajewski, Poor Man's, 4,203; Dobbs,
%@AB@%Soc. Workers, 3,850; Hamblen, Proh., 989.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,606,942; Stevenson Dem.,
%@AB@%850,337; Holtwick, Proh., 9,147; Hass, Soc. Labor, 6,736;
%@AB@%Andrews, Conservative, 5,317; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 4,004;
%@AB@%Krajewski, American Third Party, 1,829.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,385,415; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,363,324; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 11,402; Lee, Conservative,
%@AB@%8,708; Hass, Soc. Labor, 4,262.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,867,671; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%963,843; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 8,181; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,075.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,325,467; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,264,206; Wallace, 3d party, 262,187; Halstead, Soc. Worker,
%@AB@%8,667; Gregory, Peace Freedom, 8,084; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 6,784.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,845,502; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,102,211; Schmitz, Amer., 34,378; Spock, Peoples, 5,355;
%@AB@%Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,544; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 2,233;
%@AB@%Mahalchik, Amer. First, 1,743; Hall, Com., 1,263.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 1,444,653; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,509,688; McCarthy, Ind., 32,717; MacBride, Libertarian, 9,449;
%@AB@%Maddox, Amer., 7,716; Levin, Soc. Labor, 3,686; Hall, Com.,
%@AB@%1,662; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 1,650; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 1,184;
%@AB@%Wright, People's, 1,044; Bubar, Proh., 554; Zeidler, Soc.,
%@AB@%469.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,546,557;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,147,364; Anderson, Ind., 234,632; Clark, Libertarian, 20,652;
%@AB@%Commoner, Citizens, 8,203; McCormack, Right to Life, 3,927;
%@AB@%Lynen, Middle Class, 3,694; Hall, Com., 2,555; Pulley, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 2,198; McReynolds, Soc., 1,973; Gahres, Down With
%@AB@%Lawyers, 1,718; Griswold, Workers World, 1,288; Wendelken, Ind.,
%@AB@%923.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,933,630; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,261,323; Bergland, Libertarian, 6,416.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,740,604; Dukakis, Dem., 1,317,541; Lewin, Peace
%@AB@%& Freedom, 9,953; Paul, Lib., 8,421.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%New Mexico %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   38  1771 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bernalillo  78,346   92,830   67,789   104,694Catron      490      925      418      970Chaves      6,730    13,367   5,332    15,248Cibola      3,458    2,640    3,140    3,578Colfax      2,785    2,256    2,435    2,994Curry       3,995    8,032    3,108    9,188De Baca     480      643      386      756Dona Ana    19,608   21,582   13,878   22,153Eddy        8,544    9,805    7,364    11,810Grant       5,443    4,196    5,755    4,979Guadalupe   1,243    861      946      990Harding     291      377      224      401Hidalgo     901      1,100    860      1,282Lea         5,879    11,309   4,558    14,569Lincoln     1,690    3,511    1,134    3,992Los Alamos  3,275    6,622    2,859    6,882Luna        3,066    3,415    2,557    4,145McKinley    9,595    5,694    7,915    6,557Mora        1,601    923      1,235    1,017Otero       5,284    9,984    4,167    9,751Quay        1,901    2,454    1,368    2,842Rio Arriba  7,503    3,024    6,938    4,116Roosevelt   2,033    3,589    1,696    4,598Sandoval    9,332    9,411    7,080    9,005San Juan    11,094   16,202   8,963    18,690San Miguel  6,131    2,763    5,227    3,485Santa Fe    23,581   12,891   18,262   15,886Sierra      1,595    2,507    1,335    2,663Socorro     2,960    3,114    2,541    3,403Taos        6,271    2,897    5,144    4,154Torrance    1,618    2,252    1,274    2,326Union       638      1,291    488      1,503Valencia    7,136    7,874    5,393    8,474Totals      244,497  270,341  201,769  307,101%@TE:   38  1771 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%New Mexico Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 103,699; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%79,315.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 81,389; Dewey, Rep., 70,688;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 148.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 105,464; Dewey, Rep., 80,303;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 1,037; Watson, Proh., 127; Thomas, Soc., 83;
%@AB@%Teichert, Soc. Labor, 49.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 132,170; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%105,661; Hamblen, Proh., 297; Hallinan, Ind. Prog., 225;
%@AB@%MacArthur, Christian National, 220; Hass, Soc. Labor, 35.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 146,788; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%106,098; Holtwick, Proh., 607; Andrews, Ind., 364; Hass, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 69.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 156,027; Nixon, Rep., 153,733;
%@AB@%Decker, Proh., 777; Hass, Soc. Labor, 570.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 194,017; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%131,838; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,217; Munn, Proh., 543.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 169,692; Humphrey, Dem., 130,081;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 25,737; Chavez, 1,519; Halstead, Soc. Worker,
%@AB@%252.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 235,606; McGovern, Dem., 141,084;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 8,767; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 474.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 201,148; Ford, Rep., 211,419;
%@AB@%Camejo, Soc. Workers, 2,462; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,110;
%@AB@%Zeidler, Soc., 240; Bubar, Proh., 211.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 250,779;  Carter, Dem., 167,826;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 29,459; Clark, Libertarian, 4,365; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 2,202; Bubar, Statesman, 1,281; Pulley, Soc. Worker,
%@AB@%325.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 307,101; Mondale, Dem., 201,769;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 4,459.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 270,341; Dukakis, Dem., 244,497; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%3,268; Fulani, New Alliance, 2,237.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%New York %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   67  3750 04 15 11 11 11 11 @%               1988       1988       1984       1984               Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albany         86,564     59,534     75,447     74,542Allegany       5,614      11,880     4,720      14,527Bronx          218,245    76,043     223,112    109,308Broome         48,130     47,610     37,658     58,109Cattaraugus    12,447     19,691     10,194     24,162Cayuga         15,044     16,934     12,207     21,451Chautauqua     25,814     31,642     22,986     39,597Chemung        15,966     20,951     14,638     24,909Chenango       8,021      11,727     6,343      14,254Clinton        12,670     15,702     10,804     19,549Columbia       11,585     15,111     8,960      18,814Cortland       7,673      10,934     6,438      13,691Delaware       7,463      11,391     5,745      14,002Dutchess       38,968     62,165     32,867     70,324Erie           238,779    188,796    237,631    222,882Essex          6,623      10,350     5,119      12,114Franklin       7,928      9,135      6,400      10,617Fulton         9,012      11,757     7,644      14,887Genesee        9,945      14,182     8,549      16,582Greene         7,265      11,874     5,858      14,150Hamilton       976        2,320      737        2,637Herkimer       12,694     15,104     10,346     18,827Jefferson      14,137     19,304     10,960     23,445Kings          363,916    178,961    368,518    230,064Lewis          4,252      5,787      2,757      7,069Livingston     9,506      14,004     7,399      16,389Madison        10,665     14,902     8,291      17,568Monroe         153,650    155,271    132,109    182,696Montgomery     11,371     11,128     9,044      14,398Nassau         250,130    337,430    240,697    392,017New York       385,675    115,927    379,521    144,281Niagara        43,801     42,537     41,368     51,289Oneida         47,665     55,039     42,603     65,377Onondaga       94,751     104,080    81,777     121,857Ontario        17,341     21,780     12,844     24,507Orange         38,465     65,446     32,663     69,413Orleans        5,913      9,028      4,429      10,453Oswego         18,430     25,362     14,437     31,481Otsego         11,069     13,021     9,582      16,777Putnam         12,158     24,086     9,473      25,707Queens         325,147    217,049    328,379    285,477Rensselaer     33,066     35,412     26,755     43,892Richmond       47,812     77,427     44,345     83,187Rockland       47,634     63,825     44,687     70,020 St. Lawrence   18,921     20,290     15,963     26,062Saratoga       31,684     43,498     22,166     47,394Schenectady    36,483     33,364     30,612     42,808Schoharie      5,389      7,008      3,996      8,692Schuyler       2,900      4,291      2,422      5,207Seneca         6,215      7,221      4,825      9,420Steuben        12,824     25,359     10,471     28,848Suffolk        199,215    311,242    171,295    335,485Sullivan       11,635     15,713     10,475     18,037Tioga          8,102      12,670     5,860      14,856Tompkins       21,455     14,932     19,357     18,255Ulster         30,744     41,173     26,445     47,372Warren         8,580      15,860     5,886      17,616Washington     8,201      14,103     5,909      16,580Wayne          12,959     20,613     9,700      24,171Westchester    169,860    197,956    160,225    229,005Wyoming        5,228      9,451      4,381      11,199Yates          3,507      5,488      2,670      6,367Totals         3,347,882  3,081,871  3,119,609  3,664,763%@TE:   67  3750 04 15 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%New York Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,834,500; American Lab.,
%@AB@%417,418; total, 3,251,918; Willkie, Rep., 3,027,478; Thomas,
%@AB@%Soc., 18,950; Babson, Proh., 3,250.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,478,598; American Lab.,
%@AB@%496,405; Liberal, 329,325; total, 3,304,238; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,987,647; Teichert, Ind. Gov't., 14,352; Thomas, Soc.,
%@AB@%10,553.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 2,557,642; Liberal, 222,562;
%@AB@%total, 2,780,204; Dewey, Rep., 2,841,163; Wallace, Amer. Lab.,
%@AB@%509,559; Thomas, Soc., 40,879; Teichert, Ind. Gov't., 2,729;
%@AB@%Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 2,675.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 3,952,815; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,687,890, Liberal, 416,711; total, 3,104,601; Hallinan,
%@AB@%American Lab., 64,211; Hoopes, Soc., 2,664; Dobbs, Soc. Workers,
%@AB@%2,212; Hass, Ind. Gov't., 1,560; scattering, 178; blank and
%@AB@%void, 87,813.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 4,340,340; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,458,212; Liberal, 292,557; total, 2,750,769; write-in votes
%@AB@%for Andrews, 1,027; Werdel, 492; Hass, 150; Hoopes, 82; others,
%@AB@%476.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 3,423,909; Liberal, 406,176;
%@AB@%total, 3,830,085; Nixon, Rep., 3,446,419; Dobbs, Soc. Workers,
%@AB@%14,319; scattering, 256; blank and void, 88,896.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 4,913,156; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,243,559; Hass, Soc. Labor, 6,085; DeBerry, Soc. Workers,
%@AB@%3,215; scattering, 188; blank and void, 151,383.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 3,007,932; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%3,378,470; Wallace, 3d party, 358,864; Blomen, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%8,432; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 11,851; Gregory, Freedom and
%@AB@%Peace, 24,517; blank, void, and scattering, 171,624.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 3,824,642; Conservative, 368,136;
%@AB@%McGovern, Dem., 2,767,956; Liberal, 183,128; Reed, Soc. Workers,
%@AB@%7,797; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,530; Hall, Com., 5,641; blank,
%@AB@%void, or scattered, 161,641.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 3,389,558; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%3,100,791; MacBride, Libertarian, 12,197; Hall, Com., 10,270;
%@AB@%Camejo, Soc. Workers, 6,996; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 5,413; blank,
%@AB@%void, or scattered, 143,037.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,893,831;  Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,728,372; Anderson, Lib., 467,801; Clark, Libertarian, 52,648;
%@AB@%McCormack, Right To Life, 24,159; Commoner, Citizens, 23,186;
%@AB@%Hall, Com., 7,414; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 2,068; Griswold,
%@AB@%Workers World, 1,416; scattering, 1,064.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 3,664,763; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%3,119,609; Bergland, Libertarian, 11,949.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 3,081,871; Dukakis, Dem., 3,347,882; Marra, Right
%@AB@%to Life, 20,497; Fulani, New Alliance, 15,845.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%North Carolina %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  105  5251 04 14 09 11 09 11 @%              1988     1988       1984     1984              Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  ReaganCounty        (D)      (R)        (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alamance      12,642   24,131     11,230   26,063Alexander     4,148    7,968      3,581    8,502Alleghany     2,087    2,174      2,013    2,589Anson         4,831    2,782      5,015    3,719Ashe          4,034    6,019      4,009    6,611Avery         1,367    4,277      1,159    4,702Beaufort      5,352    8,190      5,987    9,284Bertie        3,762    2,145      3,953    2,879Bladen        5,031    3,770      5,064    4,701Brunswick     7,881    10,007     6,774    9,673Buncombe      26,964   36,828     23,337   37,698Burke         10,848   15,933     10,353   18,766Cabarrus      10,686   22,524     8,477    22,528Caldwell      7,862    15,176     7,311    17,024Camden        1,081    1,144      1,075    1,282Carteret      6,859    11,076     5,882    11,637Caswell       4,189    3,299      4,157    3,992Catawba       12,922   28,872     11,700   31,476Chatham       7,600    6,999      7,458    8,595Cherokee      2,567    4,557      2,776    4,894Chowan        1,756    1,884      1,736    2,171Clay          1,289    2,174      1,340    2,259Cleveland     10,321   14,039     10,288   17,095Columbus      9,172    6,659      8,728    9,150Craven        7,313    12,057     7,186    12,893Cumberland    23,789   27,057     22,614   31,602Currituck     1,555    2,443      1,668    2,885Dare          2,806    5,234      1,839    4,738Davidson      13,215   28,374     11,469   30,471Davie         3,166    7,988      2,911    8,201Duplin        5,945    5,774      6,830    7,708Durham        35,441   29,928     32,244   29,185Edgecombe     9,044    6,831      10,545   9,635Forsyth       39,726   57,688     36,814   59,208Franklin      5,438    5,499      4,766    5,984Gaston        14,582   34,775     14,142   39,167Gates         2,024    1,451      2,225    1,694Graham        1,313    2,091      1,494    2,514Granville     5,280    4,880      5,217    6,302Greene        2,729    2,498      2,772    3,195Guilford      50,351   66,060     46,027   73,096Halifax       8,726    7,462      9,278    8,832Harnett       7,259    9,749      7,106    11,198Haywood       9,010    8,957      7,958    10,146Henderson     9,338    19,711     7,222    19,369Hertford      4,943    2,977      4,498    3,176Hoke          3,281    2,020      3,214    2,449Hyde          1,316    940        1,004    1,195Iredell       10,530   21,536     9,999    23,641Jackson       4,933    5,166      4,367    5,582Johnston      8,717    15,563     7,833    16,210Jones         1,946    1,649      2,025    2,062Lee           4,231    7,104      3,925    8,198Lenoir        7,649    10,669     8,556    13,321Lincoln       6,444    11,651     5,996    12,621McDowell      4,449    6,526      4,076    7,639Macon         3,773    6,026      3,570    6,661Madison       3,033    3,453      2,988    3,666Martin        3,598    3,149      3,870    4,266Mecklenburg   71,907   106,236    63,190   106,754Mitchell      1,377    4,620      1,286    4,737Montgomery    3,995    4,504      3,831    5,109Moore         7,642    14,543     7,063    14,681Nash          8,740    15,906     8,588    17,295New Hanover   15,401   23,807     12,591   23,771Northampton   4,599    2,415      5,094    3,198Onslow        7,162    12,253     5,713    13,928Orange        22,326   14,503     20,564   15,585Pamlico       2,188    2,297      2,152    2,554Pasquotank    3,860    4,006      3,854    4,646Pender        4,377    4,926      4,354    5,079Perquimans    1,543    1,781      1,441    1,939Person        3,777    4,832      3,528    5,854Pitt          14,777   18,245     13,481   18,983Polk          2,534    3,874      2,169    4,046Randolph      8,641    23,881     7,511    25,759Richmond      7,151    5,073      7,494    6,807Robeson       16,988   9,908      15,257   12,947Rockingham    11,551   14,591     10,605   17,895Rowan         12,127   23,192     10,643   25,207Rutherford    6,926    10,337     6,862    11,369Sampson       8,009    8,524      9,115    10,665Scotland      3,865    3,199      4,028    4,077Stanly        6,627    11,885     6,138    13,116Stokes        5,319    8,661      4,950    9,515Surry         7,245    11,393     7,188    13,340Swain         1,821    1,795      2,000    2,012Transylvania  4,280    7,009      3,733    6,956Tyrrell       785      637        807      774Union         8,820    17,015     7,048    16,885Vance         5,631    5,625      5,880    6,836Wake          61,352   81,613     50,323   81,251Warren        4,249    2,163      3,946    2,664Washington    2,806    2,186      3,114    2,731Watauga       6,048    8,662      5,163    9,370Wayne         9,135    15,292     10,011   17,961Wilkes        7,230    15,231     6,852    18,670Wilson        8,214    10,997     8,343    12,243Yadkin        3,195    7,918      3,075    8,976Yancey        3,803    4,160      3,651    4,296Totals        890,167  1,237,258  824,287  1,346,481%@TE:  105  5251 04 14 09 11 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%North Carolina Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 609,015; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%213,633.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 527,399; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%263,155.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 459,070; Dewey, Rep., 258,572;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 69,652; Wallace, Prog., 3,915.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 558,107; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%652,803.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 575,062; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%590,530.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 713,136; Nixon, Rep., 655,420.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 800,139; Goldwater Rep.,
%@AB@%624,844.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 627,192; Humphrey, Dem., 464,113;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 496,188.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,054,889; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%438,705; Schmitz, Amer., 25,018.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Dem., 927,365;  Ford, Rep., 741,960; Anderson,
%@AB@%Amer., 5,607; MacBride, Libertarian, 2,219; LaRouche, U.S.
%@AB@%Labor, 755.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 915,018;  Carter, Dem., 875,635;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 52,800; Clark, Libertarian, 9,677; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 2,287; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 416.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,346,481; Mondale, Dem., 824,287;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 3,794.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,237,258; Dukakis, Dem., 890,167; Fulani, New
%@AB@%Alliance, 5,682; Paul, write-in, 1,263.
%@AB@% %@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%North Dakota %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   58  2837 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%               1988     1988     1984     1984               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty         (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams          708      1,018    530      1,343Barnes         2,858    3,631    2,507    4,348Benson         1,691    1,316    1,599    1,729Billings       211      437      133      505Bottineau      1,684    2,530    1,279    3,356Bowman         737      1,111    562      1,559Burke          693      971      543      1,298Burleigh       10,760   18,000   8,781    19,913Cass           22,107   26,699   18,054   29,221Cavalier       1,333    2,096    1,110    2,661Dickey         1,249    2,064    1,051    2,460Divide         875      869      626      1,165Dunn           892      1,263    716      1,583Eddy           748      891      796      1,049Emmons         925      1,634    620      1,885Foster         837      1,218    765      1,422Golden Valley  388      781      325      964Grand Forks    12,494   14,801   10,050   15,898Grant          654      1,351    507      1,607Griggs         846      1,020    828      1,254Hettinger      698      1,395    524      1,646Kidder         678      1,039    506      1,240La Moure       1,223    1,642    1,086    1,978Logan          540      1,111    401      1,222McHenry        1,665    1,888    1,283    2,485McIntosh       598      1,726    427      2,047McKenzie       1,273    1,949    974      2,610McLean         2,428    2,906    2,062    3,673Mercer         1,843    3,013    1,729    3,705Morton         4,708    5,588    3,996    7,146Mountrail      1,977    1,443    1,565    1,959Nelson         1,151    1,078    1,026    1,445Oliver         526      696      419      915Pembina        1,616    2,471    1,367    2,895Pierce         1,008    1,422    691      1,883Ramsey         2,665    3,103    2,304    4,150Ransom         1,459    1,362    1,222    1,706Renville       837      893      592      1,163Richland       3,523    4,670    3,047    5,980Rolette        2,426    1,126    2,179    1,479Sargent        1,306    1,119    1,295    1,385Sheridan       428      885      306      1,075Sioux          701      325      655      442Slope          202      315      174      419Stark          3,678    6,137    2,759    7,641Steele         895      690      781      941Stutsman       4,214    5,375    3,495    6,591Towner         970      946      789      1,242Traill         1,940    2,562    1,580    3,037Walsh          2,646    3,250    2,264    4,347Ward           9,906    13,179   7,336    16,077Wells          1,317    1,901    1,036    2,426Williams       4,004    5,653    3,177    8,166Totals         127,739  166,559  104,429  200,336%@TE:   58  2837 04 15 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%North Dakota Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 124,036; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%154,590; Thomas, Soc., 1,279; Knutson, Com., 545; Babson, Proh.,
%@AB@%325.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 100,144; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%118,535; Thomas, Soc., 943, Watson, Proh., 549.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 95,812; Dewey, Rep., 115,139;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 8,391; Thomas, Soc., 1,000, Thurmond, States' Rights, 374.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 191,712; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%76,694; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 1,075; Hallinan,
%@AB@%Prog., 344; Hamblen, Proh., 302.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 156,766; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%96,742; Andrews, Amer., 483.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 123,963; Nixon, Rep., 154,310;
%@AB@%Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 158.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 149,784; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%108,207; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 224; Munn, Proh., 174.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 138,669; Humphrey, Dem., 94,769;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 14,244; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 128; Munn,
%@AB@%Prohibition, 38; Troxell, Ind., 34.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 174,109; McGovern, Dem., 100,384;
%@AB@%Jenness, Soc. Workers, 288; Hall, Com., 87; Schmitz, Amer.,
%@AB@%5,646.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 136,078; Ford, Rep., 153,470;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 3,698; McCarthy, Ind., 2,952; Maddox, Amer.
%@AB@%Ind., 269; MacBride, Libertarian, 256; scattering, 371.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 193,695;  Carter, Dem., 79,189;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 23,640; Clark, Libertarian, 3,743; Commoner,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 429; McLain, Nat'l People's League, 296; Greaves,
%@AB@%American, 235; Hall, Com., 93; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 89;
%@AB@%McReynolds, Soc., 82; Bubar, Statesman, 54.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 200,336; Mondale, Dem., 104,429; Bergland,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 703.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 166,559; Dukakis, Dem., 127,739; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%1,315; LaRouche, Natl. Econ. Recovery, 905.
%@AB@% %@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Ohio %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   93  4874 04 12 11 11 11 11 @%            1988       1988       1984       1984            Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty      (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams       3,740      5,916      3,534      6,113Allen       13,727     31,021     12,176     33,506Ashland     6,072      12,726     4,786      14,339Ashtabula   20,536     17,654     19,344     21,669Athens      10,795     9,314      10,201     11,548Auglaize    4,756      13,562     4,102      14,766Belmont     19,515     12,214     19,458     15,170Brown       5,047      7,539      4,067      8,221Butler      33,770     75,725     27,700     76,216Carroll     4,667      6,179      3,771      6,703Champaign   4,272      8,995      3,544      9,935Clark       23,247     32,729     21,154     35,831Clermont    15,352     37,417     11,713     35,316Clinton     3,746      8,856      3,332      9,603Columbiana  21,581     21,175     20,155     24,552Coshocton   6,020      8,282      4,392      9,842Crawford    6,018      12,472     4,932      14,682Cuyahoga    353,401    242,439    362,626    284,094Darke       6,851      14,914     5,904      16,379Defiance    5,448      9,566      5,004      10,951Delaware    7,590      20,693     5,773      19,050Erie        15,097     16,670     13,508     19,174Fairfield   12,504     29,208     9,817      30,843Fayette     2,623      6,186      2,126      6,838Franklin    147,585    226,265    131,530    250,360Fulton      5,076      10,230     4,217      11,412Gallia      4,834      7,399      4,251      8,194Geauga      11,874     22,339     9,954      22,369Greene      18,025     34,432     17,129     34,267Guemsey     5,926      8,507      4,967      10,252Hamilton    140,354    227,004    140,350    246,288Hancock     7,435      19,896     5,758      22,169Hardin      4,145      7,291      3,813      8,722Harrison    3,881      3,298      3,370      4,276Henry       3,764      8,618      2,779      9,317Highland    4,278      8,776      3,784      9,000Hocking     3,706      5,426      3,280      6,071Holmes      2,179      5,064      1,737      5,146Huron       7,794      12,633     6,609      14,388Jackson     4,505      6,671      4,369      7,411Jefferson   22,095     14,141     22,832     17,105Knox        6,882      12,180     5,730      14,062Lake        39,667     52,963     36,711     54,587Lawrence    11,628     12,937     11,431     14,973Licking     16,793     34,540     13,995     37,560Logan       4,484      11,099     3,645      12,230Lorain      55,600     50,410     52,970     57,379Lucas       99,755     83,788     97,293     100,285Madison     3,421      8,303      2,928      8,979Mahoning    75,524     43,722     76,514     53,424Marion      9,596      14,864     8,827      17,392Medina      19,505     29,962     15,897     30,690Meigs       3,699      5,486      3,549      6,307Mercer      4,978      11,162     4,422      11,542Miami       11,138     24,915     9,695      26,300Monroe      4,269      2,557      3,611      3,302Montgomery  95,737     131,596    94,016     137,053Morgan      2,085      3,713      1,868      3,994Morrow      3,515      7,130      2,839      8,116Muskingum   11,691     19,736     10,037     21,821Noble       2,079      3,155      1,777      3,853Ottawa      8,038      9,352      7,053      10,920Paulding    3,114      5,381      2,811      5,545Perry       5,011      6,602      3,961      7,548Pickaway    4,905      10,796     4,110      11,942Pike        5,191      5,611      4,895      6,318Portage     25,607     26,334     21,719     29,536Preble      4,937      10,297     4,198      11,065Putnam      4,004      11,183     3,194      11,936Richland    19,617     30,047     16,141     35,299Ross        9,271      14,563     8,020      17,015Sandusky    9,709      14,203     8,564      17,214Scioto      14,442     16,029     14,120     18,818Seneca      9,504      13,704     7,905      16,520Shelby      5,065      12,198     4,315      13,509Stark       69,639     87,087     65,157     98,434Summit      112,612    101,155    109,569    115,637Trumbull    58,674     38,815     56,902     45,623Tuscarawas  14,185     17,145     13,149     19,366Union       3,130      8,846      2,579      9,336Van Wert    3,848      9,410      3,338      9,570Vinton      2,385      2,652      1,990      3,041Warren      11,145     31,419     9,031      29,848Washington  9,967      14,767     7,920      16,529Wayne       13,571     22,320     11,323     24,475Williams    4,666      10,782     3,624      10,804Wood        18,579     26,013     15,907     29,750Wyandot     2,936      6,178      2,342      7,204Totals      1,939,629  2,416,549  1,825,440  2,678,559%@TE:   93  4874 04 12 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Ohio Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,733,139; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,586,773.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,570,763; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,582,293.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 1,452,791; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,445,684; Wallace, Prog., 37,596.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,100,391; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,600,367.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,262,610; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,439,655.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,944,248; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,217,611.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 2,498,331; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,470,865.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,791,014; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,700,586; Wallace, 3d party, 467,495; Gregory, 372; Munn,
%@AB@%Proh., 19; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 120; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 69;
%@AB@%Mitchell, Com., 23.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 2,441,827; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,558,889; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 7,107; Hall, Com., 6,437;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 80,067; Wallace, Ind., 460.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 2,011,621; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,000,505; McCarthy, Ind., 58,258; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 15,529;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 8,961; Hall, Com., 7,817; Camejo, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 4,717; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 4,335; scattered, 130.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,206,545; Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,752,414; Anderson, Ind., 254,472; Clark, Libertarian, 49,033;
%@AB@%Commoner, Citizens, 8,564; Hall, Com., 4,729; Congress, Ind.
%@AB@%4,029; Griswold, Workers World, 3,790; Bubar, Statesman, 27.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,678,559; Mondale, Dem., 1,825,440; Bergland,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 5,886.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 2,416,549; Dukakis, Dem., 1,939,629; Fulani,
%@AB@%Ind., 12,017; Paul, Ind., 11,926.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Oklahoma %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   82  3935 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%              1988     1988     1984     1984              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adair         2,624    3,558    2,266    4,423Alfalfa       1,117    1,960    866      2,715Atoka         2,565    1,971    2,047    2,361Beaver        777      2,013    536      2,689Beckham       3,388    3,463    2,601    5,005Blaine        1,775    2,889    1,484    4,037Bryan         6,849    4,615    5,475    6,246Caddo         5,387    4,689    4,463    6,811Canadian      7,453    17,872   5,245    20,929Carter        7,988    8,430    6,161    11,578Cherokee      6,483    5,838    5,307    7,614Choctaw       3,362    2,217    2,801    3,155Cimarron      470      1,153    359      1,420Cleveland     22,067   36,313   16,512   42,806Coal          1,365    891      1,284    1,259Comanche      11,441   17,464   8,890    21,382Cotton        1,482    1,266    1,264    1,796Craig         2,940    2,463    2,515    3,629Creek         9,512    11,308   7,465    15,011Custer        3,697    6,735    2,700    8,191Delaware      4,889    5,248    3,789    6,690Dewey         963      1,543    664      2,098Ellis         786      1,422    562      1,881Garfield      8,067    15,248   5,730    19,642Garvin        5,438    5,109    4,215    7,505Grady         6,689    7,994    4,846    11,042Grant         1,249    1,690    825      2,470Greer         1,256    1,225    1,220    1,664Harmon        890      611      785      1,009Harper        593      1,281    373      1,748Haskell       2,963    1,822    2,535    2,417Hughes        3,259    2,037    2,901    2,663Jackson       3,542    4,423    2,996    5,773Jefferson     1,767    1,063    1,496    1,656Johnston      2,042    1,518    1,820    2,195Kay           7,751    12,646   6,044    16,731Kingfisher    1,777    4,011    1,125    5,528Kiowa         2,296    2,030    2,016    2,951Latimer       2,365    1,830    1,858    2,210Le Flore      6,594    6,964    5,990    8,604Lincoln       4,225    6,409    3,020    8,088Logan         4,603    6,947    3,551    8,356Love          1,889    1,361    1,359    1,833McClain       3,594    4,771    2,549    6,056McCurtain     4,928    4,920    3,994    6,381McIntosh      4,041    2,665    3,479    3,646Major         982      2,638    619      3,385Marshall      2,730    1,911    2,039    2,488Mayes         6,691    6,115    5,154    8,585Murray        2,697    2,056    2,229    3,073Muskogee      13,760   11,147   12,343   14,652Noble         1,661    3,015    1,238    4,018Nowata        2,203    2,000    1,687    3,030Okfuskee      2,209    1,851    1,684    2,443Oklahoma      75,812   135,376  60,235   159,974Okmulgee      8,262    5,674    7,380    8,704Osage         7,778    7,162    6,095    10,083Ottawa        6,658    5,026    5,781    7,666Pawnee        2,781    3,324    2,165    4,699Payne         10,568   16,027   7,653    20,811Pittsburg     8,623    7,594    6,860    9,778Pontotoc      6,484    6,609    5,526    8,301Pottawatomie  8,873    12,099   6,966    16,143Pushmataha    2,430    1,841    2,079    2,499Roger Mills   866      1,132    680      1,550Rogers        8,771    12,940   6,013    16,137Seminole      4,911    4,078    3,957    6,009Sequoyah      4,951    5,710    4,202    7,042Stephens      7,833    9,844    6,359    12,871Texas         1,717    4,971    1,033    5,968Tillman       2,148    1,754    1,674    2,637Tulsa         69,044   127,512  58,274   159,549Wagoner       7,378    10,219   5,271    12,534Washington    6,971    14,613   5,476    19,043Washita       2,290    2,402    1,547    3,847Woods         1,735    2,835    1,231    3,741Woodward      2,408    4,996    1,647    6,376Totals        483,423  678,367  385,080  861,530%@TE:   82  3935 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Oklahoma Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 474,313; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%348,872; Babson, Proh., 3,027.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 401,549; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%319,424; Watson, Proh., 1,663.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 452,782; Dewey, Rep., 268,817.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 518,045; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%430,939.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 473,769; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%385,581.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 370,111; Nixon, Rep., 533,039.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 519,834; Goldwater, Rep.
%@AB@%412,665.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 449,697; Humphrey, Dem., 301,658;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 191,731.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep. 759,025; McGovern, Dem., 247,147;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 23,728.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976,  Carter, Dem., 532,442; Ford, Rep., 545,708;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 14,101.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 695,570;  Carter, Dem., 402,026;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 38,284; Clark, Libertarian, 13,828.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 861,530; Mondale, Dem., 385,080;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 9,066.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 678,367; Dukakis, Dem., 483,423; Paul., Lib.,
%@AB@%6,261; Fulani, New Alliance, 2,985.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Oregon %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   41  1917 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Baker       2,896    3,696    2,591    5,204Benton      16,930   14,004   16,073   17,836Clackamas   59,799   61,381   47,254   68,630Clatsop     8,074    5,956    7,525    7,522Columbia    8,983    6,424    8,219    7,811Coos        13,996   10,153   13,582   13,637Crook       2,719    3,049    2,268    3,773Curry       4,015    4,761    3,423    5,363Deschutes   14,264   16,425   11,671   19,323Douglas     17,255   20,120   14,609   25,243Gilliam     417      470      369      700Grant       1,437    2,264    1,344    2,695Harney      1,379    1,833    1,290    2,197Hood River  3,275    3,257    3,022    4,531Jackson     28,028   32,516   22,230   37,895Jefferson   2,346    2,509    1,920    3,283Josephine   10,646   15,876   8,539    19,470Klamath     8,429    13,484   7,575    17,686Lake        1,237    2,161    1,184    2,466Lane        69,883   47,563   63,999   61,493Lincoln     9,598    7,364    8,637    9,110Linn        17,007   18,312   16,161   23,463Malheur     2,965    6,285    2,611    8,441Marion      41,193   45,292   36,440   54,535Morrow      1,375    1,529    1,254    2,130Multnomah   161,361  95,561   144,179  119,932Polk        9,626    10,553   8,709    12,678Sherman     435      555      398      828Tillamook   5,529    4,297    4,988    5,267Umatilla    8,327    10,254   8,246    14,211Union       4,682    5,061    4,134    6,645Wallowa     1,425    1,993    1,204    2,619Wasco       5,141    4,462    5,526    6,905Washington  59,837   67,018   44,602   75,877Wheeler     274      367      253      504Yamhill     11,423   13,321   9,450    15,797Totals      616,206  560,126  536,479  685,700%@TE:   41  1917 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Oregon Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 258,415; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%219,555; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 2,487; Thomas, Soc., 398; Browder,
%@AB@%Com., 191; Babson, Proh., 154.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 248,635; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%225,365; Thomas, Soc., 3,785; Watson, Proh., 2,362.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 243,147; Dewey, Rep., 260,904;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 14,978; Thomas, Soc., 5,051.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 420,815; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%270,579; Hallinan, Ind., 3,665.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 406,393; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%329,204.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 367,402; Nixon, Rep., 408,060.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 501,017; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%282,779; write-in, 2,509.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 408,433; Humphrey, Dem., 358,866;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 49,683; write-in, McCarthy, 1,496; N.
%@AB@%Rockefeller, 69; others, 1,075.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 486,686; McGovern, Dem., 392,760,
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 46,211; write-in, 2,289.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 490,407; Ford, Rep., 492,120;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 40,207; write-in, 7,142.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 571,044; Carter, Dem., 456,890;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 112,389; Clark, Libertarian, 25,838; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 13,642; scattered, 1,713.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 658,700; Mondale, Dem., 536,479.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 560,126; Dukakis, Dem., 616,206; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%14,811; Fulani, Ind., 6,487.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Pennsylvania %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   72  4080 04 16 11 11 11 11 @%                1988       1988       1984       1984                Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty          (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams           8,299      15,650     7,289      16,786Allegheny       348,814    231,137    372,576    284,692Armstrong       13,892     11,509     14,525     13,709Beaver          50,327     25,764     54,765     32,052Bedford         5,754      11,123     5,424      13,085Berks           41,040     70,153     37,849     74,605Blair           15,588     25,623     15,651     30,104Bradford        6,635      13,568     5,474      14,808Bucks           82,472     127,563    74,568     130,119Butler          22,341     27,777     24,735     31,676Cambria         38,517     25,626     39,865     32,173Cameron         901        1,731      990        2,031Carbon          9,104      10,232     8,836      10,701Centre          18,357     23,875     16,194     27,802Chester         44,853     93,522     38,870     92,221Clarion         5,616      8,026      5,407      9,836Clearfield      12,235     14,296     11,963     18,653Clinton         5,759      5,735      4,525      6,678Columbia        7,767      12,114     8,254      14,402Crawford        13,021     17,249     12,792     20,181Cumberland      24,613     47,292     21,374     49,282Dauphin         35,079     48,917     33,576     54,330Delaware        96,144     147,656    98,207     161,754Elk             5,879      6,737      5,486      8,470Erie            53,913     48,306     52,471     55,860Fayette         33,098     16,915     35,098     21,314Forest          895        1,159      839        1,468Franklin        12,368     27,086     11,480     27,243Fulton          1,532      3,086      1,309      3,254Greene          9,126      4,879      9,365      6,376Huntingdon      4,752      8,800      4,430      10,220Indiana         16,514     14,983     15,791     18,845Jefferson       6,235      9,743      5,950      11,334Juniata         2,834      4,881      2,624      5,059Lackawanna      45,591     42,083     45,851     48,132Lancaster       38,982     96,979     31,308     99,090Lawrence        21,884     15,829     23,981     19,277Lebanon         11,912     24,415     10,520     27,008Lehigh          42,801     56,363     41,089     61,799Luzerne         58,553     59,059     58,482     69,169Lycoming        13,528     24,792     13,147     28,498McKean          5,300      9,323      4,818      10,963Mercer          24,278     21,301     24,658     24,211Mifflin         4,790      8,170      5,178      9,106Monroe          9,859      17,185     8,193      16,109Montgomery      109,834    170,294    99,741     181,426Montour         2,031      3,617      2,055      4,174Northampton     39,264     42,748     37,979     44,648Northumberland  14,255     20,207     13,748     22,109Perry           3,910      8,545      3,692      9,365Philadelphia    449,566    219,053    501,369    267,178Pike            3,097      6,659      2,503      6,343Potter          2,119      4,432      1,789      5,164Schuylkill      24,797     32,666     25,758     37,330Snyder          2,658      9,054      2,383      8,968Somerset        13,815     16,809     13,900     19,502Sullivan        1,091      1,808      952        1,926Susquehanna     4,871      9,077      4,471      10,566Tioga           4,807      9,471      4,060      10,532Union           3,163      7,912      2,747      7,792Venango         8,624      11,468     9,114      13,507Warren          6,790      8,991      6,244      10,838Washington      47,527     28,651     50,911     34,782Wayne           3,775      9,926      3,155      10,061Westmoreland    76,710     61,472     79,906     71,377Wyoming         2,797      6,607      2,518      7,230York            37,691     72,408     33,359     75,020Totals          2,194,944  2,300,087  2,228,131  2,584,323%@TE:   72  4080 04 16 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Pennsylvania Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,171,035; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,889,848; Thomas, Soc., 10,967; Browder, Com., 4,519; Aiken,
%@AB@%Ind. Gov., 1,518.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,940,479; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,835,054; Thomas, Soc., 11,721; Watson, Proh., 5,750; Teichert,
%@AB@%Ind. Gov., 1,789.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 1,752,426; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,902,197; Wallace, Prog., 55,161; Thomas, Soc., 11,325; Watson,
%@AB@%Proh., 10,338; Dobbs, Militant Workers, 2,133; Teichert, Ind.
%@AB@%Gov., 1,461.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,415,789; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,146,269; Hamblen, Proh., 8,771; Hallinan, Prog., 4,200;
%@AB@%Hoopes, Soc., 2,684; Dobbs, Militant Workers, 1,502; Hass, Ind.
%@AB@%Gov., 1,347; scattered, 155.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,585,252; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,981,769; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,447; Dobbs, Militant Workers,
%@AB@%2,035.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 2,556,282; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,439,956; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,185; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 2,678;
%@AB@%scattering, 440.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 3,130,954; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,673,657; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 10,456; Hass, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%5,092; scattering, 2,531.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 2,090,017; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,259,405; Wallace, 3d party, 378,582; Blomen, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%4,977; Halstead, Soc. Workers, 4,862; Gregory, 7,821; others,
%@AB@%2,264.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 2,714,521; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,796,951; Schmitz, Amer., 70,593; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 4,639;
%@AB@%Hall, Com., 2,686; others, 2,715.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 2,328,677; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%2,205,604; McCarthy, Ind., 50,584; Maddox, Constitution, 25,344;
%@AB@%Camejo, Soc. Workers, 3,009; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 2,744; Hall,
%@AB@%Com., 1,891; others, 2,934.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,261,872; Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,937,540; Anderson, Ind., 292,921; Clark, Libertarian, 33,263;
%@AB@%DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 20,291; Commoner, Consumer, 10,430; Hall,
%@AB@%Com., 5,184.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,584,323; Mondale, Dem.,
%@AB@%2,228,131; Bergland, Libertarian, 6,982.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 2,300,087; Dukakis, Dem., 2,194,944; McCarthy,
%@AB@%Consumer, 19,158; Paul, Lib., 12,051.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Rhode Island %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   10   566 04 17 09 09 09 09 @%                 1988     1988     1984     1984                 Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCity             (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Cranston         19,711   17,129   17,742   19,517East Providence  11,948   8,181    11,064   10,332Pawtucket        15,985   9,359    14,109   12,460Providence       34,806   15,310   35,751   19,748Warwick          21,662   18,052   19,278   22,276Totals           225,123  177,761  197,106  212,080%@TE:   10   566 04 17 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Rhode Island Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 182,182; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%138,653; Browder, Com., 239; Babson, Proh., 74.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 175,356; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%123,487; Watson, Proh., 433.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 188,736; Dewey, Rep., 135,787;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 2,619; Thomas, Soc., 429; Teichert, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%131.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 210,935; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%203,293; Hallinan, Prog., 187; Hass, Soc. Labor, 83.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 225,819; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%161,790.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 258,032; Nixon, Rep., 147,502.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 315,463; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%74,615.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 122,359; Humphrey, Dem., 246,518;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 15,678; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 383.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 220,383; McGovern, Dem., 194,645;
%@AB@%Jenness, Soc. Workers, 729.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 227,636; Ford, Rep., 181,249;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 715; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 462; Hall,
%@AB@%Com., 334; Levin, Soc. Labor, 188.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 154,793; Carter, Dem., 198,342;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 59,819; Clark, Libertarian, 2,458; Hall, Com.,
%@AB@%218; McReynolds, Socialist, 170; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 90;
%@AB@%Griswold, Workers World, 77.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 212,080; Mondale, Dem., 197,106;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 277.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 177,761; Dukakis, Dem., 225,123; Paul, Lib., 825;
%@AB@%Fulani, New Alliance, 280.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%South Carolina %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   51  2477 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%              1988     1988     1984     1984              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Abbeville     3,629    3,738    3,051    3,798Aiken         10,598   27,665   9,872    25,872Allendale     1,796    1,295    2,170    1,570Anderson      12,281   25,939   10,324   24,123Bamberg       2,830    2,403    2,892    2,908Barnwell      2,564    4,467    2,811    4,346Beaufort      8,691    16,184   7,347    13,668Berkeley      9,312    16,779   7,380    16,972Calhoun       2,175    2,585    2,315    2,742Charleston    32,977   49,149   29,470   53,779Cherokee      4,322    7,763    4,101    8,655Chester       3,737    3,968    3,559    4,441Chesterfield  4,699    4,999    4,593    5,451Clarendon     5,030    4,337    5,591    5,102Colleton      4,508    4,962    4,910    6,200Darlington    7,625    9,854    7,456    11,100Dillon        3,251    3,793    3,360    4,646Dorchester    7,371    14,756   7,037    15,289Edgefield     3,020    3,814    3,227    3,224Fairfield     3,827    2,714    4,117    3,147Florence      12,531   19,490   14,639   22,753Georgetown    5,402    7,032    6,392    7,370Greenville    27,188   67,371   24,137   66,766Greenwood     6,511    9,096    6,339    10,887Hampton       3,435    2,826    3,736    3,464Horry         13,316   24,843   8,940    20,396Jasper        2,894    2,004    3,753    3,102Kershaw       4,494    8,877    4,323    8,822Lancaster     6,181    9,152    5,804    10,383Laurens       5,930    9,731    5,312    9,729Lee           3,423    2,936    3,912    3,548Lexington     11,366   41,467   8,828    38,628McCormick     1,722    1,172    1,526    1,186Marion        5,008    4,403    5,043    4,698Marlboro      3,937    2,921    4,294    3,951Newberry      3,825    6,427    3,790    7,176Oconee        4,299    10,184   3,333    8,625Orangeburg    14,655   13,281   15,121   14,286Pickens       6,103    17,448   4,481    15,155Richland      36,420   43,841   32,212   46,773Saluda        1,984    3,225    1,962    3,515Spartanburg   22,964   40,801   20,130   41,553Sumter        9,502    13,161   9,566    12,909Union         4,420    6,019    4,424    6,331Williamsburg  7,343    5,914    7,586    6,492York          11,458   21,657   9,273    20,008Totals        370,554  606,443  344,459  615,539%@TE:   51  2477 04 14 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%South Carolina Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 95,470; Willkie, Rep., 1,727.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 90,601; Dewey, Rep., 4,547;
%@AB@%Southern Democrats, 7,799; Watson, Proh., 365; Rep. Tolbert
%@AB@%faction, 63.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 102,607;
%@AB@%Truman,
%@AB@%Dem., 34,423; Dewey, Rep., 5,386; Wallace, Prog., 154; Thomas,
%@AB@%Soc., 1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower ran on two tickets. Under state law
%@AB@%vote cast for two Eisenhower slates of electors could not be
%@AB@%combined. Eisenhower, Ind., 158,289; Rep., 9,793; total,
%@AB@%168,082; Stevenson, Dem., 173,004; Hamblen, Proh., 1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Stevenson, Dem., 136,372; Byrd, Ind., 88,509;
%@AB@%Eisenhower, Rep., 75,700; Andrews, Ind., 2.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 198,129; Nixon, Rep., 188,558;
%@AB@%write-in, 1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 215,700; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%309,048; write-ins: Nixon, 1, Wallace, 5; Powell, 1; Thurmond,
%@AB@%1.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 254,062; Humphrey, Dem., 197,486;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 215,430.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 477,044; McGovern, Dem., 184,559,
%@AB@%United Citizens, 2,265; Schmitz, Amer., 10,075; write-in, 17.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 450,807; Ford, Rep., 346,149;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 2,996; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 1,950; write-in,
%@AB@%681.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 439,277; Carter, Dem., 428,220;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 13,868; Clark, Libertarian, 4,807; Rarick, Amer.
%@AB@%Ind., 2,086.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 615,539; Mondale, Dem., 344,459; Bergland,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 4,359.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 606,443; Dukakis, Dem., 370,554; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%4,935; Fulani, United Citizens, 4,077.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%South Dakota %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   71  3229 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aurora      987      856      840      1,029Beadle      4,523    4,611    3,523    5,876Bennett     579      663      453      856Bon Homme   1,574    1,826    1,408    2,478Brookings   4,860    5,394    4,089    6,679Brown       8,673    8,537    6,852    10,541Brule       991      971      961      1,578Buffalo     334      151      236      253Butte       1,256    2,291    784      2,865Campbell    334      909      214      1,035Chas. Mix   2,205    1,966    1,879    2,660Clark       1,164    1,247    960      1,748Clay        2,859    2,307    2,711    3,057Codington   4,570    5,050    3,528    6,108Corson      722      710      792      955Custer      1,180    1,806    858      2,183Davison     3,705    4,024    3,248    4,783Day         2,137    1,616    1,932    2,150Deuel       1,246    1,251    941      1,537Dewey       1,007    765      772      941Douglas     695      1,438    536      1,713Edmunds     1,259    1,327    1,007    1,553Fall River  1,380    2,002    1,135    2,748Faulk       714      842      579      1,124Grant       1,988    2,148    1,606    2,738Gregory     1,138    1,566    780      1,777Haakon      379      958      237      1,168Hamlin      1,258    1,380    963      1,782Hand        1,101    1,461    846      2,030Hanson      776      786      625      898Harding     259      633      186      723Hughes      2,853    4,545    2,072    4,985Hutchinson  1,594    2,700    1,237    3,372Hyde        436      546      350      797Jackson     450      671      365      903Jerauld     751      777      542      1,012Jones       261      521      206      689Kingsbury   1,472    1,592    1,249    2,121Lake        2,663    2,439    2,367    3,027Lawrence    3,705    5,570    2,565    5,949Lincoln     3,190    3,537    2,626    3,988Lyman       631      843      478      1,120McCook      1,492    1,501    1,448    1,902McPherson   571      1,358    418      1,813Marshall    1,372    1,142    1,111    1,529Meade       3,212    5,189    2,093    5,908Mellette    385      460      303      616Miner       955      795      960      1,004Minnehaha   29,135   26,765   23,042   29,908Moody       1,715    1,161    1,586    1,633Pennington  12,068   19,510   8,224    21,947Perkins     851      1,326    714      1,686Potter      701      1,175    482      1,551Roberts     2,267    2,012    2,063    2,767Sanborn     770      815      611      1,080Shannon     1,206    256      1,489    324Spink       2,071    1,969    1,680    2,627Stanley     511      698      351      942Sully       393      571      266      836Todd        1,117    535      1,022    679Tripp       1,219    2,113    935      2,483Turner      1,780    2,436    1,486    3,086Union       2,612    1,907    2,221    2,431Walworth    1,094    1,940    779      2,396Yankton     3,777    4,186    2,932    5,161Ziebach     427      362      359      429Totals      145,560  165,415  116,113  200,267%@TE:   71  3229 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%South Dakota Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 131,862; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%177,065.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 96,711; Dewey, Rep., 135,365.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 117,653; Dewey, Rep., 129,651;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 2,801.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 203,857; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%90,426.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 171,569; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%122,288.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 128,070; Nixon, Rep., 178,417.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 163,010; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%130,108.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 149,841; Humphrey, Dem., 118,023;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 13,400.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 166,476; McGovern, Dem., 139,945;
%@AB@%Jenness, Soc. Workers, 994.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 147,068; Ford, Rep., 151,505;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 1,619; Hall, Com., 318; Camejo, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 168.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 198,343; Carter, Dem., 103,855;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 21,431; Clark, Libertarian, 3,824; Pulley, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 250.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 200,267; Mondale, Dem., 116,113.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 165,415; Dukakis, Dem., 145,560; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%1,060; Fulani, New Alliance, 730.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Tennessee %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  100  4570 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Anderson    9,589    15,056   10,415   16,783Bedford     4,046    4,856    4,499    4,699Benton      2,826    2,167    3,398    2,481Bledsoe     1,274    1,858    1,316    1,950Blount      9,602    20,027   9,188    20,525Bradley     6,122    15,829   6,085    16,322Campbell    4,188    5,197    4,692    5,685Cannon      1,726    1,604    1,846    1,669Carroll     4,151    5,635    4,568    6,017Carter      4,634    12,036   4,642    13,153Cheatham    3,067    4,132    3,007    4,109Chester     1,757    2,781    1,854    2,793Claiborne   2,977    4,071    2,870    4,474Clay        1,183    1,291    1,281    1,338Cocke       2,115    5,430    2,068    6,665Coffee      5,686    7,837    5,691    7,695Crockett    1,742    2,214    1,937    2,479Cumberland  3,964    7,557    3,605    7,083Davidson    89,270   98,599   89,498   98,115Decatur     1,880    2,286    2,031    2,390De Kalb     2,452    2,098    2,645    2,337Dickson     5,129    5,343    5,809    5,846Dyer        3,690    6,508    3,991    6,610Fayette     3,292    3,573    3,634    3,733Fentress    1,856    3,103    1,755    2,922Franklin    5,442    5,381    5,846    5,705Gibson      7,542    8,415    8,334    9,484Giles       3,918    3,518    3,812    3,875Grainger    1,423    2,734    1,565    3,212Greene      5,077    11,947   4,763    13,215Grundy      2,415    1,429    2,596    1,396Hamblen     5,061    10,418   4,922    11,144Hamilton    40,990   68,111   41,449   69,626Hancock     737      1,303    619      1,491Hardeman    3,526    3,547    3,797    3,712Hardin      2,808    4,252    3,051    4,632Hawkins     5,212    9,356    4,802    9,863Haywood     2,923    2,687    3,308    2,839Henderson   2,296    5,418    2,426    5,362Henry       5,138    4,784    5,407    5,376Hickman     2,643    2,246    2,941    2,370Houston     1,467    882      1,716    882Humphreys   3,037    2,132    3,668    2,249Jackson     1,962    1,168    2,894    1,544Jefferson   3,168    6,832    3,185    7,721Johnson     1,329    3,715    999      3,853Knox        41,829   73,092   43,448   76,965Lake        935      806      1,191    878Lauderdale  3,296    3,308    3,506    3,566Lawrence    4,903    6,273    5,458    6,034Lewis       1,419    1,324    1,556    1,733Lincoln     3,672    4,288    4,103    3,982Loudon      3,480    7,122    3,227    7,113McMinn      4,568    8,462    5,141    9,604McNairy     3,510    4,625    3,825    4,776Macon       1,538    2,962    1,747    3,330Madison     11,001   16,952   12,006   17,819Marion      4,175    4,407    3,942    4,337Marshall    2,795    2,975    2,935    3,416Maury       6,280    8,397    6,950    9,008Meigs       1,048    1,507    1,012    1,575Monroe      4,000    6,355    4,223    6,665Montgomery  9,145    12,599   9,939    13,228Moore       731      786      808      863Morgan      1,941    2,576    2,121    2,903Obion       4,785    6,037    4,769    6,384Overton     2,511    1,873    2,749    2,054Perry       1,208    854      1,316    948Pickett     634      1,118    706      1,246Polk        2,073    2,297    2,112    2,785Putnam      6,606    9,547    7,443    8,999Rhea        2,595    5,144    2,804    5,692Roane       6,535    10,881   6,623    11,882Robertson   5,884    5,714    5,756    5,445Rutherford  12,245   20,397   11,618   19,503Scott       1,611    2,562    1,810    3,107Sequatchie  1,196    1,659    1,238    1,785Sevier      3,643    11,920   3,384    12,517Shelby      149,759  157,457  169,717  165,947Smith       2,522    2,138    3,258    2,393Stewart     1,979    1,302    2,174    1,285Sullivan    17,396   32,996   16,925   36,516Sumner      11,702   19,523   11,535   18,442Tipton      3,824    6,052    3,895    5,945Trousdale   1,193    969      1,142    781Unicoi      1,794    3,664    1,696    4,249Union       1,431    2,110    1,495    2,447Van Buren   796      780      810      718Warren      4,646    4,529    4,813    4,811Washington  10,087   19,615   9,452    21,762Wayne       1,516    3,405    1,534    3,332Weakley     4,239    5,701    4,752    6,480White       2,562    2,646    3,033    2,895Williamson  7,864    20,847   6,929    17,975Wilson      8,360    13,317   8,433    12,858Totals      679,794  947,233  711,714  990,212%@TE:  100  4570 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Tennessee Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 351,601; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%169,153; Babson, Proh., 1,606; Thomas, Soc., 463.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 308,707; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%200,311; Watson, Proh., 882; Thomas, Soc., 892.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 270,402; Dewey, Rep., 202,914;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 73,815; Wallace, Prog., 1,864;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc., 1,288.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 446,147; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%443,710; Hamblen, Proh., 1,432; Hallinan, Prog., 885; MacArthur,
%@AB@%Christian Nationalist, 379.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 462,288; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%456,507; Andrews, Ind., 19,820; Holtwick, Proh., 789.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 481,453; Nixon, Rep., 556,577;
%@AB@%Faubus, States' Rights, 11,304; Decker, Proh., 2,458.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem. 635,047; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%508,965; write-in, 34.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 472,592; Humphrey, Dem., 351,233;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 424,792.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 813,147; McGovern, Dem., 357,293;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 30,373; write-in, 369.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 825,879; Ford, Rep., 633,969;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 5,769; McCarthy, Ind., 5,004; Maddox, Am. Ind.,
%@AB@%2,303; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,375; Hall, Com., 547; LaRouche,
%@AB@%U.S. Labor, 512; Bubar, Proh., 442; Miller, Ind., 316; write-in,
%@AB@%230.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 787,761; Carter, Dem., 783,051;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 35,991; Clark, Libertarian, 7,116; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 1,112; Bubar, Statesman, 521; McReynolds, Socialist,
%@AB@%519; Hall, Com., 503; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 490; Griswold,
%@AB@%Workers World, 400; write-ins, 152.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 990,212; Mondale, Dem., 711,714;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 3,072.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 947,233; Dukakis, Dem., 679,794; Paul, Ind.,
%@AB@%2,041; Duke, Ind., 1,807.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Texas %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  259 14038 04 15 11 11 11 11 @%               1988       1988       1984       1984               Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    ReaganCounty         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Anderson       6,128      7,858      4,747      8,634Andrews        1,122      3,052      820        3,918Angelina       10,849     12,738     9,054      14,685Aransas        2,305      3,858      1,696      4,352Archer         1,627      2,010      1,089      2,487Armstrong      314        720        238        791Atascosa       4,657      4,777      3,547      5,279Austin         2,593      4,524      1,941      4,872Bailey         876        1,459      684        1,888Bandera        1,251      3,435      771        3,152Bastrop        8,004      5,991      4,744      6,439Baylor         1,153      914        1,019      1,314Bee            4,616      4,620      3,659      5,377Bell           17,751     29,382     13,322     31,117Bexar          174,036    193,192    136,947    203,319Blanco         1,012      1,680      700        1,957Borden         169        283        140        325Bosque         2,670      3,458      2,046      3,923Bowie          12,331     15,454     10,077     18,244Brazoria       23,436     34,028     18,609     39,166Brazos         14,885     29,369     12,348     34,733Brewster       1,569      1,708      1,462      2,066Briscoe        574        464        471        538Brooks         2,859      608        2,702      896 Brown          4,763      6,810      4,070      8,468Burleson       3,085      2,242      2,578      3,076Burnet         4,343      5,120      2,983      5,895Caldwell       4,649      3,553      3,401      4,315Calhoun        3,314      3,183      2,586      4,434Callahan       2,017      2,887      1,305      3,538Cameron        30,972     24,263     26,394     29,545Camp           2,121      1,908      1,917      2,238Carson         1,034      2,100      826        2,412Cass           5,941      5,305      5,053      6,677Castro         1,436      1,604      1,009      2,026Chambers       3,035      3,694      2,632      4,322Cherokee       5,604      7,520      4,494      8,187Childress      1,060      1,201      900        1,574Clay           2,288      2,043      1,844      2,569Cochran        681        771        557        1,117Coke           674        863        532        1,060Coleman        1,978      2,340      1,420      2,790Collin         22,934     67,776     13,604     61,095Collingsworth  809        872        742        1,396Colorado       2,847      3,723      2,428      4,528Comal          5,716      13,994     4,179      13,452Comanche       2,622      2,120      2,248      2,678Concho         643        617        580        821Cooke          4,217      7,196      3,278      8,260Coryell        4,026      7,461      3,113      9,056Cottle         690        379        623        507Crane          596        1,219      392        1,473Crockett       881        932        589        1,094Crosby         1,435      1,121      1,212      1,376Culberson      557        417        407        509Dallam         645        1,205      496        1,594Dallas         243,198    347,094    203,592    405,444Dawson         2,155      3,154      1,781      3,685Deaf Smith     1,930      3,744      1,485      4,762Delta          1,244      849        973        1,024Denton         26,204     57,444     16,772     52,865DeWitt         2,579      3,628      1,882      4,401Dickens        696        435        692        594Dimmit         2,735      900        2,546      1,338Donley         661        1,043      529        1,297Duval          4,177      907        3,748      1,201Eastland       3,215      3,929      2,522      4,841Ector          10,825     23,155     8,913      31,228Edwards        368        556        159        626Ellis          11,169     16,422     8,029      16,873El Paso        62,622     55,573     51,917     66,114Erath          4,113      5,427      3,234      6,122Falls          2,877      2,344      2,834      3,133Fannin         5,163      4,024      4,399      4,692Fayette        3,390      4,551      2,379      5,711Fisher         1,516      721        1,384      965Floyd          1,391      1,741      1,023      2,092Foard          513        306        448        472Fort Bend      23,351     39,818     18,729     41,370Franklin       1,453      1,439      1,104      1,836Freestone      2,916      3,159      2,489      3,624Frio           3,016      1,505      2,656      2,003Gaines         1,310      2,265      797        2,714Galveston      38,633     34,913     36,092     40,262Garza          989        1,183      521        1,219Gillespie      1,588      5,662      1,137      5,496Glasscock      143        384        128        403Goliad         1,358      1,427      836        1,540Gonzales       2,897      2,983      2,196      3,962Gray           2,460      7,259      2,003      8,955Grayson        14,347     18,825     11,803     22,554Gregg          12,486     26,465     10,700     29,697Grimes         2,735      2,820      2,370      3,365Guadalupe      7,111      13,265     5,060      14,382Hale           3,502      6,284      3,202      7,670Hall           1,029      714        984        1,058Hamilton       1,355      1,718      1,130      2,118Hansford       443        1,967      259        2,213Hardeman       1,143      855        927        1,238Hardin         8,245      6,897      6,782      8,380Harris         342,919    464,217    334,135    536,029Harrison       8,974      11,957     7,773      12,618Hartley        505        1,229      356        1,419Haskell        1,715      1,193      1,434      1,701Hays           11,187     11,716     6,663      12,467Hemphill       527        1,170      413        1,650Henderson      9,819      11,005     7,302      12,725Hidalgo        54,330     29,246     44,147     35,059Hill           4,381      4,796      3,420      5,344Hockley        2,850      4,368      2,044      5,462Hood           4,255      7,400      3,063      6,817Hopkins        4,984      5,133      3,707      5,772Houston        3,846      3,882      3,275      4,542Howard         4,445      6,024      4,115      7,519Hudspeth       406        405        362        557Hunt           8,820      12,331     6,971      14,303Hutchinson     2,950      7,526      2,052      9,078Irion          326        539        199        619Jack           1,521      1,542      945        1,825Jackson        2,141      2,954      1,804      3,661Jasper         6,613      4,985      5,787      5,965Jeff Davis     325        524        299        511Jefferson      55,649     35,754     54,846     45,124Jim Hogg       1,630      510        1,703      608Jim Wells      8,495      4,335      7,795      5,896Johnson        12,507     17,509     9,148      18,254Jones          2,898      3,000      2,343      4,017Karnes         2,529      2,383      1,802      3,068Kaufman        7,358      8,466      5,554      9,343Kendall        1,446      4,875      938        4,568Kenedy         119        76         110        96Kent           398        274        253        332Kerr           3,587      11,207     3,102      11,829Kimble         551        1,061      442        1,333King           64         111        53         141Kinney         669        771        486        774Kleberg        5,367      4,443      4,924      5,712Knox           1,013      765        921        1,027Lamar          7,553      8,021      5,504      9,273Lamb           2,230      3,064      1,919      3,892Lampasas       1,954      3,000      1,356      3,285LaSalle        1,651      693        1,504      1,007Lavaca         3,531      4,377      2,464      5,058Lee            2,527      2,513      1,659      2,967Leon           2,316      2,778      1,821      3,207Liberty        8,343      8,524      6,292      10,504Limestone      3,476      3,257      3,228      4,063Lipscomb       377        1,111      241        1,461Live Oak       1,573      2,277      1,260      2,481Llano          2,629      3,550      1,894      4,042Loving         23         54         16         57Lubbock        22,202     50,760     18,793     57,151Lynn           1,086      1,279      1,009      1,617McCulloch      1,665      1,618      1,433      2,060McLennan       27,545     38,606     23,206     42,232McMullen       94         302        61         337Madison        1,835      1,896      1,384      2,158Marion         2,255      1,857      2,111      2,336Martin         632        1,017      512        1,218Mason          671        975        570        1,168Matagorda      5,675      6,787      5,201      8,452Maverick       4,395      1,592      3,063      1,783Medina         4,227      5,722      3,053      5,737Menard         614        552        394        725Midland        8,487      30,618     7,214      33,706Milam          4,865      3,512      3,734      4,384Mills          842        1,043      688        1,262Mitchell       1,773      1,596      1,332      2,007Montague       3,689      3,475      2,602      4,406Montgomery     18,394     40,360     13,293     41,230Moore          1,537      3,710      1,129      4,649Morris         3,522      2,104      2,925      2,778Motley         262        429        282        533Nacogdoches    6,886      11,767     5,694      13,063Navarro        6,749      6,445      5,672      7,816Newton         3,640      1,659      3,296      2,123Nolan          2,853      2,734      2,524      3,608Nueces         49,209     46,337     46,721     54,333Ochiltree      579        2,928      419        3,492Oldham         303        691        226        762Orange         17,834     11,959     16,816     15,386Palo Pinto     3,930      4,649      3,349      5,701Panola         4,123      4,642      3,179      5,676Parker         8,517      14,090     6,050      13,647Parmer         764        2,061      567        2,524Pecos          1,960      2,483      1,596      3,451Polk           5,943      5,831      3,898      5,987Potter         9,563      16,400     8,365      20,396Presidio       1,176      586        992        837Rains          1,448      1,281      1,027      1,560Randall        8,492      27,986     6,044      30,249Reagan         418        935        243        1,079Real           483        795        360        1,004Red River      3,165      2,475      2,518      2,979Reeves         2,812      1,724      2,396      2,461Refugio        1,831      1,883      1,559      2,421Roberts        135        441        106        539Robertson      3,630      2,184      3,339      2,663Rockwall       2,659      7,214      1,639      6,688Runnels        1,720      2,417      1,179      2,968Rusk           5,140      9,117      4,599      11,081Sabine         2,053      1,925      1,940      2,045San Augustine  2,118      1,946      1,583      1,937San Jacinto    2,972      2,691      2,466      3,174San Patricio   9,920      9,159      8,838      11,074San Saba       1,165      1,099      1,070      1,566Schleicher     494        653        326        854Scurry         2,119      3,749      1,564      5,028Shackelford    681        865        415        1,181Shelby         4,261      3,999      3,610      4,863Sherman        340        1,145      246        1,269Smith          18,719     34,658     15,227     40,740Somervell      983        1,304      635        1,422Starr          6,958      1,218      5,047      1,658Stephens       1,519      2,342      1,046      2,898Sterling       188        464        129        577Stonewall      724        421        643        599Sutton         571        996        465        1,251Swisher        1,893      1,271      1,642      1,611Tarrant        151,310    242,660    120,147    248,050Taylor         13,073     28,563     9,628      34,444Terrell        390        296        289        407Terry          1,941      2,645      1,535      3,181Throckmorton   534        455        388        586Titus          4,357      4,247      3,631      5,069Tom Green      12,283     21,463     8,981      23,847Travis         127,783    105,915    94,124     124,944Trinity        2,657      2,448      2,115      2,599Tyler          4,198      3,070      3,119      3,638Upshur         5,242      5,991      4,614      7,325Upton          544        1,189      380        1,603Uvalde         3,684      4,266      2,482      4,790Val Verde      5,044      5,109      3,857      5,909Van Zandt      6,153      7,371      4,506      8,474Victoria       8,923      15,056     7,037      18,787Walker         5,826      8,473      4,263      8,809Waller         3,957      3,607      3,828      4,116Ward           1,858      2,709      1,188      3,474Washington     2,960      6,041      2,483      6,506Webb           16,227     7,528      12,308     8,582Wharton        5,935      6,978      5,072      8,495Wheeler        1,067      1,703      805        2,251Wichita        17,956     23,324     16,009     28,932Wilbarger      2,248      2,669      2,011      3,644Willacy        3,165      1,750      3,037      2,340Williamson     19,589     27,322     9,911      25,774Wilson         3,953      4,436      2,829      4,588Winkler        947        1,656      752        2,213Wise           5,288      6,064      3,856      6,958Wood           4,553      6,216      3,449      7,144Yoakum         727        1,762      456        2,204Young          3,007      4,156      2,203      5,282Zapata         2,171      958        1,577      1,214Zavala         3,338      628        2,937      924Totals         2,352,748  3,036,829  1,949,276  3,433,428%@TE:  259 14038 04 15 11 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Texas Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 840,151; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%199,152; Babson, Proh., 925; Thomas, Soc., 728; Browder, Com.,
%@AB@%212.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 821,605; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%191,425; Texas Regulars, 135,439; Watson, Proh., 1,017; Thomas,
%@AB@%Soc., 594; America First, 250.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 750,700; Dewey, Rep., 282,240;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 106,909; Wallace, Prog., 3,764;
%@AB@%Watson, Proh., 2,758; Thomas, Soc., 874.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,102,878; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%969,228; Hamblen, Proh., 1,983; MacArthur, Christian
%@AB@%Nationalist, 833; MacArthur, Constitution, 730; Hallinan, Prog.,
%@AB@%294.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,080,619; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%859,958; Andrews, Ind., 14,591.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,167,932; Nixon, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,121,699; Sullivan, Constitution, 18,169; Decker, Proh., 3,870;
%@AB@%write-in, 15.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,663,185; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%958,566; Lightburn, Constitution, 5,060.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,227,844; Humphrey, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,266,804; Wallace, 3d party, 584,269; write-in, 489.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 2,298,896; McGovern, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,154,289; Schmitz, Amer., 6,039; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 8,664;
%@AB@%others, 3,393.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 2,082,319; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,953,300; McCarthy, Ind., 20,118; Anderson, Amer., 11,442;
%@AB@%Camejo, Soc. Workers, 1,723; write-in, 2,982.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,510,705; Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%1,881,147; Anderson, Ind., 111,613; Clark, Libertarian, 37,643;
%@AB@%write-in, 528.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 3,433,428; Mondale, Dem., 1,949,276.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 3,036,829; Dukakis, Dem., 2,352,748; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%30,355; Fulani, New Alliance, 7,208.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                   %@AS@%Utah %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   34  1591 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Beaver      816      1,286    708      1,516Box Elder   2,736    12,585   1,983    13,243Cache       5,871    21,766   4,123    22,127Carbon      5,521    3,019    4,357    4,393Daggett     132      272      227      296Davis       16,868   50,469   11,727   49,863Duchesne    1,227    3,118    746      4,437Emery       1,788    2,322    1,326    3,081Garfield    370      1,470    315      1,609Grand       1,287    1,895    876      2,463Iron        1,736    6,038    1,342    6,856Juab        974      1,505    917      1,902Kane        398      1,788    294      1,710Millard     1,124    3,515    1,192    4,345Morgan      647      1,889    481      1,934Piute       206      476      151      606Rich        234      621      131      797Salt Lake   107,453  163,557  78,488   183,536San Juan    1,407    2,377    1,145    2,598Sanpete     1,822    4,579    1,227    5,507Sevier      1,403    4,747    1,072    5,736Summit      2,545    3,881    1,539    4,093Tooele      4,166    5,539    3,584    6,478Uintah      1,799    5,341    1,186    7,337Utah        18,533   68,134   14,801   72,284Wasatch     1,451    2,487    1,015    2,789Washington  3,054    13,306   1,846    12,049Wayne       353      784      224      930Weber       21,431   39,676   18,346   44,590Totals      207,352  428,442  155,369  469,105%@TE:   34  1591 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Utah Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 154,277; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%93,151; Thomas, Soc., 200; Browder, Com., 191.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 150,088; Dewey, Rep., 97,891;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc., 340.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 149,151; Dewey, Rep., 124,402;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 2,679; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 73.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 194,190; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%135,364.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 215,631; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%118,364.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 169,248; Nixon, Rep., 205,361;
%@AB@%Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 100.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 219,628; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%181,785.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 238,728; Humphrey, Dem., 156,665;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 26,906; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 89; Peace and
%@AB@%Freedom, 180.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 323,643; McGovern, Dem., 126,284;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 28,549.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 182,110; Ford, Rep., 337,908;
%@AB@%Anderson, Amer., 13,304; McCarthy, Ind., 3,907; MacBride,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 2,438; Maddox, Am. Ind., 1,162; Camejo, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 268; Hall, Com., 121.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 439,687; Carter, Dem., 124,266;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 30,284; Clark, Libertarian, 7,226; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 1,009; Greaves, American, 965; Rarick, Amer. Ind.,
%@AB@%522; Hall, Com., 139; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 124.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 469,105; Mondale, Dem., 155,369;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 2,447.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 428,442; Dukakis, Dem., 207,352; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%7,473; Dennis, American, 2,158.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Vermont %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15   826 04 18 09 09 09 09 @%                  1988     1988     1984     1984                  Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCity              (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Barre City        2,132    2,100    1,903    2,195Bennington        3,180    2,748    2,879    3,237Brattleboro       3,136    2,044    2,741    2,645Burlington        9,748    6,382    10,080   7,857Montpelier        2,351    2,013    2,120    2,257Rutland City      3,590    3,631    3,298    3,970St. Albans City   1,441    1,295    1,346    1,748St. Johnsbury     1,188    1,974    915      2,152South Burlington  3,373    3,136    2,728    3,443Winooski          1,426    1,014    1,361    1,264Totals            115,775  124,331  95,730   135,865%@TE:   15   826 04 18 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Vermont Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 64,269; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%78,371; Browder, Com., 411.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 53,820; Dewey, Rep., 71,527.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 45,557; Dewey, Rep., 75,926;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 1,279; Thomas, Soc., 585.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 109,717; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%43,355; Hallinan, Prog., 282; Hoopes, Soc., 185.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 110,390; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%42,549; scattered, 39.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 69,186; Nixon, Rep., 98,131.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 107,674; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%54,868.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 85,142; Humphrey, Dem., 70,255;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 5,104; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 295; Gregory,
%@AB@%New Party, 579.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 117,149; McGovern, Dem., 68,174;
%@AB@%Spock, Liberty Union, 1,010; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 296;
%@AB@%scattered, 318.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 77,798; Carter, Ind. Vermonter,
%@AB@%991; Ford, Rep., 100,387; McCarthy, Ind., 4,001; Camejo, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 430; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 196; scattered, 99.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 94,598; Carter, Dem., 81,891;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 31,760; Commoner, Citizens, 2,316; Clark,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 1,900; McReynolds, Liberty Union, 136; Hall, Com.
%@AB@%118; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 75; scattering, 413.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 135,865; Mondale, Dem., 95,730;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 1,002.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 124,331; Dukakis, Dem., 115,775; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%1,000; LaRouche, Ind., 275.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Virginia %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  142  7569 04 18 09 11 09 11 @%                  1988     1988       1984     1984                  Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  ReaganCounty            (D)      (R)        (D)      (R) %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Accomack          4,443    6,926      4,355    8,047Albemarle         10,363   15,117     7,982    14,455Alleghany         2,316    2,555      1,932    3,067Amelia            1,359    2,187      1,432    2,336Amherst           3,567    6,507      3,409    7,004 Appomattox        1,740    3,205      1,498    3,386Arlington         40,314   34,191     37,031   34,848Augusta           4,170    13,251     3,899    15,308Bath              881      1,273      727      1,434Bedford           5,406    10,702     4,754    10,371Bland             937      1,556      867      1,812Botetourt         3,763    5,687      3,243    5,959Brunswick         3,070    2,742      3,040    2,950Buchanan          6,935    3,912      7,828    5,053Buckingham        1,941    2,481      1,879    2,627Campbell          4,574    12,713     4,380    13,388Caroline          3,186    3,065      3,111    2,949Carroll           3,190    6,377      2,914    7,056Charles City      1,839    826        1,776    776Charlotte         1,923    2,699      1,811    2,999Chesterfield      18,723   58,828     13,739   54,896Clarke            1,478    2,502      1,215    2,529Craig             864      1,112      845      1,173Culpeper          2,555    5,896      2,255    5,596Cumberland        1,132    1,978      1,237    2,027Dickenson         4,461    3,091      4,848    3,921Dinwiddie         3,405    4,165      3,485    4,547Essex             1,294    2,038      1,300    2,120Fairfax           125,711  200,631    107,295  183,181Fauquier          4,837    11,733     4,056    10,319Floyd             1,727    2,921      1,599    3,431Fluvanna          1,562    2,447      1,332    2,247Franklin          5,734    7,391      4,903    7,684Frederick         3,707    9,921      2,671    9,542Giles             3,042    3,490      3,047    4,340Gloucester        3,372    7,646      2,830    7,109Goochland         2,209    3,765      2,178    3,404Grayson           2,441    3,968      2,319    4,508Greene            899      2,234      760      2,216Greensville       2,083    1,610      2,352    2,304Halifax           4,282    5,671      4,231    6,726Hanover           5,985    20,570     4,831    18,800Henrico           26,980   62,284     21,336   63,864Henry             7,536    10,871     6,976    12,693Highland          456      807        398      997Isle of Wight     3,747    5,779      3,650    5,664James City        4,642    8,945      3,486    7,104King George       1,519    2,587      1,450    2,356King and Queen    1,309    1,376      1,201    1,449King William      1,561    2,735      1,448    2,803Lancaster         1,551    3,380      1,559    3,416Lee               4,906    4,080      5,085    5,365Loudoun           10,101   20,448     8,227    17,765Louisa            2,789    3,831      2,703    3,789Lunenburg         1,870    2,530      1,754    2,713Madison           1,427    2,501      1,302    2,723Mathews           1,235    2,752      1,106    2,868Mecklenburg       3,275    5,887      3,438    6,777Middlesex         1,361    2,571      1,206    2,612Montgomery        8,909    12,326     7,202    12,428Nelson            2,272    2,502      2,021    2,777New Kent          1,427    2,917      1,204    2,679Northampton       2,242    2,562      2,226    2,906Northumberland    1,506    2,984      1,407    3,166Nottoway          2,217    3,161      2,296    3,418Orange            2,592    4,319      2,285    4,483Page              2,499    5,013      2,437    5,021Patrick           2,093    3,990      1,908    4,703Pittsylvania      6,612    12,229     7,791    15,743Powhatan          1,467    4,040      1,381    3,921Prince Edward     2,434    3,147      2,589    3,454Prince George     2,469    4,982      2,136    4,999Prince William    19,198   39,654     15,631   34,992Pulaski           4,686    6,844      4,364    8,242Rappahannock      1,003    1,657      999      1,696Richmond          924      1,862      830      1,869Roanoke           12,938   22,011     10,569   23,348Rockbridge        2,412    3,541      2,098    4,067Rockingham        4,716    13,241     4,220    13,480Russell           6,222    4,374      6,760    5,738Scott             3,616    4,986      3,904    5,804Shenandoah        3,276    8,612      2,771    9,048Smyth             3,989    7,446      4,102    8,593Southampton       3,000    3,439      3,300    4,669Spotsylvania      5,486    10,978     4,012    8,207Stafford          5,380    12,234     4,429    10,283Surry             1,602    1,246      1,875    1,462Sussex            1,958    1,822      2,408    2,183Tazewell          8,098    7,165      8,014    9,645Warren            2,769    4,700      2,551    5,016Washington        5,819    10,722     5,573    12,132Westmoreland      2,311    2,974      2,363    3,219Wise              7,017    6,189      7,303    7,909Wythe             3,201    5,827      2,996    6,773York              4,639    11,103     4,063    10,214CityAlexandria        24,358   20,913     23,552   21,166Bedford           960      1,322      997      1,553Bristol           2,446    4,407      2,429    5,012Buena Vista       828      1,121      724      1,335Charlottesville   7,671    5,817      7,317    6,947Chesapeake        18,828   29,738     16,740   27,542Clifton Forge     961      759        896      965Colonial Heights  1,581    6,001      1,218    6,387 Covington         1,567    1,274      1,391    1,722Danville          7,353    12,221     5,846    12,141Emporia           977      1,289      807      1,252Fairfax           3,430    5,576      3,263    6,234Falls Church      2,484    2,470      2,398    2,684Franklin          1,630    1,557      1,537    1,561Fredericksburg    2,683    3,401      2,439    3,500Galax             907      1,278      814      1,548Hampton           19,106   24,034     18,180   25,537Harrisonburg      2,799    5,376      2,384    5,221Hopewell          2,566    4,672      2,564    5,661Lexington         997      994        946      1,197Lynchburg         8,279    15,323     8,542    17,447Manassas          2,658    5,980      1,824    4,615Manassas Park     434      993        375      975 Martinsville      2,794    3,360      2,942    4,234Newport News      21,413   32,570     21,834   33,614Norfolk           37,778   30,538     38,913   36,360Norton            795      608        842      806Petersburg        8,177    4,231      9,248    5,753Poquoson          877      3,840      647      3,667Portsmouth        19,698   16,087     21,623   18,940Radford           1,855    2,481      1,781    2,855Richmond          42,155   31,586     49,408   38,754Roanoke           17,185   15,389     17,300   19,008Salem             3,760    5,694      3,347    6,419South Boston      936      1,694      974      1,899Staunton          2,457    5,775      2,012    6,137Suffolk           8,080    9,742      8,842    10,128Virginia Beach    33,780   76,481     24,703   72,571Waynesboro        2,038    4,672      1,579    4,465Williamsburg      1,534    1,648      1,469    1,913Winchester        2,300    4,497      2,064    5,055Total             859,799  1,309,162  796,250  1,337,078%@TE:  142  7569 04 18 09 11 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Virginia Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 235,961; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%109,363; Babson, Proh., 882; Thomas, Soc., 282; Browder, Com.,
%@AB@%71; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 48.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 242,276; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%145,243; Watson, Proh., 459; Thomas, Soc., 417; Teichert, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 90.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 200,786; Dewey, Rep., 172,070;
%@AB@%Thurmond, States' Rights, 43,393; Wallace, Prog., 2,047;
%@AB@%Thomas, Soc., 726; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 234.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 349,037; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%268,677; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,160; Hoopes, Social Dem., 504;
%@AB@%Hallinan, Prog., 311.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 386,459; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%267,760; Andrews, States' Rights, 42,964; Hoopes, Soc. Dem.,
%@AB@%444; Hass, Soc. Labor, 351.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 362,327; Nixon, Rep., 404,521;
%@AB@%Coiner, Conservative, 4,204; Hass, Soc. Labor, 397.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 558,038; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%481,334; Hass, Soc. Labor, 2,895.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 590,319; Humphrey, Dem., 442,387;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, *320,272; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 4,671; Munn,
%@AB@%Proh., 601; Gregory, Peace and Freedom, 1,680.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%*10,561 votes for Wallace were omitted in the count. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 988,493; McGovern, Dem., 438,887;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 19,721; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 9,918.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 813,896; Ford, Rep., 836,554;
%@AB@%Camejo, Soc. Workers, 17,802; Anderson, Amer., 16,686; LaRouche,
%@AB@%U.S. Labor, 7,508; MacBride, Libertarian, 4,648.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 989,609; Carter, Dem., 752,174;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 95,418; Commoner, Citizens, 14,024; Clark,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 12,821; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 1,986.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,337,078; Mondale, Dem., 796,250.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,309,162; Dukakis, Dem., 859,799; Fulani, Ind.,
%@AB@%14,312; Paul, Lib., 8,336.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Washington %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   44  2151 04 14 09 09 09 11 @%              1988     1988     1984     1984              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams         1,612    2,612    1,311    3,449Asotin        3,422    2,874    3,042    3,876Benton        14,817   28,688   13,784   32,307Chelan        8,183    11,601   6,978    13,667Clallam       11,123   11,200   9,701    13,605Clark         40,021   37,285   35,248   40,681Columbia      730      1,172    673      1,404Cowlitz       16,090   12,009   15,361   14,858Douglas       3,760    5,378    3,127    6,443Ferry         972      972      935      1,232Franklin      4,772    6,488    4,328    7,724Garfield      593      714      493      913Grant         7,564    10,859   6,298    12,888Grays Harbor  14,097   8,860    14,050   11,286Island        8,510    12,552   6,850    13,548Jefferson     5,270    4,184    4,602    4,543King          349,663  290,574  289,620  332,987Kitsap        33,748   34,743   29,681   36,101Kittitas      5,318    5,048    4,830    6,580Klickitat     2,991    2,920    2,712    3,910Lewis         8,629    14,184   7,634    15,846Lincoln       1,884    2,689    1,671    3,474Mason         7,826    7,426    7,007    8,410Okanogan      5,630    5,856    5,330    7,476Pacific       5,017    3,073    4,679    3,613Pend Oreille  1,925    1,802    1,655    2,374Pierce        96,688   94,167   79,498   112,877San Juan      3,008    2,660    2,514    2,900Skagit        15,159   16,550   13,947   18,840Skamania      1,748    1,356    1,552    1,736Snohomish     80,694   84,158   66,728   90,362Spokane       68,520   68,787   59,620   88,043Stevens       5,068    6,576    4,304    8,211Thurston      33,860   31,980   26,840   34,442Wahkiakum     961      629      930      776Walla Walla   7,448    9,683    6,804    12,361Whatcom       25,571   23,820   22,670   27,228Whitman       7,403    7,680    6,621    10,021Yakima        23,221   30,026   24,724   40,678Totals        933,516  903,835  798,352  1,051,670%@TE:   44  2151 04 14 09 09 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Washington Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 462,145; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%322,123; Thomas, Soc., 4,586; Browder, Com., 2,626; Babson,
%@AB@%Proh., 1,686; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 667.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 486,774; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%361,689; Thomas, Soc., 3,824; Watson, Proh., 2,396; Teichert,
%@AB@%Soc. Labor, 1,645.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 476,165; Dewey, Rep., 386,315;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 31,692; Watson, Proh., 6,117; Thomas, Soc.,
%@AB@%3,534; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,133; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 103.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 599,107;  Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%492,845; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 7,290; Hallinan,
%@AB@%Prog., 2,460; Hass, Soc. Labor, 633; Hoopes, Soc., 254; Dobbs,
%@AB@%Soc. Workers, 119.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 620,430; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%523,002; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,457.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 599,298; Nixon, Rep., 629,273;
%@AB@%Hass, Soc. Labor, 10,895; Curtis, Constitution, 1,401; Dobbs,
%@AB@%Soc. Workers, 705.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 779,699; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%470,366; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,772; DeBerry, Freedom Soc., 537.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 588,510; Humphrey, Dem., 616,037;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 96,990; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 488; Cleaver,
%@AB@%Peace and Freedom, 1,609; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 270; Mitchell,
%@AB@%Free Ballot, 377.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 837,135; McGovern, Dem., 568,334;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 58,906; Spock, Ind., 2,644; Fisher, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%1,102; Jenness, Soc. Worker, 623; Hall, Com., 566; Hospers,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 1,537.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 717,323; Ford, Rep., 777,732;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 36,986; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 8,585; Anderson,
%@AB@%Amer., 5,046; MacBride, Libertarian, 5,042; Wright, People's,
%@AB@%1,124; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 905; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 903;
%@AB@%Hall, Com., 817; Levin, Soc. Labor, 713; Zeidler, Soc., 358.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 865,244; Carter, Dem., 650,193;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 185,073; Clark, Libertarian, 29,213; Commoner,
%@AB@%Citizens, 9,403; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 1,137; McReynolds,
%@AB@%Socialist, 956; Hall, Com., 834; Griswold, Workers World, 341.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,051,670; Mondale, Dem., 798,352;
%@AB@%Bergland, Libertarian, 8,844.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 903,835; Dukakis, Dem., 933,516; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%17,240; LaRouche, Ind., 4,412.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%West Virginia %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   60  2771 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%            1988     1988     1984     1984            Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Barbour     3,221    3,023    3,108    3,877Berkeley    6,313    10,761   6,181    12,887Boone       6,539    2,786    7,121    4,656Braxton     3,377    2,024    3,350    2,902Brooke      6,258    4,006    6,636    4,819Cabell      15,368   17,197   15,513   21,815Calhoun     1,644    1,395    1,473    1,765Clay        2,263    1,536    2,117    1,667Doddridge   955      1,880    836      2,343Fayette     11,009   5,143    11,650   7,360Gilmer      1,661    1,387    1,494    1,953Grant       893      3,215    828      3,715Greenbrier  6,091    5,395    5,599    7,337Hampshire   2,085    3,253    2,102    4,065Hancock     8,338    5,882    8,708    7,326Hardy       1,689    2,581    1,641    2,938Harrison    17,005   13,364   14,969   19,400Jackson     4,573    5,696    4,147    7,117Jefferson   4,334    5,349    4,216    5,884Kanawha     41,144   38,140   37,832   51,499Lewis       3,272    3,602    2,693    5,297Lincoln     5,049    3,457    5,467    4,405Logan       11,317   4,244    10,892   6,425McDowell    7,204    2,463    8,546    4,284Marion      14,441   9,229    13,833   13,106Marshall    7,903    6,793    7,947    8,615Mason       5,468    5,332    5,701    6,648Mercer      10,152   10,221   9,164    13,910Mineral     4,059    6,015    3,832    7,291Mingo       7,429    2,896    8,434    4,275Monongalia  14,178   12,091   13,236   14,972Monroe      2,427    2,719    2,333    3,612Morgan      1,545    3,002    1,457    3,469Nicholas    5,173    3,731    4,588    4,656Ohio        10,121   10,341   10,163   13,447Pendleton   1,595    1,901    1,464    2,047Pleasants   1,421    1,761    1,458    2,255Pocahontas  1,958    1,876    1,903    2,479Preston     4,357    5,804    4,054    6,955Putnam      6,640    8,163    5,208    9,238Raleigh     14,302   10,395   14,442   14,571Randolph    5,233    4,746    4,839    6,100Ritchie     1,446    2,874    1,231    3,355Roane       2,447    2,861    2,468    3,751Summers     3,072    2,231    2,670    2,975Taylor      2,852    2,816    2,754    4,007Tucker      1,869    1,699    1,766    2,240Tyler       1,501    2,365    1,395    3,170Upshur      3,065    4,813    2,468    5,951Wayne       8,621    7,123    8,378    8,811Webster     2,185    1,016    2,355    1,565Wetzel      3,928    3,381    3,549    4,626Wirt        929      1,125    868      1,450Wood        12,959   19,450   11,357   24,821Wyoming     6,138    3,516    5,691    5,379Totals      341,016  310,065  328,125  405,483%@TE:   60  2771 04 12 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%West Virginia Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 495,662; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%372,414.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 392,777; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%322,819.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 429,188; Dewey, Rep., 316,251;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 3,311.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 419,970; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%453,578.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 449,297; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%381,534.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 441,786; Nixon, Rep., 395,995.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 538,087; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%253,953.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 307,555; Humphrey, Dem., 374,091;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 72,560.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 484,964; McGovern, Dem., 277,435.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 435,864; Ford, Rep., 314,726.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 334,206; Carter, Dem., 367,462;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 31,691; Clark, Libertarian, 4,356.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 405,483; Mondale, Dem., 328,125.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 310,065; Dukakis, Dem., 341,016; Fulani, New
%@AB@%Alliance, 2,230.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Wisconsin%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   77  3944 04 13 11 11 09 11 @%             1988       1988       1984     1984             Dukakis    Bush       Mondale  ReaganCounty       (D)        (R)        (D)      (R) %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams        3,598      3,258      2,713    3,644Ashland      4,526      2,926      4,680    3,517Barron       8,951      8,527      8,060    9,587Bayfield     4,323      3,095      4,034    3,474Brown        41,788     43,625     30,208   51,186Buffalo      3,481      2,783      2,921    3,325Burnet       3,537      2,884      3,328    3,528Calumet      6,481      8,107      4,735    8,969Chippewa     11,447     9,757      10,200   10,983Clark        6,642      6,296      5,647    8,098Columbia     9,132      10,475     8,124    11,658Crawford     3,608      3,238      3,435    4,411Dane         105,414    69,143     94,638   74,009Dodge        12,663     17,003     11,052   20,455Door         5,425      6,907      3,915    8,264Douglas      13,907     6,440      14,290   7,066Dunn         9,205      7,273      7,709    8,472Eau Claire   21,150     17,664     19,344   20,394Florence     1,018      1,106      870      1,227Fond duLac   15,887     21,985     13,982   26,067Forest       2,142      1,845      2,213    2,296Grant        9,421      10,049     7,890    13,427Green        5,153      6,636      4,367    7,826Green Lake   3,033      5,205      2,441    6,198Iowa         4,268      4,240      3,842    4,982Iron         2,090      1,599      1,967    1,667Jackson      3,924      3,555      3,427    4,383Jefferson    11,816     14,309     10,788   17,779Juneau       3,734      4,869      3,151    5,627Kenosha      30,089     21,661     29,233   26,112Kewaunee     4,786      4,330      3,444    5,705La Crosse    22,204     21,548     17,787   25,717La Fayette   3,521      3,665      2,959    4,582Langlade     4,254      4,884      3,675    5,828Lincoln      5,819      5,257      5,352    6,681Manitowoc    19,680     16,020     17,249   19,635Marathon     24,658     24,482     20,126   27,077Marinette    8,030      9,637      6,798    11,439Marquette    2,463      3,059      2,031    3,404Menominee    1,028      381        832      392Milwaukee    268,287    168,363    259,134  196,259Monroe       6,437      7,073      5,564    8,225Oconto       6,549      7,084      5,288    8,713Oneida       7,414      8,130      6,416    9,782Outagamie    27,771     33,113     19,789   36,765Ozaukee      12,661     22,899     10,763   23,896Pepin        1,906      1,311      1,629    1,555Pierce       8,659      6,045      7,285    7,611Polk         8,981      6,866      8,033    8,101Portage      16,317     12,057     14,399   13,603Price        3,987      3,450      3,479    4,286Racine       39,631     36,342     36,953   42,085Richland     3,643      4,026      2,844    4,857Rock         29,576     28,178     26,430   32,483Rusk         3,888      3,063      3,843    4,061St. Croix    11,392     9,960      10,126   11,365Sauk         8,324      10,225     7,157    11,067Sawyer       3,231      3,260      2,981    3,911Shawano      6,587      8,362      5,469    10,635Sheboygan    23,429     23,471     21,111   26,343Taylor       3,785      4,254      3,271    4,918Trempealeau  6,212      4,902      5,405    6,007Vernon       5,754      5,226      5,051    6,468Vilas        3,781      5,842      2,940    5,963Walworth     12,203     18,259     9,876    20,590Washburn     3,393      3,074      3,188    3,847Washington   15,907     24,328     12,966   25,278Waukesha     57,598     90,467     47,308   92,415Waupaca      7,078      11,559     5,894    13,097Waushara     3,535      4,953      2,782    5,768Winnebago    28,508     35,085     22,791   39,014Wood         16,074     16,549     12,118   20,525Totals       1,126,794  1,047,499  995,740  1,198,584%@TE:   77  3944 04 13 11 11 09 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Wisconsin Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 704,821; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%679,260; Thomas, Soc., 15,071; Browder, Com., 2,394; Babson,
%@AB@%Proh., 2,148; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 1,882.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 650,413; Dewey, Rep.,
%@AB@%674,532; Thomas, Soc., 13,205; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,002.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 647,310; Dewey, Rep., 590,959;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 25,282; Thomas, Soc., 12,547; Teichert, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 399; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 303.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 979,744; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%622,175; Hallinan, Ind., 2,174; Dobbs, Ind., 1,350; Hoopes,
%@AB@%Ind., 1,157; Hass, Ind., 770.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 954,844; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%586,768; Andrews, Ind., 6,918; Hoopes, Soc., 754; Hass, Soc.
%@AB@%Labor, 710; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 564.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 830,805; Nixon, Rep., 895,175;
%@AB@%Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 1,792; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,310.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,050,424; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%638,495; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 1,692; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,204.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 809,997; Humphrey, Dem., 748,804;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 127,835; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 1,338; Halstead,
%@AB@%Soc. Worker, 1,222; scattered, 2,342.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972 Nixon, Rep., 989,430; McGovern, Dem., 810,174;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 47,525; Spock, Ind., 2,701; Fisher, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%998; Hall, Com., 663; Reed, Ind., 506; scattered, 893.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 1,040,232; Ford, Rep.,
%@AB@%1,004,987; McCarthy, Ind., 34,943; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 8,552;
%@AB@%Zeidler, Soc., 4,298; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,814; Camejo, Soc.
%@AB@%Workers, 1,691; Wright, People's, 943; Hall, Com., 749;
%@AB@%LaRouche, U.S. Lab., 738; Levin, Soc. Labor, 389; scattered,
%@AB@%2,839.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,088,845; Carter, Dem.,
%@AB@%981,584; Anderson, Ind., 160,657; Clark, Libertarian, 29,135;
%@AB@%Commoner, Citizens, 7,767; Rarick, Constitution, 1,519;
%@AB@%McReynolds, Socialist, 808; Hall, Com., 772; Griswold, Workers
%@AB@%World, 414; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 383; scattering, 1,337.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,198,584; Mondale, Dem., 995,740; Bergland,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 4,883.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 1,047,499; Dukakis, Dem., 1,126,794; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%5,157; Duke, Pop., 3,056.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Wyoming %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  1351 04 13 09 09 09 09 @%             1988     1988     1984     1984             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  ReaganCounty       (D)      (R)      (D)      (R) %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albany       5,486    5,653    4,708    7,452Big Horn     1,469    3,258    1,175    4,019Campbell     2,288    6,702    1,525    8,387Carbon       2,555    3,336    2,295    4,557Converse     1,301    2,885    929      3,542Crook        553      1,939    450      2,286Fremont      5,020    7,681    3,969    9,885Goshen       1,875    3,075    1,364    3,776Hot Springs  800      1,490    672      1,943Johnson      707      2,081    558      2,634Laramie      11,851   15,561   10,110   19,348Lincoln      1,592    3,237    1,021    3,854Natrona      9,148    14,005   7,598    18,488Niobrara     354      825      239      1,098Park         2,646    6,884    1,965    7,994Platte       1,482    2,253    1,232    2,813Sheridan     4,655    5,980    3,648    7,460Sublette     576      1,636    389      1,976Sweetwater   6,720    6,780    5,230    8,308Teton        2,217    3,616    1,565    3,487Uinta        1,922    3,464    1,276    4,075Washakie     1,197    2,538    970      3,245Weston       699      1,988    482      2,614Totals       67,113   106,867  53,370   133,241%@TE:   28  1351 04 13 09 09 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Wyoming Vote Since 1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 59,287; Willkie, Rep.,
%@AB@%52,633; Babson, Proh., 172; Thomas, Soc., 148.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 49,419; Dewey, Rep., 51,921.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1948, Truman, Dem., 52,354; Dewey, Rep., 47,947;
%@AB@%Wallace, Prog., 931; Thomas, Soc., 137; Teichert, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%56.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 81,047; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%47,934; Hamblen, Proh., 194; Hoopes, Soc., 40; Haas, Soc. Labor,
%@AB@%36.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 74,573; Stevenson, Dem.,
%@AB@%49,554.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1960, Kennedy, Dem., 63,331; Nixon, Rep., 77,451.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1964, Johnson, Dem., 80,718; Goldwater, Rep.,
%@AB@%61,998.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1968, Nixon, Rep., 70,927; Humphrey, Dem., 45,173;
%@AB@%Wallace, 3d party, 11,105.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1972, Nixon, Rep., 100,464; McGovern, Dem., 44,358;
%@AB@%Schmitz, Amer., 748.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1976, Carter, Dem., 62,239; Ford, Rep., 92,717;
%@AB@%McCarthy, Ind., 624; Reagan, Ind., 307; Anderson, Amer., 290;
%@AB@%MacBride, Libertarian, 89; Brown, Ind., 47; Maddox, Amer. Ind.,
%@AB@%30.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1980, Reagan, Rep., 110,700; Carter, Dem., 49,427;
%@AB@%Anderson, Ind., 12,072; Clark, Libertarian, 4,514.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1984, Reagan, Rep., 133,241; Mondale, Dem., 53,370; Bergland,
%@AB@%Libertarian, 2,357.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%1988, Bush, Rep., 106,867; Dukakis, Dem., 67,113; Paul, Lib.,
%@AB@%2,026; Fulani, New Alliance, 545.
%@AB@%%@AE@% %@4@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%Official 1988 Presidential General Election Results %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        Federal Election Commission%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24  1904 02 20 22 29 23 @%Candidate           Party%@AH@%1%@AE@%                Official Popular Vote Total  Percent of Total Vote%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%George Bush         Republican            48,886,097                   53.37Michael S. Dukakis  Democratic            41,809,074                   45.65Delmar Dennis       American              3,475                        0.00Earl Dodge          Prohibition           8,002                        0.01David Duke          Populist              47,047                       0.05Lenora B. Fulani    New Alliance          217,219                      0.24James C. Griffin    American Independent  27,818                       0.03Jack Herer          GrassRoots            1,949                        0.00Larry Holmes        Workers World         7,846                        0.01Willa Kenoyer       Socialist             3,882                        0.00Lyndon H. LaRouche  National Economic     25,542                       0.03Herbert Lewin       Peace & Freedom       10,370                       0.01William A. Marra    Right to Life         20,504                       0.02John G. Martin      Third World Assembly  236                          0.00Eugene J. McCarthy  Consumer              30,905                       0.03Ronald E. Paul      Libertarian           432,116                      0.47James Mac Warren    Socialist Workers     15,604                       0.02Edward Winn         Workers League        18,662                       0.02Louie G. Youngkeit  Independent           372                          0.00Write-In            Write-In              21,039                       0.02None of Above       (Nevada Option)       6,934                        0.01Total Votes         Total Votes           91,594,693%@TE:   24  1904 02 20 22 29 23 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Party designations may vary from one state to another.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Voting Age Population: 182,628,000%@AE@% (Census Bureau Estimate)%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Major Parties' Popular and Electoral Vote for President%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(F) Federalist; (D) Democrat; (R) Republican; (DR) Democrat Republican; (NR)%@EH@%
%@AS@%National Republican;(W) Whig; (P) People's; (PR) Progressive; (SR) States'
%@AS@%Rights; (LR) Liberal Republican; Asterisk (*)--See notes.  %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   65  6642 02 07 27 12 07 32 12 07 @%Year   President elected          Popular     Elec.  Losing candidate                Popular     Elec.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1789   George Washington (F)      Unknown     69     No opposition                   -           -1792   George Washington (F)      Unknown     132    No opposition                   -           - 1796   John Adams (F)             Unknown     71     Thomas Jefferson (DR)           Unknown     68 1800*  Thomas Jefferson (DR)      Unknown     73     Aaron Burr (DR)                 Unknown     73 1804   Thomas Jefferson (DR)      Unknown     162    Charles Pinckney (F)            Unknown     14 1808   James Madison (DR)         Unknown     122    Charles Pinckney (F)            Unknown     47 1812   James Madison (DR)         Unknown     128    DeWitt Clinton (F)              Unknown     89 1816   James Monroe (DR)          Unknown     183    Rufus King (F)                  Unknown     34 1820   James Monroe (DR)          Unknown     231    John Quincy Adams (DR)          Unknown     1 1824*  John Quincy Adams (DR)     105,321     84     Andrew Jackson (DR)             155,872     99                                                      Henry Clay (DR)                 46,587      37                                                      William H. Crawford (DR)        44,282      41 1828   Andrew Jackson (D)         647,231     178    John Quincy Adams (NR)          509,097     83 1832   Andrew Jackson (D)         687,502     219    Henry Clay (NR)                 530,189     49 1836   Martin Van Buren (D)       762,678     170    William H. Harrison (W)         548,007     73 1840   William H. Harrison (W)    1,275,017   234    Martin Van Buren (D)            1,128,702   60 1844   James K. Polk (D)          1,337,243   170    Henry Clay (W)                  1,299,068   105 1848   Zachary Taylor (W)         1,360,101   163    Lewis Cass (D)                  1,220,544   127 1852   Franklin Pierce (D)        1,601,474   254    Winfield Scott (W)              1,386,578   42 1856   James C. Buchanan (D)      1,927,995   174    John C. Fremont (R)             1,391,555   114 1860   Abraham Lincoln (R)        1,866,352   180    Stephen A. Douglas (D)          1,375,157   12                                                      John C. Breckinridge (D)        845,763     72                                                      John Bell (Const. Union)        589,581     39 1864   Abraham Lincoln (R)        2,216,067   212    George McClellan (D)            1,808,725   21 1868   Ulysses S. Grant (R)       3,015,071   214    Horatio Seymour (D)             2,709,615   80 1872*  Ulysses S. Grant (R)       3,597,070   286    Horace Greeley (D-LR)           2,834,079   - 1876*  Rutherford B. Hayes (R)    4,033,950   185    Samuel J. Tilden (D)            4,284,757   184 1880   James A. Garfield (R)      4,449,053   214    Winfield S. Hancock (D)         4,442,030   155 1884   Grover Cleveland (D)       4,911,017   219    James G. Blaine (R)             4,848,334   182 1888*  Benjamin Harrison (R)      5,444,337   233    Grover Cleveland (D)            5,540,050   168 1892   Grover Cleveland (D)       5,554,414   277    Benjamin Harrison (R)           5,190,802   145                                                      James Weaver (P)                1,027,329   22 1896   William McKinley (R)       7,035,638   271    William J. Bryan (D-P)          6,467,946   176 1900   William McKinley (R)       7,219,530   292    William J. Bryan (D)            6,358,071   155 1904   Theodore Roosevelt (R)     7,628,834   336    Alton B. Parker (D)             5,084,491   140 1908   William H. Taft (R)        7,679,006   321    William J. Bryan (D)            6,409,106   162 1912   Woodrow Wilson (D)         6,286,214   435    Theodore Roosevelt (PR)         4,216,020   88                                                      William H. Taft (R)             3,483,922   8 1916   Woodrow Wilson (D)         9,129,606   277    Charles E. Hughes (R)           8,538,221   254 1920   Warren G. Harding (R)      16,152,200  404    James M. Cox (D)                9,147,353   127 1924   Calvin Coolidge (R)        15,725,016  382    John W. Davis (D)               8,385,586   136                                                      Robert M. LaFollette (PR)       4,822,856   13 1928   Herbert Hoover (R)         21,392,190  444    Alfred E. Smith (D)             15,016,443  87 1932   Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)  22,821,857  472    Herbert Hoover (R)              15,761,841  59                                                      Norman Thomas (Socialist)       884,781     - 1936   Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)  27,751,597  523    Alfred Landon (R)               16,679,583  8 1940   Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)  27,243,466  449    Wendell Willkie (R)             22,304,755  82 1944   Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)  25,602,505  432    Thomas E. Dewey (R)             22,006,278  99 1948   Harry S. Truman(D)         24,105,812  303    Thomas E. Dewey (R)             21,970,065  189                                                      J. Strom Thurmond (SR)          1,169,021   39                                                      Henry A. Wallace (PR)           1,157,172   - 1952   Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)   33,936,252  442    Adlai E. Stevenson (D)          27,314,992  89 1956*  Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)   35,585,316  457    Adlai E. Stevenson (D)          26,031,322  73 1960*  John F. Kennedy (D)        34,227,096  303    Richard M. Nixon (R)            34,108,546  219 1964   Lyndon B. Johnson (D)      43,126,506  486    Barry M. Goldwater (R)          27,176,799  52 1968   Richard M. Nixon (R)       31,785,480  301    Hubert H. Humphrey (D)          31,275,166  191                                                      George C. Wallace (3d party)    9,906,473   46 1972*  Richard M. Nixon (R)       47,165,234  520    George S. McGovern (D)          29,170,774  17 1976*  Jimmy Carter (D)           40,828,929  297    Gerald R. Ford (R)              39,148,940  240 1980   Ronald Reagan (R)          43,899,248  489    Jimmy Carter (D)                35,481,435  49                                                       John B. Anderson (independent)  5,719,437   - 1984   Ronald Reagan (R)          54,281,858  525    Walter F. Mondale (D)           37,457,215  131988*  George Bush (R)            48,881,221  426    Michael S. Dukakis (D)          41,805,422  111%@TE:   65  6642 02 07 27 12 07 32 12 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%1800-%@AE@%Elected by House of Representatives because of tied electoral
vote.%@AB@%1824-%@AE@%Elected by House of Representatives. No candidate polled a
majority. In 1824,the Democrat Republicans  had become a loose coalition of
competing political groups.By 1828, the supporters of Jackson were known as
Democrats, and the J.Q. Adams and Henry Claysupporters as National
Republicans. %@AB@%1872-%@AE@%Greeley died Nov. 29, 1872. His electoral voteswere split
among 4 individuals. %@AB@%1876-%@AE@%Fla., La., Ore., and S. C. election returns
weredisputed. Congress in joint session (Mar. 2, 1877) declared Hayes and
Wheeler elected Presidentand Vice-President. %@AB@%1888-%@AE@%Cleveland had more votes
than Harrison but the 233 electoralvotes cast for Harrison against the 168
for Cleveland elected Harrison president.%@AB@%1956-%@AE@%Democrats elected 74 electors
but one from Alabama refused to vote for Stevenson.%@AB@%1960-%@AE@%Sen. Harry F. Byrd
(D-Va.) received 15 electoral votes. %@AB@%1972-%@AE@%John Hospers ofCal. and Theodora
Nathan of Ore. received one vote from an elector of Virginia.
%@AB@%1976-%@AE@%RonaldReagan of Cal. received one vote from an elector of Washington.
%@AB@%1988-%@AE@%Sen. Lloyd Bentsen(D.-Tex.) received 1 electoral vote. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%The Electoral College %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The president and the vice president of the United States are the only%@EH@%
elective federal officials not elected by direct vote of the people. They
are elected by the members of the Electoral College, an institution that has
survived since the founding of the nation despite repeated attempts in
Congress to alter or abolish it. In the elections of 1824, 1876 and 1888 the
presidential candidate receiving the largest popular vote failed to win a
majority of the electoral votes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On presidential election day, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in%@EH@%
November of every 4th year, each state chooses as many electors as it has
senators and representatives in Congress. In 1964, for the first time, as
provided by the 23d Amendment to the Constitution, the District of Columbia
voted for 3 electors. Thus, with 100 senators and 435 representatives, there
are 538 members of the Electoral College, with a majority of 270 electoral
votes needed to elect the president and vice president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Political parties customarily nominate their lists of electors at their%@EH@%
respective state conventions. An elector cannot be a member of Congress or
any person holding federal office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Some states print the names of the candidates for president and vice%@EH@%
president at the top of the November ballot while others list only the names
of the electors. In either case, the electors of the party receiving the
highest vote are elected. The electors meet on the first Monday after the 2d
Wednesday in December in their respective state capitals or in some other
place prescribed by state legislatures. By long-established custom they vote
for their party nominees, although the Constitution does not require them to
do so. All of the state's electoral votes are then awarded to the winners.
The only Constitutional requirement is that at least one of the persons each
elector votes for shall not be an inhabitant of that elector's home state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Certified and sealed lists of the votes of the electors in each state are%@EH@%
mailed to the president of the U.S. Senate. He opens them in the presence of
the members of the Senate and House of Representatives in a joint session
held on Jan. 6 (the next day if that falls on a Sunday), and the electoral
votes of all the states are then counted. If no candidate for president has
a majority, the House of Representatives chooses a president from among the
3 highest candidates, with all representatives from each state combining to
cast one vote for that state. If no candidate for vice president has a
majority, the Senate chooses from the top 2, with the senators voting as
individuals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Voting for President%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% Federal Election Commission; Commission for Study of American Electorate%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   32   726 02 06 22 48 @%      Candidates            Voter Participation(% of voting-age population)%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1932  Roosevelt-Hoover      52.41936  Roosevelt-Landon      56.01940  Roosevelt-Willkie     58.91944  Roosevelt-Dewey       56.01948  Truman-Dewey          51.11952  Stevenson-Eisenhower  61.61956  Stevenson-Eisenhower  59.31960  Kennedy-Nixon         62.81964  Johnson-Goldwater     61.91968  Humphrey-Nixon        60.91972  McGovern-Nixon        55.2%@AH@%a%@AE@%1976  Carter-Ford           53.51980  Carter-Reagan         54.01984  Mondale-Reagan        53.11988  Dukakis-Bush          50.1%@TE:   32   726 02 06 22 48 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%a%@AE@% The sharp drop in 1972 reflects the expansion of eligibility with the
enfranchisementof 18 to 21 year olds.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Party Nominees for President and Vice President %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   40  4295 03 06 24 24 24 26 @%      Democratic              Democratic              Republican              RepublicanYear  President               Vice President          President               Vice President%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1844  James K. Polk%@AH@%*%@AE@%          George M. Dallas        Henry Clay (Whig)       Theo. Frelinghuysen1848  Lewis Cass              William Butler          Zachary Taylor%@AH@%*%@AE@% (Whig)  Millard Fillmore 1852  Franklin Pierce%@AH@%*%@AE@%        William King            Winfield Scott (Whig)   William Graham 1856  James Buchanan%@AH@%*%@AE@%         John Breckinridge       John Freemont           William Dayton 1860  John Breckinridge       Joseph Lane             Abraham Lincoln%@AH@%*%@AE@%        Hannibal Hamlin 1864  George McClellan        G.H. Pendleton          Abraham Lincoln%@AH@%*%@AE@%        Andrew Johnson1868  Horatio Seymour         Francis Blair           Ulysses S. Grant%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Schuyler Colfax 1872  Horace Greeley          B. Gratz Brown          Ulysses S. Grant%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Henry Wilson 1876  Samuel J. Tilden        Thomas Hendricks        Rutherford B. Hayes%@AH@%*%@AE@%    William Wheeler 1880  Winfield Hancock        William English         James A. Garfield%@AH@%*%@AE@%      Chester A. Arthur1884  Grover Cleveland%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Thomas Hendricks        James Blaine            John Logan 1888  Grover Cleveland        A.G. Thurman            Benjamin Harrison%@AH@%*%@AE@%      Levi Morton 1892  Grover Cleveland%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Adlai Stevenson         Benjamin Harrison       Whitelaw Reid 1896  William J. Bryan        Adlai Stevenson         William McKinley%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Garret Hobart 1900  William J. Bryan        Adlai Stevenson         William McKinley%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Theodore Roosevelt 1904  Alton Parker            Henry Davis             Theodore Roosevelt%@AH@%*%@AE@%     Charles Fairbanks 1908  William J. Bryan        John Kern               William H. Taft%@AH@%*%@AE@%        James Sherman 1912  Woodrow Wilson%@AH@%*%@AE@%         Thomas Marshall         William H. Taft         James Sherman%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1916  Woodrow Wilson%@AH@%*%@AE@%         Thomas Marshall         Charles Hughes          Charles Fairbanks 1920  James M. Cox            Franklin D. Roosevelt   Warren G. Harding%@AH@%*%@AE@%      Calvin Coolidge 1924  John W. Davis           Charles W. Bryan        Calvin Coolidge%@AH@%*%@AE@%        Charles G. Dawes 1928  Alfred E. Smith         Joseph T. Robinson      Herbert Hoover%@AH@%*%@AE@%         Charles Curtis 1932  Franklin D. Roosevelt%@AH@%*%@AE@%  John N. Garner          Herbert Hoover          Charles Curtis 1936  Franklin D. Roosevelt%@AH@%*%@AE@%  John N. Garner          Alfred M. Landon        Frank Knox 1940  Franklin D. Roosevelt%@AH@%*%@AE@%  Henry A. Wallace        Wendell L. Willkie      Charles McNary 1944  Franklin D. Roosevelt%@AH@%*%@AE@%  Harry S. Truman         Thomas E. Dewey         John W. Bricker 1948  Harry S. Truman%@AH@%*%@AE@%        Alben W. Barkley        Thomas E. Dewey         Earl Warren 1952  Adlai E. Stevenson      John J. Sparkman        Dwight D. Eisenhower%@AH@%*%@AE@%   Richard M. Nixon 1956  Adlai E. Stevenson      Estes Kefauver          Dwight D. Eisenhower%@AH@%*%@AE@%   Richard M. Nixon 1960  John F. Kennedy%@AH@%*%@AE@%        Lyndon B. Johnson       Richard M. Nixon        Henry Cabot Lodge 1964  Lyndon B. Johnson%@AH@%*%@AE@%      Hubert H. Humphrey      Barry M. Goldwater      William E. Miller 1968  Hubert H. Humphrey      Edmund S. Muskie        Richard M. Nixon%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Spiro T. Agnew 1972  George S. McGovern      R. Sargent Shriver Jr.  Richard M. Nixon%@AH@%*%@AE@%       Spiro T. Agnew 1976  Jimmy Carter%@AH@%*%@AE@%           Walter F. Mondale       Gerald R. Ford          Robert J. Dole 1980  Jimmy Carter            Walter F. Mondale       Ronald Reagan%@AH@%*%@AE@%          George Bush 1984  Walter F. Mondale       Geraldine Ferraro       Ronald Reagan%@AH@%*%@AE@%          George Bush 1988  Michael S. Dukakis      Lloyd Bentsen           George Bush%@AH@%*%@AE@%            J. Danforth "Dan" Quayle%@TE:   40  4295 03 06 24 24 24 26 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Asterisk denotes winning ticket %@AH@%1%@AE@% Died Oct. 30; replaced on ballot by
Nicholas Butler.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Presidents of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  4927 02 05 27 11 16 07 15 15 16 08 @%No.  Name                       Politics   Born            in     Inaug. at age  Inaug. at age  Died            at age%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1    George  Washington         Fed.       1732, Feb. 22   Va.    1789           57             1799, Dec. 14   672    John Adams                 Fed.       1735, Oct. 30   Mass.  1797           61             1826, July 4    90 3    Thomas Jefferson           Dem.-Rep.  1743, Apr. 13   Va.    1801           57             1826, July 4    83 4    James Madison              Dem.-Rep.  1751, Mar. 16   Va.    1809           57             1836, June 28   85 5    James Monroe               Dem.-Rep.  1758, Apr. 28   Va.    1817           58             1831, July 4    73 6    John Quincy Adams          Dem.-Rep.  1767, July 11   Mass.  1825           57             1848, Feb. 23   80 7    Andrew Jackson             Dem.       1767, Mar. 15   S.C.   1829           61             1845, June 8    78 8    Martin Van Buren           Dem.       1782, Dec. 5    N.Y.   1837           54             1862, July 24   79 9    William Henry Harrison     Whig       1773, Feb. 9    Va.    1841           68             1841, Apr. 4    68 10   John Tyler                 Whig       1790, Mar. 29   Va.    1841           51             1862, Jan. 18   71 11   James Knox Polk            Dem.       1795, Nov. 2    N.C.   1845           49             1849, June 15   53 12   Zachary Taylor             Whig       1784, Nov. 24   Va.    1849           64             1850, July 9    65 13   Millard Fillmore           Whig       1800, Jan. 7    N.Y.   1850           50             1874, Mar. 8    74 14   Franklin Pierce            Dem.       1804, Nov. 23   N.H.   1853           48             1869, Oct. 8    64 15   James Buchanan             Dem.       1791, Apr. 23   Pa.    1857           65             1868, June 1    77 16   Abraham Lincoln            Rep.       1809, Feb. 12   Ky.    1861           52             1865, Apr. 15   56 17   Andrew Johnson             (%@AH@%1%@AE@%)        1808, Dec. 29   N.C.   1865           56             1875, July 31   66 18   Ulysses Simpson Grant      Rep.       1822, Apr. 27   Oh.    1869           46             1885, July 23   63 19   Rutherford Birchard Hayes  Rep.       1822, Oct. 4    Oh.    1877           54             1893, Jan. 17   70 20   James Abram Garfield       Rep.       1831, Nov. 19   Oh.    1881           49             1881, Sept. 19  49 21   Chester Alan Arthur        Rep.       1829, Oct. 5    Vt.    1881           51             1886, Nov. 18   57 22   Grover Cleveland           Dem.       1837, Mar. 18   N.J.   1885           47             1908, June 24   71 23   Benjamin Harrison          Rep.       1833, Aug. 20   Oh.    1889           55             1901, Mar. 13   67 24   Grover Cleveland           Dem.       1837, Mar. 18   N.J.   1893           55             1908, June 24   71 25   William McKinley           Rep.       1843, Jan. 29   Oh.    1897           54             1901, Sept. 14  58 26   Theodore Roosevelt         Rep.       1858, Oct. 27   N.Y.   1901           42             1919, Jan. 6    60 27   William Howard Taft        Rep.       1857, Sept. 15  Oh.    1909           51             1930, Mar. 8    72 28   Woodrow Wilson             Dem.       1856, Dec. 28   Va.    1913           56             1924, Feb. 3    67 29   Warren Gamaliel Harding    Rep.       1865, Nov. 2    Oh.    1921           55             1923, Aug. 2    57 30   Calvin Coolidge            Rep.       1872, July 4    Vt.    1923           51             1933, Jan. 5    60 31   Herbert Clark Hoover       Rep.       1874, Aug. 10   Ia.    1929           54             1964, Oct. 20   90 32   Franklin Delano Roosevelt  Dem.       1882, Jan. 30   N.Y.   1933           51             1945, Apr. 12   63 33   Harry S. Truman            Dem.       1884, May 8     Mo.    1945           60             1972, Dec. 26   88 34   Dwight David Eisenhower    Rep.       1890, Oct. 14   Tex.   1953           62             1969, Mar. 28   78 35   John Fitzgerald Kennedy    Dem.       1917, May 29    Mass.  1961           43             1963, Nov. 22   46 36   Lyndon Baines Johnson      Dem.       1908, Aug. 27   Tex.   1963           55             1973, Jan. 22   64 37   Richard Milhous Nixon (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)  Rep.       1913, Jan. 9    Cal.   1969           5638   Gerald Rudolph Ford        Rep.       1913, July 14   Neb.   1974           6139   Jimmy (James Earl) Carter  Dem.       1924, Oct. 1    Ga.    1977           5240   Ronald Reagan              Rep.       1911, Feb. 6    Ill.   1981           6941   George Bush                Rep.       1924, June 12   Mass.  1989           64%@TE:   43  4927 02 05 27 11 16 07 15 15 16 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Andrew Johnson -- a Democrat, nominated vice president by Republicans and
elected withLincoln on National Union ticket. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Resigned Aug. 9, 1974.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Presidents, Vice Presidents, Congresses %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:   56  6993 02 11 27 30 16 26 18 @%President  President                  Service                       Vice President  Vice President            Congress%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1          George Washington          Apr. 30, 1789--Mar. 3, 1797   1               John Adams                1, 2, 3, 42          John Adams                 Mar. 4, 1797--Mar. 3, 1801    2               Thomas Jefferson          5, 6  3          Thomas Jefferson           Mar. 4, 1801--Mar. 3, 1805    3               Aaron Burr                7, 8           "                          Mar. 4, 1805--Mar. 3, 1809    4               George Clinton            9, 10  4          James Madison              Mar. 4, 1809--Mar. 3, 1813                    "%@AH@%1%@AE@%                        11, 12           "                          Mar. 4, 1813--Mar. 3, 1817    5               Elbridge Gerry %@AH@%2%@AE@%          13, 14  5          James Monroe               Mar. 4, 1817--Mar. 3, 1825    6               Daniel D. Tompkins        15, 16, 17, 18  6          John Quincy Adams          Mar. 4, 1825--Mar. 3, 1829    7               John C. Calhoun           19, 20  7          Andrew Jackson             Mar. 4, 1829--Mar. 3, 1833                    "%@AH@%3%@AE@%                        21, 22           "                          Mar. 4, 1833--Mar. 3, 1837    8               Martin Van Buren          23, 24  8          Martin Van Buren           Mar. 4, 1837--Mar. 3, 1841    9               Richard M. Johnson        25, 26  9          William Henry Harrison%@AH@%4%@AE@%    Mar. 4, 1841--Apr. 4, 1841    10              John Tyler                27  10         John Tyler                 Apr. 6, 1841--Mar. 3, 1845                                              27, 28  11         James K. Polk              Mar. 4, 1845--Mar. 3, 1849    11              George M. Dallas          29, 30  12         Zachary Taylor%@AH@%4%@AE@%            Mar. 5, 1849--July 9, 1850    12              Millard Fillmore          31  13         Millard Fillmore           July 10, 1850--Mar. 3, 1853                                             31, 32  14         Franklin Pierce            Mar. 4, 1853--Mar. 3, 1857    13              William R. King %@AH@%5%@AE@%         33, 34  15         James Buchanan             Mar. 4, 1857--Mar. 3, 1861    14              John C. Breckinridge      35, 36  16         Abraham Lincoln            Mar. 4, 1861--Mar. 3, 1865    15              Hannibal Hamlin           37, 38           "%@AH@%4%@AE@%                         Mar. 4, 1865--Apr. 15, 1865   16              Andrew Johnson            39  17         Andrew Johnson             Apr. 15, 1865--Mar. 3, 1869                                             39, 40  18         Ulysses S. Grant           Mar. 4, 1869--Mar. 3, 1873    17              Schuyler Colfax           41, 42           "                          Mar. 4, 1873--Mar. 3, 1877    18              Henry Wilson %@AH@%6%@AE@%            43, 44  19         Rutherford B. Hayes        Mar. 4, 1877--Mar. 3, 1881    19              William A. Wheeler        45, 46  20         James A. Garfield%@AH@%4%@AE@%         Mar. 4, 1881--Sept. 19, 1881  20              Chester A. Arthur         47  21         Chester A. Arthur          Sept. 20, 1881--Mar. 3, 1885                                            47, 48  22         Grover Cleveland%@AH@%7%@AE@%          Mar. 4, 1885--Mar. 3, 1889    21              Thomas A. Hendricks %@AH@%8%@AE@%     49, 50  23         Benjamin Harrison          Mar. 4, 1889--Mar. 3, 1893    22              Levi P. Morton            51, 52  24         Grover Cleveland%@AH@%7%@AE@%          Mar. 4, 1893--Mar. 3, 1897    23              Adlai E. Stevenson        53, 54  25         William McKinley           Mar. 4, 1897--Mar. 3, 1901    24              Garret A. Hobart %@AH@%9%@AE@%        55, 56           "%@AH@%4%@AE@%                         Mar. 4, 1901--Sept. 14, 1901  25              Theodore Roosevelt        57  26         Theodore Roosevelt         Sept. 14, 1901--Mar. 3, 1905                                            57, 58           "                          Mar. 4, 1905--Mar. 3, 1909    26              Charles W. Fairbanks      59, 60  27         William H. Taft            Mar. 4, 1909--Mar. 3, 1913    27              James S. Sherman %@AH@%10%@AE@%       61, 62  28         Woodrow Wilson             Mar. 4, 1913--Mar. 3, 1921    28              Thomas R. Marshall        63, 64, 65, 66  29         Warren G. Harding%@AH@%4%@AE@%         Mar. 4, 1921--Aug. 2, 1923    29              Calvin Coolidge           67  30         Calvin Coolidge            Aug. 3, 1923--Mar. 3, 1925                                              68           "                          Mar. 4, 1925--Mar. 3, 1929    30              Charles G. Dawes          69, 70  31         Herbert C. Hoover          Mar. 4, 1929--Mar. 3, 1933    31              Charles Curtis            71, 72  32         Franklin D. Roosevelt%@AH@%16%@AE@%    Mar. 4, 1933--Jan. 20, 1941   32              John N. Garner            73, 74, 75, 76            "                          Jan. 20, 1941--Jan. 20, 1945  33              Henry A. Wallace          77, 78           "%@AH@%4%@AE@%                         Jan. 20, 1945--Apr. 12, 1945  34              Harry S. Truman           79   33         Harry S. Truman            Apr. 12, 1945--Jan. 20, 1949                                            79, 80           "                          Jan. 20, 1949--Jan. 20, 1953  35              Alben W. Barkley          81, 82  34         Dwight D. Eisenhower       Jan. 20, 1953--Jan. 20, 1961  36              Richard M. Nixon          83, 84, 85, 86  35         John F. Kennedy%@AH@%4%@AE@%           Jan. 20, 1961--Nov. 22, 1963  37              Lyndon B. Johnson         87, 88  36         Lyndon B. Johnson          Nov. 22, 1963--Jan. 20, 1965                                            88           "                          Jan. 20, 1965--Jan. 20, 1969  38              Hubert H. Humphrey        89, 90  37         Richard M. Nixon           Jan. 20, 1969--Jan. 20, 1973  39              Spiro T. Agnew %@AH@%11%@AE@%         91, 92, 93           "%@AH@%12%@AE@%                        Jan. 20, 1973--Aug. 9, 1974   40              Gerald R. Ford %@AH@%13%@AE@%         93  38         Gerald R. Ford%@AH@%14%@AE@%           Aug. 9, 1974--Jan. 20, 1977   41              Nelson A. Rockefeller %@AH@%15%@AE@%  93, 94  39         Jimmy (James Earl) Carter  Jan. 20, 1977--Jan. 20, 1981  42              Walter F. Mondale         95, 96  40         Ronald Reagan              Jan. 20, 1981--Jan. 20, 1989  43              George Bush               97, 98, 99, 100 41         George Bush                Jan. 20, 1989--               44              Dan Quayle                101%@TE:   56  6993 02 11 27 30 16 26 18 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Died Apr. 20, 1812. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Died Nov. 23, 1814. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Resigned Dec. 28, 1832,
tobecome U.S. Senator. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Died in office. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Died Apr. 18, 1853. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Died Nov.
22, 1875.%@AH@%7%@AE@% Terms not consecutive. %@AH@%8%@AE@% Died Nov. 25, 1885. %@AH@%9%@AE@% Died Nov. 21,
1899. %@AH@%10%@AE@% DiedOct. 30, 1912. %@AH@%11%@AE@% Resigned Oct. 10, 1973. %@AH@%12%@AE@% Resigned Aug. 9,
1974. %@AH@%13%@AE@% Firstnon-elected vice president, chosen under 25th Amendment
procedure. %@AH@%14%@AE@% First non-electedpresident. %@AH@%15%@AE@% 2d non-elected vice president.
%@AH@%16%@AE@% First president to be inaugurated under20th Amendment, Jan. 20, 1937.%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Vice Presidents of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   46  5148 02 04 23 24 06 07 08 11 21 06 05 @%    Name                   Birthplace              Year  Home   Inaug.  Politics   Place of death       Year  Age%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1   John Adams             Quincy, Mass.           1735  Mass.  1789    Fed.       Quincy, Mass.        1826  90 2   Thomas Jefferson       Shadwell, Va.           1743  Va.    1797    Dem.-Rep.  Monticello, Va.      1826  83 3   Aaron Burr             Newark, N.J.            1756  N.Y.   1801    Dem.-Rep.  Staten Island, N.Y.  1836  80 4   George Clinton         Ulster Co., N.Y.        1739  N.Y.   1805    Dem.-Rep.  Washington, D.C.     1812  73 5   Elbridge Gerry         Marblehead, Mass.       1744  Mass.  1813    Dem.-Rep.  Washington, D.C.     1814  70 6   Daniel D. Tompkins     Scarsdale, N.Y.         1774  N.Y.   1817    Dem.-Rep.  Staten Island, N.Y.  1825  51 7   John C. Calhoun%@AH@%1%@AE@%       Abbeville, S.C.         1782  S.C.   1825    Dem.-Rep.  Washington, D.C.     1850  68 8   Martin Van Buren       Kinderhook, N.Y.        1782  N.Y.   1833    Dem.       Kinderhook, N.Y.     1862  79 9   Richard M. Johnson     Louisville, Ky.         1780  Ky.    1837    Dem.       Frankfort, Ky.       1850  70 10  John Tyler             Greenway, Va.           1790  Va.    1841    Whig       Richmond, Va.        1862  71 11  George M. Dallas       Philadelphia, Pa.       1792  Pa.    1845    Dem.       Philadelphia, Pa.    1864  72 12  Millard Fillmore       Summerhill, N.Y.        1800  N.Y.   1849    Whig       Buffalo, N.Y.        1874  74 13  William R. King        Sampson Co., N.C.       1786  Ala.   1853    Dem.       Dallas Co., Ala.     1853  67 14  John C. Breckinridge   Lexington, Ky.          1821  Ky.    1857    Dem.       Lexington, Ky.       1875  54 15  Hannibal Hamlin        Paris, Me.              1809  Me.    1861    Rep.       Bangor, Me.          1891  81 16  Andrew Johnson         Raleigh, N.C.           1808  Tenn.  1865    %@AH@%2%@AE@%          Carter Co., Tenn.    1875  66 17  Schuyler Colfax        New York,  N.Y.         1823  Ind.   1869    Rep.       Mankato, Minn.       1885  62 18  Henry Wilson           Farmington, N.H.        1812  Mass.  1873    Rep.       Washington, D.C.     1875  63 19  William A. Wheeler     Malone, N.Y.            1819  N.Y.   1877    Rep.       Malone, N.Y.         1887  68 20  Chester A. Arthur      Fairfield, Vt.          1829  N.Y.   1881    Rep.       New York,  N.Y.      1886  57 21  Thomas A. Hendricks    Muskingum Co., Oh.      1819  Ind.   1885    Dem.       Indianapolis, Ind.   1885  66 22  Levi P. Morton         Shoreham, Vt.           1824  N.Y.   1889    Rep.       Rhinebeck, N.Y.      1920  96 23  Adlai E. Stevenson%@AH@%3%@AE@%    Christian Co., Ky.      1835  Ill.   1893    Dem.       Chicago, Ill.        1914  78 24  Garret A. Hobart       Long Branch, N.J.       1844  N.J.   1897    Rep.       Paterson, N.J.       1899  55 25  Theodore Roosevelt     New York,  N.Y.         1858  N.Y.   1901    Rep.       Oyster Bay, N.Y.     1919  60 26  Charles W. Fairbanks   Unionville Centre, Oh.  1852  Ind.   1905    Rep.       Indianapolis, Ind.   1918  66 27  James S. Sherman       Utica, N.Y.             1855  N.Y.   1909    Rep.       Utica, N.Y.          1912  57 28  Thomas R. Marshall     N. Manchester, Ind.     1854  Ind.   1913    Dem.       Washington, D.C.     1925  71 29  Calvin Coolidge        Plymouth, Vt.           1872  Mass.  1921    Rep.       Northampton, Mass.   1933  60 30  Charles G. Dawes       Marietta, Oh.           1865  Ill.   1925    Rep.       Evanston, Ill.       1951  85 31  Charles Curtis         Topeka, Kan.            1860  Kan.   1929    Rep.       Washington, D.C.     1936  76 32  John Nance Garner      Red River Co., Tex.     1868  Tex.   1933    Dem.       Uvalde, Tex.         1967  98 33  Henry Agard Wallace    Adair County, Ia.       1888  Iowa   1941    Dem.       Danbury, Conn.       1965  77 34  Harry S. Truman        Lamar, Mo.              1884  Mo.    1945    Dem.       Kansas City, Mo.     1972  88 35  Alben W. Barkley       Graves County, Ky.      1877  Ky.    1949    Dem.       Lexington, Va.       1956  78 36  Richard M. Nixon       Yorba Linda, Cal.       1913  Cal.   1953    Rep. 37  Lyndon B. Johnson      Johnson City, Tex.      1908  Tex.   1961    Dem.       San Antonio, Tex.    1973  64 38  Hubert H. Humphrey     Wallace, S.D.           1911  Minn.  1965    Dem.       Waverly, Minn.       1978  66 39  Spiro T. Agnew%@AH@%4%@AE@%        Baltimore, Md.          1918  Md.    1969    Rep. 40  Gerald R. Ford         Omaha, Neb.             1913  Mich.  1973    Rep. 41  Nelson A. Rockefeller  Bar Harbor, Me.         1908  N.Y.   1974    Rep.       New York, N.Y.       1979  70 42  Walter F. Mondale      Ceylon, Minn.           1928  Minn.  1977    Dem.  43  George Bush            Milton, Mass.           1924  Tex.   1981    Rep.44  Dan Quayle             Indianapolis, Ind.      1947  Ind.   1989    Rep.%@TE:   46  5148 02 04 23 24 06 07 08 11 21 06 05 @%

%@NL@%
 The numerals given vice presidents do not coincide with those given
presidents, becausesome presidents had none and some had more than one. %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% John C. Calhoun resigned Dec. 28, 1832, having been elected to the Senate
to fill a vacancy.%@AH@%2%@AE@% Andrew Johnson -- a Democrat nominated by Republicans
and elected with Lincoln on the NationalUnion Ticket. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Adlai E. Stevenson,
23d vice president, was grandfather of Democratic candidatefor president,
1952 and 1956. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Resigned Oct. 10, 1973. %@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@1@%                      %@AS@%BIOGRAPHIES OF U.S. PRESIDENTS %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@2@%                      %@AS@%George Washington (1789-1797) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%George Washington, first president, was born Feb. 22, 1732 (Feb. 11, 1731,%@EH@%
old style), the son of Augustine Washington and Mary Ball, at Wakefield on
Pope's Creek, Westmoreland Co., Va. His early childhood was spent on the
Ferry farm, near Fredericksburg. His father died when George was 11. He
studied mathematics and surveying and when 16 went to live with his half
brother Lawrence, who built and named Mount Vernon. George surveyed the
lands of William Fairfax in the Shenandoah Valley, keeping a diary. He
accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, West Indies, contracted small pox, and was
deeply scarred. Lawrence died in 1752 and George acquired his property by
inheritance. He valued land and when he died owned 70,000 acres in Virginia
and 40,000 acres in what is now West Virginia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Washington's military service began in 1753 when Gov. Dinwiddie of Virginia%@EH@%
sent him on missions deep into Ohio country. He clashed with the French and
had to surrender Fort Necessity July 3, 1754. He was an aide to Braddock and
at his side when the army was ambushed and defeated on a march to Ft.
Duquesne, July 9, 1755. He helped take Fort Duquesne from the French in
1758. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After his marriage to Martha Dandridge Custis, a widow, in 1759, Washington%@EH@%
managed his family estate at Mount Vernon. Although not at first for
independence, he opposed British exactions and took charge of the Virginia
troops before war broke out. He was made commander-in-chief by the
Continental Congress June 15, 1775. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The successful issue of a war filled with hardships was due to his%@EH@%
leadership. He was resourceful, a stern disciplinarian, and the one strong,
dependable force for unity. He favored a federal government and became
chairman of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He helped get the
Constitution ratified and was unanimously elected president by the electoral
college and inaugurated, Apr. 30, 1789, on the balcony of New York's Federal
Hall. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He was reelected 1792, but refused to consider a 3d term and retired to%@EH@%
Mount Vernon. He suffered acute laryngitis after a ride in snow and rain
around his estate, was bled profusely, and died Dec. 14, 1799. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%John Adams (1797-1801) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Adams, 2d president, Federalist, was born in Braintree (Quincy), Mass.,%@EH@%
Oct. 30, 1735 (Oct. 19, o. s.), the son of John Adams, a farmer, and Susanna
Boylston. He was a great-grandson of Henry Adams who came from England in
1636. He was graduated from Harvard, 1755, taught school, studied law. In
1765 he argued against taxation without representation before the royal
governor. In 1770 he defended in court the British soldiers who fired on
civilians in the "Boston Massacre." He was a delegate to the first
Continental Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence. He was a
commissioner to France, 1778, with Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee; won
recognition of the U.S. by The Hague, 1782; was first American minister to
England, 1785-1788, and was elected vice president, 1788 and 1792. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1796 Adams was chosen president by the electors. Intense antagonism to%@EH@%
America by France caused agitation for war, led by Alexander Hamilton.
Adams, breaking with Hamilton, opposed war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%To fight alien influence and muzzle criticism Adams supported the Alien and%@EH@%
Sedition laws of 1798, which led to his defeat for reelection. He died July
4, 1826, on the same day as Jefferson (the 50th anniversary of the
Declaration of Independence). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thomas Jefferson, 3d president, was born Apr. 13, 1743 (Apr. 2, o. s.), at%@EH@%
Shadwell, Va., the son of Peter Jefferson, a civil engineer of Welsh descent
who raised tobacco, and Jane Randolph. His father died when he was 14,
leaving him 2,750 acres and his slaves. Jefferson attended the College of
William and Mary, 1760-1762, read classics in Greek and Latin and played the
violin. In 1769 he was elected to the House of Burgesses. In 1770 he began
building Monticello, near Charlottesville. He was a member of the Virginia
Committee of Correspondence and the Continental Congress. Named a member of
the committee to draw up a Declaration of Independence, he wrote the basic
draft. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776-79, elected
governor to succeed Patrick Henry, 1779, reelected 1780, resigned June 1781,
amid charges of ineffectual military preparation. During his term he wrote
the statute on religious freedom. In the Continental Congress, 1783, he drew
up an ordinance for the Northwest Territory, forbidding slavery after 1800;
its terms were put into the Ordinance of 1787. He was sent to Paris with
Benjamin Franklin and John Adams to negotiate commercial treaties, 1784;
made minister to France, 1785. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Washington appointed him secretary of state, 1789. Jefferson's strong faith%@EH@%
in the consent of the governed, as opposed to executive control favored by
Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, often led to conflict: Dec. 31, 1793,
he resigned. He was the Democrat Republican candidate for president in 1796;
beaten by John Adams, he became vice president. In 1800, Jefferson and Aaron
Burr received equal electoral college votes for president. The House of
Representatives elected Jefferson. Major events of his administration were
the Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He
established the Univ. of Virginia and designed its buildings. He died July
4, 1826, on the same day as John Adams. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%James Madison (1809-1817) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%James Madison, 4th president, Democrat Republican, was born Mar. 16, 1751%@EH@%
(Mar. 5, 1750, o. s.) at Port Conway, King George Co., Va., eldest son of
James Madison and Eleanor Rose Conway. Madison was graduated from Princeton,
1771; studied theology, 1772; sat in the Virginia Constitutional Convention,
1776. He was a member of the Continental Congress. He was chief recorder at
the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and supported ratification in the
Federalist Papers, written with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. He was
elected to the House of Representatives in 1789, helped frame the Bill of
Rights and fought the Alien and Sedition Acts. He became Jefferson's
secretary of state, 1801. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Elected president in 1808, Madison was a "strict constructionist," opposed%@EH@%
to the free interpretation of the Constitution by the Federalists. He was
reelected in 1812 by the votes of the agrarian South and recently admitted
western states. Caught between British and French maritime restrictions, the
U.S. drifted into war, declared June 18, 1812. The war ended in a stalemate.
He retired in 1817 to his estate at Montpelier. There he edited his famous
papers on the Constitutional Convention. He became rector of the Univ. of
Virginia, 1826. He died June 28, 1836. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%James Monroe (1817-1825) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%James Monroe, 5th president, Democrat Republican, was born Apr. 28, 1758, in%@EH@%
Westmoreland Co., Va., the son of Spence Monroe and Eliza Jones, who were of
Scottish and Welsh descent, respectively. He attended the College of William
and Mary, fought in the 3d Virginia Regiment at White Plains, Brandywine,
Monmouth, and was wounded at Trenton. He studied law with Thomas Jefferson,
1780, was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and of Congress,
1783-86. He opposed ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a
bill of rights; was U.S. senator, 1790; minister to France, 1794-96;
governor of Virginia, 1799-1802, and 1811. Jefferson sent him to France as
minister, 1803. He helped Robert Livingston negotiate the Louisiana
Purchase, 1803. He ran against Madison for president in 1808. He was elected
to the Virginia Assembly, 1810-1811; was secretary of state under Madison,
1811-1817. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1816 Monroe was elected president; in 1820 reelected with all but one%@EH@%
electoral college vote. Monroe's administration became the "Era of Good
Feeling." He obtained Florida from Spain; settled boundaries with Canada,
and eliminated border forts. He supported the anti-slavery position that led
to the Missouri Compromise. His most significant contribution was the
"Monroe Doctrine," which became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy. Monroe
retired to Oak Hill, Va. Financial problems forced him to sell his property.
He moved to New York City to live with a daughter. He died there July 4,
1831. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Quincy Adams, 6th president, independent Federalist, was born July 11,%@EH@%
1767, at Braintree (Quincy), Mass., the son of John and Abigail Adams. His
father was the 2d president. He was educated in Paris, Leyden, and Harvard,
graduating in 1787. He served as American minister in various European
capitals, and helped draft the War of 1812 peace treaty. He was U.S.
Senator, 1803-08. President Monroe made him secretary of state, 1817, and he
negotiated the cession of the Floridas from Spain, supported exclusion of
slavery in the Missouri Compromise, and helped formulate the Monroe
Doctrine. In 1824 he was elected president by the House after he failed to
win an electoral college majority. His expansion of executive powers was
strongly opposed and he was beaten in 1828 by Jackson. In 1831 he entered
Congress and served 17 years with distinction. He opposed slavery, the
annexation of Texas, and the Mexican War. He helped establish the
Smithsonian Institution. He had a stroke in the House and died in the
Speaker's Room, Feb. 23, 1848. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Andrew Jackson, 7th president, was a Jeffersonian-Republican, later a%@EH@%
Democrat. He was born in the Waxhaws district, New Lancaster Co., S.C., Mar.
15, 1767, the posthumous son of Andrew Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, who
were Irish immigrants. At 13, he joined the militia in the Revolution and
was captured. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He read law in Salisbury, N.C., moved to Nashville, Tenn., speculated in%@EH@%
land, married, and practiced law. In 1796 he helped draft the constitution
of Tennessee and for a year occupied its one seat in Congress. He was in the
Senate in 1797, and again in 1823. He defeated the Creek Indians at
Horseshoe Bend, Ala., 1814. With 6,000 backwoods fighters he defeated
Pakenham's 12,000 British troops at the Chalmette, outside New Orleans, Jan.
8, 1815. In 1818 he briefly invaded Spanish Florida to quell Seminoles and
outlaws who harassed frontier settlements. In 1824 he ran for president
against John Quincy Adams and had the most popular and electoral votes but
not a majority; the election was decided by the House, which chose Adams. In
1828 he defeated Adams, carrying the West and South. He was a noisy debater
and a duelist and introduced rotation in office called the "spoils system."
Suspicious of privilege, he ruined the Bank of the United States by
depositing federal funds with state banks. Though "Let the people rule" was
his slogan, he at times supported strict constructionist policies against
the expansionist West. He killed the congressional caucus for nominating
presidential candidates and substituted the national convention, 1832. When
South Carolina refused to collect imports under his protective tariff he
ordered army and naval forces to Charleston. Jackson recognized the Republic
of Texas, 1836. He died at the Hermitage, June 8, 1845. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Martin Van Buren, 8th president, Democrat, was born Dec. 5, 1782, at%@EH@%
Kinderhook, N.Y., the son of Abraham Van Buren, a Dutch farmer, and Mary
Hoes. He was surrogate of Columbia County, N.Y., state senator and attorney
general. He was U.S. senator 1821, reelected, 1827, elected governor of New
York, 1828. He helped swing eastern support to Jackson in 1828 and was his
secretary of state 1829-31. In 1832 he was elected vice president. He was a
consummate politician, known as "the little magician," and influenced
Jackson's policies. In 1836 he defeated William Henry Harrison for president
and took office as the Panic of 1837 initiated a 5-year nationwide
depression. He inaugurated the independent treasury system. His refusal to
spend land revenues led to his defeat by Harrison in 1840. He lost the
Democratic nomination in 1844 to Polk. In 1848 he ran for president on the
Free Soil ticket and lost. He died July 24, 1862, at Kinderhook. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%William Henry Harrison (1841) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%William Henry Harrison, 9th president, Whig, who served only 31 days, was%@EH@%
born in Berkeley, Charles City Co., Va., Feb. 9, 1773, the 3d son of
Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence. He attended
Hampden Sydney College. He was secretary of the Northwest Territory, 1798;
its delegate in Congress, 1799; first governor of Indiana Territory, 1800;
and superintendent of Indian affairs. With 900 men he routed Tecumseh's
Indians at Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811. A major general, he defeated British
and Indians at Battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813. He served in Congress,
1816-19; Senate, 1825-28. In 1840, he was elected president with a "log
cabin and hard cider" slogan. He caught pneumonia during the inauguration
and died Apr. 4, 1841. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%John Tyler (1841-1845) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Tyler, 10th president, independent Whig, was born Mar. 29, 1790, in%@EH@%
Greenway, Charles City Co., Va., son of John Tyler and Mary Armistead. His
father was governor of Virginia, 1808-11. Tyler was graduated from William
and Mary, 1807; member of the House of Delegates, 1811; in congress,
1816-21; in Virginia legislature, 1823-25; governor of Virginia, 1825-26;
U.S.  senator, 1827-36. In 1840 he was elected vice president and, on
Harrison's death, succeeded him. He favored pre-emption, allowing settlers
to get government land; rejected a national bank bill and thus alienated
most Whig supporters; refused to honor the spoils system. He signed the
resolution annexing Texas, Mar. 1, 1845. He accepted renomination, 1844, but
withdrew before election. In 1861, he chaired an unsuccessful Washington
conference called to avert civil war. After its failure he supported
secession, sat in the provisional Confederate Congress, became a member of
the Confederate House, but died in Richmond, Jan. 18, 1862, before it met. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%James Knox Polk (1845-1849) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%James Knox Polk, 11th president, Democrat, was born in Mecklenburg Co.,%@EH@%
N.C.,  Nov. 2, 1795, the son of Samuel Polk, farmer and surveyor of
Scotch-Irish descent, and Jane Knox. He graduated from the Univ. of North
Carolina, 1818; member of the Tennessee state legislature, 1823-25. He
served in Congress 1825-39 and as speaker 1835-39. He was governor of
Tennessee 1839-41, but was defeated 1841 and 1843. In 1844, when both Clay
and Van Buren announced opposition to annexing Texas, the Democrats made
Polk the first dark horse nominee because he demanded control of all Oregon
and annexation of Texas. Polk re-established the independent treasury system
originated by Van Buren. His expansionist policy was opposed by Clay,
Webster, Calhoun; he sent troops under Zachary Taylor to the Mexican border
and, when Mexicans attacked, declared war existed. The Mexican war ended
with the annexation of California and much of the Southwest as part of
America's "manifest destiny." He compromised on the Oregon boundary ("54-40
or fight!") by accepting the 49th parallel and giving Vancouver to the
British. Polk died in Nashville, June 15, 1849. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Zachary Taylor, 12th president, Whig, who served only 16 months, was born%@EH@%
Nov. 24, 1784, in Orange Co., Va., the son of Richard Taylor, later
collector of the port of Louisville, Ky., and Sarah Strother. Taylor was
commissioned first lieutenant, 1808; fought in the War of 1812; the Black
Hawk War, 1832; and the second Seminole War,  1837. He was called Old Rough
and Ready. He settled on a plantation near Baton Rouge, La. In 1845 Polk
sent him with an army to the Rio Grande. When the Mexicans attacked him,
Polk declared war. Taylor was successful at Palo Alto and Resaca de la
Palma, 1846; occupied Monterrey. Polk made him major general but sent many
of his troops to Gen. Winfield Scott. Outnumbered  4-1, he defeated Santa
Anna at Buena Vista, 1847. A national hero, he received the Whig nomination
in 1848, and was elected president. He resumed the spoils system and though
once a slave-holder worked to have California admitted as a free state. He
died in office July 9, 1850. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Millard Fillmore, 13th president, Whig, was born Jan. 7, 1800, in Cayuga%@EH@%
Co., N.Y., the son of Nathaniel Fillmore and Phoebe Millard. He taught
school and studied law; admitted to the bar, 1823. He was a member of the
state assembly, 1829-32; in Congress, 1833-35 and again 1837-43. He opposed
the entrance of Texas as slave territory and voted for a protective tariff.
In 1844 he was defeated for governor of New York. In 1848 he was elected
vice president and succeeded as president July 10, 1850, after Taylor's
death. Fillmore favored the Compromise of 1850 and signed the Fugitive Slave
Law. His policies pleased neither expansionists nor slave-holders and he was
not renominated in 1852. In 1856 he was nominated by the American
(Know-Nothing) party and accepted by the Whigs, but defeated by Buchanan. He
died in Buffalo, Mar. 8, 1874. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Franklin Pierce, 14th president, Democrat, was born in Hillsboro, N. H.,%@EH@%
Nov. 23, 1804, the son of Benjamin Pierce, veteran of the Revolution and
governor of New Hampshire, 1827. He graduated from Bowdoin, 1824. A lawyer,
he served in the state legislature 1829-33; in Congress, supporting Jackson,
1833-37; U.S. senator, 1837-42. He enlisted in the Mexican War, became
brigadier general under Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1852 Pierce was nominated on
the 49th ballot over Lewis Cass, Stephen A. Douglas, and James Buchanan, and
defeated Gen. Scott, Whig. Though against slavery, Pierce was influenced by
pro-slavery Southerners. He ignored the Ostend Manifesto that the U.S.
either buy or take Cuba. He approved the Kansas-Nebraska Act, leaving
slavery to popular vote ("squatter sovereignty"), 1854. He signed a
reciprocity treaty with Canada and approved the Gadsden Purchase from
Mexico, 1853. Denied renomination by the Democrats, he spent most of his
remaining years in Concord, N.H., where he died Oct. 8, 1869. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%James Buchanan (1857-1861) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%James Buchanan, 15th president, Federalist, later Democrat, was born of%@EH@%
Scottish descent near Mercersburg, Pa., Apr. 23, 1791. He graduated from
Dickinson, 1809; was a volunteer in the War of 1812; member, Pennsylvania
legislature, 1814-16, Congress, 1820-31; Jackson's minister to Russia,
1831-33; U.S. senator 1834-45. As Polk's secretary of state, 1845-49, he
ended the Oregon dispute with Britain, supported the Mexican War and
annexation of Texas. As minister to Britain, 1853, he signed the Ostend
Manifesto. Nominated by Democrats, he was elected, 1856, over John C.
Fremont (Republican) and Millard Fillmore (American Know-Nothing and Whig
tickets). On slavery he favored popular sovereignty and choice by state
constitutions; he accepted the pro-slavery Dred Scott decision as binding.
He denied the right of states to secede. A strict constructionist, he
desired to keep peace and found no authority for using force. He died at
Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pa., June 1, 1868. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Abraham Lincoln, 16th president, Republican, was born Feb. 12, 1809, in a%@EH@%
log cabin on a farm then in Hardin Co., Ky., now in Larue. He was the son of
Thomas Lincoln, a carpenter, and Nancy Hanks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Lincolns moved to Spencer Co., Ind., near Gentryville, when Abe was 7.%@EH@%
When his mother died his father married Mrs. Sarah Bush Johnston, 1819; she
had a favorable influence on Abe. In 1830 the family moved to Macon Co.,
Ill. Lincoln lost election to the Illinois General Assembly, 1832, but later
won 4 times, beginning in 1834. He enlisted in the militia for the Black
Hawk War, 1832. In New Salem he ran a store, surveyed land, and was
postmaster. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1837 Lincoln was admitted to the bar and became partner in a Springfield,%@EH@%
Ill., law office. He was elected to Congress, 1847-49. He opposed the
Mexican War. He supported Zachary Taylor, 1848. He opposed the
Kansas-Nebraska Act and extension of slavery, 1854. He failed, in his bid
for the Senate, 1855. He supported John C. Fremont, 1856. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1858 Lincoln had Republican support in the Illinois legislature for the%@EH@%
Senate but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas, Dem., who had sponsored the
Kansas-Nebraska Act. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lincoln was nominated for president by the Republican party on an%@EH@%
anti-slavery platform, 1860. He ran against Douglas, a northern Democrat;
John C. Breckinridge, southern pro-slavery Democrat; John Bell,
Constitutional Union party. When he won the election, South Carolina seceded
from the Union Dec. 20, 1860, followed in 1861 by 10 Southern states. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Civil War erupted when Fort Sumter was attacked Apr. 12, 1861. On Sept.%@EH@%
22, 1862, 5 days after the battle of Antietam, he announced that slaves in
territory then in rebellion would be free Jan. 1, 1863, date of the
Emancipation Proclamation, His speeches, including his Gettysburg and
Inaugural addresses, are remembered for their eloquence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lincoln was reelected, 1864, over Gen. George B. McClellan, Democrat. Lee%@EH@%
surrendered Apr. 9, 1865. On Apr. 14, Lincoln was shot by actor John Wilkes
Booth in Ford's Theatre, Washington. He died the next day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Andrew Johnson, 17th president, Democrat, was born in Raleigh, N.C.,  Dec.%@EH@%
29, 1808, the son of Jacob Johnson, porter at an inn and church sexton, and
Mary McDonough. He was apprenticed to a tailor but ran away and eventually
settled in Greeneville, Tenn. He became an alderman, 1828; mayor, 1830;
state representative and senator, 1835-43; member of Congress, 1843-53;
governor of Tennessee, 1853-57; U.S. senator, 1857-62. He supported John C.
Breckinridge against Lincoln in 1860. He had held slaves, but opposed
secession and tried to prevent his home state, Tennessee, from seceding. In
Mar. 1862, Lincoln appointed him military governor of occupied Tennessee. In
1864 he was nominated for vice president with Lincoln on the National Union
ticket to win Democratic support. He succeeded Lincoln as president Apr. 15,
1865. In a controversy with Congress over the president's power over the
South, he proclaimed, May 26, 1865, an amnesty to all Confederates except
certain leaders if they would ratify the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery.
States doing so added anti-Negro provisions that enraged Congress, which
restored military control over the South. When Johnson removed Edwin M.
Stanton, secretary of war, without notifying the Senate, thus repudiating
the Tenure of Office Act, the House impeached him for this and other
reasons. He was tried by the Senate, and acquitted by only one vote, May 26,
1868. He returned to the Senate in 1875. Johnson died July 31, 1875. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Ulysses Simpson Grant (1869-1877) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president, Republican, was born at Point Pleasant,%@EH@%
Oh., Apr. 27, 1822, son of Jesse R. Grant, a tanner, and Hannah Simpson. The
next year the family moved to Georgetown, Oh. Grant was named Hiram Ulysses,
but on entering West Point, 1839, his name was entered as Ulysses Simpson
and he adopted it. He was graduated in 1843; served under Gens. Taylor and
Scott in the Mexican War; resigned, 1854; worked in St. Louis until 1860,
then went to Galena, Ill. With the start of the Civil War, he was named
colonel of the 21st Illinois Vols., 1861, then brigadier general; took Forts
Henry and Donelson; fought at Shiloh, took Vicksburg. After his victory at
Chattanooga, Lincoln placed him in command of the Union Armies. He accepted
Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Apr., 1865. President Johnson appointed Grant
secretary of war when he suspended Stanton, but Grant was not confirmed. He
was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1868 and elected over
Horatio Seymour, Democrat. The 15th Amendment, amnesty bill, and civil
service reform were events of his administration. The Liberal Republicans
and Democrats opposed him with Horace Greeley, 1872, but he was reelected.
An attempt by the Stalwarts (Old Guard) to nominate him in 1880 failed. In
1884 the collapse of Grant & Ward, investment house, left him penniless. He
wrote his personal memoirs while ill with cancer and completed them 4 days
before his death at Mt. McGregor, N.Y., July 23, 1885. The book realized
over $450,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1877-1881) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th president, Republican, was born in Delaware, Oh.,%@EH@%
Oct. 4, 1822, the posthumous son of Rutherford Hayes, a farmer, and Sophia
Birchard. He was raised by his uncle Sardis Birchard. He graduated from
Kenyon College, 1842, and Harvard Law School, 1845. He practiced law in
Lower Sandusky, Oh., now Fremont; was city solicitor of Cincinnati, 1858-61.
In the Civil War, he was major of the 23d Ohio Vols., was wounded several
times, and rose to the rank of brevet major general, 1864. He served in
Congress 1864-67, supporting Reconstruction and Johnson's impeachment. He
was elected governor of Ohio, 1867 and 1869; beaten in the race for
Congress, 1872; reelected governor, 1875. In 1876 he was nominated for
president and believed he had lost the election to Samuel J. Tilden,
Democrat. But a few Southern states submitted 2 different sets of electoral
votes and the result was in dispute. An electoral commission, appointed by
Congress, 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats, awarded all disputed votes to Hayes
allowing him to become president by one electoral vote. Hayes, keeping a
promise to southerners, withdrew troops from areas still occupied in the
South, ending the era of Reconstruction. He proceeded to reform the civil
service, alienating political spoilsmen. He advocated repeal of the Tenure
of Office Act. He supported sound money and specie payments. Hayes died in
Fremont, Oh., Jan. 17, 1893. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%James Abram Garfield (1881-1881) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%James A. Garfield, 20th president, Republican, was born Nov. 19, 1831, in%@EH@%
Orange, Cuyahoga Co., Oh., the son of Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou. His
father died in 1833. He worked as a canal bargeman, farmer, and carpenter;
attended Western Reserve Eclectic, later Hiram College, and was graduated
from Williams in 1856. He taught at Hiram, and later became principal. He
was in the Ohio senate in 1859. Anti-slavery and anti-secession, he
volunteered for the war, became colonel of the 42d Ohio Infantry and
brigadier in 1862. He fought at Shiloh, was chief of staff for Rosecrans and
was made major general for gallantry at Chickamauga. He entered Congress as
a radical Republican in 1863; supported specie payment as against paper
money (greenbacks). On the electoral commission in 1877 he voted for Hayes
against Tilden on strict party lines. He was senator-elect in 1880 when he
became the Republican nominee for president. He was chosen as a compromise
over Gen. Grant, James G. Blaine, and John Sherman. This alienated the Grant
following but Garfield was elected. On July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot by
mentally disturbed office-seeker,  Charles J. Guiteau, while entering a
railroad station in Washington. He died Sept. 19, 1881, at Elberon, N.J. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Chester Alan Arthur (1881-1885) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Chester A. Arthur, 21st president, Republican, was born at Fairfield, Vt.,%@EH@%
Oct. 5, 1829, the son of the Rev. William Arthur, from County Antrim,
Ireland, and Malvina Stone. He graduated from Union College, 1848, taught
school at Pownall, Vt., studied law in New York. In 1853 he argued in a
fugitive slave case that slaves transported through N.Y. State were thereby
freed.  He was made collector of the Port of New York, 1871. President
Hayes, reforming the civil service, forced Arthur to resign, 1879. This made
the New York machine stalwarts enemies of Hayes. Arthur and the stalwarts
tried to nominate Grant for a 3d term in 1880. When Garfield was nominated,
Arthur received 2d place in the interests of harmony. When Garfield died,
Arthur became president. He supported civil service reform and the tariff of
1883. He was defeated for renomination by James G. Blaine. He died in New
York City Nov. 18, 1886. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) (1893-1897) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(According to a ruling of the State Dept., Grover Cleveland is both the 22d%@EH@%
%@AI@%and the 24th president, because his 2 terms were not consecutive. By
%@AI@%individuals, he is only the 22d.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Grover Cleveland, 22d and 24th president, Democrat, was born in Caldwell,%@EH@%
N.J.  Mar. 18, 1837, the son of Richard F. Cleveland, a Presbyterian
minister, and Ann Neale. He was named Stephen Grover, but dropped the
Stephen. He clerked in Clinton and Buffalo, N.Y.,  taught at the N.Y.  City
Institution for the Blind; was admitted to the bar in Buffalo, 1859; became
assistant district attorney, 1863; sheriff, 1871; mayor, 1881; governor of
New York, 1882. He was an independent, honest administrator who hated
corruption. He was nominated for president over Tammany Hall opposition,
1884, and defeated Republican James G. Blaine. He enlarged the civil
service, vetoed many pension raids on the Treasury. In 1888 he was defeated
by Benjamin Harrison, although his popular vote was larger. Reelected over
Harrison in 1892, he faced a money crisis brought about by lowering of the
gold reserve, circulation of paper and exorbitant silver purchases under the
Sherman Act; obtained a repeal of the latter and a reduced tariff. A severe
depression and labor troubles racked his administration but he refused to
interfere in business matters and rejected Jacob Coxey's demand for
unemployment relief. He broke the Pullman strike, 1894. In 1896, the
Democrats repudiated his administration and chose silverite William Jennings
Bryan as their candidate. Cleveland died in Princeton, N.J., June 24, 1908. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Benjamin Harrison, 23d president, Republican, was born at North Bend, Oh.,%@EH@%
Aug. 20, 1833. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, was a signer of the
Declaration of Independence; his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, was
9th President; his father, John Scott Harrison, was a member of Congress.
His mother was Elizabeth F. Irwin. He attended school on his father's farm;
graduated from Miami Univ. at Oxford, Oh., 1852; admitted to the bar, 1853,
and practiced in Indianapolis. In the Civil War, he rose to the rank of
brevet brigadier general, fought at Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek,
Nashville, and in the Atlanta campaign. He failed to be elected governor of
Indiana, 1876; but became senator, 1881. In 1888 he defeated Cleveland for
president despite having fewer popular votes. He expanded the pension list,
signed the McKinley high tariff bill, the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the
Sherman Silver Purchase Act. During his administration, 6 states were
admitted to the union. He was defeated for reelection, 1892. He represented
Venezuela in a boundary arbitration with Great Britain in Paris, 1899. He
died in Indianapolis, Mar. 13, 1901. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%William McKinley (1897-1901) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%William McKinley, 25th president, Republican, was born in Niles, Oh., Jan.%@EH@%
29, 1843, the son of William McKinley, an ironmaker, and Nancy Allison.
McKinley attended school in Poland, Oh., and Allegheny College, Meadville,
Pa., and enlisted for the Civil War at 18 in the 23d Ohio, in which
Rutherford B. Hayes was a major. He rose to captain and in 1865 was made
brevet major. He studied law in the Albany, N.Y., law school; opened an
office in Canton, Oh.,  in 1867, and campaigned for Grant and Hayes. He
served in the House of Representatives, 1877-83, 1885-91, and led the fight
for passage of the McKinley Tarrif, 1890. Defeated for reelection on the
issue in 1890, he was governor of Ohio, 1892-96. He had support for
president in the convention that nominated Benjamin Harrison in 1892. In
1896 he was elected president on a protective tariff, sound money (gold
standard) platform over William Jennings Bryan, Democratic proponent of free
silver. McKinley was reluctant to intervene in Cuba but the loss of the
battleship Maine at Havana crystallized opinion. He demanded Spain's
withdrawal from Cuba; Spain made some concessions but Congress announced
state of war as of Apr. 21. He was reelected in the 1900 campaign, defeating
Bryan's anti-imperialist arguments with the promise of a "full dinner pail."
McKinley was respected for his conciliatory nature, but conservative on
business issues. On Sept. 6, 1901, while welcoming citizens at the
Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N.Y., he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an
anarchist. He died Sept. 14. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president, Republican, was born in N.Y. City, Oct.%@EH@%
27, 1858, the son of Theodore Roosevelt, a glass importer,  and Martha
Bulloch. He was a 5th cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt and an uncle of
Eleanor Roosevelt. Roosevelt graduated from Harvard, 1880; attended Columbia
Law School briefly; sat in the N.Y. State Assembly, 1882-84; ranched in
North Dakota, 1884-86; failed election as mayor of N.Y. City, 1886; member
of U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1889; president, N.Y. Police Board, 1895,
supporting the merit system; assistant secretary of the Navy under McKinley,
1897-98. In the war with Spain, he organized the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry
(Rough Riders) as lieutenant colonel; led the charge up Kettle Hill at San
Juan. Elected New York governor, 1898-1900, he fought the spoils system and
achieved taxation of corporation franchises. Nominated for vice president,
1900, he became nation's youngest president when McKinley died. As president
he fought corruption of politics by big business; dissolved Northern
Securities Co. and others for violating, anti-trust laws; intervened in coal
strike on behalf of the public, 1902; obtained Elkins Law forbidding rebates
to favored corporations, 1903; Hepburn Law regulating railroad rates, 1906;
Pure Food and Drugs Act, 1906, Reclamation Act and employers' liability
laws. He organized conservation, mediated the peace between Japan and
Russia, 1905; won the Nobel Peace Prize. He was the first to use the Hague
Court of International Arbitration. By recognizing the new Republic of
Panama he made Panama Canal possible. He was reelected in 1904. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1908 he obtained the nomination of William H. Taft, who was elected.%@EH@%
Feeling that Taft had abandoned his policies, Roosevelt unsuccessfully
sought the nomination in 1912. He bolted the party and ran on the
Progressive "Bull Moose", ticket against Taft and Woodrow Wilson, splitting
the Republicans and insuring Wilson's election. He was shot during the
campaign but recovered. In 1916 he supported Charles E. Hughes, Republican.
A strong friend of Britain, he fought American isolation in World War I. He
wrote some 40 books on many topics; his %@AI@%Winning of the West%@AE@% is best known.
He died Jan. 6, 1919, at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, N.Y. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%William Howard Taft (1909-1913) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%William Howard Taft, 27th president, Republican, was born in Cincinnati,%@EH@%
Oh., Sept. 15, 1857, the son of Alphonso Taft and Louisa Maria Torrey. His
father was secretary of war and attorney general in Grant's cabinet;
minister to Austria and Russia under Arthur. Taft was graduated from Yale,
1878; Cincinnati Law School, 1880; became law reporter for Cincinnati
newspapers; was assistant prosecuting attorney, 1881-83; assistant county
solicitor, 1885; judge, superior court, 1887; U.S. solicitor-general, 1890;
federal circuit judge, 1892. In 1900 he became head of the U.S. Philippines
Commission and was first civil governor of the Philippines, 1901-04;
secretary of war, 1904; provisional governor of Cuba, 1906. He was groomed
for president by Roosevelt and elected over Bryan, 1908. His administration
dissolved Standard Oil and tobacco trusts; instituted Dept. of Labor;
drafted direct election of senators and income tax amendments. His tariff
and conservation policies angered progressives; though renominated he was
opposed by Roosevelt; the result was Democrat Woodrow Wilson's election.
Taft, with some reservations, supported the League of Nations. He was
professor of constitutional law, Yale, 1913-21; chief justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court, 1921-30; illness forced him to resign. He died in Washington,
Mar. 8, 1930. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Woodrow Wilson, 28th president, Democrat, was born at Staunton, Va., Dec.%@EH@%
28, 1856, as Thomas Woodrow Wilson, son of a Presbyterian minister, the Rev.
Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet (Jessie) Woodrow. In his youth Wilson lived
in Augusta, Ga., Columbia, S.C., and Wilmington, N.C. He attended Davidson
College, 1873-74; was graduated from Princeton, A.B., 1879; A.M., 1882; read
law at the Univ. of Virginia, 1881; practiced law, Atlanta, 1882-83; Ph.D.,
Johns Hopkins, 1886. He taught at Bryn Mawr, 1885-88; at Wesleyan, 1888-90;
was professor of jurisprudence and political economy at Princeton,
1890-1910; president of Princeton, 1902-1910; governor of New Jersey,
1911-13. In 1912 he was nominated for president  with the aid of William
Jennings Bryan, who sought to block James "Champ" Clark and Tammany Hall.
Wilson won the election because the Republican vote for Taft was split by
the Progressives under Roosevelt. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Wilson protected American interests in revolutionary Mexico and fought for%@EH@%
American rights on the high seas. His sharp warnings to Germany led to the
resignation of his secretary of state, Bryan, a pacifist. In 1916 he was
reelected by a slim margin with the slogan, "He kept us out of war."
Wilson's attempts to mediate in the war failed. After 4 American ships had
been sunk by the Germans, he secured a declaration of war against Germany on
Apr. 6, 1917. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Wilson proposed peace Jan. 8, 1918, on the basis of his "Fourteen Points," a%@EH@%
state paper with worldwide influence. His doctrine of self-determination
continues to play a major role in territorial disputes. The Germans accepted
his terms and an armistice, Nov. 11. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Wilson went to Paris to help negotiate the peace treaty, the crux of which%@EH@%
he considered the League of Nations. The Senate demanded reservations that
would not make the U.S. subordinate to the votes of other nations in case of
war. Wilson refused to consider any reservations and toured the country to
get support. He suffered a stroke, Oct., 1919. An invalid for months, he
clung to his executive powers while his wife and doctor sought to shield him
from affairs which would tire him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, but the treaty embodying the%@EH@%
League of Nations was rejected by the Senate, 1920. He died in Washington,
Feb. 3, 1924. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Warren Gamaliel Harding (1921-1923) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Warren Gamaliel Harding, 29th president, Republican, was born near Corsica,%@EH@%
now Blooming Grove, Oh., Nov. 2, 1865, the son of Dr. George Tyron Harding,
a physician, and Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson. He attended Ohio Central
College. He was state senator, 1900-04; lieutenant governor, 1904-06;
defeated for governor, 1910; chosen U.S.  senator, 1915. He supported Taft,
opposed federal control of food and fuel; voted for anti-strike legislation,
woman's suffrage, and the Volsteadprohibition enforcement act over President
Wilson's veto; and opposed the League of Nations. In 1920 he was nominated
for president and defeated James M. Cox in the election. The Republicans
capitalized on war weariness and fear that Wilson's League of Nations would
curtail U.S. sovereignty. Harding stressed a return to "normalcy"; worked
for tariff revision and repeal of excess profits law and high income taxes.
Two Harding appointees, Albert B. Fall (interior) and Harry Daugherty
(attorney general), became involved in the Teapot Dome scandal that
embittered Harding's last days. He called the International Conference on
Limitation of Armaments, 1921-22. Returning from a trip to Alaska he became
ill and died in San Francisco, Aug. 2, 1923. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Calvin Coolidge, 30th president, Republican, was born in Plymouth, Vt., July%@EH@%
4, 1872, the son of John Calvin Coolidge, a storekeeper, and Victoria J.
Moor, and named John Calvin Coolidge. Coolidge graduated from Amherst in
1895. He entered Republican state politics and served as mayor of
Northampton, Mass., state senator, lieutenant governor, and, in 1919,
governor. In Sept., 1919, Coolidge attained national prominence by calling
out the state guard in the Boston police strike. He declared: "There is no
right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime."
This brought his name before the Republican convention of 1920, where he was
nominated for vice president. He succeeded to the presidency on Harding's
death. He opposed the League of Nations; approved the World Court; vetoed
the soldiers' bonus bill, which was passed over his veto. In 1924 he was
elected by a huge majority. He reduced the national debt by $2 billion in 3
years. He twice vetoed the McNary-Haugen farm bill, which would have
provided relief to financially hard-pressed farmers. With Republicans eager
to renominate him he announced, Aug. 2, 1927: "I do not choose to run for
president in 1928." He died in Northampton, Jan. 5, 1933. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Herbert Clark Hoover (1929-1933) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Herbert C. Hoover, 31st president, Republican, was born at West Branch, Ia.,%@EH@%
Aug. 10, 1874, son of Jesse Clark Hoover, a blacksmith, and Hulda Randall
Minthorn. Hoover grew up in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) and Oregon; won
his A.B. in engineering at Stanford, 1891. He worked briefly with U.S.
Geological Survey and western mines; then was a mining engineer in
Australia, Asia, Europe, Africa, U.S. While chief engineer, imperial mines,
China, he directed food relief for victims of Boxer Rebellion, 1900. He
directed American Relief Committee, London, 1914-15; U.S. Comm. for Relief
in Belgium, 1915-1919; was U.S. Food Administrator, 1917-1919; American
Relief Administrator, 1918-1923, feeding children in defeated nations;
Russian Relief, 1918-1923. He was secy. of commerce, 1921-28. He was elected
president over Alfred E. Smith, 1928. In 1929 the stock market crashed and
the economy collapsed. During the depression, Hoover opposed federal aid to
the unemployed. He was defeated in the 1932 election by Franklin D.
Roosevelt. President Truman made him coordinator of European Food Program,
1947, chairman of the Commission for Reorganization of the Executive Branch,
1947-49. He founded the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace at
Stanford Univ. He died in N.Y. City, Oct. 20, 1964. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32d president, Democrat, was born near Hyde Park,%@EH@%
N.Y., Jan. 30, 1882, the son of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano. He
graduated from Harvard, 1904; attended Columbia Law School; was admitted to
the bar. He went to the N.Y. Senate, 1910 and 1913. In 1913 President Wilson
made him assistant secretary of the navy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roosevelt ran for vice president, 1920, with James Cox and was defeated.%@EH@%
From 1920 to 1928 he was a N.Y. lawyer and vice president of Fidelity &
Deposit Co. In Aug., 1921, polio paralyzed his legs. He learned to walk with
leg braces and a cane. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roosevelt was elected governor of New York, 1928 and 1930. In 1932, W. G.%@EH@%
McAdoo, pledged to John N. Garner, threw his votes to Roosevelt, who was
nominated. The depression and the promise to repeal prohibition insured his
election. He asked emergency powers, proclaimed the New Deal, and put into
effect a vast number of administrative changes. Foremost was the use of
public funds for relief and public works, resulting in deficit financing. He
greatly expanded the controls of the central government over business, and
by an excess profits tax and progressive income taxes produced a
redistribution of earnings on an unprecedented scale. The Wagner Act gave
labor many advantages in organizing and collective bargaining. He was the
last president inaugurated on Mar. 4 (1933) and the first inaugurated on
Jan. 20 (1937). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roosevelt was the first president to use radio for "fireside chats." When%@EH@%
the Supreme Court nullified some New Deal laws, he sought power to "pack"
the court with additional justices, but Congress refused to give him the
authority. He was the first president to break the "no 3d term" tradition
(1940) and was elected to a 4th term, 1944, despite failing health. He was
openly hostile to fascist governments before World War II and launched a
lend-lease program on behalf of the Allies. He wrote the principles of fair
dealing into the Atlantic Charter, Aug. 14, 1941 (with Winston Churchill),
and urged the Four Freedoms (freedom of speech, of worship, from want, from
fear) Jan. 6, 1941. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941, the U.S.
entered the war. He conferred with allied heads of state at Casablanca,
Jan., 1943; Quebec, Aug., 1943; Teheran, Nov.-Dec., 1943; Cairo, Dec., 1943;
Yalta, Feb., 1945. He died at Warm Springs, Ga., Apr. 12, 1945. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Harry S. Truman, 33d president, Democrat, was born at Lamar, Mo., May 8,%@EH@%
1884, the son of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young. A family
disagreement on whether his middle name was Shippe or Solomon, after names
of 2 grandfathers, resulted in his using only the middle initial S. He
attended public schools in Independence, Mo., worked for the Kansas City
Star, 1901, and as railroad timekeeper, and helper in Kansas City banks up
to 1905. He ran his family's farm, 1906-17. He was commissioned a first
lieutenant and took part in the Vosges, Meuse-Argonne, and St. Mihiel
actions in World War I. After the war he ran a haberdashery, became judge of
Jackson Co. Court, 1922-24; attended Kansas City School of Law, 1923-25. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Truman was elected U.S. senator in 1934; reelected 1940. In 1944 with%@EH@%
Roosevelt's backing he was nominated for vice president and elected. On
Roosevelt's death Truman became president. In 1948 he was elected president.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Truman authorized the first uses of the atomic bomb (Hiroshima and Nagasaki,%@EH@%
Aug. 6 and 9, 1945), bringing World War II to a rapid end. He was
responsible for creating NATO, the Marshall Plan, and what came to be called
the Truman Doctrine (to aid nations such as Greece and Turkey, threatened by
Russian or other communist takeover). He broke a Russian blockade of West
Berlin with a massive airlift, 1948-49. When communist North Korea invaded
South Korea, June, 1950, he won UN approval for a "police action" and sent
in forces under Gen. Douglas MacArthur. When MacArthur opposed his policy of
limited objectives,  Truman removed him from command. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Truman was responsible for higher minimum-wage, increased social-security,%@EH@%
and aid-for-housing laws. Truman died Dec. 26, 1972, in Kansas City, Mo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Dwight David Eisenhower (1953-1961) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th president, Republican, was born Oct. 14, 1890, at%@EH@%
Denison, Tex., the son of David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover.
The next year, the family moved to Abilene, Kan. He graduated from West
Point, 1915. He was on the American military mission to the Philippines,
1935-39 and during 4 of those years on the staff of Gen. Douglas MacArthur.
He was made commander of Allied forces landing in North Africa, 1942, full
general, 1943. He became supreme Allied commander in Europe, 1943, and as
such led the Normandy invasion June 6, 1944. He was given the rank of
general of the army Dec. 20, 1944, made permanent in 1946. On May 7, 1945,
he received the surrender of the Germans at Rheims. He returned to the U.S.
to serve as chief of staff, 1945-1948. In 1948, Eisenhower published %@AI@%Crusade
%@AI@%in Europe,%@AE@% his war memoirs, which quickly became a best seller. From 1948 to
1953, he was president of Columbia Univ., but took leave of absence in 1950,
to command NATO forces. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Eisenhower resigned from the army and was nominated for president by the%@EH@%
Republicans, 1952. He defeated Adlai E. Stevenson in the election. He
again defeated Stevenson, 1956. He called himself a moderate, favored "free
market system" vs. government price and wage controls; kept goverment out of
labor disputes; reorganized defense establishment; promoted missile
programs. He continued foreign aid; sped end of Korean fighting; endorsed
Taiwan and SE Asia defense treaties; backed UN in condemning Anglo-French
raid on Egypt; advocated "open skies" policy of mutual inspection to USSR.
He sent U.S. troops into Little Rock, Ark., Sept., 1957, during the
segregation crisis and ordered Marines into Lebanon July-Aug., 1958. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%During his retirement at his farm near Gettysburg, Pa., Eisenhower took up%@EH@%
the role of elder statesman, counseling his 3 successors in the White House.
He died Mar. 28, 1969, in Washington. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John F. Kennedy, 35th president, Democrat, was born May 29, 1917, in%@EH@%
Brookline, Mass., the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, financier, who later became
ambassador to Great Britain, and Rose Fitzgerald. He entered Harvard,
attended the London School of Economics briefly in 1935, received a B.S.,
from Harvard, 1940. He served in the Navy, 1941-1945, commanded a PT boat in
the Solomons and won the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. He wrote %@AI@%Profiles in
%@AI@%Courage,%@AE@% which won a Pulitzer prize. He served as representative in
Congress, 1947-1953; was elected to the Senate in 1952, reelected 1958. He
nearly won the vice presidential nomination in 1956. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1960, Kennedy won the Democratic nomination for president and defeated%@EH@%
Richard M. Nixon, Republican. He was the first Roman Catholic president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@% In Apr. 1961, Kennedy's new administration suffered a severe setback when%@EH@%
an invasion force of anti-Castro Cubans, trained and directed by the U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency, failed to establish a beachhead at the Bay of
Pigs in Cuba. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Kennedy's most important act was his successful demand Oct. 22, 1962, that%@EH@%
the Soviet Union dismantle its missile basesin Cuba. He established a
quarantine of arms shipments to Cuba and continued surveillance by air. He
defied Soviet attempts to force the Allies out of Berlin. He made the steel
industry rescind a price rise. He backed civil rights, a mental health
program, arbitration of railroad disputes, and expanded medical care for the
aged. Astronaut flights and satellite orbiting were greatly developed during
his administration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Nov. 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Tex. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th president, Democrat, was born near Stonewall, Tex.,%@EH@%
Aug. 27, 1908, son of Sam Ealy Johnson and Rebekah Baines. He received a
B.S. degree at Southwest Texas State Teachers College, 1930, attended
Georgetown Univ. Law School, Washington, 1935. He taught public speaking in
Houston, 1930-32; served as secretary to Rep. R. M. Kleberg, 1932-35. In
1937 Johnson won a contest to fill the vacancy caused by the death of a
representative and in 1938 was elected to the full term, after which he
returned for 4 terms. He was elected U.S. senator in 1948 and reelected in
1954. He became Democratic leader, 1953. Johnson was Texas' favorite son for
the Democratic presidential nomination in 1956 and had strong support in the
1960 convention, where the nominee, John F. Kennedy, asked him to run for
vice president. His campaigning helped overcome religious bias against
Kennedy in the South. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Johnson became president on the death of Kennedy. Johnson worked hard for%@EH@%
welfare legislation, signed civil rights, anti-proverty, and tax reduction
laws, and averted strikes on railroads. He was elected to a full term, 1964.
The war in Vietnam overshadowed other developments  during his
administration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In face of increasing division in the nation and his own party over his%@EH@%
handling of the war, Johnson announced that he would not seek another term,
Mar. 31, 1968. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Retiring to his ranch near Johnson City, Tex., Johnson wrote his memoirs and%@EH@%
oversaw the construction of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. He died Jan.
22, 1973. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Richard Milhous Nixon (1969-1974) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Richard M. Nixon, 37th president, Republican, was the only president to%@EH@%
resign without completing an elected term. He was born in Yorba Linda, Cal.,
Jan. 9, 1913, the son of Francis Anthony Nixon and Hannah Milhous. Nixon
graduated from Whittier College, 1934; Duke Univ. Law School, 1937. After
practicing law in Whittier and serving briefly in the Office of Price
Administration in 1942, he entered the navy, and served in the South
Pacific. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and 1948. He%@EH@%
achieved prominence as the House Un-American Activities Committee member who
forced the showdown that resulted in the Alger Hiss perjury conviction. In
1950 Nixon was elected to the Senate. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He was elected vice president in the Eisenhower landslides of 1952 and 1956.%@EH@%
With Eisenhower's endorsement, Nixon won the Republican nomination in 1960.
He was defeated by Democrat John F. Kennedy, returned to Cal. and was
defeated in his race for governor, 1962. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1968, he won the presidential nomination and went on to defeat Democrat%@EH@%
Hubert H. Humphrey. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nixon was the first U.S. president to visit China and Russia (1972). He and%@EH@%
his foreign affairs advisor, Henry A. Kissinger, achieved a detente with
China. Nixon appointed 4 Supreme Court justices, including the chief
justice, thus altering the court's balance in favor of a more conservative
view. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Reelected 1972, Nixon secured a cease-fire agreement in Vietnam and%@EH@%
completed the withdrawal of U.S. troops. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nixon's 2d term was cut short by a series of scandals beginning with the%@EH@%
burglary of Democratic party national headquarters in the Watergate office
complex on June 17, 1972. Nixon denied any White House involvement in the
Watergate break-in. On July 16, 1973, a White House aide, under questioning
by a Senate committee, revealed that most of Nixon's office conversations
and phone calls had been recorded. Nixon claimed executive privilege to keep
the tapes secret and the courts and Congress sought the tapes for criminal
proceedings against former White House aides and for a House inquiry into
possible impeachment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Oct. 20, 1973, Nixon fired the Watergate special prosecutor and the%@EH@%
attorney general resigned in protest. The public outcry which followed
caused Nixon to appoint a new special prosecutor and to turn over to the
courts a number of subpoenaed tape recordings. Public reaction also brought
the initiation of a formal inquiry into impeachment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On July 24, 1974, the Supreme Court ruled that Nixon's claim of executive%@EH@%
privilege must fall before the special prosecutor's subpoenas of tapes
relevant to criminal trial proceedings. That same day, the House Judiciary
Committee opened debate on impeachment. On July 30, the committee
recommended House adoption of 3 articles of impeachment charging Nixon with
obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Aug. 5, Nixon released transcripts of conversations held 6 days after the%@EH@%
Watergate break-in showing that Nixon had known of, approved, and directed
Watergate cover-up activities. Nixon resigned from office Aug. 9. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Gerald Rudolph Ford (1974-1977) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gerald R. Ford, 38th president, Republican, was born July 14, 1913, in%@EH@%
Omaha, Neb., son of Leslie King and Dorothy Gardner, and was named Leslie
Jr. When he was 2, his parents were divorced and his mother moved with the
boy to Grand Rapids, Mich. There she met and married Gerald R. Ford, who
formally adopted the boy and gave him his own name. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He graduated from the Univ. of Michigan, 1935 and Yale Law School, 1941. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He began practicing law in Grand Rapids, but in 1942 joined the navy and%@EH@%
served in the Pacific, leaving the service in 1946 as a lieutenant
commander. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He entered congress in 1949 and spent 25 years in the House, 8 of them as%@EH@%
Republican leader. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Oct. 12, 1973, after Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned, Ford was%@EH@%
nominated by President Nixon to replace him. It was the first use of the
procedures set out in the 25th Amendment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When Nixon resigned Aug. 9, 1974, Ford became president, the first to serve%@EH@%
without being chosen in a national election. On Sept. 8 he pardoned Nixon
for any federal crimes he might have committed as president. Ford veoted 48
bills in his first 21 months in office,  saying most would prove too costly.
He visited China. In 1976, he was defeated in the election by Democrat Jimmy
Carter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Jimmy (James Earl) Carter (1977-1981) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jimmy (James Earl) Carter, 39th president, Democrat, was the first president%@EH@%
from the Deep South since before the Civil War. He was born Oct. 1, 1924, at
Plains, Ga., where his parents, James and Lillian Gordy Carter, had a farm
and several businesses. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He attended Georgia Tech, and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy. He%@EH@%
entered the Navy's nuclear submarine program as an aide to Adm. Hyman
Rickover, and studied nuclear physics at Union College. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%His father died in 1953 and Carter left the Navy to take over the family%@EH@%
businesses -- peanut-raising, warehousing, and cotton-ginning. He was
elected to the Georgia state senate, was defeated for governor, 1966, but
elected in 1970. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Carter won the Democratic nomination and defeated President Gerald R. Ford%@EH@%
in the election of 1976. He  played a major role in the peace negotiations
between Israel and Egypt. In Nov. 1979, Iranian student militants attacked
the U.S. embassy in Teheran and held members of the embassy staff hostage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Carter was widely criticized for the poor state of the economy and high%@EH@%
inflation. He was also viewed as weak in his handling of foreign policy. He
reacted to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by imposing a grain embargo
and boycotting the Moscow Olympic games. His failure to obtain the release
of the remaining 52 hostages held in Iran plagued Carter to the end of his
term. He was defeated by Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election. Carter finally
succeeded in obtaining the release of the hostages on Inauguration Day, as
the new president was taking the oath of office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Ronald Wilson Reagan (1981-1989) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ronald Wilson Reagan, 40th president, Republican, was born Feb. 6, 1911, in%@EH@%
Tampico, Ill., the son of John Edward Reagan and Nellie Wilson. Reagan
graduated from Eureka (Ill.) College in 1932. Following his graduation, he
worked as a sports announcer in Des Moines, Ia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Reagan began a successful career as a film actor in 1937, and starred in%@EH@%
numerous movies, and later television, until the 1960s. He was a captain in
the Army Air Force during World War II. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He served as president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952, and in%@EH@%
1959. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Once a liberal Democrat, Reagan became active in Republican politics during%@EH@%
the 1964 presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater. He was elected governor
of California in 1966, and reelected in 1970. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1980, he gained the Republican nomination and won a landslide victory%@EH@%
over Jimmy Carter. He was easily reelected in 1984. Reagan, at 73, was the
oldest man ever elected president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Reagan successfully forged a bipartisan coalition in Congress which led to%@EH@%
enactment of an economic program which included the largest budget and tax
cuts in U.S. history, and a Social Security reform bill designed to insure
the long-term solvency of the system. In 1986, he signed into law a
revolutionary tax-reform bill. He was shot in an assassination attempt in
1981, and had major surgery in 1985 and 1987. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1983, Reagan sent a task force to lead the invasion of Grenada, and%@EH@%
joined 3 European nations in maintaining a peacekeeping force in Beirut,
Lebanon. His opposition to international terrorism led to the U.S. bombing
of Lybyan military installations in 1986. He strongly supported El Salvador,
the Nicaraguan contras, and other anti-communist governments  and forces
throughout the world. Aid was sent to the rebels fighting Soviet troops in
Afghanistan. When the Iran/Iraq war threatened freedom of the seas, U.S.
Navy ships were sent to the Persian Gulf. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Reagan held summit meetings with Soviet leader Gorbachev in 1985 in Geneva,%@EH@%
1986 in Iceland, 1987 in Washington, D.C. where an historic treaty
eliminating short and medium-range missiles from Europe was signed, and 1988
in Moscow where Reagan criticized the Soviet record on human rights, and met
with Soviet dissidents. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Reagan faced a major crisis in 1986-1987, when it was revealed that the U.S.%@EH@%
had sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of U.S. hostages being
held in Lebanon; and that subsequently some of the money was diverted to the
Nicaraguan contras. The scandal led to the resignation of leading White
House aides; some were indicted and convicted of criminal charges. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As Reagan left office, the nation was experiencing its 6th consecutive year%@EH@%
of economic prosperity. Along with the strong economy, the nation enjoyed
low unemployment, energy costs, and inflation. Reagan, however, was unable
to control the high budget deficits which plagued him throughout his
administration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%George Herbert Walker Bush (1989- ) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st president, Republican, was born June 12,%@EH@%
1924, in Milton, Mass., the son of Prescott Bush, U.S. senator from
Connecticut, and Dorothy Walker. He served as a U.S. Navy pilot in World War
II, earning the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for service
in the Pacific. After graduating from Yale Univ. (1948), he settled in Texas
where, in 1953, he helped found an oil company. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After losing a bid for a U.S. Senate seat in Texas, 1964, he was elected to%@EH@%
the House of Representatives in 1966 and 1968. He lost a 2d U.S. Senate race
in 1970. He served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 1971-73, headed
the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, 1974-75, and was director of the Central
Intelligence Agency, 1976-77. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Following an unsuccessful bid for the 1980 Republican presidential%@EH@%
nomination, Bush was chosen by Ronald Reagan as his vice presidential
running mate. He served as U.S. vice president, 1981-89. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1988, he gained the Republican presidential nomination and defeated%@EH@%
Democrat Michael Dukakis in the election. Calling on Americans "to make
kinder the face of the nation and gentler the face of the world," Bush took
office faced with the ongoing U.S. budget and trade deficits as well as the
rescue of insolvent U.S. savings and loan institutions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush has made no major changes from Reagan's policies in his first 2 years%@EH@%
in office. He continued to face a severe budget deficit, struggled with
military cutbacks in light of reduced "cold war" tensions, and vetoed
congressional actions favorable to abortion and a minimum-wage law that
didn't reflect his own views. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bush has supported Soviet reforms and eastern Europe democratization. He was%@EH@%
criticized for his failure to support strongly enough the independence
efforts of the Baltic republics and for his soft reaction to the quelling of
the China democratic movement. He held summit meetings with Soviet leader
Gorbachev in 1989 and 1990. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Dec. 1989, Bush sent military forces to Panama which overthrew the%@EH@%
government and captured military strongman Gen. Manuel Noriega. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Wives and Children of the Presidents %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%Listed in order of presidential administrations. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   96  3643 02 52 08 16 @%Name (Born-died, married)                           State   Sons/daughters%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (1732-1802,      Va.     None 1759)                                                       Abigail Smith Adams (1744-1818, 1764)               Mass.   3/2 Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson (1748-1782, 1772)   Va.     1/5 Dorothea "Dolley" Payne Todd Madison (1768-1849,    N.C.    None 1794)                                                       Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (1768-1830, 1786)        N.Y.    . . . /2 (%@AH@%A%@AE@%) Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (1775-1852, 1797)    Md.(%@AH@%B%@AE@%)  3/1 Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson (1767-1828, 1791)   Va.     None Hannah Hoes Van Buren (1783-1819, 1807)             N.Y.    4/ . . . Anna Symmes Harrison (1775-1864, 1795)              N.J.    6/4 Letitia Christian Tyler (1790-1842, 1813)           Va.     3/5 Julia Gardiner Tyler (1820-1889, 1844)              N.Y.    5/2 Sarah Childress Polk (1803-1891, 1824)              Tenn.   None Margaret Smith Taylor (1788-1852, 1810)             Md.     1/5 Abigail Powers Fillmore (1798-1853, 1826)           N.Y.    1/1 Caroline Carmichael McIntosh Fillmore (1813-1881,   N.J.    None 1858)                                                       Jane Means Appleton Pierce (1806-1863, 1834)        N.H.    3/ . . . Mary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882, 1842)                 Ky.     4/ . . . Eliza McCardle Johnson (1810-1876, 1827)            Tenn.   3/2 Julia Dent Grant (1826-1902, 1848)                  Mo.     3/1 Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (1831-1889, 1852)              Oh.     7/1 Lucretia Rudolph Garfield (1832-1918, 1858)         Oh.     4/1 Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur (1837-1880, 1859)        Va.     2/1 Frances Folsom Cleveland (1864-1947, 1886)          N.Y.    2/3 Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (1832-1892, 1853)   Oh.     1/1 Mary Scott Lord Dimmick Harrison (1858-1948, 1896)  Pa.     . . . /1 Ida Saxton McKinley (1847-1907, 1871)               Oh.     . . . /2 Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (1861-1884, 1880)      Mass.   . . . /1 Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (1861-1948, 1886)      Conn.   4/1 Helen Herron Taft (1861-1943, 1886)                 Oh.     2/1 Ellen Louise Axson Wilson (1860-1914, 1885)         Ga.     . . . /3 Edith Bolling Galt Wilson (1872-1961, 1915)         Va.     None Florence Kling De Wolfe Harding (1860-1924, 1891)   Oh.     None Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (1879-1957, 1905)       Vt.     2/ . . . Lou Henry Hoover (1875-1944, 1899)                  Ia.     2/ . . . Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt (1884-1962, 1905)  N.Y.    4/1 (%@AH@%A%@AE@%) Bess Wallace Truman (1885-1982, 1919)               Mo.     . . . /1 Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (1896-1979, 1916)      Ia.     1/ . . .  (%@AH@%A%@AE@%) Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy (b. 1929, 1953)      N.Y.    1/1 (%@AH@%A%@AE@%) Claudia "Lady Bird" Alta Taylor Johnson (b. 1912,   Tex.    . . . /2 1934)                                                       Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon (b. 1912,      Nev.    . . . /2 1940)                                                       Elizabeth Bloomer Warren Ford (b. 1918, 1948)       Ill.    3/1 Rosalynn Smith Carter (b. 1927, 1946)               Ga.     3/1 Anne Frances "Nancy" Robbins Davis Reagan (b. 1923,  N.Y.    1/1 (%@AH@%C%@AE@%) 1952)                                                       Barbara Pierce Bush (b. 1925, 1945)                 N.Y.    4/2 %@TE:   96  3643 02 52 08 16 @%

%@NL@%
James Buchanan, 15th president, was unmarried. %@AH@%A%@AE@% plus one infant, deceased.
%@AH@%B%@AE@% Born London, father a Md. citizen. %@AH@%C%@AE@% President Reagan has a son and
daughter from aformer marriage.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%First Lady: Barbara Bush %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first lady was born Barbara Pierce in Rye, N.Y. on June 8, 1925; the%@EH@%
daughter of Marvin and Pauline (Robinson) Pierce. She attended Smith
College, 1943-44. She married  George Bush, Jan. 6, 1945. They have four
sons and a daughter (another daughter died in childhood). Mrs. Bush has had
a lifelong involvement in a number of causes, especially the promotion of
literacy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Burial Places of the Presidents %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   36  1643 01 26 50 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Washington                Mt. Vernon, Va. J. Adams                  Quincy, Mass. Jefferson                 Charlottesville, Va. Madison                   Montpelier Station, Va. Monroe                    Richmond, Va. J.Q. Adams                Quincy, Mass. Jackson                   Nashville, Tenn. Van Buren                 Kinderhook, N.Y. W.H. Harrison             North Bend, Oh. Tyler                     Richmond, Va. Polk                      Nashville, Tenn. Taylor                    Louisville, Ky. Fillmore                  Buffalo, N.Y. Pierce                    Concord, N.H. Buchanan                  Lancaster, Pa. Lincoln                   Springfield, Ill. A. Johnson                Greeneville, Tenn. Grant                     New York City Hayes                     Fremont, Oh. Garfield                  Cleveland, Oh. Arthur                    Albany, N.Y. Cleveland                 Princeton, N.J. B. Harrison               Indianapolis, Ind. McKinley                  Canton, Oh. T. Roosevelt              Oyster Bay, N.Y. Taft                      Arlington Nat'l. Cem'y. Wilson                    Washington Cathedral Harding                   Marion, Oh. Coolidge                  Plymouth, Vt. Hoover                    West Branch, Ia. F.D. Roosevelt            Hyde Park, N.Y. Truman                    Independence, Mo. Eisenhower                Abilene, Kan. Kennedy                   Arlington Nat'l. Cem'y. L.B. Johnson              Stonewall, Tex.%@TE:   36  1643 01 26 50 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                          %@AS@%UNITED STATES HISTORY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1492 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christopher Columbus%@AE@% and crew sighted land %@AB@%Oct. 12%@AE@% in the present-day%@EH@%
Bahamas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1497 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Cabot%@AE@% explored northeast coast to Delaware. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1513 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Juan Ponce de Leon%@AE@% explored Florida coast. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1524 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni da Verrazano%@AE@% led French expedition along coastfrom Carolina north%@EH@%
to Nova Scotia; entered New York harbor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1539 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hernando de Soto%@AE@% landed in Florida %@AB@%May 28;%@AE@% crossed Mississippi River, %@AB@%1541.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1540 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francisco Vazquez de Coronado%@AE@% explored Southwest north of Rio Grande.%@EH@%
Hernando de Alarcon reached Colorado River, Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas
reached Grand Canyon. Others explored California coast. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1565 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Augustine, Fla.%@AE@% founded by Pedro Menendez. Razed by Francis Drake %@AB@%1586.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1579 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Francis Drake%@AE@% claimed California for Britain. Metal plate, found %@AB@%1936,%@AE@%%@EH@%
thought to be left by Drake, termed probable hoax %@AB@%1979.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1607 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Capt. John Smith%@AE@% and 105 cavaliers in 3 ships landed on Virginia coast,%@EH@%
started first permanent English settlement in New World at %@AB@%Jamestown%@AE@%%@AB@%, May
%@AB@%13.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1609 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry Hudson,%@AE@% English explorer of Northwest Passage, employed by Dutch,%@EH@%
sailed into New York harbor in %@AB@%Sept.,%@AE@% and up Hudson to Albany. The same
year, %@AB@%Samuel de Champlain%@AE@% explored Lake Champlain just to the north. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Spaniards settled %@AB@%Santa Fe,%@AE@%%@AB@% N.M.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1619 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House of Burgesses,%@AE@% first representative assembly in New World, elected %@AB@%July%@EH@%
%@AB@%30%@AE@% at Jamestown, Va. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%First black laborers%@AE@% -- indentured servants -- in English N. American%@EH@%
colonies, landed by Dutch at Jamestown in %@AB@%Aug.%@AE@% Chattel slavery legally
recognized, %@AB@%1650.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1620 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Plymouth Pilgrims,%@AE@% Puritan separatists from Church of England, some living%@EH@%
in Holland, left Plymouth, England %@AB@%Sept. 15%@AE@% on Mayflower. Original
destination Virginia, they reached Cape Cod %@AB@%Nov. 19,%@AE@% explored coast; 103
passengers landed %@AB@%Dec. 21%@AE@% (Dec. 11 Old Style) at Plymouth. Mayflower Compact
was agreement to form a  government and abide by its laws. Half of colony
died during harsh winter. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1624 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dutch left 8 men from ship New Netherland on %@AB@%Manhattan Island%@AE@% in %@AB@%May.%@AE@% Rest%@EH@%
sailed to Albany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1626 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Peter Minuit bought Manhattan for Dutch from Man-a-hat-a Indians %@AB@%May 6%@AE@% for%@EH@%
trinkets valued at $24. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1634 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Maryland%@AE@% founded as Catholic colony with religious tolerance. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1636 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Harvard College%@AE@% founded %@AB@%Oct. 28,%@AE@% now oldest in U.S., Grammar school,%@EH@%
compulsory education established at Boston. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Roger Williams%@AE@% founded Providence, R.I., %@AB@%June,%@AE@% as a democratically ruled%@EH@%
colony with separation of church and state. Charter was granted, %@AB@%1644.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1654 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%First Jews%@AE@% arrived in New Amsterdam. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1660 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%British Parliament passed %@AB@%Navigation Act,%@AE@% regulating colonial commerce to%@EH@%
suit English needs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1664 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Three hundred %@AB@%British troops Sept. 8 seized New Netherland%@AE@% from Dutch, who%@EH@%
yield peacefully. Charles II granted province of New Netherland and city of
New Amsterdam to brother, Duke of York; both renamed New York. The Dutch
recaptured the colony %@AB@%Aug. 9, 1673,%@AE@% but ceded it to Britain %@AB@%Nov. 10, 1674.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1676 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nathaniel Bacon%@AE@% led planters against autocratic British Gov. Berkeley,%@EH@%
burned Jamestown, Va. Bacon died, 23 followers executed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bloody %@AB@%Indian war%@AE@% in New England ended %@AB@%Aug. 12.%@AE@% King Philip, Wampanoag%@EH@%
chief, and many Narragansett Indians killed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1682 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle,%@AE@% claimed lower Mississippi River country%@EH@%
for France, called it Louisiana %@AB@%Apr. 9.%@AE@% Had French outposts built in
Illinois and Texas, %@AB@%1684.%@AE@% Killed during mutiny %@AB@%Mar. 19, 1687.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1683 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Penn%@AE@% signed treaty with Delaware Indians and made payment for%@EH@%
Pennsylvania lands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1692 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Witchcraft delusion at Salem%@AE@% (now Danvers) Mass. inspired by preaching; 19%@EH@%
persons executed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1696 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Capt. William Kidd,%@AE@% who was born in Scotland and settled in America, was%@EH@%
hired by British to fight pirates and take booty, but himself became pirate.
Arrested and sent to England, he was hanged %@AB@%1701.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1699 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%French settlements%@AE@% made in Mississippi, Louisiana. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1704 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Indians attacked Deerfield,%@AE@% Mass. %@AB@%Feb. 28-29,%@AE@% killed 40, carried off 100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Boston News Letter,%@AE@% first regular newspaper, started by John Campbell,%@EH@%
postmaster. (%@AI@%Publick Occurences%@AE@% was suppressed after one issue %@AB@%1690.%@AE@%) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1709 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%British-Colonial troops captured French fort, Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in%@EH@%
%@AB@%Queen Anne's War%@AE@%%@AB@% 1701-13.%@AE@% France yielded Nova Scotia by treaty %@AB@%1713.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1712 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Slaves revolted%@AE@% in New York %@AB@%Apr. 6.%@AE@% Six committed suicide, 21 were executed.%@EH@%
Second rising, %@AB@%1741;%@AE@% 13 slaves hanged, 13 burned, 71 deported. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1716 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%First theater%@AE@% in colonies opened in Williamsburg, Va. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1728 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Pennsylvania Gazette%@AE@% founded by Samuel Keimer in Philadelphia. Benjamin%@EH@%
Franklin bought interest %@AB@%1729.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1732 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Benjamin Franklin published first %@AI@%Poor Richard's Almanac;%@AE@% published annually%@EH@%
to 1757. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1735 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Freedom of the press%@AE@% recognized in New York by acquittal of John Peter%@EH@%
Zenger, editor of %@AI@%Weekly Journal,%@AE@% on charge of libeling British Gov. Cosby
by criticizing his conduct in office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%1740-41 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Capt. Vitus Bering,%@AE@% Dane employed by Russians, reached Alaska. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1744 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%King George's War%@AE@% pitted British and colonials vs. French. Colonials%@EH@%
captured Louisburg, Cape Breton Is. %@AB@%June 17, 1745.%@AE@% Returned to France %@AB@%1748%@AE@%
by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1752 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benjamin Franklin,%@AE@% flying kite in thunderstorm, proved lightning is%@EH@%
electricity %@AB@%June 15;%@AE@% invented lightning rod. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1754 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%French and Indian War%@AE@% (in Europe called 7 Years War, started 1756) began%@EH@%
when French occupied Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh). British moved Acadian French
from Nova Scotia to Louisiana %@AB@%Oct. 1755.%@AE@% British captured Quebec %@AB@%Sept. 18,
%@AB@%1759%@AE@% in battles in which French Gen. Montcalm and British Gen. Wolfe were
killed. Peace signed %@AB@%Feb. 10 1763.%@AE@% French lost Canada and American Midwest.
British tightened colonial administration in North America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1764 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sugar Act%@AE@% placed duties on lumber, foodstuffs, molasses and rum in colonies.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1765 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stamp Act%@AE@% required revenue stamps to help defray cost of royal troops. Nine%@EH@%
colonies, led by New York and Massachusetts at Stamp Act Congress in New
York %@AB@%Oct. 7-25, 1765,%@AE@% adopted Declaration of Rights opposing taxation
without representation in Parliament and trial without jury by admiralty
courts. Stamp Act %@AB@%repealed Mar. 17, 1766.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1767 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Townshend Acts%@AE@% levied taxes on glass, painter's lead, paper, and tea. In%@EH@%
%@AB@%1770%@AE@% all duties except on tea were repealed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1770 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%British troops fired %@AB@%Mar. 5%@AE@% into Boston mob, killed 5 including %@AB@%Crispus%@EH@%
%@AB@%Attucks,%@AE@% a black man, reportedly leader of group; later called %@AB@%Boston
%@AB@%Massacre.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1773 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East India Co. tea ships%@AE@% turned back at Boston, New York, Philadelphia in%@EH@%
%@AB@%May.%@AE@% Cargo ship burned at Annapolis %@AB@%Oct. 14,%@AE@% cargo thrown overboard at
%@AB@%Boston Tea Party%@AE@%%@AB@% Dec. 16.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1774 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"Intolerable Acts"; of Parliament curtailed Massachusetts self-rule; barred%@EH@%
use of Boston harbor till tea was paid for. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%First Continental Congress%@AE@% held in Philadelphia %@AB@%Sept. 5-Oct. 26;%@AE@% protested%@EH@%
British measures, called for civil disobedience. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rhode Island%@AE@% abolished slavery. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1775 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Patrick Henry%@AE@% addressed Virginia convention, %@AB@%Mar. 23%@AE@% said "Give me liberty%@EH@%
or give me death."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Revere%@AE@% and William Dawes on night of %@AB@%Apr. 18%@AE@% rode to alert patriots%@EH@%
that British were on way to Concord to destroy arms. At Lexington, Mass.
%@AB@%Apr. 19%@AE@% Minutemen lost 8 killed. On return from Concord British took 273
casualties. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Col. Ethan Allen (joined by Col. Benedict Arnold) captured Ft. %@AB@%Ticonderoga,%@EH@%
%@AB@%N.Y. May 10;%@AE@% also Crown Point. Colonials headed for %@AB@%Bunker Hill,%@AE@% fortified
Breed's Hill, Charlestown, Mass., repulsed British under Gen. William Howe
twice before retreating %@AB@%June 17;%@AE@% British casualties 1,000; called Battle of
Bunker Hill. Continental Congress %@AB@%June 15%@AE@% named %@AB@%George Washington%@AE@%
commander-in-chief. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1776 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%France and Spain%@AE@% each agreed %@AB@%May 2%@AE@% to provide one million livres in arms to%@EH@%
Americans. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Continental Congress %@AB@%June 7,%@AE@% Richard Henry Lee (Va.) moved "that these%@EH@%
united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states."
Resolution adopted July 2. %@AB@%Declaration of Independence%@AE@% approved %@AB@%July 4.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Col. Moultrie's batteries at %@AB@%Charleston, S.C.%@AE@% repulsed British sea attack%@EH@%
%@AB@%June 28.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Washington, with 10,000 men, lost %@AB@%Battle of Long Island%@AE@%%@AB@% Aug. 27,%@AE@% evacuated%@EH@%
New York. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nathan Hale%@AE@%%@AB@% executed%@AE@% as spy by British %@AB@%Sept. 22.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Brig. Gen. Arnold's %@AB@%Lake Champlain%@AE@% fleet was defeated at Valcour %@AB@%Oct. 11,%@AE@%%@EH@%
but British returned to Canada. Howe failed to destroy Washington's army at
%@AB@%White Plains Oct. 28.%@AE@% Hessians captured Ft. Washington, Manhattan, and 3,000
men %@AB@%Nov. 16;%@AE@% Ft. Lee, N.J. %@AB@%Nov. 18.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Washington in Pennsylvania, recrossed %@AB@%Delaware River%@AE@%%@AB@% Dec. 25-26,%@AE@% defeated%@EH@%
1,400 Hessians at Trenton, N.J. %@AB@%Dec. 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1777 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Washington defeated Lord Cornwallis at %@AB@%Princeton Jan. 3.%@AE@% Continental%@EH@%
Congress adopted Stars and Stripes. %@AI@%See Flag article.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Maj. Gen. John Burgoyne with 8,000 from Canada captured %@AB@%Ft. Ticonderoga%@AE@%%@AB@% July%@EH@%
%@AB@%6.%@AE@% Americans beat back Burgoyne at Bemis Heights %@AB@%Oct. 7%@AE@% and cut off British
escape route. Burgoyne surrendered 5,000 men at %@AB@%Saratoga N.Y. Oct. 17.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Marquis de Lafayette,%@AE@% aged 20, made major general. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Articles of Confederation%@AE@% and Perpetual Union adopted by Continental%@EH@%
Congress %@AB@%Nov. 15%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%France%@AE@% recognized independence of 13 colonies %@AB@%Dec. 17.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1778 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%France signed treaty%@AE@% of aid with U.S. %@AB@%Feb. 6.%@AE@% Sent fleet; British evacuated%@EH@%
Philadelphia in consequence %@AB@%June 18.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1779 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Paul Jones%@AE@% on the %@AI@%Bonhomme Richard%@AE@% defeated %@AI@%Serapis%@AE@% in British North%@EH@%
Sea waters %@AB@%Sept. 23.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1780 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charleston, S.C.%@AE@% fell to the British %@AB@%May 12,%@AE@% but a British force was%@EH@%
defeated near %@AB@%Kings Mountain%@AE@%%@AB@%, N.C. Oct. 7%@AE@% by militiamen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Benedict Arnold%@AE@% found to be a traitor %@AB@%Sept. 23.%@AE@% Arnold escaped, made%@EH@%
brigadier general in British army. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1781 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bank of North America%@AE@% incorporated in Philadelphia %@AB@%May 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Cornwallis, sapped by patriot victories, retired to %@AB@%Yorktown%@AE@%%@AB@%, Va.%@AE@% Adm. De%@EH@%
Grasse landed 3,000 French and stopped British fleet in Hampton Roads.
Washington and Rochambeau joined forces, arrived near Williamsburg %@AB@%Sept. 26.%@AE@%
When siege of Cornwallis began %@AB@%Oct. 6,%@AE@% British had 6,000, Americans 8,846,
French 7,800. %@AB@%Cornwallis surrendered Oct. 19.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1782 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New %@AB@%British%@AE@% cabinet agreed %@AB@%in March%@AE@% to %@AB@%recognize U.S.%@AE@% independence.%@EH@%
Preliminary agreement signed in Paris %@AB@%Nov. 30.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1783 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Massachusetts Supreme Court %@AB@%outlawed slavery%@AE@% in that state, noting the words%@EH@%
in the state Bill of Rights "all men are born free and equal."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Britain, U.S. signed %@AB@%peace treaty%@AE@%%@AB@% Sept. 3%@AE@% (Congress ratified it %@AB@%Jan. 14,%@EH@%
%@AB@%1784).%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington ordered army disbanded Nov. 3,%@AE@% bade farewell to his officers at%@EH@%
Fraunces Tavern, N.Y. City %@AB@%Dec. 4.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Noah Webster published %@AI@%American Spelling Book,%@AE@% great bestseller. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1784 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First successful daily newspaper, %@AB@%Pennsylvania Packet & General Advertiser,%@AE@%%@EH@%
published %@AB@%Sept. 21.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1786 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Delegates from 5 states at %@AB@%Annapolis, Md. Sept. 11-14%@AE@% asked Congress to call%@EH@%
convention in Philadelphia to write practical constitution for the 13
states. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1787 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Shays's Rebellion,%@AE@% of debt-ridden farmers in Massachusetts, failed %@AB@%Jan. 25.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Northwest Ordinance%@AE@% adopted %@AB@%July 13%@AE@% by Continental Congress. Determined%@EH@%
government of Northwest Territory north of Ohio River, west of New York;
60,000 inhabitants could get statehood. Guaranteed freedom of religion,
support for schools, no slavery. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Constitutional convention%@AE@% opened at Philadelphia %@AB@%May 25%@AE@% with George%@EH@%
Washington presiding. Constitution adopted by delegates %@AB@%Sept. 17;%@AE@%
ratification by 9th state, New Hampshire, %@AB@%June 21, 1788,%@AE@% meant adoption;
declared in effect %@AB@%Mar. 4, 1789.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1789 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Washington chosen president%@AE@% by all electors voting (73 eligible, 69%@EH@%
voting, 4 absent); John Adams, vice president, 34 votes. %@AB@%Feb. 4.%@AE@% First
Congress met at Federal Hall, N.Y. City; regular sessions began %@AB@%Apr. 6.%@AE@%
Washington inaugurated there %@AB@%Apr. 30.%@AE@% Supreme Court created by Federal
Judiciary Act %@AB@%Sept. 24.%@AE@% Congress submitted Bill of Rights to states %@AB@%Sept.
%@AB@%25.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1790 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Congress met%@AE@% in Phila. %@AB@%Dec. 6,%@AE@% new temporary Capital.   %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1791 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bill of Rights%@AE@% went into effect %@AB@%Dec. 15.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1792 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gen. %@AB@%"Mad" Anthony Wayne%@AE@% made commander in Ohio-Indiana area, trained%@EH@%
"American Legion"; established string of forts. Routed Indians at Fallen
Timbers on Maumee River %@AB@%Aug. 20, 1794,%@AE@% checked British at Fort Miami, Ohio. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1793 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Eli Whitney invented %@AB@%cotton gin,%@AE@% reviving southern slavery. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1794 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Whiskey Rebellion,%@AE@% west Pennsylvania farmers protesting liquor tax of %@AB@%1791,%@AE@%%@EH@%
was suppressed by 15,000 militiamen %@AB@%Sept. 1794.%@AE@% Alexander Hamilton used
incident to establish authority of the new federal government in enforcing
its laws. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1795 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. bought peace from %@AB@%Algiers and Tunis%@AE@% by paying $800,000, supplying a%@EH@%
frigate and annual tribute of $25,000 %@AB@%Nov. 28.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gen. Wayne%@AE@% signed peace with Indians at Fort Greenville. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Univ. of North Carolina%@AE@% became first operating state university. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1796 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Washington's Farewell Address%@AE@% as president delivered %@AB@%Sept. 19.%@AE@% Gave strong%@EH@%
warnings against permanent alliances with foreign powers, big public debt,
large military establishment and devices of "small, artful, enterprising
minority" to control or change government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1797 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. %@AB@%frigate%@AE@%%@AB@% United States%@AE@% launched at Philadelphia %@AB@%July 10;%@AE@% Constellation%@EH@%
at Baltimore %@AB@%Sept. 7;%@AE@% Constitution (Old Ironsides) at Boston %@AB@%Sept. 20.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1798 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%War with France threatened%@AE@% over French raids on U.S. shipping and rejection%@EH@%
of U.S. diplomats. Congress voided all treaties with France, ordered Navy to
capture French armed ships. Navy (45 ships) and 365 privateers captured 84
French ships. USS Constellation took French warship Insurgente %@AB@%1799.%@AE@%
Napoleon stopped French raids after becoming First Consul. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1801 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tripoli%@AE@%%@AB@% declared war%@AE@%%@AB@% June 10%@AE@% against U.S., which refused added tribute to%@EH@%
commerce-raiding Arab corsairs. Land and naval campaigns forced Tripoli to
conclude %@AB@%peace June 4, 1805.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1803 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court, in %@AB@%Marbury v. Madison%@AE@% case, for the first time overturned a%@EH@%
U.S. law %@AB@%Feb. 24.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Napoleon, who had recovered Louisiana from Spain by secret treaty, sold all%@EH@%
of %@AB@%Louisiana,%@AE@% stretching to Canadian border, to U.S., for $11,250,000 in
bonds, plus $3,750,000 indemnities to American citizens with claims against
France. U.S. took title %@AB@%Dec. 20.%@AE@% Purchases doubled U.S. area. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1804 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lewis and Clark%@AE@% expedition ordered by Pres. Jefferson to explore what is now%@EH@%
northwest U.S. Started from St. Louis %@AB@%May 14;%@AE@% ended %@AB@%Sept. 23, 1806.%@AE@%
Sacagawea, an Indian woman, served as guide. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vice Pres. %@AB@%Aaron Burr,%@AE@% after long political rivalry, %@AB@%shot Alexander Hamilton%@AE@%%@EH@%
in a duel %@AB@%July 11%@AE@% in Weehawken, N.J.; Hamilton died the next day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1807 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Fulton%@AE@% made first practical steamboat trip; left N.Y. City %@AB@%Aug. 17,%@AE@%%@EH@%
reached Albany, 150 mi., in 32 hrs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1808 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Slave importation%@AE@% outlawed. Some 250,000 slaves were illegally imported%@EH@%
%@AB@%1808-1860.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1811 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Henry Harrison,%@AE@% governor of Indiana, defeated Indians under the%@EH@%
Prophet, in battle of Tippecanoe %@AB@%Nov. 7.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cumberland Road%@AE@% begun at Cumberland, Md.; became important route to West. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1812 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%War of 1812%@AE@% had 3 main causes: Britain seized U.S. ships trading with%@EH@%
France; Britain seized 4,000 naturalized U.S. sailors by %@AB@%1810;%@AE@% Britain armed
Indians who raided western border. U.S. stopped trade with Europe %@AB@%1807%@AE@% and
%@AB@%1809.%@AE@% Trade with Britain only was stopped, %@AB@%1810.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Unaware that Britain had raised the blockade 2 days before, %@AB@%Congress%@EH@%
%@AB@%declared war%@AE@%%@AB@% June 18%@AE@% by a small majority. The West favored war, New England
opposed it. The British were handicapped by war with France. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. naval victories%@AE@% in %@AB@%1812%@AE@% included: USS Essex captured Alert %@AB@%Aug. 13;%@AE@% USS%@EH@%
Constitution destroyed Guerriere %@AB@%Aug. 19;%@AE@% USS Wasp took Frolic %@AB@%Oct. 18;%@AE@% USS
United States defeated Macedonian off Azores %@AB@%Oct. 25;%@AE@% Constitution beat Java
%@AB@%Dec. 29.%@AE@% British captured Detroit %@AB@%Aug. 16.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1813 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oliver H. Perry%@AE@% defeated British fleet at Battle of Lake Erie, %@AB@%Sept. 10.%@AE@%%@EH@%
U.S. victory at Battle of the Thames, Ont., %@AB@%Oct. 5,%@AE@% broke Indian allies of
Britain, and made Detroit frontier safe for U.S. But Americans failed in
Canadian invasion attempts. York (Toronto) and Buffalo were burned. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1814 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%British%@AE@% landed in Maryland in August, defeated U.S. force %@AB@%Aug. 24, burned%@AE@%%@EH@%
Capitol and White House. Maryland militia stopped British advance %@AB@%Sept. 12.%@AE@%
Bombardment of Ft. McHenry, Baltimore, for 25 hours, %@AB@%Sept. 13-14,%@AE@% by British
fleet failed; Francis Scott Key wrote words to %@AB@%Star Spangled Banner.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. won naval Battle of %@AB@%Lake Champlain%@AE@%%@AB@% Sept. 11.%@AE@% Peace treaty signed at%@EH@%
Ghent %@AB@%Dec. 24.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1815 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Some 5,300 British, unaware of peace treaty, attacked U.S. entrenchments%@EH@%
near %@AB@%New Orleans, Jan. 8.%@AE@% British had over 2,000 casualties, Americans lost
71. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. flotilla finally ended piracy by %@AB@%Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli%@AE@% by %@AB@%Aug. 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1816 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Second Bank of the U.S.%@AE@% chartered. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1817 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rush-Bagot treaty%@AE@% signed %@AB@%Apr. 28-29;%@AE@% limited U.S., British armaments on the%@EH@%
Great Lakes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1819 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Spain cedes %@AB@%Florida%@AE@% to U.S. %@AB@%Feb. 22.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%American steamship%@AE@%%@AB@% Savannah%@AE@% made first part steam-powered, part sail-powered%@EH@%
crossing of Atlantic, Savannah, Ga. to Liverpool, Eng., 29 days. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1820 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry Clay's %@AB@%Missouri Compromise%@AE@% bill passed by Congress %@AB@%March 3.%@AE@% Slavery%@EH@%
was allowed in Missouri, but not elsewhere west of the Mississippi River
north of 36 deg 30' latitude (the southern line of Missouri). Repealed %@AB@%1854.%@AE@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1821 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emma Willard%@AE@% founded Troy Female Seminary, first U.S. women's college. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1823 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Monroe%@AE@% Doctrine enunciated %@AB@%Dec. 2,%@AE@% opposing European intervention in the%@EH@%
Americas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1824 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pawtucket, R.I. %@AB@%weavers strike%@AE@% in first such action by women. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1825 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Erie Canal%@AE@%%@AB@% opened;%@AE@% first boat left Buffalo %@AB@%Oct. 26,%@AE@% reached N.Y. City %@AB@%Nov.%@EH@%
%@AB@%4.%@AE@% Canal cost $7 million but cut travel time one-third, shipping costs
nine-tenths; opened Great Lakes area, made N.Y. City chief Atlantic port. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Stevens, of Hoboken, N.J., built and operated first experimental %@AB@%steam%@EH@%
%@AB@%locomotive%@AE@% in U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1828 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%South Carolina %@AB@%Dec. 19%@AE@% declared the right of state %@AB@%nullification of federal%@EH@%
%@AB@%laws,%@AE@% opposing the "Tariff of Abominations."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Noah Webster%@AE@% published his %@AI@%American Dictionary of the English Language.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Baltimore & Ohio%@AE@% 1st U.S. passenger RR, was begun %@AB@%July 4.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1830 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mormon church%@AE@% organized by Joseph Smith in Fayette, N.Y. %@AB@%Apr. 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1831 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nat Turner,%@AE@% black slave in Virginia, led local slave rebellion, killed 57%@EH@%
whites in %@AB@%Aug.%@AE@% Troops called in, Turner captured, tried, and hanged. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1832 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Black Hawk War%@AE@% (Ill.-Wis.) %@AB@%Apr.-Sept.%@AE@% pushed Sauk and Fox Indians west%@EH@%
across Mississippi. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%South Carolina convention passed %@AB@%Ordinance of Nullification%@AE@%%@AB@% in Nov.%@AE@% against%@EH@%
permanent tariff, threatening to withdraw from the Union. Congress %@AB@%Feb. 1833%@AE@%
passed a compromise tariff act, whereupon South Carolina repealed its act. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1833 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oberlin College,%@AE@% first in U.S. to adopt coeducation; refused to bar students%@EH@%
on account of race, %@AB@%1835.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1835 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Texas%@AE@%%@AB@% proclaimed%@AE@% right to secede from Mexico; Sam Houston put in command of%@EH@%
Texas army, %@AB@%Nov. 2-4.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gold discovered on %@AB@%Cherokee land%@AE@% in Georgia. Indians forced to cede lands%@EH@%
%@AB@%Dec. 20%@AE@% and to cross Mississippi. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1836 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Texans besieged in Alamo%@AE@% in San Antonio by Mexicans under Santa Anna %@AB@%Feb.%@EH@%
%@AB@%23-Mar. 6;%@AE@% entire garrison killed. Texas independence declared, %@AB@%Mar. 2.%@AE@% At
San Jacinto %@AB@%Apr. 21%@AE@% Sam Houston and Texans defeated Mexicans. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Marcus Whitman, H.H.  Spaulding and wives reached Fort Walla Walla on%@EH@%
Columbia River, Oregon. %@AB@%First white women to cross plains.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Seminole Indians%@AE@% in Florida under Osceola began attacks %@AB@%Nov. 1,%@AE@% protesting%@EH@%
forced removal. The unpopular 8-year war ended %@AB@%Aug. 14, 1842;%@AE@% Indians were
sent to Oklahoma. War cost the U.S. 1,500 soldiers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1841 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First emigrant %@AB@%wagon train for California,%@AE@% 47 persons, left Independence,%@EH@%
Mo. %@AB@%May 1,%@AE@% reached Cal. %@AB@%Nov. 4.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brook Farm%@AE@% commune set up by New England transcendentalist intellectuals.%@EH@%
Lasts to %@AB@%1846.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1842 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Webster-Ashburton Treaty%@AE@% signed %@AB@%Aug. 9,%@AE@% fixing the U.S.-Canada border in%@EH@%
Maine and Minnesota. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First use of %@AB@%anesthetic%@AE@% (sulphuric ether gas). %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Settlement of Oregon begins via %@AB@%Oregon Trail.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1844 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First message over first %@AB@%telegraph line%@AE@% sent %@AB@%May 24%@AE@% by inventor Samuel F.B.%@EH@%
Morse from Washington to Baltimore: "What hath God wrought!"%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1845 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Texas%@AE@% Congress %@AB@%voted for annexation%@AE@% to U.S. %@AB@%July 4.%@AE@% U.S. Congress admits%@EH@%
Texas to Union %@AB@%Dec. 29.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1846 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mexican War.%@AE@% Pres. James K. Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor to seize%@EH@%
disputed Texan land settled by Mexicans. After border clash, U.S. declared
war %@AB@%May 13;%@AE@% Mexico %@AB@%May 23.%@AE@% Northern Whigs opposed war, southerners backed
it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bear flag of Republic of Californiaraised by American settlers at Sonoma%@EH@%
%@AB@%June 14.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%About 12,000 U.S. troops took Vera Cruz Mar. 27, 1847, Mexico City Sept. 14,%@EH@%
1847. By %@AB@%treaty%@AE@%%@AB@%, Feb. 1848,%@AE@% Mexico cededclaims to Texas, California,
Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, part of Colorado. U.S. assumed $3 million
American claims and paid Mexico $15 million. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Treaty with Great Britain %@AB@%June 15%@AE@% set %@AB@%boundary in Oregon%@AE@% territory at 49th%@EH@%
parallel (extension of existing line). Expansionists had used slogan "54 deg
40' or fight."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mormons,%@AE@% after violent clashes with settlers over polygamy, left Nauvoo,%@EH@%
Ill. for West under Brigham Young, settled %@AB@%July 1847 at Salt Lake City,
%@AB@%Utah.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Elias Howe invented %@AB@%sewing machine.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1847 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%adhesive U.S. postage stamps%@AE@% on sale %@AB@%July 1;%@AE@% Benjamin Franklin 5[cent%@EH@%
], Washington 10[cent  ]. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ralph Waldo Emerson%@AE@% published first book of poems; %@AB@%Henry Wadsworth%@EH@%
%@AB@%Longfellow%@AE@% published %@AI@%Evangeline.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1848 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gold discovered Jan. 24%@AE@% in California; 80,000 prospectors emigrate in %@AB@%1849.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton lead %@AB@%Seneca Falls, N.Y. Women's%@EH@%
%@AB@%Rights Convention%@AE@%%@AB@% July 19-20.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1850 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sen. Henry Clay's %@AB@%Compromise of 1850%@AE@% admitted California as 31st state %@AB@%Sept.%@EH@%
%@AB@%9,%@AE@% slavery forbidden; made Utah and New Mexico territories without decision
on slavery; made Fugitive Slave Law more harsh; ended District of Columbia
slave trade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1851 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herman Melville's%@AE@% %@AI@%Moby Dick,%@AE@% %@AB@%Nathaniel Hawthorne's%@AE@% %@AI@%House of the Seven Gables%@AE@%%@EH@%
published. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1852 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Uncle Tom's Cabin,%@AE@% by %@AB@%Harriet Beecher Stowe,%@AE@% published. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1853 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Commodore Matthew C. Perry,%@AE@% U.S.N., received by Lord of Toda, Japan %@AB@%July 14;%@EH@%
%@AB@%negotiated treaty%@AE@%%@AB@% to open Japan%@AE@% to U.S. ships. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1854 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Republican party%@AE@% formed at Ripon, Wis. %@AB@%Feb. 28.%@AE@% Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act%@EH@%
(became law %@AB@%May 30%@AE@%) which left issue of slavery to vote of settlers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry David Thoreau published %@AI@%Walden.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1855 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Walt Whitman published %@AI@%Leaves of Grass.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First railroad train crossed Mississippi on the river's first bridge, Rock%@EH@%
Island, Ill.-Davenport, Ia. %@AB@%Apr. 21.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1856 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Republican party's first nominee for president, %@AB@%John C. Fremont,%@AE@% defeated.%@EH@%
Abraham Lincoln made 50 speeches for him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lawrence, Kan.%@AE@% sacked %@AB@%May 21%@AE@% by slavery party; abolitionist %@AB@%John Brown%@AE@% led%@EH@%
anti-slavery men against Missourians at %@AB@%Osawatomie, Kan. Aug. 30%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1857 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Dred Scott decision%@AE@% by U.S. Supreme Court %@AB@%Mar. 6%@AE@% held, 6-3, that a slave did%@EH@%
not become free when taken into a free state, Congress could not bar slavery
from a territory, and blacks could not be citizens. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1858 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%Atlantic cable%@AE@% completed by Cyrus W. Field %@AB@%Aug. 5;%@AE@% cable failed %@AB@%Sept.%@EH@%
%@AB@%1.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lincoln-Douglas debates%@AE@% in Illinois %@AB@%Aug. 21-Oct. 15.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1859 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First commercially productive %@AB@%oil well,%@AE@% drilled near Titusville, Pa., by%@EH@%
Edwin L. Drake %@AB@%Aug. 27.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Abolitionist %@AB@%John Brown%@AE@% with 21 men seized U.S. Armory at %@AB@%Harpers Ferry%@AE@%%@AB@%%@EH@%
%@AB@%(then Va.) Oct. 16.%@AE@% U.S. Marines captured raiders, killing several. Brown
was hanged for treason by Virginia %@AB@%Dec. 2.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1860 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New England shoe-workers,%@AE@% 20,000, strike, win higher wages. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Abraham Lincoln,%@AE@% Republican, elected president in 4-way race. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%Pony Express%@AE@% between Sacramento, Cal. and St. Joseph, Mo. started %@AB@%Apr.%@EH@%
%@AB@%3;%@AE@% service ended %@AB@%Oct. 24, 1861%@AE@% when first transcontinental telegraph line
was completed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1861 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Seven southern states set up %@AB@%Confederate States of America%@AE@%%@AB@% Feb. 8,%@AE@% with%@EH@%
Jefferson Davis as president. %@AB@%Civil War%@AE@% began as Confederates fired on %@AB@%Ft.
%@AB@%Sumter%@AE@% in Charleston, S.C. %@AB@%Apr. 12;%@AE@% they captured it %@AB@%Apr. 14.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%President %@AB@%Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers Apr. 15.%@AE@% By %@AB@%May,%@AE@% 11 states%@EH@%
had seceded. Lincoln blockaded southern ports %@AB@%Apr. 19,%@AE@% cutting off vital
exports, aid. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Confederates repelled Union forces at first %@AB@%Battle of Bull Run%@AE@%%@AB@% July 21.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%transcontinental telegraph%@AE@% was put in operation. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1862 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Homestead Act%@AE@% was approved %@AB@%May 20;%@AE@% it granted free family farms to settlers.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Land Grant Act%@AE@% approved %@AB@%July 7,%@AE@% providing for public land sale to benefit%@EH@%
agricultural education; eventually led to establishment of state university
systems. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Union forces were victorious in western campaigns, took %@AB@%New Orleans.%@AE@% Battles%@EH@%
in East were inconclusive. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1863 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lincoln issued %@AB@%Emancipation Proclamation%@AE@%%@AB@% Jan. 1,%@AE@% freeing "all slaves in%@EH@%
areas still in rebellion."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The entire %@AB@%Mississippi River%@AE@% was in Union hands by %@AB@%July 4.%@AE@% Union forces won%@EH@%
a major victory at %@AB@%Gettysburg, Pa. July 1-July 4.%@AE@% Lincoln read his
%@AB@%Gettysburg Address%@AE@%%@AB@% Nov. 19.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Draft riots%@AE@% in N.Y. City killed about 1,000, including blacks who were%@EH@%
hanged by mobs %@AB@%July 13-16.%@AE@% Rioters protested provision allowing money
payment in place of service. Such payments were ended 1864. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1864 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gen. Sherman%@AE@%%@AB@% marched through Georgia,%@AE@% taking Atlanta %@AB@%Sept. 1,%@AE@% Savannah %@AB@%Dec.%@EH@%
%@AB@%22.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sand Creek massacre%@AE@% of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians %@AB@%Nov. 29%@AE@% in a raid by 900%@EH@%
cavalrymen who killed 150-500 men, women, and children; 9 soldiers died. The
tribes were awaiting surrender terms when attacked. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1865 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert E. Lee%@AE@%%@AB@% surrendered%@AE@% 27,800 Confederate troops to Grant at Appomattox%@EH@%
Court House, Va. %@AB@%Apr. 9.%@AE@% J.E. Johnston surrendered 31,200 to Sherman at
Durham Station, N.C. %@AB@%Apr. 18.%@AE@% Last rebel troops surrendered %@AB@%May 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%President %@AB@%Lincoln%@AE@%%@AB@% was shot Apr. 14%@AE@% by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater,%@EH@%
Washington; died the following morning. Booth was reported dead %@AB@%Apr. 26.%@AE@%
Four co-conspirators were hanged %@AB@%July 7.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thirteenth Amendment,%@AE@% abolishing slavery, took effect %@AB@%Dec. 18.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1866 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First post of the %@AB@%Grand Army of the Republic%@AE@% formed %@AB@%Apr. 6;%@AE@% was a major%@EH@%
national political force for years. Last encampment, %@AB@%Aug. 31, 1949,%@AE@% attended
by 6 of the 16 surviving veterans. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ku Klux Klan%@AE@% formed secretly in South to terrorize blacks who voted.%@EH@%
Disbanded %@AB@%1869-71.%@AE@% A second Klan was organized %@AB@%1915.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress took control of southern Reconstruction, backed freedmen's rights. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1867 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alaska%@AE@% sold to U.S. by Russia for $7.2 million %@AB@%Mar. 30%@AE@% through efforts of%@EH@%
Sec. of State William H. Seward. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Horatio Alger%@AE@% published first book, %@AI@%Ragged Dick.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Grange%@AE@% was organized %@AB@%Dec 4,%@AE@% to protect farmer interests. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1868 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The World Almanac,%@AE@% a publication of the %@AI@%New York World,%@AE@% appeared for the%@EH@%
first time. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. %@AB@%Andrew Johnson%@AE@% tried to remove Edwin M. Stanton, secretary of war; was%@EH@%
impeached by House %@AB@%Feb. 24%@AE@% for violation of Tenure of Office Act; acquitted
by Senate %@AB@%March-May.%@AE@% Stanton resigned. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1869 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Financial "%@AB@%Black Friday%@AE@%" in New York %@AB@%Sept. 24;%@AE@% caused by attempt to "corner"%@EH@%
gold. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Transcontinental%@AE@%%@AB@% railroad%@AE@% completed; golden spike driven at Promontory, Utah%@EH@%
%@AB@%May 10%@AE@% marking the junction of Central Pacific and Union Pacific. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Knights of Labor%@AE@% formed in Philadelphia. By %@AB@%1886,%@AE@% it had 700,000 members%@EH@%
nationally. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Woman suffrage%@AE@% law passed in Territory of Wyoming %@AB@%Dec. 10.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1871 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great fire%@AE@%%@AB@%destroyed Chicago Oct. 8-11;%@AE@% loss est. at $196 million. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1872 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amnesty Act%@AE@% restored civil rights to citizens of the South %@AB@%May 22%@AE@% except for%@EH@%
500 Confederate leaders. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress founded first national park --%@AB@%Yellowstone%@AE@% in Wyoming. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1873 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First U.S. %@AB@%postal card%@AE@% issued %@AB@%May 1.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Banks failed,%@AE@% panic began in %@AB@%Sept.%@AE@% Depression lasted 5 years. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"Boss" William Tweed of N.Y. City convicted of stealing public funds. He%@EH@%
died in jail in %@AB@%1878.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bellevue Hospital in N.Y. City started the first %@AB@%school of nursing.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1875 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress passed %@AB@%Civil Rights Act%@AE@%%@AB@% Mar. 1%@AE@% giving equal rights to blacks in%@EH@%
public accommodations and jury duty. Act invalidated in %@AB@%1883%@AE@% by Supreme
Court. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%Kentucky Derby%@AE@% held %@AB@%May 17%@AE@% at Churchill Downs, Louisville, Ky. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1876 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Samuel J. Tilden,%@AE@% Democrat, received majority of popular votes for president%@EH@%
over %@AB@%Rutherford B. Hayes,%@AE@% Republican, but 22 electoral votes were in
dispute; issue left to Congress. Hayes given presidency %@AB@%in Feb., 1877%@AE@% after
Republicans agree to end Reconstruction of South. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Col. %@AB@%George A. Custer%@AE@% and 264 soldiers of the 7th Cavalry killed %@AB@%June 25%@AE@% in%@EH@%
"last stand," Battle of the Little Big Horn, Mont., in Sioux Indian War. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mark Twain%@AE@% published %@AI@%Tom Sawyer.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1877 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Molly Maguires,%@AE@% Irish terrorist society in Scranton, Pa. mining areas,%@EH@%
broken up by hanging of 11 leaders for murders of mine officials and police.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Hayes sent troops in violent national %@AB@%railroad strike.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1878 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First commercial %@AB@%telephone%@AE@% exchange opened, New Haven, Conn. %@AB@%Jan. 28.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1879 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%F.W. Woolworth%@AE@% opened his first five-and-ten store in Utica, N.Y. %@AB@%Feb. 22.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Henry George%@AE@% published %@AI@%Progress & Poverty,%@AE@% advocating single tax on land. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1881 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. %@AB@%James A. Garfield%@AE@% shot in Washington, D.C. %@AB@%July 2;%@AE@% died %@AB@%Sept. 19.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Booker T. Washington%@AE@% founded Tuskegee Institute for blacks. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Helen Hunt Jackson%@AE@% published %@AI@%A Century of Dishonor%@AE@% about mistreatment of%@EH@%
Indians. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1883 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pendleton Act,%@AE@% passed %@AB@%Jan. 16,%@AE@% reformed federal civil service. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brooklyn Bridge%@AE@% opened %@AB@%May 24.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1886 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Haymarket riot%@AE@% and bombing, evening of %@AB@%May 4,%@AE@% followed bitter labor battles%@EH@%
for 8-hour day in Chicago; 7 police and 4 workers died, 66 wounded. Eight
anarchists found guilty. Gov. John P. Altgeld denounced trial as unfair. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Geronimo,%@AE@% Apache Indian, finally surrendered %@AB@%Sept. 4.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%American Federation of Labor%@AE@% (AFL) formed %@AB@%Dec. 8%@AE@% by 25 craft unions. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1888 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great blizzard%@AE@% in eastern U.S. %@AB@%Mar. 11-14;%@AE@% 400 deaths. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1889 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnstown, Pa. flood%@AE@%%@AB@% May 31;%@AE@% 2,200 lives lost. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1890 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First execution by %@AB@%electrocution:%@AE@% William Kemmler %@AB@%Aug. 6%@AE@% at Auburn Prison,%@EH@%
Auburn, N.Y., for murder. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Battle of %@AB@%Wounded Knee%@AE@%%@AB@%, S.D. Dec. 29,%@AE@% the last major conflict between%@EH@%
Indians and U.S. troops. About 200 Indian men, women, and children, and 29
soldiers were killed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Castle Garden closed as N.Y. immigration depot; %@AB@%Ellis Island%@AE@% opened %@AB@%Dec. 31,%@AE@%%@EH@%
closed %@AB@%1954.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sherman Antitrust Act%@AE@% begins federal effort to curb monopolies. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacob Riis%@AE@% published %@AI@%How the Other Half Lives,%@AE@% about city slums. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1892 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Homestead, Pa.,%@AE@% strike at Carnegie steel mills; 7 guards and 11 strikers and%@EH@%
spectators shot to death %@AB@%July 6;%@AE@% setback for unions.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1893 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Financial panic%@AE@% began, led to 4-year depression. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1894 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thomas A. %@AB@%Edison's kinetoscope%@AE@% (motion pictures) (invented %@AB@%1887)%@AE@% given first%@EH@%
public showing %@AB@%Apr. 14.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jacob S. Coxey%@AE@% led 500 unemployed from the Midwest into Washington, D.C.%@EH@%
%@AB@%Apr. 29.%@AE@% Coxey was arrested for trespassing on Capitol grounds. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1896 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William Jennings Bryan%@AE@% delivered "Cross of Gold" into Washington, D.C. %@AB@%Apr.%@EH@%
%@AB@%29.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court, in %@AB@%Plessy v. Ferguson,%@AE@% approved racial segregation under the%@EH@%
"separate but equal" doctrine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1898 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. %@AB@%battleship Maine%@AE@% blown up %@AB@%Feb. 15%@AE@% at Havana, 260 killed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. blockaded Cuba Apr. 22%@AE@% in aid of independence forces. U.S. declared war%@EH@%
on Spain, %@AB@%Apr. 24,%@AE@% destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines %@AB@%May 1,%@AE@% took Guam
%@AB@%June 20.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Puerto Rico%@AE@% taken by U.S. %@AB@%July 25-Aug. 12.%@AE@% Spain agreed %@AB@%Dec. 10%@AE@% to cede%@EH@%
Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, and approved independence for Cuba. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. annexed independent republic of %@AB@%Hawaii.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1899 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Filipino insurgents,%@AE@% unable to get recognition of independence from U.S.,%@EH@%
started guerrilla war %@AB@%Feb. 4.%@AE@% Crushed with capture %@AB@%May 23, 1901%@AE@% of leader,
Emilio Aguinaldo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. declared %@AB@%Open Door Policy%@AE@% to make China an open international market%@EH@%
and to preserve its integrity as a nation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Dewey%@AE@% published %@AI@%School and Society,%@AE@% backing progressive education. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1900 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carry Nation,%@AE@% Kansas anti-saloon agitator, began raiding with hatchet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. helped suppress %@AB@%"Boxers"%@AE@% in Peking. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1901 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. William %@AB@%McKinley%@AE@%%@AB@% was shot Sept. 6%@AE@% by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz; died%@EH@%
%@AB@%Sept. 14.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1903 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Treaty between U.S. and Colombia to have U.S. dig %@AB@%Panama Canal%@AE@% signed %@AB@%Jan.%@EH@%
%@AB@%22,%@AE@% rejected by Colombia. Panama declared independence with U.S. support
%@AB@%Nov. 3;%@AE@% recognized by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt %@AB@%Nov. 6.%@AE@% U.S., Panama signed
canal treaty %@AB@%Nov. 18.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Wisconsin set first %@AB@%direct primary%@AE@% voting system %@AB@%May 23.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%automobile trip%@AE@% across U.S. from San Francisco to New York %@AB@%May 23-Aug.%@EH@%
%@AB@%1.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First successful flight in heavier-than-air mechanically propelled airplane%@EH@%
by %@AB@%Orville Wright%@AE@%%@AB@% Dec. 17%@AE@% near Kitty Hawk, N.C., 120 ft. in 12 seconds.
Fourth flight same day by %@AB@%Wilbur Wright,%@AE@% 852 ft. in 59 seconds. Improved
plane patented %@AB@%May 22, 1906.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack London%@AE@% published %@AI@%Call of the Wild.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Great Train Robbery,%@AE@% pioneering film, produced. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1904 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ida Tarbell%@AE@% published muckraking %@AI@%History of Standard Oil.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1905 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%Rotary Club%@AE@% of businessmen founded in Chicago. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1906 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%San Francisco earthquake%@AE@% and fire %@AB@%Apr. 18-19%@AE@% left 503 dead, $350 million%@EH@%
damages. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pure Food and Drug%@AE@% Act and Meat Inspection Act both passed %@AB@%June 30.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1907 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Financial panic%@AE@% and depression started %@AB@%Mar. 13.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First round-world cruise of U.S. %@AB@%"Great White Fleet";%@AE@% 16 battleships, 12,000%@EH@%
men. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1909 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Adm. Robert E. Peary reached %@AB@%North Pole%@AE@%%@AB@% Apr. 6%@AE@% on 6th attempt, accompanied%@EH@%
by Matthew Henson, a black man, and 4 Eskimos. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National Conference on the Negro%@AE@% convened %@AB@%May 30,%@AE@% leading to founding of the%@EH@%
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1910 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Boy Scouts%@AE@% of America founded %@AB@%Feb. 8.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1911 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court dissolved %@AB@%Standard Oil Co.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%transcontinental airplane flight%@AE@% (with numerous stops) by C.P.%@EH@%
Rodgers, New York to Pasadena, %@AB@%Sept. 17-Nov. 5;%@AE@% time in air 82 hrs., 4 min. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1912 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Amer. Girl Guides founded %@AB@%Mar. 12;%@AE@% name changed in 1913 to %@AB@%Girl Scouts.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. sent marines %@AB@%Aug. 14%@AE@% to %@AB@%Nicaragua,%@AE@% which was in default of loans to%@EH@%
U.S. and Europe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1913 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%N.Y. Armory Show%@AE@% brought modern art to U.S. %@AB@%Feb. 17.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. blockaded Mexico%@AE@% in support of revolutionaries. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Beard%@AE@% published his %@AI@%Economic Interpretation of the Constitution.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal Reserve System%@AE@% was authorized %@AB@%Dec. 23,%@AE@% in a major reform of U.S.%@EH@%
banking and finance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1914 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ford Motor Co.%@AE@% raised basic wage rates from $2.40 for 9-hr. day to $5 for%@EH@%
8-hr. day %@AB@%Jan. 5.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When U.S. sailors were arrested at Tampico %@AB@%Apr. 9,%@AE@% Atlantic fleet was sent%@EH@%
to %@AB@%Veracruz,%@AE@% occupied city. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Wilson proclaimed %@AB@%U.S. neutrality%@AE@% in the European war %@AB@%Aug. 4.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Clayton Antitrust Act%@AE@% was passed %@AB@%Oct. 15,%@AE@% strengthening federal%@EH@%
anti-monopoly powers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1915 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%telephone talk,%@AE@% New York to San Francisco, %@AB@%Jan. 25%@AE@% by Alexander Graham%@EH@%
Bell and Thomas A. Watson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%British ship %@AB@%Lusitania%@AE@% sunk %@AB@%May 7%@AE@% by German submarine; 128 American%@EH@%
passengers lost (Germany had warned passengers in advance). As a result of
U.S. campaign, Germany issued apology and promise of payments %@AB@%Oct. 5.%@AE@% Pres.
Wilson asked for a military fund increase %@AB@%Dec. 7.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. troops landed in %@AB@%Haiti%@AE@%%@AB@% July 28.%@AE@% Haiti became a virtual U.S.%@EH@%
protectorate under %@AB@%Sept. 16%@AE@% treaty. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1916 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Gen. John J. %@AB@%Pershing%@AE@%%@AB@% entered Mexico%@AE@% to pursue Francisco (Pancho) Villa, who%@EH@%
had raided U.S. border areas. Forces withdrawn %@AB@%Feb. 5, 1917.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rural Credits%@AE@% Act passed %@AB@%July 17,%@AE@% followed by Warehouse Act. %@AB@%Aug. 11;%@AE@% both%@EH@%
provided financial aid to farmers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bomb exploded during %@AB@%San Francisco%@AE@% Preparedness Day parade %@AB@%July 22,%@AE@% killed%@EH@%
10. Thomas J. Mooney, labor organizer, and Warren K. Billings, shoe worker,
were convicted; both pardoned in %@AB@%1939.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. bought %@AB@%Virgin Islands%@AE@% from Denmark %@AB@%Aug. 4.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jeannette Rankin,%@AE@% 1st U.S. Congresswoman (R-Montana) elected. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. established military government in the %@AB@%Dominican Republic Nov. 29.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Trade and loans to %@AB@% European Allies%@AE@% soared during the year. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Dewey published %@AI@%Democracy and Education.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Carl Sandburg%@AE@% published %@AI@%Chicago Poems.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1917 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Germany, suffering from British blockade, declared almost unrestricted%@EH@%
%@AB@%submarine warfare%@AE@%%@AB@% Jan. 31.%@AE@% U.S. cut diplomatic ties with Germany %@AB@%Feb. 3,%@AE@% and
formally declared war %@AB@%Apr. 6.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Conscription%@AE@% law was passed %@AB@%May 18.%@AE@% First U.S. troops arrived in Europe %@AB@%June%@EH@%
%@AB@%26.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 18th %@AB@%(Prohibition)%@AE@% Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the%@EH@%
states by Congress %@AB@%Dec. 18.%@AE@% On %@AB@%Jan. 16, 1919,%@AE@% the 36th state (Nevada)
ratified it. Franklin D. Roosevelt, as 1932 presidential candidate, endorsed
repeal; 21st Amendment repealed 18th; ratification completed %@AB@%Dec. 5, 1933.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1918 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Over one million %@AB@%American troops%@AE@% were in Europe by %@AB@%July.%@AE@% War ended %@AB@%Nov. 11.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Influenza%@AE@% epidemic killed an estimated 20 million worldwide, 548,000 in U.S.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1919 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%transatlantic flight,%@AE@% by U.S. Navy seaplane, left Rockaway, N.Y. %@AB@%May%@EH@%
%@AB@%8,%@AE@% stopped at Newfoundland, Azores, Lisbon %@AB@%May 27.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Boston police strike%@AE@%%@AB@% Sept. 9;%@AE@% National Guard breaks strike. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sherwood Anderson%@AE@% published %@AI@%Winesburg, Ohio.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%About 250 %@AB@%alien radicals%@AE@% were deported %@AB@%Dec. 22.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1920 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In national %@AB@%Red Scare,%@AE@% some 2,700 Communists, anarchists, and other radicals%@EH@%
were arrested %@AB@%Jan.-May.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Senate refused %@AB@%Mar. 19%@AE@% to ratify the %@AB@%League of Nations%@AE@%%@AB@% Covenant.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nicola Sacco,%@AE@% 29, shoe factory employee and radical agitator, and %@AB@%Bartolomeo%@EH@%
%@AB@%Vanzetti,%@AE@% 32, fish peddler and anarchist, accused of killing 2 men in Mass.
payroll holdup %@AB@%Apr. 15.%@AE@% Found guilty %@AB@%1921.%@AE@% A 6-year worldwide campaign for
release on grounds of want of conclusive evidence and prejudice failed. Both
were executed %@AB@%Aug. 23, 1927.%@AE@% Vindicated July 19, 1977 by proclamation of
Mass. Gov. Dukakis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First regular licensed %@AB@%radio broadcasting%@AE@% begun %@AB@%Aug. 20.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%19th Amendment ratified %@AB@%Aug. 26,%@AE@% giving women right to vote. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%League of Women Voters%@AE@% founded. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wall St.,%@AE@% N.Y. City, %@AB@%bomb%@AE@% explosion killed 30, injured 100, did $2 million%@EH@%
damage %@AB@%Sept. 16.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sinclair Lewis'%@AE@% %@AI@%Main Street,%@AE@% %@AB@%F. Scott Fitzgerald's%@AE@% %@AI@%This Side of Paradise%@AE@%%@EH@%
published. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1921 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress sharply curbed %@AB@%immigration,%@AE@% set national quota system %@AB@%May 19.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Joint Congressional resolution declaring %@AB@%peace with Germany, Austria, and%@EH@%
%@AB@%Hungary%@AE@% signed %@AB@%July 2%@AE@% by Pres. Harding; treaties were signed in %@AB@%Aug.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Limitation of Armaments%@AE@% Conference met in Washington %@AB@%Nov. 12 to Feb. 6,%@EH@%
%@AB@%1922.%@AE@% Major powers agreed to curtail naval construction, outlaw poison gas,
restrict submarine attack on merchantmen, respect integrity of China. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ku Klux Klan%@AE@% began revival with violence against blacks in North, South, and%@EH@%
Midwest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1922 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Violence during %@AB@%coal-mine strike%@AE@% at Herrin, Ill., %@AB@%June 22-23%@AE@% cost 36 lives,%@EH@%
21 of them non-union miners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reader's Digest%@AE@% founded. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1923 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%sound-on-film%@AE@%%@AB@% motion picture,%@AE@% "Phonofilm" was shown by Lee de Forest%@EH@%
at Rivoli Theater, N.Y. City, beginning in %@AB@%April.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1924 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Law approved by Congress %@AB@%June 15%@AE@% making all %@AB@%Indians citizens.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nellie Tayloe Ross%@AE@% elected governor of Wyoming %@AB@%Nov. 9%@AE@% after death of her%@EH@%
husband %@AB@%Oct. 2;%@AE@% installed %@AB@%Jan. 5, 1925,%@AE@% first woman governor. %@AB@%Miriam (Ma)
%@AB@%Ferguson%@AE@% was elected governor of Texas %@AB@%Nov. 9;%@AE@% installed %@AB@%Jan. 20, 1925.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Gershwin%@AE@% wrote %@AI@%Rhapsody in Blue.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1925 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John T. Scopes%@AE@% found guilty of having taught evolution in Dayton, Tenn. high%@EH@%
school, fined $100 and costs %@AB@%July 24.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1926 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dr. Robert H. Goddard demonstrated practicality of %@AB@%rockets Mar. 16%@AE@% at%@EH@%
Auburn, Mass. with first liquid fuel rocket; rocket traveled 184 ft. in 2.5
secs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Air Commerce Act%@AE@% passed, providing federal aid for airlines and airports. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1927 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%About 1,000 %@AB@%marines%@AE@%%@AB@% landed in China%@AE@%%@AB@% Mar. 5%@AE@% to protect property in civil war.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Capt. %@AB@%Charles A. Lindbergh%@AE@% left Roosevelt Field, N.Y. %@AB@%May 20%@AE@% alone in plane%@EH@%
Spirit of St. Louis on first New York-Paris nonstop flight. Reached Le
Bourget airfield %@AB@%May 21,%@AE@% 3,610 miles in 33 1/2 hours. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The Jazz Singer,%@AE@% with %@AB@%Al Jolson,%@AE@% demonstrated part-talking pictures in N.Y.%@EH@%
City %@AB@%Oct. 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Show Boat%@AE@% opened in New York %@AB@%Dec. 27.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%O. E. Rolvaag%@AE@% published %@AI@%Giants in the Earth.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1928 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Herbert Hoover%@AE@% elected president against %@AB@%Alfred E. Smith,%@AE@% the Catholic%@EH@%
governor of New York. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amelia Earhart%@AE@% became first woman to fly the Atlantic %@AB@%June 17.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1929 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"St. Valentine's Day massacre" in Chicago %@AB@%Feb. 14;%@AE@% gangsters killed 7%@EH@%
rivals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Farm price stability aided by %@AB@%Agricultural Marketing Act,%@AE@% passed %@AB@%June 15.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Albert B. Fall, former sec. of the interior, was convicted of accepting a%@EH@%
bribe of $100,000 in the leasing of the %@AB@%Elk Hills (Teapot Dome%@AE@%) naval oil
reserve; sentenced %@AB@%Nov. 1%@AE@% to $100,000 fine and year in prison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stock Market crash%@AE@%%@AB@% Oct. 29%@AE@% marked end of postwar prosperity as stock prices%@EH@%
plummeted. Stock losses for 1929-31 estimated at $50 billion; worst American
depression began. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thomas Wolfe%@AE@% published %@AI@%Look Homeward, Angel.%@AE@% %@AB@%William Faulkner%@AE@% published %@AI@%The%@EH@%
%@AI@%Sound and the Fury.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1930 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%London %@AB@%Naval Reduction Treaty%@AE@% signed by U.S., Britain, Italy, France, and%@EH@%
Japan %@AB@%Apr. 22;%@AE@% in effect %@AB@%Jan. 1, 1931;%@AE@% expired %@AB@%Dec. 31, 1936.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hawley-Smoot Tariff%@AE@% signed; rate hikes slash world trade. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1931 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Empire State Building%@AE@% opened in N.Y. City %@AB@%May 1.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pearl Buck%@AE@% published %@AI@%The Good Earth.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1932 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reconstruction Finance Corp.%@AE@% established %@AB@%Jan. 22%@AE@% to stimulate banking and%@EH@%
business. Unemployment at 12 million. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Lindbergh Jr. kidnaped%@AE@%%@AB@% Mar. 1,%@AE@% found dead %@AB@%May 12.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bonus March%@AE@% on Washington %@AB@%May 29%@AE@% by World War I veterans demanding Congress%@EH@%
pay their bonus in full. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1933 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%FDR named %@AB@%Frances Perkins%@AE@% U.S. Secy of Labor; 1st woman in U.S. Cabinet. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All %@AB@%banks in the U.S. were ordered closed%@AE@% by Pres. Roosevelt %@AB@%Mar. 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the "100 days" special session, %@AB@%Mar. 9--June 16,%@AE@% Congress passed %@AB@%New Deal%@AE@%%@EH@%
social and economic measures. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gold standard dropped%@AE@% by U.S.; announced by Pres. Roosevelt %@AB@%Apr. 19,%@AE@%%@EH@%
ratified by Congress %@AB@%June 5.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Prohibition%@AE@%%@AB@% ended in%@AE@% the U.S. as 36th state ratified 21st Amendment %@AB@%Dec. 5.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. foreswore armed intervention in %@AB@%Western Hemisphere%@AE@% nations %@AB@%Dec. 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1934 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. troops pull out of %@AB@%Haiti Aug. 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1935 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Comedian %@AB@%Will Rogers%@AE@% and aviator Wiley Post %@AB@%killed Aug. 15%@AE@% in Alaska plane%@EH@%
crash. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Social Security%@AE@% Act passed by Congress %@AB@%Aug. 14.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Huey Long,%@AE@% Senator from Louisiana and national political leader, was%@EH@%
%@AB@%assassinated Sept. 8.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Porgy and Bess,%@AE@% %@AB@%George Gershwin%@AE@% opera on American theme, opened %@AB@%Oct. 10%@AE@% in%@EH@%
N.Y. City. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Committee for Industrial Organization%@AE@% (CIO) formed to expand industrial%@EH@%
unionism %@AB@%Nov. 9.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1936 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Boulder Dam%@AE@% completed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Margaret Mitchell%@AE@% published %@AI@%Gone With the Wind.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1937 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Amelia Earhart%@AE@%%@AB@% Putnam,%@AE@% aviator, and co-pilot Fred Noonan lost %@AB@%July 2%@AE@% near%@EH@%
Howland Is. in the Pacific. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Roosevelt asked for 6 additional Supreme Court justices; "%@AB@%packing"%@EH@%
%@AB@%plan%@AE@% defeated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Auto, steel labor unions%@AE@% won first big contracts. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1938 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Naval Expansion%@AE@% Act passed %@AB@%May 17.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%National minimum wage%@AE@% enacted %@AB@%June 28.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Orson Welles radio dramatization of %@AI@%War of the Worlds%@AE@% caused nationwide%@EH@%
scare %@AB@%Oct. 30.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1939 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Roosevelt asked %@AB@%defense budget hike Jan. 5, 12.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%N.Y. World's Fair%@AE@% opened %@AB@%Apr. 30,%@AE@% closed %@AB@%Oct. 31;%@AE@% reopened %@AB@%May 11, 1940,%@AE@% and%@EH@%
finally closed %@AB@%Oct. 21.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Einstein alerts FDR to %@AB@%A-bomb%@AE@% opportunity in %@AB@%Aug. 2%@AE@% letter. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. declares its neutrality%@AE@% in European war %@AB@%Sept. 5.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roosevelt proclaimed a limited %@AB@%national emergency Sept. 8,%@AE@% an unlimited%@EH@%
emergency %@AB@%May 27, 1941.%@AE@% Both ended by Pres. Truman %@AB@%Apr. 28, 1952.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Steinbeck published %@AI@%Grapes of Wrath.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1940 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. okayed sale of %@AB@%surplus war material%@AE@% to Britain %@AB@%June 3;%@AE@% announced%@EH@%
transfer of 50 overaged destroyers %@AB@%Sept. 3.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%peacetime draft%@AE@% approved %@AB@%Sept. 14.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Richard Wright published %@AI@%Native Son.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1941 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Four Freedoms%@AE@% termed essential by Pres. Roosevelt in speech to Congress%@EH@%
%@AB@%Jan. 6:%@AE@% freedom of speech and religion, freedom from want and fear. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lend-Lease Act signed %@AB@%Mar. 11,%@AE@% providing $7 billion in military credits for%@EH@%
Britain. Lend-Lease for USSR approved in %@AB@%Nov.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. occupied %@AB@%Iceland July 7.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Atlantic Charter,%@AE@% 8-point declaration of principles, issued by Roosevelt%@EH@%
and Winston Churchill %@AB@%Aug. 14.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Japan attacked %@AB@%Pearl Harbor,%@AE@% Hawaii, 7:55 a.m. %@AB@%Dec. 7,%@AE@% 19 ships sunk or%@EH@%
damaged, 2,300 dead. U.S. declared war on Japan %@AB@%Dec. 8,%@AE@% on Germany and Italy
%@AB@%Dec. 11%@AE@% after those countries declared war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1942 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Federal government forcibly moved 110,000 %@AB@%Japanese-Americans%@AE@% (including%@EH@%
75,000 U.S. citizens) from West Coast to detention camps. Exclusion lasted 3
years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Battle of %@AB@%Midway%@AE@%%@AB@% June 4-7%@AE@% was Japan's first major defeat. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Marines landed on %@AB@%Guadalcanal%@AE@%%@AB@% Aug. 7;%@AE@% last Japanese not expelled until %@AB@%Feb.%@EH@%
%@AB@%9, 1943.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S., Britain invaded North Africa %@AB@%Nov. 8.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%nuclear chain reaction%@AE@% (fission of uranium isotope U-235) produced at%@EH@%
Univ. of Chicago, under physicists Arthur Compton, Enrico Fermi, others %@AB@%Dec.
%@AB@%2.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1943 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All war contractors barred from %@AB@%racial discrimination May 27.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Roosevelt signed %@AB@%June 10%@AE@% the pay-as-you-go income tax bill. Starting%@EH@%
%@AB@%July 1%@AE@% wage and salary earners were subject to a %@AB@%paycheck withholding%@AE@% tax. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Race riot%@AE@% in Detroit%@AB@% June 21;%@AE@% 34 dead, 700 injured. Riot in Harlem section%@EH@%
of N.Y. City; 6 killed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. troops invaded Italy %@AB@%Sept. 9.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Marines advanced in %@AB@%Gilbert Is. in Nov.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1944 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S., Allied forces invaded Europe at %@AB@%Normandy%@AE@%%@AB@% June 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%G.I. Bill of Rights%@AE@% signed %@AB@%June 22,%@AE@% providing veterans benefits. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. forces landed on %@AB@%Leyte,%@AE@% Philippines %@AB@%Oct. 20.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1945 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Yalta%@AE@% Conference met in the Crimea, USSR, %@AB@%Feb. 3-11.%@AE@% Roosevelt, Churchill,%@EH@%
and Stalin agreed Russia would enter war against Japan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Marines landed on %@AB@%Iwo Jima%@AE@%%@AB@% Feb. 19;%@AE@% U.S. forces invaded %@AB@%Okinawa Apr. 1.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pres. Roosevelt,%@AE@% 63, died of cerebral hemorrhage in Warm Springs, Ga. %@AB@%Apr.%@EH@%
%@AB@%12;%@AE@% V.P. %@AB@%Harry S. Truman%@AE@% became pres. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Germany surrendered%@AE@%%@AB@% May 7.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%atomic bomb,%@AE@% produced at Los Alamos, N.M., exploded at Alamogordo,%@EH@%
N.M. %@AB@%July 16.%@AE@% Bomb dropped on %@AB@%Hiroshima%@AE@%%@AB@% Aug. 6,%@AE@% on %@AB@%Nagasaki%@AE@%%@AB@% Aug. 9.%@AE@% Japan
surrendered %@AB@%Aug. 15.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. forces entered %@AB@%Korea%@AE@% south of 38th parallel to displace Japanese %@AB@%Sept.%@EH@%
%@AB@%8.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gen. Douglas MacArthur%@AE@% took over supervision of Japan %@AB@%Sept. 9.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1946 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Strike by 400,000 %@AB@%mine workers%@AE@% began %@AB@%Apr. 1;%@AE@% other industries followed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philippines%@AE@% given independence by U.S. %@AB@%July 4.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1947 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Truman Doctrine:%@AE@% Pres. Truman asked Congress to aid Greece and Turkey to%@EH@%
combat Communist terrorism %@AB@%Mar. 12.%@AE@% Approved %@AB@%May 15.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%United Nations Security Council voted unanimously %@AB@%Apr. 2%@AE@% to place under %@AB@%U.S.%@EH@%
%@AB@%trusteeship%@AE@% the Pacific islands formerly mandated to Japan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jackie Robinson%@AE@% on Brooklyn Dodgers %@AB@%Apr. 11,%@AE@% broke the color barrier in%@EH@%
major league baseball. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Taft-Hartley%@AE@% Labor Act curbing strikes was vetoed by Truman %@AB@%June 20;%@AE@%%@EH@%
Congress overrode the veto. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Proposals later known as the %@AB@%Marshall Plan,%@AE@% under which the U.S. would%@EH@%
extend aid to European countries, were made by Sec. of State George C.
Marshall %@AB@%June 5.%@AE@% Congress authorized some $12 billion in next 4 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1948 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%USSR began a land %@AB@%blockade%@AE@%%@AB@% of Berlin's%@AE@% Allied sectors %@AB@%Apr. 1.%@AE@% This blockade%@EH@%
and Western counter-blockade were lifted %@AB@%Sept. 30, 1949,%@AE@% after British and
U.S. planes had lifted 2,343,315 tons of food and coal into the city. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Organization of American States%@AE@% founded %@AB@%Apr. 30.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alger Hiss,%@AE@% former State Dept. official, indicted Dec. 15 for perjury, after%@EH@%
denying he had passed secret documents to Whittaker Chambers for
transmission to a communist spy ring. His second trial ended in conviction
%@AB@%Jan. 21, 1950,%@AE@% and a sentence of 5 years in prison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kinsey Report%@AE@% on Sexuality in the Human Male published. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1949 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. troops withdrawn from %@AB@%Korea June 29.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%North Atlantic Treaty Organization %@AB@%(NATO)%@AE@% established %@AB@%Aug. 24%@AE@% by U.S.,%@EH@%
Canada, and 10 West European nations, agreeing that an armed attack against
one or more of them would be considered an attack against all. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mrs. I. Toguri D'Aquino %@AB@%(Tokyo Rose%@AE@% of Japanese wartime broadcasts)  was%@EH@%
sentenced %@AB@%Oct. 7%@AE@% to 10 years in prison for treason. Paroled %@AB@%1956,%@AE@% pardoned
%@AB@%1977.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Eleven leaders of %@AB@%U.S. Communist party%@AE@% convicted %@AB@%Oct. 14,%@AE@% after 9-month%@EH@%
trial in N.Y. City, of advocating violent overthrow of U.S. government. Ten
defendants sentenced to 5 years in prison each and the 11th to 3 years.
Supreme Court upheld the convictions %@AB@%June 4, 1951.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1950 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. %@AB@%Jan 14%@AE@% recalled all consular officials from %@AB@%China%@AE@% after the latter%@EH@%
seized the American consulate general in Peking. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Masked bandits robbed %@AB@%Brink's Inc.,%@AE@% Boston express office, %@AB@%Jan. 17%@AE@% of $2.8%@EH@%
million, of which $1.2 million was in cash. Case solved %@AB@%1956,%@AE@% 8 sentenced to
life. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Truman authorized production of %@AB@%H-bomb%@AE@%%@AB@% Jan. 31.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%United Nations asked for troops to restore Korea peace %@AB@%June 25.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Truman ordered Air Force and Navy to Korea %@AB@%June 27%@AE@% after North Korea invaded%@EH@%
South. Truman approved ground forces, air strikes against North %@AB@%June 30.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. sent 35 military advisers to %@AB@%South Vietnam%@AE@%%@AB@% June 27,%@AE@% and agreed to%@EH@%
provide military and economic aid to anti-Communist government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Army seized%@AE@%%@AB@% all railroads%@AE@%%@AB@% Aug. 27%@AE@% on Truman's order to prevent a general%@EH@%
strike; roads returned to owners in %@AB@%1952.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. forces landed at Inchon Sept. 15;%@AE@% UN force took Pyongyang %@AB@%Oct. 20,%@AE@%%@EH@%
reached China border %@AB@%Nov. 20,%@AE@% China sent troops across border %@AB@%Nov. 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Two members of a %@AB@%Puerto Rican nationalist%@AE@% movement tried to kill Pres.%@EH@%
Truman %@AB@%Nov. 1.%@AE@% (see Assassinations) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. %@AB@%Dec. 8%@AE@% banned shipments to %@AB@%Communist China%@AE@% and to Asiatic ports trading%@EH@%
with it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1951 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sen. %@AB@%Estes Kefauver%@AE@% led Senate investigation into organized crime.%@EH@%
Preliminary report %@AB@%Feb. 28%@AE@% said gambling take was over $20 billion a year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Julius Rosenberg,%@AE@% his wife, Ethel, and Morton Sobell, all U.S. citizens,%@EH@%
were found guilty %@AB@%Mar. 29%@AE@% of conspiracy to commit wartime espionage.
Rosenbergs sentenced to death, Sobell to 30 years. Rosenbergs %@AB@%executed June
%@AB@%19, 1953.%@AE@% Sobell released %@AB@%Jan. 14, 1969.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gen. Douglas MacArthur%@AE@% was removed from his Korea command %@AB@%Apr. 11%@AE@% for%@EH@%
unauthorized policy statements. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Korea cease-fire talks began in July; lasted 2 years. %@AB@%Fighting ended July%@EH@%
%@AB@%27, 1953.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Tariff concessions%@AE@% by the U.S. to the Soviet Union, Communist China, and all%@EH@%
communist-dominated lands were suspended %@AB@%Aug. 1.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S., %@AB@%Australia,%@AE@% and %@AB@%New Zealand%@AE@% signed a mutual security pact %@AB@%Sept. 1.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Transcontinental television%@AE@% inaugurated %@AB@%Sept. 4%@AE@% with Pres. Truman's address%@EH@%
at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Japanese Peace Treaty%@AE@% signed in San Francisco %@AB@%Sept. 8%@AE@% by U.S., Japan, and 47%@EH@%
other nations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J.D. Salinger%@AE@% published %@AI@%Catcher in the Rye.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1952 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. %@AB@%seizure of nation's steel%@AE@%%@AB@% mills%@AE@% was ordered by Pres. Truman %@AB@%Apr. 8%@AE@% to%@EH@%
avert a strike. Ruled illegal by Supreme Court %@AB@%June 2.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peace contract%@AE@% between West  Germany, U.S., Great Britain, and France was%@EH@%
signed %@AB@%May 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The last racial and ethnic barriers to naturalization were removed, %@AB@%June%@EH@%
%@AB@%26-27,%@AE@% with the passage of the %@AB@%Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First %@AB@%hydrogen device%@AE@%  explosion %@AB@%Nov. 1%@AE@% at Eniwetok Atoll in Pacific. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1953 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Eisenhower announced %@AB@%May 8%@AE@% that U.S. had given France $60 million for%@EH@%
%@AB@%Indochina War.%@AE@% More aid was announced in %@AB@%Sept.%@AE@% In %@AB@%1954%@AE@% it was reported that
three fourths of the war's costs were met by U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1954 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nautilus,%@AE@% first atomic-powered submarine, was launched at Groton, Conn. %@AB@%Jan.%@EH@%
%@AB@%21.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Five members of Congress were wounded in the House %@AB@%Mar. 1%@AE@% by 4 %@AB@%Puerto Rican%@AE@%%@AB@%%@EH@%
%@AB@%independence supporters%@AE@% who fired at random from a spectators' gallery. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sen. Joseph McCarthy%@AE@% led televised hearings %@AB@%Apr. 22-June 17%@AE@% into alleged%@EH@%
Communist influence in the Army. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Racial segregation%@AE@% in public schools was unanimously ruled unconstitutional%@EH@%
by the Supreme Court %@AB@%May 17,%@AE@% as a violation of the 14th Amendment clause
guaranteeing equal protection of the laws. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (%@AB@%SEATO%@AE@%) formed by collective defense pact%@EH@%
signed in Manila %@AB@%Sept. 8%@AE@% by the U.S., Britain, France, Australia, New
Zealand, Philippines, Pakistan, and Thailand. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Condemnation of %@AB@%Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy%@AE@% (R., Wis.) voted by Senate, 67-22%@EH@%
%@AB@%Dec. 2%@AE@% for contempt of a Senate elections subcommittee, for abuse of its
members, and for insults to the Senate during his Army investigation
hearings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1955 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. agreed %@AB@%Feb. 12%@AE@% to help train %@AB@%South Vietnamese%@AE@% army. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court ordered %@AB@%"all deliberate speed"%@AE@% in integration of public%@EH@%
schools %@AB@%May 31.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A %@AB@%summit meeting%@AE@% of leaders of U.S., Britain, France, and USSR took place%@EH@%
%@AB@%July 18-23%@AE@% in Geneva, Switzerland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rosa Parks%@AE@% refused %@AB@%Dec. 1%@AE@% to give her seat to a white man on a bus in%@EH@%
Montgomery, Ala. Bus segregation ordinance declared unconstitutional by a
federal court following boycott and NAACP protest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Merger of America's 2 largest labor organizations was effected %@AB@%Dec. 5%@AE@% under%@EH@%
the name American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
Organizations. The merged %@AB@%AFL-CIO%@AE@% had a membership estimated at 15 million. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1956 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Massive resistance%@AE@% to Supreme Court desegregation rulings was called for%@EH@%
%@AB@%Mar. 12%@AE@% by 101 Southern congressmen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Federal-Aid %@AB@%Highway Act%@AE@% signed %@AB@%June 29,%@AE@% inaugurating interstate highway%@EH@%
system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First transatlantic %@AB@%telephone cable%@AE@% went into operation %@AB@%Sept. 25.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1957 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress approved first %@AB@%civil rights bill%@AE@% for blacks since Reconstruction%@EH@%
%@AB@%Apr. 29,%@AE@% to protect voting rights.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%National Guardsmen, called out by Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus %@AB@%Sept. 4,%@AE@% barred%@EH@%
9 black students from entering previously all-white Central High School in
%@AB@%Little Rock.%@AE@% Faubus complied %@AB@%Sept. 21%@AE@% with a federal court order to remove
the National Guardsmen. The blacks entered school %@AB@%Sept. 23%@AE@% but were ordered
to withdraw by local authorities because of fear of mob violence. Pres.
Eisenhower sent federal troops %@AB@%Sept. 24%@AE@% to enforce the court's order. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Kerouac%@AE@% published %@AI@%On the Road.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1958 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First U.S. earth satellite to go into orbit, %@AB@%Explorer I,%@AE@% launched by Army%@EH@%
%@AB@%Jan. 31%@AE@% at Cape Canaveral, Fla.; discovered Van Allen radiation belt. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Five thousand U.S. Marines sent to %@AB@%Lebanon%@AE@% to protect elected government%@EH@%
from threatened overthrow %@AB@%July-Oct.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First domestic %@AB@%jet airline%@AE@% passenger service in U.S. opened by National%@EH@%
Airlines %@AB@%Dec. 10%@AE@% between N.Y. and Miami. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1959 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alaska%@AE@% admitted as 49th state %@AB@%Jan. 3; Hawaii%@AE@% admitted %@AB@%Aug. 21.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%St. Lawrence Seaway%@AE@% opened %@AB@%Apr. 25.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The George Washington,%@AE@% first U.S. ballistic-missile submarine, launched at%@EH@%
Groton, Conn. %@AB@%June 9.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%N.S. Savannah,%@AE@% world's first atomic-powered merchant ship, launched %@AB@%July 21%@AE@%%@EH@%
at Camden, N.J. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Soviet Premier %@AB@%Khrushchev%@AE@% paid unprecedented visit to U.S. %@AB@%Sept. 15-27,%@AE@% made%@EH@%
transcontinental tour. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1960 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sit-ins%@AE@% began %@AB@%Feb. 1%@AE@% when 4 black college students in Greensboro, N.C.%@EH@%
refused to move from a Woolworth lunch counter when denied service. By %@AB@%Sept.
%@AB@%1961%@AE@% more than 70,000 students, whites and blacks, had participated in
sit-ins. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. launched first %@AB@%weather satellite,%@AE@% Tiros I, %@AB@%Apr. 1.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress approved a strong %@AB@%voting rights act Apr. 21.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A %@AB@%U-2%@AE@%%@AB@% reconnaisance plane%@AE@% of the U.S. was shot down in the Soviet Union %@AB@%May%@EH@%
%@AB@%1.%@AE@% The incident led to cancellation of an imminent Paris summit conference. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mobs attacked U.S. embassy in %@AB@%Panama Sept. 17%@AE@% in dispute over flying of U.S.%@EH@%
and Panamanian flags. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. announced %@AB@%Dec. 15%@AE@% it backed rightist group in %@AB@%Laos,%@AE@% which took power%@EH@%
the next day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1961 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. severed diplomatic and consular relations with %@AB@%Cuba Jan. 3,%@AE@% after%@EH@%
disputes over nationalizations of U.S. firms, U.S. military presence at
Guantanamo base, etc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Invasion of Cuba's %@AB@%"Bay of Pigs%@AE@%%@AB@%" Apr. 17%@AE@% by Cuban exiles trained, armed, and%@EH@%
directed by the U.S., attempting to overthrow the regime of Premier Fidel
Castro, was repulsed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Commander Alan B. Shepard Jr.%@AE@% was rocketed from Cape Canaveral, Fla., 116.5%@EH@%
mi. above the earth in a Mercury capsule %@AB@%May 5%@AE@% in the first U.S. manned
sub-orbital space flight. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1962 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Col. John H. Glenn Jr.%@AE@% became the first American in orbit %@AB@%Feb. 20%@AE@% when%@EH@%
he circled the earth 3 times in the Mercury capsule %@AB@%Friendship 7.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Kennedy said %@AB@%Feb. 14%@AE@% U.S. military advisers in Vietnam would fire if%@EH@%
fired upon. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court %@AB@%Mar. 26%@AE@% backed %@AB@%one-man one-vote%@AE@% apportionment of seats in%@EH@%
state legislatures. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First U.S. %@AB@%communications satellite%@AE@% launched in %@AB@%July.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James Meredith%@AE@% became first black student at Univ. of Mississippi %@AB@%Oct. 1%@AE@%%@EH@%
after 3,000 troops put down riots. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A Soviet %@AB@%offensive missile buildup%@AE@%%@AB@% in Cuba%@AE@% was revealed %@AB@%Oct. 22%@AE@% by Pres.%@EH@%
Kennedy, who ordered a naval and air quarantine on shipment of offensive
military equipment to the island. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev
reached agreement %@AB@%Oct. 28%@AE@% on a formula to end the crisis. Kennedy announced
%@AB@%Nov. 2%@AE@% that Soviet missile bases in Cuba were being dismantled. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rachel Carson'%@AE@% %@AI@%Silent Spring%@AE@% launched environmentalist movement. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1963 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court ruled %@AB@%Mar. 18%@AE@% that all %@AB@%criminal defendants%@AE@% must have counsel%@EH@%
and that illegally acquired evidence was not admissible in state as well as
federal courts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court ruled, 8-1, %@AB@%June 17%@AE@% that laws requiring %@AB@%recitation of the%@EH@%
%@AB@%Lord's Prayer%@AE@% or Bible verses in public schools were unconstitutional. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A limited %@AB@%nuclear test-ban%@AE@% treaty was agreed upon %@AB@%July 25%@AE@% by the U.S.,%@EH@%
Soviet Union and Britain, barring all nuclear tests except underground. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Washington demonstration by 200,000 persons %@AB@%Aug. 28%@AE@% in support of %@AB@%black%@EH@%
%@AB@%demands%@AE@% for equal rights. Highlight was speech in which Dr. Martin Luther
King said: "I have a dream that this nation will rise up and live out the
true meaning of its creed, 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that
all men are created equal.'"%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%South Vietnam Pres. %@AB@%Ngo Dinh Diem assassinated Nov. 2;%@AE@% U.S. had earlier%@EH@%
withdrawn support. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pres. John F. Kennedy%@AE@%%@AB@% was shot%@AE@% and fatally wounded by an assassin %@AB@%Nov. 22%@AE@% as%@EH@%
he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas, Tex. Vice Pres. Lyndon B.
Johnson was inaugurated president shortly after in Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald
was arrested and charged with the murder. Oswald was shot and fatally
wounded %@AB@%Nov. 24%@AE@% by Jack Ruby, 52, a Dallas nightclub owner, who was
convicted of murder %@AB@%Mar. 14, 1964%@AE@% and sentenced to death. Ruby died of
natural causes %@AB@%Jan. 3, 1967%@AE@% while awaiting retrial. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. troops in %@AB@%Vietnam%@AE@% totalled over 15,000 by year-end; aid to South%@EH@%
Vietnam was over $500 million in %@AB@%1963.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1964 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Panama%@AE@% suspended relations with U.S. %@AB@%Jan. 9%@AE@% after riots. U.S. offered %@AB@%Dec.%@EH@%
%@AB@%18%@AE@% to negotiate a new canal treaty. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Supreme Court ordered %@AB@%Feb. 17%@AE@% that %@AB@%congressional districts%@AE@% have equal%@EH@%
populations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. reported %@AB@%May 27%@AE@% it was sending military planes to %@AB@%Laos.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Omnibus %@AB@%civil rights bill%@AE@% passed %@AB@%June 29%@AE@% banning discrimination in voting,%@EH@%
jobs, public accommodations, etc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Three %@AB@%civil rights workers%@AE@% were reported missing in Mississippi %@AB@%June 22;%@AE@%%@EH@%
found buried %@AB@%Aug. 4.%@AE@% Twenty-one white men were arrested. On %@AB@%Oct. 20, 1967,%@AE@%
an all-white federal jury convicted 7 of conspiracy in the slayings. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. Congress %@AB@%Aug. 7%@AE@% passed %@AB@%Tonkin Resolution,%@AE@% authorizing presidential%@EH@%
action in Vietnam, after North Vietnam boats reportedly attacked 2 U.S.
destroyers %@AB@%Aug. 2.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress approved War on Poverty bill %@AB@%Aug. 11.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Warren Commission%@AE@% released %@AB@%Sept. 27%@AE@% a report concluding that Lee Harvey%@EH@%
Oswald was solely responsible for the Kennedy assassination. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1965 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Johnson in %@AB@%Feb.%@AE@% ordered continuous %@AB@%bombing%@AE@%%@AB@% of North Vietnam%@AE@% below 20th%@EH@%
parallel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Some 14,000 U.S. troops sent to %@AB@%Dominican Republic%@AE@% during civil war %@AB@%Apr. 28.%@AE@%%@EH@%
All troops withdrawn by next year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New %@AB@%Voting Rights Act%@AE@% signed %@AB@%Aug. 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Los Angeles riot by blacks living in %@AB@%Watts%@AE@% area resulted in death of 34%@EH@%
persons and property damage est. at $200 million %@AB@%Aug. 11-16.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Water Quality Act%@AE@% passed %@AB@%Sept. 21%@AE@% to meet pollution, shortage problems. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%National origins quota system of %@AB@%immigration%@AE@% abolished %@AB@%Oct. 3.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Electric power failure%@AE@% blacked out most of northeastern U.S., parts of 2%@EH@%
Canadian provinces the night of %@AB@%Nov. 9-10.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. forces in %@AB@%S. Vietnam%@AE@% reached 184,300 by year-end. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1966 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. forces began firing into %@AB@%Cambodia%@AE@%%@AB@% May 1.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bombing of Hanoi%@AE@% area of North Vietnam by U.S. planes began %@AB@%June 29.%@AE@% By %@AB@%Dec.%@EH@%
%@AB@%31,%@AE@% 385,300 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam, plus 60,000
offshore and 33,000 in Thailand. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Medicare,%@AE@% government program to pay part of the medical expenses of citizens%@EH@%
over 65, began %@AB@%July 1.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward Brooke%@AE@% (R, Mass.) elected %@AB@%Nov. 8%@AE@% as first black U.S. senator in 85%@EH@%
years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1967 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Black representative %@AB@%Adam Clayton Powell%@AE@% (D, N.Y.) was denied %@AB@%Mar. 1%@AE@% his%@EH@%
seat in Congress because of charges he misused gvt. funds. Reelected in
1968, he was seated, but fined $25,000 and stripped of his 22 years'
seniority. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Johnson and Soviet Premier Aleksei Kosygin met %@AB@%June 23 and 25%@AE@% at%@EH@%
%@AB@%Glassboro%@AE@%%@AB@% State College%@AE@% in N.J.; agreed not to let any crisis push them into
war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Black riots in %@AB@%Newark, N.J.)%@AE@%%@AB@% July 12-17%@AE@% killed 26, injured 1,500; over 1,000%@EH@%
arrested. In Detroit, Mich., %@AB@%July 23-30%@AE@% at least 40 died; 2,000 injured,
5,000 left homeless by rioting, looting, burning in city's black ghetto.
Quelled by 4,700 federal paratroopers and 8,000 National Guardsmen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thurgood Marshall%@AE@% sworn in %@AB@%Oct. 2%@AE@% as first black U.S. Supreme Court Justice.%@EH@%
Carl B. Stokes (D, Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (D, Gary, Ind.) were
elected first black mayors of major U.S. cities %@AB@%Nov. 7.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%By %@AB@%December%@AE@% 475,000 U.S. troops were in %@AB@%South Vietnam,%@AE@% all North Vietnam was%@EH@%
subject to bombing. Protests against the war mounted in U.S. during year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1968 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%USS Pueblo%@AE@% and 83-man crew seized in Sea of Japan %@AB@%Jan. 23%@AE@% by North Koreans;%@EH@%
82 men released %@AB@%Dec. 22.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%"Tet offensive%@AE@%%@AB@%":%@AE@% Communist troops attacked Saigon, 30 province capitals %@AB@%Jan.%@EH@%
%@AB@%30,%@AE@% suffer heavy casualties. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Johnson %@AB@%curbed bombing%@AE@% of North Vietnam %@AB@%Mar. 31.%@AE@% Peace talks began in%@EH@%
Paris %@AB@%May 10.%@AE@% All bombing of North halted %@AB@%Oct. 31.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Martin Luther King Jr.%@AE@%%@AB@%, 39, assassinated Apr. 4%@AE@% in Memphis, Tenn. James Earl%@EH@%
Ray, an escaped convict, pleaded guilty to the slaying, was sentenced to 99
years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sen. Robert F. Kennedy%@AE@% (D, N.Y.) 42, %@AB@%shot June 5%@AE@% in Hotel Ambassador, Los%@EH@%
Angeles, after celebrating presidential primary victories. Died %@AB@%June 6.%@AE@%
Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, Jordanian, convicted of murder. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rep. Shirley Chisholm%@AE@% (D., N.Y.) became the first black woman elected to%@EH@%
Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1969 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Expanded four-party %@AB@%Vietnam peace talks%@AE@% began %@AB@%Jan. 18.%@AE@% U.S. force peaked at%@EH@%
543,400 in April. Withdrawal started %@AB@%July 8.%@AE@% Pres. Nixon set Vietnamization
policy %@AB@%Nov. 3.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. astronaut %@AB@%Neil A. Armstrong,%@AE@% 38, commander of the Apollo 11 mission,%@EH@%
became the first man to %@AB@%set foot on the moon%@AE@%%@AB@% July 20.%@AE@% Air Force Col. Edwin
E. Aldrin Jr. accompanied Armstrong. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Anti-Vietnam War %@AB@%demonstrations%@AE@%%@AB@% reached peak%@AE@% in U.S.; some 250,000 marched%@EH@%
in Washington, D.C. %@AB@%Nov. 15.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Massacre of hundreds of civilians at %@AB@%Mylai%@AE@%%@AB@%, South Vietnam%@AE@% in 1968 incident%@EH@%
was reported %@AB@%Nov. 16.%@AE@%  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1970 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%United Mine Workers official %@AB@%Joseph A. Yablonski,%@AE@% his wife, and their%@EH@%
daughter were found shot %@AB@%Jan. 5%@AE@% in their Clarksville, Pa. home. UMW chief W.
A. (Tony) Boyle was later convicted of the killing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A federal jury %@AB@%Feb. 18%@AE@% found the %@AB@%"Chicago 7%@AE@%%@AB@%"%@AE@% innocent of conspiring to%@EH@%
incite riots during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. However, 5 were
convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite riots. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Millions of Americans participated in anti-pollution demonstrations %@AB@%Apr. 22%@AE@%%@EH@%
to mark the first %@AB@%Earth Day.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. and South Vietnamese forces crossed %@AB@%Cambodian%@AE@% borders %@AB@%Apr. 30%@AE@% to get at%@EH@%
enemy bases. Four students were killed %@AB@%May 4%@AE@% at %@AB@%Kent St.%@AE@% Univ. in Ohio by
National Guardsmen during a protest against the war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Two %@AB@%women generals,%@AE@% the first in U.S. history, were named by Pres. Nixon %@AB@%May%@EH@%
%@AB@%15.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A %@AB@%postal reform%@AE@% measure was signed %@AB@%Aug. 12,%@AE@% creating an independent U.S.%@EH@%
Postal Service, thus relinquishing governmental control of the U.S. mails
after almost 2 centuries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1971 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Manson,%@AE@% 36, and 3 of his followers were found guilty %@AB@%Jan. 26%@AE@% of%@EH@%
first-degree murder in the 1969 slaying of actress Sharon Tate and 6 others.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. air and artillery forces aided a 44-day incursion by South Vietnam%@EH@%
forces into %@AB@%Laos%@AE@% starting %@AB@%Feb. 8.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A Constitutional Amendment lowering the %@AB@%voting age%@AE@% to 18 in all elections%@EH@%
was approved in the Senate by a vote of 94-0 %@AB@%Mar. 10.%@AE@% The proposed 26th
Amendment got House approval by a 400-19 vote %@AB@%Mar. 23.%@AE@% Thirty-eighth state
ratified %@AB@%June 30.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A court-martial jury Mar. 29, convicted %@AB@%Lt. William L. Calley Jr.%@AE@% of%@EH@%
premeditated murder of 22 South Vietnamese at Mylai on %@AB@%Mar. 16, 1968.%@AE@% He was
sentenced to life imprisonment %@AB@%Mar. 31.%@AE@% Sentence was reduced to 20 years
%@AB@%Aug. 20.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Publication of classified %@AB@%Pentagon papers%@AE@% on the U.S. involvement in Vietnam%@EH@%
was begun %@AB@%June 13%@AE@% by the New York Times. In a 6-3 vote, the U.S. Supreme
Court %@AB@%June 30%@AE@% upheld the right of the Times and the Washington Post to
publish the documents under the protection of the First Amendment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1972 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Nixon arrived in %@AB@%Peking Feb. 21%@AE@% for an 8-day visit to China, which he%@EH@%
called a "journey for peace." The unprecedented visit ended with a joint
communique pledging that both powers would work for "a normalization of
relations."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%By a vote of 84 to 8, the Senate approved %@AB@%Mar. 22%@AE@% a Constitutional Amendment%@EH@%
banning %@AB@%discrimination against women%@AE@% because of their sex and sent the
measure to the states for ratification. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%North Vietnamese%@AE@% forces launched the biggest attacks in 4 years across the%@EH@%
demilitarized zone %@AB@%Mar. 30.%@AE@% The U.S. responded %@AB@%Apr. 15%@AE@% by resumption of
bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong after a 4-year lull. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nixon announced %@AB@%May 8%@AE@% the mining of %@AB@%North Vietnam ports.%@AE@% Last U.S. combat%@EH@%
troops left %@AB@%Aug. 11.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace,%@AE@% campaigning at a Laurel, Md. shopping center%@EH@%
%@AB@%May 15, was shot%@AE@% and seriously wounded as he greeted a large crowd. Arthur
H. Bremer, 21, was sentenced Aug. 4 to 63 years for shooting Wallace and 3
bystanders. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the first visit of a U.S. president to Moscow, Nixon arrived %@AB@%May 22%@AE@% for a%@EH@%
week of summit talks with Kremlin leaders which culminated in a landmark
%@AB@%strategic arms pact.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Five men were arrested %@AB@%June 17%@AE@% for breaking into the offices of the%@EH@%
Democratic National Committee in the %@AB@%Watergate%@AE@% office complex in Washington,
D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The White House announced %@AB@%July 8%@AE@% that the U.S. would sell to the USSR at%@EH@%
least $750 million of %@AB@%American wheat,%@AE@% corn, and other grains over a period
of 3 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. bombers struck massively in North Vietnam for 5 days starting %@AB@%Dec. 26,%@AE@%%@EH@%
in retaliation for alleged violations of agreements reached prior to the
1968 bombing halt. U.S. forces at year-end were down to 140,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1973 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Five of seven defendants in the %@AB@%Watergate%@AE@% break-in trial pleaded guilty %@AB@%Jan.%@EH@%
%@AB@%11 and 15,%@AE@% and the other 2 were convicted %@AB@%Jan. 30.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Supreme Court ruled 7-2, %@AB@%Jan. 22,%@AE@% that a state may not prevent a woman%@EH@%
from having an %@AB@%abortion%@AE@% during the %@AB@%first 6 months of pregnancy,%@AE@% invalidating
abortion laws in Texas and Georgia, and, by implication, overturning
restrictive abortion laws in 44 other states. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Four-party %@AB@%Vietnam peace pacts%@AE@% were signed in Paris %@AB@%Jan. 27,%@AE@% and North%@EH@%
Vietnam released some 590 U.S. prisoners by %@AB@%Apr. 1.%@AE@% Last U.S. troops left
%@AB@%Mar. 29.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%end of the military draft%@AE@% was announced %@AB@%Jan. 27.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China and the U.S.%@AE@% agreed %@AB@%Feb. 22%@AE@% to set up permanent liaison offices in%@EH@%
each other's country.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Top %@AB@%Nixon aides%@AE@% H.R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman, and John W. Dean, and%@EH@%
Attorney General Richard Kleindienst %@AB@%resigned Apr. 30%@AE@% amid charges of White
House efforts to obstruct justice in the Watergate case. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Senate Armed Services Committee %@AB@%July 16%@AE@% began a probe into allegations%@EH@%
that the U.S. Air Force had made 3,500 secret %@AB@%B-52 raids%@AE@%%@AB@% into Cambodia%@AE@% in
%@AB@%1969%@AE@% and %@AB@%1970.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Dean,%@AE@% former Nixon counsel, told Senate hearings %@AB@%June 25%@AE@% that Nixon,%@EH@%
his staff and campaign aides, and the Justice Department all had conspired
to cover up Watergate facts. Nixon refused July 23 to release %@AB@%tapes%@AE@% of
relevant White House conversations. Some tapes were turned over to the court
%@AB@%Nov. 26.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. officially ceased bombing in %@AB@%Cambodia%@AE@% at midnight %@AB@%Aug. 14%@AE@% in accord%@EH@%
with a June Congressional action. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Vice Pres. Spiro T. Agnew%@AE@%%@AB@% Oct. 10 resigned%@AE@% and pleaded "nolo contendere" (no%@EH@%
contest) to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him by Maryland
contractors when he was governor of that state. Gerald Rudolph Ford %@AB@%Oct. 12%@AE@%
became  first appointed vice president under the 25th Amendment; sworn in
%@AB@%Dec. 6.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A total ban on %@AB@%oil exports%@AE@% to the U.S. was imposed by Arab oil-producing%@EH@%
nations %@AB@%Oct. 19-21%@AE@% after the outbreak of an Arab-Israeli war. The ban was
lifted %@AB@%Mar. 18, 1974.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atty. Gen. Elliot Richardson%@AE@% resigned, and his deputy William D. Ruckelshaus%@EH@%
and Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox were fired by Pres. Nixon
%@AB@%Oct. 20%@AE@% when Cox threatened to secure a judicial ruling that Nixon was
violating a court order to turn tapes over to Watergate case Judge John
Sirica. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Leon Jaworski,%@AE@% conservative Texas Democrat, was named %@AB@%Nov. 1%@AE@% by the Nixon%@EH@%
administration to be special prosecutor to succeed Archibald Cox. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress overrode %@AB@%Nov. 7%@AE@% Nixon's veto of the %@AB@%war powers%@AE@% bill which curbed%@EH@%
the president's power to commit armed forces to hostilities abroad without
Congressional approval. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1974 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Impeachment%@AE@% hearings were opened %@AB@%May 9%@AE@% against Nixon by the House Judiciary%@EH@%
Committee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John D. Ehrlichman and 3 %@AB@%White House "plumbers%@AE@%%@AB@%"%@AE@% were found guilty %@AB@%July 12%@AE@% of%@EH@%
conspiring to violate the civil rights of Dr. Lewis Fielding, formerly
psychiatrist to Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg, by breaking into his
Beverly Hills, Cal. office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 8-0, %@AB@%July 24%@AE@% that Nixon had to turn over %@AB@%64%@EH@%
%@AB@%tapes%@AE@% of White House conversations sought by Watergate Special Prosecutor
Leon Jaworski. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The House Judiciary Committee, in televised hearings %@AB@%July 24-30,%@AE@% recommended%@EH@%
3 %@AB@%articles of impeachment%@AE@% against Nixon. The first, voted 27-11 %@AB@%July 27,%@AE@%
charged Nixon with taking part in a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice
in the Watergate cover-up. The second, voted 28-10 %@AB@%July 29,%@AE@% charged he
"repeatedly" failed to carry out his constitutional oath in a series of
alleged abuses of power. The third, voted 27-17 %@AB@%July 30,%@AE@% accused him of
unconstitutional defiance of committee subpoenas. The House of
Representatives voted without debate %@AB@%Aug. 20,%@AE@% by 412-3, to accept the
committee report, which included the recommended impeachment articles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nixon resigned%@AE@%%@AB@% Aug. 9.%@AE@% His support began eroding %@AB@%Aug. 5%@AE@% when he released 3%@EH@%
tapes, admitting he originated plans to have the FBI stop its probe of the
Watergate break-in for political as well as national security reasons. %@AB@%Vice
%@AB@%President Gerald R. Ford%@AE@% was sworn in as the 38th U.S. president on %@AB@%Aug. 9.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An %@AB@%unconditional pardon%@AE@% to ex-Pres. Nixon for all federal crimes that he%@EH@%
"committed or may have committed" while president was issued by Pres. Gerald
Ford %@AB@%Sept. 8.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1975 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Found guilty of %@AB@%Watergate%@AE@% cover-up charges %@AB@%Jan. 1%@AE@% were ex-Atty. Gen. John N.%@EH@%
Mitchell, ex-presidential advisers H.R. Haldeman and John D. Ehrlichman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. civilians were evacuated from %@AB@%Saigon Apr. 29%@AE@% as communist forces%@EH@%
completed takeover of South Vietnam. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. merchant ship %@AB@%Mayaguez%@AE@% and crew of 39 seized by Cambodian forces in%@EH@%
Gulf of Siam %@AB@%May 12.%@AE@% In rescue operation, U.S. Marines attacked Tang Is.,
planes bombed air base; Cambodia surrendered ship and crew. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress voted $405 million for South %@AB@%Vietnam refugees%@AE@%%@AB@% May 16;%@AE@% 140,000 were%@EH@%
flown to the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Illegal %@AB@%CIA%@AE@%%@AB@% operations,%@AE@% including records on 300,000 persons and groups, and%@EH@%
infiltration of agents into black, anti-war and political movements,  were
described by a "blue-ribbon" panel headed by Vice Pres. Rockefeller %@AB@%June 10.%@AE@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%FBI agents captured %@AB@%Patricia (Patty) Hearst,%@AE@% kidnaped %@AB@%Feb. 4, 1974,%@AE@% in San%@EH@%
Francisco %@AB@%Sept. 18%@AE@% with others. She was indicted for bank robbery; a San
Francisco jury convicted her %@AB@%Mar. 20, 1976.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1976 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Payments abroad%@AE@% of $22 million in bribes by Lockheed Aircraft Corp. to sell%@EH@%
its planes were revealed %@AB@%Feb. 4%@AE@% by a Senate subcommittee. Lockheed admitted
payments in Japan, Turkey, Italy, and Holland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. celebrated its %@AB@%Bicentennial%@AE@%%@AB@% July 4,%@AE@% marking the 200th anniversary%@EH@%
of its independence with festivals, parades, and N.Y. City's Operation Sail,
a gathering of tall ships from around the world viewed by 6 million persons.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A mystery ailment %@AB@%"legionnaire's %@AE@%%@AB@%disease%@AE@%%@AB@%"%@AE@% killed 29 persons who attended an%@EH@%
American Legion convention %@AB@%July 21-24%@AE@% in Philadelphia. The cause was found
to be a bacterium, it was reported %@AB@%June 18, 1977.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Viking II%@AE@% set down on %@AB@%Mars'%@AE@% Utopia Plains %@AB@%Sept. 3,%@AE@% following the%@EH@%
successful landing by Viking I %@AB@%July 20.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1977 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Jimmy Carter %@AB@%Jan. 21%@AE@% pardoned most Vietnam War %@AB@%draft evaders,%@AE@% who%@EH@%
numbered some 10,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Convicted murderer %@AB@%Gary Gilmore%@AE@% was executed by a Utah firing squad %@AB@%Jan. 17,%@AE@%%@EH@%
in the first exercise of capital punishment anywhere in the U.S. since %@AB@%1967.%@AE@%
Gilmore had opposed all attempts to delay the execution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Carter signed an act %@AB@%Aug. 4%@AE@% creating a new Cabinet-level %@AB@%Energy Department.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1978 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. Senate voted %@AB@%Apr. 18%@AE@% to turn over the %@AB@%Panama Canal%@AE@% to Panama on Dec.%@EH@%
31, 1999; %@AB@%Mar. 16%@AE@% vote had given approval to a treaty guaranteeing the
area's neutrality after the year 2000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. Supreme Court %@AB@%June 28%@AE@% voted 5-4 not to allow a firm quota system in%@EH@%
affirmative action plans; the Court did uphold  programs that were more
"flexible" in nature. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%House Select Committee on Assassinations%@AE@% opened hearings %@AB@%Sept. 6%@AE@% into%@EH@%
assassinations of Pres. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.; the committee
recessed %@AB@%Dec. 30%@AE@% after concluding conspiracies likely in both cases, but
with no further hard evidence for further prosecutions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress passed the %@AB@%Humphrey-Hawkins%@AE@%%@AB@% "full employment" Bill%@AE@% Oct. 15, which%@EH@%
set national goal of reducing unemployment to 4% by 1983, while reducing
inflation to 3% in same period; Pres. Carter signed bill, %@AB@%Oct. 27.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1979 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A major accident occurred, %@AB@%Mar. 28,%@AE@% at a nuclear reactor on %@AB@%Three Mile%@EH@%
%@AB@%Island%@AE@% near Middletown, Pa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The federal government announced, %@AB@%Nov. 1,%@AE@% a $1.5 billion loan-guarantee plan%@EH@%
to aid the nation's 3d largest automaker, %@AB@%Chrysler Corp.,%@AE@% which had reported
a loss of $460.6 million for the 3d quarter of 1979. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Some 90 people, including 63 Americans, were taken hostage, %@AB@%Nov. 4,%@AE@% at the%@EH@%
%@AB@%American embassy%@AE@%%@AB@% in Teheran,%@AE@% Iran, by militant student followers of
Ayatollah Khomeini who demanded the return of former Shah Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi, who was undergoing medical treatment in New York City. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1980 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Carter announced, %@AB@%Jan. 4,%@AE@% %@AB@%punitive measures against the USSR,%@AE@% inc. an%@EH@%
embargo on the sale of grain and high technology, in retaliation for the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. At Carter's request, the %@AB@%U.S. Olympic
%@AB@%Committee%@AE@% voted, %@AB@%Apr. 12,%@AE@% not to attend the Moscow Summer Olympics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Eight Americans were killed and 5 wounded, %@AB@%Apr. 24,%@AE@% in an ill-fated attempt%@EH@%
to %@AB@%rescue the hostages%@AE@% held by Iranian %@AB@%militants%@AE@% at the U.S. Embassy in
Teheran. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Washington, %@AB@%Mt. St. Helens erupted, May 18,%@AE@% in a violent blast estimated%@EH@%
to be 500 times as powerful as the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The blast,
followed by others on %@AB@%May 25%@AE@% and %@AB@%June 12,%@AE@% left about 60 dead, and economic
losses estimated at nearly $3 billion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a sweeping  victory, %@AB@%Nov. 4, Ronald Wilson Reagan%@AE@% was elected 40th%@EH@%
President of the United States, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter. The
stunning GOP victory extended to the U.S. Congress where Republicans gained
control of the Senate and wrested 33 House seats from the Democrats. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Former Beatle %@AB@%John Lennon%@AE@% was shot and killed, %@AB@%Dec. 8,%@AE@% outside his apartment%@EH@%
building in New York City. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1981 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Minutes after the %@AB@%inauguration of Pres. Ronald Reagan, Jan. 20,%@AE@% the %@AB@%52%@EH@%
%@AB@%Americans%@AE@% who had been held %@AB@%hostage in Iran%@AE@% for 444 days were flown to
freedom following an agreement in which the U.S. agreed to return to Iran $8
billion in frozen assets. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%President Reagan%@AE@% was %@AB@%shot in the chest%@AE@% by a would-be assassin, %@AB@%Mar. 30,%@AE@% in%@EH@%
Washington, D.C., as he walked to his limousine following an address. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The world's first reusable spacecraft, the %@AB@%Space Shuttle Columbia,%@AE@% was sent%@EH@%
into space, %@AB@%Apr. 12,%@AE@% and completed its successful mission 2 days later. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Both houses of Congress passed, %@AB@%July 29,%@AE@% President Reagan's %@AB@%tax-cut%@EH@%
%@AB@%legislation.%@AE@% The largest tax cut in the nation's history was expected to
reduce taxes by $37.6 bln. in fiscal 1982, and to save taxpayers $750 bln.
over the next 5 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Federal air traffic controllers%@AE@%%@AB@%, Aug. 3,%@AE@% began an %@AB@%illegal nationwide strike%@AE@%%@EH@%
after their union rejected the government's final offer for a new contract.
Most of the 13,000 striking controllers defied the back-to-work order, and
were dismissed by President Reagan %@AB@%Aug. 5.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In a 99-0 vote, the Senate confirmed, %@AB@%Sept. 21,%@AE@% the appointment of %@AB@%Sandra%@EH@%
%@AB@%Day O'Connor%@AE@% as an %@AB@%associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.%@AE@% She was the
first woman appointed to that body. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%President Reagan%@AE@% ordered %@AB@%sanctions against the new Polish military%@EH@%
%@AB@%government, Dec. 23,%@AE@% in response to the imposition of martial law in that
country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1982 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 13-year-old lawsuit against %@AB@%AT&T%@AE@% by the %@AB@%Justice Dept.%@AE@% was settled %@AB@%Jan.%@EH@%
%@AB@%8.%@AE@% AT&T agreed to give up the 22 Bell System companies but in return was
allowed to expand into previously prohibited areas inc. data processing,
telephone and computer equipment sales, and computer communication devices. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Mar. 2,%@AE@% the Senate voted 57-37 for a bill that virtually eliminated%@EH@%
busing for the purposes of racial integration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%June 12,%@AE@% in %@AB@%N.Y.'s Central Park,%@AE@% hundreds of thousands demonstrated%@EH@%
against %@AB@%nuclear%@AE@%%@AB@% arms.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Equal Rights Amendment%@AE@%%@AB@% was defeated%@AE@% after a 10-year struggle for%@EH@%
ratification. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%elections%@AE@% on %@AB@%Nov. 2%@AE@% resulted in gains for the Democrats--the margin in%@EH@%
the new House was 269-166. In the Senate elections, Democrats won 20 out of
33 seats, but were still the minority, 54-46. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%highest unemployment rate since 1940,%@AE@% 10.4%, was reported on %@AB@%Nov. 5.%@AE@% The%@EH@%
rate for Nov. reached 10.8%, with over 11 million unemployed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lech Walesa,%@AE@% former leader of %@AB@%Solidarity,%@AE@% the Polish labor union, was freed%@EH@%
%@AB@%Nov. 13,%@AE@% after 11 months of internment following the imposition of martial
law and the outlawing of Solidarity. Pres. Reagan lifted the %@AB@%U.S. embargo on
%@AB@%sales of oil and gas equipment to the Soviet Union.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Space Shuttle Columbia%@AE@% completed its first operational flight %@AB@%Nov. 16.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A retired dentist, %@AB@%Dr. Barney B. Clark,%@AE@% 61, became the first recipient of a%@EH@%
%@AB@%permanent artificial heart%@AE@% during a 71/2 hour operation in Salt Lake City
%@AB@%Dec. 2.%@AE@% The heart was designed by %@AB@%Dr. Robert Jarvik,%@AE@% also on the surgical
team. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1983 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Apr. 20, Pres. Reagan%@AE@% signed a compromise, bipartisan bill designed to%@EH@%
rescue the %@AB@%Social Security System%@AE@% from bankruptcy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In an 8-1 decision, %@AB@%the U.S. Supreme Court%@AE@% held, %@AB@%May 24,%@AE@% that the %@AB@%Internal%@EH@%
%@AB@%Revenue Service%@AE@% could deny %@AB@%tax exemptions%@AE@% to %@AB@%private schools%@AE@% that practiced
%@AB@%racial discrimination.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sally Ride%@AE@% became the first American %@AB@%woman%@AE@% to travel in %@AB@%space%@AE@%%@AB@%, June 18,%@AE@% when%@EH@%
the %@AB@%space shuttle Challenger%@AE@% was launched from Cape Canaveral, Fla. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Oct. 23,%@AE@% 241 %@AB@%U.S. Marines and sailors,%@AE@% members of the multinational%@EH@%
%@AB@%peacekeeping force%@AE@% in %@AB@%Lebanon,%@AE@% were killed when a TNT-laden suicide
%@AB@%terrorist%@AE@% blew up Marine headquarters at %@AB@%Beirut%@AE@% Intl. Airport. Almost
simultaneously, a second truck bomb blew up a %@AB@%French paratroop%@AE@% barracks two
miles away, killing more than 40. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. Marines and Rangers%@AE@% and a small force from 6 %@AB@%Caribbean%@AE@% nations invaded%@EH@%
the island of %@AB@%Grenada%@AE@% on %@AB@%Oct. 25,%@AE@% in response to a request from the
%@AB@%Organization of Eastern Caribbean States.%@AE@%  After a few days, Grenadian
militia and Cuban "construction workers" were overcome, hundreds of U.S.
citizens evacuated safely, and the Marxist regime deposed. The U.S. Congress
applied the War Powers Resolution, requiring U.S. troops to leave Grenada by
%@AB@%Dec. 24.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1984 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In his %@AB@%State of the Union address, Jan. 25,%@AE@% Pres. Reagan called for budget%@EH@%
cuts of $100 billion over 3 years, but opposed increased taxes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Feb. 26,%@AE@% as the position of Pres. Amin Gemayel of Lebanon deteriorated%@EH@%
and his army crumbled, Pres. Reagan %@AB@%removed U.S. Marines%@AE@%%@AB@% from Beirut%@AE@% and
placed them on U.S. ships offshore. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The space shuttle %@AI@%Challenger%@AE@% was launched on its 4th trip into space, %@AB@%Feb.%@EH@%
%@AB@%3.%@AE@% On %@AB@%Feb. 7,%@AE@% Navy Capt. Bruce McCandless, followed by Army Lt. Colonel
Robert Stewart, %@AB@%became the first humans to fly free of a spacecraft.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%During %@AB@%March,%@AE@% the U.S. Senate rejected 2 Constitutional amendments that%@EH@%
would have permitted %@AB@%prayer%@AE@%%@AB@% in the public schools.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Central Intelligence Agency %@AB@%(CIA%@AE@%%@AB@%) acknowledged%@AE@% in April that it had%@EH@%
participated in the %@AB@%mining of Nicaraguan%@AE@%%@AB@% harbors.%@AE@% This touched off a
controversy in Congress, and the Senate, %@AB@%Apr. 10,%@AE@% adopted a nonbinding
resolution condemning U.S. participation in the mining. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From %@AB@%Apr. 26 to May 1,  Pres. Reagan%@AE@%%@AB@% visited China%@AE@% for the first time,%@EH@%
holding discussions with Chinese leaders. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%May 7,%@AE@% American %@AB@%veterans of the Vietnam war%@AE@% reached an %@AB@%out-of-court%@EH@%
%@AB@%settlement with 7 chemical companies%@AE@% in their class-action suit the
herbicide %@AB@%Agent Orange.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A federal judge in Salt Lake City held, %@AB@%May 10,%@AE@% that the %@AB@%U.S. government had%@EH@%
%@AB@%been negligent%@AE@% in its above-ground testing of %@AB@%nuclear%@AE@% weapons in Nevada from
1951 to 1962.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%June 6,%@AE@% former vice president %@AB@%Walter Mondale claimed victory%@AE@% in his%@EH@%
struggle with Sen. Gary Hart for the %@AB@%Democratic presidental nomination.%@AE@% In a
historic move, %@AB@%July 12, Mondale chose a woman, Rep. Geraldine Ferraro (N.Y.)%@AE@%
to run with him as candidate for %@AB@%vice president.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Reagan, %@AB@%Aug. 11,%@AE@% signed a law prohibiting  public high schools from%@EH@%
barring students who wished to %@AB@%assemble for religious or political
%@AB@%activities outside of school hours.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1985 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The controversial MX missile survived critical votes in the Senate and%@EH@%
House. The %@AB@%Senate,%@AE@% on %@AB@%Mar. 19%@AE@% and %@AB@%21,%@AE@% voted to %@AB@%authorize the missiles%@AE@% and
then to %@AB@%appropriate $1.5 million%@AE@% for the construction of 21 missiles. The
%@AB@%House%@AE@% gave its endorsement %@AB@%Mar. 26%@AE@% and %@AB@%28.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%E.F. Hutton,%@AE@% one of the nation's largest brokerage companies, %@AB@%pleaded%@EH@%
%@AB@%guilty, May 2,%@AE@% to 2,000 %@AB@%federal charges%@AE@% related to the manipulation of its
checking accounts. The company agreed to pay $2 million in fines and to pay
back up to $8 million to banks it had defrauded. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%"Live Aid,"%@AE@% a 17-hour rock concert broadcast %@AB@%July 13%@AE@% on radio and TV from%@EH@%
London and Phila. to 152 countries, raised $70 million for the starving
peoples of Africa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Oct. 7, 5 hijackers seized an Italian cruise ship, the%@AE@% %@AI@%Achille Lauro,%@AE@% in%@EH@%
the open sea as it approached Port Said, Egypt. Some 400 persons were
aboard, including about 340 crew. The hijackers, members of the Palestine
Liberation Front, a faction broken from the PLO, demanded the release of 50
Palestinians held by Israel. On %@AB@%Oct. 9,%@AE@% Egypt said the hijackers had
surrendered to a PLO representative and would be given safe conduct from
Egypt. Italy then announced that a 69-year-old, wheelchair-bound American
had been shot to death and thrown overboard. On %@AB@%Oct. 10,%@AE@% Egyptian Pres.
Hosni Mubarek said the hijackers were in the hands of the PLO. However, they
did not actually leave Egypt until that evening. The Reagan administration
ordered the Egyptian plane intercepted in international air space, and Navy
F-14 fighter jets forced the plane to land in Sicily. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In November, for the first time in 6 years, the leaders of the U.S. and the%@EH@%
Soviet Union met at a %@AB@%summit%@AE@%%@AB@% conference.%@AE@% In Geneva, Switzerland, %@AB@%Pres.
%@AB@%Reagan%@AE@% and %@AB@%Mikhail Gorbachev,%@AE@% the general secretary of the Soviet Communist
Party, talked privately for 5 hours, %@AB@%Nov. 19 and 20,%@AE@% which Pres. Reagan
called "fresh start."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress passed a compromise %@AB@%Gramm-Rudman bill%@AE@%%@AB@%, Dec. 11,%@AE@% that was a%@EH@%
last-ditch effort to end the huge federal deficit. Signed by Pres. Reagan
%@AB@%Dec. 12,%@AE@% it was expected to require an initial $11.7 billion reduction in
the fiscal 1986 budget deficit, then 4 reductions in equal amounts until a
balanced budget was achieved in 1991. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%biggest corporate merger%@AE@%%@AB@% yet,%@AE@% outside the oil industry, was announced%@EH@%
%@AB@%Dec. 11,%@AE@% when General Electric Corp. agreed to buy RCA Corp. for $6.28
billion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1986 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On %@AB@%Jan. 20,%@AE@% for the 1st time, the U.S. officially observed %@AB@%Martin Luther%@EH@%
%@AB@%King Day.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Moments after liftoff, %@AB@%Jan. 28,%@AE@% the %@AB@%space shuttle%@AE@% %@AI@%Challenger%@AE@% %@AB@%exploded,%@EH@%
%@AB@%killing 6 astronauts and Christa McAuliffe, a New Hampshire teacher.%@AE@%
Subsequent investigations found that NASA had abandoned "good judgment and
common sense" regarding safety problems that caused the explosion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S. warplanes struck targets in Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya,%@AE@%%@AB@%Apr.%@EH@%
%@AB@%14%@AE@%--retaliation against the Libyan bombing of a W. Berlin disco that killed
2, injured 200, Apr. 5. On %@AB@%Jan. 7,%@AE@% Pres. Reagan had said that the U.S. had
aborted 26 "terrorist missions" in 1985. In an executive order, he banned
trade with and travel to Libya, ordering Americans out. A 2nd executive
order, %@AB@%Jan. 8,%@AE@% had frozen all Libyan government assets in the U.S. and U.S.
bank branches abroad. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. officials said, %@AB@%June 12, that AIDS%@AE@%%@AB@% cases and deaths would increase%@EH@%
%@AB@%tenfold in the next 5 years.%@AE@% At that time, the government had recorded
21,517 cases, 11,713 deaths. An anti-viral drug, azidothymidine (AZT) was
found to improve the health of some AIDS patient, but was not a cure. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Because of the mounting %@AB@%abuse of illegal drugs%@AE@% in the U.S., specifically%@EH@%
%@AB@%cocaine as "crack,"%@AE@% Congress passed anti-drug laws and the U.S. joined
Bolivia in raids against cocaine processing hideouts. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Supreme Court, July 7, found a key provision of the %@AB@%Gramm-Rudman%@EH@%
%@AB@%"balanced budget" law unconstitutional.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S., %@AB@%via Congress's Sept. override of Pres. Reagan's veto,%@AE@% joined other%@EH@%
nations in imposing %@AB@%economic sanctions on So. Africa,%@AE@% pressuring the Botha
gvt. to end apartheid. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The U.S. Senate confirmed, %@AB@%Sept. 17,%@AE@% Pres. Reagan's nomination of %@AB@%William%@EH@%
%@AB@%Rehnquist as chief justice, Antonin Scalia%@AE@%%@AB@% as associate justice%@AE@%%@AB@% of the
%@AB@%Supreme Court.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress passed, in late %@AB@%Sept.,%@AE@% the comprehensive %@AB@%Tax Reform Law.%@AE@% In effect%@EH@%
in 1987, it simplified the system, drastically changing tax brackets,
deductions, and more. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The U.S. and USSR reached%@AE@% tentative agreement on a %@AB@%world-wide ban of%@EH@%
%@AB@%medium-range missiles, Sept. 18.%@AE@% But hopes of reducing strategic long-range
missiles ended in Iceland in Oct., when Gorbachev called for a limit on the
development of "Star Wars," and Reagan refused it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%One day before the 1986 Congressional elections, it was reported that the%@EH@%
U.S. had sent spare parts and ammunition to Iran. Over the next months it
was revealed that %@AB@%additional arms sales had been made to Iran,%@AE@% and %@AB@%profits
%@AB@%diverted to a fund for Nicaraguan contras.%@AE@% This brought on the worst crisis
in the Reagan administration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the %@AB@%Congressional races, Nov. 4, Democrats won a 55-45 Senate majority,%@AE@%%@EH@%
after 6 yrs. of a Republican majority, and %@AB@%enlarged their House majority by
%@AB@%5, to 258-177.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The most scandalous year in Wall Street history ended with %@AB@%Ivan Boesky's%@EH@%
%@AB@%agreeing, Nov. 14,%@AE@% to %@AB@%plead guilty to an unspecified criminal count, pay a
%@AB@%$100 million fine, and return profits;%@AE@% he was barred for life from trading
securities.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1987 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pres. Reagan produced the nation's first %@AB@%trillion-dollar budget%@AE@%%@AB@%, Jan. 5.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The stock market continued its phenomenal rise. The %@AB@%Dow%@AE@%%@AB@% closed at 2002.25,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Jan. 8,%@AE@% its first finish above 2000. The Dow advanced for 13 consecutive
trading days, another record; %@AB@%Jan. 20;%@AE@% the average soared 51.60 points, %@AB@%Jan.
%@AB@%22,%@AE@% a one-day record. At month's end, the cumulative advance was more than
250 points, yet another record. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Condom ads%@AE@% became prominent in the U.S. media in Jan., reflecting concern%@EH@%
for "safe sex" to prevent AIDS. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%Tower Commission Report, Feb. 27,%@AE@% found %@AB@%Pres. Reagan confused and%@EH@%
%@AB@%uninformed;%@AE@% and further faulted White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan;
former Natl. Security Adviser Robert McFarlane; his successor Adm. John
Poindexter; and CIA Director William Casey. Casey had resigned, Feb. 2, on
doctors' discovery of a brain tumor; McFarlane attempted suicide, Feb. 9;
Regan resigned, Feb. 27. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An %@AB@%Iraqi warplane missile killed 37 sailors%@AE@% on the frigate U.S.S. Stark in%@EH@%
the Persian Gulf, %@AB@%May 27.%@AE@% Iraq called it an accident. The Stark's officers
were found negligent, June 14. The U.S. escorted Kuwaiti oil tankers to the
Gulf, reflagging them for the U.S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Public hearings%@AE@% by the Senate and House committees investigating the%@EH@%
%@AB@%Iran-contra affair%@AE@% went on from %@AB@%May-Aug.%@AE@% Former CIA Director Casey died, May
6, 5 months after brain surgery; Lt. Col. Oliver North, a media sensation,
said he had believed all his activities authorized by his superiors;
Poindexter said his own purpose had been "to provide some future deniability
for the president . . . "; Shultz said Casey, McFarlane, and Poindexter had
lied to him and deceived Pres. Reagan. Pres. Reagan, Aug. 12, said he had
been "stubborn in pursuit of a policy that went astray," but again denied
knowing of the funds' diversion to the contras. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wall Street crashed%@AE@%%@AB@%, Oct. 19,%@AE@% the Dow plummeting a record 508 points--22.6%@EH@%
percent--after a record high of 2722.42, Aug. 25; a 200-point drop by Oct.,
called a correction by most; and drops of 91.55, Oct. 6; 95.46, Oct. 14; and
108.36, Oct. 16. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Senate, Oct. 23, rejected Pres. Reagan's nomination of RobertⁿBork to%@EH@%
%@AB@%the Supreme Court.%@AE@% The Judiciary Committee, Oct. 15, had found Bork unfit,
due to insensitivity to individual rights and liberties. The 58-42 vote was
the biggest margin of rejection for the position in history. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pres. Reagan%@AE@% and %@AB@%Soviet leader Gorbachev%@AE@% met in Wash., %@AB@%Dec. 8,%@AE@% and signed %@AB@%an%@EH@%
%@AB@%unprecedented agreement%@AE@% calling for the %@AB@%dismantling of all 1,752 U.S. and
%@AB@%859 Soviet missiles with a 300-3,400-mile range.%@AE@% The leaders agreed to meet
in Moscow in 1988.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Federal grand juries in Miami and Tampa returned %@AB@%indictments, Feb. 4,%@AE@%%@EH@%
against %@AB@%Gen. Manuel Noriega,%@AE@% the effective ruler of Panama, charging that he
had protected and otherwise assisted the Medellin drug cartel, linked to 80
percent of the cocaine smuggled into the U.S. Attempts by the U.S. to oust
Noriega plunged Panama into political and economic turmoil. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nearly %@AB@%1.4 million illegal aliens%@AE@% met the %@AB@%May 4%@AE@% deadline for applying for%@EH@%
%@AB@%amnesty%@AE@% under a U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service policy. It was
estimated that more than half the applications were in Calif., and that,
nationwide, about 71 percent of the aliens had entered the U.S. from Mexico.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress approved, in June, the greatest %@AB@%expansion%@AE@% ever of %@AB@%Medicare%@AE@%%@EH@%
benefits, by protecting the %@AB@%elderly and disabled against "catastrophic"%@AE@%%@AB@%
%@AB@%medical costs.%@AE@% Beneficiaries would bear the cost, estimated at more than $32
billion in 5 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Much of the U.S. suffered the worst %@AB@%drought%@AE@% in more than 50 years, during%@EH@%
the %@AB@%spring,%@AE@% with the northern Great Plains and Southeast especially
hard-hit. By June 23, one-half of the nation's agricultural counties had
been designated disaster areas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A missile, fired from the %@AB@%U.S. Navy warship%@AE@% %@AI@%Vincennes,%@AE@% in the Persian Gulf,%@EH@%
%@AB@%struck and destroyed a commercial Iranian airliner%@AE@%%@AB@%, July 3, killing all 290
%@AB@%persons%@AE@% on the plane. Navy personnel had mistaken the airliner for an
Iranian F-14 jet fighter. Although the Pentagon first said that the plane
was outside its designated commercial air corridor, headed directly for the
%@AI@%Vincennes,%@AE@% and descending, this was subsequently disproven. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fire destroyed about 4 million acres of forest land %@AB@%throughout the west,%@EH@%
%@AB@%including Alaska, during the late summer. Property damage was also
%@AB@%considerable.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Failures at nuclear-power plants%@AE@% posed problems across the U.S., according%@EH@%
to congressional testimony, starting %@AB@%Sept. 30.%@AE@% Problems cited including
aging equipment, poor management and training, and lax safety standards. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Bush,%@AE@% vice president under Ronald Reagan, %@AB@%was elected 41st U.S.%@EH@%
%@AB@%president%@AE@%%@AB@%, Nov. 8.%@AE@% Bush defeated the Democratic nominee, Gov. Michael
Dukakis (Mass.), by 54 to 46 percent of the popular vote, and 426 electoral
votes to Dukakis's 112. %@AB@%Sen. Dan Quayle%@AE@% (Ind.) was the successful vice
presidential nominee; Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (Tex.) was the Democratic nominee
for v.p. Democrats continued to control both houses of Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The securities co. %@AB@%Drexel Burnham Lambert%@AE@% agreed, %@AB@%Dec. 21, to plead guilty%@EH@%
%@AB@%to 6 violations of federal law,%@AE@% inc. insider trading, stock manipulation,
and falsified records; and %@AB@%to pay penalties of $650 million,%@AE@% by far the
largest such settlement.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                   %@AS@%1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Labor Dept. reported, %@AB@%Jan. 6,%@AE@% that %@AB@%unemployment%@AE@%%@AB@% was 5.3%, a 14-year low,%@AE@%%@EH@%
at the end of %@AB@%1988.%@AE@% For the year as a whole, the economy grew at 3.8%, its
strongest showing in 4 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ronald Brown%@AE@% was elected %@AB@%chairman of the Democratic Natl. Committee, Feb.%@EH@%
%@AB@%10;%@AE@% he was the first black to lead a major American political party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%largest oil spill in U.S. history%@AE@% occurred after the %@AI@%Exxon Valdez%@AE@% struck%@EH@%
Bligh Reef in %@AB@%Alaska's Prince William Sound, Mar. 24.%@AE@% The off-course tanker
was being piloted by the third mate instead of by the captain, Joseph
Hazelwood. Exxon Corp. announced, Mar. 25, that it accepted full financial
responsibility for the spill, initially estimated at 240,000 barrels, then
announced, Mar. 28, that the spill could not be contained; as of Mar. 29,
the spill extended 45 miles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An officially-estimated %@AB@%300,000 people marched in Washington, D.C., Apr. 9,%@AE@%%@EH@%
advocating a %@AB@%woman's right to choose to have an abortion.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Former Natl. Security Council staff member %@AB@%Oliver North%@AE@% became the first%@EH@%
person, %@AB@%May 4, convicted in a jury trial%@AE@% in connection with the %@AB@%Iran-contra%@AE@%
scandal. The jury acquitted North on 9 charges, found him guilty of 3:
aiding and abetting the obstruction of Congress; altering, destroying,
removing, or concealing NSC documents; receiving as an illegal gratuity a
$13,800 security system for his home. North received, July 6, a 3-year
suspended prison sentence, 2 years' probation, a $150,000 fine, and an order
to perform 1,200 hours of community service. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%House speaker%@AE@%%@AB@% Jim Wright (D. Tex.),%@AE@% who faced 69 ethical charges, announced%@EH@%
his %@AB@%resignation as speaker and from the House, May 31. Rep. Tony Coehlho (D.
%@AB@%Calif.),%@AE@% also under scrutiny, announced his %@AB@%resignation as majority whip and
%@AB@%from the House.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%U.S. Supreme Court%@AE@% announced, %@AB@%July 3,%@AE@% its 5-4 decision to put new%@EH@%
%@AB@%restraints%@AE@% on a %@AB@%woman's right to have an abortion,%@AE@% although it did not
overturn Roe v. Wade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jack Kemp, secy. of %@AB@%Housing and Urban Development,%@AE@% acknowledged, %@AB@%July 11,%@AE@%%@EH@%
that an estimated %@AB@%$2 billion%@AE@% had been lost due to %@AB@%fraud and mismanagement%@AE@%
during the tenure of his predecessor %@AB@%Samuel Pierce.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Legislation passed by Congress to %@AB@%rescue the savings and loan industry%@AE@% was%@EH@%
signed into law, %@AB@%Aug. 9,%@AE@% by Pres. George Bush. The bill provided $166
billion over 10 years to close or merge insolvent S&Ls. The total cost was
put at $400 billion over 30 years, most of which would be paid by taxpayers.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Army Gen. Colin Powell%@AE@% was nominated by Pres. Bush, %@AB@%Aug. 10,%@AE@% to serve as%@EH@%
%@AB@%chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;%@AE@% he became the first black to hold the
post. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hurricane%@AE@% Hugo swept through the Caribbean and into S. Carolina, %@AB@%Sept.%@EH@%
%@AB@%21-22,%@AE@% causing more than 50 deaths and immense property damage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Stock prices,%@AE@% advancing fairly steadily since their big plunge in Oct. 1987,%@EH@%
%@AB@%suddenly fell again in Oct. 1989,%@AE@% the Dow Jones dropping 190.58 points to a
close of 2,569.26, the 2d highest one-day decline in points ever. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Minutes before the start of the 3d game of the 1989 World Series between the%@EH@%
San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics, %@AB@%Oct. 17,%@AE@% an %@AB@%earthquake%@AE@%%@AB@%
%@AB@%struck the San Francisco%@AE@%%@AB@% Bay area,%@AE@% causing at least 59 deaths and massive
property damage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Figures in American Folklore %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Johnny Appleseed:%@AE@% John Chapman, 1774-1845; according to legend, wandered%@EH@%
through Ohio, Indiana, and W. Pennsylvania for 40 years, sowing seeds that
produced the Midwest orchards. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%P(hineas) T. Barnum:%@AE@% 1810-1891; showman known for extravagant ads and%@EH@%
exhibits of "freaks," including Tom Thumb and the original Siamese Twins;
his circus, "The Greatest Show on Earth," opened in 1871, in 1881 merged
with its chief competitor to become Barnum & Bailey. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Judge Roy Bean:%@AE@% c. 1825-1903; frontier trader, cattle rustler, gambler,%@EH@%
saloon keeper; in 1882 in Texas he named himself justice of the peace and
set up court in his saloon, rendering unorthodox decisions with one law book
and a six-shooter, wit, and common sense. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Billy the Kid:%@AE@% William H. Bonney, 1859-1881; range war gunman and cattle%@EH@%
rustler accused of 21 murders, the first before he reached his teens. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nellie Bly:%@AE@% Elizabeth Seaman, 1867-1922; %@AI@%New York World%@AE@% reporter who%@EH@%
traveled around the world in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes in 1889-90,
beating the record of the fictional Phileas Fogg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Bonnie & Clyde:%@AE@% Clyde Barrow, 1909-1934, and Bonnie Parker, 1910-1934;%@EH@%
outlaws accused of 12 murders during a 2-year robbery spree in the
Southwest. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lizzie Borden:%@AE@% 1860-1927; 32-year-old spinster accused of killing her%@EH@%
stepmother and father by hacking them with an ax; tried and found not
guilty; she was popularly believed guilty. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel Boone:%@AE@% 1734-1820; frontiersman who blazed the Wilderness Road and%@EH@%
founded Boonesboro, Kentucky, which he helped defend against the Indians in
1779; many legendary adventures were disproved. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jim Bowie:%@AE@% 1796-1836; frontiersman, soldier, and popular hero of the Texas%@EH@%
Revolution, killed at the Alamo; either he or his brother Rezin invented the
Bowie knife. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Diamond Jim Brady:%@AE@% James Buchanan Brady, 1856-1917; financier and bon%@EH@%
vivant, noted for ample girth and lavish life-style. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Brown:%@AE@% 1800-1859; abolitionist who led a raid on the federal arsenal at%@EH@%
Harper's Ferry, Virginia, 1859; captured and tried for treason, his dignity
and high moral tone in court won Northern sympathy and when convicted and
hanged he became a martyr to the antislavery cause. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Buffalo Bill:%@AE@% William Cody, 1846-1917; army scout, buffalo hunter, Indian%@EH@%
fighter, and showman who organized Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, featuring
fancy shooting, a buffalo hunt, Annie Oakley, and Chief Sitting Bull. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Paul Bunyan:%@AE@% legendary lumberjack of fantastic size and strength, the hero%@EH@%
of many tall tales popular in the Western timber country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kit Carson:%@AE@% Christopher Carson, 1809-1868; frontiersman, soldier, and Indian%@EH@%
agent who guided John C. Fremont's expeditions into Wyoming and California,
1842-46. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Calamity Jane:%@AE@% Martha Jane Canary, 1852-1903; frontier character who in 1876%@EH@%
appeared in Deadwood, S. Dakota dressed in men's clothes, boasting of her
exploits as a pony express rider and Army scout. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Casey Jones:%@AE@% John Luther Jones, 1864-1900; locomotive engineer celebrated in%@EH@%
song, who got his nickname from his Cayce, Kentucky workplace; driving the
Cannon Ball express from Memphis to Canton, Mississippi, he applied the
brakes in time to save the lives of the passengers in a wreck at Vaughn,
Mississippi, but he was killed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Davey Crockett:%@AE@% 1786-1836; a hero of frontier America, he fought in the%@EH@%
Creek War under Andrew Jackson, was elected to the Tennessee legislature and
the U.S. Congress, joined the Texas independence forces, and was killed at
the Alamo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wyatt Earp:%@AE@% 1848-1929; law officer and gunfighter who was involved with his%@EH@%
brothers and Doc Holliday in the controversial shootout at the OK Corral,
1881, Tombstone, Arizona. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Wild Bill Hickok:%@AE@% James Butler Hickok, 1837-1876; frontier marshal in Hays%@EH@%
and Abilene, Kansas, who gained repute as a marksman and became a legend
after his murder in Deadwood, S. Dakota by outlaw Jack McCall. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%John Henry:%@AE@% legendary black man celebrated for his strength in ballads and%@EH@%
tales; in one version of his story, he succeeded in outworking a steam drill
but died from the strain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hiawatha:%@AE@% c. 1550; chief of the Onandaga Indians, credited with founding the%@EH@%
Iroquois Confederacy, and the hero of a well-known poem by Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jesse James:%@AE@% 1847-1882; outlaw who led his gang in daring bank and train%@EH@%
robberies in the Midwest from 1866. He was murdered by Robert Ford, one of
his gang. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Annie Oakley:%@AE@% Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee, 1860-1926; rifle and shotgun%@EH@%
markswoman who was the star attraction of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show,
1885-1902. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pocahontas:%@AE@% c. 1595-1617; daughter of Chief Powhatan, she was said to have%@EH@%
saved the life of Capt. John Smith at Jamestown as Powhatan was about to
execute him. Later held hostage at Jamestown for the return of her father's
English prisoners, she became a Christian and in 1614 married a settler,
John Rolfe; in 1616 Rolfe took her to England, where she was received as a
princess; she died during the trip home, and was buried at Gravesend,
England. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Betsy Ross:%@AE@% 1752-1846; seamstress who made flags during the American%@EH@%
Revolution; however, the legend that she designed and made the first
American national flag is generally discredited. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Uncle Remus:%@AE@% main character in %@AI@%Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings,%@AE@% by%@EH@%
Joel Chandler Harris, 1880, based on oral tales of southern blacks. Uncle
Remus is depicted as a benign autocratic figure spinning animal fables to a
white boy on a plantation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Squanto:%@AE@% d. 1622; Indian of the Pawtuxet tribe who was kidnapped by Capt.%@EH@%
Thomas Hunt in 1615, lived in Eng-land, and returned in 1619; he later acted
as interpretor in concluding a treaty between the Pilgrim settlers and
Massasoit, became friendly with the Plymouth colonists, and helped them,
especially with planting and fishing. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Belle Starr:%@AE@% Myra Belle Shirley, 1848-1889; woman who led a band of cattle%@EH@%
rustlers and horse thieves that made regular raids on Oklahoma ranches.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Declaration of Independence %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congressin%@EH@%
Philadelphia, on July 4, 1776. John Hancock was president of the Congress
and Charles Thomson was secretary. A copy of the Declaration, engrossed on
parchment, was signed by members of Congress on and after Aug. 2, 1776. On
Jan. 18, 1777, Congress ordered that "an authenticated copy, with the names
of the members of Congress subscribing the same, be sent to each of the
United States, and that they be desired to have the same put upon record."
Authenticated copies were printed in broadside form in Baltimore, where the
Continental Congress was then in session. The following text is that of the
original printed by John Dunlap at Philadelphia for the Continental
Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to%@EH@%
dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to
assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to
which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent Respect
to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should declare the causes
which impel them to the Separation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal,%@EH@%
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness--That to secure
these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just
Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its
Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to
them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence,
indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed
for light and transient Causes; and accordingly all Experience hath shewn,
that Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than
to right themselves by abolishing the Forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the
same Object, evinces a Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is
their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide
new Guards for their future Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance
of these Colonies; and such is now the Necessity which constrains them to
alter their former Systems of Government. The History of the present King of
Great-Britain is a History of repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having
in direct Object the Establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.
To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid World. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the%@EH@%
public Good. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing%@EH@%
Importance, unless suspended in their Operation till his Assent should be
obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has refused to pass other Laws for the Accommodation of large Districts%@EH@%
of People, unless those People would relinquish the Right of Representation
in the Legislature, a Right inestimable to them, and formidable to Tyrants
only. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has called together Legislative Bodies at Places unusual, uncomfortable,%@EH@%
and distant from the Depository of their Public Records, for the sole
Purpose of fatiguing them into Compliance with his Measures. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly%@EH@%
Firmness his Invasions on the Rights of the People. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has refused for a long Time, after such Dissolutions, to cause others to%@EH@%
be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have
returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in
the mean time exposed to all the Dangers of Invasion from without, and
Convulsions within. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has endeavoured to prevent the Population of these States; for that%@EH@%
Purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to
pass others to encourage their Migrations hither, and raising the Conditions
of new Appropriations of Lands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to%@EH@%
Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the Tenure of their%@EH@%
Offices, and the Amount and payment of their Salaries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has erected a Multitude of new Offices, and sent hither Swarms of%@EH@%
Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their Substance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the%@EH@%
consent of our Legislatures. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has affected to render the Military independent of, and superior to the%@EH@%
Civil Power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has combined with others to subject us to a Jurisdiction foreign to our%@EH@%
Constitution, and unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their
Acts of pretended Legislation: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among us: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which%@EH@%
they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For cutting off our Trade with all Parts of the World: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For depriving us, in many Cases, of the Benefits of Trial by Jury: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended Offences: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province,%@EH@%
establishing therein an arbitrary Government, and enlarging its Boundaries,
so as to render it at once an Example and fit Instrument for introducing the
same absolute Rule into these Colonies: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and%@EH@%
altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with%@EH@%
Power to legislate for us in all Cases whatsoever. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and%@EH@%
waging War against us. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has plundered our Seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and%@EH@%
destroyed the Lives of our People. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He is, at this Time, transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to%@EH@%
complete the works of Death, Desolation, and Tyranny, already begun with
circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most
barbarous Ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized Nation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to%@EH@%
bear Arms against their Country, to become the Executioners of their Friends
and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He has excited domestic Insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to%@EH@%
bring on the Inhabitants of our Frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages,
whose known Rule of Warfare, is an undistinguished Destruction, of all Ages,
Sexes and Conditions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In every stage of these Oppressions we have Petitioned for Redress in the%@EH@%
most humble Terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by
repeated Injury. A Prince, whose Character is thus marked by every act which
may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the Ruler of a free People. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nor have we been wanting in Attentions to our British Brethren. We have%@EH@%
warned them from Time to Time of Attempts by their Legislature to extend an
unwarrantable Jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the
Circumstances of our Emigration and Settlement here. We have appealed to
their native Justice and Magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the Ties
of our common Kindred to disavow these Usurpations, which, would inevitably
interrupt our Connections and Correspondence. They too have been deaf to the
Voice of Justice and of Consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the
Necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the
rest of Mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace, Friends. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%We, therefore, the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in%@EH@%
General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for
the Rectitude of our Intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the
good People of these Colonies, solemnly Publish and Declare, That these
United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States;
that they are absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that
all political Connection between them and the State of Great-Britain, is and
ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they
have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish
Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may
of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm Reliance
on the Protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our
lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%JOHN HANCOCK, President%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Attest.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary.%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Signers of the Declaration of Independence%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   58  7105 02 36 21 35 16 16 @%Delegate and state                  Vocation             Birthplace                         Born            Died%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Adams, John (Mass.)                 Lawyer               Braintree (Quincy), Mass.          Oct. 30, 1735   July 4, 1826Adams, Samuel (Mass.)               Political leader     Boston, Mass.                      Sept. 27, 1722  Oct. 2, 1803Bartlett, Josiah (N.H.)             Physician, judge     Amesbury, Mass.                    Nov. 21, 1729   May 19, 1795Braxton, Carter (Va.)               Farmer               Newington Plantation, Va.          Sept. 10, 1736  Oct. 10, 1797Carroll, Chas. of Carrollton (Md.)  Lawyer               Annapolis, Md.                     Sept. 19, 1737  Nov. 14, 1832Chase, Samuel (Md.)                 Judge                Princess Anne, Md.                 Apr. 17, 1741   June 19, 1811Clark, Abraham (N.J.)               Surveyor             Roselle, N.J.                      Feb. 15, 1726   Sept. 15, 1794Clymer, George (Pa.)                Merchant             Philadelphia, Pa.                  Mar. 16, 1739   Jan. 23, 1813Ellery, William (R.I.)              Lawyer               Newport, R.I.                      Dec. 22, 1727   Feb. 15, 1820Floyd, William (N.Y.)               Soldier              Brookhaven, N.Y.                   Dec. 17, 1734   Aug. 4, 1821Franklin, Benjamin(Pa.)             Printer, publisher   Boston, Mass.                      Jan. 17, 1706   Apr. 17, 1790Gerry, Elbridge (Mass.)             Merchant             Marblehead, Mass.                  July 17, 1744   Nov. 23, 1814Gwinnett, Button (Ga.)              Merchant             Down Hatherly, England             c. 1735         May 19, 1777Hall, Lyman (Ga.)                   Physician            Wallingford, Conn.                 Apr. 12, 1724   Oct. 19, 1790Hancock, John (Mass.)               Merchant             Braintree (Quincy), Mass.          Jan. 12, 1737   Oct. 8, 1793Harrison, Benjamin (Va.)            Farmer               Berkeley, Va.                      Apr. 5, 1726    Apr. 24, 1791Hart, John (N.J.)                   Farmer               Stonington, Conn.                  c. 1711         May 11, 1779Hewes, Joseph (N.C.)                Merchant             Princeton, N.J.                    Jan. 23, 1730   Nov. 10, 1779Heyward, Thos. Jr. (S.C.)           Lawyer, farmer       St. Luke's Parish, S.C.            July 28, 1746   Mar. 6, 1809Hooper, William (N.C.)              Lawyer               Boston, Mass.                      June 28, 1742   Oct. 14, 1790Hopkins, Stephen (R.I.)             Judge, educator      Providence, R.I.                   Mar. 7, 1707    July 13, 1785Hopkinson, Francis (N.J.)           Judge, author        Philadelphia, Pa.                  Sept. 21, 1737  May 9, 1791Huntington, Samuel (Conn.)          Judge                Windham County, Conn.              July 3, 1731    Jan. 5, 1796Jefferson, Thomas (Va.)             Lawyer               Shadwell, Va.                      Apr. 13, 1743   July 4, 1826Lee, Francis Lightfoot (Va.)        Farmer               Westmoreland County, Va.           Oct. 14, 1734   Jan. 11, 1797Lee, Richard Henry (Va.)            Farmer               Westmoreland County, Va.           Jan. 20, 1732   June 19, 1794Lewis, Francis (N.Y.)               Merchant             Llandaff, Wales                    Mar., 1713      Dec. 31, 1802Livingston, Philip (N.Y.)           Merchant             Albany, N.Y.                       Jan. 15, 1716   June 12, 1778Lynch, Thomas Jr. (S.C.)            Farmer               Winyah, S.C.                       Aug. 5, 1749    (at sea) 1779McKean, Thomas (Del.)               Lawyer               New London, Pa.                    Mar. 19, 1734   June 24, 1817Middleton, Arthur (S.C.)            Farmer               Charleston, S.C.                   June 26, 1742   Jan. 1, 1787Morris, Lewis (N.Y.)                Farmer               Morrisania (Bronx County), N.Y.    Apr. 8, 1726    Jan. 22, 1798Morris, Robert (Pa.)                Merchant             Liverpool, England                 Jan. 20, 1734   May 9, 1806Morton, John (Pa.)                  Judge                Ridley, Pa.                        1724            Apr., 1777Nelson, Thos. Jr. (Va.)             Farmer               Yorktown, Va.                      Dec. 26, 1738   Jan. 4, 1789Paca, William (Md.)                 Judge                Abingdon, Md.                      Oct. 31, 1740   Oct. 23, 1799Paine, Robert Treat (Mass.)         Judge                Boston, Mass.                      Mar. 11, 1731   May 12, 1814Penn, John (N.C.)                   Lawyer               Near Port Royal, Va.               May 17, 1741    Sept. 14, 1788Read, George (Del.)                 Judge                Near North East, Md.               Sept. 18, 1733  Sept. 21, 1798Rodney, Caesar (Del.)               Judge                Dover, Del.                        Oct. 7, 1728    June 29, 1784Ross, George (Pa.)                  Judge                New Castle, Del.                   May 10, 1730    July 14, 1779Rush, Benjamin (Pa.)                Physician            Byberry, Pa. (Philadelphia)        Dec. 24, 1745   Apr. 19, 1813 Rutledge, Edward (S.C.)             Lawyer               Charleston, S.C.                   Nov. 23, 1749   Jan. 23, 1800Sherman, Roger (Conn.)              Lawyer               Newton, Mass.                      Apr. 19, 1721   July 23, 1793Smith, James (Pa.)                  Lawyer               Dublin, Ireland                    c. 1719         July 11, 1806Stockton, Richard (N.J.)            Lawyer               Near Princeton, N.J.               Oct. 1, 1730    Feb. 28, 1781Stone, Thomas (Md.)                 Lawyer               Charles County, Md.                1743            Oct. 5, 1787Taylor, George (Pa.)                Ironmaster           Ireland                            1716            Feb. 23, 1781Thornton, Matthew (N.H.)            Physician            Ireland                            1714            June 24, 1803Walton, George (Ga.)                Judge                Prince Edward County, Va.          1741            Feb. 2, 1804Whipple, William (N.H.)             Merchant, judge      Kittery, Me.                       Jan. 14, 1730   Nov. 28, 1785Williams, William (Conn.)           Merchant             Lebanon, Conn.                     Apr. 23, 1731   Aug. 2, 1811Wilson, James (Pa.)                 Judge                Carskerdo, Scotland                Sept. 14, 1742  Aug. 28, 1798Witherspoon, John (N.J.)            Clergyman, educator  Gifford, Scotland                  Feb. 5, 1723    Nov. 15, 1794Wolcott, Oliver (Conn.)             Judge                Windsor, Conn.                     Dec. 1, 1726    Dec. 1, 1797Wythe, George (Va.)                 Lawyer               Elizabeth City Co. (Hampton), Va.  1726            June 8, 1806%@TE:   58  7105 02 36 21 35 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Constitution of the United States %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%The Original 7 Articles %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%PREAMBLE %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union,%@EH@%
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common
defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this Constitution for
the United States of America. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%ARTICLE I. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%              %@AS@%Section 1--Legislative powers; in whom vested: %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the%@EH@%
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 2--House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen. Qualifications%@EH@%
%@AS@%of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned.
%@AS@%Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of
%@AS@%impeachment. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every%@EH@%
second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each
State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
numerous branch of the State Legislature. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the%@EH@%
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in
which he shall be chosen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. %@AI@%(Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several%@EH@%
%@AI@%States which may be included within this Union, according to their
%@AI@%respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number
%@AI@%of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and
%@AI@%excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.) (The
%@AI@%previous sentence was superseded by Amendment XIV, section 2.)%@AE@% The actual
enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of
Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each
State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration
shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three,
Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one,
Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South
Carolina five, and Georgia three. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive%@EH@%
Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other%@EH@%
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 3--Senators, how and by whom chosen. How classified. Qualifications%@EH@%
%@AS@%of a Senator. President of the Senate, his right to vote. President pro
%@AS@%tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen. Power to try
%@AS@%impeachments. When President is tried, Chief Justice to preside. Sentence. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from%@EH@%
each State, %@AI@%(chosen by the Legislature thereof), (The preceding five words
%@AI@%were superseded by Amendment XVII, section 1.)%@AE@% for six years; and each
Senator shall have one vote. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first%@EH@%
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The
seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration
of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth
year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that
one-third may be chosen every second year; %@AI@%(and if vacancies happen by
%@AI@%resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any
%@AI@%State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next
%@AI@%meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.) (The
%@AI@%words in parentheses were superseded by Amendment XVII, section 2.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of%@EH@%
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall
be chosen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate,%@EH@%
but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro%@EH@%
tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the
office of President of the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When%@EH@%
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside:
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of
the members present. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal%@EH@%
from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor,
trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall
nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and
punishment, according to law. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 4--Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed. One session%@EH@%
%@AS@%each year. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and%@EH@%
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature
thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such
regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting%@EH@%
shall %@AI@%(be on the first Monday in December,) (The words in parentheses were
%@AI@%superseded by Amendment XX, section 2).%@AE@% unless they shall by law appoint a
different day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 5--Membership, quorum, adjournments, rules. Power to punish or%@EH@%
%@AS@%expel. Journal. Time of adjournments, how limited, etc. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and%@EH@%
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a
quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such
manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members%@EH@%
for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a
member. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time%@EH@%
publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require
secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any
question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on
the journal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent%@EH@%
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than
that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@% %@AS@%Section 6--Compensation, privileges, disqualifications in certain cases. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their%@EH@%
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the
United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of
the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session
of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and
for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in
any other place. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was%@EH@%
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have
been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the
United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in
office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 7--House to originate all revenue bills. Veto. Bill may be passed by%@EH@%
%@AS@%two-thirds of each House, notwithstanding, etc. Bill, not returned in ten
%@AS@%days, to become a law. Provisions as to orders, concurrent resolutions, etc.
%@AS@%%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of%@EH@%
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on
other bills. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the%@EH@%
Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the
United States; if he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return
it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to
reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to
the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved
by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases
the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names
of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the
journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the
President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been
presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had
signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in
which case it shall not be a law. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate%@EH@%
and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of
adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House
of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the
case of a bill. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Section 8--Powers of Congress. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Congress shall have power %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the%@EH@%
debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United
States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the
United States; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several%@EH@%
States, and with the Indian tribes; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on%@EH@%
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and%@EH@%
fix the standard of weights and measures; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and%@EH@%
current coin of the United States; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for%@EH@%
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high%@EH@%
seas, and offenses against the law of nations; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make%@EH@%
rules concerning captures on land and water; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that%@EH@%
use shall be for a longer term than two years; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     13. To provide and maintain a navy; %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and%@EH@%
naval forces; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the%@EH@%
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia,%@EH@%
and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the
officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the
discipline prescribed by Congress; %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over%@EH@%
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the
Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all
places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards,
and other needful buildings;--And %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%     18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying%@EH@%
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or
officer thereof. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 9--Provision as to migration or importation of certain persons.%@EH@%
%@AS@%Habeas corpus, bills of attainder, etc. Taxes, how apportioned. No export
%@AS@%duty. No commercial preference. Money, how drawn from Treasury, etc. No
%@AS@%titular nobility. Officers not to receive presents, etc. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now%@EH@%
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax
or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for
each person. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless%@EH@%
when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion%@EH@%
to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. %@AI@%(Modified
%@AI@%by Amendment XVI.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to%@EH@%
the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or
from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of%@EH@%
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time
to time. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person%@EH@%
holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent
of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%    %@AS@%Section 10--States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant%@EH@%
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make
anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any
bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of
contracts, or grant any title of nobility. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or%@EH@%
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for
executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and
imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of
the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the
revision and control of the Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage,%@EH@%
keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or
compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war,
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of
delay. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%ARTICLE II. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 1--President: his term of office. Electors of President; number and%@EH@%
%@AS@%how appointed. Electors to vote on same day. Qualification of President. On
%@AS@%whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. President's
%@AS@%compensation. His oath of office. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States%@EH@%
of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and
together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as
follows %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may%@EH@%
direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no
Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit
under the United States shall be appointed an elector. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote ballot for two%@EH@%
%@AI@%persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State
%@AI@%with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for,
%@AI@%and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify,
%@AI@%and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States,
%@AI@%directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall,
%@AI@%in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
%@AI@%certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the
%@AI@%greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a
%@AI@%majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more
%@AI@%than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the
%@AI@%House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for
%@AI@%President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on
%@AI@%the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in
%@AI@%choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
%@AI@%representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose
%@AI@%shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a
%@AI@%majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case,
%@AI@%after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of
%@AI@%votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should
%@AI@%remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them
%@AI@%by ballot the Vice President.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(This clause was superseded by Amendment XII.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. The Congress may detemine the time of choosing the electors, and the day%@EH@%
on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout
the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United%@EH@%
States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible
to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that
office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been
fourteen years a resident within the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(For qualification of the Vice President, see Amendment XII.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,%@EH@%
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may
by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability,
both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then
act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the
disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(This clause has been modified by Amendments XX and XXV.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a%@EH@%
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within
that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the%@EH@%
following oath or affirmation: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office%@EH@%
%@AI@%of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability,
%@AI@%preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 2--President to be Commander-in-Chief. He may require opinions of%@EH@%
%@AS@%cabinet officers, etc., may pardon. Treaty-making power. Nomination of
%@AS@%certain officers. When President may fill vacancies. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the%@EH@%
United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into
the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon
any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United
States, except in cases of impeachment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to%@EH@%
make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he
shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall
appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such
inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the
courts of law, or in the heads of departments. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen%@EH@%
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire
at the end of their next session. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 3--President shall communicate to Congress. He may convene and%@EH@%
%@AS@%adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc. Shall receive ambassadors,
%@AS@%execute laws, and commission officers. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of%@EH@%
the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occassions, convene
both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them,
with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as
he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public
ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and
shall commission all the officers of the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%        %@AS@%Section 4-All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States,%@EH@%
shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%ARTICLE III. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%            %@AS@%Section 1--Judicial powers, Tenure. Compensation. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme%@EH@%
Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts,
shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times,
receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished
during their continuance in office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 2--Judicial power; to what cases it extends. Original jurisdiction%@EH@%
%@AS@%of Supreme Court; appellate jurisdiction. Trial by jury, etc. Trial, where. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising%@EH@%
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made,
or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty
and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall
be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and
citizens of another State; between citizens of different States, between
citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States,
and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens
or subjects. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(This section is modified by Amendment XI.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,%@EH@%
and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such
exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by%@EH@%
jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall
have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial
shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%           %@AS@%Section 3--Treason Defined, Proof of, Punishment of. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war%@EH@%
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two
witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but%@EH@%
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except
during the life of the person attainted. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%ARTICLE IV. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 1--Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc., of every%@EH@%
%@AS@%other State. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts,%@EH@%
records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may
by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 2--Privileges of citizens of each State. Fugitives from justice to%@EH@%
%@AS@%be delivered up. Persons held to service having escaped, to be delivered up.
%@AS@%%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and%@EH@%
immunities of citizens in the several States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who%@EH@%
shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of
the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to
be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof,%@EH@%
%@AI@%escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation
%@AI@%therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up
%@AI@%on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.) (This
%@AI@%clause was superseded by Amendment XIII.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 3--Admission of new States. Power of Congress over territory and%@EH@%
%@AS@%other property. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new%@EH@%
State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State;
nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of
States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as
well as of the Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules%@EH@%
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the
United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Section 4--Republican form of government guaranteed. Each state to be%@EH@%
%@AS@%protected. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican%@EH@%
form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on
application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature
cannot be convened) against domestic violence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%ARTICLE V. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Constitution: how amended; proviso. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary,%@EH@%
shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the
Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention
for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all
intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the
Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be
proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect
the first and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and
that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
in the Senate. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%ARTICLE VI. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Certain debts, etc., declared valid. Supremacy of Constitution, treaties,%@EH@%
%@AS@%and laws of the United States. Oath to support Constitution, by whom taken.
%@AS@%No religious test. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of%@EH@%
this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this
Constitution, as under the Confederation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made%@EH@%
in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under
the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land;
and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the
Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the%@EH@%
several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of
the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever
be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the
United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%ARTICLE VII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%What ratification shall establish Constitution. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for%@EH@%
the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the
same. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the%@EH@%
Seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eighty seven, and of the independence of the United States of
America the Twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our
names. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%George Washington, President and deputy from Virginia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New Hampshire--John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Massachusetts--Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Connecticut--Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New York--Alexander Hamilton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New Jersey--Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Pennsylvania--B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos.%@EH@%
FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv. Morris. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Delaware--Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford Jun., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett,%@EH@%
Jaco: Broom. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Maryland--James McHenry, Daniel of Saint Thomas' Jenifer, Danl. Carroll. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Virginia--John Blair, James Madison Jr. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%North Carolina--Wm. Blount, Rich'd. Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%South Carolina--J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney,%@EH@%
Pierce Butler. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Georgia--William Few, Abr. Baldwin. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Attest: William Jackson, Secretary.  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Ten Original Amendments: The Bill of Rights %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%In force Dec. 15, 1791 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(The First Congress, at its first session in the City of New York, Sept. 25,%@EH@%
%@AI@%1789, submitted to the states 12 amendments to clarify certain individual
%@AI@%and state rights not named in the Constitution. They are generally called
%@AI@%the Bill of Rights.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Influential in framing these amendments was the Declaration of Rights of%@EH@%
%@AI@%Virginia, written by George Mason (1725-1792) in 1776. Mason, a Virginia
%@AI@%delegate to the Constitutional Convention, did not sign the Constitution and
%@AI@%opposed its ratification on the ground that it did not sufficiently oppose
%@AI@%slavery or safeguard individual rights.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(In the preamble to the resolution offering the proposed amendments,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Congress said: "The conventions of a number of the States having at the time
%@AI@%of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent
%@AI@%misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and
%@AI@%restrictive clauses should be added, and as extending the ground of public
%@AI@%confidence in the government will best insure the beneficent ends of its
%@AI@%institution, be it resolved," etc.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Ten of these amendments now commonly known as one to 10 inclusive, but%@EH@%
%@AI@%originally 3 to 12 inclusive, were ratified by the states as follows: New
%@AI@%Jersey, Nov. 20, 1789; Maryland, Dec. 19, 1789; North Carolina, Dec. 22,
%@AI@%1789; South Carolina, Jan. 19, 1790; New Hampshire, Jan 25, 1790; Delaware,
%@AI@%Jan 28, 1790; New York, Feb. 27, 1790; Pennsylvania, Mar. 10, 1790; Rhode
%@AI@%Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, Nov 3, 1791; Virginia, Dec. 15, 1791;
%@AI@%Massachusetts, Mar. 2, 1939; Georgia, Mar. 18, 1939; Connecticut, Apr. 19,
%@AI@%1939. These original 10 ratified amendments follow as Amendments I to X
%@AI@%inclusive.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Of the two original proposed amendments which were not ratified by the%@EH@%
%@AI@%necessary number of states, the first related to apportionment of
%@AI@%Representatives; the second, to compensation of members. See p. 465.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%AMENDMENT I. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Religious establishment prohibited. Freedom of speech, of the press, and%@EH@%
%@AS@%right to petition. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or%@EH@%
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to
petition the Government for a redress of grievances. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT II. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Right to keep and bear arms. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State,%@EH@%
the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT III. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Conditions for quarters for soldiers. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the%@EH@%
consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed
by law. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT IV. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Right of search and seizure regulated. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and%@EH@%
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,
and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%AMENDMENT V. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Provisions concerning prosecution. Trial and punishment--private property%@EH@%
%@AS@%not to be taken for public use without compensation. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous%@EH@%
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual
service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for
the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT VI. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Right to speedy trial, witnesses, etc. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy%@EH@%
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defense. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT VII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Right of trial by jury. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty%@EH@%
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by
a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than
according to the rules of the common law. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT VIII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%         %@AS@%Excessive bail or fines and cruel punishment prohibited. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel%@EH@%
and unusual punishments inflicted. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT IX. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Rule of construction of Constitution. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be%@EH@%
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%AMENDMENT X. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Rights of States under Constitution. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor%@EH@%
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or
to the people.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Amendments Since the Bill of Rights %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XI. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Judicial powers construed. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to%@EH@%
any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United
States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(This amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by%@EH@%
%@AI@%the Third Congress on March 4, 1794, and was declared to have been ratified
%@AI@%in a message from the President to Congress, dated Jan. 8, 1798.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(It was on Jan 5, 1798, that Secretary of State Pickering received from 12%@EH@%
%@AI@%of the States authenticated ratifications, and informed President John Adams
%@AI@%of that fact.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(As a result of later research in the Department of State, it is now%@EH@%
%@AI@%established that Amendment XI became part of the Constitution on Feb. 7,
%@AI@%1795, for on that date it had been ratified by 12 States as follows:%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(1. New York, Mar. 27, 1794. 2. Rhode Island, Mar. 31, 1794. 3. Connecticut,%@EH@%
%@AI@%May 8, 1794. 4. New Hampshire, June 16, 1794. 5. Massachusetts, June 26,
%@AI@%1794. 6. Vermont, between Oct 9, 1794, and Nov. 9, 1794. 7. Virginia, Nov.
%@AI@%18, 1794. 8. Georgia, Nov. 29, 1794. 9. Kentucky, Dec. 7, 1794. 10.
%@AI@%Maryland, Dec. 26, 1794. 11. Delaware, Jan 23, 1795. 12. North Carolina,
%@AI@%Feb. 7, 1795.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(On June 1, 1796, more than a year after Amendment XI had become a part of%@EH@%
%@AI@%the Constitution (but before anyone was officially aware of this), Tennessee
%@AI@%had been admitted as a State; but not until Oct. 16, 1797, was a certified
%@AI@%copy of the resolution of Congress proposing the amendment sent to the
%@AI@%Governor of Tennessee (John Sevier) by Secretary of State Pickering, whose
%@AI@%office was then at Trenton, New Jersey, because of the epidemic of yellow
%@AI@%fever at Philadelphia; it seems, however, that the Legislature of Tennessee
%@AI@%took no action on Amendment XI, owing doubtless to the fact that public
%@AI@%announcement of its adoption was made soon thereafter.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Besides the necessary 12 States, one other, South Carolina, ratified%@EH@%
%@AI@%Amendment XI, but this action was not taken until Dec. 4, 1797; the two
%@AI@%remaining States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, failed to ratify.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%Manner of choosing President and Vice-President. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Dec. 9, 1803; ratification completed June 15, 1804.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for%@EH@%
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an
inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their
ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the
person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of
all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall
sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the
United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--The person
having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President,
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and
if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest
numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by  States, the
representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose
shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a
majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. %@AI@%(And if the House
%@AI@%of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice
%@AI@%shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then
%@AI@%the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or
%@AI@%other constitutional disability of the President.) (The words in parentheses
%@AI@%were superseded by Amendment XX, section 3.)%@AE@% The person having the greatest
number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such
number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no
person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally
ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of
Vice-President of the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%THE RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Amendments XIII, XIV, and XV are commonly known as the Reconstruction%@EH@%
%@AI@%Amendments, inasmuch as they followed the Civil War, and were drafted by
%@AI@%Republicans who were bent on imposing their own policy of reconstruction on
%@AI@%the South. Post-bellum legislatures there--Mississippi, South Carolina,
%@AI@%Georgia, for example--had set up laws which, it was charged, were contrived
%@AI@%to perpetuate Negro slavery under other names.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT XIII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Slavery abolished. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Jan. 31, 1865; ratification completed Dec. 18, 1865.%@EH@%
%@AI@%The amendment, when first proposed by a resolution in Congress, was passed
%@AI@%by the Senate, 38 to 6, on Apr. 8, 1864, but was defeated in the House, 95
%@AI@%to 66 on June 15, 1864. On reconsideration by the House, on Jan. 31, 1865,
%@AI@%the resolution passed, 119 to 56. It was approved by President Lincoln on
%@AI@%Feb. 1, 1865, although the Supreme Court had decided in 1798 that the
%@AI@%President has nothing to do with the proposing of amendments to the
%@AI@%Constitution, or their adoption.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for%@EH@%
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within
the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate%@EH@%
legislation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XIV. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Citizenship rights not to be abridged. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several%@EH@%
%@AI@%states by the 39th Congress, June 13, 1866, and was declared to have been
%@AI@%ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, July 28, 1868.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(The 14th amendment was adopted only by virtue of ratification subsequent to%@EH@%
%@AI@%earlier rejections. Newly constituted legislatures in both North Carolina
%@AI@%and South Carolina (respectively July 4 and 9, 1868), ratified the proposed
%@AI@%amendment, although earlier legislatures had rejected the proposal. The
%@AI@%Secretary of State issued a proclamation, which, though doubtful as to the
%@AI@%effect of attempted withdrawals by Ohio and New Jersey, entertained no doubt
%@AI@%as to the validity of the ratification by North and South Carolina. The
%@AI@%following day (July 21, 1868), Congress passed a resolution which declared
%@AI@%the 14th Amendment to be a part of the Constitution and directed the
%@AI@%Secretary of State so to promulgate it. The Secretary waited, however, until
%@AI@%the newly constituted Legislature of Georgia had ratified the amendment,
%@AI@%subsequent to an earlier rejection, before the promulgation of the
%@AI@%ratification of the new amendment.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the%@EH@%
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State
wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according%@EH@%
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each
State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any
election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the
United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial
officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to
any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,
and, citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for
participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of
age in such State. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of%@EH@%
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under
the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath,
as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a
member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of
any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or
comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of
each House, remove such disability. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law,%@EH@%
including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services
in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But
neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or
obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United
States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such
debts, obligations and claims, shall be held illegal and void. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the%@EH@%
provisions of this article. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XV. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Race no bar to voting rights. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(The following amendment was proposed to the legislatures of the several%@EH@%
%@AI@%States by the 40th Congress, Feb. 26, 1869, and was declared to have been
%@AI@%ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, Mar. 30, 1870.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or%@EH@%
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate%@EH@%
legislation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XVI. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Income taxes authorized. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress July 12, 1909; ratification declared by the Secretary%@EH@%
%@AI@%of State Feb. 25, 1913.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from%@EH@%
whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and
without regard to any census or enumeration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT XVII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%       %@AS@%United States Senators to be elected by direct popular vote. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress May 13, 1912; ratification declared by the Secretary%@EH@%
%@AI@%of State May 31, 1913.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from%@EH@%
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator
shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the
State Legislatures. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate,%@EH@%
the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill
such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of any State may empower the
Executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the
vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or%@EH@%
term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
Constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT XVIII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%Liquor prohibition amendment. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Dec. 18, 1917; ratification completed Jan. 16, 1919.%@EH@%
%@AI@%Repealed by Amendment XXI, effective Dec. 5, 1933.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture,%@EH@%
sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation
thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all
territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is
hereby prohibited. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to%@EH@%
enforce this article by appropriate legislation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as%@EH@%
an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States,
as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(The total vote in the Senates of the various States was 1,310 for, 237%@EH@%
%@AI@%against--84.6% dry. In the lower houses of the States the vote was 3,782
%@AI@%for, 1,035 against--78.5% dry.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(The amendment ultimately was adopted by all the States except Connecticut%@EH@%
%@AI@%and Rhode Island.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XIX. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Giving nationwide suffrage to women. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress June 4, 1919; ratification certified by Secretary of%@EH@%
%@AI@%State Aug. 26, 1920.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or%@EH@%
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate%@EH@%
legislation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XX. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%Terms of President and Vice President to begin on Jan. 20; those of%@EH@%
%@AS@%Senators, Representatives, Jan. 3. %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Mar. 2, 1932; ratification completed Jan. 23, 1933.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the%@EH@%
20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon
on the 3rd day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended
if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors
shall then begin. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting%@EH@%
shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law
appoint a different day. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the%@EH@%
President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become
President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed
for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed
to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a
President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the
case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have
qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which
one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly
until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the%@EH@%
persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President
whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case
of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice
President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following%@EH@%
the ratification of this article (Oct., 1933). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as%@EH@%
an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the
several States within seven years from the date of its submission. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XXI. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Repeal of Amendment XVIII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Feb. 20, 1933; ratification completed Dec. 5, 1933.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United%@EH@%
States is hereby repealed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or%@EH@%
Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating
liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as%@EH@%
an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as
provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT XXII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Limiting Presidential terms of office. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Mar. 24, 1947; ratification completed Feb. 27, 1951.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than%@EH@%
twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as
President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was
elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than
once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of
President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not
prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as
President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from
holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder
of such term. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as%@EH@%
an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the
several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the
States by the Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT XXIII. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%               %@AS@%Presidential vote for District of Columbia. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress June 16, 1960; ratification completed Mar. 29, 1961.)%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States%@EH@%
shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole%@EH@%
number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District
would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least
populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States,
but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President
and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet
in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article
of amendment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate%@EH@%
legislation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT XXIV. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                  %@AS@%Barring poll tax in federal elections. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Aug. 27, 1962; ratification completed Jan. 23, 1964.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or%@EH@%
other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President
or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not
be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure
to pay any poll tax or other tax. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate%@EH@%
legislation.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%AMENDMENT XXV. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                 %@AS@%Presidential disability and succession. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress July 6, 1965; ratification completed Feb. 10, 1967.)%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or%@EH@%
resignation, the Vice President shall become President. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the%@EH@%
President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon
confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the%@EH@%
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President
as Acting President. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal%@EH@%
officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may
by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the
Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office
as Acting President. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the%@EH@%
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties
of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as
Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro
tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their
written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling
within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the
Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written
declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after
Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both
houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of
his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as
Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and
duties of his office. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%AMENDMENT XXVI. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%Lowering voting age to 18 years. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by Congress Mar. 23, 1971; ratification completed July 1, 1971.)%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or%@EH@%
older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any
state on account of age. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate%@EH@%
legislation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%             %@AS@%PROPOSED AMENDMENT RELATING TO CONGRESSIONAL PAY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Proposed by the first Congress Sept. 25, 1789 as one of the 12 amendments%@EH@%
%@AI@%to the Constitution, the 10 that were accepted became the Bill of Rights;
%@AI@%ratified as of May 1989 by 32 states: Maryland, North Carolina, South
%@AI@%Carolina, Delaware, Vermont, Virginia 1789-1791; Ohio 1873; Wyoming 1978;
%@AI@%Maine 1983; Colorado 1984; South Dakota, New Hampshire, Arizona, Tennessee,
%@AI@%Oklahoma 1985; New Mexico, Indiana, Utah 1986; Montana, Connecticut,
%@AI@%Wisconsin, Arkansas 1987; Georgia, W. Virginia, Louisiana 1988; Iowa, Idaho,
%@AI@%Nevada, Alaska, Oregon, Minnesota, Texas 1989; Kansas, Florida 1990. An
%@AI@%additional 4 ratifications are needed to attain the requisite three-quarters
%@AI@%of the States.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and%@EH@%
Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives
shall have intervened.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Origin of the Constitution %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The War of Independence was conducted by delegates from the original 13%@EH@%
states, called the Congress of the United States of America and generally
known as the Continental Congress. In 1777 the Congress submitted to the
legislatures of the states the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual
Union, which were ratified by New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and finally, in 1781, by Maryland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first article of the instrument read: "The stile of this confederacy%@EH@%
shall be the United States of America." This did not signify a sovereign
nation, because the states delegated only those powers they could not handle
individually, such as power to wage war, establish a uniform currency, make
treaties with foreign nations and contract debts for general expenses (such
as paying the army). Taxes for the payment of such debts were levied by the
individual states. The president under the Articles signed himself
"President of the United States in Congress assembled," but here the United
States were considered in the plural, a cooperating group. Canada was
invited to join the union on equal terms but did not act. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When the war was won it became evident that a stronger federal union was%@EH@%
needed to protect the mutual interests of the states. The Congress left the
initiative to the legislatures. Virginia in Jan. 1786 appointed
commissioners to meet with representatives of other states, with the result
that delegates from Virginia, Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania met at Annapolis. Alexander Hamilton prepared for their call by
asking delegates from all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 "to
render the Constitution of the Federal government adequate to the exigencies
of the union." Congress endorsed the plan Feb. 21, 1787. Delegates were
appointed by all states except Rhode Island. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The convention met May 14, 1787. George Washington was chosen president%@EH@%
(presiding officer). The states certified 65 delegates, but 10 did not
attend. The work was done by 55, not all of whom were present at all
sessions. Of the 55 attending delegates, 16 failed to sign, and 39 actually
signed Sept. 17, 1787, some with reservations. Some historians have said 74
delegates (9 more than the 65 actually certified) were named and 19 failed
to attend. These 9 additional persons refused the appointment, were never
delegates and never counted as absentees. Washington sent the Constitution
to Congress with a covering letter and that body, Sept. 28, 1787, ordered it
sent to the legislatures, "in order to be submitted to a convention of
delegates chosen in each state by the people thereof."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Constitution was ratified by votes of state conventions as follows:%@EH@%
Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787, unanimous; Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787, 43 to 23;
New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787, unanimous; Georgia, Jan 2, 1788, unanimous;
Connecticut, Jan. 9, 1788, 128 to 40; Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788, 187 to
168; Maryland, Apr. 28, 1788, 63 to 11; South Carolina, May 23, 1788, 149 to
73; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, 57 to 46; Virginia, June 25, 1788, 89 to
79; New York, July 26, 1788, 30 to 27. Nine states were needed to establish
the operation of the Constitution "between the states so ratifying the same"
and New Hampshire was the 9th state. The government did not declare the
Constitution in effect until the first Wednesday in Mar. 1789 which was Mar.
4. After that North Carolina ratified it Nov. 21, 1789, 194 to 77; and Rhode
Island, May 29, 1790, 34 to 32. Vermont in convention ratified it Jan. 10,
1791, and by act of Congress approved Feb. 18, 1791, was admitted into the
Union as the 14th state, Mar. 4, 1791. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Sept. 17, 1987, the nation began a four-year celebration of the 200th%@EH@%
anniversary of the signing of the Constitution of the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As of April 1987, 32 states have voted to issue convention calls to hold a%@EH@%
second constitutional convention. Convention bills are pending before 11
more state legislatures, while bills to rescind previous calls are under
consideration in four states. When the total reaches 34, the Constitution
stipulates that a convention must be held. The convention drive began in the
mid 1970s to bring about the consideration of an amendment requiring a
balanced federal budget.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Selected Landmark Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1803: Marbury v. Madison.%@AE@% The Court ruled that Congress exceeded its power%@EH@%
in the Judiciary Act of 1789; thus, the Court established its power to
review acts of Congress and declare invalid those it found in conflict with
the Constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1819: McCulloch v. Maryland.%@AE@% The Court ruled that Congress had the authority%@EH@%
to charter a national bank, under the Constitution's granting of the power
to enact all laws "necessary and proper" to exact the responsibilities of
government. The Court also held that the national bank was immune to state
taxation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1819: Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward.%@AE@% The Court ruled that a%@EH@%
state could not arbitrarily alter the terms of a college's contract. (In
later years the Court widened the implications by using the same principle
to limit the states' ability to interfere with business contracts.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1857: Dred Scott v. Sanford.%@AE@% The Court declared unconstitutional the%@EH@%
already-repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820 because it deprived a person of
his property--a slave--without due process of law. The Court also ruled that
slaves were not citizens of any state nor of the U.S. (The latter part of
the decision was overturned by ratification of the 14th Amendment in 1868.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1896: Plessy v. Ferguson.%@AE@% The Court ruled that a state law requiring federal%@EH@%
railroad trains to provide separate but equal facilities for black and white
passengers neither infringed upon federal authority to regulate interstate
commerce nor violated the 13th and 14th Amendments. (The "separate but
equal" doctrine remained effective until the 1954 Brown v. Board of
Education decision.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1904: Northern Securities Co. v. U.S.%@AE@% The Court ruled that a holding company%@EH@%
formed solely to eliminate competition between two railroad lines was a
combination in restraint of trade, thus a violation of the federal antitrust
act. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1908: Muller v. Oregon.%@AE@% The Court ruled to uphold a state law limiting the%@EH@%
maximum working hours of women. (Instead of presenting legal arguments,
Louis D. Brandeis, counsel for the state, brought forth evidence from social
workers, physicians, and factory inspectors that the number of hours women
worked affected their health and morals.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1911: Standard Oil. Co. of New Jersey et al. v. U.S.%@AE@% The Court ruled that%@EH@%
the Standard Oil Trust must be dissolved because of its unreasonable
restraint of trade, not because of its size. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1919: Schenck v. U.S.%@AE@% In its first decision regarding the extent of%@EH@%
protection afforded by the First Amendment, the Court sustained the
Espionage Act of 1917, maintaining that freedom of speech and press could be
constrained if "the words used are in such circumstances and are of such a
nature as to create a clear and present danger. . ."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1925: Gitlow v. New York.%@AE@% The Court ruled that the First Amendment%@EH@%
prohibition against government abridgement of the freedom of speech applied
to the states as well as to the federal government. The decision was the
first of a number of rulings holding that the 14th Amendment extended the
guarantees of the Bill of Rights to state action. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1935: Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S.%@AE@% The Court ruled that Congress exceeded%@EH@%
its authority to delegate legislative powers and to regulate interstate
commerce when it enacted the National Industrial Recovery Act, which
afforded the U.S. president too much discretionary power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1951: Dennis et al. v. U.S.%@AE@% The Court upheld convictions under the Smith Act%@EH@%
of 1940 for speaking about communist theory that advocated the forcible
overthrow of the government. (In the 1957 Yates v. U.S. decision, the Court
moderated this ruling by allowing such advocacy in the abstract, if not
connected to action to achieve the goal.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.%@AE@% The Court ruled that separate%@EH@%
public schools for black and white students were inherently unequal, thus
state-sanctioned segregation in public schools violated the equal protection
guarantee of the 14th Amendment. And in %@AB@%Bolling v. Sharpe%@AE@% the Court ruled
that the congressionally-mandated segregated public school system in the
District of Columbia violated the Fifth Amendment's due process guarantee of
personal liberty. (The Brown ruling also led to the abolition of
state-sponsored segregation in other public facilities.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1957: Roth v. U.S., Alberts v. California.%@AE@% The Court ruled that obscene%@EH@%
material was not protected by the First Amendment guarantees of freedom of
speech and press, defining obscene as "utterly without redeeming social
value" and appealing to "prurient interests" in the view of the average
person. (This definition, the first offered by the Court, was modified in
several subsequent decisions, and the "average person" standard was replaced
by the "local community" standard in the %@AB@%1973 Miller v. California%@AE@% case.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1961: Mapp v. Ohio.%@AE@% The Court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of%@EH@%
the 4th Amendment guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure must be
excluded from use at state as well as federal trials. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1962: Engel v. Vitale.%@AE@% The Court ruled that public school officials could%@EH@%
not require pupils to recite a state-composed prayer at the start of each
school day, even if the prayer was non-denominational and pupils who so
desired could be excused from reciting it, because such official state
sanction of religious utterances was an unconstitutional attempt to
establish religion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1962: Baker v. Carr.%@AE@% The Court held that the constitutional challenges to%@EH@%
the unequal distribution of voters among legislative districts could be
resolved by federal courts, rejecting the doctrine set out in %@AB@%Colegrove v.
%@AB@%Green%@AE@% in 1946 that such apportionment challenges were "political questions."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1963: Gideon v. Wainwright.%@AE@% The Court ruled that the due process clause of%@EH@%
the 14th Amendment extended to state as well as federal defendants, thus all
persons charged with serious crimes must be provided with an attorney, and
states were required to appoint counsel for defendants unable to pay their
own attorneys' fees. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1964: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan.%@AE@% The Court ruled that the First%@EH@%
Amendment guarantee of freedom of the press protected the press from libel
suits for defamatory reports on public officials unless the officials proved
that the reports were made from actual malice. The Court defined malice as
"with knowledge that (the defamatory statement) was false or with reckless
disregard of whether it was false or not."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1965: Griswold v. Conn.%@AE@% The Court ruled that a state unconstitutionally%@EH@%
interfered with personal privacy in the mariage relationship when it
prohibited anyone, including married couples, from using contraceptives. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1966: Miranda v. Arizona.%@AE@% The Court ruled that the guarantee of due process%@EH@%
required that before any questioning of suspects in police custody, the
suspects must be informed of their right to remain silent, that anything
they say may be used against them, and that they have the right to counsel. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1973: Roe v. Wade, Doe v. Bolton.%@AE@% The Court ruled that the right to privacy%@EH@%
inherent in the 14th Amendment's due process guarantee of personal liberty
protected a woman's decision whether or not to bear a child, and was
impermissibly abridged by state laws that made abortion a crime. During the
first trimester of pregnancy, the Court maintained, the decision to have an
abortion should be left entirely to a woman and her physician. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1974: U.S. v. Nixon.%@AE@% The Court ruled that neither the separation of powers%@EH@%
nor the need to preserve the confidentiality of presidential communications
could alone justify an absolute executive privilege of immunity from
judicial demands for evidence to be used in a criminal trial. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1976: Gregg v. Georgia, Profitt v. Fla, Jurek v. Texas.%@AE@% The Court held that%@EH@%
death, as a punishment for persons convicted of first degree murder, was not
in and of itself cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 8th
Amendment. The Court also ruled that the Amendment required the sentencing
judge and jury to consider the individual character of the offender and the
circumstances of the particular crime before deciding whether or not to
impose the death sentence. In the associated %@AB@%Woodson v. N.C., Roberts v.
%@AB@%LA.,%@AE@% the Court ruled that states could not make death the mandatory penalty
for first-degree murder, since that would fail to meet the constitutional
requirement for the consideration of the individual offender and offense. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1978: Regents of Univ. of Calif. v. Bakke.%@AE@% The Court ruled that a special%@EH@%
admissions program for a state medical school under which a set number of
places were set aside for minority group members, with white applicants
denied the opportunity to compete for those seats, violated Title XIV of the
1964 Civil Rights Act, which forbids the exclusion of anyone, because of
race, from participation in a federally-funded program. The Court also ruled
that admissions programs that considered race as one of a complex of factors
involved in the decision to admit or reject an applicant were not
unconstitutional. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1979: United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, Kaiser Aluminum v. Weber,%@EH@%
%@AB@%U.S. v. Weber.%@AE@% The Court ruled that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,
which forbids racial discrimination in employment, did not forbid employers
to adopt voluntarily race-conscious affirmative action programs to encourage
minority participation in areas in which they traditionally were
underrepresented. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1986: Bowers v. Hardwick.%@AE@% The Court refused to extend the right of privacy%@EH@%
inherent in the Constitution to homosexual activity, upholding a Georgia law
that made sodomy a crime. (Although the Georgia law covered heterosexual
sodomy as well as homosexual sodomy, enforcement in Georgia and most other
states had been confined to homosexual activity.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989: Webster v. Reproductive Health Services.%@AE@% The Court upheld a Missouri%@EH@%
abortion law that prohibited public employees from performing abortions
unless the mother's life was in danger, barred the use of public buildings
for performing abortions, and required physicians, before performing
abortions of fetuses more than 20 weeks old, to perform tests to discover
whether the fetus could live outside the womb.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Patrick Henry's Speech to the Virginia Convention %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The following is an excerpt from Patrick Henry's speech to the Virginia%@EH@%
Convention on Mar. 23, 1775: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace--but there is no peace. The war is actually%@EH@%
%@AI@%begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the
%@AI@%clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand
%@AI@%we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life
%@AI@%so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and
%@AI@%slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take;
%@AI@%but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%%@AI@%Common Sense%@AE@%%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The following is an excerpt from Thomas Paine's %@AI@%Common Sense.%@AE@% Paine adopted%@EH@%
the doctrine of separation from Britain after the battles of Lexington and
Concord, and published his pamphlet in Jan. 1776. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The cause of America is in great measure the cause of all mankind. Many%@EH@%
%@AI@%circumstances hath, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and
%@AI@%through which principles of all Lovers of Mankind are affected, and in the
%@AI@%Event of which, their Affections are interested. The laying a Country
%@AI@%desolate with Fire and Sword, declaring war against natural rights of all
%@AI@%Mankind, and extirpating the Defenders thereof from the Face of the Earth,
%@AI@%is the Concern of every Man to whom Nature hath given the Power of feeling;
%@AI@%. . .  It is repugnant to reason, to the universal order of things, to all
%@AI@%examples from former ages, to suppose, that this continent can longer remain
%@AI@%subject to any external power  . . . %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The last cord is now broken, the people of England are presenting addresses%@EH@%
%@AI@%against us. There are injuries which nature cannot forgive; she would cease
%@AI@%to be nature if she did  . . . %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%O ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose, not only the tyranny, but the%@EH@%
%@AI@%tyrant, stand forth! Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression.
%@AI@%Freedom hath been hunted round the globe. Asia, and Africa, have long
%@AI@%expelled her--Europe regards her like a stranger, and England hath given her
%@AI@%warning to depart. O! Receive the fugitive, and prepare in time an asylum
%@AI@%for mankind.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Law on Succession to the Presidency %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If by reason of death, resignation, removal from office, inability, or%@EH@%
failure to qualify there is neither a president nor vice president to
discharge the powers and duties of the office of president, then the speaker
of the House of Representatives shall upon his resignation as speaker and as
representative, act as president. The same rule shall apply in the case of
the death, resignation, removal from office, or inability of an individual
acting as president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If at the time when a speaker is to begin the discharge of the powers and%@EH@%
duties of the office of president there is no speaker, or the speaker fails
to qualify as acting president, then the president pro tempore of the
Senate, upon his resignation as president pro tempore and as senator, shall
act as president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An individual acting as president shall continue to act until the expiration%@EH@%
of the then current presidential term, except that (1) if his discharge of
the powers and duties of the office is founded in whole or in part in the
failure of both the president-elect and the vice president-elect to qualify,
then he shall act only until a president or vice president qualifies, and
(2) if his discharge of the powers and duties of the office is founded in
whole or in part on the inability of the president or vice president, then
he shall act only until the removal of the disability of one of such
individuals. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If, by reason of death, resignation, removal from office, or failure to%@EH@%
qualify, there is no president pro tempore to act as president, then the
officer of the United States who is highest on the following list, and who
is not under any disability to discharge the powers and duties of president
shall act as president; the secretaries of state, treasury, defense,
attorney general; secretaries of interior, agriculture, commerce, labor,
health and human services, housing and urban development, transportation,
energy, education. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%(Legislation approved July 18, 1947; amended Sept. 9, 1965, Oct. 15, 1966,%@EH@%
%@AI@%Aug. 4, 1977, and Sept. 27, 1979. (See also Constitutional Amendment XXV.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Presidential Oath of Office %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Constitution (Article II) directs that the President shall take the%@EH@%
following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (affirm) that I will
faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will,
to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of
the United States." (Custom decrees the use of the words "So help me God" at
the end of the oath when taken by the President-elect, his/her left hand on
the Bible for the duration of the oath, with his/her right hand slightly
raised.)  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%How the Declaration of Independence Was Adopted %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, who had issued the first call for a%@EH@%
congress of the colonies, introduced in the Continental Congress at
Philadelphia a resolution declaring "that these United Colonies are, and of
right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from
all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection
between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally
dissolved."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The resolution, seconded by John Adams on behalf of the Massachusetts%@EH@%
delegation, came up again June 10 when a committee of 5, headed by Thomas
Jefferson, was appointed to express the purpose of the resolution in a
declaration of independence. The others on the committee were John Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Drafting the Declaration was assigned to Jefferson, who worked on a portable%@EH@%
desk of his own construction in a room at Market and 7th Sts. The committee
reported the result June 28, 1776. The members of the Congress suggested a
number of changes, which Jefferson called "deplorable." They didn't approve
Jefferson's arraignment of the British people and King George III for
encouraging and fostering the slave trade, which Jefferson called "an
execrable commerce." They made 86 changes, eliminating 480 words and leaving
1,337. In the final form capitalization was erratic. Jefferson had written
that men were endowed with "inalienable" rights; in the final copy it came
out as "unalienable" and has been thus ever since. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Lee-Adams resolution of independence was adopted by 12 yeas July 2 --%@EH@%
the actual date of the act of independence. The Declaration, which explains
the act, was adopted July 4, in the evening. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After the Declaration was adopted, July 4, 1776, it was turned over to John%@EH@%
Dunlap, printer, to be printed on broadsides. The original copy was lost and
one of his broadsides was attached to a page in the journal of the Congress.
It was read aloud July 8 in Philadelphia, Easton, Pa., and Trenton, N.J. On
July 9 at 6 p.m. it was read by order of Gen. George Washington to the
troops assembled on the Common in New York City (City Hall Park). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Continental Congress of July 19, 1776, adopted the following resolution:%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%"Resolved, That the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on%@EH@%
%@AI@%parchment with the title and stile of 'The Unanimous Declaration of the
%@AI@%thirteen United States of America' and that the same, when engrossed, be
%@AI@%signed by every member of Congress."%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Not all delegates who signed the engrossed Declaration were present on July%@EH@%
4. Robert Morris (Pa.), William Williams (Conn.) and Samuel Chase (Md.)
signed on Aug. 2, Oliver Wolcott (Conn.), George Wythe (Va.), Richard Henry
Lee (Va.) and Elbridge Gerry (Mass.) signed in August and September, Matthew
Thornton (N. H.) joined the Congress Nov. 4 and signed later. Thomas McKean
(Del.) rejoined Washington's Army before signing and said later that he
signed in 1781. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles Carroll of Carrollton was appointed a delegate by Maryland on July%@EH@%
4, 1776, presented his credentials July 18, and signed the engrossed
Declaration Aug. 2. Born Sept. 19, 1737, he was 95 years old and the last
surviving signer when he died Nov. 14, 1832. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Two Pennsylvania delegates who did not support the Declaration on July 4%@EH@%
were replaced. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 4 New York delegates did not have authority from their state to vote on%@EH@%
July 4. On July 9 the New York state convention authorized its delegates to
approve the Declaration and the Congress was so notified on July 15, 1776.
The 4 signed the Declaration on Aug. 2. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The original engrossed Declaration is preserved in the National Archives%@EH@%
Building in Washington. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%The Continental Congress: Meetings, Presidents %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   25  2372 02 31 33 26 19 @%Meeting places                 Dates of meetings                Congress presidents       Date elected%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Philadelphia                   Sept. 5 to Oct. 26, 1774         Peyton Randolph, Va.(%@AH@%1%@AE@%)   Sept. 5, 1774"                              "                                Henry Middleton, S.C.     Oct. 22, 1774 Philadelphia                   May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776    Peyton Randolph, Va.      May 10, 1775"                              "                                John Hancock, Mass.       May 24, 1775 Baltimore                      Dec. 20, 1776 to Mar. 4, 1777    " Philadelphia                   Mar. 5 to Sept. 18, 1777         " Lancaster, Pa.                 Sept. 27, 1777 (one day)         " York, Pa.                      Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778  Henry Laurens, S.C.       Nov. 1, 1777 (%@AH@%4%@AE@%) Philadelphia                   July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783    John Jay, N.Y.            Dec. 10, 1778"                              "                                Samuel Huntington, Conn.  Sept. 28, 1779"                              "                                Thomas McKean, Del.       July 10, 1781"                              "                                John Hanson, Md. (%@AH@%2%@AE@%)      Nov. 5, 1781"                              "                                Elias Boudinot, N.J.      Nov. 4, 1782 Princeton, N.J.                June 30 to Nov. 4, 1783          Thomas Mifflin, Pa.       Nov. 3, 1783 Annapolis, Md.                 Nov. 26, 1783 to June 3, 1784    " Trenton, N.J.                  Nov. 1 to Dec. 24, 1784          Richard Henry Lee, Va.    Nov. 30, 1784 New York City                  Jan. 11 to Nov. 4, 1785          " "                              Nov. 7, 1785 to Nov. 3, 1786     John Hancock, Mass. (%@AH@%3%@AE@%)   Nov. 23, 1785"                              "                                Nathaniel Gorham, Mass.   June 6, 1786"                              Nov. 6, 1786 to Oct. 30, 1787    Arthur St. Clair, Pa.Feb. 2, 1787                   "Nov. 5, 1787 to Oct. 21, 1788  Cyrus Griffin, Va.               Jan. 22, 1788"                              Nov. 3, 1788 to Mar. 2, 1789     "%@TE:   25  2372 02 31 33 26 19 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Resigned Oct. 22, 1774. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Titled "President of the United States in
Congress Assembled," John Hanson is considered by some to be the first U.S.
President as he was the first to serve under the Articles of Confederation.
He was, however, little more than presiding officer of the Congress, which
retained full executive power. He could be considered the head of
government, but not head of state. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Resigned May 29, 1786, without serving,
because of illness. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Articles of Confederation agreed upon, Nov. 15, 1777;
last ratification from Maryland, Mar. 1, 1781.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Origin of the United States National Motto %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%In God We Trust,%@AE@% designated as the U. S. National Motto by Congress in 1956,%@EH@%
originated during the Civil War as an inscription for U. S. coins, although
it was used by Francis Scott Key in a slightly different form when he wrote
The Star Spangled Banner in 1814. On Nov. 13, 1861, when Union morale had
been shaken by battlefield defeats, the Rev. M. R. Watkinson, of
Ridleyville, Pa., wrote to Secy. of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase. "From my
heart I have felt our national shame in disowning God as not the least of
our present national disasters," the minister wrote, suggesting "recognition
of the Almighty God in some form on our coins." Secy. Chase ordered designs
prepared with the inscription %@AI@%In God We Trust%@AE@% and backed coinage legislation
which authorized use of this slogan. It first appeared on some U. S. coins
in 1864, disappeared and reappeared on various coins until 1955, when
Congress ordered it placed on all paper money and all coins.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%The Great Seal of the U.S. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a committee consisting%@EH@%
of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson "to bring in a device
for a seal of the United States of America." After many delays, a verbal
description of a design by William Barton was finally approved by Congress
on June 20, 1782. The seal shows an American bald eagle with a ribbon in its
mouth bearing the device %@AI@%E pluribus unum%@AE@% (One out of many). In its talons
are the arrows of war and an olive branch of peace. On the reverse side it
shows an unfinished pyramid with an eye (the eye of Providence) above it.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%The American's Creed %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%%@AB@%William Tyler Page, Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, wrote "The%@EH@%
%@AB@%American's Creed" in 1917. It was accepted by the House on behalf of the
%@AB@%American people on April 3, 1918.%@AE@% %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by%@EH@%
the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent
of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many
sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon
those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which
American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%"I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its%@EH@%
Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it
against all enemies." %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%The Flag of the U.S.--The Stars and Stripes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 50-star flag of the United States was raised for the first time%@EH@%
officially at 12:01 a.m. on July 4, 1960, at Fort McHenry National Monument
in Baltimore, Md. The 50th star had been added for Hawaii; a year earlier
the 49th, for Alaska. Before that, no star had been added since 1912, when
N.M. and Ariz. were admitted to the Union. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The true history of the Stars and Stripes has become so cluttered by a%@EH@%
volume of myth and tradition that the facts are difficult, and in some cases
impossible, to establish. For example, it is not certain who designed the
Stars and Stripes, who made the first such flag, or even whether it ever
flew in any sea fight or land battle of the American Revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%One thing all agree on is that the Stars and Stripes originated as the%@EH@%
result of a resolution offered by the Marine Committee of the Second
Continental Congress at Philadelphia and adopted June 14, 1777. It read: %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate%@EH@%
%@AI@%red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field,
%@AI@%representing a new constellation.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Congress gave no hint as to the designer of the flag, no instructions as to%@EH@%
the arrangement of the stars, and no information on its appropriate uses.
Historians have been unable to find the original flag law. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The resolution establishing the flag was not even published until Sept. 2,%@EH@%
1777. Despite repeated requests, Washington did not get the flags until
1783, after the Revolutionary War was over. And there is no certainty that
they were the Stars and Stripes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Early Flags%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Although it was never officially adopted by the Continental Congress, many%@EH@%
historians consider the first flag of the U.S. to have been the Grand Union
(sometimes called Great Union) flag. This was a modification of the British
Meteor flag, which had the red cross of St. George and the white cross of
St. Andrew combined in the blue canton. For the Grand Union flag, 6
horizontal stripes were imposed on the red field, dividing it into 13
alternate red and white stripes. On Jan. 1, 1776, when the Continental Army
came into formal existence, this flag was unfurled on Prospect Hill,
Somerville, Mass. Washington wrote that "we hoisted the Union Flag in
compliment to the United Colonies."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%One of several flags about which controversy has raged for years is at%@EH@%
Easton, Pa. Containing the devices of the national flag in reversed order,
this has been in the public library at Easton for over 150 years. Some
contend that this flag was actually the first Stars and Stripes, first
displayed on July 8, 1776. This flag has 13 red and white stripes in the
canton, 13 white stars centered in a blue field. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A flag was hastily improvised from garments by the defenders of Fort%@EH@%
Schuyler at Rome, N.Y., Aug. 3-22, 1777. Historians believe it was the Grand
Union Flag. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Sons of Liberty had a flag of 9 red and white stripes, to signify 9%@EH@%
colonies, when they met in New York in 1765 to oppose the Stamp Tax. By
1775, the flag had grown to 13 red and white stripes, with a rattlesnake on
it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At Concord, Apr. 19, 1775, the minute men from Bedford, Mass., are said to%@EH@%
have carried a flag having a silver arm with sword on a red field. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At Cambridge, Mass., the Sons of Liberty used a plain red flag with a green%@EH@%
pine tree on it. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In June 1775, Washington went from Philadelphia to Boston to take command of%@EH@%
the army, escorted to New York by the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop. It
carried a yellow flag which had an elaborate coat of arms -- the shield
charged with 13 knots, the motto "For These We Strive" -- and a canton of 13
blue and silver stripes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In Feb., 1776, Col. Christopher Gadsden, member of the Continental Congress,%@EH@%
gave the S. Carolina Provincial Congress a flag "such as is to be used by
the commander-in-chief of the American Navy." It had a yellow field, with a
rattlesnake about to strike and the words "Don't Tread on Me."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At the battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777, patriots used a flag of 7 white%@EH@%
and 6 red stripes with a blue canton extending down 9 stripes and showing an
arch of 11 white stars over the figure 76 and a star in each of the upper
corners. The stars are seven-pointed. This flag is preserved in the
Historical Museum at Bennington, Vt. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At the Battle of Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, the 3d Maryland Regt. is said to%@EH@%
have carried a flag of 13 red and white stripes, with a blue canton
containing 12 stars in a circle around one star. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Who Designed the Flag?%@AE@% --No one knows for certain. Francis Hopkinson,%@EH@%
designer of a naval flag, declared he also had designed the flag and in 1781
asked Congress to reimburse him for his services. Congress did not do so.
Dumas Malone of Columbia Univ. wrote: "This talented man  . . .  designed
the American flag."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Who Called the Flag Old Glory?%@AE@% -- The flag is said to have been named Old%@EH@%
Glory by William Driver, a sea captain of Salem, Mass. One legend has it
that when he raised the flag on his brig, the Charles Doggett, in 1824, he
said: "I name thee Old Glory." But his daughter, who presented the flag to
the Smithsonian Institution, said he named it at his 21st birthday
celebration Mar. 17, 1824, when his mother presented the homemade flag to
him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Betsy Ross Legend%@AE@% -- The widely publicized legend that Mrs. Betsy Ross%@EH@%
made the first Stars and Stripes in June 1776, at the request of a committee
composed of George Washington, Robert Morris, and George Ross, an uncle, was
first made public in 1870, by a grandson of Mrs. Ross. Historians have been
unable to find a historical record of such a meeting or committee.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Adding New Stars%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The flag of 1777 was used until 1795. Then, on the admission of Vermont and%@EH@%
Kentucky to the Union, Congress passed and Pres. Washington signed an act
that after May 1, 1795, the flag should have 15 stripes, alternate red and
white, and 15 white stars on a blue field in the union. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When new states were admitted it became evident that the flag would become%@EH@%
burdened with stripes. Congress thereupon ordered that after July 4, 1818,
the flag should have 13 stripes, symbolizing the 13 original states; that
the union have 20 stars, and that whenever a new state was admitted a new
star should be added on the July 4 following admission. No law designates
the permanent arrangement of the stars. However, since 1912 when a new state
has been admitted, the new design has been announced by executive order. No
star is specifically identified with any state.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Code of Etiquette for Display and Use of the U.S. Flag %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Although the Stars and Stripes originated in 1777, it was not until 146%@EH@%
years later that there was a serious attempt to establish a uniform code of
etiquette for the U.S. flag. The War Department issued Feb. 15, 1923, a
circular on the rules of flag usage. These were adopted almost in their
entirety June 14, 1923, by a conference of 68 patriotic organizations in
Washington. Finally, on June 22, 1942, a joint resolution of Congress,
amended by Public Law 94-344 July 7, 1976, codified "existing rules and
customs pertaining to the display and use of the flag . . . "%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%When to Display the Flag%@AE@%--The flag should be displayed on all days,%@EH@%
especially on legal holidays and other special occasions, on official
buildings when in use, in or near polling places on election days, and in or
near schools when in session. A citizen may fly the flag at any time he
wishes. It is customary to display the flag only from sunrise to sunset on
buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open. However, it may be
displayed at night on special occasions, preferably lighted. In Washington,
the flag now flies over the White House both day and night. It flies over
the Senate wing of the Capitol when the Senate is in session and over the
House wing when that body is in session. It flies day and night over the
east and west fronts of the Capitol, without floodlights at night but
receiving light from the illuminated Capitol Dome. It flies 24 hours a day
at several other places, including the Fort McHenry Nat'l Monument in
Baltimore, where it inspired Francis Scott Key to write The Star Spangled
Banner. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%How to Fly the Flag%@AE@%--The flag should be hoisted briskly and lowered%@EH@%
ceremoniously, and should never be allowed to touch the ground or the floor.
When hung over a sidewalk from a rope extending from a building to a pole,
the union should be away from the building. When hung over the center of a
street it should have the union to the north in an east-west street and to
the east in a north-south street. No other flag may be flown above or, if on
the same level, to the right of the U.S. flag, except that at the United
Nations Headquarters the UN flag may be placed above flags of all member
nations and other national flags may be flown with equal prominence or honor
with the flag of the U.S. At services by Navy chaplains at sea, the church
pennant may be flown above the flag. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When two flags are placed against a wall with crossed staffs, the U.S. flag%@EH@%
should be at right--its own right, and its staff should be in front of the
staff of the other flag; when a number of flags are grouped and displayed
from staffs, it should be at the center and highest point of the group. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Church and Platform Use%@AE@%--In an auditorium, the flag may be displayed flat,%@EH@%
above and behind the speaker. When displayed from a staff in a church or
public auditorium, the flag should hold the position of superior prominence,
in advance of the audience, and in the position of honor at the clergyman's
or speaker's right as he faces the audience. Any other flag so displayed
should be placed on the left of the clergyman  or speaker or to the right of
the audience. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When the flag is displayed horizontally or vertically against a wall, the%@EH@%
stars should be uppermost and at the observer's left. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%How to Dispose of Worn Flags%@AE@%--The flag, when it is in such condition that it%@EH@%
is no longer a fitting emblem for display, should be destroyed in a
dignified way, preferably by burning. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%When to Salute the Flag%@AE@%--All persons present should face the flag, stand at%@EH@%
attention and salute on the following occasions: (1) When the flag is
passing in a parade or in a review, (2) During the ceremony of hoisting or
lowering, (3) When the National Anthem is played, and (4) During the Pledge
of Allegiance. Those present in uniform should render the military salute.
When not in uniform, men should remove the hat with the right hand holding
it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Men without hats
should salute in the same manner. Aliens should stand at attention. Women
should salute by placing the right hand over the heart. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Memorial Day, the flag should fly at half-staff until noon, then be%@EH@%
raised to the peak. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As provided by Presidential proclamation the flag should fly at half-staff%@EH@%
for 30 days from the day of  death of a president or former president; for
10 days from the day of death of a vice president, chief justice or retired
chief justice of the U.S., or speaker of the House of Representatives; from
day of death until burial of an associate justice of the Supreme Court,
cabinet member, former vice president, or Senate president pro tempore,
majority or minority Senate leader, or majority or minority House leader;
for a U.S. senator, representative, territorial delegate, or the resident
commissioner of Puerto Rico, on day of death and the following day within
the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia and from day of death
until burial within the decedent's state, congressional district, territory
or commonwealth; and for the death of the governor of a state, territory, or
possession of the U.S., from day of death until burial within that state,
territory, or possession. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%When used to cover a casket, the flag should be placed so that the union is%@EH@%
at the head and over the left shoulder. It should not be lowered into the
grave nor touch the ground. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Prohibited Uses of the Flag%@AE@%--The flag should not be dipped to any person or%@EH@%
thing. (An exception--customarily, ships salute by dipping their colors.) It
should never be displayed with the union down save as a distress signal. It
should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%It should not be displayed on a float, motor car or boat except from a%@EH@%
staff. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%It should never be used as a covering for a ceiling, nor have placed upon it%@EH@%
any word, design, or drawing. It should never be used as a receptacle for
carrying anything. It should not be used to cover a statue or a monument. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The flag should never be used for advertising purposes, nor be embroidered%@EH@%
on such articles as cushions or hankerchiefs, printed or otherwise impressed
on boxes or anything that is designed for temporary use and discard; or used
as a costume or athletic uniform. Advertising signs should not be fastened
to its staff or halyard. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The flag should never be used as drapery of any sort, never festooned, drawn%@EH@%
back, nor up, in folds, but always allowed to fall free. Bunting of blue,
white and red always arranged with the blue above and the white in the
middle, should be used for covering a speaker's desk, draping the front of a
platform, and for decoration in general. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An Act of Congress approved Feb. 8, 1917, provided certain penalties for the%@EH@%
desecration, mutilation or improper use of the flag within the District of
Columbia. A 1968 federal law provided penalties of up to a year's
imprisonment or a $1,000 fine or both, for publicly burning or otherwise
desecrating any flag of the United States. In addition, many states have
laws against flag desecration. In 1989, the Supreme Court ruled that no laws
could prohibit political protesters from burning the flag. The decision had
the effect of declaring unconstitutional the flag desecration laws of 48
states, as well as a similar Federal statute, in cases of peaceful political
expression. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Supreme Court, June 1990, declared that a new Federal law making it a%@EH@%
crime to burn or deface the American flag violates the free-speech guarantee
of the First Amendment. The 5-4 decision led to renewed calls in Congress
for a constitutional amendment to make it possible to prosecute flag
burning. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the%@EH@%
%@AI@%republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with
%@AI@%liberty and justice for all.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%This, the current official version of the Pledge of Allegiance, has%@EH@%
developed from the original pledge, which was first published in the Sept.
8, 1892, issue of the Youth's Companion, a weekly magazine then published in
Boston. The original pledge contained the phrase "my flag," which was
changed more than 30 years later to "flag of the United States of America."
An act of Congress in 1954 added the words "under God."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The authorship of the pledge had been in dispute for many years. The Youth's%@EH@%
Companion stated in 1917 that the original draft was written by James B.
Upham, an executive of the magazine who died in 1910. A leaflet circulated
by the magazine later named Upham as the originator of the draft "afterwards
condensed and perfected by him and his associates of the Companion force."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Francis Bellamy, a former member of the Youth's Companion editorial staff,%@EH@%
publicly claimed authorship of the pledge in 1923. The United States Flag
Assn., acting on the advice of a committee named to study the controversy,
upheld in 1939 the claim of Bellamy, who had died 8 years earlier. The
Library of Congress issued in 1957 a report attributing the authorship to
Bellamy.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%The National Anthem -- The Star-Spangled Banner %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Star-Spangled Banner was ordered played by the military and naval%@EH@%
services by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916. It was designated the National
Anthem by Act of Congress, Mar. 3, 1931. It was written by Francis Scott
Key, of Georgetown, D. C., during the bombardment of Fort McHenry,
Baltimore, Md., Sept. 13-14, 1814. Key was a lawyer, a graduate of St.
John's College, Annapolis, and a volunteer in a light artillery company.
When a friend, Dr. Beanes, a physician of Upper Marlborough, Md., was taken
aboard Admiral Cockburn's British squadron for interfering with ground
troops, Key and J. S. Skinner, carrying a note from President Madison, went
to the fleet under a flag of truce on a cartel ship to ask Beanes' release.
Admiral Cockburn consented, but as the fleet was about to sail up the
Patapsco to bombard Fort McHenry he detained them, first on H. M. S.
Surprise, and then on a supply ship. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Key witnessed the bombardment from his own vessel. It began at 7 a.m., Sept.%@EH@%
13, 1814, and lasted, with intermissions, for 25 hours. The British fired
over 1,500 shells, each weighing as much as 220 lbs. They were unable to
approach closely because the Americans had sunk 22 vessels in the channel.
Only four Americans were killed and 24 wounded. A British bomb-ship was
disabled. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%During the bombardment Key wrote a stanza on the back of an envelope. Next%@EH@%
day at Indian Queen Inn, Baltimore, he wrote out the poem and gave it to his
brother-in-law, Judge J. H. Nicholson. Nicholson suggested the tune,
Anacreon in Heaven, and had the poem printed on broadsides, of which two
survive. On Sept. 20 it appeared in the "Baltimore American." Later Key made
3 copies; one is in the Library of Congress and one in the Pennsylvania
Historical Society. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The copy that Key wrote in his hotel Sept. 14, 1814, remained in the%@EH@%
Nicholson family for 93 years. In 1907 it was sold to Henry Walters of
Baltimore. In 1934 it was bought at auction in New York from the Walters
estate by the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, for $26,400. The Walters
Gallery in 1953 sold the manuscript to the Maryland Historical Society for
the same price. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The flag that Key saw during the bombardment is preserved in the Smithsonian%@EH@%
Institution, Washington. It is 30 by 42 ft., and has 15 alternate red and
white stripes and 15 stars, for the original 13 states plus Kentucky and
Vermont. It was made by Mary Young Pickersgill. The Baltimore Flag House, a
museum, occupies her premises, which were restored in 1953. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%The Star-Spangled Banner %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%I%@AE@% %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, there. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%II%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%III%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And where is that band who so vauntingly swore %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A home and a country should leave us no more!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%No refuge could save the hireling and slave %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%IV%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Between their loved home and the war's desolation!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued land %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%America (My Country 'Tis of Thee) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First sung in public on July 4, 1831, at a service in the Park Street%@EH@%
Church, Boston, the words were written by Rev. Samuel Francis Smith, a
Baptist clergyman, who set them to a melody he found in a German songbook,
unaware that it was the tune for the British anthem, "God Save the
King/Queen."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%My country, 'tis of thee,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Land where my fathers died!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Land of the Pilgrims' pride!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From ev'ry mountainside,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Let freedom ring!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%My native country, thee,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Land of the noble free,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thy name I love.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%I love thy rocks and rills,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thy woods and templed hills;%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%My heart with rapture thrills%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Like that above. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Let music swell the breeze,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And ring from all the trees%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sweet freedom's song.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Let mortal tongues awake;%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Let all that breathe partake;%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Let rocks their silence break,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The sound prolong.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Our fathers' God, to Thee,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Author of liberty,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%To Thee we sing.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Long may our land be bright%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%With freedom's holy light;%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Protect us by Thy might,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Great God, our King!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%America, the Beautiful %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Composed by Katherine Lee Bates, a Massachusetts educator and author, in%@EH@%
1893. It was inspired by the view Bates experienced atop Pike's Peak. Its
final form was established in 1911 and is set to the music of Samuel A.
Ward's "Materna."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O beautiful for spacious skies,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For amber waves of grain,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For purple mountain majesties%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Above the fruited plain.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%America! America!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%God shed His grace on thee,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And crown thy good with brotherhood%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From sea to shining sea. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O beautiful for pilgrim feet%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Whose stern impassion'd stress%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A thorough-fare for freedom beat%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Across the wilderness.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%America! America!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%God mend thine ev'ry flaw,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Confirm thy soul in self control,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thy liberty in law. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O beautiful for heroes prov'd%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In liberating strife,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Who more than self their country lov'd%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And mercy more than life.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%America! America!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%May God thy gold refine%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Till all success be nobleness,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And ev'ry gain divine. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%O beautiful for patriot dream%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%That sees beyond the years,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Thine alabaster cities gleam,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Undimmed by human tears.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%America! America!%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%God shed His grace on thee,%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%And crown thy good with brotherhood%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From sea to shining sea. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%The Liberty Bell: Its History and Significance %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Liberty Bell, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, is an object of great%@EH@%
reverence to Americans because of its association with the historic events
of the War of Independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The original Province bell, ordered to commemorate the 50th anniversary of%@EH@%
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was cast by Thomas Lister, Whitechapel,
London, and reached Philadelphia in Aug. 1752. It bore an inscription from
Leviticus XXV, 10: "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the
inhabitants thereof."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The bell was cracked by a stroke of its clapper in Sept. 1752 while it hung%@EH@%
on a truss in the State House yard for testing. Pass & Stow, Philadelphia
founders, recast the bell, adding 1 1/2 ounces of copper to a pound of the
original metal to reduce brittleness. It was found that the bell contained
too much copper, injuring its tone, so Pass & Stow recast it again, this
time successfully. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In June 1753 the bell was hung in the wooden steeple of the State House,%@EH@%
erected on top of the brick tower. In use while the Continental Congress was
in session in the State House, it rang out in defiance of British tax and
trade restrictions, and proclaimed the Boston Tea Party and the first public
reading of the Declaration of Independence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Sept. 18, 1777, when the British Army was about to occupy Philadelphia,%@EH@%
the bell was moved in a baggage train of the American Army to Allentown, Pa.
where it was hidden in the Zion Reformed Church until June 27, 1778. It was
moved back to Philadelphia after the British left. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In July 1781 the wooden steeple became insecure and had to be taken down.%@EH@%
The bell was lowered into the brick section of the tower. Here it was
hanging in July, 1835, when it cracked while tolling for the funeral of John
Marshall, chief justice of the United States. Because of its association
with the War of Independence it was not recast but remained mute in this
location until 1846, the year of the Mexican War, when it was placed on
exhibition in the Declaration Chamber of Independence Hall. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1876, when many thousands of Americans visited Philadelphia for the%@EH@%
Centennial Exposition, it was placed in its old walnut frame in the tower
hallway. In 1877 it was hung from the ceiling of the tower by a chain of 13
links. It was returned again to the Declaration Chamber and in 1896 taken
back to the tower hall, where it occupied a glass case. In 1915 the case was
removed so that the public might touch it. On Jan. 1, 1976, just after
midnight to mark the opening of the Bicentennial Year, the bell was moved to
a new glass and steel pavilion behind Independence Hall for easier viewing
by the larger number of visitors expected during the year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The measurements of the bell follow: circumference around the lip, 12 ft.;%@EH@%
circumference around the crown, 7 ft. 6 in.; lip to the crown, 3 ft.; height
over the crown, 2 ft. 3 in.; thickness at lip, 3 in.; thickness at crown, 1
1/4 in.; weight, 2080 lbs.; length of clapper, 3 ft. 2 in.; cost, [pound ]60
14s 5d.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%Statue of Liberty National Monument %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Since 1886, the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World has stood as a%@EH@%
symbol of freedom in New York harbor. It also commemorates French-American
friendship for it was given by the people of France, designed by Frederic
Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904). A $2.5 million building housing the American
Museum of Immigration was opened by Pres. Nixon Sept. 26, 1972, at the base
of the statue. It houses a permanent exhibition of photos, posters, and
artifacts tracing the history of American immigration. The Monument is
administered by the National Park Service. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nearby Ellis Island, gateway to America for more than 12 million immigrants%@EH@%
between 1892 and 1954, was proclaimed part of the National Monument in 1965
by Pres. Johnson. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Edouard de Laboulaye, French historian and admirer of American political%@EH@%
institutions, suggested that the French present a monument to the United
States, the latter to provide pedestal and site. Bartholdi visualized a
colossal statue at the entrance of New York harbor, welcoming the peoples of
the world with the torch of liberty. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Washington's birthday, Feb. 22, 1877, Congress approved the use of a site%@EH@%
on Bedloe's Island suggested by Bartholdi. This island of 12 acres had been
owned in the 17th century by a Walloon named Isaac Bedloe. It was called
Bedloe's until Aug. 3, 1956, when Pres. Eisenhower approved a resolution of
Congress changing the name to Liberty Island. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The statue was finished May 21, 1884, and formally presented to U.S.%@EH@%
Minister Morton July 4, 1884, by Ferdinand de Lesseps, head of the
Franco-American Union, promoter of the Panama Canal, and builder of the Suez
Canal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Aug. 5, 1884, the Americans laid the cornerstone for the pedestal. This%@EH@%
was to be built on the foundations of Fort Wood, which had been erected by
the Government in 1811. The American committee had raised $125,000, but this
was found to be inadequate. Joseph Pulitzer, owner of the New York World,
appealed on Mar. 16, 1885, for general donations. By Aug. 11, 1885, he had
raised $100,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The statue arrived dismantled, in 214 packing cases, from Rouen, France, in%@EH@%
June, 1885. The last rivet of the statue was driven Oct. 28, 1886, when
Pres. Grover Cleveland dedicated the monument. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The statue weighs 450,000 lbs. or 225 tons. The copper sheeting weighs%@EH@%
200,000 lbs. There are 167 steps from the land level to the top of the
pedestal, 168 steps inside the statue to the head, and 54 rungs on the
ladder leading to the arm that holds the torch. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Two years of restoration work was completed before the statue's centennial%@EH@%
celebration on July 4, 1986. Among other repairs, the multi-million dollar
project included replacing the 1,600 wrought iron bands that hold its copper
skin to its frame, replacing its torch, and installing an elevator. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A four-day extravaganza of concerts, tall ships, ethnic festivals, and%@EH@%
fireworks celebrated the 100th anniversary. The festivities included Chief
Justice Warren E. Burger's swearing-in of 5,000 new citizens on Liberty
Island, while 20,000 others across the country were simultaneously sworn in
through a satellite telecast. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The ceremonies were followed by others on Oct. 28, 1986, the statue's 100th%@EH@%
birthday. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Emma Lazarus' Famous Poem %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A poem by Emma Lazarus is graven on a tablet within the pedestal on which%@EH@%
the statue stands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The New Colossus%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%With conquering limbs astride from land to land;%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"%@AE@%%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  1590 02 47 05 12 @%Dimensions of the Statue                       Ft.  In. %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Height from base to torch (45.3 meters)        %@AB@%151%@AE@%  %@AB@%1%@AE@% Foundation of pedestal to torch (91.5 meters)  %@AB@%305%@AE@%  %@AB@%1%@AE@%  Heel to top of head                            %@AB@%111%@AE@%  %@AB@%1%@AE@%  Length of hand                                 %@AB@%16%@AE@%   %@AB@%5%@AE@%  Index finger                                   %@AB@%8%@AE@%    %@AB@%0%@AE@%  Circumference at second joint                  %@AB@%3%@AE@%    %@AB@%6%@AE@%Size of finger nail                                 13x10 in. Head from chin to cranium                      %@AB@%17%@AE@%   %@AB@%3%@AE@%  Head thickness from ear to ear                 %@AB@%10%@AE@%   %@AB@%0%@AE@%  Distance across the eye                        %@AB@%2%@AE@%    %@AB@%6%@AE@%  Length of nose                                 %@AB@%4%@AE@%    %@AB@%6%@AE@%  Right arm, length                              %@AB@%42%@AE@%   %@AB@%0%@AE@%  Right arm, greatest thickness                  %@AB@%12%@AE@%   %@AB@%0%@AE@%  Thickness of waist                             %@AB@%35%@AE@%   %@AB@%0%@AE@%  Width of mouth                                 %@AB@%3%@AE@%    %@AB@%0%@AE@%  Tablet, length                                 %@AB@%23%@AE@%   %@AB@%7%@AE@%  Tablet, width                                  %@AB@%13%@AE@%   %@AB@%7%@AE@%  Tablet, thickness                              %@AB@%2%@AE@%    %@AB@%0%@AE@%%@TE:   20  1590 02 47 05 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, 1863 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a%@EH@%
new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all
men are created equal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any%@EH@%
nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great
battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field,
as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do
this. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we%@EH@%
can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The
world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can
never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus
far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great
task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion
-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain
-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and
that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not
perish from the earth.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Confederate States and Secession %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The American Civil War, 1861-65, grew out of sectional disputes over the%@EH@%
continued existence of slavery in the South and the contention of Southern
legislators that the states retained many sovereign rights, including the
right to secede from the Union.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The war was not fought by state against state but by one federal regime%@EH@%
against another, the Confederate government in Richmond assuming control
over the economic, political, and military life of the South, under protest
from Georgia and South Carolina. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%South Carolina voted an ordinance of secession from the Union, repealing its%@EH@%
1788 ratification of the U.S. Constitution on Dec. 20, 1860, to take effect
Dec. 24. Other states seceded in 1861. Their votes in conventions were:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mississippi, Jan. 9, 84-15; Florida, Jan. 10, 62-7; Alabama, Jan. 11, 61-39;%@EH@%
Georgia, Jan. 19, 208-89; Louisiana, Jan. 26, 113-17; Texas, Feb. 1, 166-7,
ratified by popular vote Feb. 23 (for 34,794, against 11,325); Virginia,
Apr. 17, 88-55, ratified by popular vote May 23 (for 128,884; against
32,134); Arkansas, May 6, 69-1; Tennessee, May 7, ratified by popular vote
June 8 (for 104,019, against 47,238); North Carolina, May 21.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Missouri Unionists stopped secession in conventions Feb. 28 and Mar. 9. The%@EH@%
legislature condemned secession Mar. 7. Under the protection of Confederate
troops, secessionist members of the legislature adopted a resolution of
secession at Neosho, Oct. 31. The Confederate Congress seated the
secessionists' representatives.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Kentucky did not secede and its government remained Unionist. In a part%@EH@%
occupied by Confederate troops, Kentuckians approved secession and the
Confederate Congress admitted their representatives. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Maryland legislature voted against secession Apr. 27, 53-13. Delaware%@EH@%
did not secede. Western Virginia held conventions at Wheeling, named a
pro-Union governor June 11, 1861; admitted to Union as West Virginia June
20, 1863; its constitution provided for gradual abolition of slavery.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Confederate Government%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Forty-two delegates from South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi,%@EH@%
Louisiana, and Florida met in convention at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861.
They adopted a provisional constitution of the Confederate States of
America, and elected Jefferson Davis (Miss.) provisional president, and
Alexander H. Stephens (Ga.) provisional vice president. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A permanent constitution was adopted Mar. 11; it abolished the African slave%@EH@%
trade. The Congress moved to Richmond, Va. July 20. Davis was elected
president in October, and was inaugurated Feb. 22, 1862. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Congress adopted a flag, consisting of a red field with a white stripe,%@EH@%
and a blue jack with a circle of white stars. Later the more popular flag
was the red field with blue diagonal cross bars that held 13 white stars.
The stars represented the 11 states actually in the Confederacy plus
Kentucky and Missouri. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(%@AI@%See also Civil War, U.S., in Index%@AE@%)  %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%The Mayflower Compact%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The threat of James I to "harry them out of the land" sent a little band of%@EH@%
religious dissenters from England to Holland in 1608. They were known as
"Separatists" because they wished to cut all ties with the Established
Church. In 1620, some of them, known now as the Pilgrims, joined with a
larger group in England to set sail on the %@AI@%Mayflower%@AE@% for the New World. A
joint stock company financed their venture. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In November, they sighted Cape Cod and decided to land an exploring party at%@EH@%
Plymouth Harbor. However, a rebellious group picked up at Southhampton and
London troubled the Pilgrim leaders, and to control their actions forty-one
of the Pilgrims drew up  the "Mayflower Compact," which was signed before
going ashore. The voluntary agreement to govern themselves was America's
first written constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal%@EH@%
%@AI@%Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of
%@AI@%Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian%@EH@%
%@AI@%Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first
%@AI@%colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; do by these Presents, solemnly and
%@AI@%mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, convenant and combine
%@AI@%ouselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and
%@AI@%Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to
%@AI@%enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts,
%@AI@%Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet
%@AI@%and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all
%@AI@%due Submission and Obedience.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the%@EH@%
%@AI@%eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of
%@AI@%England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the
%@AI@%fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Forms of Address for Persons of Rank and Public Office %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In these examples John Smith is used as a representative American name. The%@EH@%
salutation Dear Sir or Dear Madam is always permissible when addressing a
person not known to the writer. Female equivalents should be substituted
where appropriate.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%President of the United States %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Address:%@AE@% The President, The White House, Washington, DC 20500. Also, The%@EH@%
President and Mrs.   . %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salutation:%@AE@% Dear Sir or Mr. President or Dear Mr. President. More%@EH@%
intimately: My dear Mr. President. Also: Dear Mr. President and Mrs.   . %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The vice president takes the same forms. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Cabinet Officers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Address:%@AE@% Mr. John Smith, Secretary of State, Washington, D.C. or The Hon.%@EH@%
John Smith. Similar addresses for other members of the cabinet. Also:
Secretary and Mrs. John Smith. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salutation:%@AE@% Dear Sir, or Dear Mr. Secretary. Also: Dear Mr. and Mrs. Smith. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%The Bench %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Address:%@AE@% The Hon. John Smith, Chief Justice of the United States. The Hon.%@EH@%
John Smith, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The
Hon. John Smith, Associate Judge, U.S. District Court. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salutation:%@AE@% Dear Sir, or Dear Mr. Chief Justice. Dear Mr. Justice. Dear%@EH@%
Judge Smith. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Members of Congress %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Address:%@AE@% The Hon. John Smith, United States Senate, Washington, DC 20510, or%@EH@%
Sen. John Smith, etc. Also The Hon. John Smith, House of Representatives,
Washington, DC 20515, or Rep. John Smith, etc. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salutation:%@AE@% Dear Mr. Senator or Dear Mr. Smith; for Representative, Dear Mr.%@EH@%
Smith. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Officers of Armed Forces %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Address:%@AE@% Careful attention should be given to the precise rank, thus:%@EH@%
General of the Army John Smith, Fleet Admiral John Smith. The rules for Air
Force are same as Army. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salutation:%@AE@% Dear Sir, or Dear General. All general officers, whatever rank,%@EH@%
are entitled to be addressed as generals. Likewise a lieutenant colonel is
addressed as colonel and first and second lieutenants are addressed as
lieutenant. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Warrant officers and flight officers are addressed as Mister. Chaplains are%@EH@%
addressed as Chaplain. A Catholic chaplain may be addressed as Father.
Cadets of the United States Military Academy and Air Force Academy are
addressed as Cadet. Noncommissioned officers are addressed by their titles. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%Ambassador, Governor, Mayor %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Address:%@AE@% The Hon. John Smith, followed by his or her title. They can be%@EH@%
addressed either at their embassy, or at the Department of State,
Washington, D.C. An ambassador from a foreign nation may be addressed as His
or Her Excellency. An American is not to be so addressed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salutation:%@AE@% Dear Mr. or Madam Ambassador. An ambassador from a foreign%@EH@%
nation may be called Your Excellency. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Governors and mayors are often addressed as The Hon. Jane Smith, Governor of%@EH@%
, or The Hon. John Smith, Mayor of   ; also Governor John Smith, State
House, Albany, N.Y., or Mayor Jane Smith, City Hall, Erie, Pa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%The Clergy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Address:%@AE@% His Holiness, the Pope, or His Holiness Pope (name), State of%@EH@%
Vatican City, Italy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Salutation:%@AE@% Your Holiness or Most Holy Father. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Also:%@AE@% His Eminence, John, Cardinal Smith; salutation: Your Eminence. An%@EH@%
archbishop or a bishop is addressed The Most Reverend, and the salutation is
Your Excellency. A monsignor who is a papal chamberlain is The Very Reverend
Monsignor and the salutation is Dear Sir or Very Reverend Monsignor; a
monsignor who is a domestic prelate is The Right Reverend Monsignor and
salutation is Right Reverend Monsignor. A priest is addressed Reverend John
Smith. A brother of an order is addressed Brother   . A sister takes the
same form. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A bishop of the Episcopal Church is The Right Reverend John Smith;%@EH@%
salutation is Right Reverend Sir, or Dear Bishop Smith. If a clergyman is a
doctor of divinity, he is addressed: The Reverend John Smith, D.D., and the
salutation is Reverend Sir, or Dear Dr. Smith. When a clergyman does not
have the degree the salutation is Dear Mr. Smith. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A bishop of the Methodist Church is addressed Bishop John Smith with titles%@EH@%
following. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Royalty and Nobility %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An emperor is to be addressed in a letter as Sir, or Your Imperial Majesty. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A king or queen is addressed as His Majesty (Name), King of (Name), or Her%@EH@%
Majesty (Name), Queen of (Name), Salutation: Sir, or Madam, or May it please
Your Majesty. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Princes and princesses and other persons of royal blood are addressed as His%@EH@%
(or Her) Royal Highness, and saluted with May it please Your Royal Highness.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A duke or marquis is My Lord Duke (or Marquis), a duke is His (or Your)%@EH@%
Grace. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                               %@AS@%WORLD HISTORY%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Prehistory: Our Ancestors Take Over%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Homo sapiens.%@AE@% The precise origins of %@AI@%homo sapiens,%@AE@% the species to which all%@EH@%
humans belong, are subject to broad speculation based on a small number of
fossils, genetic and anatomical studies, and the geological record. But most
scientists agree that we evolved from ape-like primate ancestors in a
process that began millions of years ago. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Current theories say the first hominid (human-like primate) was%@EH@%
%@AI@%Ramapithecus,%@AE@% who emerged 12 million years ago. Its remains have been found
in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Further development was apparently limited to
Africa, where 2 lines of hominids appeared some 5 or 6 million years ago.
One was %@AI@%Australopithecus,%@AE@% a tool-maker and social animal, who lived from
perhaps 4 to 3 million years ago, and then apparently became extinct. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 2nd was a human line, %@AI@%Homo habilus,%@AE@% a large-brained specimen that walked%@EH@%
upright and had a dextrous hand. %@AI@%Homo habilus%@AE@% lived in semi-permanent camps
and had a food-gathering and sharing economy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%Homo erectus,%@AE@% our nearest ancestor, appeared in Africa perhaps 1.75 million%@EH@%
years ago, and began spreading into Asia and Europe soon after. It had a
fairly large brain and a skeletal structure similar to ours. %@AI@%Homo erectus%@AE@%
learned to control fire, and probably had primitive language skills. The
final brain development to %@AI@%Homo sapiens%@AE@% and then to our sub-species %@AI@%Homo
%@AI@%sapiens sapiens%@AE@% occurred between 500,000 and 50,000 years ago, either in one
place -- probably Africa -- or virtually simultaneously and independently in
different places in Africa, Europe, and Asia. There is no question that all
modern races are members of the same species, %@AI@%Homo sapiens sapiens.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The spread of mankind into the remaining habitable continents probably took%@EH@%
place during the last ice age up to 100,000 years ago: to the Americas
across a land bridge from Asia, and to Australia across the  Timor Straits.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Earliest cultures.%@AE@% A variety of cultural modes -- in tool-making, diet,%@EH@%
shelter, and possibly social arrangements and spiritual expression, arose as
early mankind adapted to different geographic and climatic zones. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Three basic tool-making traditions are recognized by archeologists as%@EH@%
arising and often coexisting from one million years ago to the near past:
the %@AI@%chopper tradition,%@AE@% found largely in E. Asia, with crude chopping tools
and simple flake tools; the %@AI@%flake tradition,%@AE@% found in Africa and W. Europe,
with a variety of small cutting and flaking tools, and the %@AI@%biface tradition,%@AE@%
found in all of Africa, W. and S. Europe, and S. Asia, producing pointed
hand axes chipped on both faces. Later biface sites yield more refined axes
and a variety of other tools, weapons, and ornaments using bone, antler, and
wood as well as stone. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Only sketchy evidence remains for the different stages in man's increasing%@EH@%
control over the environment. Traces of 400,000-year-old covered wood
shelters have been found at Nice, France. Scraping tools at Neanderthal
sites (200,000-30,000 BC in Europe, N. Africa, the Middle East and Central
Asia) suggest the treatment of skins for clothing. Sites from all parts of
the world show seasonal migration patterns and exploitation of a wide range
of plant and animal food sources. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Painting and decoration, for which there is evidence at the Nice site,%@EH@%
flourished along with stone and ivory sculpture after 30,000 years ago; 60
caves in France and 30 in Spain show remarkable examples of wall painting.
Other examples have been found in Africa. Proto-religious rites are
suggested by these  works, and by evidence of ritual cannibalism by Peking
Man, 500,000 BC, and of ritual burial with medicinal plants and flowers by
Neanderthals at Shanidar in Iraq. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Neolithic Revolution.%@AE@% Sometime after 10,000 BC, among widely separated%@EH@%
human communities, a series of dramatic technological and social changes
occurred that are summed up as the Neolithic Revolution. The cultivation of
previously wild plants encouraged the growth of permanent settlements.
Animals were domesticated as a work force and food source. The manufacture
of pottery and cloth began. These techniques permitted a huge increase in
world population and in human control over the earth. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%No  region can safely claim priority as the "inventor" of these techniques.%@EH@%
Dispersed sites in Cen. and S. America, S.E. Europe, and the Middle East
show roughly contemporaneous (10-8,000 BC) evidence of one or another
"neolithic" trait. Dates near 6-3,000 BC have been given for E. and S.
Asian, W. European, and sub-Saharan African neolithic remains. The variety
of crops -- field grains, rice, maize, and roots, and the varying mix of
other traits suggest that the revolution occurred independently in all these
regions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%History Begins: 4000 - 1000 BC%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Near Eastern cradle.%@AE@% If history began with writing, the first chapter opened%@EH@%
in Mesopotamia, the Tigris-Euphrates river valley. Clay tablets with
pictographs were used by the Sumerians to keep records after 4000 BC.A
%@AB@%cuneiform%@AE@% (wedge shaped) script evolved by 3000 BC as a full syllabic
alphabet. Neighboring peoples adapted the script to their own language.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sumerian%@AE@% life centered, from 4000 BC, on large cities (Eridu, Ur, Uruk,%@EH@%
Nippur, Kish, Lagash) organized around temples and priestly bureaucracies,
with the surrounding plains watered by vast irrigation works and worked with
traction plows. Sailboats, wheeled vehicles, potters wheels, and kilns were
used. Copper was smelted and tempered in Sumeria from c4000 BC and bronze
was produced not long after. Ores, as well as precious stones and metals
were obtained through long-distance ship and caravan trade. Iron was used
from c2000 BC. Improved ironworking, developed partly by the %@AB@%Hittites,%@AE@%
became widespread by 1200 BC.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sumerian political primacy passed among cities and their kingly dynasties.%@EH@%
Semitic-speaking peoples, with cultures derived from the Sumerian, founded a
succession of dynasties that ruled in Mesopotamia and neighboring areas for
most of 1800 years; among them the %@AB@%Akkadians%@AE@% (first under Sargon c2350 BC),
the Amorites (whose laws, codified by %@AB@%Hammurabi,%@AE@%c1792-1750 BC, have Biblical
parallels), and the Assyrians, with interludes of rule by the Hittites,
Kassites, and Mitanni, all possibly Indo-Europeans. The political and
cultural center of gravity shifted northwest with each successive empire.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mesopotamian learning, maintained by scribes and preserved by successive%@EH@%
rulers in vast libraries, was not abstract or theoretical. Algebraic and
geometric problems could be solved on a practical basis in construction,
commerce, or administration. Systematic lists of astronomical phenomena,
plants, animals and stones were kept; medical texts listed ailments and
their herbal cures.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Sumerians worshipped anthropomorphic gods representing natural forces --%@EH@%
Anu, god of heaven; Enlil (Ea), god of water. Epic poetry related these and
other gods in a hierarchy. Sacrifices    were made at %@AB@%ziggurats%@AE@% -- huge
stepped temples. Gods were thought to control all events, which could be
foretold using  oracular materials. This religious pattern persisted    into
the first millenium BC.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Syria-Palestine area, site of some of the earliest urban remains%@EH@%
(Jericho, 7000 BC), and of the recently uncovered %@AB@%Ebla%@AE@% civilization (fl.
2500 BC), experienced Egyptian cultural and political influence along with
Mesopotamian. The %@AB@%Phoenician%@AE@% coast was an active commercial center. A
phonetic alphabet was invented here before 1600 BC. It became the ancestor
of all European, Middle Eastern, Indian, S.E. Asian, Ethiopian, and Korean
alphabets.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Regional commerce and diplomacy were aided by the use of Akkadian as a%@EH@%
%@AI@%lingua franca,%@AE@% later replaced by Aramaic.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Egypt.%@AE@%. Agricultural villages along the Nile were united by 3300 BC into two%@EH@%
kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt, unified under the Pharaoh Menes c3100 BC;
Nubia to the south was added 2600 BC. A national bureaucracy supervised
construction of canals and monuments (%@AB@%pyramids%@AE@% starting 2700 BC). Brilliant
First Dynasty achievements in architecture, sculpture and painting, set the
standards and forms for all subsequent Egyptian civilization and are still
admired. %@AB@%Hieroglyphic writing%@AE@% appeared by 3400 BC, recording a sophisticated
literature including romantic and philosophical modes after 2300 BC.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An ordered hierarchy of gods, including totemistic animal elements, was%@EH@%
served by a powerful priesthood in Memphis. The pharaoh was identified with
the falcon god Horus. Later trends were the belief in an afterlife, and the
quasi-monotheistic reforms of %@AB@%Akhenaton%@AE@% (c1379-1362 BC).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After a period of conquest by Semitic Hyksos from Asia (c1700-1500 BC), the%@EH@%
New Kingdom established an empire in Syria. Egypt became increasingly
embroiled in Asiatic wars and diplomacy. Eventually it was conquered by
Persia in 525 BC, and it faded away as an independent culture.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India.%@AE@% An urban civilization with a so-far-undeciphered writing system%@EH@%
stretched across the Indus Valley and along the Arabian Sea c3000-1500 BC.
Major sites are Harappa and %@AB@%Mohenjo-Daro%@AE@% in Pakistan, well-planned geometric
cities with underground sewers and vast granaries. The entire region
(600,000 sq. mi.) may have been ruled as a single state. Bronze was used,
and arts and crafts were highly developed. Religious life apparently took
the form of fertility cults.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Indus civilization was probably in decline when it was destroyed by %@AB@%Aryan%@EH@%
%@AB@%invaders%@AE@% from the northwest, speaking an Indo-European language from which
all the languages of Pakistan, north India and Bangladesh descend. Led by a
warrior aristocracy whose legendary deeds are recorded in the %@AB@%Rig Veda,%@AE@% the
Aryans spread east and south, bringing their pantheon of sky gods, elaborate
priestly (Brahmin) ritual, and the beginnings of the caste system; local
customs and beliefs were assimilated by the conquerors.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Europe.%@AE@% On Crete, the bronze-age %@AB@%Minoancivilization%@AE@%  emerged c2500 BC. A%@EH@%
prosperous economy and richly decorative art (e.g. at Knossos palace) was
supported by seaborne commerce. Mycenae and other cities in Greece and Asia
Minor (e.g. %@AB@%Troy%@AE@%) preserved elements of the culture to c1100 BC. Cretan
Linear A script, c2000-1700 BC, is undeciphered; Linear B, c1300-1200 BC,
records a Greek dialect.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Possible connection between Minoan-Mycenaean monumental stonework, and the%@EH@%
great megalithic monuments and tombs of W. Europe, Iberia, and Malta
(c4000-1500 BC) is unclear.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% Proto-Chinese neolithic cultures had long covered northern and%@EH@%
southeastern China when the first large political state was organized in the
north by the %@AB@%Shang dynasty%@AE@% c1500 BC. Shang kings called themselves Sons of
Heaven, and presided over a cult of human and animal sacrifice to ancestors
and nature gods. The Chou dynasty, starting c1100 BC, expanded the area of
the Son of Heaven's dominion, but feudal states exercised most temporal
power.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A writing system with 2,000 different characters was already in use under%@EH@%
the Shang, with %@AB@%pictographs%@AE@% later supplemented by phonetic characters. The
system, with modifications, is still in use, despite changes in spoken
Chinese.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Technical advances allowed urban specialists to create fine ceramic and jade%@EH@%
products, and bronze casting after 1500 BC was the most advanced in the
world.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bronze artifacts have recently been discovered in northern Thailand dating%@EH@%
to 3600 BC, hundreds of years before similar Middle Eastern finds.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Americas.%@AE@%  %@AB@%Olmecs%@AE@% settled on the Gulf coast of Mexico, 1500 BC, and soon%@EH@%
developed the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere. Temple cities
and huge stone sculpture date to 1200 BC. A rudimentary calendar and writing
system existed. Olmec religion, centering on a jaguar god, and art forms
influenced all later Meso-American cultures.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Neolithic ceremonial centers were built on the Peruvian desert coast, c2000%@EH@%
BC. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Classical Era of Old World Civilizations%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Greece.%@AE@% After a period of decline during the Dorian Greek invasions%@EH@%
(1200-1000 BC), Greece and the Aegean area developed a unique civilization.
Drawing upon Mycenaean traditions, Mesopotamian learning (weights and
measures, lunisolar calendar, astronomy, musical scales), the Phoenician
alphabet (modified for Greek), and Egyptian art, the revived %@AB@%Greek
%@AB@%city-states%@AE@% saw a rich elaboration of intellectual life. Long-range commerce
was aided by metal coinage (introduced by the Lydians in Asia Minor before
700 BC); colonies were founded around the Mediterranean and Black Sea shores
(Cumae in Italy 760 BC, Massalia in France c600 BC).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Philosophy,%@AE@% starting with Ionian speculation on the nature of matter and the%@EH@%
universe (Thales c634-546), and including mathematical speculation
(Pythagoras c580-c500), culminated in Athens in the rationalist idealism of
%@AB@%Plato%@AE@% (c428-347) and %@AB@%Socrates%@AE@% (c470-399); the latter was executed for
alleged impiety. %@AB@%Aristotle%@AE@% (384-322) united all fields of study in his
system. The arts were highly valued. Architecture culminated in the
%@AB@%Parthenon%@AE@% in Athens (438, sculpture by Phidias); poetry and drama (Aeschylus
525-456) thrived. Male beauty and strength, a chief artistic theme, were
enhanced at the gymnasium and the national games at Olympia.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ruled by local tyrants or oligarchies, the Greeks were never politically%@EH@%
united, but managed to resist inclusion in the Persian Empire (Darius
defeated at Marathon 490 BC, Xerxes at Salamis, Plataea 479 BC). Local
warfare was common; the %@AB@%Peloponnesian Wars,%@AE@% 431-404 BC,  ended in Sparta's
victory over Athens. Greek political power waned, but classical Greek
cultural forms spread thoughout the ancient world from the Atlantic to
India.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hebrews.%@AE@% Nomadic Hebrew tribes entered Canaan before 1200 BC, settling among%@EH@%
other Semitic peoples speaking the same language. They brought from the
desert a %@AB@%monotheistic faith%@AE@% said to have been revealed to Abraham in Canaan
c1800 BC and to Moses at Mt. Sinai c1250 BC, after the Hebrews' escape from
bondage in Egypt David (ruled 1000-961 BC) and Solomon (ruled 961-922 BC)
united the Hebrews in a kingdom that briefly dominated the area. Phoenicians
to the north established colonies around the E. and W. Mediterranean
(%@AB@%Carthage%@AE@% c814 BC) and sailed into the Atlantic.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A temple in Jerusalem became the national religious center, with sacrifices%@EH@%
performed by a hereditary priesthood. Polytheistic influences, especially of
the fertility cult of Baal, were opposed by %@AB@%prophets%@AE@% (Elijah, Amos, Isaiah).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Divided into %@AB@%two kingdoms%@AE@% after Solomon, the Hebrews were unable to resist%@EH@%
the revived Assyrian empire, which conquered Israel, the northern kingdom in
722 BC. Judah, the southern kingdom, was conquered in 586 BC by the
Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar II. But with the fixing of most of the
Biblical canon by the mid-fourth century BC, and the emergence of rabbis,
arbiters of law and custom, Judaism successfully survived the loss of Hebrew
autonomy. A Jewish kingdom was revived under the Hasmoneans (168-42 BC). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% During the %@AB@%Eastern Chou%@AE@% dynasty (770-256 BC), Chinese culture spread%@EH@%
east to the sea and south to the Yangtze. Large feudal states on the
periphery of the empire contended for pre-eminence, but continued to
recognize the Son of Heaven (king), who retained a purely ritual role
enriched with courtly music and dance. In the Age of Warring States (403-221
BC), when the first sections of the %@AB@%Great Wall%@AE@% were built, the Ch'in state
in the West gained supremacy, and finally united all of China.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Iron tools entered China c500 BC, and casting techniques were advanced,%@EH@%
aiding agriculture. Peasants owned their land, and owed civil and military
service to nobles. Cities grew in number and size, though barter remained
the chief trade medium.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Intellectual ferment among noble scribes and officials produced the%@EH@%
Classical Age of Chinese literature and philosophy. %@AB@%Confucius%@AE@% (551-479 BC)
urged a restoration of a supposedly harmonious social order of the past
through proper conduct in accordance with one's station and through filial
and ceremonial piety. The %@AI@%Analects,%@AE@% attributed to him, are revered
throughout East Asia. %@AB@%Mencius%@AE@% (d. 289 BC) added the view that the Mandate of
Heaven can be removed from an unjust dynasty. The Legalists sought to curb
the supposed natural wickedness of people through new institutions and harsh
laws; they aided the Ch'in rise to power. The Naturalists emphasized the
balance of opposites -- yin, yang -- in the world. %@AB@%Taoists%@AE@% sought mystical
knowledge through meditation and disengagement.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India.%@AE@% The political and cultural center of India shifted from the Indus to%@EH@%
the Ganges River Valley. Buddhism, Jainism, and mystical revisions of
orthodox Vedism all developed around 500-300 BC. The %@AI@%Upanishads,%@AE@% last part
of the %@AI@%Veda,%@AE@% urged escape from the illusory physical world. Vedism remained
the preserve of the priestly Brahmin caste. In contrast, %@AB@%Buddhism,%@AE@% founded
by Siddarta Gautama (c563-c483 BC), appealed to merchants in the growing
urban centers, and took hold at first (and most lastingly) on the geographic
fringes of Indian civilization. The classic Indian epics were composed in
this era: The %@AI@%Ramayana%@AE@% around 300 BC, the %@AI@%Mahabharata%@AE@% over a period starting
400 BC.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Northern India was divided into a large number of monarchies and%@EH@%
aristocratic republics, probably derived from tribal groupings, when the
Magadha kingdom was formed in Bihar c542 BC. It soon became the dominant
power. The %@AB@%Maurya dynasty,%@AE@% founded by Chandragupta c321 BC, expanded the
kingdom, uniting most of N. India in a centralized bureaucratic empire. The
third Mauryan king, %@AB@%Asoka%@AE@% (ruled c274-236) conquered most of the
subcontinent: he converted to Buddhism, and inscribed its tenets on pillars
throughout India. He downplayed the caste system and tried to end expensive
sacrificial rites.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Before its final decline in India, Buddhism developed the popular worship of%@EH@%
heavenly Bodhisatvas (enlightened beings), and produced a refined
architecture (stupa--shrine--at Sanchi 100 AD) and sculpture (Gandhara
reliefs 1-400 AD).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Persia.%@AE@% Aryan peoples (Persians, Medes) dominated the area of present Iran%@EH@%
by the beginning of the first millenium BC. The prophet %@AB@%Zoroaster%@AE@% (born c628
BC) introduced a dualistic religion in which the forces of good (Ahura
Mazda, Lord of Wisdom) and evil (Ahiram) battle for dominance; individuals
are judged by their actions and earn damnation or salvation. Zoroaster's
hymns (%@AI@%Gathas%@AE@%) are included in the %@AI@%Avesta,%@AE@% the Zoroastrian scriptures. A
version of this faith became the established religion of the Persian Empire,
and probably influenced later monotheistic religions.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Africa.%@AE@% Nubia, periodically occupied by Egypt since the third millenium,%@EH@%
ruled Egypt c750-661, and survived as an independent Egyptianized kingdom
(%@AB@%Kush;%@AE@% capital Meroe) for 1,000 years.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Iron Age Nok culture flourished c500 BC-200 AD on the Benue Plateau of%@EH@%
%@AB@%Nigeria.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Americas.%@AE@% The Chavin culture controlled north Peru from 900-200 BC. Its%@EH@%
ceremonial centers, featuring the jaguar god, survived long after. Chavin
architecture, ceramics, and textiles influenced other Peruvian cultures.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mayan civilization%@AE@% began to develop in Central America in the 5th century%@EH@%
BC. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Great Empires Unite the Civilized World: 400 BC-400 AD%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Persia and Alexander.%@AE@%  Cyrus, ruler of a small kingdom in Persia from 559%@EH@%
BC, united the Persians and Medes within 10 years, conquered Asia Minor and
Babylonia in another 10. His son Cambyses followed by  %@AB@%Darius%@AE@% (ruled
522-486) added vast lands to the east and north as far as the Indus Valley
and Central Asia, as well as Egypt and Thrace. The whole empire was ruled by
an international bureaucracy and army, with Persians holding the chief
positions. The resources and styles of all the subject civilizations were
exploited to create a rich syncretic art. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Hellenized kingdom of Macedon, which under Phillip II dominated Greece,%@EH@%
passed to his son %@AB@%Alexander%@AE@% in 336 BC. Within 13 years, Alexander conquered
all the Persian dominions. Imbued by his tutor Aristotle with Greek ideals,
Alexander encouraged Greek colonization, and Greek-style cities were founded
throughout the empire (e.g. Alexandria, Egypt). After his death in 323 BC,
wars of succession divided the empire into three parts -- %@AB@%Macedon,%@AE@% Egypt
(ruled by the %@AB@%Ptolemies%@AE@%), and the %@AB@%Seleucid%@AE@% Empire.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the ensuing 300 years (the %@AB@%Hellenistic Era),%@AE@% a cosmopolitan%@EH@%
Greek-oriented culture permeated the ancient world from W. Europe to the
borders of India, absorbing native elites everywhere. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hellenistic philosophy stressed the private individual's search for%@EH@%
happiness. The Cynics followed Diogenes (c372-287), who stressed
satisfaction of animal needs and contempt for social convention. Zeno
(c335-c263) and the Stoics exalted reason, identified it with virtue, and
counseled an ascetic disregard for misfortune. The Epicureans tried to build
lives of moderate pleasure without political or emotional involvement.
Hellenistic arts imitated life realistically, especially in sculpture and
literature (comedies of Menander, 342-292). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The sciences thrived, especially at Alexandria, where the Ptolemies financed%@EH@%
a great library and museum. Fields of study included mathematics %@AB@%(Euclid's%@AE@%
geometry, c300 BC; Menelaus' non-Euclidean geometry, c100 AD); astronomy
(heliocentric theory of Aristarchus, 310-230 BC; Julian calendar 45 BC;
Ptolemy's %@AI@%Almagest,%@AE@% c150 AD); geography (world map of Eratosthenes, 276-194
BC); hydraulics %@AB@%(Archimedes,%@AE@% 287-212 BC); medicine (Galen, 130-200 AD), and
chemistry. Inventors refined uses for siphons, valves, gears, springs,
screws, levers, cams, and pulleys. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A restored Persian empire under the %@AB@%Parthians%@AE@% (N. Iranian tribesmen)%@EH@%
controlled the eastern Hellenistic world 250 BC-229 AD. The Parthians and
the succeeding Sassanian dynasty (229-651) fought with Rome periodically.
The %@AB@%Sassanians%@AE@% revived Zoroastrianism as a state religion, and patronized a
nationalistic artistic and scholarly renaissance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rome.%@AE@% The city of Rome was founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753%@EH@%
BC. Through military expansion and colonization, and by granting citizenship
to conquered tribes, the city annexed all of Italy south of the Po in the
100-year period before 268 BC. The Latin and other Italic tribes were
annexed first, followed by the Etruscans (a civilized people north of Rome)
and the Greek colonies in the south. With a large standing army and reserve
forces of several hundred thousand, Rome was able to defeat Carthage in the
3 %@AB@%Punic Wars,%@AE@% 264-241, 218-201, 149-146 (despite the invasion of Italy by
Hannibal, 218), thus gaining Sicily and territory in Spain and North Africa.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%New provinces were added in the East, as Rome exploited local disputes to%@EH@%
conquer Greece and Asia Minor in the 2d century BC, and Egypt in the first
(after the defeat and suicide of %@AB@%Antony and Cleopatra,%@AE@% 30 BC). All the
Mediterranean civilized world up to the disputed Parthian border was now
Roman, and remained so for 500 years. Less civilized regions were added to
the Empire: Gaul (conquered by Julius Caesar, 56-49 BC), Britain (43 AD) and
Dacia NE of the Danube (117 AD). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The original aristocratic republican government, with democratic features%@EH@%
added in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, deteriorated under the pressures
of empire and class conflict (%@AB@%Gracchus%@AE@% brothers, social reformers, murdered
133, 121; slave revolts 135, 73). After a series of civil wars (Marius vs.
Sulla 88-82, Caesar vs. Pompey 49-45, triumvirate vs. Caesar's assassins
44-43, Antony vs. Octavian 32-30), the empire came under the rule of a
deified monarch (first emperor, %@AB@%Augustus,%@AE@% 27 BC-14 AD). Provincials (nearly
all granted citizenship by Caracalla, 212 AD) came to dominate the army and
civil service. Traditional Roman law, systematized and interpreted by
independent jurists, and local self-rule in provincial cities were
supplanted by a vast tax-collecting bureaucracy in the 3d and 4th centuries.
The legal rights of women, children, and slaves were strengthened. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roman innovations in %@AB@%civil engineering%@AE@% included water mills, windmills, and%@EH@%
rotary mills, and the use of cement that hardened under water. Monumental
architecture (baths, theaters, apartment houses) relied on the arch and the
dome. The network of roads (some still standing) stretched 53,000 miles,
passing through mountain tunnels as long as 3.5 miles. Aqueducts brought
water to cities, underground sewers removed waste. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Roman art and literature were derivative of Greek models. Innovations were%@EH@%
made in sculpture (naturalistic busts and equestrian statues), decorative
wall painting (as at Pompeii), satire (Juvenal, 60-127), history (Tacitus
56-120), prose romance (Petronius, d. 66 AD). Violence and torture dominated
mass public amusements, which were supported by the state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India.%@AE@% The %@AB@%Gupta%@AE@% monarchs reunited N. India c320 AD. Their peaceful and%@EH@%
prosperous reign saw a revival of Hindu religious thought and Brahmin power.
The old Vedic traditions were combined with devotion to a plethora of
indigenous deities (who were seen as manifestations of Vedic gods). %@AB@%Caste
%@AB@%lines%@AE@% were reinforced, and Buddhism gradually disappeared. The art (often
erotic), architecture, and literature of the period, patronized by the Gupta
court, are considered to be among India's finest achievements (Kalidasa,
poet and dramatist, fl. c400). Mathematical innovations included the use of
zero and decimal numbers. Invasions by White Huns from the NW destroyed the
empire c550. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Rich cultures also developed in S. India in this era. Emotional Tamil%@EH@%
religious poetry aided the Hindu revival. The Pallava kingdom controlled
much of S. India c350-880, and helped spread Indian civilization to S.E.
Asia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% The Ch'in ruler Shih Huang Ti (ruled 221-210 BC), known as the First%@EH@%
Emperor, centralized political authority in China, standardized the written
language, laws, weights, measures, and coinage, and conducted a census, but
tried to destroy most philosophical texts. The %@AB@%Han dynasty%@AE@% (206 BC-220 AD)
instituted the Mandarin bureaucracy, which lasted for 2,000 years. Local
officials were selected by examination in the Confucian classics and trained
at the imperial university and at provincial schools. The invention of %@AB@%paper%@AE@%
facilitated this bureaucratic system. Agriculture was promoted, but the
peasants bore most of the tax burden. Irrigation was improved; water clocks
and sundials were used; astronomy and mathematics thrived; landscape
painting was perfected. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%With the expansion south and west (to nearly the present borders of today's%@EH@%
China), trade was opened with India, S.E. Asia, and the Middle East, over
sea and caravan routes. Indian missionaries brought Mahayana Buddhism to
China by the first century AD, and spawned a variety of sects. Taoism was
revived, and merged with popular superstitions. Taoist and Buddhist
monasteries and convents multiplied in the turbulent centuries after the
collapse of the Han dynasty.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%The One God Triumphs: 1-750 AD%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christianity.%@AE@% Religions indigenous to particular Middle Eastern nations%@EH@%
became international in the first 3 centuries of the Roman Empire. Roman
citizens worshipped %@AB@%Isis%@AE@% of Egypt, %@AB@%Mithras%@AE@% of Persia, %@AB@%Demeter%@AE@% of Greece, and
the great mother %@AB@%Cybele%@AE@% of Phrygia. Their cults centered on mysteries
(secret ceremonies) and the promise of an afterlife, symbolized by the death
and rebirth of the god. Judaism, which had begun as the national cult of
Judea, also spread by emigration and conversion. It was the only ancient
religion west of India to survive. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Christians, who emerged as a distinct sect in the second half of the 1st%@EH@%
century AD, revered %@AB@%Jesus,%@AE@% a Jewish preacher said to have been killed by the
Romans at the request of Jewish authorities in Jerusalem c30 AD. They
considered him the Savior (Messiah, or Christ) who rose from the dead and
could grant eternal life to the faithful, despite their sinfulness. They
believed he was an incarnation of the one god worshipped by the Jews, and
that he would return soon to pass final judgment on the world. The
missionary activities of such early leaders as %@AB@%Paul of Tarsus%@AE@% spread the
faith, at first mostly among Jews or among quasi-Jews attracted by the
Pauline rejection of such difficult Jewish laws as circumcision.
Intermittent persecution, as in Rome under Nero in 64 AD, on grounds of
suspected disloyalty, failed to disrupt the Christian communities. Each
congregation, generally urban and of plebeian character, was tightly
organized under a leader (bishop) elders (presbyters or priests), and
assistants (deacons). Stories about Jesus (the Gospels) and the early church
(Acts)  were written down in the late first and early 2d centuries, and
circulated along with letters of Paul. An authoritative canon of these
writings was not fixed until the 4th century. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A school for priests was established at Alexandria in the second century.%@EH@%
Its teachers (%@AB@%Origen%@AE@% c182-251) helped define Christian doctrine and promote
the faith in Greek-style philosophical works. Pagan Neoplatonism was given
Christian coloration in the works of Church Fathers such as Augustine
(354-430). Christian hermits, often drawn from the lower classes, began to
associate in monasteries, first in Egypt (St. Pachomius c290-345), then in
other eastern lands, then in the West (%@AB@%St. Benedict's rule,%@AE@% 529). Popular
devotion to saints, especially Mary, mother of Jesus, spread. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Under %@AB@%Constantine%@AE@% (ruled 306-337), Christianity became in effect the%@EH@%
established religion of the Empire. Pagan temples were expropriated, state
funds were used to build huge churches and support the hierarchy, and laws
were adjusted in accordance with Christian notions. Pagan worship was banned
by the end of the fourth century, and severe restrictions were placed on
Judaism. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The newly established church was rocked by doctrinal disputes, often%@EH@%
exacerbated by regional rivalries both within and outside the Empire. Chief
heresies (as defined by church councils backed by imperial authority) were
%@AB@%Arianism,%@AE@% which denied the divinity of Jesus; %@AB@%Donatism,%@AE@% which rejected the
convergence of church and state and denied the validity of sacraments
performed by sinful clergy; and the %@AB@%Monophysite%@AE@% position denying the dual
nature of Christ. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Judaism.%@AE@% First century Judaism embraced several sects, including: the%@EH@%
%@AB@%Sadducees,%@AE@% mostly drawn from the Temple priesthood, who were culturally
Hellenized; the %@AB@%Pharisees,%@AE@% who upheld the full range of traditional customs
and practices as of equal weight to literal scriptural law, and elaborated
synagogue worship; and the %@AB@%Essenes,%@AE@% an ascetic, millenarian sect. Messianic
fervor led to repeated, unsuccessful rebellions against Rome (66-70, 135).
As a result, the Temple was destroyed, and the population decimated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%To avoid the dissolution of the faith, a program of codification of law was%@EH@%
begun at the academy of Yavneh. The work continued for some 500 years in
Palestine and Babylonia, ending in the final redaction of the %@AB@%Talmud%@AE@% (c600),
a huge collection of legal and moral debates, rulings, liturgy, Biblical
exegesis, and legendary materials. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Islam.%@AE@% The earliest Arab civilization emerged by the end of the 2d millenium%@EH@%
BC in the watered highlands of Yemen. Seaborne and caravan trade in
frankincense and myrrh connected the area with the Nile and Fertile
Crescent. The Minaean, Sabean (Sheba), and Himyarite states successively
held sway. By Mohammed's time (7th century AD), the region was a province of
Sassanian Persia. In the North, the %@AB@%Nabataean kingdom%@AE@% at Petra and the
kingdom of Palmyra were first Aramaicized and then Romanized, and finally
absorbed like neighboring Judea into the Roman Empire. Nomads shared the
central region with a few trading towns and oases. Wars between tribes and
raids on settled communities were common, and were celebrated in a poetic
tradition that by the 6th century helped establish a classic literary
Arabic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 611 %@AB@%Mohammed,%@AE@% a wealthy 40-year-old Arab of Mecca, had a revelation from%@EH@%
Allah, the one true god, calling on him to repudiate pagan idolatry. Drawing
on elements of Judaism and Christianity, and eventually incorporating some
Arab pagan traditions (such as reverence for the black stone at the kaaba
shrine in Mecca), Mohammed's teachings, recorded in the %@AB@%Koran,%@AE@% forged a new
religion, Islam (submission to Allah). Opposed by the leaders of Mecca,
Mohammed made a %@AI@%hejira%@AE@% (migration) to Medina to the north in 622, the
beginning of the Moslem lunar calendar. He and his followers defeated the
Meccans in 624 in the first %@AI@%jihad%@AE@% (holy war), and by his death (632), nearly
all the Arabian peninsula accepted his religious and secular leadership. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Under the first two %@AB@%caliphs%@AE@% (successors) Abu Bakr (632-34) and Oman%@EH@%
(634-44), Moslem rule was confirmed over Arabia. Raiding parties into
Byzantine and Persian border areas developed into campaigns of conquest
against the two empires, which had been weakened by wars and by disaffection
among subject peoples (including Coptic and Syriac Christians opposed to the
Byzantine orthodox church). Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia all
fell to the inspired Arab armies. The Arabs at first remained a distinct
minority, using non-Moslems in the new administrative system, and tolerating
Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as self-governing "Peoples of the Book,"
whose taxes supported the empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Disputes over the succession, and puritan reaction to the wealth and%@EH@%
refinement that empire brought to the ruling strata, led to the growth of
schismatic movements. The followers of Mohammed's son-in-law Ali
(assassinated 661) and his descendants became the founders of the more
mystical %@AB@%Shi'ite%@AE@% sect, still the largest non-orthodox Moslem sect. The
Karijites, puritanical, militant, and egalitarian, persist as a minor sect
to the present. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Under the %@AB@%Ummayad%@AE@% caliphs (661-750), the boundaries of Islam were extended%@EH@%
across N. Africa and into Spain. Arab armies in the West were stopped at
Tours in 732 by the Frank %@AB@%Charles Martel.%@AE@% Asia Minor, the Indus Valley, and
Transoxiana were conquered in the East. The vast majority of the subject
population gradually converted to Islam, encouraged by tax and career
privileges. The Arab language supplanted the local tongues in the central
and western areas, but Arab soldiers and rulers in the East eventually
became assimilated to the indigenous languages.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%New Peoples Enter World History: 400-900%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barbarian invasions.%@AE@%  Germanic tribes infiltrated S and E from their Baltic%@EH@%
homeland during the 1st millenium BC, reaching S. Germany by 100 BC and the
Black Sea by 214 AD. Organized into large federated tribes under elected
kings, most resisted Roman domination and raided the empire in time of civil
war (Goths took Dacia 214, raided Thrace 251-269). German troops and
commanders came to dominate the Roman armies by the end of the 4th century.
%@AB@%Huns,%@AE@% invaders from Asia, entered Europe 372, driving more Germans into the
western empire. Emperor Valens allowed Visigoths to cross the Danube 376.
Huns under Attila (d. 453) raided Gaul, Italy, Balkans. The western empire,
weakened by overtaxation and social stagnation, was overrun in the 5th
century. Gaul was effectively lost 406-7, Spain 409, Britain 410, Africa
429-39. Rome was sacked 410 by Visigoths under Alaric, 455 by Vandals. The
last western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed 476 by the Germanic
chief Odoacer.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Celts.%@AE@% Celtic cultures, which in pre-Roman times covered most of W. Europe,%@EH@%
were confined almost entirely to the British Isles after the Germanic
invasions. %@AB@%St. Patrick%@AE@% completed the conversion of Ireland (c457-92). A
strong monastic tradition took hold. Irish monastic missionaries in
Scotland, England, and the continent (Columba c521-597; Columban c543-615)
helped restore Christianity after the Germanic invasions. The monasteries
became renowned centers of classic and  Christian learning, and presided
over the recording of a Christianized Celtic mythology, elaborated by
secular writers and bards. An intricate decorative art style developed,
especially in book illumination (Lindisfarne Gospels, c700, Book of Kells,
8th century).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Successor states.%@AE@% The Visigoth kingdom in Spain (from 419) and much of%@EH@%
France (to 507) saw a continuation of much Roman administration, language,
and law (Breviary of Alaric 506), until its destruction by the Moslems, 711.
The Vandal kingdom in Africa, from 429, was conquered by the Byzantines,
533. Italy was ruled in succession by an Ostrogothic kingdom under Byzantine
suzerainty 489-554, direct Byzantine government, and the German Lombards
(568-774). The latter divided the peninsula with the Byzantines and the
papacy under the dynamic reformer Pope Gregory the Great (590-604) and his
successors.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%King Clovis (ruled 481-511) united the Franks on both sides of the Rhine,%@EH@%
and after his conversion to orthodox Christianity, defeated the Arian
Burgundians (after 500) and Visigoths (507) with the support of the native
clergy and the papacy. Under the %@AB@%Merovingian%@AE@% kings a feudal system emerged:
power was fragmented among hierarchies of military landowners. Social
stratification, which in late Roman times had acquired legal, hereditary
sanction, was reinforced. The Carolingians (747-987) expanded the kingdom
and restored central power. %@AB@%Charlemagne%@AE@% (ruled 768-814) conquered nearly all
the Germanic lands, including Lombard Italy, and was crowned Emperor by Pope
Leo III in Rome in 800. A centuries-long decline in commerce and the arts
was reversed under Charlemagne's patronage. He welcomed Jews to his kingdom,
which became a center of Jewish learning (Rashi 1040-1105). He sponsored the
"Carolingian Renaissance" of learning under the Anglo-Latin scholar Alcuin
(c732-804), who reformed church liturgy.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Byzantine Empire.%@AE@% Under Diocletian (ruled 284-305) the empire had been%@EH@%
divided into 2 parts to facilitate administration and defense. Constantine
founded %@AB@%Constantinople,%@AE@% 330, (at old Byzantium) as a fully Christian city.
Commerce and taxation financed a sumptuous, orientalized court, a class of
hereditary bureaucratic families, and magnificent urban construction (Hagia
Sophia, 532-37). The city's fortifications and naval innovations (Greek
fire) repelled assaults by Goths, Huns, Slavs, Bulgars, Avars, Arabs, and
Scandinavians. Greek replaced Latin as the official language by c700.
Byzantine art, a solemn, sacral, and stylized variation of late classical
styles (mosaics at S. Vitale, Ravenna, 526-48) was a starting point for
medieval art in E. and W. Europe.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Justinian%@AE@% (ruled 527-65) reconquered parts of Spain, N. Africa, and Italy,%@EH@%
codified Roman law (%@AI@%codex Justinianus,%@AE@% 529, was medieval Europe's chief
legal text), closed the Platonic Academy at Athens and ordered all pagans to
convert. Lombards in Italy, Arabs in Africa retook most of his conquests.
The Isaurian dynasty from Anatolia (from 717) and the Macedonian dynasty
(867-1054) restored military and commercial power. The Iconoclast
controversy (726-843) over the permissibility of images, helped alienate the
Eastern Church from the papacy.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arab Empire.%@AE@%  %@AB@%Baghdad,%@AE@% founded 762, became the seat of the %@AB@%Abbasid%@AE@% Caliphate%@EH@%
(founded 750), while Ummayads continued to rule in Spain. A brilliant
cosmopolitan civilization emerged, inaugurating an Arab-Moslem golden age.
Arab lyric poetry revived; Greek, Syriac, Persian, and Sanskrit books were
translated into Arabic, often by Syriac Christians and Jews, whose theology
and Talmudic law, respectively, influenced Islam. The arts and music
flourished at the court of %@AB@%Harun al-Rashid%@AE@% (786-809), celebrated in %@AI@%The
%@AI@%Arabian Nights.%@AE@% The sciences, medicine, and mathematics were pursued at
Baghdad, Cordova, and Cairo (founded 969). Science and Aristotelian
philosophy culminated in the systems of Avicenna (980-1037), Averroes
(1126-98), and Maimonides (1135-1204), a Jew; all influenced later Christian
scholarship and theology. The Islamic ban on images encouraged a sinuous,
geometric decorative tradition, applied to architecture and illumination. A
gradual loss of Arab control in Persia (from 874) led to the capture of
Baghdad by Persians, 945. By the next century, Spain and N. Africa were
ruled by Berbers, while Turks prevailed in Asia Minor and the Levant. The
loss of political power by the caliphs allowed for the growth of
non-orthodox trends, especially the mystical %@AB@%Sufi%@AE@% tradition (theologian
Ghazali, 1058-1111).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Africa.%@AE@% Immigrants from Saba in S. Arabia helped set up the %@AB@%Axum%@AE@% kingdom in%@EH@%
Ethiopia in the 2d century (their language, Ge'ez, is preserved by the
Ethiopian Church). In the 4th century, when the kingdom became
Christianized, it defeated Kushite Meroe and expanded into Yemen. Axum was
the center of a vast ivory trade; it controlled the Red Sea coast until
c1100. Arab conquest in Egypt cut Axum's political and economic ties with
Byzantium.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Iron Age entered W. Africa by the end of the 1st millenium BC. %@AB@%Ghana,%@AE@%%@EH@%
the first known sub-Saharan state, ruled in the upper Senegal-Niger region
c400-1240, controlling the trade of gold from mines in the S to trans-Sahara
caravan routes to the N. The %@AB@%Bantu%@AE@% peoples, probably of W. African origin,
began to spread E and S perhaps 2000 years ago, displacing the Pygmies and
Bushmen of central and southern Africa over a 1,500-year period.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Japan.%@AE@% The advanced Neolithic Yayoi period, when irrigation, rice farming,%@EH@%
and iron and bronze casting techniques were introduced from China or Korea,
persisted to c400 AD. The myriad Japanese states were then united by the
%@AB@%Yamato%@AE@% clan, under an emperor who acted as the chief priest of the animistic
%@AB@%Shinto%@AE@% cult. Japanese political and military intervention in Korea by the
6th century quickened a Chinese cultural invasion, bringing Buddhism, the
Chinese language (which long remained a literary and governmental medium),
Chinese ideographs and Buddhist styles in painting, sculpture, literature,
and architecture (7th c. Horyu-ji temple at Nara). The Taika Reforms, 646,
tried to centralize Japan according to Chinese bureaucratic and Buddhist
philosophical values, but failed to curb traditional Japanese
decentralization. A nativist reaction against the Buddhist %@AB@%Nara period%@AE@%
(710-94) ushered in the Heian period (794-1185) centered at the new capital,
Kyoto. Japanese elegance and simplicity modified Chinese styles in
architecture, scroll painting, and literature; the writing system was also
simplified. The courtly novel %@AI@%Tale of Genji%@AE@% (1010-20) testifies to the
enhanced role of women.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Southeast Asia.%@AE@% The historic peoples of southeast Asia began arriving some%@EH@%
2500 years ago from China and Tibet, displacing scattered aborigines. Their
agriculture relied on rice and tubers (yams), which they may have introduced
to Africa. Indian cultural influences were strongest; literacy and Hindu and
Buddhist ideas followed the southern India-China trade route. From the
southern tip of Indochina, the kingdom of %@AB@%Funan%@AE@% (1st-7th centuries) traded
as far west as Persia. It was absorbed by Chenla, itself conquered by the
%@AB@%Khmer Empire%@AE@% (600-1300). The Khmers, under Hindu god-kings (Suryavarman II,
1113-c1150), built the monumental Angkor Wat temple center for the royal
phallic cult. The %@AB@%Nam-Viet%@AE@% kingdom in Annam, dominated by China and Chinese
culture for 1,000 years, emerged in the 10th century, growing at the expense
of the Khmers, who also lost ground in the NW to the new, highly-organized
%@AB@%Thai%@AE@% kingdom. On Sumatra, the %@AB@%Srivijaya%@AE@% Empire at Palembang controlled vital
sea lanes (7th to 10th centuries). A Buddhist dynasty, the Sailendras, ruled
central %@AB@%Java%@AE@% (8th-9th centuries), building at Borobudur one of the largest
stupas in the world.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% The short-lived Sui dynasty (581-618) ushered in a period of%@EH@%
commercial, artistic, and scientific achievement in China, continuing under
the %@AB@%T'ang%@AE@% dynasty (618-906). Such inventions as the magnetic compass,
gunpowder, the abacus, and printing were introduced or perfected. Medical
innovations included cataract surgery. The state, from the cosmopolitan
capital, Ch'ang-an, supervised foreign trade which exchanged Chinese silks,
porcelains, and art works for spices, ivory, etc., over Central Asian
caravan routes and sea routes reaching Africa. A golden age of poetry
bequeathed tens of thousands of works to later generations (Tu Fu 712-70, Li
Po 701-62). Landscape painting flourished. Commercial and industrial
expansion continued under the %@AB@%Northern Sung%@AE@% dynasty (960-1126), facilitated
by paper money and credit notes. But commerce never achieved respectability;
government monopolies expropriated successful merchants. The population,
long stable at 50 million, doubled in 200 years with the introduction of
early-ripening rice and the double harvest. In art, native Chinese styles
were revived.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Americas.%@AE@% An Indian empire stretched from the Valley of Mexico to Guatemala,%@EH@%
300-600, centering on the huge city %@AB@%Teotihuacan%@AE@% (founded 100 BC). To the S,
in Guatemala, a high %@AB@%Mayan%@AE@% civilization developed, 150-900, around hundreds
of rural ceremonial centers. The Mayans improved on Olmec writing and the
calendar, and pursued astronomy and mathematics (using the idea of zero). In
S. America, a widespread pre-Inca culture grew from %@AB@%Tiahuanaco%@AE@% near Lake
Titicaca (Gateway of the Sun, c700). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%              %@AS@%Christian Europe Regroups and Expands: 900-1300%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Scandinavians.%@AE@% Pagan Danish and Norse %@AB@%(Viking)%@AE@% adventurers, traders,  and%@EH@%
pirates raided the coasts of the British Isles (Dublin founded c831),
France, and even the Mediterranean for over 200 years beginning in the late
8th century. Inland settlement in the W was limited to Great Britain (King
Canute, 994-1035) and Normandy, settled under Rollo, 911, as a fief of
France. Other Vikings reached Iceland (874), Greenland (c986), and probably
N. America (Leif Eriksson c1000). Norse traders (%@AB@%Varangians%@AE@%) developed
Russian river commerce from the 8th-11th centuries, and helped set up a
state at Kiev in the late 9th century. Conversion to Christianity occurred
during the 10th century, reaching Sweden 100 years later. Eleventh century
Norman bands conquered S. Italy and Sicily. Duke %@AB@%William of Normandy%@AE@%
conquered England, 1066, bringing continental feudalism and the French
language, essential elements in later English civilization.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Europe.%@AE@% Slavs inhabited areas of E. Central Europe in prehistoric%@EH@%
times, and reached most of their present limits by c850. The first Slavic
states were in the Balkans (Slav-Turk %@AB@%Bulgarian Empire,%@AE@% 680-1018) and
Moravia (628). Missions of St. Cyril (whose Greek-based Cyrillic alphabet is
still used by S. and E. Slavs) converted Moravia, 863. The Eastern Slavs,
part-civilized under the overlordship of the Turkish-Jewish %@AB@%Khazar%@AE@% trading
empire (7th-10th centuries), gravitated toward Constantinople by the 9th
century. The %@AB@%Kievan state%@AE@% adopted Eastern Christianity under Prince
Vladimir, 989. King Boleslav I (992-1025) began %@AB@%Poland's%@AE@% long history of
eastern conquest. The Magyars (%@AB@%Hungarians%@AE@%) in Europe since 896, accepted
Latin Christianity, 1001.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Germany.%@AE@% The German kingdom that emerged after the breakup of Charlemagne's%@EH@%
Empire remained a confederation of largely autonomous states. The Saxon Otto
I, king from 936, established the %@AB@%Holy Roman Empire%@AE@% of Germany and Italy in
alliance with Pope John XII, who crowned him emperor, 962; he defeated the
Magyars, 955. Imperial power was greatest under the %@AB@%Hohenstaufens%@AE@%
(1138-1254), despite the growing opposition of the papacy, which ruled
central Italy, and the Lombard League cities. Frederick II (1194-1250)
improved administration, patronized the arts; after his death German
influence was removed from Italy.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Christian Spain.%@AE@% From its northern mountain redoubts, Christian rule slowly%@EH@%
migrated south through the 11th century, when Moslem unity collapsed. After
the capture of %@AB@%Toledo%@AE@% (1085), the kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon
undertook repeated crusades of reconquest, finally completed in 1492.
Elements of Islamic civilization persisted in recaptured areas, influencing
all W. Europe.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Crusades.%@AE@% Pope Urban II called, 1095, for a crusade to restore Asia Minor to%@EH@%
Byzantium and conquer the Holy Land from the Turks. Some 10 crusades (to
1291) succeeded only in founding 4 temporary Frankish states in the Levant.
The 4th crusade sacked Constantinople, 1204. In Rhineland (1096), England
(1290), France (1306), Jews were massacred or expelled, and wars were
launched against Christian heretics (%@AB@%Albigensian%@AE@% crusade in France, 1229).
Trade in eastern luxuries expanded, led by the Venetian naval empire.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Economy.%@AE@% The agricultural base of European life benefitted from improvements%@EH@%
in %@AB@%plow design%@AE@% c1000, and by draining of lowlands and clearing of forests,
leading to a rural population increase. Towns grew in N. Italy, Flanders,
and N. Germany (Hanseatic League). Improvements in %@AB@%loom design%@AE@% permitted
factory textile production. %@AB@%Guilds%@AE@% dominated urban trades from the 12th
century. Banking (centered in Italy, 12th-15th century) facilitated
long-distance trade.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Church.%@AE@% The split between the Eastern and Western churches was%@EH@%
formalized in 1054. W. andCentral Europe was divided into 500 bishoprics
under one united hierarchy, but conflicts between secular and church
authorities were frequent (German %@AB@%Investiture Controversy,%@AE@% 1075-1122).
Clerical power was first strengthened through the international monastic
reform begun at Cluny, 910. Popular religious enthusiasm often expressed
itself in heretical movements (Waldensians from 1173), but was channelled by
the %@AB@%Dominican%@AE@% (1215) and %@AB@%Franciscan%@AE@% (1223) friars into the religious
mainstream.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% %@AB@%Romanesque%@AE@% architecture (11th-12th centuries) expanded on late Roman%@EH@%
models, using the rounded arch and massed stone to support enlarged
basilicas. Painting and sculpture followed Byzantine models. The literature
of %@AB@%chivalry%@AE@% was exemplified by the epic (Chanson de Roland, c1100) and by
courtly love poems of the troubadours of Provence and minnesingers of
Germany. %@AB@%Gothic architecture%@AE@% emerged in France (choir of St. Denis, c1040)
and spread as French cultural influence predominated in Europe. Rib vaulting
and pointed arches were used to combine soaring heights with delicacy, and
freed walls for display of stained glass. Exteriors were covered with
painted relief sculpture and elaborate architectural detail.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Learning.%@AE@% Law, medicine, and philosophy were advanced at independent%@EH@%
%@AB@%universities%@AE@% (Bologna, late 11th century), originally corporations of
students and masters. Twelfth century translations of Greek classics,
especially Aristotle, encouraged an analytic approach. Scholastic
philosophy, from Anselm (1033-1109) to Aquinas (1225-74) attempted to
reconcile reason and revelation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Apogee of Central Asian Power; Islam Grows: 1250-1500 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Turks.%@AE@% Turkic peoples, of Central Asian ancestry, were a military threat to%@EH@%
the Byzantine and Persian Empires from the 6th century. After several waves
of invasions, during which most of the Turks adopted Islam, the %@AB@%Seljuk Turks%@AE@%
took Baghdad, 1055. They ruled Persia, Iraq, and, after 1071, Asia Minor,
where massive numbers of Turks settled. The empire was divided in the 12th
century into smaller states ruled by Seljuks, Kurds (%@AB@%Saladin%@AE@% c1137-93), and
Mamelukes (a military caste of former Turk, Kurd, and Circassian slaves),
which governed Egypt and the Middle East until the Ottoman era (c1290-1922).
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Osman I (ruled c1290-1326) and succeeding sultans united Anatolian Turkish%@EH@%
warriors in a militaristic state that waged holy war against Byzantium and
Balkan Christians. Most of the Balkans had been subdued, and Anatolia
united, when %@AB@%Constantinople fell,%@AE@% 1453. By the mid-16th century, Hungary,
the Middle East, and North Africa had been conquered. The Turkish advance
was stopped at Vienna, 1529, and at the naval battle of Lepanto, 1571, by
Spain, Venice, and the papacy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Ottoman state%@AE@% was governed in accordance with orthodox Moslem law.%@EH@%
Greek, Armenian, and Jewish communities were segregated, and ruled by
religious leaders responsible for taxation; they dominated trade. State
offices and most army ranks were filled by slaves through a system of child
conscription among Christians. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India.%@AE@% Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030) led repeated Turkish raids into N. India.%@EH@%
Turkish power was consolidated in 1206 with the start of the %@AB@%Sultanate at
%@AB@%Delhi.%@AE@% Centralization of state power under the early Delhi sultans went far
beyond traditional Indian practice. Moslem rule of most of the subcontinent
lasted until the British conquest some 600 years later. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mongols.%@AE@% Genghis Khan (c1162-1227) first united the feuding Mongol tribes,%@EH@%
and built their armies into an effective offensive force around a core of
highly mobile cavalry. He and his immediate successors created the largest
land empire in history; by 1279 it stretched from the east coast of Asia to
the Danube, from the Siberian steppes to the Arabian Sea. East-West trade
and contacts were facilitated (Marco Polo c1254-1324). The western Mongols
were Islamized by 1295; successor states soon lost their Mongol character by
assimilation. They were briefly reunited under the Turk Tamerlane
(1336-1405). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kublai Khan%@AE@% ruled China from his new capital Peking (founded 1264). Naval%@EH@%
campaigns against Japan (1274, 1281) and Java (1293) were defeated, the
latter by the Hindu-Buddhist maritime kingdom of Majapahit. The %@AB@%Yuan%@AE@% dynasty
made use of Mongols and other foreigners (including Europeans) in official
posts, and tolerated the return of Nestorian Christianity (suppressed
841-45) and the spread of Islam in the South and West. A native reaction
expelled the Mongols, 1367-68. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russia.%@AE@% The Kievan state in Russia, weakened by the decline of Byzantium and%@EH@%
the rise of the Catholic Polish-Lithuanian state, was overrun by the
Mongols, 1238-40. Only the northern trading republic of Novgorod remained
independent. The grand dukes of Moscow emerged as leaders of a coalition of
princes that eventually defeated the Mongols, by 1481. With the fall of
Constantinople, the %@AB@%Tsars%@AE@% (Caesars) at Moscow (from Ivan III, ruled
1462-1505) set up an independent Russian Orthodox Church. Commerce failed to
revive. The isolated Russian state remained agrarian, with the peasant class
falling into serfdom. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Persia.%@AE@% A revival of Persian literature, using the Arab alphabet and%@EH@%
literary forms, began in the 10th century (epic of Firdausi, 935-1020). An
art revival, influenced by Chinese styles, began in the 12th. Persian
cultural and political forms, and often the Persian language, were used for
centuries by Turkish and Mongol elites from the Balkans to India. Persian
mystics from Rumi (1207-73) to Jami (1414-92) promoted %@AB@%Sufism%@AE@% in their
poetry. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Africa.%@AE@% Two Berber dynasties, imbued with Islamic militance, emerged from%@EH@%
the Sahara to carve out empires from the Sahel to central Spain -- the
%@AB@%Almoravids,%@AE@% c1050-1140, and the fanatical %@AB@%Almohads,%@AE@% c1125-1269. The Ghanaian
empire was replaced in the upper Niger by Mali, c1230-c1340, whose Moslem
rulers imported Egyptians to help make %@AB@%Timbuktu%@AE@% a center of commerce (in
gold, leather, slaves) and learning. The Songhay empire (to 1590) replaced
Mali. To the S, forest kingdoms produced refined art works (Ife terra cotta,
%@AB@%Benin%@AE@% bronzes). Other Moslem states in Nigeria (Hausas) and Chad originated
in the 11th century, and continued in some form until the 19th century
European conquest. Less developed Bantu kingdoms existed across central
Africa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Some 40 Moslem Arab-Persian trading colonies and city-states were%@EH@%
established all along the E. African coast from the 10th century (Kilwa,
Mogadishu). The interchange with Bantu peoples produced the %@AB@%Swahili%@AE@% language
and culture. Gold, palm oil, and slaves were brought from the interior,
stimulating the growth of the Monamatapa kingdom of the Zambezi (15th
century). The Christian Ethiopian empire (from 13th century) continued the
traditions of Axum. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Southeast Asia.%@AE@% Islam was introduced into Malaya and the Indonesian islands%@EH@%
by Arab, Persian, andIndian traders. Coastal Moslem cities and states
(starting before 1300), enriched by trade, soon dominated the interior.
Chief among these was the %@AB@%Malacca%@AE@% state, on the Malay peninsula, c1400-1511.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Arts and Statecraft Thrive in Europe: 1350-1600 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Italian Renaissance & humanism.%@AE@% Distinctive Italian achievements in the arts%@EH@%
in the late Middle Ages (Dante, 1265-1321, Giotto, 1276-1337) led to the
vigorous new styles of the Renaissance (14th-16th centuries). Patronized by
the rulers of the quarreling petty states of Italy (Medicis in Florence and
the papacy, c1400-1737), the plastic arts perfected realistic techniques,
including %@AB@%perspective%@AE@% (Masaccio, 1401-28, Leonardo 1452-1519). Classical
motifs were used in architecture and increased talent and expense were put
into secular buildings. The Florentine dialect was refined as a national
literary language (Petrarch, 1304-74). Greek refugees from the E
strengthened the respect of humanist scholars for the classic sources (Bruni
1370-1444). Soon an international movement aided by the spread of %@AB@%printing%@AE@%
(Gutenberg c1400-1468), %@AB@%humanism%@AE@% was optimistic about the power of human
reason (Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1466-1536, Thomas More's %@AI@%Utopia,%@AE@% 1516) and
valued individual effort in the arts and in politics (Machiavelli,
1469-1527). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%France.%@AE@% The French monarchy, strengthened in its repeated struggles with%@EH@%
powerful nobles (Burgundy, Flanders, Aquitaine) by alliances with the
growing commercial towns, consolidated bureaucratic control under Philip IV
(ruled 1285-1314) and extended French influence into Germany and Italy
(popes at Avignon, France, 1309-1417). The %@AB@%Hundred Years War,%@AE@% 1337-1453,
ended English dynastic claims in France (battles of Crecy, 1346, Poitiers,
1356; Joan of Arc executed, 1431). A French Renaissance, dating from royal
invasions of Italy, 1494, 1499, was encouraged at the court of Francis I
(ruled 1515-47), who centralized taxation and law. French vernacular
literature consciously asserted its independence (La Pleiade, 1549). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%England.%@AE@% The evolution of England's unique political institutions began with%@EH@%
the Magna Carta, 1215, by which King John guaranteed the privileges of
nobles and church against the monarchy and assured jury trial. After the
Wars of the Roses (1455-85), the %@AB@%Tudor dynasty%@AE@% reasserted royal prerogatives
(Henry VIII, ruled 1509-47), but the trend toward independent departments
and ministerial government also continued. English trade (wool exports from
c1340) was protected by the nation's growing maritime power (%@AB@%Spanish Armada%@AE@%
destroyed, 1588). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%English replaced French and Latin in the late 14th century in law and%@EH@%
literature (Chaucer, 1340-1400) and English translation of the Bible began
(Wycliffe, 1380s). Elizabeth I (ruled 1558-1603) presided over a confident
flowering of poetry (Spenser, 1552-99), drama (%@AB@%Shakespeare,%@AE@% 1564-1616), and
music. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%German Empire.%@AE@% From among a welter of minor feudal states, church lands, and%@EH@%
independent cities, the %@AB@%Hapsburgs%@AE@% assembled a far-flung territorial domain,
based in Austria from 1276. The family held the title Holy Roman Emperor
from 1452 to the Empire's dissolution in 1806, but failed to centralize its
domains, leaving Germany disunited for centuries. Resistance to Turkish
expansion brought Hungary under Austrian control from the 16th century. The
Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy were added in 1477, curbing French
expansion.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Flemish painting tradition of naturalism, technical proficiency, and%@EH@%
bourgeois subject matter began in the 15th century (Jan Van Eyck,
1366-1440), the earliest northern manifestation of the Renaissance. %@AB@%Durer%@AE@%
(1471-1528) typified the merging of late Gothic and Italian trends in 16th
century German art. Imposing civic architecture flourished in the prosperous
commercial cities. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Spain.%@AE@% Despite the unification of Castile and Aragon in 1479, the 2%@EH@%
countries retained separate governments, and the nobility, especially in
Aragon and Catalonia, retained many privileges. Spanish lands in Italy
(Naples, Sicily) and the Netherlands entangled the country in European wars
through the mid-17th century, while explorers, traders, and conquerors built
up a Spanish empire in the Americas and the Philippines. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From the late 15th century, a %@AB@%golden age%@AE@% of literature and art produced%@EH@%
works of social satire (plays of Lope de Vega, 1562-1635; Cervantes,
1547-1616), as well as spiritual intensity (El Greco, 1541-1614; Velazquez,
1599-1660). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Black Death.%@AE@% The bubonic plaguereached Europe from the E in 1348, killing as%@EH@%
much as half the population by 1350. Labor scarcity forced a rise in wages
and brought greater freedom to the peasantry, making possible %@AB@%peasant
%@AB@%uprisings%@AE@% (Jacquerie in France, 1358, Wat Tyler's rebellion in England,
1381). In the %@AI@%ciompi%@AE@% revolt, 1378, Florentine wage earners demanded a say in
economic and political power. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Explorations.%@AE@% Organized European maritime exploration began, seeking to%@EH@%
evade the Venice-Ottoman monopoly of eastern trade and to promote
Christianity. Expeditions from Portugal beginning 1418 explored the west
coast of Africa, until %@AB@%Vascoda Gama%@AE@% rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497
and reached India. A Portuguese trading empire was consolidated by the
seizure of Goa, 1510, and Malacca, 1551. Japan was reached in 1542. Spanish
voyages (%@AB@%Columbus,%@AE@% 1492-1504) uncovered a new world, which Spain hastened to
subdue. Navigation schools in Spain and Portugal, the development of large
sailing ships (carracks), and the invention of the rifle, c1475, aided
European penetration. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mughals and Safavids.%@AE@% East of the Ottoman empire, two Moslem dynasties ruled%@EH@%
unchallenged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Mughal empire in India,
founded by Persianized Turkish invaders from the NW under Babur, dates from
their 1526 conquest of Delhi. The dynasty ruled most of India for over 200
years, surviving nominally until 1857. %@AB@%Akbar%@AE@% (ruled 1556-1605) consolidated
administration at his glorious court, where Urdu (Persian-influenced Hindi)
developed. Trade relations with Europe increased. Under Shah Jahan
(1629-58), a secularized art fusing  Hindu and Moslem elements flourished in
miniature painting and architecture %@AB@%(Taj Mahal).%@AE@% Sikhism, founded c1519,
combined elements of both faiths. Suppression of Hindus and Shi'ite Moslems
in S India in the late 17th century weakened the empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Fanatical devotion to the Shi'ite sect characterized the Safavids of Persia,%@EH@%
1502-1736, and led to hostilities with the Sunni Ottomans for over a
century. The prosperity and strength of the empire are evidenced by the
mosques at its capital, %@AB@%Isfahan.%@AE@% The dynasty enhanced Iranian national
consciousness. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% The Ming emperors, 1368-1644, the last native dynasty in China,%@EH@%
wielded unprecedented personal power, while the Confucian bureaucracy began
to suffer from inertia. European trade (Portugese monopoly through %@AB@%Macao%@AE@%
from 1557) was strictly controlled. Jesuit scholars and scientists (Matteo
Ricci 1552-1610) introduced some Western science; their writings
familiarized the West with China. Chinese technological inventiveness
declined from this era, but the arts thrived, especially painting and
ceramics. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Japan.%@AE@% After the decline of the first hereditary shogunate (chief%@EH@%
generalship) at %@AB@%Kamakura%@AE@% (1185-1333), fragmentation of power accelerated, as
did the consequent social mobility. Under Kamakura and the Ashikaga
shogunate, 1338-1573, the daimyos (lords) and samurai (warriors) grew more
powerful and promoted a martial ideology. Japanese pirates and traders plied
the China coast. Popular Buddhist movements included the nationalist
Nichiren sect (from c1250) and %@AB@%Zen%@AE@% (brought from China, 1191), which
stressed meditation and a disciplined esthetic (tea ceremony, landscape
gardening, judo, Noh drama).  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Reformed Europe Expands Overseas: 1500-1700%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reformation begun.%@AE@%Theological debate and protests against real and perceived%@EH@%
clerical corruption existed in the medieval Christian world, expressed by
such dissenters as Wycliffe (c1320-84) and his followers, the Lollards, in
England, and %@AB@%Huss%@AE@% (burned as a heretic, 1415) in Bohemia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Luther%@AE@% (1483-1546) preached that only faith could lead to salvation, without%@EH@%
the mediation of clergy or good works. He attacked the authority of the
Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, and recommended individual study of the
Bible (which he translated, c1525). His 95 Theses (1517) led to his
excommunication (1520). %@AB@%Calvin%@AE@% (1509-64) said God's elect were predestined
for salvation; good conduct and success were signs of election. Calvin in
Geneva and Knox (1505-72) in Scotland erected theocratic states.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry VIII asserted English national authority and secular power by breaking%@EH@%
away from the Catholic church, 1534. Monastic property was confiscated, and
some Protestant doctrines given official sanction.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Religious wars.%@AE@% A century and a half of religious wars began with a South%@EH@%
German peasant uprising, 1524, repressed with Luther's support. Radical
sects--democratic, pacifist, milennarian--arose (Anabaptists ruled Muenster,
1534-35), and were suppressed violently. Civil war in France from 1562
between %@AB@%Huguenots%@AE@% (Protestant nobles and merchants) and Catholics ended with
the 1598 Edict of Nantes tolerating Protestants (revoked 1685). Hapsburg
attempts to restore Catholicism in Germany were resisted in 25 years of
fighting; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg guarantee of religious independence to
local princes and cities was confirmed only after the %@AB@%Thirty Years War,%@AE@%
1618-48, when much of Germany was devastated by local and foreign armies
(Sweden, France).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A %@AB@%Catholic Reformation,%@AE@% or %@AB@%counter-reformation,%@AE@% met the Protestant%@EH@%
challenge, clearly defining an official theology at the Council of Trent,
1545-63. The %@AB@%Jesuit%@AE@% order, founded 1534 by Loyola (1491-1556), helped
reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent
missionaries to the New World, India, and China, while the Inquisition
helped suppress heresy in Catholic countries.  A revival of piety appeared
in the devotional literature (Theresa of Avila, 1515-82) and the grandiose
Baroque art  (Bernini, 1598-1680) of Roman Catholic countries.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Scientific Revolution.%@AE@% The late nominalist thinkers (Ockham, c1300-49) of%@EH@%
Paris and Oxford challenged Aristotelian orthodoxy, allowing for a freer
scientific approach. But metaphysical values, such as the Neoplatonic faith
in an orderly, mathematical cosmos, still motivated and directed subsequent
inquiry. %@AB@%Copernicus%@AE@% (1473-1543) promoted the heliocentric theory, which was
confirmed when Kepler (1571-1630) discovered the mathematical laws
describing the orbits of the planets. The Christian-Aristotelian belief that
heavens and earth were fundamentally different collapsed when
%@AB@%Galileo%@AE@%(1564-1642) discovered moving sunspots, irregular moon topography,
and moons around Jupiter. He and %@AB@%Newton%@AE@% (1642-1727) developed a mechanics
that unified cosmic and earthly    phenomena. To meet the needs of the new
physics, Newton and Leibnitz (1646-1716) invented calculus, Descartes
(1596-1650) invented analytic geometry.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An explosion of observational science included the discovery of blood%@EH@%
circulation (Harvey, 1578-1657) and microscopic life (Leeuwenhoek,
1632-1723), and advances in anatomy (Vesalius, 1514-64, dissected corpses)
and chemistry (Boyle, 1627-91). Scientific research institutes were founded:
Florence, 1657, London %@AB@%(Royal Society),%@AE@% 1660, Paris, 1666. Inventions
proliferated (Savery's steam engine, 1696).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% Mannerist trends of the high Renaissance %@AB@%(Michelangelo,%@AE@% 1475-1564)%@EH@%
exploited virtuosity, grace, novelty, and exotic subjects and poses. The
notion of artistic genius was promoted, in contrast to the anonymous
medieval artisan. Private connoisseurs entered the art market. These trends
were elaborated in the 17th century %@AB@%Baroque%@AE@% era, on a grander scale. Dynamic
movement in painting and sculpture was emphasized by sharp lighting effects,
use of rich materials (colored marble, gilt), realistic details. Curved
facades, broken lines, rich, deep-cut detail, and ceiling decoration
characterized Baroque architecture, especially in Germany. Monarchs,
princes, and prelates, usually Catholic, used Baroque art to enhance and
embellish their authority, as in royal portraits by Velazquez (1599-1660)
and Van Dyck (1599-1641).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%National styles emerged. In France, a taste for rectilinear order and%@EH@%
serenity (Poussin, 1594-1665), linked to the new rational philosophy, was
expressed in classical forms. The influence of %@AB@%classical values%@AE@% in French
literature (tragedies of Racine, 1639-99) gave rise to the "battle of the
Ancients and Moderns." New forms included the essay (Montaigne, 1533-92) and
novel (%@AI@%Princesse de Cleves,%@AE@% La Fayette, 1678).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dutch painting of the 17th century was unique in its wide social%@EH@%
distribution. The Flemish tradition of undemonstrative realism reached its
peak in %@AB@%Rembrandt%@AE@% (1606-69) and Vermeer (1632-75).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Economy.%@AE@% European economic expansion was stimulated by the new trade with%@EH@%
the East, New World gold and silver, and a doubling of population (50 mln.
in 1450, 100 mln. in 1600). New business and financial techniques were
developed and refined, such as joint-stock companies, insurance, and letters
of credit and exchange. The Bank of Amsterdam, 1609, and the Bank of
England, 1694, broke the old monopoly of private banking families. The rise
of a business mentality was typified by the spread of clock towers in cities
in the 14th century. By the mid-15th century, portable clocks were
available; the first watch was invented in 1502.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%By 1650, most governments had adopted the %@AB@%mercantile system,%@AE@% in which they%@EH@%
sought to amass metallic wealth by protecting their merchants' foreign and
colonial trade monopolies. The rise in prices and the new coin-based economy
undermined the craft guild and feudal manorial systems. Expanding
industries, such as clothweaving and mining, benefitted from technical
advances. Coal replaced disappearing wood as the chief fuel; it was used to
fuel new 16th century blast furnaces making cast iron.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%New World.%@AE@% The %@AB@%Aztecs%@AE@% united much of the Mesoamerican culture area in a%@EH@%
militarist empire by 1519, from their capital, Tenochtitlan (pop. 300,000),
which was the center of a cult requiring enormous levels of ritual human
sacrifice. Most of the civilized areas of S. America were ruled by the
centralized %@AB@%Inca Empire%@AE@% (1476-1534), stretching 2,000 miles from Ecuador to
N.W. Argentina. Lavish and sophisticated traditions in pottery, weaving,
sculpture, and architecture were maintained in both regions.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%These empires, beset by revolts, fell in 2 short campaigns to gold-seeking%@EH@%
Spanish forces based in the Antilles and Panama. %@AB@%Cortes%@AE@% took Mexico,
1519-21;%@AB@%Pizarro%@AE@% Peru, 1531-35. From these centers, land and sea expeditions
claimed most of N. and S. America for Spain. The Indian high cultures did
not survive the impact of Christian missionaries and the new upper class of
whites and mestizos. In turn, New World silver, and such Indian products as
potatoes, tobacco, corn, peanuts, chocolate, and rubber exercised a major
economic influence on Europe. While the Spanish administration
intermittently concerned itself with the welfare of Indians, the population
remained impoverished at most levels, despite the growth of a distinct South
American civilization. European diseases reduced the native population.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Brazil, which the Portuguese discovered in 1500 and settled after 1530, and%@EH@%
the Caribbean colonies of several European nations developed a plantation
economy where sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, coffee, rice, indigo, and lumber
were grown commercially by slaves. From the early 16th to the late 19th
centuries, some 10 million Africans were transported to %@AB@%slavery%@AE@% in the New
World.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Netherlands.%@AE@% The urban, Calvinist northern provinces of the Netherlands%@EH@%
rebelled against Hapsburg Spain, 1568, and founded an oligarchic mercantile
republic. Their strategic control of the Baltic grain market enabled them to
exploit Mediterranean food shortages. Religious refugees -- French and
Belgian Protestants, Iberian Jews -- added to the cosmopolitan commercial
talent pool. After Spain absorbed Portugal in 1580, the Dutch seized
Portuguese possessions and created a vast, though generally short-lived
commercial empire in Brazil, the Antilles, Africa, India, Ceylon, Malacca,
Indonesia, and Taiwan, and challenged or supplanted Portuguese traders in
China and Japan.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%England.%@AE@% Anglicanism became firmly established under Elizabeth I after a%@EH@%
brief Catholic interlude under "Bloody Mary," 1553-58. But religious and
political conflicts led to a rebellion by Parliament, 1642. Roundheads
(Puritans) defeated Cavaliers (Royalists); Charles I was beheaded, 1649. The
new %@AB@%Commonwealth%@AE@% was ruled as a military dictatorship by Cromwell, who also
brutally crushed an Irish rebellion, 1649-51. Conflicts within the Puritan
camp (democratic Levelers defeated 1649) aided the Stuart restoration, 1660,
but Parliament was permanently strengthened and  the peaceful %@AB@%"Glorious
%@AB@%Revolution",%@AE@% 1688, advanced political and religious liberties (writings of
Locke, 1632-1704). British privateers (Drake, 1540-96) challenged Spanish
control of the New World, and penetrated Asian trade routes (Madras taken,
1639). N. American colonies (Jamestown, 1607, Plymouth, 1620) provided an
outlet for religious dissenters.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%France.%@AE@% Emerging from the religious civil wars in 1628, France regained%@EH@%
military and commercial great power status under the ministries of %@AB@%Richelieu%@AE@%
(1624-42), Mazarin (1643-61), and Colbert (1662-83). Under Louis XIV (ruled
1643-1715) royal absolutism triumphed over nobles and local %@AI@%parlements%@AE@%
(defeat of Fronde, 1648-53). Permanent colonies were founded in Canada
(1608), the Caribbean (1626), and India (1674).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sweden.%@AE@% Sweden seceded from the Scandinavian Union in 1523. The%@EH@%
thinly-populated agrarian state (with copper, iron, and timber exports) was
united by the Vasa kings, whose conquests by the mid-17th century made
Sweden the dominant Baltic power. The empire collapsed in the Great Northern
War (1700-21).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Poland.%@AE@% After the union with Lithuania in 1447, Poland ruled vast%@EH@%
territories from the Baltic to the Black Sea, resisting German and Turkish
incursions. Catholic nobles failed to gain the loyalty of the Orthodox
Christian peasantry in the East; commerce and trades were practiced by
German and Jewish immigrants. The bloody 1648-49 cossack uprising began the
kingdom's dismemberment.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% A new dynasty, the %@AB@%Manchus,%@AE@% invaded from the NE and seized power in%@EH@%
1644, and expanded Chinese control to its greatest extent in Central and
Southeast Asia. Trade and diplomatic contact with Europe grew, carefully
controlled by China. New crops (sweet potato, maize, peanut) allowed an
economic and population growth (300 million pop. in 1800). Traditional arts
and literature were pursued with increased sophistication (%@AI@%Dream of the Red
%@AI@%Chamber,%@AE@% novel, mid-18th century).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Japan.%@AE@% Tokugawa Ieyasu, shogun from 1603, finally unified and pacified%@EH@%
feudal Japan. Hereditary daimyos and samurai monopolized government office
and the professions. An urban merchant class grew, literacy spread, and a
cultural renaissance occurred (haiku of Basho, 1644-94). Fear of European
domination led to persecution of Christian converts from 1597, and stringent
isolation from outside contact from 1640. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Philosophy, Industry, and Revolution: 1700-1800 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Science and Reason.%@AE@% Faith in human reason and science as the source of truth%@EH@%
and a means to improve the physical and social environment, espoused since
the Renaissance (Francis Bacon, 1561-1626), was bolstered by scientific
discoveries in spite of theological opposition (%@AB@%Galileo's forced retraction,%@AE@%
1633). Descartes applied the logical method of mathematics to discover
"self-evident" scientific and philosophical truths, while Newton emphasized
induction from experimental observation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The challenge of reason to traditional religious and political values and%@EH@%
institutions began with %@AB@%Spinoza%@AE@% (1632-77), who interpreted the Bible
historically and called for political and intellectual freedom. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%French philosophes assumed leadership of the %@AB@%"Enlightenment"%@AE@% in the 18th%@EH@%
century. Montesquieu (1689-1755) used British history to support his notions
of limited government. Voltaire's (1694-1778) diaries and novels of exotic
travel illustrated the intellectual trends toward secular ethics and
relativism. Rousseau's (1712-1778) radical concepts of the %@AB@%social contract%@AE@%
and of the inherent goodness of the common man gave impetus to
anti-monarchical republicanism. The %@AI@%Encyclopedia,%@AE@% 1751-72, edited by Diderot
and d'Alembert, designed as a monument to reason, was largely devoted to
practical technology. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In England, ideals of political and religious liberty were connected with%@EH@%
empiricist philosophy and science in the followers of Locke. But the extreme
%@AB@%empiricism of Hume%@AE@% (1711-76) and Berkeley(1685-1753) posed limits to the
identification of reason with absolute truth, as did the evolutionary
approach to law and politics of Burke (1729-97) and the utilitarianism of
Bentham (1748-1832). Adam Smith (1723-90) and other %@AB@%physiocrats%@AE@% called for a
rationalization of economic activity by removing artificial barriers to a
supposedly natural free exchange of goods. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Despite the political disunity and backwardness of most of Germany, German%@EH@%
writers participated in the new philosophical trends popularized by Wolff
(1679-1754). %@AB@%Kant's%@AE@% (1724-1804) %@AB@%idealism,%@AE@% unifying an empirical epistemology
with %@AI@%a priori%@AE@% moral and logical concepts, directed German thought away from
skepticism. Italian contributions included work on electricity by Galvani
(1737-98) and Volta (1745-1827), the pioneer %@AB@%historiography of Vico%@AE@%
(1668-1744), and writings on penal reform by Beccaria (1738-94). The
American Franklin (1706-90) was celebrated in Europe for his varied
achievements. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The growth of the %@AB@%press%@AE@% (%@AI@%Spectator,%@AE@% 1711-14) and the wide distribution of%@EH@%
realistic but sentimental %@AB@%novels%@AE@% attested to the increase of a large
bourgeois public. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% %@AB@%Rococo%@AE@% art, characterized by extravagant decorative effects,%@EH@%
asymmetries copied from organic models, and artificial pastoral subjects,
was favored by the continental aristocracy for most of the century (Watteau,
1684-1721), and had musical analogies in the ornamentalized polyphony of
late Baroque. The %@AB@%Neoclassical%@AE@% art after 1750, associated with the new
scientific archeology, was more streamlined, and infused with the supposed
moral and geometric rectitude of the Roman Republic (David, 1748-1825). In
England, %@AB@%town planning%@AE@% on a grand scale began (Edinburgh, 1767). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Industrial Revolution in England.%@AE@% Agricultural improvements, such as the%@EH@%
sowing drill (1701) and livestock breeding, were implemented on the large
fields provided by enclosure of common lands by private owners. Profits from
agriculture and from colonial and foreign trade (1800 volume, [pound ]54
million) were channelled through hundreds of banks and the %@AB@%Stock Exchange%@AE@%
(founded 1773) into new industrial processes. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Newcomen steam pump (1712) aided coal mining. Coal fueled the new%@EH@%
efficient steam engines patented by Watt in 1769, and coke-smelting produced
cheap, sturdy iron for machinery by the 1730s. The %@AB@%flying shuttle%@AE@% (1733) and
%@AB@%spinning jenny%@AE@% (1764) were used in the large new cotton textile factories,
where women and children were much of the work force. Goods were transported
cheaply over %@AB@%canals%@AE@% (2,000 miles built 1760-1800). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%American Revolution.%@AE@% The British colonies in N. America attracted a mass%@EH@%
immigration of religious dissenters and poor people throughout the 17th and
18th centuries, coming from all parts of the British Isles, Germany, the
Netherlands, and other countries. The population reached 3 million whites
and blacks by the 1770s. The small native population was decimated by
European diseases and wars with and between the various colonies. British
attempts to control colonial trade, and to tax the colonists to pay for the
costs of colonial administration and defense clashed with traditions of
local self government, and eventually provoked the colonies to rebellion.
(%@AI@%See American Revolution in Index.%@AE@%) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Central and East Europe.%@AE@% The monarchs of the three states that dominated%@EH@%
eastern Europe -- Austria, Prussia, and Russia -- accepted the advice and
legitimation of philosophes in creating more modern, centralized
institutions in their kingdoms, enlarged by the division of Poland
(1772-95). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Under %@AB@%Frederick II%@AE@% (ruled 1740-86) Prussia, with its efficient modern army,%@EH@%
doubled in size. State monopolies and tariff protection fostered industry,
and some legal reforms were introduced. Austria's heterogeneous realms were
legally unified under %@AB@%Maria Theresa%@AE@% (ruled 1740-80) and %@AB@%Joseph II%@AE@% (1780-90).
Reforms in education, law, and religion were enacted, and the Austrian serfs
were freed (1781). With its defeat in the Seven Years' War in 1763, Austria
lost Silesia and ceased its active role in Germany, but was compensated by
expansion to the E and S (Hungary, Slavonia, 1699, Galicia, 1772). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Russia, whose borders continued to expand in all directions, adopted some%@EH@%
Western bureaucratic and economic policies under %@AB@%Peter I%@AE@% (ruled 1682-1725)
and Catherine II (ruled 1762-96). Trade and cultural contacts with the West
multiplied from the new Baltic Sea capital, %@AB@%St. Petersburg%@AE@% (founded 1703). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%French Revolution.%@AE@% The growing French middle class lacked political power,%@EH@%
and resented aristocratic tax privileges, especially in light of liberal
political ideals popularized by the American Revolution. Peasants lacked
adequate land and were burdened with feudal obligations to nobles. Wars with
Britain drained the treasury, finally forcing the king to call the
%@AB@%Estates-General%@AE@% in 1789 (first time since 1614), in an atmosphere of food
riots (poor crop in 1788). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Aristocratic resistance to absolutism was soon overshadowed by the reformist%@EH@%
Third Estate (middle class), which proclaimed itself the %@AB@%National
%@AB@%Constituent Assembly%@AE@% June 17 and took the "Tennis Court oath" on June 20 to
secure a constitution. The storming of the %@AB@%Bastille%@AE@% July 14 by Parisian
artisans was followed by looting and seizure of aristocratic property
throughout France. Assembly reforms included abolition of class and regional
privileges, a Declaration of Rights, suffrage by taxpayers (75% of males),
and the %@AB@%Civil Constitution of the Clergy%@AE@% providing for election and loyalty
oaths for priests. A republic was declared Sept. 22, 1792, in spite of
royalist pressure from Austria and Prussia, which had declared war in April
(joined by Britain the next year). Louis XVI was beheaded Jan. 21, 1793,
Queen Marie Antoinette was beheaded Oct. 16, 1793. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Royalist uprisings in La Vendee in the S and military reverses led to a%@EH@%
%@AB@%reign of terror%@AE@% in which tens of thousands of opponents of the Revolution
and criminals were executed. Radical reforms in the %@AB@%Convention%@AE@% period (Sept.
1793-Oct. 1795) included the abolition of colonial slavery, economic
measures to aid the poor, support of public education, and a short-lived
de-Christianization. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Division among radicals (execution of Hebert, March 1794, Danton, April, and%@EH@%
Robespierre, July) aided the ascendance of a moderate %@AB@%Directory,%@AE@% which
consolidated military victories. %@AB@%Napoleon Bonaparte%@AE@% (1769-1821), a popular
young general, exploited political divisions and participated in a coup Nov.
9, 1799, making himself first consul (dictator). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India.%@AE@% Sikh and Hindu rebels (Rajputs, Marathas) and Afghans destroyed the%@EH@%
power of the Mughals during the 18th century. After France's defeat in the
Seven Years War, 1763, Britain was the chief European trade power in India.
Its control of inland %@AB@%Bengal and Bihar%@AE@% was recognized by the Mughal shah in
1765, who granted the %@AB@%British East India Co.%@AE@% (under Clive, 1727-74) the
right to collect land revenue there. Despite objections from Parliament
(1784 India Act) the company's involvement in local wars and politics led to
repeated acquisitions of new territory. The company exported Indian
textiles, sugar, and indigo.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Change Gathers Steam: 1800-1840 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%French ideals and empire spread.%@AE@%Inspired by the ideals of the French%@EH@%
Revolution, and supported by the expanding French armies, new republican
regimes arose near France: the %@AB@%Batavian%@AE@% Republic in the Netherlands
(1795-1806), the %@AB@%Helvetic%@AE@% Republic in Switzerland (1798-1803), the %@AB@%Cisalpine%@AE@%
Republic in N. Italy (1797-1805), the %@AB@%Ligurian%@AE@% Republic in Genoa
(1797-1805), and the %@AB@%Parthenopean%@AE@% Republic in S. Italy (1799). A Roman
Republic existed briefly in 1798 after Pope Pius VI was arrested by French
troops. In Italy and Germany, new nationalist sentiments were stimulated
both in imitation of and reaction to France (anti-French and anti-Jacobin
peasant uprisings in Italy, 1796-9). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From 1804, when Napoleon declared himself emperor, to 1812, a succession of%@EH@%
military victories (Austerlitz, 1805, Jena, 1806) extended his control over
most of Europe, through puppet states (%@AB@%Confederation of the Rhine%@AE@% united W.
German states for the first time and %@AB@%Grand Duchy of Warsaw%@AE@%revived Polish
national hopes), expansion of the empire, and alliances. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Among the lasting reforms initiated under Napoleon's absolutist reign were:%@EH@%
establishment of the Bank of France, centralization of tax collection,
codification of law along Roman models (%@AI@%Code Napoleon%@AE@%, and reform and
extension of secondary and university education. In an 1801 concordat, the
papacy recognized the effective autonomy of the French Catholic Church. Some
400,000 French soldiers were killed in the Napoleonic Wars, along with
600,000 foreign troops. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Last gasp of old regime.%@AE@% France's coastal blockade of Europe (%@AB@%Continental%@EH@%
%@AB@%System%@AE@%) failed to neutralize Britain. The disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia
exposed Napoleon's overextension. After an 1814 exile at Elba, Napoleon's
armies were defeated at %@AB@%Waterloo,%@AE@% 1815, by British and Prussian troops. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At the %@AB@%Congress of Vienna,%@AE@% the monarchs and princes of Europe redrew their%@EH@%
boundaries, to the advantage of Prussia (in Saxony and the Ruhr), Austria
(in Illyria and Venetia), and Russia (in Poland and Finland). British
conquest of Dutch and French colonies (S. Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius) was
recognized, and France, under the restored Bourbons, retained its expanded
1792 borders. The settlement brought 50 years of international peace to
Europe. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%But the Congress was unable to check the advance of liberal ideals and of%@EH@%
nationalism among the smaller European nations. The 1825 %@AB@%Decembrist uprising%@AE@%
by liberal officers in Russia was easily suppressed. But an independence
movement in %@AB@%Greece,%@AE@% stirred by commercial prosperity and a cultural revival,
succeeded in expelling Ottoman rule by 1831, with the aid of Britain,
France, and Russia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A constitutional monarchy was secured in France by an %@AB@%1830 revolution;%@AE@% Louis%@EH@%
Philippe became king. The revolutionary contagion spread to %@AB@%Belgium,%@AE@% which
gained its independence from the Dutch monarchy, 1830; to %@AB@%Poland,%@AE@% whose
rebellion was defeated by Russia, 1830-31; and to Germany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Romanticism.%@AE@% A new style in intellectual and artistic life began to replace%@EH@%
Neo-classicism and Rococo after the mid-18th century. By the early 19th,
this style, Romanticism, had prevailed in the European world. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rousseau%@AE@% had begun the reaction against excessive rationalism and%@EH@%
skepticism; in education (%@AI@%Emile,%@AE@% 1762) he stressed subjective spontaneity
over regularized instruction. In Germany, Lessing (1729-81) and Herder
(1744-1803) favorably compared the German folk song to classical forms, and
began a cult of Shakespeare, whose passion and "natural" wisdom was a model
for the Romantic %@AI@%Sturm und Drang%@AE@% (storm and stress) movement. %@AB@%Goethe's%@AE@%
%@AI@%Sorrows of Young Werther%@AE@% (1774) set the model for the tragic, passionate
genius. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A new interest in %@AB@%Gothic architecture%@AE@% in England after 1760 (Walpole,%@EH@%
1717-97) spread through Europe, associated with an aesthetic Christian and
mystic revival (Blake, 1757-1827). Celtic, Norse, and German mythology and
folk tales were revived or imitated (Macpherson's Ossian translation, 1762,
Grimm's %@AI@%Fairy Tales,%@AE@% 1812-22). The medieval revival (Scott's %@AI@%Ivanhoe,%@AE@% 1819)
led to a new interest in history, stressing national differences and organic
growth (Carlyle, 1795-1881; Michelet, 1798-1874), corresponding to theories
of natural evolution (Lamarck's %@AI@%Philosophie zoologique,%@AE@% 1809, Lyell's
%@AI@%Geology,%@AE@% 1830-33). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Revolution and war fed an obsession with freedom and conflict, expressed by%@EH@%
poets (%@AB@%Byron,%@AE@% 1788-1824, %@AB@%Hugo,%@AE@% 1802-85) and philosophers (%@AB@%Hegel,%@AE@% 1770-1831).
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Wild gardens replaced the formal French variety, and painters favored rural,%@EH@%
stormy, and mountainous landscapes (%@AB@%Turner,%@AE@% 1775-1851; %@AB@%Constable,%@AE@%
1776-1837). Clothing became freer, with wigs, hoops, and ruffles discarded.
Originality and genius were expected in the life as well as the work of
inspired artists (Murger's %@AI@%Scenes from Bohemian Life,%@AE@% 1847-49). Exotic
locales and themes (as in "Gothic" horror stories) were used in art and
literature (Delacroix, 1798-1863, %@AB@%Poe,%@AE@% 1809-49). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Music exhibited the new dramatic style and a breakdown of classical forms%@EH@%
(Beethoven, 1770-1827). The use of folk melodies and modes aided the growth
of distinct national traditions (Glinka in Russia, 1804-57). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Latin America.%@AE@% Haiti, under the former slave %@AB@%Toussaint L'Ouverture,%@AE@% was the%@EH@%
first Latin American independent state, 1800. All the mainland Spanish
colonies won their independence 1810-24, under such leaders as %@AB@%Bolivar%@AE@%
(1783-1830). Brazil became an independent empire under the Portuguese prince
regent, 1822. A new class of military officers divided power with large
landholders and the church. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%United States.%@AE@% Heavy immigration and exploitation of ample natural resources%@EH@%
fueled rapid economic growth. The spread of the franchise, public education,
and antislavery sentiment were signs of a widespread democratic ethic. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% Failure to keep pace with Western arms technology exposed China to%@EH@%
greater European influence, and hampered efforts to bar imports of opium,
which had damaged Chinese society and drained wealth overseas. In the %@AB@%Opium
%@AB@%War,%@AE@% 1839-42, Britain forced China to expand trade opportunities and to cede
Hong Kong.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Triumph of Progress: 1840-80 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Idea of Progress.%@AE@% As a result of the cumulative scientific, economic, and%@EH@%
political changes of the preceding eras, the idea took hold among literate
people in the West that continuing growth and improvement was the usual
state of human and natural life. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Darwin's statement of the %@AB@%theory of evolution%@AE@% and survival of the fittest%@EH@%
(%@AI@%Origin of Species,%@AE@% 1859), defended by intellectuals and scientists against
theological objections, was taken as confirmation that progress was the
natural direction of life. The controversy helped define popular ideas of
the dedicated scientist and ever-expanding human knowledge of and control
over the world (Foucault's demonstration of earth's rotation, 1851,
Pasteur's germ theory, 1861). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Liberals following Ricardo (1772-1823) in their faith that unrestrained%@EH@%
competition would bring continuous economic expansion sought to adjust
political life to the new social realities, and believed that unregulated
competition of ideas would yield truth (Mill, 1806-73). In England,
successive reform bills (1832, 1867, 1884) gave representation to the new
industrial towns, and extended the franchise to the middle and lower classes
and to Catholics, Dissenters, and Jews. On both sides of the Atlantic,
reformists tried to improve conditions for the mentally ill (Dix, 1802-87),
women (Anthony, 1820-1906), and prisoners. Slavery was barred in the British
Empire, 1833; the United States, 1865; and Brazil, 1888. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Socialist theories based on ideas of human perfectibility or historical%@EH@%
progress were widely disseminated. Utopian socialists like Saint-Simon
(1760-1825) envisaged an orderly, just society directed by a technocratic
elite. A model factory town, New Lanark, Scotland, was set up by utopian
Robert Owen (1771-1858), and utopian communal experiments were tried in the
U.S. (Brook Farm, Mass., 1841-7). Bakunin's (1814-76) anarchism represented
the opposite utopian extreme of total freedom. Marx (1818-83) posited the
inevitable triumph of socialism in the industrial countries through a
historical process of class conflict. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Spread of industry.%@AE@% The technical processes and managerial innovations of%@EH@%
the English industrial revolution spread to Europe (especially Germany) and
the U.S., causing an explosion of industrial production, demand for raw
materials, and competition for markets. Inventors, both trained and
self-educated, provided the means for larger-scale production (Bessemer
steel, 1856, sewing machine, 1846). Many inventions were shown at the 1851
London Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace, whose theme was universal
prosperity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Local specialization and long-distance trade were aided by a revolution in%@EH@%
transportation and communication. Railroads were first introduced in the
1820s in England and the U.S. Over 150,000 miles of track had been laid
worldwide by 1880, with another 100,000 miles laid in the next decade.
Steamships were improved (%@AI@%Savannah%@AE@% crossed Atlantic, 1819). The telegraph,
perfected by 1844 (Morse), connected the Old and New Worlds by cable in
1866, and quickened the pace of international commerce and politics. The
first commercial telephone exchange went into operation in the U.S. in 1878.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The new class of industrial workers, uprooted from their rural homes, lacked%@EH@%
job security, and suffered from dangerous overcrowded conditions at work and
at home. Many responded by organizing trade unions (legalized in England,
1824; France, 1884). The U.S. Knights of Labor had 700,000 members by 1886.
The First International, 1864-76, tried to unite workers internationally
around a Marxist program. The quasi-Socialist Paris Commune uprising, 1871,
was violently suppressed. Factory Acts to reduce child labor and regulate
conditions were passed (1833-50 in England). Social security measures were
introduced by the Bismarck regime in Germany, 1883-89. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Revolutions of 1848.%@AE@% Among the causes of the continent-wide revolutions were%@EH@%
an international collapse of credit and resulting unemployment, bad harvests
in 1845-7, and a cholera epidemic. The new urban proletariat and expanding
bourgeoisie demanded a greater political role. Republics were proclaimed in
France, Rome, and Venice. Nationalist feelings reached fever pitch in the
Hapsburg empire, as Hungary declared independence under Kossuth, a Slav
Congress demanded equality, and Piedmont tried to drive Austria from
Lombardy. A national liberal assembly at Frankfurt called for German
unification. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%But riots fueled bourgeois fears of socialism (Marx and Engels' 1848%@EH@%
%@AI@%Communist Manifesto%@AE@%) and peasants remained conservative. The old
establishment -- The Papacy, the Hapsburgs (using Croats and Romanians
against Hungary), the Russian army -- was able to rout the revolutionaries
by 1849. The French Republic succumbed to a renewed monarchy by 1852
(Emperor Napoleon III). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great nations unified.%@AE@% Using the "blood and iron" tactics of Bismarck from%@EH@%
1862, Prussia controlled N. Germany by 1867 (war with Denmark, 1864,
Austria, 1866). After defeating France in 1870 (loss of Alsace-Lorraine), it
won the allegiance of S. German states. A new %@AB@%German Empire%@AE@% was proclaimed,
1871. %@AB@%Italy,%@AE@% inspired by Mazzini (1805-72) and Garibaldi (1807-82), was
unified by the reformed Piedmont kingdom through uprisings, plebiscites, and
war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%U.S.,%@AE@% its area expanded after the 1846-47 Mexican War, defeated a%@EH@%
secession attempt by slave states, 1861-65.The Canadian provinces were
united in an autonomous %@AB@%Dominion of Canada,%@AE@% 1867. Control in %@AB@%India%@AE@% was
removed from the East India Co. and centralized under British administration
after the 1857-58 Sepoy rebellion, laying the groundwork for the modern
Indian State. Queen Victoria was named Empress of India, 1876. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Europe dominates Asia.%@AE@% The Ottoman Empire began to collapse in the face of%@EH@%
Balkan nationalisms and European imperial incursions in N. Africa (Suez
Canal, 1869). The Turks had lost control of most of both regions by 1882.
Russia completed its expansion south by 1884 (despite the temporary setback
of the Crimean War with Turkey, Britain, and France, 1853-56) taking
Turkestan, all the Caucasus, and Chinese areas in the East and sponsoring
Balkan Slavs against the Turks. A succession of reformist and reactionary
regimes presided over a slow modernization (serfs freed, 1861). Persian
independence suffered as Russia and British India competed for influence. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%China was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties with European powers%@EH@%
and Japan. Overpopulation and an inefficient dynasty brought misery and
caused rebellions (Taiping, Moslems) leaving tens of millions dead. Japan
was forced by the U.S. (Commodore Perry's visits, 1853-54) and Europe to end
its isolation. The Meiji restoration, 1868, gave power to a Westernizing
oligarchy. Intensified empire-building gave Burma to Britain, 1824-86, and
Indo-China to France, 1862-95. Christian missionary activity followed
imperial and trade expansion in Asia.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Respectability.%@AE@% The fine arts were expected to reflect and encourage the%@EH@%
progress of morals and manners among the different classes. "Victorian"
prudery, exaggerated delicacy, and familial piety were heralded by %@AB@%Bowdler's%@AE@%
expurgated edition of Shakespeare (1818). Government-supported mass
education inculcated a work ethic as a means to escape poverty (Horatio
Alger, 1832-99). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The official %@AB@%Beaux Arts%@AE@% school in Paris set an international style of%@EH@%
imposing public buildings (Paris Opera, 1861-74, Vienna Opera, 1861-69) and
uplifting statues (Bartholdi's %@AI@%Statue of Liberty,%@AE@% 1885). Realist painting,
influenced by photography (Daguerre, 1837), appealed to a new mass audience
with social or historical narrative (Wilkie, 1785-1841, Poynter, 1836-1919)
or with serious religious, moral, or social messages (pre-Raphaelites,
Millet's Angelus, 1858) often drawn from ordinary life. The %@AB@%Impressionists%@AE@%
(Pissarro, 1830-1903, Renoir, 1841-1919) rejected the central role of
serious subject matter in favor of a colorful and sensual depiction of a
moment, but their sunny, placid depictions of bourgeois scenes kept them
within the respectable consensus. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Realistic %@AB@%novelists%@AE@% presented the full panorama of social classes and%@EH@%
personalities, but retained sentimentality and moral judgment (Dickens,
1812-70, Eliot, 1819-80, Tolstoy, 1828-1910, Balzac, 1799-1850).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%The Seven Wonders of the World %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%These ancient works of art and architecture were considered awe-inspiring in%@EH@%
splendor and/or size by the Greek and Roman world of the Alexandrian epoch
and later. Classical writers disagreed as to which works made up the list of
Wonders, but the following were usually included:%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Pyramids of Egypt:%@AE@% The only surviving Wonder, these monumental%@EH@%
structures of masonry located on the west bank of the Nile River above Cairo
were built from 3000 to 1800 B.C. as royal tombs. Three--Khufu, Khafra, and
Menkaura--were often grouped as the first Wonder of the World. The largest,
%@AB@%The Great Pyramid of Khufu,%@AE@% or Cheops, is a solid mass of limestone blocks
covering 13 acres. It is estimated to contain 2.3 million blocks of stone,
the stones themselves averaging 21/2 tons and some weighing 30 tons. Its
construction reputedly took 100,000 laborers 20 years.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Hanging Gardens of Babylon:%@AE@% These gardens were laid out on a brick%@EH@%
terrace about 400 feet square and 75 feet above the ground. To  irrigate the
trees, shrubs, and flowers, screws were turned to lift water from the
Euphrates River. The gardens were probably built by King Nebuchandnezzar II
around 600 B.C. %@AB@%The Walls of Babylon,%@AE@% long, thick, and made of colorfully
glazed brick, were considered by some to be among the Seven Wonders.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Statue of Zeus (Jupiter) at Olympia:%@AE@% This statue of the king of the gods%@EH@%
showed him seated on a throne. His flesh was made of ivory, his robe and
ornaments of gold. Reputedly 40 feet high, the statue was made by Phidias
and was placed in the great temple of Zeus in the sacred grove of Olympia
around 457 B.C.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Colossus of Rhodes:%@AE@% A bronze statue of the sun god Helios, the Colossus%@EH@%
was worked on for 12 years in the early 200's B.C. by the sculptor Chares.
It was probably 120 feet high. A symbol of the city of Rhodes at its height,
the statue stood on a promontory overlooking the harbor.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus:%@AE@% This largest and most complex%@EH@%
temple of ancient times was built around 550 B.C. and was made of marble
except for its tile-covered wooden roof. It was begun in honor of a
non-Hellenic goddess who later became identified with the Greek goddess of
the same name. Ephesus was one of the greatest of the Ionian cities.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus:%@AE@% The source of our word "mausoleum," this%@EH@%
marble tomb was built in what is now southeastern Turkey by Artemisia for
her husband Mausolus, an official of the Persian Empire who died in 353 B.C.
About 135 feet high, it was adorned with the works of 4 sculptors.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria:%@AE@% This sculpture was designed around%@EH@%
270 B.C., during the reign of King Ptolemy II, by the Greek architect
Sostratos. Estimates of its height range from 200 to 600 feet. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Veneer of Stability: 1880-1900%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Imperialism triumphant.%@AE@% The vast %@AB@%African%@AE@% interior, visited by European%@EH@%
explorers (Barth, 1821-65, Livingstone, 1813-73) was conquered by the
European powers in rapid, competitive thrusts from their coastal bases after
1880, mostly for domestic political and international strategic reasons. W.
African Moslem kingdoms (Fulani), Arab slave traders (Zanzibar), and Bantu
military confederations (Zulu) were alike subdued. Only Christian Ethiopia
(defeat of Italy, 1896) and Liberia resisted successfully. France (W.
Africa) and Britain ("Cape to Cairo," Boer War, 1899-1902)were the major
beneficiaries. The ideology of "the white man's burden" (Kipling, %@AI@%Barrack
%@AI@%Room Ballads,%@AE@% 1892) or of a "civilizing mission" (France) justified the
conquests.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%West European foreign capital investments soared to nearly $40 billion by%@EH@%
1914, but most was in E. Europe (France, Germany) the Americas (Britain) and
the white colonies. The foundation of the modern interdependent world
economy was laid, with cartels dominating raw material trade.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%An industrious world.%@AE@% Industrial and technological proficiency characterized%@EH@%
the 2 new great powers -- %@AB@%Germany%@AE@% and the %@AB@%U.S.%@AE@% Coal and iron deposits
enabled Germany to reach second or third place status in iron, steel, and
shipbuilding by the 1900s. German electrical and chemical industries were
world leaders. The U.S. post-civil war boom (interrupted by "panics," 1884,
1893, 1896) was shaped by massive immigration from S. and E. Europe from
1880, government subsidy of railroads, and huge private monopolies (Standard
Oil, 1870, U.S. Steel, 1901). The %@AB@%Spanish-American War,%@AE@% 1898 (Philippine
rebellion, 1899-1901) and the Open Door policy in China (1899) made the U.S.
a world power.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%England led in %@AB@%urbanization%@AE@% (72% by 1890), with %@AB@%London%@AE@% the world capital of%@EH@%
finance, insurance, and shipping. Electric subways (London, 1890), sewer
systems (Paris, 1850s), parks, and bargain department stores helped improve
living standards for most of the urban population of the industrial world.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Asians assimilate.%@AE@% Asian reaction to European economic, military, and%@EH@%
religious incursions took the form of imitation of Western techniques and
adoption of Western ideas of progress and freedom. The Chinese
"self-strengthening" movement of the 1860s and 70s included rail, port, and
arsenal improvements and metal and textile mills. Reformers like %@AB@%K'ang
%@AB@%Yu-wei%@AE@% (1858-1927) won liberalizing reforms in 1898, right after the
European and Japanese "scramble for concessions."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A universal education system in Japan and importation of foreign industrial,%@EH@%
scientific, and military experts aided Japan's unprecedented rapid
modernization after 1868, under the authoritarian Meiji regime. Japan's
victory in the %@AB@%Sino-Japanese War,%@AE@% 1894-95, put Formosa and Korea in its
power.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In India, the British alliance with the remaining princely states masked%@EH@%
reform sentiment among the Westernized urban elite; higher education had
been conducted largely in English for 50 years. The %@AB@%Indian National
%@AB@%Congress,%@AE@% founded in 1885, demanded a larger government role for Indians.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%"Fin-de-siecle" sophistication.%@AE@% %@AB@%Naturalist%@AE@% writers pushed realism to its%@EH@%
extreme limits, adopting a quasi-scientific attitude and writing about
formerly taboo subjects like sex, crime, extreme poverty, and corruption
(Flaubert, 1821-80, Zola, 1840-1902, Hardy, 1840-1928). Unseen or repressed
psychological motivations were explored in the clinical and theoretical
works of %@AB@%Freud%@AE@% (1856-1939) and in the fiction of Dostoevsky (1821-81), James
(1843-1916), Schnitzler (1862-1931) and others.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A contempt for bourgeois life or a desire to shock a complacent audience was%@EH@%
shared by the French %@AB@%symbolist%@AE@% poets (Verlaine, 1844-96, Rimbaud, 1854-91),
neo-pagan English writers (Swinburne, 1837-1909), continental dramatists
(Ibsen, 1828-1906) and satirists (Wilde, 1854-1900). %@AB@%Nietzsche%@AE@% (1844-1900)
was influential in his elitism and pessimism.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Post-impressionist art neglected long-cherished conventions of%@EH@%
representation (Cezanne, 1839-1906) and showed a willingness to learn from
primitive and non-European art (Gauguin, 1848-1903, Japanese prints).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Racism.%@AE@% Gobineau (1816-82) gave a pseudo-biological foundation to modern%@EH@%
racist theories, which spread in the latter 19th century along with %@AB@%Social
%@AB@%Darwinism,%@AE@% the belief that societies are and should be organized as a
struggle for survival of the fittest. The Medieval period was interpreted as
an era of natural Germanic rule (Chamberlain, 1855-1927) and notions of
superiority were associated with German national aspirations (Treitschke,
1834-96). %@AB@%Anti-Semitism,%@AE@% with a new racist rationale, became a significant
political force in Germany (Anti-Semitic Petition, 1880), Austria (Lueger,
1844-1910), and France (Dreyfus case, 1894-1906).  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Last Respite: 1900-1909 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Alliances.%@AE@% While the peace of Europe (and its dependencies) continued to%@EH@%
hold (1907 %@AB@%Hague Conference%@AE@% extended the rules of war and international
arbitration procedures), imperial rivalries, protectionist trade practices
(in Germany and France), and the escalating arms race (British %@AI@%Dreadnought%@AE@%
battleship launched, Germany widens Kiel canal, 1906) exacerbated minor
disputes (German-French Moroccan "crises", 1905, 1911). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Security was sought through alliances: %@AB@%Triple Alliance%@AE@% (Germany,%@EH@%
Austria-Hungary, Italy) renewed1902, 1907; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902;
Franco-Russian Alliance, 1899; %@AB@%Entente Cordiale%@AE@% (Britain, France) 1904;
Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1907; German-Ottoman friendship. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ottomans decline.%@AE@% The inefficient, corrupt Ottoman government was unable to%@EH@%
resist further loss of territory. Nearly all European lands were lost in
1912 to Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria. Italy took Libya and the
Dodecanese islands the same year, and Britain took Kuwait, 1899, and the
Sinai, 1906. The %@AB@%Young Turk%@AE@% revolution in 1908 forced the sultan to restore
a constitution, introduced some social reform, industrialization, and
secularization. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%British Empire.%@AE@% British trade and cultural influence remained dominant in%@EH@%
the empire, but constitutional reforms presaged its eventual dissolution:
the colonies of %@AB@%Australia%@AE@% were united in 1901 under a self-governing
commonwealth. %@AB@%New Zealand%@AE@% acquired dominion status in 1907. The old Boer
republics joined Cape Colony and Natal in the self-governing %@AB@%Union of South
%@AB@%Africa%@AE@% in 1910. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 1909 Indian Councils Act enhanced the role of elected province%@EH@%
legislatures in %@AB@%India.%@AE@% The Moslem League, founded 1906, sought separate
communal representation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Asia.%@AE@% Japan exploited its growing industrial power to expand its%@EH@%
empire. Victory in the 1904-05 war against Russia (naval battle of Tsushima,
1905) assured Japan's domination of %@AB@%Korea%@AE@% (annexed 1910) and Manchuria (took
Port Arthur 1905). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In China, central authority began to crumble (empress died, 1908). Reforms%@EH@%
(Confucian exam system ended 1905, modernization of the army, building of
railroads) were inadequate and secret societies of reformers and
nationalists, inspired by the Westernized %@AB@%Sun Yat-sen%@AE@% (1866-1925) fomented
periodic uprisings in the south.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Siam,%@AE@% whose independence had been guaranteed by Britain and France in 1896,%@EH@%
was split into spheres of influence by those countries in 1907.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russia.%@AE@% The population of the Russian Empire approached 150 million in 1900.%@EH@%
Reforms in education, law, and local institutions (%@AI@%zemstvos%@AE@%, and an
industrial boom starting in the 1880s (oil, railroads) created the
beginnings of a modern state, despite the autocratic tsarist regime.
Liberals (1903 Union of Liberation), Socialists (Social Democrats founded
1898, Bolsheviks split off 1903), and populists (Social Revolutionaries
founded 1901) were periodically repressed, and national minorities
persecuted (anti-Jewish pogroms, 1903, 1905-6).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An industrial crisis after 1900 and harvest failures aggravated poverty in%@EH@%
the urban proletariat, and the 1904-05 defeat by Japan (which checked
Russia's Asian expansion) sparked the revolution of 1905-06. A %@AB@%Duma%@AE@%
(parliament) was created, and an agricultural reform (under Stolypin, prime
minister 1906-11) created a large class of landowning peasants (kulaks).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The world shrinks.%@AE@% Developments in transportation and communication and mass%@EH@%
population movements helped create an awareness of an interdependent world.
Early %@AB@%automobiles%@AE@% (Daimler, Benz, 1885) were experimental, or designed as
luxuries. Assembly-line mass production (Ford Motor Co., 1903) made the
invention practicable, and by 1910 nearly 500,000 motor vehicles were
registered in the U.S. alone. %@AB@%Heavier-than-air flights%@AE@% began in 1903 in the
U.S. (Wright brothers), preceded by glider, balloon, and model plane
advances in several countries. Trade was advanced by improvements in %@AB@%ship
%@AB@%design%@AE@% (gyrocompass, 1907), speed (Lusitania crossed Atlantic in 5 days,
1907), and reach (Panama Canal begun, 1904).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first transatlantic %@AB@%radio%@AE@% telegraphic transmission occurred in 1901, 6%@EH@%
years after Marconi discovered radio. Radio transmission of human speech had
been made in 1900. Telegraphic transmission of photos was achieved in 1904,
lending immediacy to news reports. %@AB@%Phonographs,%@AE@% popularized by Caruso's
recordings (starting 1902) made for quick international spread of musical
styles (ragtime). %@AB@%Motion pictures,%@AE@% perfected in the 1890s (Dickson, Lumiere
brothers), became a popular and artistic medium after 1900; newsreels
appeared in 1909.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Emigration%@AE@% from crowded European centers soared in the decade: 9 million%@EH@%
migrated to the U.S., and millions more went to Siberia, Canada, Argentina,
Australia, South Africa, and Algeria. Some 70 million Europeans emigrated in
the century before 1914. Several million Chinese, Indians, and Japanese
migrated to Southeast Asia, where their urban skills often enabled them to
take a predominant economic role. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Social reform.%@AE@% The social and economic problems of the poor were kept in the%@EH@%
public eye by realist fiction writers (Dreiser's %@AI@%Sister Carrie,%@AE@% 1900;
Gorky's %@AI@%Lower Depths,%@AE@% 1902; Sinclair's %@AI@%Jungle,%@AE@% 1906), journalists (U.S.
%@AB@%muckrakers%@AE@% -- Steffens, Tarbell) and artists (Ashcan school). Frequent labor
strikes and occasional assassinations by anarchists or radicals (Austrian
Empress, 1898;     King Umberto I of Italy, 1900; U.S. Pres. McKinley, 1901;
Russian Interior Minister Plehve, 1904; Portugal's King Carlos, 1908) added
to social tension and fear of revolution.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%But democratic reformism prevailed. In Germany, Bernstein's (1850-1932)%@EH@%
%@AB@%revisionist Marxism,%@AE@% downgrading revolution, was accepted by the powerful
Social Democrats and trade unions. The British Fabian Society (the Webbs,
Shaw) and the Labour Party (founded 1906) worked for reforms such as social
security and union rights (1906), while women's suffragists grew more
militant. U.S. %@AB@%progressives%@AE@% fought big business (Pure Food and Drug Act,
1906). In France, the 10-hour work day (1904) and separation of church and
state (1905) were reform victories, as was universal suffrage in Austria
(1907).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% An unprecedented period of experimentation, centered in France,%@EH@%
produced several new %@AB@%painting%@AE@% styles: fauvism exploited bold color areas
(Matisse, %@AI@%Woman with Hat,%@AE@% 1905); expressionism reflected powerful inner
emotions (the Brucke group, 1905); cubism combined several views of an
object on one flat surface (Picasso's %@AI@%Demoiselles,%@AE@% 1906-07); futurism tried
to depict speed and motion (Italian Futurist Manifesto, 1910). %@AB@%Architects%@AE@%
explored new uses of steel structures, with facades either neo-classical
(Adler and Sullivan in U.S.); curvilinear Art Nouveau (Gaudi's Casa Mila,
1905-10); or functionally streamlined (Wright's Robie House, 1909). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Music%@AE@% and %@AB@%Dance%@AE@% shared the experimental spirit. Ruth St. Denis (1877-1968)%@EH@%
and Isadora Duncan (1878-1927) pioneered modern dance, while Diaghilev in
Paris revitalized classic ballet from 1909. Composers explored atonal music
(Debussy, 1862-1918) and dissonance (Schonberg, 1874-1951), or
revolutionized classical forms (Stravinsky, 1882-1971), often showing jazz
or folk music influences.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%War and Revolution: 1910-1919 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%War threatens.%@AE@% Germany under Wilhelm II sought a political and imperial role%@EH@%
consonant with its industrial strength, challenging Britain's world
supremacy and threatening France, still resenting the loss of
Alsace-Lorraine. Austria wanted to curb an expanded Serbia (after 1912) and
the threat it posed to its own Slav lands. Russia feared Austrian and German
political and economic aims in the Balkans and Turkey. An accelerated arms
race resulted: the German standing army rose to over 2 million men by 1914.
Russia and France had over a million each, Austria and the British Empire
nearly a million each. Dozens of enormous battleships were built by the
powers after 1906. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand%@AE@%by a Serbian, June 28,%@EH@%
1914, was the pretext for war. The system of alliances made the conflict
Europe-wide; Germany's invasion of Belgium to outflank France forced Britain
to enter the war. Patriotic fervor was nearly unanimous among all classes in
most countries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%World War I.%@AE@% German forces were stopped in France in one month. The rival%@EH@%
armies dug %@AB@%trench networks.%@AE@% Artillery and improved machine guns prevented
either side from any lasting advance despite repeated assaults (600,000 dead
at %@AB@%Verdun,%@AE@% Feb.-July 1916). Poison gas, used by Germany in 1915, proved
ineffective. Over one million U.S. troops tipped the balance after mid-1917,
forcing Germany to sue for peace. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the East, the Russian armies were thrown back (battle of %@AB@%Tannenberg,%@AE@% Aug.%@EH@%
20, 1914) and the war grew unpopular. An allied attempt to relieve Russia
through Turkey failed (%@AB@%Gallipoli%@AE@% 1915). The new Bolshevik regime signed the
capitulatory Brest-Litovsk peace in March, 1918. Italy entered the war on
the allied side, Apr. 1915, but was pushed back by Oct. 1917. A renewed
offensive with Allied aid in Oct.-Nov. 1918 forced Austria to surrender. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The British Navy successfully blockaded Germany, which responded with%@EH@%
submarine U-boat attacks; %@AB@%unrestricted submarine warfare%@AE@% against neutrals
after Jan. 1917 helped bring the U.S. into the war. Other battlefields
included Palestine and Mesopotamia, both of which Britain wrested from the
Turks in 1917, and the African and Pacific colonies of Germany, most of
which fell to Britain, France, Australia, Japan, and South Africa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From 1916, the civilian population and economy of both sides were mobilized%@EH@%
to an unprecedented degree. Over 10 million soldiers died (May 1917 French
mutiny crushed). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Settlement.%@AE@% At the %@AB@%Versailles conference%@AE@%(Jan.-June 1919) and in subsequent%@EH@%
negotiations and local wars (Russian-Polish War 1920), the map of Europe was
redrawn with a nod to U.S. Pres. Wilson's principle of self-determination.
Austria and Hungary were separated and much of their land was given to
Yugoslavia (formerly Serbia), Romania, Italy, and the newly independent
Poland and Czechoslovakia. Germany lost territory in the West, North, and
East, while Finland and the Baltic states were detached from Russia. Turkey
lost nearly all its Arab lands to British-sponsored Arab states or to direct
French and British rule. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A huge %@AB@%reparations%@AE@% burden and partial demilitarization were imposed on%@EH@%
Germany. Wilson obtained approval for a League of Nations, but the U.S.
Senate refused to allow the U.S. to join. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russian revolution.%@AE@%Military defeats and high casualties caused a contagious%@EH@%
lack of confidence in Tsar Nicholas, who was forced to abdicate, Mar. 1917.A
liberal provisional government failed to end the war, and massive
desertions, riots, and fighting between factions followed. A moderate
socialist government under Kerensky was overthrown in a violent %@AB@%coup by the
%@AB@%Bolsheviks%@AE@% in Petrograd under Lenin, who disbanded the elected Constituent
Assembly, Nov. 1917. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Bolsheviks brutally suppressed all opposition and ended the war with%@EH@%
Germany, Mar. 1918. %@AB@%Civil war%@AE@% broke out in the summer between the Red Army,
including the Bolsheviks and their supporters, and monarchists, anarchists,
nationalities (Ukrainians, Georgians, Poles) and others. Small U.S.,
British, French and Japanese units also opposed the Bolsheviks, 1918-19
(Japan in Vladivostok to 1922). The civil war, anarchy, and pogroms
devastated the country until the 1920 Red Army victory. The wartime total
monopoly of political, economic, and police power by the Communist Party
leadership was retained. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Other European revolutions.%@AE@% An unpopular monarchy in %@AB@%Portugal%@AE@% was overthrown%@EH@%
in 1910. The new republic took severe anti-clerical measures, 1911. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After a century of Home Rule agitation, during which %@AB@%Ireland%@AE@% was devastated%@EH@%
by famine (one million dead, 1846-47) and emigration, republican militants
staged an unsuccessful uprising in Dublin, Easter 1916. The execution of the
leaders and mass arrests by the British won popular support for the rebels.
The Irish Free State, comprising all but the 6 northern counties, achieved
dominion status in 1922. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the aftermath of the world war, radical revolutions were attempted in%@EH@%
Germany (%@AB@%Spartacist%@AE@% uprising Jan. 1919), %@AB@%Hungary%@AE@% (Kun regime 1919), and
elsewhere. All were suppressed or failed for lack of support. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chinese revolution.%@AE@% The Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a republic%@EH@%
proclaimed, Oct. 1911. First president Sun Yat-sen resigned in favor of
strongman Yuan Shih-k'ai. Sun organized the parliamentarian %@AB@%Kuomintang%@AE@%
party. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Students launched protests May 4, 1919 against League of Nations concessions%@EH@%
in China to Japan. Nationalist, liberal, and socialist ideas and political
groups spread. The %@AB@%Communist Party%@AE@% was founded 1921. A communist regime took
power in Mongolia with Soviet support in 1921. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India restive.%@AE@% Indian objections to British rule erupted in nationalist%@EH@%
riots as well as in the non-violent tactics of Gandhi (1869-1948). Nearly
400 unarmed demonstrators were shot at %@AB@%Amritsar,%@AE@% Apr. 1919. Britain approved
limited self-rule that year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mexican revolution.%@AE@% Under the long Diaz dictatorship (1876-1911) the economy%@EH@%
advanced, but Indian and mestizo lands were confiscated, and concessions to
foreigners (mostly U.S.) damaged the middle class. A %@AB@%revolution in 1910%@AE@% led
to civil wars and U.S. intervention (1914, 1916-17). Land reform and a more
democratic constitution (1917) were achieved.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%The Aftermath of War: 1920-29 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S.%@AE@% Easy credit, technological ingenuity, and war-related industrial%@EH@%
decline in Europe caused a long economic boom, in which ownership of the new
products -- autos, phones, radios -- became democratized. Prosperity, an
increase in women workers, women's suffrage (1920) and drastic change in
fashion (flappers, mannish bob for women, clean-shaven men), created a wide
perception of social change, despite prohibition of alcoholic beverages
(1919-33). Union membership and strikes increased. Fear of radicals led to
Palmer raids (1919-20) and Sacco/Vanzetti case (1921-27). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Europe sorts itself out.%@AE@% Germany's liberal %@AB@%Weimar constitution%@AE@% (1919) could%@EH@%
not guarantee a stable government in the face of rightist violence (Rathenau
assassinated 1922) and Communist refusal to cooperate with Socialists.
Reparations and allied occupation of the Rhineland caused staggering
inflation which destroyed middle class savings, but economic expansion
resumed after mid-decade, aided by U.S. loans. A sophisticated, innovative
culture developed in architecture and design (Bauhaus, 1919-28), film (Lang,
%@AI@%M,%@AE@% 1931), painting (Grosz), music (Weill, %@AI@%Threepenny Opera,%@AE@% 1928), theater
(Brecht, %@AI@%A Man's a Man,%@AE@% 1926), criticism (Benjamin), philosophy (Jung), and
fashion. This culture was considered decadent and socially disruptive by
rightists.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%England%@AE@% elected its first labor governments (Jan. 1924, June 1929). A 10-day%@EH@%
general strike in support of coal miners failed, May 1926. In %@AB@%Italy,%@AE@%
strikes, political chaos and violence by small Fascist bands culminated in
the Oct. 1922 Fascist March on Rome, which established Mussolini's
dictatorship. Strikes were outlawed (1926), and Italian influence was
pressed in the Balkans (Albania a protectorate 1926). A conservative
dictatorship was also established in %@AB@%Portugal%@AE@% in a 1926 military coup. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Czechoslovakia,%@AE@% the only stable democracy to emerge from the war in Central%@EH@%
or East Europe, faced opposition from Germans (in the Sudetenland),
Ruthenians, and some Slovaks. As the industrial heartland of the old
Hapsburg empire, it remained fairly prosperous. With French backing, it
formed the Little Entente with Yugoslavia (1920) and %@AB@%Romania%@AE@% (1921) to block
Austrian or Hungarian irredentism. %@AB@%Hungary%@AE@% remained dominated by the
landholding classes and expansionist feeling. Croats and Slovenes in
%@AB@%Yugoslavia%@AE@% demanded a federal state until King Alexander proclaimed a
dictatorship (1929). Poland faced nationality problems as well (Germans,
Ukrainians, Jews); Pilsudski ruled as dictator from 1926. The Baltic states
were threatened by traditionally dominant ethnic Germans and by
Soviet-supported communists. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%An economic collapse and famine in %@AB@%Russia,%@AE@% 1921-22, claimed 5 million lives.%@EH@%
The New Economic Policy (1921) allowed land ownership by peasants and some
private commerce and industry. Stalin was absolute ruler within 4 years of
Lenin's 1924 death. He inaugurated a brutal collectivization program
1929-32, and used foreign communist parties for Soviet state advantage. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Internationalism.%@AE@% Revulsion against World War I led to pacifist agitation,%@EH@%
the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing aggressive war (1928), and %@AB@%naval
%@AB@%disarmament%@AE@% pacts (Washington, 1922, London, 1930). But the League of
Nations was able to arbitrate only minor disputes (Greece-Bulgaria, 1925). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Middle East.%@AE@% Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) led %@AB@%Turkish%@AE@% nationalists in resisting%@EH@%
Italian, French, and Greek military advances, 1919-23. The sultanate was
abolished 1922, and elaborate reforms passed, including secularization of
law and adoption of the Latin alphabet. Ethnic conflict led to persecution
of %@AB@%Armenians%@AE@% (over 1 million dead in 1915, 1 million expelled), Greeks
(forced Greek-Turk population exchange, 1923), and Kurds (1925 uprising). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%With evacuation of the Turks from %@AB@%Arab%@AE@% lands, the puritanical Wahabi dynasty%@EH@%
of eastern Arabia conquered present Saudi Arabia, 1919-25. British, French,
and Arab dynastic and nationalist maneuvering resulted in the creation of
two more Arab monarchies in 1921: Iraq and Transjordan (both under British
control), and two French mandates: Syria and Lebanon. Jewish immigration
into British-mandated %@AB@%Palestine,%@AE@% inspired by the Zionist movement, was
resisted by Arabs, at times violently (1921, 1929 massacres). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Reza Khan ruled %@AB@%Persia%@AE@% after his 1921 coup (shah from 1925), centralized%@EH@%
control, and created the trappings of a modern state. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% The Kuomintang under %@AB@%Chiang Kai-shek%@AE@% (1887-1975) subdued the warlords%@EH@%
by 1928. The Communists were brutally suppressed after their alliance with
the Kuomintang was broken in 1927. Relative peace thereafter allowed for
industrial and financial improvements, with some Russian, British, and U.S.
cooperation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% Nearly all bounds of subject matter, style, and attitude were broken%@EH@%
in the arts of the period. %@AB@%Abstract%@AE@% art first took inspiration from natural
forms or narrative themes (Kandinsky from 1911), then worked free of any
representational aims (Malevich's suprematism, 1915-19, Mondrian's geometric
style from 1917). The %@AB@%Dada%@AE@% movement from 1916 mocked artistic pretension
with absurd collages and constructions (Arp, Tzara, from 1916). Paradox,
illusion, and psychological taboos were exploited by %@AB@%surrealists%@AE@% by the
latter 1920s (Dali, Magritte). Architectural schools celebrated industrial
values, whether vigorous abstract constructivism (Tatlin, %@AI@%Monument to 3rd
%@AI@%International,%@AE@% 1919) or the machined, streamlined %@AB@%Bauhaus%@AE@% style, which was
extended to many design fields (Helvetica type face). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Prose writers explored revolutionary narrative modes related to dreams%@EH@%
(Kafka's %@AI@%Trial,%@AE@% 1925), internal monologue (Joyce's %@AI@%Ulysses,%@AE@% 1922), and word
play (Stein's %@AI@%Making of Americans,%@AE@% 1925). Poets and novelists wrote of
modern alienation (Eliot's %@AI@%Waste Land,%@AE@% 1922) and aimlessness (Lost
Generation). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sciences.%@AE@% Scientific specialization prevailed by the 20th century. Advances%@EH@%
in knowledge and technological aptitude increased with the geometric
increase in the number of practitioners. Physicists challenged common-sense
views of causality, observation, and a mechanistic universe, putting science
further beyond popular grasp (Einstein's general theory of relativity, 1915;
Bohr's quantum mechanics, 1913; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, 1927). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Rise of the Totalitarians: 1930-39%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Depression.%@AE@% A worldwide financial panic and economic depression began with%@EH@%
the Oct. 1929 U.S. stock market crash and the May 1931 failure of the
Austrian Credit-Anstalt. A credit crunch caused international bankruptcies
and %@AB@%unemployment:%@AE@% 12 million jobless by 1932 in the U.S., 5.6 million in
Germany,2.7 million in England. Governments responded with %@AB@%tariff
%@AB@%restrictions%@AE@% (Smoot-Hawley Act 1930; Ottawa Imperial Conference, 1932) which
dried up world trade. Government public works programs were vitiated by
deflationary budget balancing.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Germany.%@AE@% Years of agitation by violent extremists was brought to a head by%@EH@%
the Depression. Nazi leader %@AB@%Hitler%@AE@% was named chancellor by Pres. Hindenburg
Jan. 1933, and given dictatorial power by the Reichstag in Mar. Opposition
parties were disbanded, strikes banned, and all aspects of economic,
cultural, and religious life brought under central government and Nazi party
control and manipulated by sophisticated propaganda. Severe persecution of
Jews began (%@AB@%Nuremberg Laws%@AE@% Sept. 1935). Many Jews, political opponents and
others were sent to concentration camps (Dachau, 1933) where thousands died
or were killed. Public works, renewed conscription (1935), arms production,
and a 4-year plan (1936) ended unemployment.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Hitler's expansionism started with reincorporation of the Saar (1935),%@EH@%
occupation of the %@AB@%Rhineland%@AE@% (Mar. 1936), and annexation of Austria (Mar.
1938). At %@AB@%Munich,%@AE@% Sept. 1938, an indecisive Britain and France sanctioned
German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russia.%@AE@% Urbanization and education advanced. Rapid industrialization was%@EH@%
achieved through successive %@AB@%5-year-plans%@AE@% starting 1928, using severe labor
discipline and mass forced labor. Industry was financed by a decline in
living standards and exploitation of agriculture, which was almost totally
collectivized by the early 1930s (%@AI@%kolkhoz,%@AE@% collective farm; %@AI@%sovkhoz,%@AE@% state
farm, often in newly-worked lands). Successive %@AB@%purges%@AE@% increased the role of
professionals and management at the expense of workers. Millions perished in
a series of man-made disasters: elimination of kulaks (peasant land-owners),
1929-34; severe famine, 1932-33; party purges (Great Purge, 1936-38);
suppression of nationalities; and poor conditions in labor camps.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Spain.%@AE@% An industrial revolution during World War I created an urban%@EH@%
proletariat, which was attracted to socialism and anarchism; Catalan
nationalists challenged central authority. The 5 years after King Alfonso
left Spain, Apr. 1931, were dominated by tension between intermittent
leftist and anti-clerical governments and clericals, monarchists and other
rightists. Anarchist and communist rebellions were crushed, but a July,
1936, extreme right rebellion led by Gen. Francisco Franco and aided by Nazi
Germany and Fascist Italy succeeded, after a 3-year %@AB@%civil war%@AE@% (over 1
million dead in battles and atrocities). The war polarized international
public opinion.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Italy.%@AE@% Despite propaganda for the ideal of the Corporate State, few domestic%@EH@%
reforms were attempted. An entente with Hungary and Austria, Mar. 1934, a
pact with Germany and Japan, Nov. 1937, and intervention by 50-75,000 troops
in Spain, 1936-39, sealed Italy's identification with the fascist bloc
(anti-Semitic laws after Mar. 1938). Ethiopia was conquered, 1935-37, and
%@AB@%Albania%@AE@% annexed, Jan. 1939, in conscious imitation of ancient Rome.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Europe.%@AE@% Repressive regimes fought for power against an active%@EH@%
opposition (liberals, socialists, communists, peasants, Nazis). Minority
groups and Jews were restricted within national boundaries that did not
coincide with ethnic population patterns. In the destruction of
%@AB@%Czechoslovakia, Hungary%@AE@% occupied southern Slovakia (Nov. 1938) and Ruthenia
(Mar. 1939), and a pro-Nazi regime took power in the rest of Slovakia. Other
boundary disputes (e.g. Poland-Lithuania, Yugoslavia-Bulgaria,
Romania-Hungary) doomed attempts to build joint fronts against Germany or
Russia. Economic depression was severe.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Asia.%@AE@% After a period of liberalism in %@AB@%Japan,%@AE@% nativist militarists%@EH@%
dominated the government with peasant support. Manchuria was seized, Sept.
1931-Feb. 1932, and a puppet state set up (Manchukuo). Adjacent Jehol (inner
Mongolia) was occupied in 1933. China proper was invaded July 1937; large
areas were conquered by Oct. 1938.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In %@AB@%China%@AE@% Communist forces left Kuomintang-besieged strongholds in the South%@EH@%
in a Long March (1934-35) to the North. The Kuomintang-Communist civil war
was suspended Jan. 1937 in the face of threatening Japan.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%The democracies.%@AE@% The Roosevelt Administration, in office Mar. 1933, embarked%@EH@%
on an extensive program of social reform and economic stimulation, including
protection for labor unions (heavy industries organized), social security,
public works, wages and hours laws, assistance to farmers. Isolationist
sentiment (1937 Neutrality Act) prevented U.S. intervention in Europe, but
military expenditures were increased in 1939.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%French political instability and polarization prevented resolution of%@EH@%
economic and international security questions. The %@AB@%Popular Front%@AE@% government
under Blum (June 1936-Apr. 1938) passed social reforms (40-hour week) and
raised arms spending. National coalition governments ruled Britain from Aug.
1931, brought some economic recovery, but failed to define a consistent
foreign policy until Chamberlain's government (from May 1937), which
practiced deliberate %@AB@%appeasement%@AE@% of Germany and Italy.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India.%@AE@% Twenty years of agitation for autonomy and then for independence%@EH@%
(Gandhi's %@AB@%salt march,%@AE@% 1930) achieved some constitutional reform (extended
provincial powers, 1935) despite Moslem-Hindu strife. Social issues assumed
prominence with peasant uprisings (1921), strikes (1928), Gandhi's efforts
for untouchables (1932 "fast unto death"), and social and agrarian reform by
the provinces after 1937.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% The streamlined, geometric design motifs of Art Deco (from 1925)%@EH@%
prevailed through the 1930s. Abstract art flourished (Moore sculptures from
1931) alongside a new realism related to social and political concerns
(%@AB@%Socialist Realism%@AE@% the official Soviet style from 1934; Mexican muralists
Rivera, 1886-1957, and Orozco, 1883-1949), which was also expressed in
fiction and poetry (Steinbeck's %@AI@%Grapes of Wrath,%@AE@% 1939; Sandburg's %@AI@%The
%@AI@%People, Yes,%@AE@% 1936). Modern architecture (%@AI@%International Style,%@AE@% 1932) was
unchallenged in its use of man-made materials (concrete, glass), lack of
decoration, and monumentality (Rockefeller Center, 1929-40). U.S.-made films
captured a world-wide audience with their larger-than-life fantasies (%@AI@%Gone
%@AI@%with the Wind,%@AE@% 1939).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%War, Hot and Cold: 1940-49 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%War in Europe.%@AE@% The Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (Aug. '39) freed Germany%@EH@%
to attack Poland (Sept.). Britain and France, who had guaranteed Polish
independence, declared war on Germany. Russia seized East Poland (Sept.),
attacked Finland (Nov.) and took the Baltic states (July '40). Mobile German
forces staged %@AB@%"blitzkrieg"%@AE@% attacks Apr.-June, '40, conquering neutral
Denmark, Norway, and the low countries and defeating France; 350,000 British
and French troops were evacuated at %@AB@%Dunkirk%@AE@% (May). The Battle of Britain,
June-Dec. '40, denied Germany air superiority, German-Italian campaigns won
the Balkans by Apr. '41. Three million Axis troops %@AB@%invaded Russia%@AE@% June '41,
marching through the Ukraine to the Caucasus, and through White Russia and
the Baltic republics to Moscow and Leningrad. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Russian winter counterthrusts, '41-'42 and '42-'43 stopped the German%@EH@%
advance (Stalingrad Sept. '42-Feb. '43). With British and U.S. Lend-Lease
aid and sustaining great casualties, the Russians drove the Axis from all E.
Europe and the Balkans in the next 2 years. Invasions of N. Africa (Nov.
'42), Italy (Sept. '43), and Normandy (June '44) brought U.S., British, Free
French and allied troops to Germany by spring '45. Germany surrendered May
7, 1945. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%War in Asia-Pacific.%@AE@% Japan occupied Indochina Sept. '40, dominated Thailand%@EH@%
Dec. '41, attacked Hawaii, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya Dec. 7, 1941.
Indonesia was attacked Jan. '42, Burma conquered Mar. 42. Battle of %@AB@%Midway%@AE@%
(June '42) turned back the Japanese advance. "Island-hopping" battles
(Guadalcanal Aug. '42-Jan. '43, %@AB@%Leyte Gulf%@AE@% Oct. '44, Iwo Jima Feb.-Mar. '45,
Okinawa Apr. '45) and massive bombing raids on Japan from June '44 wore out
Japanese defenses. Two U.S. atom bombs, dropped Aug. 6 and 9, forced Japan
to surrender Aug. 14, 1945. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atrocities.%@AE@% The war brought 20th-century cruelty to its peak. Nazi murder%@EH@%
camps (Auschwitz) systematically killed 6 million Jews. Gypsies, political
opponents, sick and retarded people, and others deemed undesirable were
murdered by the Nazis, as were vast numbers of Slavs, especially leaders.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Civilian deaths.%@AE@% German bombs killed 70,000 English civilians. Some 100,000%@EH@%
Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces in the capture of Nanking.
Severe retaliation by the Soviet army, E. European partisans, Free French
and others took a heavy toll. U.S. and British bombing of Germany killed
hundreds of thousands, as did U.S. bombing of Japan (80-200,000 at Hiroshima
alone). Some 45 million people lost their lives in the war. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Settlement.%@AE@% The United Nations charter was signed in San Francisco June 26,%@EH@%
1945 by 50 nations. The International Tribunal at Nuremberg convicted 22
German leaders for war crimes Sept. '46, 23 Japanese leaders were convicted
Nov. '48. Postwar border changes included large gains in territory for the
USSR, losses for Germany, a shift westward in Polish borders, and minor
losses for Italy. Communist regimes, supported by Soviet troops, took power
in most of E. Europe, including Soviet-occupied Germany (GDR proclaimed Oct.
'49). Japan lost all overseas lands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Recovery.%@AE@% Basic political and social changes were imposed on Japan and W.%@EH@%
Germany by the western allies (Japan constitution Nov. '46, W. German basic
law May '49). U.S. Marshall Plan aid ($12 billion '47-'51) spurred W.
European economic recovery after a period of severe inflation and strikes in
Europe and the U.S. The British Labour Party introduced a national health
service and nationalized basic industries in 1946. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cold War.%@AE@% Western fears of further Soviet advances (Cominform formed Oct.%@EH@%
'47, Czechoslovakia coup, Feb. '48, Berlin blockade Apr.'48-Sept. '49) led
to formation of NATO. Civil War in Greece and Soviet pressure on Turkey led
to U.S. aid under the Truman Doctrine (Mar. '47). Other anti-communist
security pacts were the Org. of American States (Apr. '48) and Southeast
Asia Treaty Org. (Sept. '54). A new wave of Soviet purges and repression
intensified in the last years of Stalin's rule, extending to E. Europe
(Slansky trial in Czechoslovakia, 1951). Only Yugoslavia resisted Soviet
control (expelled by Cominform, June '48; U.S. aid, June '49). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China, Korea.%@AE@% Communist forces emerged from World War II strengthened by the%@EH@%
Soviet takeover of industrial Manchuria. In 4 years of fighting, the
Kuomintang was driven from the mainland; the People's Republic was
proclaimed Oct. 1, 1949. Korea was divided by Russian and U.S. occupation
forces. Separate republics were proclaimed in the 2 zones Aug.-Sept. '48. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%India.%@AE@% India and Pakistan became independent dominions Aug. 15, 1947.%@EH@%
Millions of Hindu and Moslem refugees were created by the partition; riots,
1946-47, took hundreds of thousands of lives; Gandhi himself was
assassinated Jan. '48. Burma became completely independent Jan. '48; Ceylon
took dominion status in Feb. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Middle East.%@AE@% The UN approved partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab%@EH@%
states. Israel was proclaimed May 14, 1948. Arabs rejected partition, but
failed to defeat Israel in war, May '48-July '49. Immigration from Europe
and the Middle East swelled Israel's Jewish population. British and French
forces left Lebanon and Syria, 1946. Transjordan occupied most of Arab
Palestine. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Southeast Asia.%@AE@% Communists and others fought against restoration of French%@EH@%
rule in Indochina from 1946; a non-communist government was recognized by
France Mar. '49, but fighting continued. Both Indonesia and the Philippines
became independent, the former in 1949 after 4 years of war with
Netherlands, the latter in 1946. Philippine economic and military ties with
the U.S. remained strong; a communist-led peasant rising was checked in '48.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% New York became the center of the world art market; abstract%@EH@%
expressionism was the chief mode (Pollock from '43, de Kooning from '47).
Literature and philosophy explored existentialism (Camus' %@AI@%Stranger,%@AE@% 1942,
Sartre's %@AI@%Being and Nothingness,%@AE@% 1943). Non-western attempts to revive or
create regional styles (Senghor's Negritude, Mishima's novels) only
confirmed the emergence of a universal culture. Radio and phonograph records
spread American popular music (swing, bebop) around the world. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%The American Decade: 1950-59 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Polite decolonization.%@AE@% The peaceful decline of European political and%@EH@%
military power in Asia and Africa accelerated in the 1950s. Nearly all of %@AB@%N.
%@AB@%Africa%@AE@% was freed by 1956, but France fought a bitter war to retain Algeria,
with its large European minority, until 1962. %@AB@%Ghana,%@AE@% independent 1957, led a
parade of new black African nations (over 2 dozen by 1962) which altered the
political character of the UN. Ethnic disputes often exploded in the new
nations after decolonization (UN troops in Cyprus 1964; %@AB@%Nigeria%@AE@% civil war
1967-70). Leaders of the new states, mostly sharing socialist ideologies,
tried to create an Afro-Asian bloc (Bandung Conf. 1955), but Western
economic influence and U.S. political ties remained strong (Baghdad Pact,
1955). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Trade.%@AE@% World trade volume soared, in an atmosphere of monetary stability%@EH@%
assured by international accords (%@AB@%Bretton Woods%@AE@% 1944). In Europe, economic
integration advanced (%@AB@%European Economic Community%@AE@%1957, European Free Trade
Association 1960). Comecon (1949) coordinated the economies of Soviet-bloc
countries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S.%@AE@% Economic growth produced an abundance of consumer goods (9.3 million%@EH@%
motor vehicles sold, 1955). Suburban housing tracts changed life patterns
for middle and working classes (Levittown 1946-51). %@AB@%Eisenhower's%@AE@% landslide
election victories (1952, 1956) reflected consensus politics. Censure of
McCarthy (Dec. '54) curbed the political abuse of anti-communism. A system
of alliances and military bases bolstered U.S. influence on all continents.
Trade and payments surpluses were balanced by overseas investments and
foreign aid ($50 billion, 1950-59). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%USSR.%@AE@% In the "thaw" after Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the West%@EH@%
improved (evacuation of Vienna, Geneva summit conf., both 1955). Repression
of scientific and cultural life eased, and many prisoners were freed or
rehabilitated culminating in %@AB@%de-Stalinization%@AE@% (1956). Khrushchev's
leadership aimed at consumer sector growth, but farm production lagged,
despite the virgin lands program (from 1954). The 1956 Hungarian revolution,
the 1960 U-2 spy plane episode, and other incidents renewed East-West
tension and domestic curbs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Europe.%@AE@% Resentment of Russian domination and Stalinist repression%@EH@%
combined with nationalist, economic and religious factors to produce
periodic violence. East Berlin workers rioted in 1953,Polish workers rioted
in Poznan, June 1956, and a broad-based revolution broke out in Hungary,
Oct. 1956. All were suppressed by Soviet force or threats (at least 7,000
dead in Hungary). But Poland was allowed to restore private ownership of
farms, and a degree of personal and economic freedom returned to Hungary.
Yugoslavia experimented with worker self-management and a market economy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Korea.%@AE@% The 1945 division of Korea left industry in the North, which was%@EH@%
organized into a militant regime and armed by Russia. The South was
politically disunited. Over 60,000 North Korean troops invaded the South
June 25, 1950. The U.S., backed by the UN Security Council, sent troops. UN
troops reached the Chinese border in Nov. Some 200,000 Chinese troops
crossed the Yalu River and drove back UN forces. Cease-fire in July 1951
found the opposing forces near the original 38th parallel border. After 2
years of sporadic fighting, an armistice was signed July 27, 1953. U.S.
troops remained in the South, and U.S. economic and military aid continued.
The war stimulated rapid economic recovery in Japan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% Starting in 1952, industry, agriculture, and social institutions were%@EH@%
forcibly collectivized. As many as several million people were executed as
Kuomintang supporters or as class and political enemies. The Great Leap
Forward, 1958-60, unsuccessfully tried to force the pace of development by
substituting labor for investment. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Indochina.%@AE@% Ho's forces, aided by Russia and the new Chinese Communist%@EH@%
government, fought French and pro-French Vietnamese forces to a standstill,
and captured the strategic Dienbienphu camp in May, 1954. The Geneva
Agreements divided Vietnam in half pending elections (never held), and
recognized Laos and Cambodiaas independent. The U.S.aided the anti-Communist
Republic of Vietnam in the South. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Middle East.%@AE@% Arab revolutions placed leftist, militantly nationalist regimes%@EH@%
in power in Egypt (1952) and Iraq (1958). But Arab unity attempts failed
(United Arab Republic joined Egypt, Syria, Yemen 1958-61). Arab refusal to
recognize Israel (Arab League economic blockade began Sept. 1951) led to a
permanent state of war, with repeated incidents (Gaza, 1955). Israel
occupied Sinai, Britain and France took the Suez Canal, Oct. 1956, but were
replaced by the UN Emergency Force. The Mossadegh government in Iran
nationalized the British-owned oil industry May 1951, but was overthrown in
a U.S.-aided coup Aug. 1953. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Latin America.%@AE@% Dictator Juan Peron, in office 1946, enforced land reform,%@EH@%
some nationalization, welfare state measures, and curbs on the Roman
Catholic Church, but crushed opposition. A Sept. 1955 coup deposed Peron.
The 1952 revolution in Bolivia brought land reform, nationalization of tin
mines, and improvement in the status of Indians, who nevertheless remained
poor. The Batista regime in Cuba was overthrown, Jan. 1959, by Fidel Castro,
who imposed a communist dictatorship, aligned Cuba with Russia, improved
education and health care. A U.S.-backed anti-Castro invasion (Bay of Pigs,
Apr. 1961) was crushed. Self-government advanced in the British Caribbean. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Technology.%@AE@% Large outlays on research and development in the U.S. and USSR%@EH@%
focused on military applications (H-bomb in U.S. 1952, USSR 1953, Britain
1957, intercontinental missiles late 1950s). Soviet launching of the Sputnik
satellite, Oct. 1957, spurred increases in U.S. science education funds
(National Defense Education Act). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Literature and letters.%@AE@% Alienation from social and literary conventions%@EH@%
reached an extreme in the theater of the absurd (Beckett's %@AI@%Waiting for Godot%@AE@%
1952), the "new novel" (Robbe-Grillet's %@AI@%Voyeur%@AE@% 1955), and avant-garde film
(Antonioni's %@AI@%L'Avventura%@AE@% 1960). U.S. Beatniks (Kerouac's %@AI@%On the Road%@AE@% 1957)
and others rejected the supposed conformism of Americans (Riesman's %@AI@%Lonely
%@AI@%Crowd%@AE@% 1950). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Rising Expectations: 1960-69 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Economic boom.%@AE@% The longest sustained economic boom on record spanned almost%@EH@%
the entire decade in the capitalist world; the closely-watched GNP figure
doubled in the U.S. 1960-70, fueled by Vietnam War-related budget deficits.
The %@AB@%General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,%@AE@% 1967, stimulated West European
prosperity, which spread to peripheral areas (Spain, Italy, E. Germany).
Japan became a top economic power ($20 billion exports 1970). Foreign
investment aided the industrialization of Brazil. Soviet 1965 economic
reform attempts (decentralization, material incentives) were limited; but
growth continued. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Reform and radicalization.%@AE@% Pres. John F. Kennedy, inaugurated 1961,%@EH@%
emphasized youthful idealism, vigor; he was assassinated Nov. 22, 1963. A
series of political and social reform movements took root in the U.S., later
spreading to other countries with the help of ubiquitous U.S. film and
television programs and heavy overseas travel (2.2 million U.S. passports
issued 1970). Blacks agitated peaceably and with partial success against
segregation and poverty (1963 March on Washington, 1964 %@AB@%Civil Rights Act%@AE@%);
but some urban ghettos erupted in extensive riots (Watts, 1965; Detroit,
1967; King assassination, Apr. 4, 1968). New concern for the poor
(Harrington's %@AI@%Other America,%@AE@% 1963) led to Pres. Johnson's %@AB@%"Great Society"%@AE@%
programs (Medicare, Water Quality Act, Higher Education Act, all 1965).
Concern with the %@AB@%environment%@AE@% surged (Carson's %@AI@%Silent Spring,%@AE@% 1962). %@AB@%Feminism%@AE@%
revived as a cultural and political movement (Friedan's %@AI@%Feminine Mystique,%@AE@%
1963, National Organization for Women founded 1966) and a movement for
homosexual rights emerged (Stonewall riot, in NYC, 1969). Pope John XXIII
called Vatican II, 1962-65, which liberalized Roman Catholic liturgy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam, especially among university%@EH@%
students (%@AB@%Moratorium%@AE@% protest Nov. '69) turned violent (Weatherman Chicago
riots Oct. '69). New Left and Marxist theories became popular, and
membership in radical groups swelled (Students for a Democratic Society,
Black Panthers). Maoist groups, especially in Europe, called for total
transformation of society. In France, students sparked a nationwide strike
affecting 10 million workers May-June '68, but an electoral reaction barred
revolutionary change. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts and styles.%@AE@% The boundary between fine and popular arts were blurred by%@EH@%
Pop Art (Warhol) and rock musicals (Hair, 1968). Informality and
exaggeration prevailed in fashion (beards, miniskirts). A non-political
"counterculture" developed, rejecting traditional bourgeois life goals and
personal habits, and use of marijuana and hallucinogens spread (Woodstock
festival Aug. '69). Indian influence was felt in music (Beatles), religion
(Ram Dass), and fashion. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Science.%@AE@% Achievements in space (men on moon July '69) and electronics%@EH@%
(lasers, integrated circuits) encouraged a faith in scientific solutions to
problems in agriculture ("green revolution", medicine (heart transplants
1967) and other areas. The harmful effects of science, it was believed,
could be controlled (1963 nuclear weapon test ban treaty, 1968
non-proliferation treaty). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% Mao's revolutionary militance caused disputes with Russia under%@EH@%
"revisionist" Khrushchev, starting 1960. The two powers exchanged fire in
1969 border disputes. China used force to capture areas disputed with India
1962. The "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" tried to impose a utopian
egalitarian program in China and spread revolution abroad; political
struggle, often violent, convulsed China 1965-68. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Indochina.%@AE@% Communist-led guerrillas aided by N. Vietnam fought from 1960%@EH@%
against the S. Vietnam government of Ngo Dinh Diem (killed 1963). The U.S.
military role increased after the 1964 Tonkin Gulf incident. U.S. forces
peaked at 543,400, Apr. '69. Massive numbers of N. Viet troops also fought.
Laotian and Cambodian neutrality were threatened by communist insurgencies,
with N. Vietnamese aid, and U.S. intrigues. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Third World.%@AE@% A bloc of authoritarian leftist regimes among the newly%@EH@%
independent nations emerged in political opposition to the U.S.-led Western
alliance, and came to dominate the conference of nonaligned nations
(Belgrade 1961, Cairo 1964, Lusaka 1970). Soviet political ties and military
bases were established in Cuba, Egypt, Algeria, Guinea, and other countries,
whose leaders were regarded as revolutionary heros by opposition groups in
pro-Western or colonial countries. Some leaders were ousted in coups by
pro-Western groups--Zaire's Lumumba (killed 1961), Ghana's Nkrumah (exiled
1966), and Indonesia's Sukarno (effectively ousted 1965 after a Communist
coup failed). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Middle East.%@AE@% Arab-Israeli tension erupted into a brief war June 1967. Israel%@EH@%
emerged as a major regional power. Military shipments before and after the
war brought much of the Arab world into the Soviet political sphere. Most
Arab states broke U.S. diplomatic ties, while Communist countries cut their
ties to Israel. Intra-Arab disputes continued: Egypt and Saudi Arabia
supported rival factions in a bloody Yemen civil war 1962-70; Lebanese
troops fought Palestinian commandos 1969. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%East Europe.%@AE@% To stop the large-scale exodus of citizens, E. German%@EH@%
authorities built a fortified wall across Berlin Aug. '61. Soviet sway in
the Balkans was weakened by Albania's support of China (USSR broke ties Dec.
'61) and Romania's assertion of industrial and foreign policy autonomy 1964.
Liberalization in Czechoslovakia, spring 1968, was crushed by troops of 5
Warsaw Pact countries. West German treaties with Russia and Poland, 1970,
facilitated the transfer of German technology and confirmed post-war
boundaries.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Disillusionment: 1970-79%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S.: Caution and neoconservatism.%@AE@% A relatively sluggish economy, energy and%@EH@%
resource shortages (natural gas crunch 1975, gasoline shortage 1979) and
environmental problems contributed to a "%@AB@%limits of growth%@AE@%" philosophy.
Suspicion of science and technology killed or delayed major projects
(supersonic transport dropped 1971, DNA recombination curbed 1976, Seabrook
A-plant protests 1977-78) and was fed by the Three Mile Island nuclear
reactor accident Mar. '79. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mistrust of big government weakened support for government reform plans%@EH@%
among liberals. School busing and racial quotas were opposed (%@AB@%Bakke%@AE@%%@AB@% decision%@AE@%
June '78); the Equal Rights Amendment for women languished; civil rights for
homosexuals were opposed (Dade County referendum June '77).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Completion of communist forces' takeover of %@AB@%S. Vietnam%@AE@% (evacuation of U.S.%@EH@%
civilians Apr. '75), revelations of Central Intelligence Agency misdeeds
(Rockefeller Commission report June '75), and %@AB@%Watergate%@AE@% scandals (Nixon quit
Aug. '74) reduced faith in U.S. moral and material capacity to influence
world affairs. Revelations of Soviet crimes (Solzhenitsyn's %@AI@%Gulag
%@AI@%Archipelago%@AE@% from 1974) and Russian intervention in Africa aided a revival of
anti-Communist sentiment.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Economy sluggish.%@AE@% The 1960s boom faltered in the 1970s; a severe recession%@EH@%
in the U.S. and Europe 1974-75 followed a huge oil price hike Dec. '73.
Monetary instability (U.S. cut ties to gold Aug. '71), the decline of the
dollar, and %@AB@%protectionist%@AE@% moves by industrial countries (1977-78) threatened
trade. Business investment and spending for research declined. Severe
inflation plagued many countries (25% in Britain 1975; 18% in U.S. 1979). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China picks up pieces.%@AE@% After the 1976 deaths of Mao and Chou, a power%@EH@%
struggle for the leadership succession was won by pragmatists. A nationwide
purge of orthodox Maoists was carried out and the "%@AB@%Gang of Four%@AE@%" led by
Mao's widow Chiang Ching was arrested.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The new leaders freed over 100,000 political prisoners, and reduced public%@EH@%
adulation of Mao. Political and trade ties were expanded with Japan, Europe,
and U.S. in the late 1970's, as relations worsened with Russia, Cuba, and
Vietnam (4-week invasion by China 1979). Ideological guidelines in industry,
science, education, and the armed forces, which the ruling faction said had
caused chaos and decline, were reversed (bonuses to workers Dec. '77; exams
for college entrance Oct. '77). Severe restrictions on cultural expression
were eased (Beethoven ban lifted Mar. '77).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Europe.%@AE@% European unity moves (EEC-EFTA trade accord 1972) faltered as%@EH@%
economic problems appeared (Britain floated pound 1972; France floated franc
1974). Germany and Switzerland curbed guest workers from S. Europe. Greece
and Turkey quarreled over Cyprus (Turks intervened 1974), Aegean oil rights.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%All non-Communist Europe was under democratic rule after free elections were%@EH@%
held in %@AB@%Spain%@AE@% June '76, 7 months after the death of Franco. The
conservative, colonialist regime in %@AB@%Portugal%@AE@% was overthrown Apr. '74. In
%@AB@%Greece,%@AE@% the 7-year-old military dictatorship yielded power in 1974. Northern
Europe, though ruled mostly by Socialists (%@AB@%Swedish%@AE@% Socialists unseated 1976,
after 44 years in power), turned conservative. The %@AB@%British%@AE@% Labour government
imposed wage curbs 1975, and suspended nationalization schemes. Terrorism in
%@AB@%Germany%@AE@% (1972 Munich Olympics killings) led to laws curbing some civil
liberties. %@AB@%French%@AE@% "new philosophers" rejected leftist ideologies and the
shaky Socialist-Communist coalition lost a 1978 election bid.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Religion back in politics.%@AE@% The improvement in Moslem countries' political%@EH@%
fortunes by the 1950s (with the exception of Central Asia under Soviet and
Chinese rule) and the growth of Arab oil wealth, was followed by a
resurgence of traditional piety. %@AB@%Libyan%@AE@% dictator Qaddafy mixed strict
Islamic laws with socialism in his militant ideology, called for an eventual
Moslem return to Spain and Sicily. The illegal Moslem Brotherhood in %@AB@%Egypt%@AE@%
was accused of violence, while extreme Moslem groups bombed theaters, 1977,
to protest secular values.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In %@AB@%Turkey,%@AE@% the National Salvation Party was the first Islamic group to share%@EH@%
power (1974) since secularization in the 1920s. Religious authorities, such
as Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, led the %@AB@%Iranian%@AE@% revolution and religiously
motivated Moslems took part in the insurrection in Saudi Arabia that briefly
seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca 1979. Moslem puritan opposition to %@AB@%Pakistan%@AE@%
Pres. Bhutto helped lead to his overthrow July '77. However, Moslem
solidarity could not prevent Pakistan's eastern province (%@AB@%Bangladesh%@AE@%) from
declaring independence, Dec. '71, after a bloody civil war.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Moslem and Hindu resentment against coerced sterilization in %@AB@%India%@AE@% helped%@EH@%
defeat the Gandhi government, which was replaced Mar. '77 by a coalition
including religious Hindu parties and led by devout Hindu Desai. Moslems in
the southern %@AB@%Philippines,%@AE@% aided by Libya, conducted a long rebellion against
central rule from 1973.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Evangelical Protestant groups grew in numbers and prosperity in the U.S. A%@EH@%
revival of interest in Orthodox Christianity occurred among %@AB@%Russian%@AE@%
intellectuals (Solzhenitsyn). The secularist %@AB@%Israeli%@AE@% Labor party, after
decades of rule, was ousted in 1977 by conservatives led by Begin, an
observant Jew; religious militants founded settlements on the disputed West
Bank, part of Biblically-promised Israel. U.S. Reform Judaism revived many
previously discarded traditional practices.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Buddhist Soka Gakkai movement launched the Komeito party in Japan 1964,%@EH@%
which became a major opposition party in 1972 and 1976 elections.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Old-fashioned religious wars raged intermittently in%@AB@%N. Ireland%@AE@% (Catholic vs.%@EH@%
Protestant 1969- ) and %@AB@%Lebanon%@AE@% (Christian vs. Moslem 1975- ) while religious
militancy complicated the Israel-Arab dispute (1973 Israel-Arab war). In
spite of a %@AB@%1979 peace treaty between Egypt and Israel%@AE@% which looked forward
to a resolution of the Palestinian issue, increased religious militancy on
the West Bank made a resolution unlikely. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Latin America.%@AE@% Repressive conservative regimes strengthened their hold on%@EH@%
most of the continent, with the violent coup against the elected Allende
government in %@AB@%Chile,%@AE@% Sept. '73, the 1976 military coup in %@AB@%Argentina,%@AE@%and
coups against reformist regimes in %@AB@%Bolivia,%@AE@% 1971 and 1979, and %@AB@%Peru,%@AE@% 1976.
In Central America, increasing liberal and leftist militancy led to the
ouster of the Somoza regime of Nicaragua in 1979 and civil conflict in El
Salvador. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Indochina.%@AE@% Communist victory in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos by May '75 did%@EH@%
not bring peace. Attempts at radical social reorganization left over one
million dead in Cambodia 1975-78 and caused hundreds of thousands of ethnic
Chinese and others to flee Vietnam ("boat people" 1979). The Vietnamese
invasion of Cambodia swelled the refugee population and contributed to
widespread starvation in that devastated country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Russian expansion.%@AE@% Soviet influence, checked in some countries (troops%@EH@%
ousted by Egypt 1972) was projected further afield, often with the use of
Cuban troops (Angola 1975-89, Ethiopia 1977-88) and aided by a growing navy,
merchant fleet, and international banking ability. Detente with the West --
1972 Berlin pact, 1972 strategic arms pact %@AB@%(SALT)%@AE@% -- gave way to a more
antagonistic relationship in the late 1970s, exacerbated by the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan 1979. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Africa.%@AE@% The last remaining European colonies were granted independence%@EH@%
(%@AB@%Spanish Sahara%@AE@% 1976, %@AB@%Djibouti%@AE@% 1977) and, after 10 years of civil war and
many negotiation sessions, a black government took over Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
1979; white domination remained in %@AB@%S. Africa.%@AE@% Great power involvement in
local wars (Russia in %@AB@%Angola, Ethiopia;%@AE@% France in %@AB@%Chad, Zaire, Mauritania%@AE@%)
and the use of tens of thousands of Cuban troops was denounced by some
African leaders as neocolonialism. Ethnic or tribal clashes made Africa the
chief world locus of sustained warfare in the late 1970s.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arts.%@AE@% Traditional modes in painting, architecture, and music, pursued in%@EH@%
relative obscurity for much of the 20th century, returned to popular and
critical attention in the 1970s. The pictorial emphasis in neorealist and
photorealist painting, the return of many architects to detail, decoration,
and traditional natural materials, and the concern with ordered structure in
musical composition were, ironically, novel experiences for artistic
consumers after the exhaustion of experimental possibilities. However, these
more conservative styles coexisted with modernist works in an atmosphere of
variety and tolerance. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%        %@AS@%Revitalization of Capitalism, Demand for Democracy: 1980-89%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%USSR, Eastern Europe.%@AE@% A troublesome 1980-85 for the USSR was followed by 5%@EH@%
years of astonishing change: the %@AB@%surrender of the Communist%@AE@%%@AB@% monopoly,
%@AB@%remaking of the Soviet state, and disintegration ofthe Soviet empire.%@AE@% After
deaths of Brezhnev 1982, Andropov 1984, Chernenko 1985; harsh treatment of
dissent; restriction of emigration; invasion of Afghanistan Dec.'79; Gen.
Secy. %@AB@%Mikhail Gorbachev%@AE@% (1985-) promoted %@AB@%glasnost,%@AE@%%@AB@%perestroika,%@AE@% economic and
social reform (Jan.'87), supported by Communist Party (July '88); signed %@AB@%INF
%@AB@%treaty%@AE@% (Dec.'87). Gorbachev pledged to cut the military budget (1988);
military withdrawal from Afghanistan was completed Feb.'89; democratization
was not hindered in Poland, Hungary; the Soviet people chose part of the new
Congress from competing candidates Mar.'89. At decade's end, Gorbachev was
widely considered responsible for the %@AB@%1989 ending of the Cold War.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Poland.%@AE@% %@AB@%Solidarity,%@AE@% the labor union founded 1980 by %@AB@%Lech Walesa,%@AE@% outlawed%@EH@%
1982, was legalized 1988, after years of unrest. Poland's first free
election since the Communist takeover brought Solidarity victory (June '89);
Tadeusz Mazowiecki, a Walesa advisor, became Prime Minister in a government
with the Communists (Aug.'89). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In the fall of 1989 the failure of Marxist economies in %@AB@%Hungary, E. Germany,%@AE@%%@EH@%
Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria,%@AB@% and Romania%@AE@% broughtthe fall of the Communist
monopoly, the demand for democracy. The %@AB@%Berlin Wall%@AE@% was opened Nov.'89. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%U.S.%@AE@% %@AB@%"The Reagan%@AE@%%@AB@% Years"%@AE@% (1981-88) brought the%@AB@%longest economic boom%@AE@% in U.S.%@EH@%
history via budget and tax cuts, deregulation, "junk bond" financing,
leveraged buyouts, mergers and takeovers; a %@AB@%strong anti-Communist stance,%@AE@%
via increased defense spending, aid to anti-communists in Central America,
invasion of Cuba-threatened Grenada, championing of MX missile system and
"Star Wars."  Four Reagan-Gorbachev summits, 1985-88, climaxed in INF treaty
1987. Financial scandals mounted (E.F. Hutton 1985, Ivan Boesky 1986), the
stock market crashed Oct.'87, the trade imbalance grew (esp. with Japan),
the budget deficit soared ($3.2 trillion 1988); homelessness, drug abuse
(esp. "crack") grew. The Iran-contra affair (North TV testimony July'87) was
the low point, but V.P. Bush was elected pres. 1988.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Middle East.%@AE@% This area remained militarily unstable, with sharp divisions on%@EH@%
economic, political, racial, and religious lines. In %@AB@%Iran,%@AE@% the revolution
(1979-80) and violent political upheavals after, brought strong anti-U.S.
stance. A dispute with %@AB@%Iraq%@AE@% over the Shatt al-Arab waterway became warfare
Sept.'80-July'88, with millions killed.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Libya's%@AE@% support for international terrorism caused the U.S. to close the%@EH@%
diplomatic mission (May'81), embargo oil (Mar.'82); U.S. accused Muammar
al-Qadaffy of aiding terrorists in Dec.'85 Rome, Vienna airport attacks,
retaliated by bombing Libya Apr.'86. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Israel%@AE@% affirmed all Jerusalem as its capital (July'80); destroyed an Iraqi%@EH@%
atomic reactor 1981; invaded Lebanon 1982, bringing the PLO to agree to
withdraw. A %@AB@%Palestinian uprising,%@AE@% inc. women, children hurling rocks,
bottles at troops, began Dec.'87 in Israeli-occupied Gaza, spread to the
West Bank; troops responded with force, killing 300 by 1988's end, with
6,000 more in detention camps. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Israeli withdrawal from %@AB@%Lebanon%@AE@% began Feb.'85, ended June'85, as Lebanon%@EH@%
continued torn with military and political conflict between rival factions.
Premier Karami was assassinated June'87. Artillery duels between Christian
East Beirut and Moslem West Beirut, Mar.-Apr.'89, left 200 dead, 700
wounded. At 80s end, violence still dominated.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Central America.%@AE@% In %@AB@%Nicaragua,%@AE@% the leftist Sandinista National Liberation%@EH@%
Front, in power after the 1979 civil war, faced problems due to Nicaragua's
military aid to leftist guerrillas in El Salvador, U.S. backing of
anti-government contras. The U.S. CIA admitted directing the mining of
Nicaraguan ports 1984; U.S. sent aid, humanitarian 1985, military 1986.
Profits from secret arms sales to Iran were found diverted to contras 1987.
Cease-fire talks between Sandinista government and contras came in 1988,
elections in Feb.'90. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In %@AB@%El Salvador,%@AE@% a military coup (Oct.'79) failed to halt extreme right-wing%@EH@%
violence and left-wing activity. Archbishop Oscar Romero was assassinated
Mar.'80; Jan.-June some 4,000 civilians reportedly were killed. In 1984,
newly-elected Pres. Duarte decreased rights abuses. Leftist guerrillas
continued their offensive 1989. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Africa.%@AE@% 1980-85 marked the rapid decline of the economies of virtually all%@EH@%
Africa's 61 countries, due to accelerating desertification, the world
economic recession, heavy indebtedness to overseas creditors, rapid
population growth, political instability. Some 60 million Africans, almost
one-fifth of the population, faced prolonged hunger 1981; much of Africa had
one of the worst droughts ever 1983, and by year's end %@AB@%150 million faced
%@AB@%near-famine.%@AE@% "Live Aid" marathon rock concert (July'85), U.S. and Western
nations sent aid Sept.'85. Economic hardship fueled political unrest, coups.
Wars in Ethiopia, Sudan, military strife in 6 other nations continued
through 1989. AIDS took a heavy toll. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%South Africa.%@AE@% %@AB@%Anti-apartheid%@AE@%%@AB@% sentiment gatheredforce,%@AE@% demonstrations and%@EH@%
violent police response grew. South African white voters approved (Nov.'83)
the first constitution to give "Coloureds" Asians a voice, while still
excluding blacks--70% of the population. The U.S. imposedeconomic sanctions
Aug.'85, 11 Western nations followed in Sept. %@AB@%P.W. Botha,%@AE@% 80s president, was
succeeded by %@AB@%F.W. deClerk,%@AE@% Sept.'89, on a platform of "evolutionary" change
via negotiation with the black population.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%China.%@AE@% From 1980 through mid-1989 the Communist Party, under %@AB@%Chairman Deng%@EH@%
%@AB@%Xiaoping,%@AE@% pursued %@AB@%far-reaching changes%@AE@% in political and economic
institutions, expanding commercial and technical ties to the industrialized
world, increasing the role of market forces in stimulating urban economic
development. But Apr.'89, brought the demand for more changes: students
camped out in Tiananmen Sq., Beijing; some 100,000 students and workers
marched, at least 20 other cities saw protests. Martial law was imposed;
Army troops crushed protests in Tiananmen Sq., June 3-4 with death toll
estimates 500-7,000, up to 10,000 injured, up to 10,000 dissidents arrested,
31 tried and executed. The conciliatory Communist Party chief was ousted;
the Politburo adopted reforms against official corruption (July). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Japan.%@AE@% Relations with other nations, esp. U.S., 1980-89, were dominated by%@EH@%
%@AB@%trade imbalances favoring Japan.%@AE@% In 1985 the U.S. trade deficit with Japan
was $49.7 billion, one-third of the total U.S. trade deficit. After Japan
was found to sell semiconductors, computer memory chips below cost
(Apr.'86), the U.S. was assured a "fair share" of the market, but charged
Japan with failing to live up to the agreement Mar.'87. The %@AB@%Omnibus Trade
%@AB@%Bill,%@AE@% Aug.'88, provided for retaliation; Pres. Bush called Japan's practices
"unjustifiable," the law gave Japan 18 months to stop or face trade
restrictions. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%European Community.%@AE@% With the addition of Greece, Portugal, and Spain, the EC%@EH@%
became a %@AB@%common market of over 300 million people,%@AE@% the West's largest
trading entity. %@AB@%Margaret Thatcher%@AE@% became the first British prime minister in
this century to win 3 consecutive terms 1987. France elected its first
socialist president, %@AB@%Francois Mitterand%@AE@% 1981, re-elected 1988. Italy elected
its first socialist premier, %@AB@%Bettino Craxi%@AE@% 1983. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%International Terrorism.%@AE@% With the 1979 overthrow of the Shah of Iran,%@EH@%
terrorism became a prominent political tactic that increased through the
80s, but with fewer "spectacular" attacks after 1985. Iranian militants held
52 Americans hostage in Iran for 444 days, 1979-81; a TNT-laden suicide
terrorist blew up U.S. Marine headquarters in Beirut, killing 241 Americans,
while a truck bomb blew up a French paratroop barracks, killing 58, 1984;
the %@AI@%Achille Lauro%@AE@% was hijacked, an American passenger killed, and the U.S.
subsequently intercepted the Egyptian plane flying the terrorists to safety
1985. Incidents rose to 700 in 1985, 1,000+ in 1988. The Pentagon reported
52 terrorist groups Jan.'89. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Assassinations%@AE@% included Egypt's Pres. %@AB@%Anwar el-Sadat%@AE@% 1981; India's Prime%@EH@%
Minister %@AB@%Indira Gandhi%@AE@% 1984; Lebanese Premier %@AB@%Rashid Karami%@AE@% 1987; Pakistan's
Pres. %@AB@%Mohammed Zia-ul Haz%@AE@% 1988.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                            %@AS@%HISTORICAL FIGURES%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Ancient Greeks and Latins %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Greeks%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Aeschines,%@AE@% %@4@%orator, 389-314BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Aeschylus,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, 525-456BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Aesop,%@AE@% %@4@%fableist, c620-c560BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Alcibiades,%@AE@% %@4@%politician, 450-404BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Anacreon,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c582-c485BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Anaxagoras,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c500-428BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Anaximander,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, 611-546BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Antiphon,%@AE@% %@4@%speechwriter, c480-411BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Apollonius,%@AE@% %@4@%mathematician, c265-170BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Archimedes,%@AE@% %@4@%math. c287-212BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Aristophanes,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, c448-380BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Aristotle,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, 384-322BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Athenaeus,%@AE@% %@4@%scholar, fl.c200. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Callicrates,%@AE@% %@4@%architect, fl.5th cent.BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Callimachus,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c305-240BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cratinus,%@AE@% %@4@%comic dramatist, 520-421BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Democritus,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c460-370BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Demosthenes,%@AE@% %@4@%orator, 384-322BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Diodorus,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, fl.20BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Diogenes,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c372-c287BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Dionysius,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, d.c7BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Empedocles,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c490-430BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Epicharmus,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, c530-440BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Epictetus,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c55-c135. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Epicurus,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, 341-270BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Eratosthenes,%@AE@% %@4@%scientist, c276-194BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Euclid,%@AE@% %@4@%mathematician, fl.c300BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Euripides,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, c484-406BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Galen,%@AE@% %@4@%physician, c129-199. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Heraclitus,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c535-c475BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Herodotus,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, c484-420BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hesiod,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, 8th cent. BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Hippocrates,%@AE@% %@4@%physician, c460-377BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Homer,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, believed lived c850BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Isocrates,%@AE@% %@4@%orator, 436-338BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Menander,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, 342-292BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Phidias,%@AE@% %@4@%sculptor, c500-435BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pindar,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c518-c438BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Plato,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c428-c347BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Plutarch,%@AE@% %@4@%biographer, c46-120. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Polybius,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, c200-c118BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Praxiteles,%@AE@% %@4@%sculptor, 400-330BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Pythagoras,%@AE@% %@4@%phil., math., c580-c500BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sappho,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c610-c580BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Simonides,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, 556-c468BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Socrates,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c470-399BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Solon,%@AE@% %@4@%statesman, 640-560BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Sophocles,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, C496-406BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Strabo,%@AE@% %@4@%geographer, c63BC-AD24. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Thales,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c634-c546BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Themistocles,%@AE@% %@4@%politician, c524-c460BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theocritus,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c310-250BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Theophrastus,%@AE@% %@4@%phil. c372-c287BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Thucydides,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, fl.5th cent.BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Timon,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c320-c230BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Xenophon,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, c434-c355BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Zeno,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, c495-c430BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Latins%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ammianus,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, c330-395. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Apuleius,%@AE@% %@4@%satirist, c124-c170. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Boethius,%@AE@% %@4@%scholar, c480-524 %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Caesar,%@AE@% %@4@%Julius, general, 100-44BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Catilina,%@AE@% %@4@%politician, c108-62BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cato (Elder),%@AE@% %@4@%statesman, 234-149BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Catullus,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c84-54BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Cicero,%@AE@% %@4@%orator, 106-43BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Claudian,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c370-c404. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Ennius,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, 239-170BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Gellius,%@AE@% %@4@%author, c130-c165. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Horace,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, 65-8BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Juvenal,%@AE@% %@4@%satirist, c60-c127. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Livy,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, 59BC-AD17. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lucan,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, 39-65. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lucilius,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c180-c102BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Lucretius,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c99-c55BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@AB@%Martial,%@AE@% %@4@%epigrammatist, c38-c103. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Nepos,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, c100-c25BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Ovid, poet,%@AE@% %@4@%43BC-AD17. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Persius,%@AE@% %@4@%satirist, 34-62. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Plautus,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, c254-c184BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Pliny,%@AE@% %@4@%scholar, 23-79. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Pliny (Younger),%@AE@% %@4@%author, 62-113. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Quintilian,%@AE@% %@4@%rhetorician, c35-c97. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Sallust,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, 86-34BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Seneca,%@AE@% %@4@%philosopher, 4BC-AD65. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Silius,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c25-101. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Statius,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c45-c96. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Suetonius,%@AE@% %@4@%biographer, c69-c122. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Tacitus,%@AE@% %@4@%historian, c56-c120. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Terence,%@AE@% %@4@%dramatist, 185-c159BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Tibullus,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, c55-c19BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Virgil,%@AE@% %@4@%poet, 70-19BC. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@AB@%Vitruvius,%@AE@% %@4@%architect, fl.1st cent.BC.%@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@2@%                    %@AS@%Rulers of England and Great Britain%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  112  7046 02 13 60 07 06 05 05 @%Name                                                                     Began  Died  Age  Rgd%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%             Saxons and Danes%@AB@%Egbert%@AE@%       King of Wessex, won allegiance of all English               %@AB@%829%@AE@%    %@AB@%839%@AE@%   --   10%@AB@%Ethelwulf%@AE@%    Son, King of Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex                    %@AB@%839%@AE@%    %@AB@%858%@AE@%   -    19%@AB@%Ethelbald%@AE@%    Son of Ethelwulf, displaced father in Wessex                %@AB@%858%@AE@%    %@AB@%860%@AE@%   -    2 %@AB@%Ethelbert%@AE@%    2d son of Ethelwulf, united Kent and Wessex                 %@AB@%860%@AE@%    %@AB@%866%@AE@%   -    6%@AB@%Ethelred I%@AE@%   3d son, King of Wessex, fought Danes                        %@AB@%866%@AE@%    %@AB@%871%@AE@%   -    5 %@AB@%Alfred%@AE@%       The Great, 4th son, defeated Danes, fortified London        %@AB@%871%@AE@%    %@AB@%899%@AE@%   52   28 %@AB@%Edward%@AE@%       The Elder, Alfred's son, united English, claimed Scotland   %@AB@%899%@AE@%    %@AB@%924%@AE@%   55   25 %@AB@%Athelstan%@AE@%    The Glorious, Edward's son, King of Mercia, Wessex          %@AB@%924%@AE@%    %@AB@%940%@AE@%   45   16 %@AB@%Edmund I%@AE@%     3d son of Edward, King of Wessex, Mercia                    %@AB@%940%@AE@%    %@AB@%946%@AE@%   25   6 %@AB@%Edred%@AE@%        4th son of Edward                                           %@AB@%946%@AE@%    %@AB@%955%@AE@%   32   9 %@AB@%Edwy%@AE@%         The Fair, eldest son of Edmund, King of Wessex              %@AB@%955%@AE@%    %@AB@%959%@AE@%   18   3 %@AB@%Edgar%@AE@%        The Peaceful, 2d son of Edmund, ruled all English           %@AB@%959%@AE@%    %@AB@%975%@AE@%   32   17 %@AB@%Edward%@AE@%       The Martyr, eldest son of Edgar, murdered by stepmother     %@AB@%975%@AE@%    %@AB@%978%@AE@%   17   4 %@AB@%Ethelred II%@AE@%  The Unready, 2d son of Edgar, married Emma of Normandy      %@AB@%978%@AE@%    %@AB@%1016%@AE@%  48   37 %@AB@%Edmund II%@AE@%    Ironside, son of Ethelred II, King of London                %@AB@%1016%@AE@%   %@AB@%1016%@AE@%  27   0 %@AB@%Canute%@AE@%       The Dane, gave Wessex to Edmund, married Emma               %@AB@%1016%@AE@%   %@AB@%1035%@AE@%  40   19 %@AB@%Harold I%@AE@%     Harefoot, natural son of Canute                             %@AB@%1035%@AE@%   %@AB@%1040%@AE@%  -    5 %@AB@%Hardecanute%@AE@%  Son of Canute by Emma, Danish King                          %@AB@%1040%@AE@%   %@AB@%1042%@AE@%  24   2 %@AB@%Edward%@AE@%       The Confessor, son of Ethelred II (Canonized 1161)          %@AB@%1042%@AE@%   %@AB@%1066%@AE@%  62   24 %@AB@%Harold II%@AE@%    Edward's brother-in-law, last Saxon King                    %@AB@%1066%@AE@%   %@AB@%1066%@AE@%  44   0              House of Normandy%@AB@%William I%@AE@%    The Conqueror, defeated Harold at Hastings                  %@AB@%1066%@AE@%   %@AB@%1087%@AE@%  60   21 %@AB@%William II%@AE@%   Rufus, 3d son of William I, killed by arrow                 %@AB@%1087%@AE@%   %@AB@%1100%@AE@%  43   13 %@AB@%Henry I%@AE@%      Beauclerc, youngest son of William I                        %@AB@%1100%@AE@%   %@AB@%1135%@AE@%  67   35              House of Blois%@AB@%Stephen%@AE@%      Son of Adela, daughter of William I, and Count of Blois     %@AB@%1135%@AE@%   %@AB@%1154%@AE@%  50   19              House of Plantagenet%@AB@%Henry II%@AE@%     Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet (Angevin) by Matilda, dau. of   %@AB@%1154%@AE@%   %@AB@%1189%@AE@%  56   35              Henry I                                                                       %@AB@%Richard I%@AE@%    Coeur de Lion, son of Henry II, crusader                    %@AB@%1189%@AE@%   %@AB@%1199%@AE@%  42   10 %@AB@%John%@AE@%         Lackland, son of Henry II, signed Magna Carta, 1215         %@AB@%1199%@AE@%   %@AB@%1216%@AE@%  50   17 %@AB@%Henry III%@AE@%    Son of John, acceded at 9, under regency until 1227         %@AB@%1216%@AE@%   %@AB@%1272%@AE@%  65   56 %@AB@%Edward I%@AE@%     Longshanks, son of Henry III                                %@AB@%1272%@AE@%   %@AB@%1307%@AE@%  68   35 %@AB@%Edward II%@AE@%    Son of Edward I, deposed by Parliament, 1327                %@AB@%1307%@AE@%   %@AB@%1327%@AE@%  43   20 %@AB@%Edward III%@AE@%   Of Windsor, son of Edward II                                %@AB@%1327%@AE@%   %@AB@%1377%@AE@%  65   50 %@AB@%Richard II%@AE@%   Grandson of Edw. III, minor until 1389, deposed 1399        %@AB@%1377%@AE@%   %@AB@%1400%@AE@%  33   22              House of Lancaster%@AB@%Henry IV%@AE@%     Son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edw. III    %@AB@%1399%@AE@%   %@AB@%1413%@AE@%  47   13 %@AB@%Henry V%@AE@%      Son of Henry IV, victor of Agincourt                        %@AB@%1413%@AE@%   %@AB@%1422%@AE@%  34   9 %@AB@%Henry VI%@AE@%     Son of Henry V, deposed 1461, died in Tower                 %@AB@%1422%@AE@%   %@AB@%1471%@AE@%  49   39              House of York%@AB@%Edward IV%@AE@%    Great-great-grandson of Edward III, son of Duke of York     %@AB@%1461%@AE@%   %@AB@%1483%@AE@%  41   22 %@AB@%Edward V%@AE@%     Son of Edward IV, murdered in Tower of London               %@AB@%1483%@AE@%   %@AB@%1483%@AE@%  13   0 %@AB@%Richard III%@AE@%  Crookback, bro. of Edward IV, fell at Bosworth Field        %@AB@%1483%@AE@%   %@AB@%1485%@AE@%  35   2              House of Tudor%@AB@%Henry VII%@AE@%    Son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, whose father had     %@AB@%1485%@AE@%   %@AB@%1509%@AE@%  53   24              married the widow of Henry V; descended from Edward III                                    through his mother, Margaret Beaufort via John of Gaunt.                                   By marriage with dau. of Edward IV he united Lancaster and                                 York                                                                          %@AB@%Henry VIII%@AE@%   Son of Henry VII by Elizabeth, dau. of Edward IV.           %@AB@%1509%@AE@%   %@AB@%1547%@AE@%  56   38 %@AB@%Edward VI%@AE@%    Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3d queen. Ruled     %@AB@%1547%@AE@%   %@AB@%1553%@AE@%  16   6              under regents. Was forced to name Lady Jane Grey his                                       successor. Council of State proclaimed her queen July 10,                                  1553. Mary Tudor won Council, was proclaimed queen July 19,                                 1553. Mary had Lady Jane Grey beheaded for treason, Feb.,                                  1554                                                                          %@AB@%Mary I%@AE@%       Daughter of Henry VIII, by Catherine of Aragon              %@AB@%1553%@AE@%   %@AB@%1558%@AE@%  43   5 %@AB@%Elizabeth I%@AE@%  Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn                      %@AB@%1558%@AE@%   %@AB@%1603%@AE@%  69   44 %@TE:  112  7046 02 13 60 07 06 05 05 @%

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%@TH:   66  4582 02 25 60 07 06 05 05 @%Name                                                                                 Began  Died  Age  Rgd%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%                         House of Stuart%@AB@%James I%@AE@%                  James VI of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scots. %@AI@%First %@AE@%   %@AB@%1603%@AE@%   %@AB@%1625%@AE@%  59   22                          %@AI@%to call himself King of Great Britain. This became %@AE@%                                                    %@AI@%official with the Act of Union, 1707%@AE@%                                          %@AB@%Charles I%@AE@%                Only surviving son of James I; beheaded Jan. 30, 1649       %@AB@%1625%@AE@%   %@AB@%1649%@AE@%  48   24                          Commonwealth, 1649-1660                          Council of State, 1649; Protectorate, 1653%@AB@%The Cromwells%@AE@%            Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector                             %@AB@%1653%@AE@%   %@AB@%1658%@AE@%  59   -                          Richard Cromwell, son, Lord Protector, resigned May 25,     %@AB@%1658%@AE@%   %@AB@%1712%@AE@%  86   -                          1659                                                                                                   House of Stuart (Restored)%@AB@%Charles II%@AE@%               Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue                 %@AB@%1660%@AE@%   %@AB@%1685%@AE@%  55   25 %@AB@%James II%@AE@%                 2d son of Charles I. Deposed 1688. Interregnum Dec. 11,     %@AB@%1685%@AE@%   %@AB@%1701%@AE@%  68   3                          1688, to Feb. 13, 1689                                                        %@AB@%William III and Mary II%@AE@%  Son of William, Prince of Orange, by Mary, dau. of Charles  %@AB@%1689%@AE@%   %@AB@%1702%@AE@%  51   13                         I                                                                                                      Eldest daughter of James II and wife of William III                %@AB@%1694%@AE@%  33   6 %@AB@%Anne%@AE@%                     2d daughter of James II                                     %@AB@%1702%@AE@%   %@AB@%1714%@AE@%  49   12                          House of Hanover%@AB@%George I%@AE@%                 Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, grand-dau. of James   %@AB@%1714%@AE@%   %@AB@%1727%@AE@%  67   13                          I                                                                             %@AB@%George II%@AE@%                Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg       %@AB@%1727%@AE@%   %@AB@%1760%@AE@%  77   33 %@AB@%George III%@AE@%               Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenburg     %@AB@%1760%@AE@%   %@AB@%1820%@AE@%  81   59 %@AB@%George IV%@AE@%                Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb., 1811    %@AB@%1820%@AE@%   %@AB@%1830%@AE@%  67   10 %@AB@%William IV%@AE@%               3d son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen    %@AB@%1830%@AE@%   %@AB@%1837%@AE@%  71   7 %@AB@%Victoria%@AE@%                 Dau. of Edward, 4th son of George III; married (1840)       %@AB@%1837%@AE@%   %@AB@%1901%@AE@%  81   63                          Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became Prince                                              Consort                                                                                                House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha%@AB@%Edward VII%@AE@%               Eldest son of Victoria, married Alexandra, Princess of      %@AB@%1901%@AE@%   %@AB@%1910%@AE@%  68   9                          Denmark                                                                                                House of Windsor %@AI@%Name Adopted July 17, 1917%@AE@%%@AB@%George V%@AE@%                 2d son of Edward VII, married Princess Mary of Teck         %@AB@%1910%@AE@%   %@AB@%1936%@AE@%  70   25 %@AB@%Edward VIII%@AE@%              Eldest son of George V; acceded Jan. 20, 1936, abdicated    %@AB@%1936%@AE@%   %@AB@%1972%@AE@%  77   1                          Dec. 11                                                                       %@AB@%George VI%@AE@%                2d son of George V; married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon       %@AB@%1936%@AE@%   %@AB@%1952%@AE@%  56   15 %@AB@%Elizabeth II%@AE@%             Elder daughter of George VI, acceded Feb. 6, 1952           %@AB@%1952%@AE@%   %@AB@%-%@AE@%     -    -%@TE:   66  4582 02 25 60 07 06 05 05 @%

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%@2@%                            %@AS@%Rulers of Scotland %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Kenneth I MacAlpin was the first Scot to rule both Scots and Picts, 846 AD. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Duncan I was the first general ruler, 1034. Macbeth seized the kingdom 1040,%@EH@%
was slain by Duncan's son, Malcolm III MacDuncan (Canmore), 1057. %@NL@%
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%@4@%Malcolm married Margaret, Saxon princess who had fled from the Normans.%@EH@%
Queen Margaret introduced English language and English monastic customs. She
was canonized, 1250. Her son Edgar, 1097, moved the court to Edinburgh. His
brothers Alexander I and David I succeeded. Malcolm IV, the Maiden, 1153,
grandson of David I, was followed by his brother, William the Lion, 1165,
whose son was Alexander II, 1214. The latter's son, Alexander III, 1249,
defeated the Norse and regained the Hebrides. When he died, 1286, his
granddaughter, Margaret, child of Eric of Norway and grandniece of Edward I
of England, known as the Maid of Norway, was chosen ruler, but died 1290,
aged 8. %@NL@%
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%@4@%John Baliol, 1292-1296. (Interregnum, 10 years). %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Robert Bruce (The Bruce), 1306-1329, victor at Bannockburn, 1314. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%David II, only son of Robert Bruce, ruled 1329-1371. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Robert II, 1371-1390, grandson of Robert Bruce, son of Walter, the Steward%@EH@%
of Scotland, was called The Steward, first of the so-called Stuart line. %@NL@%
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%@4@%Robert III, son of Robert II, 1390-1406. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%James I, son of Robert III, 1406-1437. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%James II, son of James I, 1437-1460. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%James III, eldest son of James II, 1460-1488. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%James IV, eldest son of James III, 1488-1513. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%James V, eldest son of James IV, 1513-1542. %@NL@%%@EH@%
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%@4@%Mary, daughter of James V, born 1542, became queen when one week old; was%@EH@%
crowned 1543. Married, 1558, Francis, son of Henry II of France, who became
king 1559, died 1560. Mary ruled Scots 1561 until abdication, 1567. She also
married (2) Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and (3) James, Earl of Bothwell.
Imprisoned by Elizabeth I, Mary was beheaded 1587. %@NL@%
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%@4@%James VI, 1566-1625, son of Mary and Lord Darnley, became King of England on%@EH@%
death of Elizabeth in 1603. Although the thrones were thus united, the
legislative union of Scotland and England was not effected until the Act of
Union, May 1, 1707. %@NL@%
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%@2@%                     %@AS@%Prime Ministers of Great Britain %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(W=Whig; T=Tory; Cl=Coalition; P=Peelite; L=Liberal; C=Conservative;%@EH@%
%@AS@%La=Labour)%@AE@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   73  4640 01 53 23 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Sir Robert Walpole (W)                               1721-1742Earl of Wilmington (W)                               1742-1743Henry Pelham (W)                                     1743-1754Duke of Newcastle (W)                                1754-1756Duke of Devonshire (W)                               1756-1757Duke of Newcastle (W)                                1757-1762Earl of Bute (T)                                     1762-1763George Grenville (W)                                 1763-1765Marquess of Rockingham (W)                           1765-1766William Pitt the Elder (Earl of Chatham) (W)         1766-1768Duke of Grafton (W)                                  1768-1770Frederick North (Lord North) (T)                     1770-1782Marquess of Rockingham (W)                           1782Earl of Shelburne (W)                                1782-1783Duke of Portland (Cl)                                1783William Pitt the Younger (T)                         1783-1801Henry Addington (T)                                  1801-1804William Pitt the Younger (T)                         1804-1806William Wyndham Grenville, Earl of Rosebery (L)      1894-1895Baron Grenville (W)                                  1806-1807Duke of Portland (T)                                 1807-1809Spencer Perceval (T)                                 1809-1812Earl of Liverpool (T)                                1812-1827George Canning (T)                                   1827     Viscount Goderich (T)                                1827-1828Duke of Wellington (T)                               1828-1830Earl Grey (W)                                        1830-1834Viscount Melbourne (W)                               1834Sir Robert Peel (T)                                  1834-1835Viscount Melbourne (W)                               1835-1841Sir Robert Peel (T)                                  1841-1846Lord John Russell (later Earl) (W)                   1846-1852Earl of Derby (C)                                    1858-1859Earl of Aberdeen (P)                                 1852-1855Viscount Palmerston (L)                              1855-1858Earl of Derby (C)                                    1858-1859Viscount Palmerston (L)                              1859-1865Earl Russell (L)                                     1865-1866Earl of Derby (C)                                    1866-1868Benjamin Disraeli (C)                                1868William E. Gladstone (L)                             1868-1874Benjamin Disraeli (C)                                1874-1880William E. Gladstone (L)                             1880-1885Marquess of Salisbury (C)                            1885-1886William E. Gladstone (L)                             1886Marquess of Salisbury (C)                            1886-1892William E. Gladstone (L)                             1892-1894Earl of Rosebery (L)                                 1894-1895Marquess of Salisbury (C)                            1895-1902Arthur J. Balfour (C)                                1902-1905Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (L)                     1905-1908Herbert H. Asquith (L)                               1908-1915 Herbert H. Asquith                                   1915-1916 David Lloyd George (Cl)                              1916-1922 Andrew Bonar Law (C)                                 1922-1923 Stanley Baldwin (C)                                  1923-1924James Ramsay MacDonald (La)                          1929-1931 James Ramsay MacDonald (Cl)                          1931-1935 Stanley Baldwin (Cl)                                 1935-1937 Neville Chamberlain (Cl)                             1937-1940 Winston Churchill (Cl)                               1940-1945 Winston Churchill (C)                                1945 Clement Attlee (La)                                  1945-1951 Sir Winston Churchill                                1951-1955 Sir Anthony Eden (C)                                 1955-1957 Harold Macmillan (C)                                 1957-1963 Sir Alec Douglas-Home (C)                            1963-1964Harold Wilson (La)                                   1964-1970Edward Heath (C)                                     1970-1974Harold Wilson (La)                                   1974-1976James Callaghan (La)                                 1976-1979Margaret Thatcher (C)                                1979-%@TE:   73  4640 01 53 23 @%

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%@2@%                       %@AS@%Historical Periods of Japan %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   41  1755 01 11 11 54 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%Yamato%@AE@%     c.300-592  Conquest of Yamato plain c. 300 A.D.%@AB@%Asuka%@AE@%      592-710    Accession of Empress Suiko, 592.%@AB@%Nara%@AE@%       710-794    Completion of Heijo (Nara), 710; capital moves to                       Nagaoka, 784.%@AB@%Heian%@AE@%      794-1192   Completion of Heian (Kyoto), 794%@AB@%Fujiwara%@AE@%   858-1160   Fujiwara-no-Yoshifusa becomes regent, 858.%@AB@%Taira%@AE@%      1160-1185  Taira-no-Kiyomori assumes control, 1160;                       Minamoto-no-Yoritomo victor over Taira, 1185.%@AB@%Kamakura%@AE@%   1192-1333  Yoritomo becomes shogun, 1192.%@AB@%Namboku%@AE@%    1334-1392  Restoration of Emperor Godaigo, 1334; Southern Court                      established by Godaigo at Yoshino, 1336.%@AB@%Ashikaga%@AE@%   1338-1573  Ashikaga Takauji becomes shogun, 1338.%@AB@%Muromachi%@AE@%  1392-1573  Unification of Southern and Northern Courts, 1392.%@AB@%Sengoku%@AE@%    1467-1600  Beginning of the Onin war, 1467%@AB@%Momoyama%@AE@%   1573-1603  Oda Nobunaga enters Kyoto, 1568; Nobunaga deposes                       last Ashikaga shogun, 1573; Tokugawa leyasu victor                       at Sekigahara, 1600.%@AB@%Edo%@AE@%        1603-1867  leyasu becomes shogun, 1603.%@AB@%Meiji%@AE@%      1868-1912  Enthronement of Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji), 1867;                       Meiji Restoration and Charter Oath, 1868.%@AB@%Taisho%@AE@%     1912-1926  Accession of Emperor Yoshihito, 1912.%@AB@%Showa%@AE@%      1926-1989  Accession of Emperor Hirohito, 1926.%@AB@%Heisei%@AE@%     1989-      Accession of Emperor Akihito, 1989%@TE:   41  1755 01 11 11 54 @%

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%@2@%               %@AS@%Rulers of France: Kings, Queens, Presidents %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                          %@AS@%Caesar to Charlemagne %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Julius Caesar subdued the Gauls, native tribes of Gaul (France) 57 to 52 BC.%@EH@%
The Romans ruled 500 years. The Franks, a Teutonic tribe, reached the Somme
from the East ca. 250 AD. By the 5th century the Merovingian Franks ousted
the Romans. In 451 AD, with the help of Visigoths, Burgundians and others,
they defeated Attila and the Huns at Chalons-sur-Marne.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Childeric I became leader of the Merovingians 458 AD. His son Clovis I%@EH@%
(Chlodwig, Ludwig, Louis), crowned 481, founded the dynasty. After defeating
the Alemanni (Germans) 496, he was baptized a Christian and made Paris his
capital. His line ruled until Childeric III was deposed, 751. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The West Merovingians were called Neustrians, the eastern Austrasians. Pepin%@EH@%
of Herstal (687-714) major domus, or head of the palace, of Austrasia, took
over Neustria as dux (leader) of the Franks. Pepin's son, Charles, called
Martel (the Hammer) defeated the Saracens at Tours-Poitiers, 732; was
succeeded by his son, Pepin the Short, 741, who deposed Childeric III and
ruled as king until 768. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%His son, Charlemagne, or Charles the Great (742-814) became king of the%@EH@%
Franks, 768, with his brother Carloman, who died 771. He ruled France,
Germany, parts of Italy, Spain, Austria, and enforced Christianity. Crowned
Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in St. Peter's, Rome, Dec. 25, 800 AD.
Succeeded by son, Louis I the Pious, 814. At death, 840, Louis left empire
to sons, Lothair (Roman emperor); Pepin I (king of Aquitaine); Louis II (of
Germany); Charles the Bald (France). They quarreled and by the peace of
Verdun, 843, divided the empire.%@NL@%
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%@3@%                             %@AS@%The Carolingians%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   26  1194 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%843%@AE@%                               Charles I (the Bald), Roman Emperor, 875%@AB@%877%@AE@%                               Louis II (the Stammerer), son%@AB@%879%@AE@%                               Louis III (died 882) and Carloman,                                   brothers%@AB@%885%@AE@%                               Charles II (the Fat), Roman Emperor, 881%@AB@%888%@AE@%                               Eudes (Odo) elected by nobles%@AB@%898%@AE@%                               Charles III (the Simple), son of Louis                                   II, defeated by%@AB@%922%@AE@%                               Robert, brother of Eudes, killed in war%@AB@%923%@AE@%                               Rudolph (Raoul) Duke of Burgundy%@AB@%936%@AE@%                               Louis IV, son of Charles III%@AB@%954%@AE@%                               Lothair, son, aged 13, defeated by Capet%@AB@%986%@AE@%                               Louis V (the Sluggard), left no heirs%@TE:   26  1194 02 34 42 @%

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%@TH:   39  1841 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%987%@AE@%                               Hugh Capet, son of Hugh the Great%@AB@%996%@AE@%                               Robert II (the Wise), his son%@AB@%1031%@AE@%                              Henry I, his son%@AB@%1060%@AE@%                              Philip I (the Fair), son%@AB@%1108%@AE@%                              Louis VI (the Fat), son%@AB@%1137%@AE@%                              Louis VII (the Younger), son%@AB@%1180%@AE@%                              Philip II (Augustus), son, crowned at                                   Reims%@AB@%1223%@AE@%                              Louis VIII (the Lion), son%@AB@%1226%@AE@%                              Louis IX, son, crusader; Louis IX                                   (1214-1270) reigned 44 years, arbitrated                                  disputes with English King Henry III;                                   led crusades, 1248 (captured in Egypt                                   1250) and 1270, when he died of plague                                   in Tunis. Canonized 1297 as St. Louis.%@AB@%1270%@AE@%                              Philip III (the Hardy), son%@AB@%1285%@AE@%                              Philip IV (the Fair), son, king at 17%@AB@%1314%@AE@%                              Louis X (the Headstrong), son. His                                   posthumous son, John I, lived only 7                                   days%@AB@%1316%@AE@%                              Philip V (the Tall), brother of Louis X%@AB@%1322%@AE@%                              Charles IV (the Fair), brother of Louis                                   X%@TE:   39  1841 02 34 42 @%

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%@TH:   62  3562 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1328%@AE@%                              Philip VI (of Valois), grandson of                                   Philip III%@AB@%1350%@AE@%                              John II (the Good), his son, retired to                                   England%@AB@%1364%@AE@%                              Charles V (the Wise), son%@AB@%1380%@AE@%                              Charles VI (the Beloved), son%@AB@%1422%@AE@%                              Charles VII (the Victorious), son. In                                   1429 Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) promised                                  Charles to oust the English, who                                   occupied northern France. Joan won at                                   Orleans and Patay and had Charles                                   crowned at Reims July 17, 1429. Joan was                                  captured May 24, 1430, and executed May                                   30, 1431, at Rouen for heresy. Charles                                   ordered her rehabilitation, effected                                   1455.%@AB@%1461%@AE@%                              Louis XI (the Cruel), son, civil                                   reformer%@AB@%1483%@AE@%                              Charles VIII (the Affable), son%@AB@%1498%@AE@%                              Louis XII, great-grandson of Charles V%@AB@%1515%@AE@%                              Francis I, of Angouleme, nephew,                                   son-in-law. Francis I (1494-1547)                                   reigned 32 years, fought 4 big wars, was                                  patron of the arts, aided Cellini, del                                   Sarto, Leonardo da Vinci, Rabelais,                                   embellished Fontainebleau.%@AB@%1547%@AE@%                              Henry II, son, killed at a joust in a                                   tournament. He was the husband of                                   Catherine de Medicis (1519-1589) and the                                  lover of Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566).                                   Catherine was born in Florence, daughter                                  of Lorenzo de Medicis. By her marriage                                   to Henry II she became the mother of                                   Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III and                                   Queen Margaret (Reine Margot) wife of                                   Henry IV. She persuaded Charles IX to                                   order the massacre of Huguenots on the                                   Feast of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572,                                  the day her daughter was married to                                   Henry of Navarre.%@AB@%1559%@AE@%                              Francis II, son. In 1548, Mary, Queen of                                  Scots since infancy, was betrothed when                                   6 to Francis, aged 4. They were married                                   1558. Francis died 1560, aged 16; Mary                                   ruled Scotland, abdicated 1567.%@AB@%1560%@AE@%                              Charles IX, brother%@AB@%1574%@AE@%                              Henry III, brother, assassinated%@TE:   62  3562 02 34 42 @%

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%@TH:   41  2605 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1589%@AE@%                              Henry IV, of Navarre, assassinated.                                   Henry IV made enemies when he gave                                   tolerance to Protestants by Edict of                                   Nantes, 1598. He was grandson of Queen                                   Margaret of Navarre, literary patron. He                                  married Margaret of Valois, daughter of                                   Henry II and Catherine de Medicis; was                                   divorced; in 1600 married Marie de                                   Medicis, who became Regent of France,                                   1610-17 for her son, Louis XIII, but was                                  exiled by Richelieu, 1631.%@AB@%1610%@AE@%                              Louis XIII (the Just), son. Louis XIII                                   (1601-1643) married Anne of Austria. His                                  ministers were Cardinals Richelieu and                                   Mazarin.%@AB@%1643%@AE@%                              Louis XIV (The Grand Monarch), son.                                   Louis XIV was king 72 years. He                                   exhausted a prosperous country in wars                                   for thrones and territory. By revoking                                   the Edict of Nantes (1685) he caused the                                  emigration of the Huguenots. He said: "I                                  am the state."%@AB@%1715%@AE@%                              Louis XV, great-grandson. Louis XV                                   married a Polish princess; lost Canada                                   to the English. His favorites, Mme.                                   Pompadour and Mme. Du Barry, influenced                                   policies. Noted for saying "After me,                                   the deluge".%@AB@%1774%@AE@%                              Louis XVI, grandson; married Marie                                   Antoinette, daughter of Empress Maria                                   Therese of Austria. King and queen                                   beheaded by Revolution, 1793. Their son,                                  called Louis XVII, died in prison, never                                  ruled.%@TE:   41  2605 02 34 42 @%

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%@TH:   10   552 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1792%@AE@%                              National Convention of the French                                   Revolution%@AB@%1795%@AE@%                              Directory, under Barras and others%@AB@%1799%@AE@%                              Consulate, Napoleon Bonaparte, first                                   consul. Elected consul for life, 1802.%@TE:   10   552 02 34 42 @%

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%@TH:   10   685 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1804%@AE@%                              Napoleon I, emperor. Josephine (de                                   Beauharnais) empress,1804-09; Marie                                   Louise, empress, 1810-1814. Her son,                                   Francois (1811-1832), titularKing of                                   Rome, later Duke de Reichstadt and                                   "Napoleon II," never ruled.Napoleon                                   abdicated 1814, died 1821.%@TE:   10   685 02 34 42 @%

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%@TH:    7   424 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1814%@AE@%                              Louis XVIII king; brother of Louis XVI.%@AB@%1824%@AE@%                              Charles X, brother; reactionary; deposed                                  by the July Revolution, 1830.%@TE:    7   424 02 34 42 @%

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%@AB@%1830%@AE@%                           Louis-Philippe, the "citizen king."
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%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@AB@%1848%@AE@%                              Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, president,
                                  nephew of Napoleon I. He became:

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%@TH:    8   534 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1852%@AE@%                              Napoleon III, emperor; Eugenie (de                                   Montijo) empress. Lost Franco-Prussian                                   war, deposed 1870. Son, Prince Imperial                                   (1856-79), died in Zulu War. Eugenie                                   died 1920.%@TE:    8   534 02 34 42 @%
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%@TH:   43  2015 02 34 42 @%AD Name, year of accession        AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1871%@AE@%                              Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)%@AB@%1873%@AE@%                              MacMahon, Marshal Patrice M. de                                   (1808-1893)%@AB@%1879%@AE@%                              Grevy, Paul J. (1807-1891)%@AB@%1887%@AE@%                              Sadi-Carnot, M. (1837-1894),                                   assassinated%@AB@%1894%@AE@%                              Casimir-Perier, Jean P. P. (1847-1907)%@AB@%1895%@AE@%                              Faure, Francois Felix (1841-1899)%@AB@%1899%@AE@%                              Loubet, Emile (1838-1929)%@AB@%1906%@AE@%                              Fallieres, C. Armand (1841-1931)%@AB@%1913%@AE@%                              Poincare, Raymond (1860-1934)%@AB@%1920%@AE@%                              Deschanel, Paul (1856-1922)%@AB@%1920%@AE@%                              Millerand, Alexandre (1859-1943)%@AB@%1924%@AE@%                              Doumergue, Gaston (1863-1937)%@AB@%1931%@AE@%                              Doumer, Paul (1857-1932), assassinated%@AB@%1932%@AE@%                              Lebrun, Albert (1871-1950), resigned                                   1940%@AB@%1940%@AE@%                              %@AB@%Vichy govt.%@AE@% under German armistice:                                   Henri Philippe Petain (1856-1951) Chief                                   of State, 1940-1944.                                  %@AB@%Provisional govt.%@AE@% after liberation:                                   Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) Oct.                                   1944-Jan. 21, 1946; Felix Gouin                                   (1884-1977) Jan. 23, 1946; Georges                                   Bidault (1899-1983) June 24, 1946.%@TE:   43  2015 02 34 42 @%

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%@TH:    4   325 02 33 43 @%AD Name, year of accession       AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1947%@AE@%                             Auriol, Vincent (1884-1966)%@AB@%1954%@AE@%                             Coty, Rene (1882-1962)%@TE:    4   325 02 33 43 @%

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%@TH:    6   477 02 28 48 @%AD Name, year of accession  AD Name, year of accession%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%%@AB@%1959%@AE@%                        de Gaulle, Charles Andre J. M. (1890-1970)%@AB@%1969%@AE@%                        Pompidou, Georges (1911-1974)%@AB@%1974%@AE@%                        Giscard d'Estaing, Valery (1926- )%@AB@%1981%@AE@%                        Mitterrand, Francois (1916- )%@TE:    6   477 02 28 48 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Rulers of Middle Europe; Rise and Fall of Dynasties%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%Carolingian Dynasty %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, ruled France, Italy, and Middle Europe;%@EH@%
established Ostmark (later Austria); crowned Roman emperor by pope in Rome,
800 AD; died 814. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis I (Ludwig) the Pious, son; crowned by Charlemagne 814, d. 840. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis II, the German, son; succeeded to East Francia (Germany) 843-876. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles the Fat, son; inherited East Francia and West Francia (France) 876,%@EH@%
reunited empire, crowned emperor by pope, 881, deposed 887. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Arnulf, nephew, 887-899. Partition of empire.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis the Child, 899-911, last direct descendant of Charlemagne. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Conrad I, duke of Franconia, first elected German king, 911-918, founded%@EH@%
House of Franconia.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Saxon Dynasty; First Reich%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry I, the Fowler, duke of Saxony, 919-936. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Otto I, the Great, 936-973, son; crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope, 962. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Otto II, 973-983, son; failed to oust Greeks and Arabs from Sicily. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Otto III, 983-1002, son; crowned emperor at 16. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry II, the Saint, duke of Bavaria, 1002-1024, great-grandson of Otto the%@EH@%
Great. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%House of Franconia %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Conrad II, 1024-1039, elected king of Germany. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry III, the Black, 1039-1056, son; deposed 3 popes; annexed Burgundy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry IV, 1056-1106, son; regency by his mother, Agnes of Poitou. Banned by%@EH@%
Pope Gregory VII, he did penance at Canossa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry V, 1106-1125, son; last of Salic House. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Lothair, duke of Saxony, 1125-1137. Crowned emperor in Rome, 1134. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%House of Hohenstaufen %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Conrad III, duke of Swabia, 1138-1152. In 2d Crusade. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick I, Barbarossa, 1152-1190; Conrad's nephew. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry VI, 1190-1196, took lower Italy from Normans. Son became king of%@EH@%
Sicily. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Philip of Swabia, 1197-1208, brother. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Otto IV, of House of Welf, 1198-1215; deposed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick II, 1215-1250, son of Henry VI; king of Sicily; crowned king of%@EH@%
Jerusalem; in 5th Crusade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Conrad IV, 1250-1254, son; lost lower Italy to Charles of Anjou. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Conradin (1252-1268) son, king of Jerusalem and Sicily, beheaded. Last%@EH@%
Hohenstaufen. Interregnum, 1254-1273, Rise of the Electors. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Transition %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Rudolph I of Hapsburg, 1273-1291, defeated King Ottocar II of Bohemia.%@EH@%
Bequeathed duchy of Austria to eldest son, Albert. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Adolph of Nassau, 1292-1298, killed in war with Albert of Austria. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Albert I, king of Germany, 1298-1308, son of Rudolph. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Henry VII, of Luxemburg, 1308-1313, crowned emperor in Rome. Seized Bohemia,%@EH@%
1310. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis IV of Bavaria (Wittelsbach), 1314-1347. Also elected was Frederick of%@EH@%
Austria, 1314-1330 (Hapsburg). Abolition of papal sanction for election of
Holy Roman Emperor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles IV, of Luxemburg, 1347-1378, grandson of Henry VII, German emperor%@EH@%
and king of Bohemia, Lombardy, Burgundy; took Mark of Brandenburg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Wenceslaus, 1378-1400, deposed. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Rupert, Duke of Palatine, 1400-1410. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Hungary %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Stephen I, house of Arpad, 997-1038. Crowned king 1000; converted Magyars;%@EH@%
canonized 1083. After several centuries of feuds Charles Robert of Anjou
became Charles I, 1308-1342. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis I, the Great, son, 1342-1382; joint ruler of Poland with Casimir III,%@EH@%
1370. Defeated Turks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Mary, daughter, 1382-1395, ruled with husband. Sigismund of Luxemburg,%@EH@%
1387-1437, also king of Bohemia. As bro. of Wenceslaus he succeeded Rupert
as Holy Roman Emperor, 1410. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Albert II, 1438-1439, son-in-law of Sigismund; also Roman emperor. %@AI@%(see%@EH@%
%@AI@%under Hapsburg.)%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ulaszlo I of Poland, 1440-1444. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ladislaus V, posthumous son of Albert II, 1444-1457. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John Hunyadi (Hunyadi Janos) governor (1446-1452), fought Turks, Czechs;%@EH@%
died 1456. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Matthias I (Corvinus) son of Hunyadi, 1458-1490. Shared rule of Bohemia,%@EH@%
captured Vienna, 1485, annexed Austria, Styria, Carinthia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ladislas II (king of Bohemia), 1490-1516. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis II, son, aged 10, 1516-1526. Wars with Suleiman, Turk. In 1527 Hungary%@EH@%
was split between Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, bro.-in-law of Louis II,
and John Zapolya of Transylvania. After Turkish invasion, 1547, Hungary was
split between Ferdinand, Prince John Sigismund (Transylvania) and the Turks.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%House of Hapsburg %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Albert V of Austria, Hapsburg, crowned king of Hungary, Jan. 1438, Roman%@EH@%
emperor, March, 1438, as Albert II; died 1439. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick III, cousin, 1440-1493. Fought Turks. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Maximilian I, son, 1493-1519. Assumed title of Holy Roman Emperor (German),%@EH@%
1493. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles V, grandson, 1519-1556. King of Spain with mother co-regent; crowned%@EH@%
Roman emperor at Aix, 1520. Confronted Luther at Worms; attempted church
reform and religious conciliation; abdicated 1556. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia, 1526, of Hungary, 1527; disputed. German king,%@EH@%
1531. Crowned Roman emperor on abdication of brother Charles V, 1556. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Maximilian II, son, 1564-1576. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Rudolph II, son, 1576-1612. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Matthias, brother, 1612-1619, king of Bohemia and Hungary. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Ferdinand II of Styria, king of Bohemia, 1617, of Hungary, 1618, Roman%@EH@%
emperor, 1619. Bohemian Protestants deposed him, elected Frederick V of
Palatine, starting Thirty Years War. Ferdinand III, son, king of Hungary,
1625, Bohemia, 1627, Roman emperor, 1637. Peace of Westphalia, 1648, ended
war. Leopold I, 1658-1705; Joseph I, 1705-1711; Charles VI, 1711-1740. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Maria Theresa, daughter, 1740-1780, Archduchess of Austria, queen of%@EH@%
Hungary; ousted pretender, Charles VII, crowned 1742; in 1745 obtained
election of her husband Francis I as Roman emperor and co-regent (d. 1765).
Fought Seven Years' War with Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia. Mother of
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Joseph II, son 1765-1790, Roman emperor, reformer; powers restricted by%@EH@%
Empress Maria Theresa until her death, 1780. First partition of Poland.
Leopold II, 1790-1792. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Francis II, son, 1792-1835. Fought Napoleon. Proclaimed first hereditary%@EH@%
emperor of Austria, 1804. Forced to abdicate as Roman emperor, 1806; last
use of title. Ferdinand I, son, 1835-1848, abdicated during revolution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Austro-Hungarian Monarchy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Francis Joseph I, nephew, 1848-1916, emperor of Austria, king of Hungary.%@EH@%
Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary formed, 1867. After assassination of heir,
Archduke Francis Ferdinand, June 28, 1914, Austrian diplomacy precipitated
World War I. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles I, grand-nephew, 1916-1918, last emperor of Austria and king of%@EH@%
Hungary. Abdicated Nov. 11-13, 1918, died 1922. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%Rulers of Prussia %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nucleus of Prussia was the Mark of Brandenburg. First margrave was Albert%@EH@%
the Bear (Albrecht), 1134-1170. First Hohenzollern margrave was Frederick,
burgrave of Nuremberg, 1417-1440. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick William, 1640-1688, the Great Elector. Son, Frederick III,%@EH@%
1688-1713, was crowned King Frederick of Prussia, 1701. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick William I, son, 1713-1740. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick II, the Great, son, 1740-1786, annexed Silesia part of Austria. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick William II, nephew, 1786-1797. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick William III, son, 1797-1840. Napoleonic wars. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick William IV, son, 1840-1861. Uprising of 1848 and first parliament%@EH@%
and constitution. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Second and Third Reich %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%William I, 1861-1888, brother. Annexation of Schleswig and Hanover;%@EH@%
Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71, proclamation of German Reich, Jan. 18, 1871,
at Versailles; William, German emperor (Deutscher Kaiser), Bismarck,
chancellor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Frederick III, son, 1888. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%William II, son, 1888-1918. Led Germany in World War I, abdicated as German%@EH@%
emperor and king of Prussia, Nov. 9, 1918. Died in exile in Netherlands June
4, 1941. Minor rulers of Bavaria, Saxony, Wurttemberg also abdicated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Germany proclaimed a republic at Weimar, July 1, 1919. Presidents: Frederick%@EH@%
Ebert, 1919-1925, Paul von Hindenburg-Beneckendorff, 1925, reelected 1932,
d. Aug. 2, 1934. Adolf Hitler, chancellor, chosen successor as
Leader-Chancellor (Fuehrer & Reichskanzler) of Third Reich. Annexed Austria,
March, 1938. Precipitated World War II, 1939-1945. Committed suicide April
30, 1945.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Rulers of Poland %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%House of Piasts %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Miesko I, 962?-992; Poland Christianized 966. Expansion under 3 Boleslavs:%@EH@%
I, 992-1025, son, crowned king 1024; II, 1058-1079, great-grandson, exiled
after killing bishop Stanislav who became chief patron saint of Poland: III,
1106-1138, nephew, divided Poland among 4 sons eldest suzerain. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1138-1306, feudal division. 1226 founding in Prussia of military order%@EH@%
Teutonic Knights. 1226 invasion by Tartars/Mongols. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vladislav I, 1306-1333, reunited most Polish territories, crowned king 1320.%@EH@%
Casimir III the Great, 1333-1370, son, developed economic, cultural life,
foreign policy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%House of Anjou %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Louis I, 1370-1382, nephew/identical with Louis I of Hungary. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Jadwiga, 1384-1399, daughter, married 1386 Jagiello, Grand Duke of Lituania.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%House of Jagelloneans %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vladislav II, 1386-1434, Christianized Lituania, founded personal union%@EH@%
between Poland & Lituania. Defeated 1410 Teutonic Knights at Grunwald. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vladislav III, 1434-1444, son, simultaneously king of Hungary. Fought Turks,%@EH@%
killed 1444 in battle of Varna. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Casimir IV, 1446-1492, brother, competed with Hapsburgs, put son Vladislav%@EH@%
on throne of Bohemia, later also of Hungary. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sigismund I, 1506-1548, brother, patronized science & arts, his & son's%@EH@%
reign "Golden Age."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sigismund II, 1548-1572, son, established 1569 real union of Poland and%@EH@%
Lituania (lasted until 1795). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Elective kings %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Polish nobles proclaimed 1572 Poland a Republic headed by king to be elected%@EH@%
by whole nobility. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Stephen Batory, 1576-1586, duke of Transylvania, married Ann, sister of%@EH@%
Sigismund II August. Fought Russians. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Sigismund III Vasa, 1587-1632, nephew of Sigismund II. 1592-1598 also king%@EH@%
of Sweden. His generals fought Russians, Turks. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Vladislav II Vasa, 1632-1648, son. Fought Russians. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John II Casimir Vasa, 1648-1668, brother. Fought Cossacks, Swedes, Russians,%@EH@%
Turks, Tartars (the "Deluge"). Abdicated 1668. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%John III Sobieski, 1674-1696. Won Vienna from Turks, 1683. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Stanislav II, 1764-1795, last king. Encouraged reforms; 1791 1st modern%@EH@%
Constitution in Europe. 1772, 1793, 1795 Poland partitioned among Russia,
Prussia, Austria. Unsuccessful insurrection against foreign invasion 1794
under Kosciuszko, Amer-Polish gen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%1795-1918 Poland under foreign rule %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1807-1815 Grand Duchy of Warsaw created by Napoleon I, Frederick August of%@EH@%
Saxony grand duke. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1815 Congress of Vienna proclaimed part of Poland "Kingdom" in personal%@EH@%
union with Russia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Polish uprisings: 1830 against Russia, 1846, 1848 against Austria, 1863%@EH@%
against Russia--all repressed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%1918-1939 Second Republic %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%1918-1922 Head of State Jozef Pilsudski. Presidents: Gabriel Narutowicz%@EH@%
1922, assassinated. Stanislav Wojsiechowski 1922-1926, had to abdicate after
Pilsudski's coup d' etat. Ignacy Mosciecki, 1926-1939, ruled with Pilsudski
as (until 1935) virtual dictator. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                %@AS@%1939-1945 Poland under foreign occupation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nazi aggression Sept. 1939. Polish govt.-in-exile, first in France, then in%@EH@%
England. Vladislav Raczkiewicz pres., Gen. Vladislav Sikorski, then
Stanislav Mikolajczyk, prime ministers. Polish Committee of Natl. Liberation
proclaimed at Lublin July 1944, transformed into govt. Jan. 1, 1945.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Rulers of Denmark, Sweden, Norway %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Denmark %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Earliest rulers invaded Britain; King Canute, who ruled in London 1016-1035,%@EH@%
was most famous. The Valdemars furnished kings until the 15th century. In
1282 the Danes won the first national assembly, Danehof, from King Erik V. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Most redoubtable medieval character was Margaret, daughter of Valdemar IV,%@EH@%
born 1353, married at 10 to King Haakon VI of Norway. In 1376 she had her
first infant son Olaf made king of Denmark. After his death, 1387, she was
regent of Denmark and Norway. In 1388 Sweden accepted her as sovereign. In
1389 she made her grand-nephew, Duke Erik of Pomerania, titular king of
Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, with herself as regent. In 1397 she effected
the Union of Kalmar of the three kingdoms and had Erik VII crowned. In 1439
the three kingdoms deposed him and elected, 1440, Christopher of Bavaria
king (Christopher III). On his death, 1448, the union broke up. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Succeeding rulers were unable to enforce their claims as rulers of Sweden%@EH@%
until 1520, when Christian II conquered Sweden. He was thrown out 1522, and
in 1523 Gustavus Vasa united Sweden. Denmark continued to dominate Norway
until the Napoleonic wars, when Frederick VI, 1808-1839, joined the
Napoleonic cause after Britain had destroyed the Danish fleet, 1807. In 1814
he was forced to cede Norway to Sweden and Helgoland to Britain, receiving
Lauenburg. Successors Christian VIII, 1839; Frederick VII, 1848; Christian
IX, 1863; Frederick VIII, 1906; Christian X, 1912; Frederick IX, 1947;
Margrethe II, 1972. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Sweden %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Early kings ruled at Uppsala, but did not dominate the country. Sverker,%@EH@%
c1130-c1156, united the Swedes and Goths. In 1435 Sweden obtained the
Riksdag, or parliament. After the Union of Kalmar, 1397, the Danes either
ruled or harried the country until Christian II of Denmark conquered it
anew, 1520. This led to a rising under Gustavus Vasa, who ruled Sweden
1523-1560, and established an independent kingdom. Charles IX, 1599-1611,
crowned 1604, conquered Moscow. Gustavus II Adolphus, 1611-1632, was called
the Lion of the North. Later rulers: Christina, 1632; Charles X, Gustavus
1654; Charles XI, 1660; Charles XII (invader of Russia and Poland, defeated
at Poltava, June 28, 1709), 1697; Ulrika Eleanora, sister, elected queen
1718; Frederick I (of Hesse), her husband, 1720; Adolphus Frederick, 1751;
Gustavus III, 1771; Gustavus IV Adolphus, 1792; Charles XIII, 1809. (Union
with Norway began 1814.) Charles XIV John, 1818. He was Jean Bernadotte,
Napoleon's Prince of Ponte Corvo, elected 1810 to succeed Charles XIII. He
founded the present dynasty: Oscar I, 1844, Charles XV, 1859; Oscar II,
1872; Gustavus V, 1907; Gustav VI Adolf, 1950; Carl XVI Gustaf, 1973. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Norway %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Overcoming many rivals, Harald Haarfager, 872-930, conquered Norway,%@EH@%
Orkneys, and Shetlands; Olaf I, great-grandson, 995-1000, brought
Christianity into Norway, Iceland, and Greenland. In 1035 Magnus the Good
also became king of Denmark. Haakon V, 1299-1319, had married his daughter
to Erik of Sweden. Their son, Magnus, became ruler of Norway and Sweden at
6. His son, Haakon VI, married Margaret of Denmark; their son Olaf IV became
king of Norway and Denmark, followed by Margaret's regency and the Union of
Kalmar, 1397. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1450 Norway became subservient to Denmark. Christian IV, 1588-1648,%@EH@%
founded Christiania, now Oslo. After Napoleonic wars, when Denmark ceded
Norway to Sweden, a strong nationalist movement forced recognition of Norway
as an independent kingdom united with Sweden under the Swedish kings,
1814-1905. In 1905 the union was dissolved and Prince Carl of Denmark became
Haakon VII. He died Sept. 21, 1957, aged 85; succeeded by son, Olav V, 1957.
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Rulers of the Netherlands and Belgium %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%The Netherlands (Holland) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%William Frederick, Prince of Orange, led a revolt against French rule, 1813,%@EH@%
and was crowned King of the Netherlands, 1815. Belgium seceded Oct. 4, 1830,
after a revolt, and formed a separate government. The change was ratified by
the two kingdoms by treaty Apr. 19, 1839. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Succession: William II, son, 1840; William III, son, 1849; Wilhelmina,%@EH@%
daughter of William III and his 2d wife Princess Emma of Waldeck, 1890;
Wilhelmina abdicated, Sept. 4, 1948, in favor of daughter, Juliana. Juliana
abdicated Apr. 30, 1980, in favor of daughter, Beatrix. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Belgium %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A national congress elected Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg King; he took the%@EH@%
throne July 21, 1831, as Leopold I. Succession: Leopold II, son 1865; Albert
I, nephew of Leopold II, 1909; Leopold III, son of Albert, 1934; Prince
Charles, Regent 1944; Leopold returned 1950, yielded powers to son Baudouin,
Prince Royal, Aug. 6, 1950, abdicated July 16, 1951. Baudouin I took throne
July 17, 1951. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%For political history prior to 1830 see articles on the Netherlands and%@EH@%
%@AI@%Belgium.%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Roman Rulers%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  227  8412 02 34 42 @%                                  Name%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%                                  The Kingdom %@AB@%753%@AE@% BC                            Romulus (Quirinus)%@AB@%716%@AE@%                               Numa Pompilius %@AB@%673%@AE@%                               Tullus Hostilius %@AB@%640%@AE@%                               Ancus Marcius %@AB@%616%@AE@%                               L. Tarquinius Priscus %@AB@%578%@AE@%                               Servius Tullius %@AB@%534%@AE@%                               L. Tarquinius Superbus                                   The Republic %@AB@%509%@AE@%                               Consulate established %@AB@%509%@AE@%                               Quaestorship instituted %@AB@%498%@AE@%                               Dictatorship introduced %@AB@%494%@AE@%                               Plebeian Tribunate created %@AB@%494%@AE@%                               Plebeian Aedileship created %@AB@%444%@AE@%                               Consular Tribunate organized %@AB@%435%@AE@%                               Censorship instituted %@AB@%366%@AE@%                               Praetorship established %@AB@%366%@AE@%                               Curule Aedileship created %@AB@%362%@AE@%                               Military Tribunate elected %@AB@%326%@AE@%                               Proconsulate introduced %@AB@%311%@AE@%                               Naval Duumvirate elected %@AB@%217%@AE@%                               Dictatorship of Fabius Maximus %@AB@%133%@AE@%                               Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus %@AB@%123%@AE@%                               Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus %@AB@%82%@AE@%                                Dictatorship of Sulla %@AB@%60%@AE@%                                First Triumvirate formed (Caesar,                                   Pompeius, Crassus) %@AB@%46%@AE@%                                Dictatorship of Caesar %@AB@%43%@AE@%                                Second Triumvirate formed (Octavianus,                                   Antonius, Lepidus)                                  The Empire  %@AB@%27%@AE@%                                Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus)%@AB@%14%@AE@% AD                             Tiberius I %@AB@%37%@AE@%                                Gaius Caesar (Caligula) %@AB@%41%@AE@%                                Claudius I %@AB@%54%@AE@%                                Nero %@AB@%68%@AE@%                                Galba %@AB@%69%@AE@%                                Galba; Otho, Vitellius %@AB@%69%@AE@%                                Vespasianus %@AB@%79%@AE@%                                Titus %@AB@%81%@AE@%                                Domitianus %@AB@%96%@AE@%                                Nerva %@AB@%98%@AE@%                                Trajanus %@AB@%117%@AE@%                               Hadrianus %@AB@%138%@AE@%                               Antoninus Pius %@AB@%161%@AE@%                               Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus %@AB@%169%@AE@%                               Marcus Aurelius (alone) %@AB@%180%@AE@%                               Commodus %@AB@%193%@AE@%                               Pertinax; Julianus I %@AB@%193%@AE@%                               Septimius Severus %@AB@%211%@AE@%                               Caracalla and Geta %@AB@%212%@AE@%                               Caracalla (alone) %@AB@%217%@AE@%                               Macrinus %@AB@%218%@AE@%                               Elagabalus (Heliogabalus) %@AB@%222%@AE@%                               Alexander Severus %@AB@%235%@AE@%                               Maximinus I (the Thracian) %@AB@%238%@AE@%                               Gordianus I and Gordianus II;Pupienus                                   and Balbinus %@AB@%238%@AE@%                               Gordianus III %@AB@%244%@AE@%                               Philippus (the Arabian) %@AB@%249%@AE@%                               Decius %@AB@%251%@AE@%                               Gallus and Volusianus %@AB@%253%@AE@%                               Aemilianus %@AB@%253%@AE@%                               Valerianus and Gallienus %@AB@%258%@AE@%                               Gallienus (alone) %@AB@%268%@AE@%                               Claudius Gothicus  %@AB@%270%@AE@%                               Quintillus %@AB@%270%@AE@%                               Aurelianus %@AB@%275%@AE@%                               Tacitus %@AB@%276%@AE@%                               Florianus %@AB@%276%@AE@%                               Probus %@AB@%282%@AE@%                               Carus %@AB@%283%@AE@%                               Carinus and Numerianus %@AB@%284%@AE@%                               Diocletianus %@AB@%286%@AE@%                               Diocletianus and Maximianus %@AB@%305%@AE@%                               Galerius and Constantius I %@AB@%306%@AE@%                               Galerius, Maximinus II, Severus I %@AB@%307%@AE@%                               Galerius, Maximinus II, Constantinus I,                                   Licinius, Maxentius %@AB@%311%@AE@%                               Maximinus II, Constantinus I, Licinius,                                   Maxentius %@AB@%314%@AE@%                               Maximinus II, Constantinus I, Licinius %@AB@%314%@AE@%                               Constantinus I and Licinius %@AB@%324%@AE@%                               Constantinus I (the Great) %@AB@%337%@AE@%                               Constantinus II, Constans I, Constantius                                  II %@AB@%340%@AE@%                               Constantius II and Constans I %@AB@%350%@AE@%                               Constantius II %@AB@%361%@AE@%                               Julianus II (the Apostate) %@AB@%363%@AE@%                               Jovianus                                   West (Rome) and East (Constantinople) %@AB@%364%@AE@%                               Valentinianus I (West) and Valens (East)%@AB@%367%@AE@%                               Valentinianus I with Gratianus (West)                                   and Valens (East) %@AB@%375%@AE@%                               Gratianus with Valentinianus II (West)                                   and Valens (East) %@AB@%378%@AE@%                               Gratianus with Valentinianus II (West)                                   Theodosius I (East) %@AB@%383%@AE@%                               Valentinianus II (West) and Theodosius I                                  (East) %@AB@%394%@AE@%                               Theodosius I (the Great) %@AB@%395%@AE@%                               Honorius (West) and Arcadius(East) %@AB@%408%@AE@%                               Honorius (West) and Theodosius II (East)%@AB@%423%@AE@%                               Valentinianus III (West) and Theodosius                                   II (East) %@AB@%450%@AE@%                               Valentinianus III (West) and Marcianus                                   (East) %@AB@%455%@AE@%                               Maximus (West), Avitus (West); Marcianus                                  (East) %@AB@%456%@AE@%                               Avitus (West), Marcianus (East) %@AB@%457%@AE@%                               Majorianus (West), Leo I (East) %@AB@%461%@AE@%                               Severus II (West), Leo I (East) %@AB@%467%@AE@%                               Anthemius (West), Leo I (East) %@AB@%472%@AE@%                               Olybrius (West), Leo I (East) %@AB@%473%@AE@%                               Glycerius (West), Leo I (East) %@AB@%474%@AE@%                               Julius Nepos (West), Leo II (East) %@AB@%475%@AE@%                               Romulus Augustulus (West) and Zeno (East)%@AB@%476%@AE@%                               End of Empire in West; Odovacar, King,                                   drops title of Emperor; murdered by King                                  Theodoric of Ostrogoths 493 AD %@TE:  227  8412 02 34 42 @%

%@NL@%
From Romulus to the end of the Empire in the West. Rulers of the Roman
Empire in the East sat in Constantinople and for a brief period in Nicaea,
until the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, when Byzantium was
succeeded by the Ottoman Empire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Rulers of Modern Italy %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the Congress of Vienna, 1815, restored%@EH@%
Italy as a political patchwork, comprising the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily,
the Papal States, and smaller units. Piedmont and Genoa were awarded to
Sardinia, ruled by King Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%United Italy emerged under the leadership of Camillo, Count di Cavour%@EH@%
(1810-1861), Sardinian prime minister. Agitation was led by Giuseppe Mazzini
(1805-1872) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), soldier, Victor Emmanuel I
abdicated 1821. After a brief regency for a brother, Charles Albert was King
1831-1849, abdicating when defeated by the Austrians at Novara. Succeeded by
Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1861. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1859 France forced Austria to cede Lombardy to Sardinia, which gave%@EH@%
rights to Savoy and Nice to France. In 1860 Garibaldi led 1,000 volunteers
in a spectacular campaign, took Sicily and expelled the King of Naples. In
1860 the House of Savoy annexed Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna, the Two
Sicilies, the Marches, and Umbria. Victor Emmanuel assumed the title of King
of Italy at Turin Mar. 17, 1861. In 1866 he allied with Prussia  in the
Austro-Prussian War, with Prussia's victory received Venetia. On Sept. 20,
1870, his troops under Gen. Raffaele Cadorna entered Rome and took over the
Papal States, ending the temporal power of the Roman Catholic Church. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Succession: Umberto I; 1878, assassinated 1900; Victor Emmanuel III, 1900,%@EH@%
abdicated 1946, died 1947; Umberto II, 1946, ruled a month. In 1921 Benito
Mussolini (1883-1945) formed the Fascist party and became prime minister
Oct. 31, 1922. He made the King Emperor of Ethiopia, 1937; entered World War
II as ally of Hitler. He was deposed July 25, 1943. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%At a plebiscite June 2, 1946, Italy voted for a republic; Premier Alcide de%@EH@%
Gasperi became chief of state June 13, 1946. On June 28, 1946, the
Constituent Assembly elected Enrico de Nicola, Liberal, provisional
president. Successive presidents: Luigi Einaudi, elected May 11, 1948,
Giovanni Gronchi, Apr. 29, 1955; Antonio Segni, May 6, 1962; Giuseppe
Saragat, Dec. 28, 1964; Giovanni Leone, Dec. 29, 1971; Alessandro Pertini,
July 9, 1978; Francesco Cossiga, July 9, 1985.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Rulers of Spain %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%From 8th to 11th centuries Spain was dominated by the Moors (Arabs and%@EH@%
Berbers). The Christian reconquest established small kingdoms (Asturias,
Aragon, Castile, Catalonia, Leon, Navarre, and Valencia). In 1474 Isabella,
b. 1451, became Queen of Castile & Leon. Her husband, Ferdinand, b. 1452,
inherited Aragon 1479, with Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands,
became Ferdinand V of Castile. By Isabella's request Pope Sixtus IV
established the Inquisition, 1478. Last Moorish kingdom, Granada, fell 1492.
Columbus opened New World of colonies, 1492. Isabella died 1504, succeeded
by her daughter, Juana "the Mad," but Ferdinand ruled until his death 1516. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Charles I, b. 1500, son of Juana and grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, and%@EH@%
of Maximilian I of Hapsburg; succeeded later as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles
V, 1520; abdicated 1556. Philip II, son, 1556-1598, inherited only Spanish
throne; conquered Portugal, fought Turks, persecuted non-Catholics, sent
Armada against England. Was married to Mary I of England, 1554-1558.
Succession: Philip III, 1598-1621; Philip IV, 1621-1665; Charles II,
1665-1700, left Spain to Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, who as
Philip V, 1700-1746, founded Bourbon dynasty. Ferdinand VI, 1746-1759;
Charles III, 1759-1788; Charles IV, 1788-1808, abdicated. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Napoleon now dominated politics and made his brother Joseph King of Spain%@EH@%
1808, but the Spanish ousted him in 1813. Ferdinand VII, 1808, 1814-1833,
lost American colonies; succeeded by daughter Isabella II, aged 3, with wife
Maria Christina of Naples regent until 1843. Isabella deposed by revolution
1868. Elected king by the Cortes, Amadeo of Savoy, 1870; abdicated 1873.
First republic, 1873-74. Alphonso XII, son of Isabella, 1875-85. His
posthumous son was Alphonso XIII, with his mother, Queen Maria Christina
regent; Spanish-American war, Spain lost Cuba, gave up Puerto Rico,
Philippines, Sulu Is., Marianas. Alphonso took throne 1902, aged 16, married
British Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. The dictatorship of Primo
de Rivera, 1923-30, precipitated the revolution of 1931. Alphonso agreed to
leave without formal abdication. The monarchy was abolished and the second
republic established, with socialist backing. Presidents were Niceto Alcala
Zamora, to 1936, when Manuel Azana was chosen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In July, 1936, the army in Morocco revolted against the government and%@EH@%
General Francisco Franco led the troops into Spain. The revolution succeeded
by Feb., 1939, when Azana resigned. Franco became chief of state, with
provisions that if he was incapacitated the Regency Council by two-thirds
vote may propose a king to the Cortes, which must have a two-thirds majority
to elect him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Alphonso XIII died in Rome Feb. 28, 1941, aged 54. His property and%@EH@%
citizenship had been restored. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%A succession law restoring the monarchy was approved in a 1947 referendum.%@EH@%
Prince Juan Carlos, son of the pretender to the throne, was designated by
Franco and the Cortes in 1969 as the future king and chief of state. Upon
Franco's death, Nov. 20, 1975, Juan Carlos was proclaimed king, Nov. 22,
1975.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%             %@AS@%Leaders in the South American Wars of Liberation %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), Jose Francisco de San Martin (1778-1850), and%@EH@%
Francisco Antonio Gabriel Miranda (1750-1816), are among the heroes of the
early 19th century struggles of South American nations to free themselves
from Spain. All three, and their contemporaries, operated in periods of
factional strife, during which soldiers and civilians suffered. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Miranda, a Venezuelan, who had served with the French in the American%@EH@%
Revolution and commanded parts of the French Revolutionary armies in the
Netherlands, attempted to start a revolt in Venezuela in 1806 and failed. In
1810, with British and American backing, he returned and was briefly a
dictator, until the British withdrew their support. In 1812 he was overcome
by the royalists in Venezuela and taken prisoner, dying in a Spanish prison
in 1816. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%San Martin was born in Argentina and during 1789-1811 served in campaigns of%@EH@%
the Spanish armies in Europe and Africa. He first joined the independence
movement in Argentina in 1812 and in 1817 invaded Chile with 4,000 men over
the mountain passes. Here he and Gen. Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842)
defeated the Spaniards at Chacabuco, 1817, and O'Higgins was named Liberator
and became first director of Chile, 1817-23. In 1821 San Martin occupied
Lima and Callao, Peru, and became protector of Peru. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bolivar, the greatest leader of South American liberation from Spain, was%@EH@%
born in Venezuela, the son of an aristocratic family. He first served under
Miranda in 1812 and in 1813 captured Caracas, where he was named Liberator.
Forced out next year by civil strife, he led a campaign that captured Bogota
in 1814. In 1817 he was again in control of Venezuela and was named
dictator. He organized Nueva Granada with the help of General Francisco de
Paula Santander (1792-1840). By joining Nueva Granada, Venezuela, and the
present terrain of Panama and Ecuador, the republic of Colombia was formed
with Bolivar president. After numerous setbacks he decisively defeated the
Spaniards in the second battle of Carabobo, Venezuela, June 24, 1821. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In May, 1822, Gen. Antonio Jose de Sucre, Bolivar's lieutenant, took Quito.%@EH@%
Bolivar went to Guayaquil to confer with San Martin, who resigned as
protector of Peru and withdrew from politics. With a new army of Colombians
and Peruvians Bolivar defeated the Spaniards in a battle at Junin in 1824
and cleared Peru. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%De Sucre organized Charcas (Upper Peru) as Republica Bolivar (now Bolivia)%@EH@%
and acted as president in place of Bolivar, who wrote its constitution. De
Sucre defeated the Spanish faction of Peru at Ayacucho, Dec. 19, 1824. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Continued civil strife finally caused the Colombian federation to break%@EH@%
apart. Santander turned against Bolivar, but the latter defeated him and
banished him. In 1828 Bolivar gave up the presidency he had held
precariously for 14 years. He became ill from tuberculosis and died Dec. 17,
1830. He is buried in the national pantheon in Caracas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Rulers of Russia; Premiers of the USSR%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First ruler to consolidate Slavic tribes was Rurik, leader of the Russians%@EH@%
who established himself at Novgorod, 862 A.D. He and his immediate
successors had Scandinavian affiliations. They moved to Kiev after 972 AD
and ruled as Dukes of Kiev. In 988 Vladimir was converted and adopted the
Byzantine Greek Orthodox service, later modified by Slav influences.
Important as organizer and lawgiver was Yaroslav, 1019-1054, whose daughters
married kings of Norway, Hungary, and France. His grandson, Vladimir II
(Monomakh), 1113-1125, was progenitor of several rulers, but in 1169 Andrew
Bogolubski overthrew Kiev and began the line known as Grand Dukes of
Vladimir. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir, Alexander Nevsky, 1246-1263, had a son,%@EH@%
Daniel, first to be called Duke of Muscovy (Moscow) who ruled 1294-1303. His
successors became Grand Dukes of Muscovy. After Dmitri III Donskoi defeated
the Tartars in 1380, they also became Grand Dukes of all Russia.
Independence of the Tartars and considerable territorial expansion were
achieved under Ivan III, 1462-1505. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tsars of Muscovy--Ivan III was referred to in church ritual as Tsar. He%@EH@%
married Sofia, niece of the last Byzantine emperor. His successor, Basil
III, died in 1533 when Basil's son Ivan was only 3. He became Ivan IV, "the
Terrible"; crowned 1547 as Tsar of all the Russias, ruled till 1584. Under
the weak rule of his son, Feodor I, 1584-1598, Boris Godunov had control.
The dynasty died, and after years of tribal strife and intervention by
Polish and Swedish armies, the Russians united under 17-year-old Michael
Romanov, distantly related to the first wife of Ivan IV. He ruled 1613-1645
and established the Romanov line. Fourth ruler after Michael was Peter I. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Tsars, or Emperors of Russia (Romanovs)--Peter I, 1682-1725, known as Peter%@EH@%
the Great, took title of Emperor in 1721. His successors and dates of
accession were: Catherine, his widow, 1725, Peter II, his grandson, 1727;
Anne, Duchess of Courland, 1730, daughter of Peter the Great's brother, Tsar
Ivan V; Ivan VI, 1740, great-grandson of Ivan V, child, kept in prison and
murdered 1764; Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I, 1741; Peter III, grandson of
Peter I, 1761, deposed 1762 for his consort, Catherine II, former princess
of Anhalt Zerbst (Germany) who is known as Catherine the Great; Paul I, her
son, 1796, killed 1801; Alexander I, son of Paul, 1801, defeated Napoleon;
Nicholas I, his brother, 1825; Alexander II, son of Nicholas, 1855,
assassinated 1881 by terrorists; Alexander III, son, 1881. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Nicholas II, son, 1894-1917, last Tsar of Russia, was forced to abdicate by%@EH@%
the Revolution that followed losses to Germany in WWI. The Tsar, the
Empress, the Tsesarevich (Crown Prince) and the Tsar's 4 daughters were
murdered by the Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg, July 16, 1918. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Provisional Government--Prince Georgi Lvov and Alexander Kerensky, premiers,%@EH@%
1917. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                   %@AS@%Union of Soviet Socialist Republics %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Bolshevik Revolution, Nov. 7, 1917, displaced Kerensky; council of People's%@EH@%
Commissars formed, Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), premier. Lenin died Jan.
21, 1924. Aleksei Rykov (executed 1938) and V. M. Molotov held the office,
but actual ruler was Joseph Stalin (Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili),
general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Stalin
became president of the Council of Ministers (premier) May 7, 1941, died
Mar. 5, 1953. Succeeded by Georgi M. Malenkov, as head of the Council and
premier and Nikita S. Khrushchev, first secretary of the Central Committee.
Malenkov resigned Feb. 8, 1955, became deputy premier, was dropped July 3,
1957. Marshal Nikolai A. Bulganin became premier Feb. 8, 1955; was demoted
and Khrushchev became premier Mar. 27 1958. Khrushchev was ousted Oct.
14-15, 1964, replaced by Leonid I. Brezhnev as first secretary of the party
and by Aleksei N. Kosygin as premier. On June 16, 1977, Brezhnev took office
as president. Brezhnev died Nov. 10, 1982; 2 days later the Central
Committee unanimously elected former KGB head Yuri V. Andropov president.
Andropov died Feb. 9, 1984; on Feb. 13, Konstantin U. Chernenko was chosen
by Central Committee as its general secretary. Chernenko died Mar. 10, 1985.
On Mar. 11, he was succeeded as general secretary by Mikhail Gorbachev, who
replaced Andrei Gromyko as president on Oct. 1, 1988. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Governments of China %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   65  2684 01 60 09 03 09 @%%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Hsia                                                        c1994BC  -  c1523BCShang                                                       c1523    -  c1028Western Chou                                                c1027    -  770Eastern Chou                                                770      -  256Warring States                                              403      -  222Ch'in (first unified empire)                                221      -  206Han                                                         202BC    -  220ADWestern Han (expanded Chinese state beyond the Yellow and   202BC    -  9ADYangtze River valleys)                                                  Hsin (Wang Mang, usurper)                                   9AD      -  23ADEastern Han (expanded Chinese state into Indo-China and     25       -  220Turkestan)                                                              Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, Wu)                               220      -  265Chin(western)                                                   265      -  317(eastern)                                                   317      -  420Northern Dynasties (followed several short-lived            386      -  581governments by Turks, Mongols, etc.)                                    Southern Dynasties (capital: Nanking)                       420      -  589Sui (reunified China)                                       581      -  618Tang (a golden age of Chinese culture; capital: Sian)       618      -  906Five Dynasties (Yellow River basin)                         902      -  960Ten Kingdoms (southern China)                               907      -  979Liao (Khitan Mongols; capital: Peking)                      947      -  1125Sung                                                        960      -  1279Northern Sung (reunified central and southern China)        960      -  1126Western Hsai (non-Chinese rulers in northwest)              990      -  1227Chin (Tartars; drove Sung out of central China)             1115     -  1234Yuan (Mongols; Kublai Khan made Peking his capital in 1267)  1271     -  1368Ming (China reunified under Chinese rule; capital: Nanking,  1368     -  1644then Peking in 1420)                                                    Ch'ing (Manchus, descendents of Tartars)                    1644     -  1911Republic (disunity; provincial rulers, warlords)            1912     -  1949People's Republic of China                                  1949     -  -%@TE:   65  2684 01 60 09 03 09 @%

%@NL@%
(Until 221 BC and frequently thereafter, China was not a unified state.
Where dynastic dates overlap, the rulers or events referred to appeared in
different areas of China.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Leaders Since 1949 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24   929 01 34 42 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Mao Zedong                        Chairman, Central People's                                   Administrative Council, Communist Party                                   (CPC), 1949-1976Zhou Enlai                        Premier, foreign minister, 1949-1976 Deng Xiaoping                     Vice Premier, 1949-1976; 1977-1987 Liu Shaoqi                        President, 1959-1969 Hua Guofeng                       Premier, 1976-1980; CPC Chairman,                                   1976-1981 Zhao Ziyong                       Premier, 1980-88; CPC Chairman, 1987-89 Hu Yaobang                        CPC Chairman, 1981-1987 Li Xiannian                       President, 1983-1988 Yong Shang-Kun                    President, 1988- Li Peng                           Premier, 1988-    %@TE:   24   929 01 34 42 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Chronological List of Popes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%     Source: Annuario Pontificio. Table lists year of accession of each%@EH@%
Pope. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  302 10217 02 19 57 @%Year               Pope%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%                   St. Peter67                 St. Linus 76                 St. Anacletus or Cletus 88                 St. Clement I 97                 St. Evaristus 105                St. Alexander I 115                St. Sixtus I 125                St. Telesphorus 136                St. Hyginus 140                St. Pius I 155                St. Anicetus 166                St. Soter 175                St. Eleutherius 189                St. Victor I 199                St. Zephyrinus %@AI@%217%@AE@%                %@AI@%St. Callistus I%@AE@%217                St. Hippolytus 222                St. Urban I 230                St. Pontian 235                St. Anterus 236                St. Fabian %@AI@%251%@AE@%                St. Cornelius251                %@AI@%Novatian%@AE@% 253                St. Lucius I 254                St. Stephen I 257                St. Sixtus II 259                St. Dionysius 269                St. Felix I 275                St. Eutychian 283                St. Caius 296                St. Marcellinus 308                St. Marcellus I 309                St. Eusebius 311                St. Melchiades 314                St. Sylvester I 336                St. Marcus 337                St. Julius I 352                Liberius %@AI@%355%@AE@%                %@AI@%Felix II%@AE@% 366                St. Damasus I366                Ursinus 384                St. Siricius 399                St. Anastasius I 401                St. Innocent I 417                St. Zosimus 418                St. Boniface I %@AI@%418%@AE@%                %@AI@%Eulalius%@AE@% 422                St. Celestine I 432                St. Sixtus III 440                St. Leo I 461                St. Hilary 468                St. Simplicius 483                St. Felix III (II) 492                St. Gelasius I 496                Anastasius II 498                St. Symmachus%@AI@%498%@AE@%                %@AI@%Lawrence (501-505)%@AE@%514                St. Hormisdas 523                St. John I, Martyr 526                St. Felix IV (III) 530                Boniface II%@AI@%530%@AE@%                %@AI@%Dioscorus%@AE@% 533                John II 535                St. Agapitus I 536                St. Silverius, Martyr 537                Vigilius 556                Pelagius I 561                John III 575                Benedict I 579                Pelagius II 590                St. Gregory I 604                Sabinian 607                Boniface III 608                St. Boniface IV 615                St. Deusdedit or Adeodatus 619                Boniface V 625                Honorius I 640                Severinus 642                Theodore I 649                St. Martin I, Martyr 654                St. Eugene I 657                St. Vitalian 672                Adeodatus II 676                Donus 678                St. Agatho 682                St. Leo II 684                St. Benedict II 685                John V 686                Conon 687                Theodore%@AI@%687%@AE@%                %@AI@%Paschal%@AE@% 687                St. Sergius I 701                John VI 705                John VII 708                Sisinnius 708                Constantine 715                St. Gregory II 731                St. Gregory III 741                St. Zachary 752                Stephen II (III) 757                St. Paul I 767                Constantine%@AI@%768%@AE@%                %@AI@%Philip%@AE@% 768                Stephen III (IV) 772                Adrian I 795                St. Leo III 816                Stephen IV (V) 817                St. Paschal I 824                Eugene II 827                Valentine 827                Gregory IV 844                John 844                Sergius II 847                St. Leo IV 855                Benedict III%@AI@%855%@AE@%                %@AI@%Anastasius%@AE@% 858                St. Nicholas I 867                Adrian II 872                John VIII 882                Marinus I 884                St. Adrian III 885                Stephen V (VI) 891                Formosus 896                Boniface VI 896                Stephen VI (VII) 897                Romanus 897                Theodore II 898                John IX 900                Benedict IV 903                Leo V 903                Christopher 904                Sergius III 911                Anastasius III 913                Landus 914                John X  928                Leo VI 928                Stephen VII (VIII) 931                John XI 936                Leo VII 939                Stephen VIII (IX) 942                Marinus II 946                Agapitus II 955                John XII 963                Leo VIII 964                Benedict V 965                John XIII 973                Benedict VI%@AI@%974%@AE@%                %@AI@%Boniface VII%@AE@% 974                Benedict VII 983                John XIV 985                John XV 996                Gregory V 997                John XVI 999                Sylvester II 1003               John XVII 1004               John XVIII 1009               Sergius IV 1012               Benedict VIII%@AI@%1012%@AE@%               %@AI@%Gregory%@AE@% 1024               John XIX 1032               Benedict IX 1045               Sylvester III 1045               Benedict IX 1045               Gregory VI 1046               Clement II 1047               Benedict IX 1048               Damasus II 1049               St. Leo IX 1055               Victor II 1057               Stephen IX (X) 1058               Benedict X 1059               Nicholas II 1061               Alexander II%@AI@%1061%@AE@%               %@AI@%Honorius II%@AE@% 1073               St. Gregory VII 1080               Clement III 1086               Bl. Victor III 1088               Bl. Urban II 1099               Paschal II%@AI@%1100%@AE@%               %@AI@%Theodoric%@AE@% 1102               Albert%@AI@%1105%@AE@%               %@AI@%Sylvester IV%@AE@% 1118               Gelasius II 1118               Gregory VIII 1119               Callistus II 1124               Honorius II%@AI@%1124%@AE@%               %@AI@%Celestine II%@AE@% 1130               Innocent II 1130               Anacletus II%@AI@%1138%@AE@%               %@AI@%Victor IV%@AE@% 1143               Celestine II 1144               Lucius II 1145               Bl. Eugene III 1153               Anastasius IV 1154               Adrian IV 1159               Alexander III 1159               Victor IV%@AI@%1164%@AE@%               %@AI@%Paschal III%@AE@% 1168               Callistus III%@AI@%1179%@AE@%               %@AI@%Innocent III%@AE@% 1181               Lucius III 1185               Urban III 1187               Clement III 1187               Gregory VIII 1191               Celestine III 1198               Innocent III 1216               Honorius III 1227               Gregory IX 1241               Celestine IV 1243               Innocent IV 1254               Alexander IV 1261               Urban IV 1265               Clement IV 1271               Bl. Gregory X 1276               Bl. Innocent V 1276               Adrian V 1276               John XXI 1277               Nicholas III 1281               Martin IV 1285               Honorius IV 1288               Nicholas IV 1294               St. Celestine V 1294               Boniface VIII 1303               Bl. Benedict XI 1305               Clement V 1316               John XXII 1328               Nicholas V 1334               Benedict XII 1342               Clement VI 1352               Innocent VI 1362               Bl. Urban V 1370               Gregory XI 1378               Urban VI%@AI@%1378%@AE@%               %@AI@%Clement VII%@AE@% 1389               Boniface IX 1394               Benedict XIII 1404               Innocent VII 1406               Gregory XII%@AI@%1409%@AE@%               %@AI@%Alexander V%@AE@% 1410               John XXIII 1417               Martin V 1431               Eugene IV%@AI@%1439%@AE@%               %@AI@%Felix V%@AE@% 1447               Nicholas V 1455               Callistus III  1458               Pius II 1464               Paul II 1471               Sixtus IV 1484               Innocent VIII 1492               Alexander VI  1503               Pius III 1503               Julius II 1513               Leo X 1522               Adrian VI  1523               Clement VII 1534               Paul III 1550               Julius III 1555               Marcellus II  1555               Paul IV 1559               Pius IV 1566               St. Pius V 1572               Gregory XIII 1585               Sixtus V  1590               Urban VII 1590               Gregory XIV 1591               Innocent IX 1592               Clement VIII 1605               Leo XI 1605               Paul V 1621               Gregory XV 1623               Urban VIII 1644               Innocent X 1655               Alexander VII 1667               Clement IX 1670               Clement X 1676               Bl. Innocent XI 1689               Alexander VIII 1691               Innocent XII 1700               Clement XI 1721               Innocent XIII 1724               Benedict XIII 1730               Clement XII 1740               Benedict XIV 1758               Clement XIII 1769               Clement XIV 1775               Pius VI 1800               Pius VII 1823               Leo XII 1829               Pius VIII 1831               Gregory XVI 1846               Pius IX 1878               Leo XIII 1903               St. Pius X 1914               Benedict XV 1922               Pius XI 1939               Pius XII 1958               John XXIII 1963               Paul VI 1978               John Paul I 1978               John Paul II%@TE:  302 10217 02 19 57 @%

%@NL@%
The Roman Catholic Church names the Apostle Peter as founder of the Church
in Rome. He arrived there c. 42, was martyred there c. 67, and raised to
sainthood. %@NL@%
%@AB@%The Pope's temporal title is:%@AE@% Sovereign of the State of Vatican City.%@NL@%
%@AB@%The Pope's spiritual titles are:%@AE@% Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ,
Successor of St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the
Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and
Metropolitan of the Roman Province.%@NL@%
%@AB@%Anti-Popes%@AE@% are in %@AI@%Italics.%@AE@% Anti-Popes were illegitimate claimants of or
pretenders to the papal throne. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                     %@AS@%WORLD EXPLORATION AND GEOGRAPHY %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Early Explorers of the Western Hemisphere%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   42  4023 02 12 34 26 40 @%Year        Explorer                          Nationality and employer  Discovery or exploration%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1497        John Cabot                        Italian-English           Newfoundland or Nova Scotia1498        John and Sebastian Cabot          Italian-English           Labrador to Hatteras 1499        Alonso de Ojeda                   Spanish                   South American coast, Venezuela 1500, Feb.  Vicente y Pinzon                  Spanish                   South American coast, Amazon River 1500, Apr.  Pedro Alvarez Cabral              Portuguese                Brazil (for Portugal) 1500-02     Gaspar Corte-Real                 Portuguese                Labrador 1501        Rodrigo de Bastidas               Spanish                   Central America 1513        Vasco Nunez de Balboa             Spanish                   Pacific Ocean 1513        Juan Ponce de Leon                Spanish                   Florida 1515        Juan de Solis                     Spanish                   Rio de la Plata 1519        Alonso de Pineda                  Spanish                   Mouth of Mississippi River 1519        Hernando Cortes                   Spanish                   Mexico 1520        Ferdinand Magellan                Portuguese-Spanish        Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego 1524        Giovanni da Verrazano             Italian-French            Atlantic coast-New York harbor 1532        Francisco Pizarro                 Spanish                   Peru 1534        Jacques Cartier                   French                    Canada, Gulf of St. Lawrence 1536        Pedro de Mendoza                  Spanish                   Buenos Aires 1536        A.N. Cabeza de Vaca               Spanish                   Texas coast and interior 1539        Francisco de Ulloa                Spanish                   California coast 1539-41     Hernando de Soto                  Spanish                   Mississippi River near Memphis 1539        Marcos de Niza                    Italian-Spanish           Southwest (now U.S.) 1540        Francisco V. de Coronado          Spanish                   Southwest (now U.S.) 1540        Hernando Alarcon                  Spanish                   Colorado River 1540        Garcia de L. Cardenas             Spanish                   Grand Canyon of the Colorado 1541        Francisco de Orellana             Spanish                   Amazon River  1542        Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo           Portuguese-Spanish        San Diego harbor 1565        Pedro Menendez de Aviles          Spanish                   St. Augustine 1576        Martin Frobisher                  Engish                    Frobisher's Bay, Canada 1577-80     Francis Drake                     English                   California coast 1582        Antonio de Espejo                 Spanish                   Southwest (named New Mexico) 1584        Amadas & Barlow (for Raleigh)     English                   Virginia 1585-87     Sir Walter Raleigh's men          English                   Roanoke Is., N.C. 1595        Sir Walter Raleigh                English                   Orinoco River 1603-09     Samuel de Champlain               French                    Canadian interior, Lake Champlain 1607        Capt. John Smith                  English                   Atlantic coast 1609-10     Henry Hudson                      English-Dutch             Hudson River, Hudson Bay 1634        Jean Nicolet                      French                    Lake Michigan; Wisconsin 1673        Jacques Marquette, Louis Jolliet  French                    Mississippi S to Arkansas 1682        Sieur de La Salle                 French                    Mississippi S to Gulf of Mexico 1789        Alexander Mackenzie               Canadian                  Canadian Northwest%@TE:   42  4023 02 12 34 26 40 @%

%@NL@%
The first men to discover the New World or Western Hemisphere are believed
to have walked across a "land bridge" from Siberia to Alaska, an isthmus
since broken by the Bering Strait. From Alaska, these ancestors of the
Indians spread through North, Central, and South America. Anthropologists
have placed these crossings at between 18,000 and 14,000 B.C.; but evidence
found in 1967 near Puebla, Mex., indicates mankind reached there as early as
35,000-40,000 years ago. %@NL@%
At first, these people were hunters using flint weapons and tools. In
Mexico, about 7000-6000 B.C., they founded farming cultures, developing
corn, squash, etc. Eventually, they created complex civilizations -- Olmec,
Toltec, Aztec, and Maya and, in South America, Inca. Carbon-14 tests show
men lived about 8000 B.C. near what are now Front Royal, Va., Kanawha, W.
Va., and Dutchess Quarry, N.Y. The Hopewell Culture, based on farming,
flourished about 1000 B.C.; remains of it are seen today in large mounds in
Ohio and other states. %@NL@%
Norsemen (Norwegian Vikings sailing out of Iceland and Greenland) are
credited by most scholars with being the first Europeans to discover
America, with at least 5 voyages around 1000 A.D. to areas they called
Helluland, Markland, Vinland--possibly Labrador, Nova Scotia or
Newfoundland, and New England. %@NL@%
Christopher Columbus, most famous of the explorers, was born at Genoa,
Italy, but made his discoveries sailing for the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and
Isabella. Dates of his voyages, places he discovered, and other information
follow: %@NL@%
%@AB@%1492--First voyage.%@AE@% Left Palos, Spain, Aug. 3 with 88 men (est.). Discovered
San Salvador (Guanahani or Watling Is., Bahamas) Oct. 12. Also Cuba,
Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic); built Fort La Navidad on latter. %@NL@%
%@AB@%1493--Second voyage, first part, Sept. 25,%@AE@% with 17 ships, 1,500 men.
Dominica (Lesser Antilles) Nov. 3; Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, San
Martin, Santa Cruz, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. Settled Isabela on
Hispaniola. %@AB@%Second part%@AE@% (Columbus having remained in Western Hemisphere),
Jamaica, Isle of Pines, La Mona Is. %@NL@%
%@AB@%1498--Third voyage.%@AE@% Left Spain May 30, 1498, 6 ships. Discovered Trinidad.
Saw South American continent Aug. 1, 1498, but called it Isla Sancta (Holy
Island). Entered Gulf of Paria and landed, first time on continental soil.
At mouth of Orinoco Aug. 14 he decided this was the mainland. %@NL@%
%@AB@%1502--Fourth voyage,%@AE@% 4 caravels, 150 men. St. Lucia, Guanaja off Honduras;
Cape Gracias a Dios, Honduras; San Juan River, Costa Rica; Almirante,
Portobelo, and Laguna de Chiriqui, Panama. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Arctic Exploration%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Early Explorers%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1587%@AE@% -- John Davis (England). Davis Strait to Sanderson's Hope, 72 deg 12'%@EH@%
N.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1596%@AE@% -- Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerck (Holland). Discovered Bear%@EH@%
Island, touched northwest tip of Spitsbergen,79 deg 49' N, rounded Novaya
Zemlya, wintered at Ice Haven.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1607%@AE@% -- Henry Hudson (England). North along Greenland's eastcoast to Cape%@EH@%
Hold-with-Hope, 73 deg 30', then north of Spitsbergento 80 deg 23''.
Returning he discovered Hudson's Touches(Jan Mayen).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1616%@AE@% -- William Baffin and Robert Bylot (England). Baffin Bay to Smith%@EH@%
Sound. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1728%@AE@% -- Vitus Bering (Russia). Proved Asia and America were separated by%@EH@%
sailing through strait. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1733-40%@AE@% -- Great Northern Expedition (Russia). Surveyed Siberian Arctic%@EH@%
coast. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1741%@AE@% -- Vitus Bering (Russia). Sighted Alaska from sea, named Mount St.%@EH@%
Elias. His lieutenant, Chirikof, discovered coast. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1771%@AE@% -- Samuel Hearne (Hudson's Bay Co.). Overland from Prince of Wales Fort%@EH@%
(Churchill) on Hudson Bay to mouth of Coppermine River. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1778%@AE@% -- James Cook (Britain). Through Bering Strait to Icy Cape, Alaska, and%@EH@%
North Cape, Siberia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1789%@AE@% -- Alexander Mackenzie (North West Co., Britain). Montreal to mouth of%@EH@%
Mackenzie River. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1806%@AE@% -- William Scoresby (Britain). N. of Spitsbergen to 81 deg 30'. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1820-3%@AE@% -- Ferdinand von Wrangel (Russia). Completed a survey of Siberian%@EH@%
Arctic coast. His exploration joined that of James Cook at North Cape,
confirming separation of the continents. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1845%@AE@% -- Sir John Franklin (Britain) was one of many to seek the Northwest%@EH@%
Passage--an ocean route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific via the Arctic.
His 2 ships (the Erebus and Terror) were last seen entering Lancaster Sound
July 26. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1881%@AE@% -- The steamer %@AI@%Jeanette%@AE@% on an expedition led by Lt. Cmdr. George W.%@EH@%
DeLong was trapped in ice and crushed, June 1881. DeLong and 11 crewmen
died; 12 others survived. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1888%@AE@% -- Fridtjof Nansen (Norway) crossed Greenland's icecap, 1893-96 --%@EH@%
Nansen in Fram drifted from New Siberian Is. to Spitsbergen; tried polar
dash in 1895, reached Franz Josef Land. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1897%@AE@% -- Salomon A. Andree (Sweden) and 2 others started in balloon from%@EH@%
Danes, Is., Spitsbergen, July 11, to drift across pole to America, and
disappeared. Over 33 years later, Aug. 6, 1930, their frozen bodies were
found on White Is., 82 deg 57' N 29 deg 52' E. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1903-06%@AE@% -- Roald Amundsen (Norway) first sailed Northwest Passage. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Discovery of North Pole%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Robert E. Peary explored Greenland's coast 1891-92, tried for North Pole%@EH@%
1893. In 1900 he reached northern limit of Greenland and 83 deg 50' N; in
1902 he reached 84 deg 06' N; in 1906 he went from Ellesmere Is. to 87 deg
06' N. He sailed in the %@AI@%Roosevelt,%@AE@% July, 1908, to winter off Cape Sheridan,
Grant Land. The dash for the North Pole began Mar. 1 from Cape Columbia,
Ellesmere Land. Peary reached the pole, 90 deg N, Apr. 6, 1909. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Peary had several supporting groups carrying supplies until the last group%@EH@%
turned back at 87 deg 47' N. Peary, Matthew Henson, and 4 Eskimos proceeded
with dog teams and sleds. They crossed the pole several times, finally built
an igloo at 90 deg, remained 36 hours. Started south Apr. 7 at 4 p.m. for
Cape Columbia. The Eskimos were Coqueeh, Ootah, Eginwah, and Seegloo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1914%@AE@% -- Donald MacMillan (U.S.). Northwest, 200 miles, from Axel Heiberg%@EH@%
Island to seek Peary's Crocker Land. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1915-17%@AE@% -- Vihjalmur Stefansson (Canada) discovered Borden, Brock, Meighen,%@EH@%
and Lougheed Islands. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1918-20%@AE@% -- Roald Amundsen sailed Northeast Passage. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1925%@AE@% -- Amundsen and Lincoln Ellsworth (U.S.) reached 87 deg 44' N in%@EH@%
attempt to fly to North Pole from Spitsbergen. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1926%@AE@% -- Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett (U.S.) first over North Pole by%@EH@%
air, May 9. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1926%@AE@% -- Amundsen, Ellsworth, and Umberto Nobile (Italy) flew from%@EH@%
Spitsbergen over North Pole May 12, to Teller, Alaska, in dirigible %@AI@%Norge.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1928%@AE@% -- Nobile crossed North Pole in airship May 24, crashed May 25.%@EH@%
Amundsen lost while trying to effect rescue by plane. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                      %@AS@%North Pole Exploration Records %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Aug. 3, 1958, the %@AI@%Nautilus,%@AE@% under Comdr. William R. Anderson, became the%@EH@%
first ship to cross the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The nuclear-powered U.S. submarine %@AI@%Seadragon,%@AE@% Comdr. George P. Steele 2d,%@EH@%
made the first east-west underwater transit through the Northwest Passage
during August, 1960. It sailed from Portsmouth N.H., headed between
Greenland and Labrador through Baffin Bay, then west through Lancaster Sound
and McClure Strait to the Beaufort Sea. Traveling submerged for the most
part, the submarine made 850 miles from Baffin Bay to the Beaufort Sea in 6
days. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On Aug. 16, 1977, the Soviet nuclear icebreaker %@AI@%Arktika%@AE@% reached the North%@EH@%
Pole and became the first surface ship to break through the Arctic ice pack
to the top of the world. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On April 30, 1978, Naomi Uemura, a Japanese explorer, became the first man%@EH@%
to reach the North Pole alone by dog sled. During the 54-day, 600-mile trek
over the frozen Arctic, Uemura survived attacks by a marauding polar bear. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In April, 1982, Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton, British explorers,%@EH@%
reached the North Pole and became the first to circle the earth from pole to
pole. They had reached the South Pole 16 months earlier. The 52,000-mile
trek took 3 years, involved 23 people, and cost an estimated $18 million.
The expedition was also the first to travel down the Scott Glacier and the
first to journey up the Yukon and through the Northwest Passage in a single
season. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On May 2, 1986, 6 American and Canadian explorers reached the North Pole%@EH@%
assisted only by dogs. They became the first to reach the Pole without
mechanical assistance since Robert E. Peary planted a flag there in 1909.
The explorers, Americans Will Steger, Paul Schurke, Anne Bancroft, and Geoff
Carroll, and Canadians Brent Boddy and Richard Weber completed the 500-mile
journey in 56 days.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                           %@AS@%Antarctic Exploration%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Early History%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Antarctica has been approached since 1773-75, when Capt. James Cook%@EH@%
(Britain) reached 71 deg 10'. Many sea and landmarks bear names of early
explorers. Bellingshausen (Russia) discovered Peter 1 and Alexander 1
Islands, 1819-21. Nathaniel Palmer (U.S.) discovered Palmer Peninsula, 60
deg W, 1820, without realizing that this was a continent. James Weddell
(Britain) found Weddell Sea, 74 deg 15' S, 1823.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%First to announce existence of the continent of Antarctica was Charles%@EH@%
Wilkes (U.S.), who followed the coast for 1,500 mi., 1840. Adelie Coast, 140
deg E, was found by Dumont d╒Urville (France), 1840. Ross Ice Shelf was
found by James Clark Ross (Britain), 1841-42.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1895%@AE@% -- Leonard Kristensen (Norway) landed a party on the coast of Victoria%@EH@%
Land.  They were the first ashore on the main continental mass. C.E.
Borchgrevink, a member of that party, returned in 1899 with a British
expedition, first to winter on Antarctica.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1902-04%@AE@% -- Robert F. Scott (Britain) discovered Edward VII Peninsula. He%@EH@%
reached 82 deg 17' S, 146 deg 33' E from McMurdo Sound.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1908-09%@AE@% -- Ernest Shackleton (Britain) introduced the use of Manchurian%@EH@%
ponies in Antarctic sledging. He reached 88 deg 23' S, discovering a route
on to the plateau by way of the Beardmore Glacier and pioneering the way to
the pole.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                          %@AS@%Discovery of South Pole%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1911%@AE@% -- Roald Amundsen (Norway) with 4 men and dog teams reached the pole%@EH@%
Dec. 14.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1912%@AE@% -- Capt. Scott reached the pole from Ross Island Jan. 18, with 4%@EH@%
companions. They found Amundsen╒s tent. None of Scott╒s party survived. They
were found Nov. 12.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1928%@AE@% -- First man to use an airplane over Antarctica was Hubert Wilkins%@EH@%
(Britain).%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1929%@AE@% -- Richard E. Byrd (U.S.) established Little America on Bay of Whales.%@EH@%
On 1,600-mi. airplane flightbegun Nov. 28 he crossed South Pole Nov. 29 with
3 others. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1934-35%@AE@% -- Byrd led 2d expedition to Little America, explored 450,000 sq.%@EH@%
mi., wintered alone at weather station, 80 deg 08' S. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1934-37%@AE@% -- John Rymill led British Graham Land expedition; discovered that%@EH@%
Palmer Peninsula is part of Antarctic mainland. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1935%@AE@% -- Lincoln Ellsworth (U.S.) flew south along Palmer Peninsula's east%@EH@%
coast, then crossed continent to Little America, making 4 landings on
unprepared terrain in bad weather. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1939-41%@AE@% -- U.S. Antarctic Service built West Base on Ross Ice Shelf under%@EH@%
Paul Siple, and East Base on Palmer Peninsula under Richard Black. U.S. Navy
plane flights discovered about 150,000 sq. miles of new land. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1940%@AE@% -- Byrd charted most of coast between Ross Sea and Palmer Peninsula. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1946-47%@AE@% -- U.S. Navy undertook Operation High-jump under Byrd. Expedition%@EH@%
included 13 ships and 4,000 men. Airplanes photomapped coastline and
penetrated beyond pole. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1946-48%@AE@% -- Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, Comdr. Finn Ronne, USNR,%@EH@%
determined the Antarctic to be only one continent with no strait between
Weddell Sea and Ross Sea; discovered 250,000 sq. miles of land by flights to
79 deg S Lat., and made 14,000 aerial photographs over 450,000 sq. miles of
land. Mrs. Ronne and Mrs. H. Darlington were the first women to winter on
Antarctica. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1955-57%@AE@% -- U.S. Navy's Operation Deep Freeze led by Adm. Byrd. Supporting%@EH@%
U.S. scientific efforts for the International Geophysical Year, the
operation was commanded by Rear Adm. George Dufek. It established 5 coastal
stations fronting the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans and also 3
interior stations; explored more than 1,000,000 sq. miles in Wilkes Land. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1957-58%@AE@% -- During the International Geophysical year, July, 1957, through%@EH@%
Dec. 1958, scientists from 12 countries conducted ambitious programs of
Antarctic research. A network of some 60 stations on the continent and
sub-Arctic islands studied oceanography, glaciology, meteorology,
seismology, geomagnetism, the ionosphere, cosmic rays, aurora, and airglow. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Dr. V.E. Fuchs led a 12-man Trans-Antarctic Expedition on the first land%@EH@%
crossing of Antarctica. Starting from the Weddell Sea, they reached Scott
Station Mar. 2, 1958, after traveling 2,158 miles in 98 days. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1958%@AE@% -- A group of 5 U.S. scientists led by Edward C. Thiel, seismologist,%@EH@%
moving by tractor from Ellsworth Station on Weddell Sea, identified a huge
mountain range, 5,000 ft. above the ice sheet and 9,000 ft. above sea level.
The range, originally seen by a Navy plane, was named the Dufek Massif, for
Rear Adm. George Dufek. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1959%@AE@% -- Twelve nations -- Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France,%@EH@%
Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United
Kingdom, and the U.S. -- signed a treaty suspending any territorial claims
for 30 years and reserving the continent for research. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1961-62%@AE@% -- Scientists discovered a trough, the Bentley Trench, running from%@EH@%
Ross Ice Shelf, Pacific, into Marie Byrd Land, around the end of the
Ellsworth Mtns., toward the Weddell Sea. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1962%@AE@% -- First nuclear power plant began operation at McMurdo Sound. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1963%@AE@% -- On Feb. 22 a U.S. plane made the longest nonstop flight ever made in%@EH@%
the S. Pole area, covering 3,600 miles in 10 hours. The flight was from
McMurdo Station south past the geographical S. Pole to Shackleton Mtns.,
southeast to the "Area of Inaccessibility" and back to McMurdo Station. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1964%@AE@% -- A British survey team was landed by helicopter on Cook Island, the%@EH@%
first recorded visit since its discovery in 1775. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1964%@AE@% -- New Zealanders completed one of the last and most important surveys%@EH@%
when they mapped the mountain area from Cape Adare west some 400 miles to
Pennell Glacier. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989%@AE@% -- Two Americans, Victoria Murden and Shirley Metz, became the first%@EH@%
women to reach the South Pole overland when they arrived with 9 others on
Jan. 17, 1989. The 51-day trek on skis covered 740 miles.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                                 %@AS@%Volcanoes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%            Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%More than 75 per cent of the world's 850 active volcanoes lie within the%@EH@%
"Ring of Fire," a zone running along the west coast of the Americas from
Chile to Alaska and down the east coast of Asia from Siberia to New Zealand.
Twenty per cent of these volcanoes are located in Indonesia. Other prominent
groupings are located in Japan, the Aleutian Islands, and Central America.
Almost all active  regions are found at the boundaries of the large moving
plates which comprise the earth's surface. The "Ring of Fire" marks the
boundary between the plates underlying the Pacific Ocean and those
underlying the surrounding continents. Other active  regions, such as the
Mediterranean Sea and Iceland, are located on plate boundaries. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                        %@AS@%Major Historical Eruptions%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Approximately 7,000 years ago, Mazama, a 9,900-feet-high volcano in southern%@EH@%
Oregon, erupted violently, ejecting ash and lava. The ash spread over the
entire northwestern United States and as far away as Saskatchewan, Canada.
During the eruption, the top of the mountain collapsed, leaving a caldera 6
miles across and about a half mile deep, which filled with rain water to
form what is now called Crater Lake.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 79 A.D., Vesuvio, or Vesuvius, a 4,190 feet volcano overlooking Naples%@EH@%
Bay became active after several centuries of quiescence. On Aug. 24 of that
year, a heated mud and ash flow swept down the mountain engulfing the cities
of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae with debris over 60 feet  deep. About
10 percent of the population of the 3 towns was killed.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The largest eruptions in recent centuries have been in Indonesia. In 1883,%@EH@%
an eruption similar to the Mazama eruption occurred on the island of
Krakatau. On August 27, the 2,640-feet-high peak of the volcano collapsed to
1,000 feet below sea level, leaving only a small portion of the island
standing above the sea. Ash from the eruption colored sunsets around the
world for 2 years. A tsunami ("tidal wave") generated by the collapse killed
36,000 people in nearby Java and Sumatra and eventually reached England. A
similar, but even more powerful, eruption had taken place 68 years earlier
at Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                         %@AS@%Notable Active Volcanoes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  136  9277 02 34 28 11 @%Name, latest activity             Location                    Feet%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Africa                            Africa Cameroon (1982)                   Cameroon                    13,354 Nyirangongo (1977)                Zaire                       11,400 Nyamuragira (1988)                Zaire                       10,028 Karthala (1977)                   Comoro Is.                  8,000 Piton de la Fournaise (1990)      Reunion Is.                 5,981 Erta-Ale (1973)                   Ethiopia                    1,650 Antarctica                        AntarcticaErebus (1988)                     Ross Island                 12,450 Big Ben (1960)                    Heard Island                9,007 Deception Island (1970)           South Shetland Islands      1,890 Asia-Oceania                      Asia-OceaniaKlyuchevskaya (1990)              USSR                        15,584 Kerinci (1987)                    Sumatra                     12,467 Rindjani (1966)                   Indonesia                   12,224 Semeru (1989)                     Java                        12,060 Slamet (1988)                     Java                        11,247 Raung (1989)                      Java                        10,932 Agung (1964)                      Bali                        10,308 On-Take (1980)                    Japan                       10,049 Mayon (1988)                      Philippines                 9,991 Merapi (1988)                     Java                        9,551 Bezymianny (1986)                 USSR                        9,514 Marapi (1988)                     Sumatra                     9,485 Ruapehu (1990)                    New Zealand                 9,175 Asama (1988)                      Japan                       8,300 Niigata Yakeyama (1989)           Japan                       8,111 Canlaon (1989)                    Philippines                 8,070 Yake Dake (1963)                  Japan                       8,064 Alaid (1972)                      Kuril Is.                   7,662 Ulawun (1990)                     New Britain                 7,532 Ngauruhoe (1975)                  New Zealand                 7,515 Chokai (1974)                     Japan                       7,300 Galunggung (1982)                 Java                        7,113 Amburombu (1969)                  Indonesia                   7,051 Azuma (1978)                      Japan                       6,700 Tangkuban Prahu (1967)            Java                        6,637 Sangeang Api (1988)               Indonesia                   6,351 Nasu (1977)                       Japan                       6,210 Tiatia (1973)                     Kuril Islands               6,013 Manam (1990)                      Papua New Guinea            6,000 Soputan (1989)                    Indonesia                   5,994 Siau (1976)                       Indonesia                   5,853 Kelud (1990)                      Java                        5,679 Batur (1968)                      Bali                        5,636 Kirisima (1982)                   Japan                       5,577 Bagana (1989)                     Papua New Guinea            6,558 Keli Mutu (1968)                  Indonesia                   5,460 Akita Komaga take (1970)          Japan                       5,449 Gamkonora (1981)                  Indonesia                   5,364 Aso (1990)                        Japan                       5,223 Lewotobi Laki-Laki (1968)         Indonesia                   5,217 Lokon-Empung (1988)               Indonesia                   5,187 Bulusan (1988)                    Philippines                 5,115 Sarycheva (1976)                  Kuril Islands               4,960 Karkar (1981)                     Papua New  Guinea           4,920 Karymsky (1985)                   USSR                        4,869 Lopevi (1982)                     New Hebrides                4,755 Ambrym (1979)                     New Hebrides                4,376 Awu (1968)                        Indonesia                   4,350 Sakurajima (1990)                 Japan                       3,668 Langila (1990)                    New Britain                 3,586 Dukono (1971)                     Indonesia                   3,566 Suwanosezima (1989)               Japan                       2,640 Oshima (1988)                     Japan                       2,550 Usu (1978)                        Japan                       2,400 Pagan (1988)                      Mariana Is.                 1,870 White Island (1989)               New Zealand                 1,075 Taal (1988)                       Philippines                 984Central America--Caribbean        Central America--CaribbeanAcatenango (1972)                 Guatemala                   12,992 Fuego (1990)                      Guatemala                   12,582 Tacana (1988)                     Guatemala                   12,400 Santiaguito (Santa Maria) (1990)  Guatemala                   12,362 Irazu (1988)                      Costa Rica                  11,260 Poas (1990)                       Costa Rica                  8,930 Pacaya (1990)                     Guatemala                   8,346 Izalco (1966)                     El Salvador                 7,749 San Miguel (1986)                 El Salvador                 6,994 Rincon de la Vieja (1987)         Costa Rica                  6,234 El Viejo (San Cristobal) (1987)   Nicaragua                   5,840 Ometepe (Concepcion) (1986)       Nicaragua                   5,106 Arenal (1990)                     Costa Rica                  5,092Momotombo (1982)                  Nicaragua                   4,199 Soufriere (1979)                  St. Vincent                 4,048 Telica (1987)                     Nicaragua                   3,409South America                     South AmericaGuallatiri (1987)                 Chile                       19,882 Lascar (1990)                     Chile                       19,652 Cotopaxi (1975)                   Ecuador                     19,347 Tupungatito (1986)                Chile                       18,504 Ruiz (1989)                       Colombia                    17,716 Sangay (1988)                     Ecuador                     17,159 Guagua Pichincha (1988)           Ecuador                     15,696 Purace (1977)                     Colombia                    15,601 Galeras (1990)                    Colombia                    13,996 Llaima (1990)                     Chile                       10,239 Villarica (1984)                  Chile                       9,318 Hudson (1973)                     Chile                       8,580 Alcedo (1970)                     Galapagos Is.               3,599 Mid-Pacific                       Mid-Pacific Mauna Loa (1987)                  Hawaii                      13,680 Kilauea (1990)                    Hawaii                      4,077 Mid-Atlantic Ridge                Mid-Atlantic Ridge Beerenberg (1985)                 Jan Mayen Is.               7,470 Hekla (1981)                      Iceland                     4,892 Leirhnukur (1975)                 Iceland                     2,145 Krafla (1984)                     Iceland                     2,145 Surtsey (1967)                    Iceland                     568 Europe                            Europe Etna (1990)                       Italy                       11,053 Stromboli (1989)                  Italy                       3,038North America                     North AmericaColima (1988)                     Mexico                      14,003 Redoubt (1990)                    Alaska                      10,197 Iliamna (1978)                    Alaska                      10,016 Shishaldin (1987)                 Aleutian Is.                9,387 Mt. St. Helens (1989)             Washington                  8,300+Pavlof (1988)                     Aleutian Is.                8,261 Veniaminof (1987)                 Alaska                      8,225 El Chichon (1983)                 Mexico                      7,300 Katmai (1974)                     Alaska                      6,715 Makushin (1987)                   Aleutian Is.                6,680 Pogromni (1964)                   Alaska                      6,568 Trident 1963)                     Alaska                      6,010 Great Sitkin (1974)               Aleutian Is.                5,710 Cleveland (1987)                  Aleutian Is.                5,675 Gareloi (1982)                    Aleutian Is.                5,334 Korovin (1987)                    Aleutian Is.                4,852 Akutan (1989)                     Aleutian Is.                4,275 Kiska (1969)                      Aleutian Is.                4,275 Augustine (1988)                  Alaska                      3,999 Okmok (1988)                      Aleutian Is.                3,519 Seguam (1977)                     Alaska                      3,458    %@TE:  136  9277 02 34 28 11 @%

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%@2@%                        %@AS@%Notable Volcanic Eruptions %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   19  1029 02 18 27 08 @%Date              Volcano                    Deaths%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%79 A.D.           Mt. Vesuvius, Italy        16,0001169              Mt. Etna, Sicily           15,0001631              Mt. Vesuvius, Italy        4,0001669              Mt. Etna, Sicily           20,0001772              Mt. Papandayan, Java       3,0001792              Mt. Unzen-Dake, Japan      10,4001815              Tamboro, Java              12,000Aug. 26-28, 1883  Krakatau, Indonesia        35,000Apr. 8, 1902      Santa Maria, Guatemala     1,000May 8, 1902       Mt. Pelee, Martinique      30,0001911              Mt. Taal, Philippines      1,4001919              Mt. Kelud, Java            5,000Jan. 18-21, 1951  Mt. Lamington, New Guinea  3,000Apr. 26, 1966     Mt. Kelud, Java            1,000May 18, 1980      Mt. St. Helens, U.S.       60Nov. 13, 1985     Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia  22,940Aug. 24, 1986     NW Cameroon                1,700+%@TE:   19  1029 02 18 27 08 @%

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%@2@%                         %@AS@%Height of Mount Everest %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@4@%Mt. Everest was considered to be 29,002 ft. tall when Edmund Hillary and%@EH@%
Tenzing Norgay scaled it in 1953. This triangulation figure had been
accepted since 1850. In 1954 the Surveyor General of the Republic of India
set the height at 29,028 ft., plus or minus 10 ft. because of snow. The
National Geographic Society accepts the new figure, but many mountaineering
groups still use 29,002 ft. %@NL@%
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%@4@%In 1987, new calculations based on satellite measurements indicate that the%@EH@%
Himalayan peak K-2 rose 29,064 feet above sea level and that Mt. Everest is
800 feet higher. The National Geographic Society has not accepted the
revised figure.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                      %@AS@%United States, Canada, Mexico %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   80  3492 02 23 12 11 @%Name                   Place       Feet%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%McKinley               Alas        20,320Logan                  Yukon       19,850 Citlaltepec (Orizaba)  Mexico      18,700 St. Elias              Alas-Yukon  18,008 Popocatepetl           Mexico      17,887 Foraker                Alas        17,400 Iztaccihuatl           Mexico      17,343 Lucania                Yukon       17,147 King                   Can         16,971 Steele                 Can         16,644 Bona                   Alas        16,550 Blackburn              Alas        16,390 Kennedy                Alas        16,286 Sanford                Alas        16,237 South Buttress         Alas        15,885 Wood                   Yukon       15,885 Vancouver              Alas-Yukon  15,700 Churchill              Alas        15,638 Fairweather            Alas-Yukon  15,300 Zinantecatl (Toluca)   Mexico      15,016 Hubbard                Alas-Yukon  15,015 Bear                   Alas        14,831 Walsh                  Yukon       14,780 East Buttress          Alas        14,730 Matlalcueyetl          Mexico      14,636 Hunter                 Alas        14,573 Alverstone             Alas-Yukon  14,565 Browne Tower           Alas        14,530 Whitney                Cal         14,494 Elbert                 Col         14,433 Massive                Col         14,421 Harvard                Col         14,420 Rainier                Wash        14,410 Williamson             Cal         14,375 Blanca Peak            Col         14,345 La Plata               Col         14,336 Uncompahgre            Col         14,309 Crestone               Col         14,294 Lincoln                Col         14,286 Grays Peak             Col         14,270 Antero                 Col         14,269 Torreys                Col         14,267 Castle                 Col         14,265 Quandary               Col         14,265 Evans                  Col         14,264 Longs Peak             Col         14,256 McArthur               Yukon       14,253 Wilson                 Col         14,246 White                  Cal         14,246 North Palisade         Cal         14,242 Shavano                Col         14,229 Belford                Col         14,197 Princeton              Col         14,197 Crestone Needle        Col         14,197 Yale                   Col         14,196 Bross                  Col         14,172 Kit Carson             Col         14,165 Wrangell               Alas        14,163 Shasta                 Cal         14,162 Sill                   Cal         14,162 El Diente              Col         14,159 Maroon                 Col         14,156 Tabeguache             Col         14,155 Oxford                 Col         14,153 Sneffels               Col         14,150 Point Success          Wash        14,150 Democrat               Col         14,148 Capitol                Col         14,130 Liberty Cap            Wash        14,112 Pikes Peak             Col         14,110 Snowmass               Col         14,092 Windom                 Col         14,087 Russell                Cal         14,086 Eolus                  Col         14,084 Columbia               Col         14,073 Augusta                Alas-Yukon  14,070 Missouri               Col         14,067 Humboldt               Col         14,064   %@TE:   80  3492 02 23 12 11 @%

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%@TH:   52  2669 02 42 34 @%Peak, country                             Feet%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aconcagua, Argentina                      22,834Ojos del Salado, Arg.-Chile               22,572 Bonete, Argentina                         22,546 Tupungato, Argentina-Chile                22,310 Pissis, Argentina                         22,241 Mercedario, Argentina                     22,211 Huascaran, Peru                           22,205 Llullaillaco, Argentina-Chile             22,057 El Libertador, Argentina                  22,047 Cachi, Argentina                          22,047 Yerupaja, Peru                            21,709 Galan, Argentina                          21,654 El Muerto, Argentina-Chile                21,457 Sajama, Bolivia                           21,391 Nacimiento, Argentina                     21,302 Illimani, Bolivia                         21,201 Coropuna, Peru                            21,083 Laudo, Argentina                          20,997 Ancohuma, Bolivia                         20,958 Ausangate, Peru                           20,945 Toro, Argentina-Chile                     20,932 Illampu, Bolivia                          20,873 Tres Cruces, Argentina-Chile              20,853 Huandoy, Peru                             20,852 Parinacota, Bolivia-Chile                 20,768 Tortolas, Argentina-Chile                 20,745 Ampato, Peru                              20,702 Condor, Argentina                         20,669 Salcantay, Peru                           20,574 Chimborazo, Ecuador                       20,561 Huancarhuas, Peru                         20,531 Famatina, Argentina                       20,505 Pumasillo, Peru                           20,492 Solo, Argentina                           20,492 Polleras, Argentina                       20,456 Pular, Chile                              20,423 Chani, Argentina                          20,341 Aucanquilcha, Chile                       20,295 Juncal, Argentina-Chile                   20,276 Negro, Argentina                          20,184 Quela, Argentina                          20,128 Condoriri, Bolivia                        20,095 Palermo, Argentina                        20,079 Solimana, Peru                            20,068 San Juan, Argentina-Chile                 20,049 Sierra Nevada, Arg.-Chile                 20,023 Antofalla, Argentina                      20,013 Marmolejo, Argentina-Chile                20,013 Chachani, Peru                            19,931 Licancabur, Argentina-Chile               19,425%@TE:   52  2669 02 42 34 @%

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The highest point in the West Indies is in the Dominican Republic, Pico
Duarte (10,417 ft.)%@NL@%
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%@2@%                      %@AS@%Africa, Australia, and Oceania %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   23  1219 02 41 35 @%Peak, country                            Feet%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Kilimanjaro, Tanzania                    19,340 Kenya, Kenya                             17,058  Margherita Pk., Uganda-Zaire             16,763  Jaja, New Guinea                         16,500  Trikora, New Guinea                      15,585  Mandala, New Guinea                      15,420  Ras Dashan, Ethiopia                     15,158  Meru, Tanzania                           14,979  Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea                14,793  Karisimbi, Zaire-Rwanda                  14,787  Elgon, Kenya-Uganda                      14,178  Batu, Ethiopia                           14,131  Guna, Ethiopia                           13,881  Gughe, Ethiopia                          13,780  Toubkal, Morocco                         13,661  Kinabalu, Malaysia                       13,455  Kerinci, Sumatra                         12,467  Cook, New Zealand                        12,349  Teide, Canary Islands                    12,198  Semeru, Java                             12,060  Kosciusko, Australia                     7,310   %@TE:   23  1219 02 41 35 @%

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%@2@%                                  %@AS@%Europe %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   64  3538 02 46 30 @%Peak, country                                 Feet%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alps                                          AlpsMont Blanc, Fr. It.                           15,771Monte Rosa (highest peak of group), Switz.    15,203 Dom, Switz.                                   14,911 Liskamm, It., Switz.                          14,852 Weisshom, Switz.                              14,780 Taschhorn, Switz.                             14,733 Matterhorn, It., Switz.                       14,690 Dent Blanche, Switz.                          14,293 Nadelhorn, Switz.                             14,196 Grand Combin, Switz.                          14,154 Lenzpitze, Switz.                             14,088 Finsteraarhorn, Switz.                        14,022 Castor, Switz.                                13,865 Zinalrothorn, Switz.                          13,849 Hohberghom, Switz.                            13,842 Alphubel, Switz.                              13,799 Rimpfischhom, Switz.                          13,776 Aletschorn, Switz.                            13,763 Strahlhorn, Switz.                            13,747 Dent D'Herens, Switz.                         13,686 Breithorn, It., Switz.                        13,665 Bishorn, Switz.                               13,645 Jungfrau, Switz.                              13,642 Ecrins, Fr.                                   13,461 Monch, Switz.                                 13,448 Pollux, Switz.                                13,422 Schreckhorn, Switz.                           13,379 Ober Gabelhorn, Switz.                        13,330 Gran Paradiso, It.                            13,323 Bernina, It., Switz.                          13,284 Fiescherhorn, Switz.                          13,283 Grunhorn, Switz.                              13,266 Lauteraarhorn, Switz.                         13,261 Durrenhorn, Switz.                            13,238 Allalinhorn, Switz.                           13,213 Weissmies, Switz.                             13,199 Lagginhorn, Switz.                            13,156 Zupo, Switz.                                  13,120 Fletschhorn, Switz.                           13,110 Adlerhorn, Switz.                             13,081 Gletscherhorn, Switz.                         13,068 Schalihorn, Switz.                            13,040 Scerscen, Switz.                              13,028 Eiger, Switz.                                 13,025 Jagerhorn, Switz.                             13,024 Rottalhorn, Switz.                            13,022Pyrenees                                      PyreneesAneto, Sp.                                    11,168 Posets, Sp.                                   11,073 Perdido, Sp.                                  11,007 Vignemale, Fr., Sp.                           10,820 Long, Sp.                                     10,479 Estats, Sp.                                   10,304 Montcalm, Sp.                                 10,105 Caucasus (Europe-Asia)                        Caucasus (Europe-Asia)El'brus, USSR                                 18,510 Shkara, USSR                                  17,064 Dykh Tau, USSR                                17,054 Kashtan Tau, USSR                             16,877 Dzhangi Tau, USSR                             16,565 Kazbek, USSR                                  16,558     %@TE:   64  3538 02 46 30 @%

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%@TH:   80  3577 02 21 16 10 @%Peak                 Country         Feet%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Everest              Nepal-Tibet     29,028K2 (Godwin Austen)   Kashmir         28,250Kanchenjunga         India-Nepal     28,208Lhotse I (Everest)   Nepal-Tibet     27,923Makalu I             Nepal-Tibet     27,824Lhotse II (Everest)  Nepal-Tibet     27,560Dhaulagiri           Nepal           26,810Manaslu I            Nepal           26,760Cho Oyu              Nepal-Tibet     26,750Nanga Parbat         Kashmir         26,660Annapurna I          Nepal           26,504Gasherbrum           Kashmir         26,470Broad                Kashmir         26,400Gosainthan           Tibet           26,287Annapurna II         Nepal           26,041Gyachung Kang        Nepal-Tibet     25,910Disteghil Sar        Kashmir         25,868Himalchuli           Nepal           25,801Nuptse (Everest)     Nepal-Tibet     25,726Masherbrum           Kashmir         25,660Nanda Devi           India           25,645Rakaposhi            Kashmir         25,550Kamet                India-Tibet     25,447Namcha Barwa         Tibet           25,445Gurla Mandhata       Tibet           25,355Ulugh Muz Tagh       Sinkiang-Tibet  25,340Kungur               Sinkiang        25,325Tirich Mir           Pakistan        25,230Makalu II            Nepal-Tibet     25,120Minya Konka          China           24,900Kula Gangri          Bhutan-Tibet    24,784 Changtzu (Everest)   Nepal-Tibet     24,780Muz Tagh Ata         Sinkiang        24,757Skyang Kangri        Kashmir         24,750Communism Peak       USSR            24,590Jongsang Peak        India-Nepal     24,472Pobedy Peak          Sinkiang-USSR   24,406 Sia Kangri           Kashmir         24,350Haramosh Peak        Pakistan        24,270Istoro Nal           Pakistan        24,240Tent Peak            India-Nepal     24,165Chomo Lhari          Bhutan-Tibet    24,040 Chamlang             Nepal           24,012Kabru                India-Nepal     24,002Alung Gangri         Tibet           24,000Baltoro Kangri       Kashmir         23,990Mussu Shan           Sinkiang        23,890Mana                 India           23,860Baruntse             Nepal           23,688Nepal Peak           India-Nepal     23,500Amne Machin          China           23,490Gauri Sankar         Nepal-Tibet     23,440Badrinath            India           23,420Nunkun               Kashmir         23,410Lenina Peak          USSR            23,405Pyramid              India-Nepal     23,400Api                  Nepal           23,399Pauhunri             India-Tibet     23,385Trisul               India           23,360Kangto               India-Tibet     23,260Nyenchhen Thanglha   Tibet           23,255Trisuli              India           23,210Pumori               Nepal-Tibet     23,190Dunagiri             India           23,184Lombo Kangra         Tibet           23,165Saipal               Nepal           23,100Macha Pucchare       Nepal           22,958Numbar               Nepal           22,817Kanjiroba            Nepal           22,580Ama Dablam           Nepal           22,350Cho Polu             Nepal           22,093Lingtren             Nepal-Tibet     21,972Khumbutse            Nepal-Tibet     21,785Hlako Gangri         Tibet           21,266Mt. Grosvenor        China           21,190Thagchhab Gangri     Tibet           20,970Damavand             Iran            18,606Ararat               Turkey          16,804  %@TE:   80  3577 02 21 16 10 @%

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%@2@%                                %@AS@%Antarctica %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   52  2478 02 39 37 @%Peak                                   Feet%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Vinson Massif                          16,864Tyree                                  16,290Shinn                                  15,750Gardner                                15,375Epperly                                15,100Kirkpatrick                            14,855Elizabeth                              14,698Markham                                14,290Bell                                   14,117Mackellar                              14,098Anderson                               13,957Bentley                                13,934Kaplan                                 13,878Andrew Jackson                         13,750Sidley                                 13,720Ostenso                                13,710Minto                                  13,668Miller                                 13,650Long Gables                            13,620Dickerson                              13,517Giovinetto                             13,412Wade                                   13,400Fisher                                 13,386Fridtjof Nansen                        13,350Wexler                                 13,202Lister                                 13,200Shear                                  13,100Odishaw                                13,008Donaldson                              12,894Ray                                    12,808Sellery                                12,779Waterman                               12,730Anne                                   12,703Press                                  12,566Falla                                  12,549Rucker                                 12,520Goldthwait                             12,510Morris                                 12,500Erebus                                 12,450 Campbell                               12,434Don Pedro Christophersen               12,355 Lysaght                                12,326 Huggins                                12,247 Sabine                                 12,200 Astor                                  12,175 Mohl                                   12,172 Frankes                                12,064 Jones                                  12,040 Gjelsvik                               12,008 Coman                                  12,000%@TE:   52  2478 02 39 37 @%

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%@TH:   23   983 02 20 12 20 @%                    Sq. miles   Avg. depth in feet%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Pacific Ocean       64,186,300  12,925  Atlantic Ocean      33,420,000  11,730  Indian Ocean        28,350,500  12,598  Arctic Ocean        5,105,700   3,407  South China Sea     1,148,500   4,802  Caribbean Sea       971,400     8,448  Mediterranean Sea   969,100     4,926  Bering Sea          873,000     4,893  Gulf of Mexico      582,100     5,297  Sea of Okhotsk      537,500     3,192  Sea of Japan        391,100     5,468  Hudson Bay          281,900     305  East China Sea      256,600     620  Andaman Sea         218,100     3,667  Black Sea           196,100     3,906  Red Sea             174,900     1,764  North Sea           164,900     308  Baltic Sea          147,500     180  Yellow Sea          113,500     121  Persian Gulf        88,800      328  Gulf of California  59,100      2,375%@TE:   23   983 02 20 12 20 @%

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Four major bodies of water are recognized by geographers and mapmakers. They
are: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. The Atlantic and
Pacific oceans are considered divided at the equator into the No. and So.
Atlantic; the No. and So. Pacific. The Arctic Ocean is the name for waters
north of the continental land masses in the region of the Arctic Circle.%@NL@%
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%@TH:   36  4030 03 21 20 20 20 20 20 @%                                                             Depth               Depth               DepthName of area         Location            Location            Meters              Fathoms             Feet %@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Pacific Ocean        Pacific Ocean       Pacific Ocean       Pacific Ocean       Pacific Ocean       Pacific Ocean Mariana Trench       11 deg22'N          142 deg36'E         10,924              5,973               35,840Tonga Trench         23 deg16'S          174 deg44'W         10,800              5,906               35,433 Philippine Trench    10 deg38'N          126 deg36'E         10,057              5,499               32,995 Kermadec Trench      31 deg53'S          177 deg21'W         10,047              5,494               32,963 Bonin Trench         24 deg30'N          143 deg24'E         9,994               5,464               32,788 Kuril Trench         44 deg15'N          150 deg34'E         9,750               5,331               31,988 Izu Trench           31 deg05'N          142 deg10'E         9,695               5,301               31,808 New Britain Trench   06 deg19'S          153 deg45'E         8,940               4,888               29,331 Yap Trench           08 deg33'N          138 deg02'E         8,527               4,663               27,976 Japan Trench         36 deg08'N          142 deg43'E         8,412               4,600               27,599 Peru-Chile Trench    23 deg18'S          71 deg14'W          8,064               4,409               26,457 Palau Trench         07 deg52'N          134 deg56'E         8,054               4,404               26,424 Aleutian Trench      50 deg51'N          177 deg11'E         7,679               4,199               25,194 New Hebrides Trench  20 deg36'S          168 deg37'E         7,570               4,139               24,836 North Ryukyu Trench  24 deg00'N          126 deg48'E         7,181               3,927               23,560 Mid. America Trench  14 deg02'N          93 deg39'W          6,662               3,643               21,857 Atlantic Ocean       Atlantic Ocean      Atlantic Ocean      Atlantic Ocean      Atlantic Ocean      Atlantic Ocean  Puerto Rico Trench   19 deg55'N          65 deg27'W          8,605               4,705               28,232 So. Sandwich Trench  55 deg42'S          25 deg56'E          8,325               4,552               27,313 Romanche Gap         0 deg13'S           18 deg26'W          7,728               4,226               25,354 Cayman Trench        19 deg12'N          80 deg00'W          7,535               4,120               24,721 Brazil Basin         09 deg10'S          23 deg02'W          6,119               3,346               20,076 Indian Ocean         Indian Ocean        Indian Ocean        Indian Ocean        Indian Ocean        Indian Ocean  Java Trench          10 deg19'S          109 deg58'E         7,125               3,896               23,376 Ob' Trench           09 deg45'S          67 deg18'E          6,874               3,759               22,553 Diamantina Trench    35 deg50'S          105 deg14'E         6,602               3,610               21,660 Vema Trench          09 deg08'S          67 deg15'E          6,402               3,501               21,004 Agulhas Basin        45 deg20'S          26 deg50'E          6,195               3,387               20,325 Arctic Ocean         Arctic Ocean        Arctic Ocean        Arctic Ocean        Arctic Ocean        Arctic Ocean Eurasia Basin        82 deg23'N          19 deg31'E          5,450               2,980               17,881 Mediterranean Sea    Mediterranean Sea   Mediterranean Sea   Mediterranean Sea   Mediterranean Sea   Mediterranean Sea Ionian Basin         36 deg32'N          21 deg06'E          5,150               2,816               16,896%@TE:   36  4030 03 21 20 20 20 20 20 @%

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Note: Deeper depths have been reported in some of the above areas. However,
they are not official unless confirmed by research vessels.%@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Principal World Rivers %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          U.S. Geological Survey%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%(length in miles)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  101  4942 02 21 21 21 @%River                Outflow              Lgth%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albany               James Bay            610Amazon               Atlantic Ocean       4,000 Amu                  Aral Sea             1,578 Amur                 Tatar Strait         2,744 Angara               Yenisey River        1,151 Arkansas             Mississippi          1,459 Back                 Arctic Ocean         605 Brahmaputra          Bay of Bengal        1,800 Bug, Southern        Dnieper River        532 Bug, Western         Wisla River          481 Canadian             Arkansas River       906 Chang Jiang          E. China Sea         3,964 Churchill, Man.      Hudson Bay           1,000 Churchill, Que.      Atlantic Ocean       532 Colorado             Gulf of Calif.       1,450 Columbia             Pacific Ocean        1,243 Congo                Atlantic Ocean       2,718 Danube               Black Sea            1,776 Dnieper              Black Sea            1,420 Dniester             Black Sea            877 Don                  Sea of Azov          1,224 Drava                Danube River         447 Dvina, North         White Sea            824 Dvina, West          Gulf of Riga         634 Ebro                 Mediterranean        565 Elbe                 North Sea            724 Euphrates            Shatt al-Arab        1,700 Fraser               Str. of Georgia      850 Gambia               Atlantic Ocean       700 Ganges               Bay of Bengal        1,560 Garonne              Bay of Biscay        357 Hsi                  S. China Sea         1,200 Huang                Yellow Sea           2,903 Indus                Arabian Sea          1,800 Irrawaddy            Bay of Bengal        1,337 Japura               Amazon River         1,750 Jordan               Dead Sea             200 Kootenay             Columbia River       485 Lena                 Laptev Sea           2,734 Loire                Bay of Biscay        634 Mackenzie            Arctic Ocean         2,635 Madeira              Amazon River         2,013 Magdalena            Caribbean Sea        956 Marne                Seine River          326 Mekong               S. China Sea         2,600 Meuse                North Sea            580 Mississippi          Gulf of Mexico       2,340 Missouri             Mississippi          2,540 Murray-Darling       Indian Ocean         2,310 Negro                Amazon               1,400 Nelson               Hudson Bay           410 Niger                Gulf of Guinea       2,590 Nile                 Mediterranean        4,160 Ob-Irtysh            Gulf of Ob           3,362 Oder                 Baltic Sea           567 Ohio                 Mississippi          1,310 Orange               Atlantic Ocean       1,300 Orinoco              Atantic Ocean        1,600 Ottawa               St. Lawrence R.      790 Paraguay             Parana River         1,584 Parana               Rio de la Plata      2,485 Peace                Slave River          1,210 Pilcomayo            Paraguay River       1,000 Po                   Adriatic Sea         405 Purus                Amazon River         2,100 Red                  Mississippi          1,290 Red River of N.      Lake Winnipeg        545 Rhine                North Sea            820 Rhone                Gulf of Lions        505 Rio de la Plata      Atlantic Ocean       150 Rio Grande           Gulf of Mexico       1,900 Rio Roosevelt        Aripuana             400 Saguenay             St. Lawrence R.      434 St. John             Bay of Fundy         418 St. Lawrence         Gulf of St. Law.     800 Salween              Andaman Sea          1,500 Sao Francisco        Atlantic Ocean       1,988 Saskatchewan         Lake Winnipeg        1,205 Seine                English Chan.        496 Shannon              Atlantic Ocean       230 Snake                Columbia River       1,038 Sungari              Amur River           1,150 Syr                  Aral Sea             1,370 Tajo, Tagus          Atlantic Ocean       626 Tennessee            Ohio River           652 Thames               North Sea            236 Tiber                Tyrrhenian Sea       252 Tigris               Shatt al-Arab        1,180 Tisza                Danube River         600 Tocantins            Para River           1,677 Ural                 Caspian Sea          1,575 Uruguay              Rio de la Plata      1,000 Volga                Caspian Sea          2,194 Weser                North Sea            454 Wisla                Bay of Danzig        675 Yellow (See Huang)   Yellow (See Huang)   Yellow (See Huang) Yenisey              Kara Sea             2,543 Yukon                Bering Sea           1,979 Zambezi              Indian Ocean         1,700   %@TE:  101  4942 02 21 21 21 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Major Rivers in North America%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          U.S. Geological Survey%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  241 15966 02 37 37 37 12 @%River                                Source or Upper Limit of Length      Outflow                              Miles%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama                              Gilmer County, Ga.                   Mobile River                         729 Albany                               Lake St. Joseph, Ontario             James Bay                            610 Allegheny                            Potter County, Pa.                   Ohio River                           325 Altamaha-Ocmulgee                    Junction of Yellow and South Rivers,  Atlantic Ocean                       392                                      Newton County, Ga.                                                        Apalachicola-Chattahoochee           Towns County, Ga.                    Gulf of Mexico                       524 Arkansas                             Lake County, Col.                    Mississippi River                    1,459 Assiniboine                          Eastern Saskatchewan                 Red River                            450 Attawapiskat                         Attawapiskat, Ontario                James Bay                            465 Back (N.W.T.)                        Contwoyto Lake                       Chantrey Inlet                       605 Big Black (Miss.)                    Webster County, Miss.                Mississippi River                    330 Brazos                               Junction of Salt and Double          Gulf of Mexico                       923                                      Mountain Forks, Stonewall County,                                                                              Tex.                                                                      Canadian                             Las Animas County, Col.              Arkansas River                       906 Cedar (Iowa)                         Dodge County, Minn.                  Iowa River                           329 Cheyenne                             Junction of Antelope Creek and Dry   Missouri River                       290                                      Fork, Converse County, Wyo.                                               Churchill                            Methy Lake, Saskatchewan             Hudson Bay                           1,000 Cimarron                             Colfax County, N.M.                  Arkansas River                       600 Colorado (Ariz.)                     Rocky Mountain National Park, Col.   Gulf of Cal.                         1,450                                      (90 miles in Mexico)                                                      Colorado (Texas)                     West Texas                           Matagorda Bay                        862 Columbia                             Columbia Lake, British Columbia      Pacific Ocean, bet. Ore. and Wash.   1,243 Columbia, Upper                      Columbia Lake, British Columbia      To mouth of Snake River              890 Connecticut                          Third Connecticut Lake, N.H.         L.I. Sound, Conn.                    407 Coppermine (N.W.T.)                  Lac de Gras                          Coronation Gulf (Arctic  Ocean)      525Cumberland                           Letcher County, Ky.                  Ohio River                           720 Delaware                             Schoharie County, N.Y.               Liston Point, Delaware Bay           390 Fraser                               Near Mount Robson (on Continental    Strait of Georgia                    850                                      Divide)                                                                   Gila                                 Catron County, N.M.                  Colorado River                       649 Green (Ut.-Wyo.)                     Junction of Wells and Trail Creeks,  Colorado River                       730                                      Sublette County, Wyo.                                                     Hamilton (Lab.)                      Lake Ashuanipi                       Atlantic Ocean                       532 Hudson                               Henderson Lake, Essex County, N.Y.   Upper N.Y. Bay                       306 Illinois                             St. Joseph County, Ind.              Mississippi River                    420 James (N.D.-S.D.)                    Wells County, N.D.                   Missouri River                       710 James (Va.)                          Junction of Jackson and Cowpasture   Hampton Roads                        340                                      Rivers, Botetourt County, Va.                                             Kanawha-New                          Junction of North and South Forks    Ohio River                           352                                      of New River, N.C.                                                        Kentucky                             Junction of North and Middle Forks,  Ohio River                           259                                      Lee County, Ky.                                                           Klamath                              Lake Ewauna, Klamath Falls, Ore.     Pacific Ocean                        250 Koyukuk                              Endicott Mountains, Alaska           Yukon River                          470 Kuskokwim                            Alaska Range                         Kuskokwim Bay                        724 Liard                                Southern Yukon, Alaska               Mackenzie River                      693 Little Missouri                      Crook County, Wyo.                   Missouri River                       560 Mackenzie                            Great Slave Lake, N.W.T.             Arctic Ocean                         2,635Milk                                 Junction of North and South Forks,   Missouri River                       625                                      Alberta                                                                   Minnesota                            Big Stone Lake, Minn.                Mississippi River                    332Mississippi                          Lake Itasca, Minn.                   Mouth of Southwest Pass              2,340 Mississippi, Upper                   Lake Itasca, Minn.                   To mouth of Missouri River           1,171 Mississippi-Missouri-Red Rock        Source of Red Rock, Beaverhead Co.,  Mouth of Southwest Pass              3,710                                      Mon.                                                                      Missouri                             Junction of Jefferson, Madison, and  Mississippi River                    2,315                                      Gallatin rivers, Madison County,                                                                               Mon.                                                                      Missouri-Red Rock                    Source of Red Rock, Beaverhead Co.,  Mississippi River                    2,540                                      Mon.                                                                      Mobile-Alabama-Coosa                 Gilmer County, Ga.                   Mobile Bay                           774 Nelson (Manitoba)                    Lake Winnipeg                        Hudson Bay                           410 Neosho                               Morris County, Kan.                  Arkansas River, Okla.                460 Niobrara                             Niobrara County, Wyo.                Missouri River, Neb.                 431 North Canadian                       Union County, N.M.                   Canadian River, Okla.                800 North Platte                         Junction of Grizzly and Little       Platte River, Neb.                   618                                      Grizzly creeks, Jackson County, Col.                                       Ohio                                 Junction of Allegheny and            Mississippi River                    981                                     Monongahela rivers, Pittsburgh, Pa.                                       Ohio-Allegheny                       Potter County, Pa.                   Mississippi River                    1,306 Osage                                East-central Kansas                  Missouri River                       500 Ottawa                               Lake Capimitchigama                  St. Lawrence River                   790 Ouachita                             Polk County, Ark.                    Red River                            605Peace                                Stikine Mountains, B.C.              Slave River                          1,210 Pearl                                Neshoba County, Miss.                Gulf of Mexico                       411 Pecos                                Mora County, N.M.                    Rio Grande                           926Pee Dee-Yadkin                       Watauga County, N.C.                 Winyah Bay                           435 Pend Oreille-Clark Fork              Near Butte, Mon.                     Columbia River                       531 Platte                               Junction of North and South Platte   Missouri River                       310                                      Rivers, Neb.                                                              Porcupine                            Ogilvie Mountains, Alaska            Yukon River, Alaska                  569 Potomac                              Garrett County, Md.                  Chesapeake Bay                       383 Powder                               Junction of South and Middle Forks,  Yellowstone River                    375                                      Wyo.                                                                      Red (Okla.-Tex.-La.)                 Curry County, N.M.                   Mississippi River                    1,290 Red River of the North               Junction of Otter Tail and Bois de   Lake Winnipeg                        545                                      Sioux Rivers, Wilkin County, Minn.                                        Republican                           Junction of North Fork and Arikaree  Kansas River                         445                                      River, Neb.                                                               Rio Grande                           San Juan County, Col.                Gulf of Mexico                       1,900 Roanoke                              Junction of North and South Forks,   Albemarle Sound                      380                                      Montgomery County, Va.                                                    Rock (Ill.-Wis.)                     Dodge County, Wis.                   Mississippi River                    300 Sabine                               Junction of South and Caddo Forks,   Sabine Lake                          380                                      Hunt County, Tex.                                                         Sacramento                           Siskiyou County, Cal.                Suisun Bay                           377 St. Francis                          Iron County, Mo.                     Mississippi River                    425 St. Lawrence                         Lake Ontario                         Gulf of St. Lawrence (Atlantic       800                                                                           Ocean)                               Salmon (Idaho)                       Custer County, Ida.                  Snake River                          420 San Joaquin                          Junction of South and Middle Forks,  Suisun Bay                           350                                      Madera County, Cal.                                                       San Juan                             Silver Lake, Archuleta County, Col.  Colorado River                       360 Santee-Wateree-Catawba               McDowell County, N.C.                Atlantic Ocean                       538 Saskatchewan, North                  Rocky Mountains                      Saskatchewan R.                      800Saskatchewan, South                  Rocky Mountains                      Saskatchewan R.                      865 Savannah                             Junction of Seneca and Tugaloo       Atlantic Ocean, Ga.-S.C.             314                                      rivers, Anderson County, S.C.                                             Severn (Ontario)                     Sandy Lake                           Hudson Bay                           610 Smoky Hill                           Cheyenne County, Col.                Kansas River, Kan.                   540 Snake                                Teton County, Wyo.                   Columbia River, Wash.                1,038 South Platte                         Junction of South and Middle Forks,  Platte River                         424                                      Park County, Col.                                                         Susitna                              Alaska Range                         Cook Inlet                           313 Susquehanna                          Otsego Lake, Otsego County, N.Y.     Chesapeake Bay                       444 Tallahatchie                         Tippah County, Miss.                 Yazoo River                          301 Tanana                               Wrangell Mountains, Alaska           Yukon River                          659 Tennessee                            Junction of French Broad and         Ohio River                           652                                      Holston Rivers                                                            Tennessee-French Broad               Transylvania County, N.C.            Ohio River                           883 Tombigbee                            Prentiss County, Miss.               Mobile River                         525 Trinity                              North of Dallas, Tex.                Galveston Bay                        360 Wabash                               Darke County, Oh.                    Ohio River                           512 Washita                              Hemphill County, Tex.                Red River, Okla.                     500 White (Ark.-Mo.)                     Madison County, Ark.                 Mississippi River                    722 Willamette                           Douglas County, Ore.                 Columbia River                       309 Wind-Bighorn                         Junction of Wind and Little Wind     Yellowstone River                    336                                      Rivers, Fremont Co., Wyo. (Source                                                                              of Wind R. is Togwotee Pass, Teton                                                                             Co., Wyo.)                                                                Wisconsin                            Lac Vieux Desert, Vilas County, Wis.  Mississippi River                    430 Yellowstone                          Park County, Wyo.                    Missouri River                       692 Yukon                                Coast Mountains of British Columbia  Bering Sea                           1,979     %@TE:  241 15966 02 37 37 37 12 @%

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%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Lakes of the World%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          U.S. Geological Survey %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   39  2911 02 14 15 14 12 12 12 @%Name          Continent      Area sq. mi.  Length mi.  Depth feet  Elev. feet%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Caspian Sea   Asia-Europe    143,244       760         3,363       -92Superior      North America  31,700        350         1,330       600 Victoria      Africa         26,828        250         270         3,720 Aral Sea      Asia           24,904        280         220         174 Huron         North America  23,000        206         750         579 Michigan      North America  22,300        307         923         579 Tanganyika    Africa         12,700        420         4,823       2,534 Baykal        Asia           12,162        395         5,315       1,493 Great Bear    North America  12,096        192         1,463       512 Nyasa         Africa         11,150        360         2,280       1,550 Great Slave   North America  11,031        298         2,015       513 Erie          North America  9,910         241         210         570 Winnipeg      North America  9,417         266         60          713 Ontario       North America  7,550         193         802         245 Balkhash      Asia           7,115         376         85          1,115 Ladoga        Europe         6,835         124         738         13 Chad          Africa         6,300         175         24          787 Maracaibo     South America  5,217         133         115         Sea level Onega         Europe         3,710         145         328         108 Eyre          Australia      3,600         90          4           -52 Volta         Africa         3,276         250         ....        .... Titicaca      South America  3,200         122         922         12,500 Nicaragua     North America  3,100         102         230         102 Athabasca     North America  3,064         208         407         700 Reindeer      North America  2,568         143         720         1,106 Rudolf        Africa         2,473         154         240         1,230 Issyk Kul     Asia           2,355         115         2,303       5,279 Torrens       Australia      2,230         130         ....        92 Vanern        Europe         2,156         91          328         144 Nettilling    North America  2,140         67          ....        95 Winnipegosis  North America  2,075         141         38          830 Albert        Africa         2,075         100         168         2,030 Kariba        Africa         2,050         175         390         1,590 Nipigon       North America  1,872         72          540         1,050 Gairdner      Australia      1,840         90          ....        112 Urmia         Asia           1,815         90          49          4,180  Manitoba      North America  1,799         140         12          813%@TE:   39  2911 02 14 15 14 12 12 12 @%

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A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. Although some lakes are called
seas, they are lakes by definition. The Caspian Sea is bounded by the Soviet
Union and Iran and is fed by eight rivers. %@NL@%
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%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Large U.S. Lakes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                          U.S. Geological Survey %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% %@AS@%Natural U.S. lakes (excluding the Great Lakes) with areas of 100 sq. mi. %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   26  1676 02 28 26 16 @%Lake                        State                     Area (sq. mi.)%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Lake of the Woods           Minn., Ontario, Manitoba  1,697Great Salt%@AH@%1%@AE@%                 Ut.                       1,361%@AH@%2%@AE@%Iliamna                     Alas.                     1,000Okeechobee                  Fla.                      700Pontchartrain%@AH@%1%@AE@%              La.                       625Becharof                    Alas.                     458Red Lake (upper and lower)  Minn.                     451Champlain                   N.Y., Vt., Quebec         435St. Clair                   Mich., Ontario            432Salton Sea%@AH@%1%@AE@%                 Cal.                      374%@AH@%2%@AE@%Rainy                       Minn., Ontario            360Teshekpuk                   Alas.                     315Naknek                      Alas.                     242Winnebago                   Wis.                      215Mille Lacs                  Minn.                     207Flathead                    Mon.                      197Tahoe                       Cal., Nev.                193Leech                       Minn.                     176Pyramid%@AH@%1%@AE@%                    Nev.                      168%@AH@%2%@AE@%Pend Oreille                Ida.                      148Ugashik (upper and lower)   Alas.                     147Upper Klamath               Ore.                      142Utah                        Ut.                       140Bear (including Mud Lake)   Ida., Ut.                 136 %@TE:   26  1676 02 28 26 16 @%

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%@AH@%1%@AE@% Salty. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Variable.%@NL@%
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%@2@%                             %@AS@%The Great Lakes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             National Ocean Service, U.S. Commerce Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   39  2358 02 60 12 12 12 12 13 @%                                                            Superior    Michigan    Huron       Erie        Ontario%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Length in miles                                             350         307         206         241         193 Breadth in miles                                            160         118         183         57          53  Deepest soundings in feet                                   1,330       923         750         210         802  Volume of water in cubic miles                              2,900       1,180       850         116         393  Area (sq. miles) water surface--U.S.                                                        20,600      22,300      9,100       4,980       3,560Canada                                                      11,100      .....       13,900      4,930       3,990  Area (sq. miles) entire drainage basin--U.S.                                                        16,900      45,600      16,200      18,000      15,200 Canada                                                      32,400      .....       35,500      4,720       12,100  Total Area (sq. miles) U.S. and Canada                      81,000      67,900      74,700      32,630      34,850  Mean surface above mean water level at Point-au-Pere,       600.61      578.34      578.34      570.53      244.74  Quebec, aver. level in feet  (1900-1988)                                                                    Latitude, North                                             46 deg 25'  41 deg 37'  43 deg 00'  41 deg 23'  43 deg 11'                                                             49 deg 00'  46 deg 06'  46 deg 17'  42 deg 52'  44 deg 15' Longitude, West                                             84 deg 22'  84 deg 45'  79 deg 43'  78 deg 51'  76 deg 03'                                                             92 deg 06'  88 deg 02'  84 deg 45'  83 deg 29'  79 deg 53'National boundary line in miles                             282.8       None        260.8       251.5       174.6  United States shore line (mainland only) miles              863         1,400       580         431         300  %@TE:   39  2358 02 60 12 12 12 12 13 @%

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The Great Lakes form the largest body of fresh water in the world and with
their connecting waterways are the largest inland water transportation unit.
Draining the great North Central basin of the U.S., they enable shipping to
reach the Atlantic via their outlet, the St. Lawrence R., and also the Gulf
of Mexico via the Illinois Waterway, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi
R. A third outlet connects with the Hudson R. and thence the Atlantic via
the N. Y. State Barge Canal System. Traffic on the Illinois Waterway and the
N.Y. State Barge Canal System is limited to recreational boating and small
shipping vessels. %@NL@%
Only one of the lakes, Lake Michigan, is wholly in the United States; the
others are shared with Canada. Ships move from the shores of Lake Superior
to Whitefish Bay at the east end of the lake, thence through the Soo (Sault
Ste. Marie) locks, through the St. Mary's River and into Lake Huron. To
reach Gary, and Port of Indiana and South Chicago, Ill., ships move west
from Lake Huron to Lake Michigan through the Straits of Mackinac. %@NL@%
Lake Superior is 600 feet above mean water level at Point-au-Pere,  Quebec,
on the International Great Lakes Datum (1955). From Duluth, Minn., to the
eastern end of Lake Ontario is 1,156 mi. %@NL@%
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%@2@%                             %@AS@%Famous Waterfalls%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%              National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. %@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  175  6770 02 45 31 @%Name and location                            Ht.%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Africa                                       AfricaAngola Duque de Braganca, Lucala R.                 344 Ruacana, Cuene R.                            406 Ethiopia Fincha                                       508 Tesissat, Blue Nile R.                       140 Lesotho *Maletsunyane                                630 Zimbabwe-Zambia *Victoria, Zambezi R.                        343 South Africa *Augrabies, Orange R.                        480 Howick, Umgeni R.                            364 | Tugela                                     2,014 Highest fall                                 597 Tanzania-Zambia *Kalambo                                     726 Uganda Kabalega (Murchison) Victoria Nile R.        130 Asia                                         Asia  India*Cauvery                                     330 *Gokak, Ghataprabha R.                       170 *Jog (Gersoppa), Sharavathi R.               830 Japan *Kegon, Daiya R.                             330 Laos Khon Cataracts, Mekong R. (C)                70 Australasia                                  Australasia  Australia New South Wales Wentworth                                    614 Highest fall                                 360 Wollomombi                                   1,100 Queensland Coomera                                      210 Tully                                        885 | Wallaman, Stony Cr.                        1,137  Highest fall                                 937 New Zealand Bowen                                        540 Helena                                       890 Stirling                                     505 | Sutherland, Arthur R.                      1,904 Highest fall                                 815  Europe                                       Europe  Austria| Gastein                                    492 Highest fall                                 280 | *Golling, Schwarzbach R.                   250 | Krimml                                     1,312 France--*Gavarnie                                    1,385 Great BritainScotland Glomach                                      370 Wales Cain                                         150 Rhaiadr                                      240 IcelandDetti                                        144 | Gull, Hvita R.                             105 Italy--Frua, Toce R. (C)                            470Norway Mardalsfossen (Northern)                     1,535 | Mardalsfossen (Southern)                   2,149 | **Skjeggedal, Nybuai R.                    1,378 **Skykje                                     984 Vetti, Morka-Koldedola R.                    900 Voring, Bjoreio R.                           597 Sweden | Handol                                     427 | Tannforsen, Are R.                         120Switzerland | Diesbach                                   394 Giessbach (C)                                984 Handegg, Aare R.                             150 Iffigen                                      120 Pissevache, Salanfe R.                       213 | Reichenbach                                656 Rhine                                        79  | Simmen                                     459 Staubbach                                    984 | Trummelbach                                1,312 North America                                North America  Canada Alberta Panther, Nigel Cr.                           600 British Columbia  | Della                                      1,443 | Takakkaw, Daly Glacier                     1,200 Northwest Territories Virginia, S. Nahanni R.                      294 Quebec Montmorency                                  274 Canada--United States Niagara: American                                     182 Horseshoe                                    173 United States California *Feather, Fall R.                            640 Yosemite National Park  *Bridalveil                                  620 *Illilouette                                 370 *Nevada, Merced R.                           594 **Ribbon                                     1,612 **Silver Strand, Meadow Br.                  1,170 *Vernal, Merced R.                           317 | **Yosemite                                 2,425 Yosemite (upper)                             1,430 Yosemite (lower)                             320Yosemite (middle) (C)                        675 Colorado | Seven, South Cheyenne Cr.                  300 Hawaii Akaka, Kolekole Str.                         442 Idaho **Shoshone,  Snake R.                        212 Twin, Snake R.                               120 Kentucky Cumberland                                   68 Maryland *Great, Potomac R. (C)                       71 Minnesota **Minnehaha                                  53 New Jersey Passaic                                      70 New York*Taughannock                                 215 Oregon | Multnomah                                  620 Highest fall                                 542 Tennessee Fall Creek                                   256 Washington Mt. Rainier Natl. Park Narada, Paradise R.                          168 Sluiskin, Paradise R.                        300 Palouse                                      197 **Snoqualmie                                 268 Wisconsin *Big Manitou, Black R. (C)                   165 Wyoming Yellowstone Natl. Pk. Tower                  132 *Yellowstone (upper)                         109 *Yellowstone (lower)                         308 Mexico El Salto                                     218 **Juanacatlan, Santiago R.                   72 South America                                South America  Argentina-Brazil Iguazu                                       230 Brazil Glass                                        1,325 Patos-Maribondo, Grande R.                   115 Paulo Afonso, Sao Francisco R.               275 Colombia Catarata de Candelas, Cusiana R.             984 *Tequendama, Bogota R.                       427 Ecuador *Agoyan, Pastaza R.                          200 Guyana Kaieteur, Potaro R.                          741 Great, Kamarang R.                           1,600 | Marina, Ipobe R.                           500 Highest fall                                 300 Venezuela| *Angel                                     3,212  Highest fall                                 2,648 Cuquenan                                     2,000%@TE:  175  6770 02 45 31 @%

%@NL@%
The earth has thousands of waterfalls, some of considerable magnitude. Their
importance is determined not only by height but volume of flow, steadiness
of flow, crest width, whether the water drops sheerly or over a sloping
surface, and in one leap or a succession of leaps. A series of low falls
flowing over a considerable distance is known as a cascade. %@NL@%
Sete Quedas or Guaira is the world's greatest waterfall when its mean annual
flow (estimated at 470,000 cubic feet per second) is combined with height. A
greater volume of water passes over Boyoma Falls (Stanley Falls), though not
one of its seven cataracts, spread over nearly 60 miles of the Congo River,
exceeds 10 feet. %@NL@%
Estimated mean annual flow, in cubic feet per second, of other major
waterfalls are: Niagara, 212,200; Paulo Afonso, 100,000; Urubupunga, 97,000;
Iguazu, 61,000; Patos-Maribondo, 53,000; Victoria, 35,400; and Kaieteur,
23,400. %@NL@%
Height = total drop in feet in one or more leaps. | = falls of more than one
leap; * = falls that diminish greatly seasonally; ** = falls that reduce to
a trickle or are dry for part of each year. If river names not shown, they
are same as the falls. R. = river; L. = lake; (C) = cascade type.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Notable Deserts of the World %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arabian (Eastern),%@AE@% 70,000 sq. mi. in Egypt between the Nile river and Red%@EH@%
Sea, extending southward into Sudan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Atacama,%@AE@% 600 mi. long area rich in nitrate and copper deposits in N. Chile. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Chihuahuan,%@AE@% 140,000 sq. mi. in Tex., N.M., Ariz., and Mexico. Death Valley,%@EH@%
3,300 sq. mi. in E. Cal. and SW Nev. Contains lowest point below sea level
(282 ft.) in Western Hemisphere. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gibson,%@AE@% 120,000 sq. mi. in the interior of W. Australia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Gobi,%@AE@% 500,000 sq. mi. in Mongolia and China. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great Sandy,%@AE@% 150,000 sq. mi. in W. Australia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Great Victoria,%@AE@% 150,000 sq. mi. in W. and S. Australia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kalahari,%@AE@% 225,000 sq. mi. in southern Africa. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kara-Kum,%@AE@% 120,000 sq. mi. in Turkmen SSR. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kavir (Dasht-e Kavir),%@AE@% great salt waste in central Iran some 400 mi. long. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Kyzyl Kum,%@AE@% 100,000 sq. mi. in Kazakh and Uzbek SSRs. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Libyan,%@AE@% 450,000 sq. mi. in the Sahara extending from Lybia through SW Egypt%@EH@%
into Sudan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lut (Dasht-e Lut),%@AE@% 20,000 sq. mi. in E. Iran. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mojave,%@AE@% 15,000 sq. mi. in S. Cal. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nafud (An Nafud),%@AE@% 40,000 sq. mi. near Jawf in Saudi Arabia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Namib,%@AE@% long narrow area extending 800 miles along SW coast of Africa. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nubian,%@AE@% 100,000 sq. mi. in the Sahara in NE Sudan. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Painted Desert,%@AE@% section of high plateau in N. Ariz. extending 150 mi. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Rub al Khali (Empty Quarter),%@AE@% 250,000 sq. mi. in the south Arabian%@EH@%
Peninsula. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sahara,%@AE@% 3,500,000 sq. mi. in N. Africa extending westward to the Atlantic.%@EH@%
Largest desert  in the world. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Simpson,%@AE@% 40,000 sq. mi. in central Australia. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sonoran,%@AE@% 70,000 sq. mi. in SW Ariz. and SE Cal. extending into Mexico. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Syrian,%@AE@% 100,000 sq. mi. arid wasteland extending over much of N. Saudi%@EH@%
Arabia, E. Jordan, S. Syria, and W. Iraq. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Taklimakan,%@AE@% 140,000 sq. mi. in Sinkiang Province, China. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Thar (Great Indian),%@AE@% 100,000 sq. mi. arid area extending 400 mi. along%@EH@%
India-Pakistan border.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Highest and Lowest Continental Altitudes %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%              National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.  %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    9  1152 02 15 34 16 29 22 @%Continent      Highest point                     Feet elevation  Lowest point                 Feet below sea level%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Asia           Mount Everest, Nepal-Tibet        %@AB@%29,028%@AE@%          Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan      %@AB@%1,312%@AE@%South America  Mount Aconcagua, Argentina        %@AB@%22,834%@AE@%          Valdes Peninsula, Argentina  %@AB@%131%@AE@% North America  Mount McKinley, Alaska            %@AB@%20,320%@AE@%          Death Valley, California     %@AB@%282%@AE@% Africa         Kilimanjaro, Tanzania             %@AB@%19,340%@AE@%          Lake Assal, Djibouti         %@AB@%512%@AE@% Europe         Mount El'brus, USSR               %@AB@%18,510%@AE@%          Caspian Sea, USSR            %@AB@%92%@AE@% Antarctica     Vinson Massif                     %@AB@%16,864%@AE@%          Unknown                      %@AB@% . . . %@AE@% Australia      Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales  %@AB@%7,310%@AE@%           Lake Eyre, South Australia   %@AB@%52%@AE@% %@TE:    9  1152 02 15 34 16 29 22 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                     %@AS@%Important Islands and Their Areas%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Figure in parentheses shows rank among the world's 10 largest islands; some%@EH@%
islands have not been surveyed accurately; in such cases estimated areas are
shown. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Location-OwnershipArea in square miles%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Arctic Ocean%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1019 01 37 39 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Canadian                             CanadianAxel Heiberg                         16,671 Baffin (5)                           195,928 Banks                                27,038 Bathurst                             6,194 Devon                                21,331 Ellesmere (10)                       75,767 Melville                             16,274 Prince of Wales                      12,872 Somerset                             9,570 Southampton                          15,913 Victoria (9)                         83,896USSR                                 USSRFranz Josef Land                     8,000 Novaya Zemlya (two is.)              35,000 Wrangel                              2,800 Norwegian                            NorwegianSvalbard                             23,940 Nordaustlandet                       5,410 Spitsbergen                          15,060 %@TE:   21  1019 01 37 39 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Atlantic Ocean%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   49  2658 01 47 29 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Anticosti, Canada                              3,066 Ascension, UK                                  34 Azores, Portugal                               888 Faial                                          67 Sao Miguel                                     291 Bahamas                                        5,353 Bermuda Is., UK                                20 Block, Rhode Island                            10 Canary Is., Spain                              2,808 Fuerteventura                                  668 Gran Canaria                                   592 Tenerife                                       795 Cape Breton, Canada                            3,981 Cape Verde Is.                                 1,750 Faeroe Is., Denmark                            540 Falkland Is., UK                               4,700 Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil        7 Greenland, Denmark (1)                         840,000 Iceland                                        39,769 Long Island, N. Y.                             1,396 Bioko Is. Equatorial Guinea                    785 Madeira Is., Portugal                          307 Marajo, Brazil                                 15,528 Martha's Vineyard, Mass.                       91 Mount Desert, Me.                              108 Nantucket, Mass.                               46 Newfoundland, Canada                           42,030 Prince Edward, Canada                          2,184 St. Helena, UK                                 47 South Georgia, UK                              1,450 Tierra del Fuego, Chile and Argentina          18,800 Tristan da Cunha, UK                           40 British Isles                                  British IslesGreat Britain, mainland (8)                    84,200 Channel Islands                                75 Guernsey                                       24 Jersey                                         45 Sark                                           2 Hebrides                                       2,744 Ireland                                        32,599 Irish Republic                                 27,136 Northern Ireland                               5,463 Man                                            227 Orkney Is.                                     390 Scilly Is.                                     6 Shetland Is.                                   567 Skye                                           670 Wight                                          147%@TE:   49  2658 01 47 29 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%Baltic Sea%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    4   246 01 35 41 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aland Is., Finland                 581 Bornholm, Denmark                  227 Gotland, Sweden                    1,164 %@TE:    4   246 01 35 41 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Caribbean Sea%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   17  1000 01 49 27 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Antigua                                          108 Aruba, Netherlands                               75 Barbados                                         166 Cuba                                             44,218 Isle of Youth                                    1,182 Curacao, Netherlands                             171 Dominica                                         290 Guadeloupe, France                               687 Hispaniola, Haiti and Dominican Republic         29,530 Jamaica                                          4,244 Martinique, France                               425 Puerto Rico, U.S.                                3,515 Tobago                                           116 Trinidad                                         1,864 Virgin Is., UK                                   59 Virgin Is., U.S.                                 132 %@TE:   17  1000 01 49 27 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Indian Ocean%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   11   521 01 33 43 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Andaman Is., India               2,500 Madagascar (4)                   226,658 Mauritius                        720 Pemba, Tanzania                  380 Reunion, France                  969 Seychelles                       171 Sri Lanka                        25,332 Zanzibar, Tanzania               640 Persian Gulf                     Persian GulfBahrain                          258 %@TE:   11   521 01 33 43 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Mediterranean Sea%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12   587 01 36 40 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Balearic Is., Spain                 1,936 Corfu, Greece                       229 Corsica, France                     3,369 Crete, Greece                       3,186 Cyprus                              3,572 Elba, Italy                         86 Euboea, Greece                      1,409 Malta                               122 Rhodes, Greece                      542 Sardinia, Italy                     9,262 Sicily, Italy                       9,822%@TE:   12   587 01 36 40 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Pacific Ocean%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   74  3736 01 43 33 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aleutian Is., U.S.                         6,821 Adak                                       289 Amchitka                                   121 Attu                                       388 Kanaga                                     135 Kiska                                      110 Tanaga                                     209 Umnak                                      675 Unalaska                                   1,064 Unimak                                     1,600 Canton, Kiribati%@AH@%*%@AE@%                          4 Caroline Is., U.S.  trust terr.            472 Christmas, Kiribati%@AH@%*%@AE@%                       94 Clipperton, France                         2 Diomede, Big, USSR                         11 Diomede, Little, U.S.                      2 Easter, Chile                              69 Fiji                                       7,056 Vanua Levu                                 2,242 Viti Levu                                  4,109 Funafuti, Tuvalu*                          2 Galapagos Is., Ecuador                     3,043 Guadalcanal                                2,500 Guam                                       209 Hainan, China                              13,000 Hawaiian Is., U.S.                         6,450 Hawaii                                     4,037 Oahu                                       593 Hong Kong, UK                              29 Japan                                      145,809 Hokkaido                                   30,144 Honshu (7)                                 87,805 Iwo Jima                                   8 Kyushu                                     14,114 Okinawa                                    459 Shikoku                                    7,049 Kodiak, U.S.                               3,670 Marquesas Is., France                      492 Marshall Is., U.S. trust terr.             70 Bikini%@AH@%*%@AE@%                                    2 Nauru                                      8 New Caledonia, France                      6,530 New Guinea (2)                             306,000 New Zealand                                103,883 Chatham                                    372 North                                      44,035 South                                      58,305 Stewart                                    674 Northern Mariana Is.                       184 Philippines                                115,831 Leyte                                      2,787 Luzon                                      40,880 Mindanao                                   36,775 Mindoro                                    3,790 Negros                                     4,907 Palawan                                    4,554 Panay                                      4,446 Samar                                      5,050 Quemoy                                     56 Sakhalin, USSR                             29,500 Samoa Is.                                  1,177 American Samoa                             77 Tutuila                                    52 Samoa (Western)                            1,133 Savaii                                     670 Upolu                                      429 Santa Catalina, U.S.                       72 Tahiti, France                             402 Taiwan                                     13,823 Tasmania, Australia                        26,178 Tonga Is.                                  270 Vancouver, Canada                          12,079 Vanuatu                                    5,700%@TE:   74  3736 01 43 33 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%%@AB@%Atolls:%@AE@% Bikini (lagoon area, 230 sq. mi., land area 2 sq. mi.), U.S. Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands; Canton (lagoon 20 sq. mi., land 4 sq.
mi.), Kiribati; Christmas (lagoon 140 sq. mi., land 94 sq. mi.), Kiribati;
Funafuti (lagoon 84 sq. mi., land 2 sq. mi.), Tuvalu. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%East Indies%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   11   662 01 46 30 @%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Bali, Indonesia                               2,147 Borneo, Indonesia- Malaysia, UK (3)           280,100 Celebes, Indonesia                            69,000 Java, Indonesia                               48,900 Madura, Indonesia                             2,113 Moluccas, Indonesia                           28,766 New Britain, Papua New Guinea                 14,093 New Ireland, Papua New Guinea                 3,707 Sumatra, Indonesia (6)                        165,000 Timor                                         11,570%@TE:   11   662 01 46 30 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%Australia,%@AE@% often called an island, is a continent. Its mainland area is
2,939,975 sq. mi. %@NL@%
%@AB@%Islands in minor waters;%@AE@% Manhattan (22 sq mi.) Staten (59 sq. mi.) and
Governors (173 acres), all in New York Harbor, U.S.; Isle Royale (209 sq.
mi.), Lake Superior, U.S.; Manitoulin (1,068 sq. mi.), Lake Huron, Canada;
Pinang (110 sq. mi.), Strait of Malacca, Malaysia; Singapore (239 sq. mi.),
Singapore Strait, Singapore.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                                 %@AS@%DISASTERS%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Some Notable Shipwrecks Since 1850%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%         %@AS@%(Figures indicate estimated lives lost; as of mid-1990) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1854, Mar.--City of Glasgow;%@AE@% British steamer missing in North Atlantic; 480.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1854, Sept. 27--Arctic;%@AE@% U.S. (Collins Line) steamer sunk in collision with%@EH@%
French steamer Vesta near Cape Race; 285-351. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1856, Jan. 23--Pacific;%@AE@% U.S. (Collins Line) steamer missing in North%@EH@%
Atlantic; 186-286. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1858, Sept. 23--Austria;%@AE@% German steamer destroyed by fire in North Atlantic;%@EH@%
471. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1863, Apr. 27--Anglo-Saxon;%@AE@% British steamer wrecked at Cape Race; 238. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1865, Apr. 27--Sultana;%@AE@% a Mississippi River steamer blew up near Memphis,%@EH@%
Tenn; 1,450. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1869, Oct. 27--Stonewall;%@AE@% steamer burned on Mississippi River below Cairo,%@EH@%
Ill.; 200. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1870, Jan. 25--City of Boston;%@AE@% British (Inman  Line) steamer vanished%@EH@%
between New York and Liverpool; 177. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1870, Oct 19--Cambria;%@AE@% British steamer wrecked off northern Ireland; 196. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1872, Nov. 7--Mary Celeste;%@AE@% U.S. half-brig sailed from New York for Genoa;%@EH@%
found abandoned in Atlantic 4 weeks later in mystery of sea; crew never
heard from; loss of life unknown. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1873, Jan. 22--Northfleet;%@AE@% British steamer foundered off Dungeness, England;%@EH@%
300. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1873, Apr. 1--Atlantic;%@AE@% British (White Star) steamer wrecked off Nova%@EH@%
Scotia; 585. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1873, Nov. 23--Ville du Havre;%@AE@% French steamer, sunk  after collision with%@EH@%
British sailing ship Loch Earn; 226. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1875, May 7--Schiller;%@AE@% German  steamer wrecked off Scilly Isles; 312. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1875, Nov. 4--Pacific;%@AE@% U.S. steamer sunk after collision off Cape Flattery;%@EH@%
236. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1878, Sept. 3--Princess Alice;%@AE@% British steamer sank after collision in%@EH@%
Thames River; 700. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1878, Dec. 18--Byzantin;%@AE@% French steamer sank after Dardanelles collision;%@EH@%
210. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1881, May 24--Victoria;%@AE@% steamer capsized in Thames River, Canada; 200. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1883, Jan. 19--Cimbria;%@AE@% German steamer sunk in collision with British%@EH@%
steamer Sultan in North Sea; 389. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1887, Nov. 15--Wah Yeung;%@AE@% British steamer burned at sea; 400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1890, Feb. 17--Duburg;%@AE@% British steamer wrecked, China Sea; 400. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1890, Sept. 19--Ertogrul;%@AE@% Turkish frigate foundered off Japan; 540. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1891, Mar. 17--Utopia;%@AE@% British steamer sank in collision with British%@EH@%
ironclad Anson off Gibraltar; 562. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1895, Jan. 30--Elbe;%@AE@% German steamer sank in collision with British steamer%@EH@%
Craithie in North Sea; 332. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1895, Mar. 11--Reina Regenta;%@AE@% Spanish cruiser foundered near Gibraltar; 400.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1898, Feb. 15--Maine;%@AE@% U.S. battleship blown up in Havana Harbor; 260. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1898, July 4--La Bourgogne;%@AE@%  French steamer sunk in collision with British%@EH@%
sailing ship Cromartyshire off Nova Scotia; 549. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1898, Nov. 26--Portland;%@AE@% U.S. steamer wrecked off Cape Cod; 157. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1904, June 15--General Slocum;%@AE@% excursion steamer burned in East River, New%@EH@%
York City; 1,030. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1904, June 28--Norge;%@AE@% Danish steamer wrecked on Rockall Island,  Scotland;%@EH@%
620. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1906, Aug. 4--Sirio;%@AE@% Italian steamer wrecked off Cape Palos, Spain; 350. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1908, Mar. 23--Matsu Maru;%@AE@% Japanese steamer sank in collision near Hakodate,%@EH@%
Japan; 300. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1909, Aug. 1--Waratah;%@AE@% British steamer, Sydney to London, vanished; 300. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1910, Feb. 9--General Chanzy;%@AE@% French steamer wrecked off Minorca, Spain;%@EH@%
200. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1911, Sept. 25--Liberte%@AE@%; French battleship exploded at Toulon; 285. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1912, Mar. 5--Principe de Asturias;%@AE@% Spanish steamer wrecked off Spain; 500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1912, Apr. 14-15--Titanic;%@AE@% British (White Star) steamer hit iceberg in North%@EH@%
Atlantic; 1,503. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1912, Sept. 28--Kichemaru;%@AE@% Japanese steamer sank off Japanese coast; 1,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1914, May 29--Empress of Ireland;%@AE@% British (Canadian Pacific) steamer sunk in%@EH@%
collision with Norwegian collier in St. Lawrence River; 1,014. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1915, May 7--Lusitania;%@AE@% British (Cunard Line) steamer torpedoed and sunk by%@EH@%
German submarine off Ireland; 1,198.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1915, July 24--Eastland;%@AE@% excursion steamer capsized in Chicago River; 812. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1916, Feb. 26--Provence;%@AE@% French cruiser sank in Mediterranean; 3,100. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1916, Mar. 3--Principe de Asturias;%@AE@% Spanish steamer wrecked near Santos,%@EH@%
Brazil; 558. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1916, Aug. 29--Hsin Yu;%@AE@% Chinese steamer sank off Chinese coast; 1,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1917, Dec. 6--Mont Blanc, Imo;%@AE@% French ammunition ship and Belgian steamer%@EH@%
collided in Halifax Harbor; 1,600. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1918, Apr. 25--Kiang-Kwan%@AE@% Chinese steamer sank in collision off Hankow; 500.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1918, July 12--Kawachi;%@AE@% Japanese battleship blew up in Tokayama Bay; 500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1918, Oct. 25--Princess Sophia;%@AE@% Canadian steamer sank off Alaskan coast;%@EH@%
398. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1919, Jan. 17--Chaonia;%@AE@% French steamer lost in Straits of Messina, Italy;%@EH@%
460. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1919, Sept. 9--Valbanera;%@AE@% Spanish steamer lost off Florida coast; 500. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1921, Mar. 18--Hong Kong;%@AE@% steamer wrecked in South China Sea; 1,000. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1922, Aug. 26--Niitaka;%@AE@% Japanese cruiser sank in storm off Kamchatka, USSR;%@EH@%
300. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1927, Oct. 25--Principessa Mafalda;%@AE@% Italian steamer blew up, sank off Porto%@EH@%
Seguro, Brazil; 314. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1928, Nov. 12--Vestris;%@AE@% British steamer sank in gale off Virginia; 113. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1934, Sept. 8--Morro Castle;%@AE@% U.S. steamer, Havana to New York, burned off%@EH@%
Asbury Park, N.J.; 134. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1939, May 23--Squalus;%@AE@% U.S. submarine sank off Portsmouth, N.H.; 26. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1939, June 1--Thetis;%@AE@% British submarine, sank in Liverpool Bay; 99. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1942, Feb. 18--Truxtun and Pollux;%@AE@% U.S. destroyer and cargo ship ran%@EH@%
aground, sank off Newfoundland; 204. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1942, Oct. 2--Curacao;%@AE@% British cruiser sank after collision with liner Queen%@EH@%
Mary; 338. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1944, Dec. 17-18--%@AE@%3 U.S. Third Fleet destroyers sank during typhoon in%@EH@%
Philippine Sea; 790. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1947, Jan. 19--Himera;%@AE@% Greek steamer hit a mine off Athens; 392. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1947, Apr. 16--Grandcamp;%@AE@% French freighter exploded in Texas City, Tex.,%@EH@%
Harbor, starting fires; 510. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1948, Nov.--%@AE@%Chinese army evacuation ship exploded and sunk off S. Manchuria;%@EH@%
6,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1948, Dec. 3--Kiangya;%@AE@% Chinese refugee ship wrecked in explosion S. of%@EH@%
Shanghai; 1,100+. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1949, Sept. 17--Noronic;%@AE@% Canadian Great Lakes Cruiser burned at Toronto%@EH@%
dock; 130. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1952, Apr. 26--Hobson and Wasp;%@AE@% U.S. destroyer and aircraft carrier collided%@EH@%
in Atlantic; 176. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1953, Jan. 31--Princess Victoria;%@AE@% British ferry sank in storm off northern%@EH@%
Irish coast; 134. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1954, Sept. 26--Toya Maru;%@AE@% Japanese ferry sank in Tsugaru Strait, Japan;%@EH@%
1,172. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1956, July 26--Andrea Doria and Stockholm;%@AE@% Italian liner and Swedish liner%@EH@%
collided off Nantucket; 51. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1957, July 14--Eshghabad;%@AE@% Soviet ship ran aground in Caspian Sea; 270. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1961, July 8--Save;%@AE@% Portuguese ship ran aground off Mozambique; 259. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1962, Apr. 8--Dara;%@AE@% British liner exploded and sunk in Persian Gulf; 236. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1963, Apr. 10--Thresher;%@AE@% U.S. Navy atomic submarine sank in North Atlantic;%@EH@%
129. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1964, Feb. 10--Voyager, Melbourne;%@AE@% Australiandestroyer sank after collision%@EH@%
with Australian aircraft carrier Melbourne off New South Wales; 82. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1965, Nov. 13--Yarmouth Castle;%@AE@% Panamanian registered cruise ship burned and%@EH@%
sank off Nassau; 90. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1967, July 29--Forrestal;%@AE@% U.S. aircraft carrier caught fire off N. Vietnam;%@EH@%
134. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1968, Jan. 25--Dakar;%@AE@% Israeli submarine vanished in Mediterranean Sea; 69. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1968, Jan. 27--Minerve;%@AE@% French submarine vanished in Mediterranean; 52. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1968, late May--Scorpion;%@AE@% U.S. nuclear submarine sank in Atlantic near%@EH@%
Azores; 99 (located 0ct. 31). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1969, June 2--Evans;%@AE@% U.S. destroyer cut in half by Australian carrier%@EH@%
Melbourne, S. China Sea; 74. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1970, Mar. 4--Eurydice;%@AE@% French submarine sank in Mediterranean near Toulon;%@EH@%
57. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1970, Dec. 15--Namyong-Ho;%@AE@% South Korean ferry sank in Korea Strait; 308. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1974, May 1--%@AE@%Motor launch capsized off Bangladesh; 250. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1974, Sept. 26--%@AE@%Soviet destroyer burned and sank in Black Sea; 200+. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1976, Oct. 20--George Prince and Frosta;%@AE@% ferryboat and Norwegian tanker%@EH@%
collided on Mississippi R. at Luling, La.; 77. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1976, Dec. 25--Patria;%@AE@% Egyptian liner caught fire and sank in the Red Sea;%@EH@%
c. 100. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1977, Jan. 11--Grand Zenith;%@AE@% Panamanian-registered tanker sank off Cape Cod,%@EH@%
Mass.; 38. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1979, Aug. 14%@AE@%--23 yachts competing in Fastnet yacht race sunk or abandoned%@EH@%
during storm in S. Irish Sea; 18. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1981, Jan. 27--Tamponas II;%@AE@% Indonesian passenger ship caught fire and sank%@EH@%
in Java Sea; 580. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1981, May 26--Nimitz;%@AE@% U.S. Marine combat jet crashed on deck of U.S.%@EH@%
aircraft carrier; 14. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1983, Feb. 12--Marine Electric;%@AE@% coal freighter sank during storm off%@EH@%
Chincoteague, Va.; 33. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1983, May 25--10th of Ramadan;%@AE@% Nile steamer caught fire and sank in L.%@EH@%
Nassar; 357. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1986, Aug. 31--Admiral Nakhimov;%@AE@% Soviet passenger ship and %@AB@%Pyotr Vasev,%@AE@%%@EH@%
Soviet freighter, collided in the Black Sea; 398. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1987, Mar. 6--%@AE@%British ferry capsized off Zeebrugge, Belgium; 188. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1987, Dec. 20--%@AE@%Philippine ferry %@AI@%Dona Paz%@AE@% and oil tanker %@AI@%Victor%@AE@% collided in%@EH@%
the Tablas Strait; 3,000+. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1988, Aug. 6--%@AE@%Indian ferry capsized on Ganges R.; 400+. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989, Apr. 7--%@AE@%Soviet submarine caught fire and sank off Norway; 42. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989, Apr. 19--USS Iowa;%@AE@% U.S. battleship; explosion in gun turret; 47. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989, Aug. 20--%@AE@%British barge %@AI@%Bowbelle%@AE@% struck British pleasure cruiser%@EH@%
%@AI@%Marchioness%@AE@% on Thames R. in central London; 56. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989, Sept. 10--%@AE@%Romanian pleasure boat and Bulgarian barge collided on%@EH@%
Danube R.; 161.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Major Earthquakes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   91  5893 02 09 14 27 09 07 @%Date     Date          Place                      Deaths   Mag.%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%526      May 20        Syria, Antioch             250,000  %@AH@%N.A.%@AE@%856      . . .         Greece, Corinth            45,000   "1057     . . .         China, Chihli              25,000   "1268     . . .         Asia Minor, Cilicia        60,000   "1290     Sept. 27      China, Chihli              100,000  "1293     May 20        Japan, Kamakura            30,000   "1531     Jan. 26       Portugal, Lisbon           30,000   "1556     Jan. 24       China, Shaanxi             830,000  "1667     Nov.          Caucasia, Shemaka          80,000   "1693     Jan. 11       Italy, Catania             60,000   "1730     Dec. 30       Japan, Hokkaido            137,000  "1737     Oct. 11       India, Calcutta            300,000  "1755     June 7        Northern Persia            40,000   "1755     Nov. 1        Portugal, Lisbon           60,000   8.75%@AH@%*%@AE@%1783     Feb. 4        Italy, Calabria            30,000   %@AH@%N.A.%@AE@%1797     Feb. 4        Ecuador, Quito             41,000   "1811-12  1811-12       New Madrid, Mo. (series)   --       8.7%@AH@%*%@AE@%1822     Sept. 5       Asia Minor, Aleppo         22,000   "1828     Dec. 28       Japan, Echigo              30,000   "1868     Aug. 13-15    Peru and Ecuador           40,000   "1875     May 16        Venezuela, Colombia        16,000   "1886     Aug. 31       Charleston, S.C.           60       6.6 1896     June 15       Japan, sea wave            27,120   %@AH@%N.A.%@AE@%1906     Apr. 18-19    San Francisco, Cal.        503      8.3 1906     Aug. 16       Chile, Valparaiso          20,000   8.6 1908     Dec. 28       Italy, Messina             83,000   7.5 1915     Jan. 13       Italy, Avezzano            29,980   7.5 1920     Dec. 16       China, Gansu               100,000  8.6 1923     Sept. 1       Japan, Yokohama            200,000  8.3 1927     May 22        China, Nan-Shan            200,000  8.3 1932     Dec. 26       China, Gansu               70,000   7.6 1933     Mar. 2        Japan                      2,990    8.9 1933     Mar. 10       Long Beach, Cal.           115      6.2 1934     Jan. 15       India, Bihar-Nepal         10,700   8.4 1935     May 31        India, Quetta              50,000   7.5 1939     Jan. 24       Chile, Chillan             28,000   8.3 1939     Dec. 26       Turkey, Erzincan           30,000   7.9 1946     Dec. 21       Japan, Honshu              2,000    8.4 1948     June 28       Japan, Fukui               5,131    7.3 1949     Aug. 5        Ecuador, Pelileo           6,000    6.8 1950     Aug. 15       India, Assam               1,530    8.7 1953     Mar. 18       NW Turkey                  1,200    7.2 1956     June 10-17    N. Afghanistan             2,000    7.7 1957     July 2        Northern Iran              2,500    7.4 1957     Dec. 13       Western Iran               2,000    7.1 1960     Feb. 29       Morocco, Agadir            12,000   5.8 1960     May 21-30     Southern Chile             5,000    8.3 1962     Sept. 1       Northwestern Iran          12,230   7.1 1963     July 26       Yugoslavia, Skopje         1,100    6.0 1964     Mar. 27       Alaska                     131      8.4 1966     Aug. 19       Eastern Turkey             2,520    6.9 1968     Aug. 31       Northeastern Iran          12,000   7.4 1970     Jan. 5        Yunnan Province, China     10,000   7.7 1970     Mar. 28       Western Turkey             1,086    7.4 1970     May 31        Northern Peru              66,794   7.7 1971     Feb. 9        San Fernando Valley, Cal.  65       6.6  1972     Apr. 10       Southern Iran              5,057    6.9 1972     Dec. 23       Nicaragua                  5,000    6.2 1974     Dec. 28       Pakistan (9 towns)         5,200    6.3 1975     Sept. 6       Turkey (Lice, etc.)        2,312    6.8 1976     Feb. 4        Guatemala                  22,778   7.5 1976     May 6         Northeast Italy            946      6.5 1976     June 26       New Guinea, Irian Jaya     443      7.1 1976     July 28       China, Tangshan            242,000  8.2 1976     Aug. 17       Philippines, Mindanao      8,000    7.8 1976     Nov. 24       E. Turkey                  4,000    7.9 1977     Mar. 4        Romania                    1,541    7.5 1977     Aug. 19       Indonesia                  200      8.0 1977     Nov. 23       Northwestern Argentina     100      8.2 1978     June 12       Japan, Sendai              21       7.5 1978     Sept. 16      Northeast Iran             25,000   7.7 1979     Sept. 12      Indonesia                  100      8.1 1979     Dec. 12       Colombia, Ecuador          800      7.9 1980     Oct. 10       Northwestern Algeria       4,500    7.3 1980     Nov. 23       Southern Italy             4,800    7.2 1982     Dec. 13       North Yemen                2,800    6.0 1983     Mar. 31       Southern Colombia          250      5.5 1983     May 26        N. Honshu, Japan           81       7.7 1983     Oct. 30       Eastern Turkey             1,300    7.1 1985     Mar. 3        Chile                      146      7.8 1985     Sept. 19, 21  Mexico City                4,200+   8.1 1987     Mar. 5-6      NE Ecuador                 4,000+   7.3 1988     Aug. 20       India/Nepal border         1,000+   6.5 1988     Nov. 6        China/Burma border         1,000    7.3 1988     Dec. 7        NW Armenia                 55,000+  6.8 1989     Oct. 17       San Francisco Bay area     62       6.9 1990     May 30        N. Peru                    115      6.3 1990     May 30        Romania                    8        6.5 1990     June 21       NW Iran                    40,000+  7.7%@TE:   91  5893 02 09 14 27 09 07 @%

%@NL@%
Magnitude of earthquakes (Mag.), distinct from deaths or damage caused,is
measured on the Richter scale, on which each higher number represents
atenfold increase in energy measured in ground motion. Adopted in 1935,
thescale has been applied in the following table to earthquakes as far back
asreliable seismograms are available. %@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%estimated from earthquake intensity. %@AH@%N.A.%@AE@% not available.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Some Recent Earthquakes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%             Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   26  1182 02 15 24 11 @%Date           Place                   Magnitude%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%June 20, 1990  NW Iran                 7.7May 30         N. Peru                 6.3May 30         Romania                 6.5Mar. 25        Costa Rica              7.1Feb. 28        S. California           5.5Feb. 20        Japan                   6.5Feb. 19        Vanuatu                 6.8Feb. 19        New Zealand             6.3Feb. 8         Philippines             6.6Jan. 16        N. California           5.5Dec. 30, 1989  Bismarck Sea            6.7Dec. 27        Australia               5.4Dec. 15        Philippines             7.3Nov. 20        SW China                5.1Nov. 1         Off Japan coast         7.3Oct. 29        Algeria                 6.0Oct. 18        NE China                5.3Oct. 18        San Francisco Bay area  6.9Oct. 7         Aleutian Islands        6.7Sept. 22       W. China                6.2Sept. 4        Indonesia               6.1Aug. 20        Ethiopia                6.3May 23         Macquarie Island        8.3Apr. 25        Mexico                  6.8%@TE:   26  1182 02 15 24 11 @%

%@NL@%
Attached is a list of recent earthquakes. Magnitude of earthquakes
ismeasured on the Richter scale, on which each higher number represents
atenfold increase in energy measured in ground motion. A quake is
consideredsignificant if it has a magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale or
if itcauses casualities or considerable damage.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Some Notable Tornadoes In U.S. Since 1925%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   49  2818 02 06 07 07 32 08 @%Date  Date   Date   Place                           Deaths%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1925  Mar.   18     Mo., Ill. Ind.                  6891927  Apr.   12     Rock Springs, Tex.              74 1927  May    9      Arkansas, Poplar Bluff, Mo.     92 1927  Sept.  29     St. Louis, Mo.                  90 1930  May    6      Hill, Navarro, Ellis Co., Tex.  41 1932  Mar.   21     Ala. (series of tornadoes)      268 1936  Apr.   5      Miss., Ga.                      455 1936  Apr.   6      Gainesville, Ga.                203 1938  Sept.  29     Charleston, S.C.                32 1942  Mar.   16     Central to NE Miss.             75 1942  Apr.   27     Rogers & Mayes Co., Okla.       52 1944  June   23     Oh., Pa., W. Va., Md.           150 1945  Apr.   12     Okla.-Ark.                      102 1947  Apr.   9      Tex., Okla. & Kan.              169 1948  Mar.   19     Bunker Hill & Gillespie, Ill.   33 1949  Jan.   3      La. & Ark.                      58 1952  Mar.   21     Ark., Mo., Tenn. (series)       208 1953  May    11     Waco, Tex.                      114 1953  June   8      Mich., Oh.                      142 1953  June   9      Worcester and vicinity, Mass.   90 1953  Dec.   5      Vicksburg, Miss.                38 1955  May    25     Kan., Mo., Okla., Tex.          115 1957  May    20     Kan., Mo.                       48 1958  June   4      Northwestern Wisconsin          30 1959  Feb.   10     St. Louis, Mo.                  211960  May    5, 6   SE Oklahoma, Arkansas           30 1965  Apr.   11     Ind., Ill., Oh., Mich., Wis.    271 1966  Mar.   3      Jackson, Miss.                  57 1966  Mar.   3      Mississippi, Alabama            61 1967  Apr.   21     Ill., Mich.                     33 1968  May    15     Midwest                         71 1969  Jan.   23     Mississippi                     32 1971  Feb.   21     Mississippi delta               110 1973  May    26-27  South, Midwest (series)         47 1974  Apr.   3-4    Ala., Ga., Tenn., Ky., Oh.      350 1977  Apr.   4      Ala., Miss., Ga.                22 1979  Apr.   10     Tex., Okla.                     60 1980  June   3      Grand Island, Neb. (series)     4 1982  Mar.   2-4    South, Midwest (series)         17 1982  May    29     So. Ill.                        10 1983  May    18-22  Tex.                            12 1984  Mar.   28     N. Carolina; S. Carolina        67 1984  Apr.   21-22  Mississippi                     15 1984  Apr.   26     Series Okla to Minn.            17 1985  May    31     N.Y., Pa., Oh., Ont. (series)   90 1987  May    22     Saragosa, Tex.                  29 1990  June   2-3    Midwest, Great Lakes            13%@TE:   49  2818 02 06 07 07 32 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%Hurricanes, Typhoons, Blizzards, Other Storms%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@% %@AS@%Names of hurricanes and typhoons in italics--H.--hurricane; T.--typhoon %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   74  5369 02 22 36 10 @%Date                  Location                            Deaths%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1888 Mar. 11-14       Blizzard, Eastern U.S.              400 1900 Aug.-Sept.       H., Galveston, Tex.                 6,000  1906 Sept. 21         H., La., Miss.                      350  1906 Sept. 18         Typhoon, Hong Kong                  10,000  1926 Sept. 11-22      H., Fla., Ala.                      243  1926 Oct. 20          H., Cuba                            600  1928 Sept. 6-20       H., So. Fla.                        1,836  1930 Sept. 3          H., Dominican Rep.                  2,000  1938 Sept. 21         H., Long, Island N.Y., New England  600  1940 Nov. 11-12       Blizzard, U.S. NE, Midwest          144  1942 Oct. 15-16       H., Bengal, India                   40,000  1944 Sept.  9-16      H., N.C. to New Eng.                46  1952 Oct. 22          Typhoon, Philippines                0,300  1954 Aug. 30          H. %@AI@%Carol,%@AE@% Northeast U.S.            68  1954 Oct. 5-18        H. %@AI@% Hazel,%@AE@% Eastern, U.S., Haiti     347  1955 Aug. 12-13       H. %@AI@% Connie,%@AE@% Carolinas, Va., Md.     43  1955 Aug. 7-21        H. %@AI@% Diane,%@AE@% Eastern U.S.             400  1955 Sept. 19         H. %@AI@% Hilda,%@AE@% Mexico                   200  1955 Sept. 22-28      H. %@AI@% Janet,%@AE@% Caribbean                500  1956 Feb. 1-29        Blizzard, Western Europe            1,000  1957 June 25-30       H. %@AI@% Audrey,%@AE@% Tex. to Ala.            390  1958 Feb. 15-16       Blizzard, NE U.S.                   171  1959 Sept. 17-19      T. %@AI@% Sarah,%@AE@% Japan, S. Korea          2,000   1959 Sept. 26-27      T. %@AI@% Vera,%@AE@% Honshu, Japan             4,466  1960 Sept. 4-12       H. %@AI@% Donna,%@AE@% Caribbean, E. U.S.       148  1961 Sept. 11-14      H. %@AI@%Carla,%@AE@% Tex.                      46  1961 Oct. 31          H. %@AI@% Hattie,%@AE@% Br. Honduras            400  1963 May 28-29        Windstorm, Bangladesh               22,000  1963 Oct. 4-8         H. %@AI@% Flora,%@AE@% Caribbean                6,000  1964 Oct. 4-7         H. %@AI@% Hilda,%@AE@% La., Miss., Ga.          38  1964 June 30          T. %@AI@% Winnie,%@AE@% N. Philippines          107  1964 Sept. 5          T. %@AI@% Ruby,%@AE@% Hong Kong and China       735  1965 May 11-12        Windstorm, Bangladesh               17,000  1965 June 1-2         Windstorm, Bangladesh               30,000  1965 Sept. 7-12       H. %@AI@% Betsy,%@AE@% Fla., Miss., La.         74  1965 Dec. 15          Windstorm, Bangladesh               10,000  1966 June 4-10        H. %@AI@% Alma,%@AE@% Honduras, SE U.S.         51  1966 Sept. 24-30      H. %@AI@% Inez,%@AE@% Carib., Fla., Mex.        293  1967 July 9           T. %@AI@% Billie,%@AE@% SW Japan                347  1967 Sept. 5-23       H. %@AI@% Beulah,%@AE@% Carib., Mex., Tex.      54  1967 Dec. 12-20       Blizzard, Southwest, U.S.           51  1968 Nov. 18-28       T. %@AI@% Nina,%@AE@% Philippines               63  1969 Aug. 17-18       H. %@AI@% Camille,%@AE@% Miss., La.             2561970 July 30-Aug. 5   H. %@AI@% Celia,%@AE@% Cuba, Fla., Tex.         31  1970 Aug. 20-21       H. %@AI@% Dorothy,%@AE@% Martinique             42  1970 Sept. 15         T. %@AI@% Georgia,%@AE@% Philippines            300  1970 Oct. 14          T. %@AI@% Sening,%@AE@% Philippines             583  1970 Oct. 15          T. %@AI@% Titang,%@AE@% Philippines             526  1970 Nov. 13          Cyclone, Bangladesh                 300,000 1971 Aug. 1           T. %@AI@% Rose,%@AE@% Hong Kong                 130  1972 June 19-29       H. %@AI@% Agnes,%@AE@% Fla. to N.Y.             118  1972 Dec. 3           T. %@AI@% Theresa,%@AE@% Philippines            169  1973 June-Aug.        Monsoon rains in India              1,217  1974 June 11          Storm Dinah, Luzon Is., Philip.     71  1974 July 11          T. %@AI@% Gilda,%@AE@% Japan, S. Korea          108  1974 Sept. 19-20      H. %@AI@% Fifi,%@AE@% Honduras                  2,000  1974 Dec. 25          Cyclone leveled Darwin, Aus.        50  1975 Sept. 13-27      H. %@AI@% Eloise,%@AE@% Caribbean, NE U.S.      71  1976 May 20           T. %@AI@% Olga,%@AE@% floods, Philippines       215  1977 July 25, 31      T. %@AI@%Thelma,%@AE@% T. %@AI@%Vera,%@AE@% Taiwan          391978 Oct. 27          T. %@AI@%Rita,%@AE@% Philippines                c. 4001979 Aug. 30-Sept. 7  H. %@AI@%  David,%@AE@%  Caribbean, East. U.S.  1,100  1980 Aug. 4-11        H. %@AI@% Allen,%@AE@% Caribbean, Texas         272  1981 Nov. 25          T. %@AI@% Irma,%@AE@% Luzon Is., Philippines    176  1983 June             Monsoon rains in India              900  1983 Aug. 18          H. %@AI@% Alicia,%@AE@% southern Texas          17  1984 Sept. 2          T. %@AI@% Ike,%@AE@% southern Philippines       1,363  1985 May 25           Cyclone, Bangladesh                 10,000  1985 Oct. 26-Nov. 6   H. %@AI@%Juan,%@AE@% SE U.S.                    97  1987 Nov. 25          T. %@AI@%Nina,%@AE@% Philippines                650  1989 Sept. 16-22      H. %@AI@%Hugo,%@AE@% Caribbean, SE U.S.         504  1990 May 6-11         Cyclone, SE India                   450%@TE:   74  5369 02 22 36 10 @%

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%@2@%                            %@AS@%Floods, Tidal Waves%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:   73  5027 02 06 13 43 15 @%Date  Date         Location                                   Deaths%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1228  . . .        Holland                                    100,0001642  . . .        China                                      300,000 1887  . . .        Huang He River, China                      900,000 1889  May 31       Johnstown, Pa.                             2,200 1900  Sept. 8      Galveston, Tex.                            5,000 1903  June 15      Heppner, Ore.                              325 1911  . . .        Chang Jiang River, China                   100,000 1913  Mar. 25-27   Ohio, Indiana                              732 1915  Aug. 17      Galveston, Tex.                            275 1928  Mar. 13      Collapse of St. Francis Dam, Saugus, Cal.  450 1928  Sept. 13     Lake Okeechobee, Fla.                      2,000 1931  Aug.         Huang He River, China                      3,700,000 1937  Jan. 22      Ohio, Miss. Valleys                        250 1939  . . .        Northern China                             200,000 1946  Apr. 1       Hawaii, Alaska                             159 1947  . . .        Honshu Island, Japan                       1,900 1951  Aug.         Manchuria                                  1,800 1953  Jan. 31      Western Europe                             2,000 1954  Aug. 17      Farahzad, Iran                             2,000 1955  Oct. 7-12    India, Pakistan                            1,700 1959  Nov. 1       Western Mexico                             2,000 1959  Dec. 2       Frejus, France                             412 1960  Oct. 10      Bangladesh                                 6,000 1960  Oct. 31      Bangladesh                                 4,000 1962  Feb. 17      German North Sea coast                     343 1962  Sept. 27     Barcelona, Spain                           445 1963  Oct. 9       Dam collapse, Vaiont, Italy                1,800 1966  Nov. 3-4     Florence, Venice, Italy                    113 1967  Jan. 18-24   Eastern Brazil                             894 1967  Mar. 19      Rio de Janeiro, Brazil                     436 1967  Nov. 26      Lisbon, Portugal                           464 1968  Aug. 7-14    Gujarat State, India                       1,000 1968  Oct. 7       Northeastern India                         780 1969  Jan. 18-26   So. Cal.                                   100 1969  Mar. 17      Mundau Valley, Alagoas, Brazil             218 1969  Aug. 20-22   Western Virginia                           189 1969  Sept. 15     South Korea                                250 1969  Oct. 1-8     Tunisia                                    500 1970  May 20       Central Romania                            160 1970  July 22      Himalayas, India                           500 1971  Feb. 26      Rio de Janeiro, Brazil                     130 1972  Feb. 26      Buffalo Creek, W. Va.                      118 1972  June 9       Rapid City, S.D.                           236 1972  Aug. 7       Luzon Is., Philippines                     454 1973  Aug. 19-31   Pakistan                                   1,500 1974  Mar. 29      Tubaro, Brazil                             1,000 1974  Aug. 12      Monty-Long, Bangladesh                     2,500 1976  June 5       Teton Dam collapse, Ida.                   11 1976  July 31      Big Thompson Canyon, Col.                  139 1976  Nov. 17      East Java, Indonesia                       136 1977  July 19-20   Johnstown, Pa.                             68 1978  June-Sept.   Northern India                             1,200 1979  Jan.-Feb.    Brazil                                     204 1979  July 17      Lomblem Is., Indonesia                     539 1979  Aug. 11      Morvi, India                               5,000-15,000 1980  Feb. 13-22   So. Cal., Ariz.                            26 1981  Apr.         Northern China                             550 1981  July         Sichuan, Hubei Prov., China                1,300 1982  Jan. 23      Nr. Lima, Peru                             600 1982  May 12       Guangdong, China                           430 1982  June 6       So. Conn.                                  12 1982  Sept. 17-21  El Salvador, Guatemala                     1,300+ 1982  Dec. 2-9     Ill., Mo., Ark.                            22 1983  Feb.-Mar.    Cal. coast                                 13 1983  Apr. 6-12    Ala., La., Miss., Tenn.                    15 1984  May 27       Tulsa, Okla.                               13 1984  Aug-Sept.    S. Korea                                   200+ 1985  July 19      Northern Italy, dam burst                  361 1987  Aug.-Sept.   Northern Bangladesh                        1,000+ 1988  Sept.        Northern India                             1,000+ 1990  June 14      Shadyside, Oh.                             22%@TE:   73  5027 02 06 13 43 15 @%

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%@2@%                                   %@AS@%Fires%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  119  9866 02 06 14 14 45 08 @%Date  Date          Date          Location                                     Deaths%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1835  Dec.          16            New York City, 500 bldgs. destroyed          --1845  May           May           Canton, China, theater                       1,6701871  Oct.          8             Chicago, $196 million loss                   2501871  Oct.          8             Peshtigo, Wis., forest fire                  1,1821872  Nov.          9             Boston, 800 bldgs. destroyed                 -1876  Dec.          5             Brooklyn (N.Y.), theater                     2951877  June          20            St. John, N. B., Canada                      1001881  Dec.          8             Ring Theater, Vienna                         8501887  May           25            Opera Comique, Paris                         2001887  Sept.         4             Exeter, England, theater                     2001894  Sept.         1             Minn., forest fire                           4131897  May           4             Paris, charity bazaar                        1501900  June          30            Hoboken, N.J., docks                         3261902  Sept.         20            Birmingham, Ala., church                     1151903  Dec.          30            Iroquois Theater, Chicago                    6021908  Jan.          13            Rhoads Theater, Boyertown, Pa.               1701908  Mar.          4             Collinwood, Oh., school                      1761911  Mar.          25            Triangle factory, N. Y. City                 1451913  Oct.          14            Mid Glamorgan, Wales, colliery               4391918  Apr.          13            Norman Okla., state hospital                 381918  Oct.          12            Cloquet, Minn., forest fire                  4001919  June          20            Mayaguez Theater, San Juan                   1501923  May           17            Camden, S. C., school                        761924  Dec.          24            Hobart, Okla., school                        351929  May           15            Cleveland, Oh., clinic                       1251930  Apr.          21            Columbus, Oh., penitentiary                  3201931  July          24            Pittsburgh, Pa., home for aged               481934  Dec.          11            Hotel Kerns, Lansing, Mich.                  341938  May           16            Atlanta, Ga., Terminal Hotel                 351940  Apr.          23            Natchez, Miss., dance hall                   1981942  Nov.          28            Cocoanut Grove, Boston                       491 1942  1942          1942          St. John's, Newfoundland, hostel             1001943  Sept.         7             Gulf Hotel, Houston                          551944  July          6             Ringling Circus, Hartford                    1681946  June          5             LaSalle Hotel, Chicago                       611946  Dec.          7             Winecoff Hotel, Atlanta                      1191946  Dec.          12            New York, ice plant, tenement                371949  Apr.          5             Effingham, Ill., hospital                    771950  Jan.          7             Davenport, Ia., Mercy Hospital               411953  Mar.          29            Largo, Fla., nursing home                    351953  Apr.          16            Chicago, metalworking plant                  351957  Feb.          17            Warrenton, Mo., home for aged                721958  Mar.          19            New York City, loft building                 241958  Dec.          1             Chicago, parochial school                    951958  Dec.          16            Bogota, Colombia, store                      831959  June          23            Stalheim, Norway, resort hotel               341960  Mar.          12            Pusan, Korea, chemical plant                 681960  July          14            Guatemala City, mental hospital              2251960  Nov.          13            Amude, Syria, movie theater                  1521961  Jan.          6             Thomas Hotel, San Francisco                  201961  Dec.          8             Hartford, Conn., hospital                    161961  Dec.          17            Niteroi, Brazil, circus                      3231963  May           4             Diourbel, Senegal, theater                   641963  Nov.          18            Surfside Hotel, Atlantic City, N.J.          251963  Nov.          23            Fitchville, Oh., rest home                   631963  Dec.          29            Roosevelt Hotel, Jacksonville, Fla.          221964  May           8             Manila, apartment bldg                       301964  Dec.          18            Fountaintown, Ind., nursing home             201965  Mar.          1             LaSalle, Canada, apartment                   281966  Mar.          11            Numata, Japan, 2 ski resorts                 311966  Aug.          13            Melbourne, Australia, hotel                  291966  Sept.         12            Anchorage, Alaska, hotel                     141966  Oct.          17            N.Y. City bldg. (firemen)                    121966  Dec.          7             Erzurum, Turkey, barracks                    681967  Feb.          7             Montgomery, Ala., restaurant                 251967  May           22            Brussels, Belgium, store                     3221967  July          16            Jay, Fla., state prison                      371968  Feb.          26            Shrewsbury, England, hospital                221968  May           11            Vijayawada, India, wedding hall              581968  Nov.          18            Glasgow, Scotland, factory                   241969  Jan.          26            Victoria Hotel, Dunnville, Ont.              131969  Dec.          2             Notre Dame, Can., nursing home               541970  Jan.          9             Marietta, Oh., nursing home                  271970  Mar.          20            Seattle, Wash., hotel                        191970  Nov.          1             Grenoble, France, dance hall                 1451970  Dec.          20            Tucson, Arizona, hotel                       281971  Mar.          6             Burghoezli, Switzerland, psychiatric clinic  281971  Apr.          20            Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand                     241971  Oct.          19            Honesdale, Pa., nursing home                 151971  Dec.          25            Hotel, Seoul, So. Korea                      1621972  May           13            Osaka, Japan, nightclub                      1161972  July          5             Sherborne, England, hospital                 301973  Feb.          6             Paris, France, school                        211973  Nov.          6             Fukui, Japan, train                          281973  Nov.          29            Kumamoto, Japan, department store            1071973  Dec.          2             Seoul, Korea, theater                        501974  Feb.          1             Sao Paulo, Brazil, bank building             1891974  June          30            Port Chester, N.Y., discotheque              241974  Nov.          3             Seoul, So. Korea, hotel discotheque          881975  Dec.          12            Mina, Saudi Arabia, tent city                1381976  Oct.          24            Bronx, N.Y., social club                     251977  Feb.          25            Moscow, Rossiya hotel                        451977  May           28            Southgate, Ky., nightclub                    1641977  June          9             Abidjan, Ivory Coast, nightclub              41 1977  June          26            Columbia, Tenn., jail                        421977  Nov.          14            Manila, PI, hotel                            471978  Jan.          28            Kansas City, Coates House Hotel              161979  July          14            Saragossa, Spain, hotel                      801979  Dec.          31            Chapais, Quebec, social club                 421980  May           20            Kingston, Jamaica, nursing home              1571980  Nov.          21            MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas                   841980  Dec.          4             Stouffer Inn, Harrison, N.Y.                 261981  Jan.          9             Keansburg, N.J., boarding home               301981  Feb.          10            Las Vegas Hilton                             81981  Feb.          14            Dublin, Ireland, discotheque                 441982  Sept.         4             Los Angeles, apartment house                 241982  Nov.          8             Biloxi, Miss., county jail                   291983  Feb.          13            Turin, Italy, movie theater                  641983  Dec.          17            Madrid, Spain, discotheque                   831984  May           11            Great Adventure Amusement Park, N.J.         81985  Apr.          21            Tabaco, Philippines, movie theater           441985  Apr.          26            Buenos Aires, Argentina hospital             791985  May           11            Bradford, England, soccer stadium            531986  Dec.          31            Puerto Rico, Dupont Plaza Hotel              961987  May 6-June 2  May 6-June 2  Northern China forest fire                   1931987  Nov.          17            London, England subway                       301990  Mar.          25            N.Y. City social club                        87%@TE:  119  9866 02 06 14 14 45 08 @%

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%@2@%                                %@AS@%Explosions%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   72  5144 02 06 07 06 48 13 @%Date  Date   Date  Location                                        Deaths%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1910  Oct.   1     Los Angeles Times Bldg.,                        21 1913  Mar.   7     Dynamite, Baltimore harbor                      551915  Sept.  27    Gasoline tank car, Ardmore, Okla.               471917  Apr.   10    Munitions plant, Eddystone, Pa.                 1331917  Dec.   6     Halifax Harbor, Canada                          1,6541918  May    18    Chemical plant, Oakdale, Pa.                    1931918  July   2     Explosives, Split Rock, N.Y.                    501918  Oct.   4     Shell plant, Morgan Station, N.J.               641919  May    22    Food plant, Cedar Rapids, Ia.                   441920  Sept.  16    Wall Street, New York, bomb                     301924  Jan.   3     Food plant, Pekin, Ill.                         421928  April  13    Dance hall, West Plains, Mo.                    401937  Mar.   18    New London, Tex., school                        4131940  Sept.  12    Hercules Powder, Kenvil, N.J.                   551942  June   5     Ordnance plant, Elwood, Ill.                    491944  Apr.   14    Bombay, India, harbor                           7001944  July   17    Port Chicago, Cal., pier                        3221944  Oct.   21    Liquid gas tank, Cleveland                      1351947  Apr.   16    Texas City, Tex., pier                          5611948  July   28    Farben works, Ludwigshafen, Ger.                1841950  May    19    Munitions barges, S. Amboy, N.J.                301956  Aug.   7     Dynamite trucks, Cali, Colombia                 1,1001958  Apr.   18    Sunken munitions ship, Okinawa                  401958  May    22    Nike missiles, Leonardo, N.J.                   101959  Apr.   10    World War II bomb, Philippines                  381959  June   28    Rail tank cars, Meldrin, Ga.                    251959  Aug.   7     Dynamite truck, Roseburg, Ore.                  131959  Nov.   2     Jamuri Bazar, India, explosives                 461959  Dec.   13    Dortmund, Ger., 2 apt. bldgs.                   261960  Mar.   4     Belgian munitions ship, Havana                  1001960  Oct.   25    Gas, Windsor, Ont., store                       111962  Jan.   16    Gas pipeline, Edson, Alberta, Canada            8 1962  Oct.   3     Telephone Co. office, N.Y. City                 231963  Jan.   2     Packing plant, Terre Haute, Ind.                161963  Mar.   9     Dynamite plant, S. Africa                       451963  Aug.   13    Explosives dump, Gauhiti, India                 321963  Oct.   31    State Fair Coliseum, Indianapolis               731964  July   23    Bone, Algeria, harbor munitions                 1001965  Mar.   4     Gas pipeline, Natchitoches, La.                 171965  Aug.   9     Missile silo, Searcy, Ark.                      531965  Oct.   21    Bridge, Tila Bund, Pakistan                     801965  Oct.   30    Cartagena, Colombia                             481965  Nov.   24    Armory, Keokuk, Ia.                             201966  Oct.   13    Chemical plant, La Salle, Que.                  111967  Feb.   17    Chemical plant, Hawthorne, N.J.                 111967  Dec.   25    Apartment bldg., Moscow                         201968  Apr.   6     Sports store, Richmond, Ind.                    431970  Apr.   8     Subway construction, Osaka, Japan               731971  June   24    Tunnel, Sylmar, Cal.                            171971  June   28    School, fireworks, Pueblo, Mex.                 131971  Oct.   21    Shopping center, Glasgow, Scot.                 201973  Feb.   10    Liquified gas tank, Staten Is., N.Y.            401975  Dec.   27    Chasnala, India, mine                           4311976  Apr.   13    Lapua, Finland, munitions works                 451977  Nov.   11    Freight train, Iri, S. Korea                    571977  Dec.   22    Grain elevator, Westwego, La.                   351978  Feb.   24    Derailed tank car, Waverly, Tenn.               121978  July   11    Propylene tank truck, Spanish coastal campsite  1501980  Oct.   23    School, Ortuella, Spain                         641981  Feb.   13    Sewer system, Louisville, Ky.                   01982  Apr.   7     Tanker truck, tunnel, Oakland, Cal.             71982  Apr.   25    Antiques exhibition, Todi, Italy                331982  Nov.   2     Salang Tunnel, Afghanistan                      1,000-3,0001984  Feb.   25    Oil pipeline, Cubatao, Brazil                   5081984  June   21    Naval supply depot, Severomorsk, USSR           200+1984  Nov.   19    Gas storage area, NE Mexico City                3341984  Dec.   5     Coal mine, Taipei, Taiwan                       941985  June   25    Fireworks factory, Hallett, Okla.               211988  July   6     Oil rig, North Sea                              1671989  June   3     Gas pipeline, between Ufa, Asha, USSR           650+%@TE:   72  5144 02 06 07 06 48 13 @%

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%@2@%                         %@AS@%Notable Nuclear Accidents%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 7, 1957%@AE@% -- A fire in the Windscale plutonium production reactor north%@EH@%
of Liverpool, England spread radioactive material throughout the
countryside. In 1983, the British government said that 39 people probably
died of cancer as a result. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1957%@AE@% -- A chemical explosion in Kasli, USSR, in tanks containing nuclear%@EH@%
waste, spread radioactive material and forced a major evacuation. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 3, 1961%@AE@% -- An experimental reactor at a federal installation near Idaho%@EH@%
Falls, Id. killed three workers--the only deaths in U.S. reactor operations.
The plant had high radiation levels but damage was contained. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Oct. 5, 1966%@AE@% -- A sodium cooling system malfunction caused a partial core%@EH@%
meltdown at the Enrico Fermi demonstration breeder reactor near Detroit,
Mich. Radiation was contained. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 21, 1969%@AE@% -- A coolant malfunction from an experimental underground%@EH@%
reactor at Lucens Vad, Switzerland resulted in the release of a large amount
of radiation into a cavern, which was then sealed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Nov. 19, 1971%@AE@% -- The water-storage space at the Northern States Power Co.'s%@EH@%
reactor in Monticello, Minn. filled to capacity and spilled over, dumping
about 50,000 gallons of radioactive waste water into the Mississippi River.
Some was taken into the St. Paul water system. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 22, 1975%@AE@% -- A technician checking for air leaks with a lighted candle%@EH@%
caused a $100 million fire at the Brown's Ferry reactor in Decatur, Ala. The
fire burned out electrical controls, lowering the cooling water to dangerous
levels. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mar. 28, 1979%@AE@% -- The worst commercial nuclear accident in the U.S. occured%@EH@%
as equipment failures and human mistakes led to a loss of coolant, and
partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island reactor in Middletown, Pa. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aug. 7, 1979%@AE@% -- Highly enriched uranium was released from a top-secret%@EH@%
nuclear fuel plant near Erwin, Tenn. About 1,000 people were contaminated
with up to 5 times as much radiation as would normally be received in a
year. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Feb. 11, 1981%@AE@% -- Eight workers were contaminated when over 100,000 gallons%@EH@%
of radioactive coolant leaked into the containment building of the TVA's
Sequoyah 1 plant in Tennessee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr. 25, 1981%@AE@% -- Some 100 workers were exposed to radioactive material%@EH@%
during repairs of a nuclear plant at Tsuruga, Japan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 25, 1982%@AE@% -- A steam-generator pipe broke at the Rochester Gas &%@EH@%
Electric Co's Ginna plant near Rochester, N.Y. Small amounts of radioactive
steam escaped into the air. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jan. 6, 1986%@AE@% -- A cylinder of nuclear material burst after being improperly%@EH@%
heated at a Kerr-McGee plant at Gore, Okla. One worker died and 100 were
hospitalized. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Apr., 1986%@AE@% -- A serious accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant about 60%@EH@%
miles from Kiev in the Soviet Union spewed clouds of radiation that spread
over several European nations. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Some Notable Aircraft Disasters Since 1937%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  187 14153 02 06 07 06 60 60 08 @%Date  Date   Date  Aircraft                                                    Site of accident                                            Deaths%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1937  May    6     German zeppelin Hindenburg                                  Burned at mooring, Lakehurst, N.J.                          361944  Aug.   23    U.S. Air Force B-24                                         Hit school, Freckelton, England                             76%@AH@%1%@AE@%1945  July   28    U.S. Army B-25                                              Hit Empire State bldg., N.Y.C.                              14%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1947  May    30    Eastern Air Lines DC-4                                      Crashed near Port Deposit, Md.                              531952  Dec.   20    U.S. Air Force C-124                                        Fell, burned, Moses Lake, Wash.                             871953  Mar.   3     Canadian Pacific Comet Jet                                  Karachi, Pakistan                                           11%@AH@%2%@AE@% 1953  June   18    U.S. Air Force C-124                                        Crashed, burned near Tokyo                                  1291955  Nov.   1     United Air Lines DC-6B                                      Exploded, crashed near Longmont, Col.                       44%@AH@%3%@AE@% 1956  June   20    Venezuelan Super-Constellation                              Crashed in Atlantic off Asbury Park, N.J.                   741956  June   30    TWA Super-Const., United DC-7                               Collided over Grand Canyon, Arizona                         1281960  Dec.   16    United DC-8 jet, TWA Super-Const.                           Collided over N.Y. City                                     134%@AH@%4%@AE@% 1962  Mar.   16    Flying Tiger Super-Const.                                   Vanished in Western Pacific                                 1071962  June   3     Air France Boeing 707 jet                                   Crashed on takeoff from Paris                               1301962  June   22    Air France Boeing 707 jet                                   Crashed in storm, Guadeloupe, W.I.                          1131963  June   3     Chartered Northw. Airlines DC-7                             Crashed in Pacific off British Columbia                     1011963  Nov.   29    Trans-Canada Airlines DC-8F                                 Crashed after takeoff from Montreal                         1181965  May    20    Pakistani Boeing 720-B                                      Crashed at Cairo, Egypt, airport                            1211966  Jan.   24    Air India Boeing 707 jetliner                               Crashed on Mont Blanc, France-Italy                         1171966  Feb.   4     All-Nippon Boeing 727                                       Plunged into Tokyo Bay                                      1331966  Mar.   5     BOAC Boeing 707 jetliner                                    Crashed on Mount Fuji, Japan                                1241966  Dec.   24    U.S. military-chartered CL-44                               Crashed into village in So. Vietnam                         129%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1967  Apr.   20    Swiss Britannia turboprop                                   Crashed at Nicosia, Cyprus                                  1261967  July   19    Piedmont Boeing 727, Cessna 310                             Collided in air, Hendersonville, N.C.                       821968  Apr.   20    S. African Airways Boeing 707                               Crashed on takeoff, Windhoek, SW Africa                     1221968  May    3     Braniff International Electra                               Crashed in storm near Dawson, Tex.                          851969  Mar.   16    Venezuelan DC-9                                             Crashed after takeoff from Maracaibo, Venezuela             155%@AH@%5%@AE@% 1969  Dec.   8     Olympia Airways DC-6B                                       Crashed near Athens in storm                                931970  Feb.   15    Dominican DC-9                                              Crashed into sea on takeoff from Santo Domingo              1021970  July   3     British chartered jetliner                                  Crashed near Barcelona, Spain                               1121970  July   5     Air Canada DC-8                                             Crashed near Toronto International Airport                  1081970  Aug.   9     Peruvian turbojet                                           Crashed after takeoff from Cuzco, Peru                      101%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1970  Nov.   14    Southern Airways DC-9                                       Crashed in mountains near Huntington, W. Va.                75%@AH@%6%@AE@% 1971  July   30    All-Nippon Boeing 727 and Japanese Air Force F-86           Collided over Morioka, Japan                                162%@AH@%7%@AE@% 1971  Sept.  4     Alaska Airlines Boeing 727                                  Crashed into mountain near Juneau, Alaska                   1111972  Aug.   14    E. German Ilyushin-62                                       Crashed on take-off East Berlin                             1561972  Oct.   13    Aeroflot Ilyushin-62                                        E. German airline crashed near Moscow                       1761972  Dec.   3     Chartered Spanish airliner                                  Crashed on take-off, Canary Islands                         1551972  Dec.   29    Eastern Airlines Lockheed Tristar                           Crashed on approach to Miami Int'l. Airport                 1011973  Jan.   22    Chartered Boeing 707                                        Burst into flames during landing, Kano Airport, Nigeria     1761973  Feb.   21    Libyan jetliner                                             Shot down by Israeli fighter planes over Sinai              1081973  Apr.   10    British Vanguard turboprop                                  Crashed during snowstorm at Basel, Switzerland              1041973  June   3     Soviet Supersonic TU-144                                    Crashed near Goussainville, France                          14%@AH@%8%@AE@% 1973  July   11    Brazilian Boeing 707                                        Crashed on approach to Orly Airport, Paris                  1221973  July   31    Delta Airlines jetliner                                     Crashed, landing in fog at Logan Airport, Boston            891973  Dec.   23    French Caravelle jet                                        Crashed in Morocco                                          1061974  Mar.   3     Turkish DC-10 jet                                           Crashed at Ermenonville near Paris                          3461974  Apr.   23    Pan American 707 jet                                        Crashed in Bali, Indonesia                                  1071974  Dec.   1     TWA-727                                                     Crashed in storm, Upperville, Va.                           921974  Dec.   4     Dutch-chartered DC-8                                        Crashed in storm near Colombo, Sri Lanka                    1911975  Apr.   4     Air Force Galaxy C-5B                                       Crashed near Saigon, So. Vietnam, after takeoff with load   172                                                                               of orphans                                                  1975  June   24    Eastern Airlines 727 jet                                    Crashed in storm, JFK Airport, N.Y. City                    1131975  Aug.   3     Chartered 707                                               Hit mountainside, Agadir, Morocco                           1881976  Sept.  10    British Airways Trident, Yugoslav DC-9                      Collided near Zagreb, Yugoslavia                            1761976  Sept.  19    Turkish 727                                                 Hit mountain, southern Turkey                               1551976  Oct.   13    Bolivian 707 cargo jet                                      Crashed in Santa Cruz, Bolivia                              100%@AH@%9%@AE@% 1977  Jan.   13    Aeroflot TU-104                                             Exploded and crashed at Alma-Ata, Central Asia              901977  Mar.   27    KLM 747, Pan American 747                                   Collided on runway, Tenerife, Canary Islands                5821977  Nov.   19    TAP Boeing 727                                              Crashed on Madeira                                          1301977  Dec.   4     Malaysian Boeing 737                                        Hijacked, then exploded in mid-air over   Straits of        100                                                                               Johore                                                      1977  Dec.   13    U.S. DC-3                                                   Crashed after takeoff at Evansville, Ind.                   29%@AH@%10%@AE@% 1978  Jan.   1     Air India 747                                               Exploded, crashed into sea off Bombay                       2131978  Sept.  25    Boeing 727, Cessna 172                                      Collided in air, San Diego, Cal.                            1501978  Nov.   15    Chartered DC-8                                              Crashed near Colombo, Sri Lanka                             1831979  May    25    American Airlines DC-10                                     Crashed after takeoff at O'Hare Intl. Airport, Chicago      275%@AH@%11%@AE@% 1979  Aug.   17    Two Soviet Aeroflot jetliners                               Collided over Ukraine                                       1731979  Oct.   31    Western Airlines DC-10                                      Mexico City Airport                                         741979  Nov.   26    Pakistani Boeing 707                                        Crashed near Jidda, Saudi Arabia                            1561979  Nov.   28    New Zealand DC-10                                           Crashed into mountain in Antarctica                         2571980  Mar.   14    Polish Ilyushin 62                                          Crashed making emergency landing, Warsaw                    87%@AH@%12%@AE@% 1980  Aug.   19    Saudi Arabian Tristar                                       Burned after emergency landing, Riyadh                      3011981  Dec.   1     Yugoslavian DC-9                                            Crashed into mountain in Corsica                            1741982  Jan.   13    Air Florida Boeing 737                                      Crashed into Potomac River after takeoff                    781982  July   9     Pan-Am Boeing 727                                           Crashed after takeoff in Kenner, La.                        153%@AH@%13%@AE@%1982  Sept.  11    U.S. Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter                          Crashed during air show in Mannheim, W. Germany             461983  Sept.  1     S. Korean Boeing 747                                        Shot down after violating Soviet airspace                   2691983  Nov.   27    Colombian Boeing 747                                        Crashed near Barajas Airport, Madrid                        1831985  Feb.   19    Spanish Boeing 727                                          Crashed into Mt. Oiz, Spain                                 1481985  June   23    Air-India Boeing 747                                        Crashed into Atlantic Ocean S. of  Ireland                  3291985  Aug.   2     Delta Air Lines jumbo jet                                   Crashed at Dallas-Ft. Worth Intl. Airport                   1331985  Aug.   12    Japan Air Lines Boeing 747                                  Crashed into Mt. Ogura, Japan                               520%@AH@%14%@AE@% 1985  Dec.   12    Arrow Air DC 8                                              Crashed after takeoff in Gander, Newfoundland               256%@AH@%15%@AE@% 1986  Mar.   31    Mexican Boeing 727                                          Crashed NW of Mexico City                                   1661986  Aug.   31    Aeromexico DC-9                                             Collided with Piper PA-28 over Cerritos, Cal.               82%@AH@%16%@AE@% 1987  May    9     Ilyushin 62M                                                Crashed after takeoff in Warsaw, Poland                     1831987  Aug.   16    Northwest Airlines MD-82                                    Crashed after takeoff in Romulus, Mich.                     1561988  July   3     Iranian A300 Airbus                                         Shot down by U.S. Navy warship %@AI@%Vincennes%@AE@% over Persian Gulf  2901988  Dec.   21    Pan Am Boeing 747                                           Exploded and crashed in Lockerbie, Scotland                 270%@AH@%17%@AE@% 1989  Feb.   8     Boeing 707                                                  Crashed into mountain in Azores Islands off Portugual       1441989  June   7     Suriname DC-8                                               Crashed near Paramaribo Airport, Suriname                   1681989  July   19    United Airlines DC-10                                       Crashed while landing with a disabled hydrolic system,      111                                                                               Sioux City, Ia.                                             1989  Sept.  19    French DC-10                                                Exploded in air over Niger                                  171%@TE:  187 14153 02 06 07 06 60 60 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Including those on the ground and in buildings. %@AH@%2%@AE@% First fatal crash of
commercial jetplane. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Caused by bomb planted by John G. Graham in insurance
plot to kill his mother,a passenger. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Including all 128 aboard the planes
and 6 on ground. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Killed 84 on plane and71 on ground. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Including 43
Marshall U. football players and coaches. %@AH@%7%@AE@% Airliner-fightercrash, pilot of
fighter parachuted to safety, was arrested for negligence. %@AH@%8%@AE@% First
supersonicplane crash killed 6 crewmen and 8 on the ground; there were no
passengers. %@AH@%9%@AE@% Crew of 3 killed;97, mostly children, killed on ground. %@AH@%10%@AE@%
Including U. of Evansville basketball team.%@AH@%11%@AE@% Highest death toll in U.S.
aviation history. %@AH@%12%@AE@% Including 22 members of U.S.boxing team. %@AH@%13%@AE@% Including 8
on ground. %@AH@%14%@AE@% Worst single-plane disaster. %@AH@%15%@AE@% Incl.248 members of U.S. 101st
Airborne Division. %@AH@%16%@AE@% Incl. 15 on the ground. %@AH@%17%@AE@% Incl.11 on the ground.     %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Major U.S. Railroad Wrecks%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   76  4779 02 07 07 06 39 08 @%Date   Date   Date  Location                               Deaths%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1876   Dec.   29    Ashtabula, Oh.                         921880   Aug.   11    Mays Landing, N.J.                     401887   Aug.   10    Chatsworth, Ill.                       811888   Oct.   10    Mud Run, Pa.                           551896   July   30    Atlantic City, N.J.                    601903   Dec.   23    Laurel Run, Pa.                        531904   Aug.   7     Eden, Col.                             961904   Sept.  24    New Market Tenn.                       561906   Mar.   16    Florence, Col.                         351906   Oct.   28    Atlantic City, N.J.                    401906   Dec.   30    Washington, D.C.                       531907   Jan.   2     Volland, Kan.                          331907   Jan.   19    Fowler, Ind.                           291907   Feb.   16    New York, N.Y.                         221907   Feb.   23    Colton, Cal.                           261907   July   20    Salem, Mich.                           331910   Mar.   1     Wellington, Wash.                      961910   Mar.   21    Green Mountain, Ia.                    551911   Aug.   25    Manchester, N.Y.                       291912   July   4     East Corning, N.Y.                     391912   July   5     Ligonier, Pa.                          231914   Aug.   5     Tipton Ford, Mo.                       431914   Sept.  15    Lebanon, Mo.                           281916   Mar.   29    Amherst, Oh.                           271917   Sept.  28    Kellyville, Okla.                      231917   Dec.   20    Shepherdsville, Ky.                    461918   June   22    Ivanhoe, Ind.                          681918   July   9     Nashville, Tenn.                       1011918   Nov.   1     Brooklyn, N.Y.                         971919   Jan.   12    South Byron, N.Y.                      221919   July   1     Dunkirk, N.Y.                          121919   Dec.   20    Onawa, Maine                           231921   Feb.   27    Porter, Ind.                           371921   Dec.   5     Woodmont, Pa.                          271922   Aug.   5     Sulphur Spring, Mo.                    341922   Dec.   13    Humble, Tex.                           221923   Sept.  27    Lockett, Wy.                           311925   June   16    Hackettstown, N.J.                     501925   Oct.   27    Victoria, Miss.                        211926   Sept.  5     Waco, Col.                             301928   Aug.   24    I.R.T. subway, Times Sq., N.Y.         181938   June   19    Saugus, Mont.                          471939   Aug.   12    Harney, Nev.                           241940   Apr.   19    Little Falls, N.Y.                     311940   July   31    Cuyahoga Falls, Oh.                    431943   Aug.   29    Wayland, N.Y.                          271943   Sept.  6     Frankford Junction, Philadelphia, Pa.  791943   Dec.   16    Between Rennert and Buie, N.C.         721944   July   6     High Bluff, Tenn.                      351944   Aug.   4     Near Stockton, Ga.                     471944   Sept.  14    Dewey, Ind.                            291944   Dec.   31    Bagley, Utah                           501945   Aug.   9     Michigan, N.D.                         341946   Apr.   25    Naperville, Ill.                       451947   Feb.   18    Gallitzin, Pa.                         241950   Feb.   17    Rockville Centre, N.Y.                 311950   Sept.  11    Coshocton, Oh.                         331950   Nov.   22    Richmond Hill, N.Y.                    791951   Feb.   6     Woodbridge, N.J.                       841951   Nov.   12    Wyuta, Wyo.                            171951   Nov.   25    Woodstock, Ala.                        171953   Mar.   27    Conneaut, Oh.                          211956   Jan.   22    Los Angeles, Cal.                      301956   Feb.   28    Swampscott, Mass.                      131956   Sept.  5     Springer, N.M.                         201957   June   11    Vroman, Col.                           121958   Sept.  15    Elizabethport, N.J.                    481960   Mar.   14    Bakersfield, Cal.                      141962   July   28    Steelton, Pa.                          191966   Dec.   28    Everett, Mass.                         131971   June   10    Salem, Ill.                            111972   Oct.   30    Chicago, Ill.                          451977   Feb.   4     Chicago, Ill., elevated train          111987   Jan.   4     Essex, Md.                             16%@TE:   76  4779 02 07 07 06 39 08 @%

%@NL@%
World's worst train wreck occurred Dec. 12, 1917, Modane, France, passenger
trainderailed, 543 killed.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Principal U.S. Mine Disasters Since 1900%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   62  3051 02 07 12 24 08 @%Date   Date        Location                Deaths%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1900   May 1       Scofield, Ut.           1001902   May 19      Coal Creek, Tenn.       184 1902   July 10     Johnstown, Pa.          112 1903   June 30     Hanna, Wy.              169 1904   Jan. 25     Cheswick, Pa.           179 1905   Feb. 20     Virginia City, Ala.     112 1907   Jan. 29     Stuart W. Va.           84 1907   Dec. 6      Monongah, W. Va.        361 1907   Dec. 19     Jacobs Creek, Pa.       239 1908   Nov. 28     Marianna, Pa.           154 1909   Jan. 12     Switchback, W. Va.      67 1909   Nov. 13     Cherry, Ill.            259 1910   Jan. 31     Primero, Col.           75 1910   May 5       Palos, Ala.             90 1910   Nov. 8      Delagua, Col.           79 1911   Apr. 7      Throop, Pa.             72 1911   Apr. 8      Littleton, Ala.         128 1911   Dec. 9      Briceville, Tenn.       84 1912   Mar. 20     McCurtain, Okla.        73 1912   Mar. 26     Jed, W. Va.             83 1913   Apr. 23     Finleyville, Pa.        96 1913   Oct. 22     Dawson, N.M.            263 1914   Apr. 28     Eccles, W. Va.          181 1915   Mar. 2      Layland, W. Va.         112 1917   Apr. 27     Hastings, Col.          1211917%@AH@%2%@AE@%  June 8      Butte, Mon.             163 1917   Aug. 4      Clay, Ky.               62 1919%@AH@%1%@AE@%  June 5      Wilkes-Barre, Pa.       92 1922   Nov. 6      Spangler, Pa.           77 1922   Nov. 22     Dolomite, Ala.          90 1923   Feb. 8      Dawson, N.M.            120 1923   Aug. 14     Kemmerer, Wy.           99 1924   Mar. 8      Castle Gate, Ut.        171 1924   Apr. 28     Benwood, W. Va.         119 1926   Jan. 13     Wilburton, Okla.        91  1926%@AH@%2%@AE@%  Nov. 3      Ishpeming, Mich.        51 1927   Apr. 30     Everettville, W. Va.    97 1928   May 19      Mather, Pa.             195 1929   Dec. 17     McAlester, Okla.        61 1930   Nov. 5      Millfield, Oh.          79 1940   Jan. 10     Bartley, W. Va.         91 1940   Mar. 16     St. Clairsville, Oh.    72 1940   July 15     Portage, Pa.            63 1943   Feb. 27     Washoe, Mon.            74 1944   July 5      Belmont, Oh.            66 1947   Mar. 25     Centralia, Ill.         111 1951   Dec. 21     West Frankfort, Ill.    119 1968%@AH@%3%@AE@%  Mar. 6      Calumet, La.            21 1968   Nov. 20     Farmington, W. Va.      78 1970   Dec. 30     Hyden, Ky.              38 1972%@AH@%2%@AE@%  May 2       Kellogg, Ida            91 1976   Mar. 9, 11  Oven Fork, Ky.          26 1977   Mar. 1      Tower City, Pa.         9 1981   Apr. 15     Redstone, Col.          15 1981   Dec. 7      Topmost, Ky.            8 1981   Dec. 8      nr. Chattanooga, Tenn.  13 1982   Jan. 20     Floyd County, Ky.       7 1983   June 21     McClure, Va             7 1984   Dec. 19     Huntington, Ut.         27 1989   Sept. 13    Wheatcroft, Ky.         10%@TE:   62  3051 02 07 12 24 08 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%Note:%@AE@% Prior to 1968, only disasters with losses of 60 or more lives are
listed; since1968, all disasters in which 5 or more people were killed are
listed. Only fatalities tomining company employees are included. All
bituminous-coal mines unless otherwise noted.%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Anthracite mine. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Metal mine. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Nonmetal mine.%@NL@%
World's worst mine disaster killed 1,549 workers in Honkeiko Colliery in
Manchuria Apr. 25, 1942.    %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                             %@AS@%Record Oil Spills%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  1198 02 58 16 11 17 @%Name, place                                               Date            Cause      Tons%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ixtoc I oil well, southern Gulf of Mexico                 June 3, 1979    Blowout    600,000Nowruz oil field, Persian Gulf                            Feb., 1983      Blowout    600,000 (est.) Atlantic Empress & Aegean Captain, off Trinidad & Tobago  July 19, 1979   Collision  300,000 Castillo de Bellver, off Cape Town, South Africa          Aug. 6, 1983    Fire       250,000 Amoco Cadiz, near Portsall, France                        March 16, 1978  Grounding  223,000 Torrey Canyon, off Land's End, England                    March 18, 1967  Grounding  119,000 Sea Star, Gulf of Oman                                    Dec. 19, 1972   Collision  115,000 Urquiola, La Coruna, Spain                                May 12, 1976    Grounding  100,000 Hawaiian Patriot, northern Pacific                        Feb. 25, 1977   Fire       99,000 Othello, Tralhavet Bay, Sweden                            March 20, 1970  Collision  60,000-100,000 %@TE:   12  1198 02 58 16 11 17 @%

%@NL@%
As a rule, the number of tons can be multiplied by 7 to estimate the number
of barrelsspilled; the exact number of barrels in a ton varies with the type
of oil. Each barrel contains42 gallons. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                         %@AS@%Other Notable Oil Spills %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   12  1122 02 43 15 20 13 @%Name, place                                Date           Cause               Gallons%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%World Glory, off South Africa              June 13, 1968  Hull failure        13,524,000Burmah Agate, Galveston Bay, Tex.          Nov. 1, 1979   Collision           10,700,000 Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alas.  Mar. 24, 1989  Grounding           10,080,000 Keo, off Massachusetts                     Nov. 5, 1969   Hull failure        8,820,000 Storage tank, Sewaren, N.J.                Nov. 4, 1969   Tank rupture        8,400,000 Ekofisk oil field, North Sea               Apr. 22, 1977  Well blowout        8,200,000 Argo Merchant, Nantucket, Mass.            Dec. 15, 1976  Grounding           7,700,000 Pipeline, West Delta, La.                  Oct. 15, 1967  Dragging anchor     6,720,000 Tanker off Japan                           Nov. 30, 1971  Ship broke in half  6,258,000 Storage tank, Monongahela River            Jan. 2, 1988   Tank rupture        3,800,000%@TE:   12  1122 02 43 15 20 13 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Historic Assassinations Since 1865%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1865%@AE@%--Apr. 14. U. S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln, shot by John Wilkes Booth in%@EH@%
Washington, D.C.; died Apr. 15. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1881%@AE@%--Mar. 13. Alexander II, of Russia--July 2. U.S. Pres. James A.%@EH@%
Garfield, shot by Charles J. Guiteau,  Washington D.C.; died Sept. 19. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1900%@AE@%--July 29. Umberto I, king of Italy. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1901%@AE@%--Sept. 6. U.S. Pres. William McKinley in Buffalo, N.Y., died Sept. 14.%@EH@%
Leon Czolgosz executed for the crime Oct. 29. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1913%@AE@%--Feb. 23. Mexican Pres. Francisco I, Madero and Vice Pres. Jose Pino%@EH@%
Suarez.--Mar. 18. George, king of Greece. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1914%@AE@%--June 28. Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife in%@EH@%
Sarajevo, Bosnia (later part of Yugoslavia), by Gavrilo Princip. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1916%@AE@%--Dec. 30. Grigori Rasputin, politically powerful Russian monk. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1918%@AE@%--July 12. Grand Duke Michael of Russia, at Perm.--July 16. Nicholas II,%@EH@%
abdicated as czar of Russia; his wife, the Czarina Alexandra, their son,
Czarevitch Alexis, and their daughters, Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana,
Marie, Anastasia, and 4 members of their household were executed by
Bolsheviks at Ekaterinburg. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1920%@AE@%--May 20. Mexican Pres. Gen. Venustiano Carranza in Tlaxcalantongo. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1922%@AE@%--Aug. 22. Michael Collins, Irish revolutionary.--Dec. 16. Polish%@EH@%
President Gabriel Narutowicz in Warsaw by an anarchist. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1923%@AE@%--July 20. Gen. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, ex-rebel leader, in Parral,%@EH@%
Mexico. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1928%@AE@%--July 17. Gen. Alvaro Obregon, president-elect of Mexico, in San Angel,%@EH@%
Mexico. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1933%@AE@%--Feb. 15. In Miami, Fla. Joseph Zangara, anarchist, shot at Pres.-elect%@EH@%
Franklin D. Roosevelt, but a woman seized his arm, and the bullet fatally
wounded Mayor Anton J. Cermak, of Chicago, who died Mar. 6. Zangara was
electrocuted on Mar. 20, 1933. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1934%@AE@%--July 25. In Vienna, Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss by Nazis. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1935%@AE@%--Sept. 8. U.S. Sen. Huey P. Long, shot in Baton Rouge, La., by Dr. Carl%@EH@%
Austin Weiss, who was slain by Long's bodyguards. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1940%@AE@%--Aug. 20. Leon Trotsky (Lev Bronstein), 63, exiled Russian war%@EH@%
minister, near Mexico City. Killer identified as Ramon Mercador del Rio, a
Spaniard, served 20 years in Mexican prison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1948%@AE@%--Jan. 30. Mohandas K. Gandhi, 78, shot in New Delhi, India, by Nathuran%@EH@%
Vinayak Godse.-- Sept. 17. Count Folke Bernadotte, UN mediator for
Palestine, ambushed in Jerusalem. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1951%@AE@%--July 20. King Abdullah ibn Hussein of Jordan. Oct. 27. Prime Min.%@EH@%
Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan shot in Rawalpindi. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1956%@AE@%--Sept. 21. Pres. Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua, in Leon; died Sept. 29.%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1957%@AE@%--July 26. Pres. Carlos Castillo Armas of Guatemala, in Guatemala City%@EH@%
by one of his own guards. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1958%@AE@%--July 14. King Faisal of Iraq; his uncle, Crown Prince Abdul Illah, and%@EH@%
July 15, Premier Nuri as-Said, by rebels in Baghdad. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1959%@AE@%--Sept. 25. Prime Minister Solomon Bandaranaike of Ceylon, by Buddhist%@EH@%
monk in Colombo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1961%@AE@%--Jan. 17. Ex-Premier Patrice Lumumba of the Congo, in Katanga%@EH@%
Province--May 30. Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina shot to
death by assassins near Ciudad Trujillo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1963%@AE@%--June 12. Medgar W. Evers, NAACP's Mississippi field secretary, in%@EH@%
Jackson, Miss.--Nov. 2. Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem of the Republic of Vietnam and
his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, in a military coup.--Nov. 22. U.S. Pres. John F.
Kennedy fatally shot in Dallas, Tex.; accused Lee Harvey Oswald murdered by
Jack Ruby while awaiting trial. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1965%@AE@%--Jan. 21. Iranian premier Hassan Ali Mansour fatally wounded by%@EH@%
assassin in Teheran; 4 executed.--Feb. 21. Malcolm X, black nationalist,
fatally shot in N.Y. City. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1966%@AE@%--Sept. 6. Prime Minister Hendrik F. Verwoerd of South Africa stabbed to%@EH@%
death in parliament at Capetown. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1968%@AE@%--Apr. 4. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. fatally shot in Memphis, Tenn.%@EH@%
by James Earl Ray.--June 5. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (D-N.Y.) fatally shot in
Los Angeles; Sirhan Sirhan, resident alien, convicted of murder. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1971%@AE@%--Nov. 28. Jordan Prime Minister Wasfi Tal, in Cairo, by Palestinian%@EH@%
guerrillas. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1973%@AE@%--Mar. 2. U.S. Ambassador Cleo A. Noel Jr., U.S. Charge d'Affaires%@EH@%
George C. Moore and Belgian Charge d'Affaires Guy Eid   killed by
Palestinian guerrillas in Khartoum, Sudan. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1974%@AE@%--Aug. 15. Mrs. Park Chung Hee, wife of president of So. Korea, hit by%@EH@%
bullet meant for her husband.-- Aug. 19. U.S. Ambassador to Cyprus, Rodger
P. Davies, killed by sniper's bullet in Nicosia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1975%@AE@%--Feb. 11. Pres. Richard Ratsimandrava,  of Madagascar, shot in%@EH@%
Tananarive.--Mar. 25. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia shot by nephew Prince
Musad Abdel Aziz,  in royal palace, Riyadh.-- Aug. 15. Bangladesh Pres.
Sheik Mujibur Rahman  killed in  coup. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1976%@AE@%--Feb. 13. Nigerian head of state, Gen. Murtala Ramat Mohammed, slain by%@EH@%
self-styled "young revolutionaries."%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1977%@AE@%--Mar. 16. Kamal Jumblat, Lebanese Druse chieftain, was shot       near%@EH@%
Beirut.-- Mar. 18. Congo Pres. Marien Ngouabi shot in Brazzaville. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1978%@AE@%--July 9. Former Iraqi Premier Abdul Razak Al-Naif shot in London. %@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1979%@AE@%--Feb. 14. U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs shot and killed by Afghan Moslem%@EH@%
extremists in Kabul.--Aug. 27. Lord Mountbatten, WW2 hero, and 2 others were
killed when a bomb exploded on his fishing boat off the coast of Co. Sligo,
Ire. The IRA claimed responsibility. -- Oct. 26. So. Korean President Park
Chung Hee and 6 bodyguards fatally shot by Kim Jae Kyu, head of Korean CIA,
and 5 aides in Seoul. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1980%@AE@%--Apr. 12. Liberian President William R. Tolbert slain in military%@EH@%
coup.--Sept. 17. Former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle and 2
others shot in Paraguay. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1981%@AE@%--Oct. 6. Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat fatally shot by a band of%@EH@%
commandos while reviewing a military parade in Cairo. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1982%@AE@%--Sept. 14. Lebanese President-elect Bishir Gemayel killed by bomb in%@EH@%
east Beirut. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1983%@AE@%-- Aug. 21. Philippine opposition political leader Benigno Aquino Jr.%@EH@%
fatally shot by a gunman at Manila International Airport.--Oct. 9. Four S.
Korea cabinet ministers and 15 others killed by bomb blast in Rangoon,
Burma. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1984%@AE@%--Oct. 31. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi shot and killed by 2 of%@EH@%
her bodyguards, who were members of the minority Sikh sect, in New Delhi. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1986%@AE@%--Feb. 28. Swedish Premier Olof Palme shot and killed by a gunman in%@EH@%
Stockholm. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1988%@AE@%--June 1. Lebanese Premier Rashid Karami killed when a bomb exploded%@EH@%
aboard a helicopter in which he was traveling. --Apr. 16. PLO military chief
Khalil Wazir (Abu Jihad) was gunned down by Israeli commandos in Tunisia. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1989%@AE@%--Aug. 18. Columbian Liberal Party presidential candidate Luis Carlos%@EH@%
Galan was killed by Medellin cartel drug traffickers at a campaign rally in
Bogota.--Nov. 22. Lebanese president Rene Moawad was killed when a bomb
exploded next to his motorcade. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1990%@AE@%--Mar. 22. Columbian Patriotic Union presidential candidate Bernando%@EH@%
Jamamillo Ossa was shot by a gunman at an airport in Bogota. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%Assassination Attempts%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1910%@AE@%--Aug. 6. N.Y. City Mayor William J. Gaynor shot and seriously wounded%@EH@%
by discharged city employee. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1912%@AE@%--Oct. 14. Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt shot and seriously%@EH@%
wounded by demented man in Milwaukee, Wis. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1950%@AE@%--Nov. 1. In an attempt to assassinate President Truman, 2    members of%@EH@%
a Puerto Rican nationalist movement--Griselio Torresola and Oscar
Collazo--tried to shoot their way into Blair House. Torresola was killed,
and a guard, Pvt. Leslie Coffelt was fatally shot. Collazo    was convicted
Mar. 7. 1951 for the murder of Coffelt. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1970%@AE@%--Nov. 27. Pope Paul VI unharmed by knife-wielding assailant    who%@EH@%
attempted to attack him in Manila airport. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1972%@AE@%--May 15. Alabama Gov. George Wallace shot in Laurel, Md. by Arthur%@EH@%
Bremer; seriously crippled. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1972%@AE@%--Dec. 7. Mrs. Ferdinand E. Marcos, wife of the Philippine president,%@EH@%
was stabbed and seriously injured in Pasay City, Philippines. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1975%@AE@%--Sept. 5. Pres. Gerald R. Ford was unharmed when a Secret Service agent%@EH@%
grabbed a pistol aimed at him by Lynette (Squeaky) Fromme, a Charles Manson
follower, in Sacramento. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1975%@AE@%--Sept. 22. Pres. Gerald R. Ford escaped unharmed when Sara Jane Moore,%@EH@%
a political activist, fired a revolver at him. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1980%@AE@%--Apr. 14. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was unharmed when a man%@EH@%
threw a knife at her in New Delhi. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1980%@AE@%--May 29. Civil rights leader Vernon E. Jordan Jr. shot and wounded in%@EH@%
Ft. Wayne, Ind. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1981%@AE@%--Jan. 16. Irish political activist Bernadette Devlin McAliskey and her%@EH@%
husband were shot and seriously wounded by 3 members of a protestant
paramilitary group in Co. Tyrone, Ire. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1981%@AE@%--Mar. 30. Pres. Ronald Reagan, Press Secy. James Brady, Secret Service%@EH@%
agent Timothy J. McCarthy, and Washington, D.C. policeman Thomas Delahanty
were shot and seriously wounded by John W. Hinckley Jr. in Washington, D.C. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1981%@AE@%--May 13. Pope John Paul II and 2 bystanders were shot and wounded by%@EH@%
Mehmet Ali Agca, an escaped Turkish murderer, in St. Peter's Square, Rome. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1982%@AE@%--May 12. Pope John Paul II was unharmed when a man with a knife was%@EH@%
overpowered by guards, in Fatima, Portugal. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1982%@AE@%--June 3. Israel's ambassador to Britain Shlomo Argov was shot and%@EH@%
seriously wounded by Arab terrorists in London. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%1986%@AE@%--Sept. 7. Chile President Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte escaped unharmed%@EH@%
when his motorcade was attacked by rebels using rockets, bazookas, grenades,
and rifles.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                            %@AS@%Notable Kidnapings%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Edward A. Cudahy Jr.,%@AE@% 16, in Omaha, Neb., %@AB@%Dec. 18, 1900.%@AE@% Returned Dec. 20%@EH@%
after $25,000 paid. Pat Crowe confessed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert Franks,%@AE@% 13, in Chicago, %@AB@%May 22, 1924,%@AE@% by 2 youths, Richard Loeb and%@EH@%
Nathan Leopold, who killed boy. Demand for $10,000 ignored. Loeb died in
prison, Leopold paroled 1958. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles A. Lindbergh Jr.,%@AE@% 20 mos. old, in Hopewell,N.J., %@AB@%Mar. 1, 1932;%@AE@% found%@EH@%
dead May 12. Ransom of $50,000 was paid to man identified as Bruno Richard
Hauptmann, 35, paroled German convict who entered U.S. illegally. Hauptmann
was convicted after spectacular trial at Flemington, and electrocuted in
Trenton, N.J.  prison, Apr. 3. 1936. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William A. Hamm Jr.,%@AE@% 39, in St. Paul, %@AB@%June 15, 1933.%@AE@% $100,000 paid. Alvin%@EH@%
Karpis given life, paroled in 1969. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles F. Urschel,%@AE@% in Oklahoma City, %@AB@%July 22, 1933.%@AE@% Released July 31 after%@EH@%
$200,000 paid. George (Machine Gun) Kelly and 5 others given life. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Brooke L. Hart,%@AE@% 22, in San Jose, Cal. Thomas Thurmond and John Holmes%@EH@%
arrested after demanding $40,000 ransom. When Hart's body was found in San
Francisco Bay, %@AB@%Nov. 26, 1933,%@AE@% a mob attacked the jail at San Jose and
lynched the 2 kidnapers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%George Weyerhaeuser,%@AE@% 9, in Tacoma, Wash., %@AB@%May 24, 1935.%@AE@% Returned home June 1%@EH@%
after $200,000 paid. Kidnapers given 20 to 60 years. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Charles Mattson,%@AE@% 10, in Tacoma, Wash., %@AB@%Dec. 27, 1936.%@AE@% Found dead Jan. 11,%@EH@%
1937. Kidnaper asked $28,000, failed to contact. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Arthur Fried,%@AE@% in White Plains, N.Y., %@AB@%Dec. 4, 1937.%@AE@% Body not found. Two%@EH@%
kidnapers executed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Robert C. Greenlease,%@AE@% 6, taken from Kansas City, Mo. school %@AB@%Sept. 28, 1953,%@AE@%%@EH@%
and held for $600,000. Body found Oct. 7.  Mrs. Bonnie Brown Heady and Carl
A. Hall    pleaded guilty and were executed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Peter Weinberger,%@AE@% 32 days old, Westbury, N.Y., %@AB@%July 4, 1956,%@AE@% for $2,000%@EH@%
ransom, not paid. Child found dead. Angelo John LaMarca, 31, convicted,
executed. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Cynthia Ruotolo,%@AE@% 6 wks old, taken from carriage in front of Hamden, Conn.%@EH@%
store %@AB@%Sept. 1, 1956.%@AE@% Body found in lake. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lee Crary,%@AE@% 8 in Everett, Wash., %@AB@%Sept. 22, 1957,%@AE@% $10,000 ransom, not paid. He%@EH@%
escaped after 3 days, led police to George E. Collins, who was convicted. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Eric Peugeot,%@AE@% 4, taken from playground at St. Cloud golf course, Paris, %@AB@%Apr.%@EH@%
%@AB@%12, 1960.%@AE@% Released unharmed 3 days later after payment of undisclosed sum.
Two sentenced to prison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Frank Sinatra Jr.,%@AE@% 19, from hotel room in Lake Tahoe, Cal., %@AB@%Dec. 8, 1963.%@AE@%%@EH@%
Released %@AB@%Dec. 11%@AE@% after his father paid $240,000 ransom. Three  men sentenced
to prison; most of ransom recovered. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Barbara Jane Mackle,%@AE@% 20, abducted %@AB@%Dec. 17, 1968,%@AE@% from Atlanta, Ga., motel,%@EH@%
was found unharmed 3 days later, buried in a coffin-like wooden box 18
inches underground, after her father had paid $500,000 ransom; Gary Steven
Krist sentenced to life, Ruth Eisenmann-Schier to 7 years; most of ransom
recovered. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Anne Katherine Jenkins,%@AE@% 22, abducted %@AB@%May 10, 1969,%@AE@% from her Baltimore%@EH@%
apartment, freed 3 days later after her father paid $10,000 ransom. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mrs. Roy Fuchs,%@AE@% 35, and 3 children held hostage 2 hours, %@AB@%May 14, 1969,%@AE@% in%@EH@%
Long Island, N.Y., released after her husband, a bank manager, paid
kidnapers $129,000 in bank funds; 4 men arrested, ransom recovered. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%C. Burke Elbrick,%@AE@% U.S. ambassador to Brazil, kidnaped by revolutionaries in%@EH@%
Rio de Janeiro %@AB@%Sept. 4, 1969;%@AE@% released 3 days later after Brazil yielded to
kidnaper's demands to publish manifesto and release 15 political prisoners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Patrick Dolan,%@AE@% 18, found shot to death near Sao Paulo, Brazil, %@AB@%Nov. 5, 1969,%@AE@%%@EH@%
after he was kidnaped and $12,500 paid. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Sean M. Holly,%@AE@% U.S. diplomat, in Guatemala %@AB@%Mar. 6, 1970;%@AE@% freed 2 days later%@EH@%
upon release of 3 terrorists from prison. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Lt. Col. Donald J. Crowley,%@AE@% U.S. air attache, in Dominican Republic %@AB@%Mar. 24,%@EH@%
%@AB@%1970;%@AE@% released after government allowed 20 prisoners to leave the country. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Count Karl von Spreti,%@AE@% W. German ambassador to Guatemala, %@AB@%Mar. 31, 1970;%@AE@%%@EH@%
slain after Guatemala refused demands for $700,000 and release of 22
prisoners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pedro Eugenio Aramburu,%@AE@% former Argentine president, by terrorists %@AB@%May 29,%@EH@%
%@AB@%1970;%@AE@% body found July 17. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ehrenfried von Holleben,%@AE@% W. German ambassador to Brazil, by terrorists %@AB@%June%@EH@%
%@AB@%11, 1970;%@AE@% freed after release of 40 prisoners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Daniel A. Mitrione,%@AE@% U.S. diplomat, %@AB@%July 31, 1970,%@AE@% by terrorists in%@EH@%
Montevideo, Uruguay; body found Aug. 10 after government rejected demands
for release of all political prisoners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James R. Cross,%@AE@% British trade commissioner, %@AB@%Oct. 5, 1970,%@AE@% by French Canadian%@EH@%
separatists in Quebec; freed Dec. 3 after 3 kidnapers and relatives flown to
Cuba by government. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Pierre Laporte,%@AE@% Quebec Labor Minister, by separatists %@AB@%Oct. 10, 1970;%@AE@% body%@EH@%
found Oct. 18. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Giovanni E. Bucher,%@AE@% Swiss ambassador %@AB@%Dec. 7, 1970,%@AE@% by revolutionaries in Rio%@EH@%
de Janeiro; freed Jan. 16, 1971, after Brazil released 70 political
prisoners. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Geoffrey Jackson,%@AE@% British ambassador, in Montevideo, %@AB@%Jan. 8, 1971,%@AE@% by%@EH@%
Tupamaro terrorists. Held as ransom for release of imprisoned terrorists;
released Sept. 9; prisoners escaped. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Ephraim Elrom,%@AE@% Israel consul general in Istanbul, %@AB@%May 17, 1971.%@AE@% Held as%@EH@%
ransom for imprisoned terrorists; found dead May 23. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Mrs. Virginia Piper,%@AE@% 49 abducted %@AB@%July 27, 1972,%@AE@% from her home in suburban%@EH@%
Minneapolis; found unharmed near Duluth 2 days later after her husband paid
$1 million ransom to the kidnapers. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Victor E. Samuelson,%@AE@% Exxon executive, %@AB@%Dec. 6, 1973,%@AE@% in Campana, Argentina,%@EH@%
by Marxist guerrillas, freed Apr. 29, 1974, after payment of record $14.2
million ransom. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J. Paul Getty 3d,%@AE@% 17, grandson of the U.S. oil mogul, released   %@AB@%Dec. 15,%@EH@%
%@AB@%1973,%@AE@% in southern Italy after   $2.8 million ransom paid. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Patricia (Patty) Hearst,%@AE@% 19, taken from her Berkeley, Cal., apartment %@AB@%Feb.%@EH@%
%@AB@%4, 1974.%@AE@% Symbionese Liberation Army demanded her father, Randolph A. Hearst,
publisher, give millions to poor. She was identified by FBI as taking part
in a San Francisco bank holdup, %@AB@%Apr. 15.%@AE@%  FBI, %@AB@%Sept. 18, 1975,%@AE@% captured
Patricia and others in San Francisco; they were indicted on various charges.
Patricia for bank robbery. Convicted, %@AB@%Mar. 20, 1976.%@AE@% She was released from
prison under executive clemency, %@AB@%Feb. 1, 1979.%@AE@% In 1978, William and Emily
Harris were sentenced to 10 years to life for the Hearst kidnaping. Both
were paroled in 1983. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J. Reginald Murphy,%@AE@% 40, an editor of %@AI@%Atlanta%@AE@% (Ga.) %@AI@%Constitution,%@AE@% kidnaped%@EH@%
%@AB@%Feb. 20, 1974,%@AE@% freed %@AB@%Feb. 22%@AE@% after payment of $700,000 ransom by the
newspaper. Police arrested William A.H. Williams, a contractor; most of the
money was recovered. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%J. Guadalupe Zuno Hernandez,%@AE@% 83, father-in-law of Mexican President Luis%@EH@%
Echeverria Alvarez, seized by 4 terrorists %@AB@%Aug. 28, 1974;%@AE@% government refused
to negotiate; he was released %@AB@%Sept. 8.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%E.B. Reville,%@AE@% Hepzibah, Ga., banker, and wife Jean, kidnaped %@AB@%Sept. 30, 1974.%@AE@%%@EH@%
Ransom of $30,000 paid. He was found alive; Mrs. Reville was found dead in
car trunk %@AB@%Oct. 2.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Jack Teich,%@AE@% Kings Point, N,Y., steel executive, seized %@AB@%Nov. 12, 1974;%@AE@%%@EH@%
released %@AB@%Nov. 19%@AE@% after payment of $750,000. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%William F. Niehous,%@AE@% a U.S. businessman, was abducted from his suburban%@EH@%
Caracas, Venezuela home, %@AB@%Feb. 27, 1976.%@AE@% He was rescued by police %@AB@%June 29,
%@AB@%1979,%@AE@% ending more than 3 years of captivity. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Hanns-Martin Schleyer,%@AE@% a West German industrialist, was kidnaped in Cologne,%@EH@%
%@AB@%Sept. 5, 1977%@AE@% by armed terrorists. Schleyer was found dead, %@AB@%Oct. 19,%@AE@% in an
abandoned car shortly after 3 jailed terrorist leaders of the Baader-Meinhof
gang were found dead in their prison cells near Stuttgart, West Germany. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Aldo Moro,%@AE@% former Italian premier, kidnaped in Rome, %@AB@%Mar. 16, 1978,%@AE@% by%@EH@%
left-wing terrorists. Five of his bodyguards killed during abduction. Moro's
bullet-ridden body was found in a parked car, %@AB@%May 9,%@AE@% in Rome. Six members of
the Red Brigades arrested, charged, June 5, with complicity in the
kidnaping. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%James L. Dozier,%@AE@% a U.S. Army general, kidnaped from his apartment in Verona,%@EH@%
Italy, %@AB@%Dec. 17, 1981,%@AE@% by members of the Red Brigades terrorist organization.
He was rescued, %@AB@%Jan. 28, 1982.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AB@%Enrique Camarena Salazar,%@AE@% and %@AB@%Alfredo Zavala Avelar,%@AE@% U.S. Drug Enforcement%@EH@%
Agency employees were kidnaped in Guadalajara, Mexico, %@AB@%Feb. 7, 1985%@AE@%. Their
bodies were found Mar. 6.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@1@%                         %@AS@%UNITED STATES POPULATION %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                          %@AS@%The Bicentennial Census%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%On April 1, 1990, the Bureau of the Census began to take the 21st decennial%@EH@%
census of the United States. The Census Bureau took the first census in
1790, when it counted 3.9 million people, and has conducted a census every
10 years over the past 200 years, as mandated by the U.S. Constitution,
Article 1, Section 2. The primary purpose of the census was, and is, to
provide population counts needed to apportion seats in the U.S. House of
Representatives, and to subsequently determine state legislative district
boundaries. In addition, the findings of the 1990 census are critical to
many other national, state, and local programs, which: determine compliances
with the Voting Rights Act and amendments; allocate funds from federal grant
programs; identify areas needing bilingual education; assess the need for
equal employment opportunity programs; allocate funds and analyze programs
for American Indians and Alaska Natives; identify areas needing energy
assistance; develop programs to reduce unemployment; identify areas needing
programs to stimulate economic growth; establish fair lending practices;
assess the need for developing or expanding low-income housing programs; and
identify areas requiring child assistance programs. For state and local
government programs, the census results will help: develop social services
programs, including programs for the elderly and handicapped; assess
transportation systems and improve commuting patterns; identify areas for
low-cost housing programs; establish occupational and vocational education
programs; plan school district boundaries and school construction programs;
and assess the need for state housing bonds for below-market interest rates
on mortgages. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                           %@AS@%History of the Census%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The first U.S. census was conducted shortly after George Washington became%@EH@%
president. It counted the number of free white males age 16 and over, and
under 16 (to measure how many men might be available for military service),
the number of free white females, all other free persons (including any
American Indians who paid taxes), and slaves. It took 18 months to collect
the data, often on unofficial sheets of paper supplied by U.S. marshals. In
contrast to today's pledge of confidentiality, the 1790 census was displayed
"at two of the most public places." The 1790 census resulted in an increase
of 41 seats (65 to 106) in the House of Representatives.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As the nation expanded, so did the scope of the census data. The first%@EH@%
inquiry on manufactures was made in 1810. Questions on agriculture, mining,
and fisheries were added in 1840. In 1850, the census included inquiries on
social issues--taxation, churches, pauperism, and crime.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The 1880 census contained so many questions that it took the full 10 years%@EH@%
between censuses to publish all the results. Because of this delay, Congress
limited the 1900 census to questions on population, manufactures,
agriculture, and mortality. (Many of the dropped topics reappeared in later
censuses.)%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%For many years, each census had to be authorized by a specific act of%@EH@%
Congress. In 1954, Congress specified the laws under which the Census Bureau
operates in Title 13 of the U.S. Code. This title delineates the basic scope
of the census, the requirements for the public to provide information as
well for the Bureau to keep information confidential, and the penalties for
violating any of these obligations. The secretary of commerce (and through
him, the Census Bureau) is now directed by law to take censuses of
population, housing, agriculture, irrigation, manufactures, mineral
industries, other businesses (wholesale trade, retail trade, services),
construction, transportation, and governments at stated intervals, and may
take surveys related to any of these subjects.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%U.S. marshals supervised their assistants' enumeration of the first nine%@EH@%
censuses and reported to the president (1790), the secretary of state
(1800-1840), or the secretary of the interior (1850-1870). There was no
continuity of personnel from one census to the next. However, in 1902,
Congress authorized the president to set up a permanent Census Office in the
Interior Dept. In 1903, the agency was transferred to the new Dept. of
Commerce and Labor, and when the department split in 1913, the Bureau of the
Census was placed in the Commerce Dept.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The Census Bureau began using statistical sampling techniques in the 1940s,%@EH@%
computers in the 1950s, and mail enumeration in the 1960s, all in an effort
to publish more data sooner and at a lower cost, and with less burden on the
public. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%1990 Projections%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%As mandated by Congress, the bureau must report the total population counts%@EH@%
(used for congressional apportionment) for each state by race and Hispanic
origin, cross tabulated by all ages, to the president by Dec. 31, 1990
(after publication of this edition--for complete census counts, see %@AI@%The
%@AI@%World Almanac, 1992%@AE@%). This data is taken from the "short form," sent to all
U.S. households, which contains 14 basic population and housing questions.
The deadline for all states to receive redistricting counts is April 1,
1991.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Approximately 20 percent of all households received a longer form, which%@EH@%
asked the same basic questions plus 45 additional inquiries (no individual
had to answer all questions) concerning housing characteristics,
citizenship, education, ancestry, residence five years ago, language,
military service, disability, labor force participation, transportation, and
income. The data from this sample will be statistically inflated to depict
the entire population. Information collected on the "long form" should begin
to be available to the public in mid-1992. The complete analysis of census
data will probably take the entire decade of the 1990s.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Based on the Census Bureau's own estimates, the 1990 census will show that%@EH@%
the U.S. population has reached approximately 250 million, a 10.4 percent
increase over the 1980 count of 226,545,805. The nation totaled 200 million
on Nov. 20, 1967, reached 150 million in 1949, totaled 100 million in 1915,
and 50 million in 1880. The bureau's projections indicate that the
population could reach 300 million by 2020.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The nation is growing by about 6,300 persons daily, some 4,400 coming from a%@EH@%
surplus of births (10,600) over deaths (6,200). The remaining average daily
growth of 2,000 comes from immigration. Currently, the U.S. is experiencing
a net gain of one person every 14 seconds. This is based on one birth every
eight seconds, one death every 14 seconds, one immigrant every 35 seconds,
and one person leaving the country every three minutes.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Accounting for one-fifth of the total U.S. population growth during the%@EH@%
1980s were immigrants, particularly Mexicans, Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans,
and Vietnamese. The 1990 census will count 21 million Hispanics (8 percent
of the total U.S. population), a 44 percent increase since 1980. (An
estimated 1 million Hispanics were not counted in 1980, and this undercount
is part of the controversy over the 1990 count.) The black population
increased by 16 percent and remained at 12 percent of the total population
between 1980 and 1990. Whites increased by 8 percent during the 1980s, and
their percent of the total population decreased from 86 to 84 percent.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%During the past 10 years, the number of people aged 40 to 44 grew by 49.8%@EH@%
percent and those 35 to 39 increased by 43.8 percent. The population aged 95
to 99 has increased by 96 percent and those 100 or older (57,000 total)
increased by 76.6 percent between 1980 and 1990.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Los Angeles-Long Beach grew by 17 percent since 1980, and replaced New York%@EH@%
City, which increased by 4 percent, as the most populated metropolitan area.
Among the 25 largest metropolitan areas, Riverside-San Bernardino, Calif.
has been the fastest growing, with a 45 percent increase since 1980.
Phoenix, Dallas, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Houston, Atlanta, and San Diego
increased by more than 25 percent each. Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Cleveland
were the only metro areas among the top 25 to lose population during the
past decade.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%If the projected state counts are accurate, California (5), Texas (4), and%@EH@%
Florida (3) are expected to gain the most seats in the House of
Representatives after redistricting. It is also projected that Arizona and
Georgia will gain two seats each, and North Carolina and Virginia one each.
Projected decreases in House seats include New York and Pennsylvania (-3
each), Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio (-2 each), and Idaho, Iowa, Kansas,
Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Wisconsin (-1 each). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                       %@AS@%The Process and the Problems%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Planned since 1984, the 1990 census required the hiring of over 500,000%@EH@%
people (about 300,000 working at peak), working at 484 field offices, 13
regional census centers, and 7 processing offices. Over 106 million
questionnaire packages were printed, assembled, and mailed. Nearly 7 million
maps were generated to help census takers collect questionnaires (from those
who did not return theirs by mail). The Census Bureau will use 570
minicomputers in field offices, which were set up and will be dismantled in
a one-year period. The bureau estimated that from 1984 to 1993, the total
cost of carrying out and providing the results of the 1990 census will be
approximately $2.6 billion, with more than $1.3 billion spent in 1990.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1980, the return rate for the census questionnaires was approximately 75%@EH@%
percent. When the Census Bureau first mailed 1990 forms in April, it
expected to get 70 percent returned, but received only 63 percent. Many
reasons were cited for the low rate of return including the public's apathy,
distrust of the government, illiteracy, concern about privacy,
forgetfulness, as well as problems with the mail. As of mid-July, the bureau
reported that 99 percent of the households that did not respond to first
mailings had been counted (by enumerators and remailing), but that several
areas still lagged far behind. The original deadline for the count's
completion was June 7, 1990, but because of the slow return rate it was
pushed back to June 30. A 99 percent success rate for the households that
did not return the forms in April means less than 1 percent of the total was
not counted (as of July 1990). The success rates for previously uncounted
residents in New York, Delaware, Maryland, and California were all below 95
percent. New York City, San Jose, San Francisco, and Boston had particularly
low return rates, while Detroit, Chicago, and Cleveland returned 100 percent
in the follow-up.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In addition to concerns about substantial undercounting of homeless persons,%@EH@%
there has been criticism of the Census Bureau regarding the accuracy of the
count. Leaders in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Miami
have urged the bureau to make a statistical adjustment to the 1990 count. In
fact, these cities (plus New York State and California) have sued the
Commerce Dept. to demand a post-census adjustment, which would require a
survey of 150,000 housing units. Those demanding an adjustment claim that
the census will undercount due to difficulties in reaching people in urban
areas. The Census Bureau estimated that it missed about 2.2 million people
in 1980--about 1.6 percent of the population--and some fear that the
undercount will be even greater in 1990. In New York City, officials stated
that the undercount in 1990 could reach 1 million, resulting in the loss of
two congressional seats and more than $1 billion in federal aid in the
1990s. A decision on the statistical adjustment must be made by the
secretary of commerce by July 15, 1991. At a congressional hearing (July
1990) to confirm Barbara Everitt Bryant as director of the Census Bureau,
Bryant stated that there was a "50-50 chance of having all the work done in
time to make an adjustment decision" by that date. The Census Bureau has
never made a statistical adjustment of the census like the one being sought.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                       %@AS@%Changing Population Patterns %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%      By Barbara Everitt Bryant Director, U.S. Bureau of the Census %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%On January 1, 1990, the estimated resident population of the United States%@EH@%
was 249.6 million, a 10.2 percent increase over the April 1, 1980 census
count of 226.5 million. The growth of 23.1 million was attributable to a
natural increase of 16.5 million (36.6 million births less 20.1 million
deaths) and a net immigration of 6.6 million. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Changes in %@AB@%age structure%@AE@% during the 1980s reflect past trends in%@EH@%
childbearing: the low birth rate in the two decades ending in 1945, the
higher birth rate during the "baby boom" (1946-1964), and the lower birth
rate subsequently. From 1980 to July 1, 1989, the population 18 to 24 years
old declined 12.2 percent while the population 25 to 44 years old increased
28.1 percent. The elderly population (65 years and over) rose 21.3 percent
and increased from 11.3 percent to 12.5 percent of the total population. The
%@AB@%median age%@AE@% (the age at which half the population is younger and half is
older) rose from 30.0 to 32.7. The elderly percentage and the median age in
1989 were the highest in the nation's history. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The South and West accounted for 18.8 million, or 87 percent, of the%@EH@%
%@AB@%nation's population growth%@AE@% from 1980 to 1989 and increased their share of
the population from 52.3 to 55.3 percent. The share of the population
residing in the North (Northeast and Midwest regions) dropped below 50
percent in 1975. During the 1980 to 1989 period, the South and West added
8.9 million population through net migration while the North lost 2.7
million population through net migration. California, Texas, and Florida
together accounted for 11.1 million, or 51 percent, of national growth from
1980 to 1989. The highest growth rates were in Nevada (38.8 percent), Alaska
(31.1 percent), and Arizona (30.8 percent) while Iowa, West Virginia, and
the District of Columbia lost population. In 1989, %@AB@%11.7 percent of the
%@AB@%nation's population resided in California%@AE@%. This is the highest concentration
in any one state since 1860 when 12.3 percent resided in New York.
California's population in 1989 (29.1 million) exceeded the combined
population of the 21 least populous states. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1988, the nation's 37 %@AB@%metropolitan areas%@AE@% with at least 1 million%@EH@%
population had 120.4 million residents, or 49 percent of the national
population. Altogether, 189.4 million persons, or 77 percent, lived in the
nation's 283 designated metropolitan areas. From 1980 to 1988, the
population in metropolitan areas increased 9.7 percent, about twice the 4.5
percent increase in nonmetropolitan territory. During the 1970s, the growth
rate was higher in nonmetropolitan territory than in metropolitan areas. The
growth rates in metropolitan areas by size category were similar in the 1980
to 1988 period. In the 1970s, the metropolitan growth rate was lowest in the
largest areas (those with 5 million or more population). For nonmetropolitan
counties, the growth rate was highest in both periods in counties with 15
percent or more of their resident workers commuting to metropolitan areas.
The New York City metropolitan area had 18.1 million residents in 1988,
followed by the Los Angeles (13.8 million) and Chicago (8.2 million)
metropolitan areas. Among metropolitan areas with at least 1 million
population, the highest growth rates in the 1980 to 1988 period were in
Phoenix (34.5 percent), Dallas-Ft. Worth (28.5 percent), and Atlanta (28
percent). %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In 1988, only 5 million persos lived on %@AB@%farms,%@AE@% down from 15.6 million in%@EH@%
1960 and 32 million in 1920. The 1988 figure represented only 2 percent of
the nation's population compared to 8.7 percent in 1960 and 30.2 percent in
1920. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Based on data from the Current Population Survey, there were 92.8 million%@EH@%
%@AB@%households%@AE@% (occupied housing units) in the United States in March 1989, up
14.9 percent from the March 1980 estimate of 80.8 million. The more rapid
growth rate in households than in population reflects changes in age
structure which in turn reflect the changes in childbearing noted earlier.
The average number of persons per household dropped from 3.33 in 1964 to
2.76 in 1980 and to a record low of 2.62 in 1989. Most of the decline is
attributable to the decline in the average number of children (under 18
years), which dropped from 1.23 in 1964 (at the end of the baby boom) to
0.79 in 1980 and 0.69 in 1989. There were 22.7 million 1-person households
in 1989, up from 18.3 million in 1980 and 10.9 million in 1970. Households
with 5 or more persons numbered 9.3 million in 1989, down from 10.4 million
in 1980 and 13.3 million in 1970. From 1980 to 1989, the number of
married-couple families increased from 49.1 million to 52.1 million, and the
number of female-householder families (no spouse present) rose from 8.7
million to 10.9 million. (Families have at least two members, including at
least one relative of the householder.) %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Today's %@AB@%young adults%@AE@% are less likely to have married or to be maintaining%@EH@%
their own households than in the past. The median age at first marriage for
females rose from 20.3 in 1960 to 22.0 in 1980 and 23.8 in 1989. The
corresponding figures for males are 22.8, 24.7, and 26.2. In 1989, 52.5
percent of persons 18 to 24 years old lived with one or both parents, up
from 48.4 percent in 1980 and 43.0 percent in 1960. Among %@AB@%children%@AE@%%@AB@% under 18
%@AB@%years,%@AE@% 73.1 percent lived with both parents in 1989, down from 76.7 percent
in 1980 and 87.7 percent in 1960. The decline reflects changing %@AB@%marital
%@AB@%patterns%@AE@%: the number of divorced persons per 1,000 married persons with
spouse present was 138 in 1989, up from 100 in 1980 and 35 in 1960. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The %@AB@%educational level%@AE@% of the population continues to rise. Among persons 25%@EH@%
years and over in 1988, 76.2 percent had completed 4 years of high school
(or more education), up from 68.6 percent in 1980 and 24.5 percent in 1940;
20.3 percent had completed 4 or more years of college, compared to 17.0
percent in 1980 and 4.6 percent in 1940. In 1988, 24.0 percent of males and
17.0 percent of females had completed 4 or more years of college.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Resident Population by Sex, Race, Residence, and Median Age: 1790 to 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                     %@AS@%(thousands, except as indicated) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   63  7409 05 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%                Sex             Sex             Race            Race            Race            Race            Residence       Residence       Median Age      Median Age      Median Age                                                                                                                                                 (years)         (years)         (years) Date                                                            Black           Black                Male            Female          White           Number          Percent         Other           Urban           Rural           All races       White           Black %@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    Conterminous    ConterminousU.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%           U.S.%@AH@%1%@AE@%1790 (Aug. 2)   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              3,172           757             19.3            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              202             3,728           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@% 1810 (Aug. 6)   %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              5,862           1,378           19.0            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              525             6,714           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              16.0            %@AH@%NA%@AE@% 1820 (Aug. 7)   4,897           4,742           7,867           1,772           18.4            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              693             8,945           16.7            16.5            17.2 1840 (June 1)   8,689           8,381           14,196          2,874           16.8            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              1,845           15,224          17.8            17.9            17.3 1860 (June 1)   16,085          15,358          26,923          4,442           14.1            79              6,217           25,227          19.4            19.7            17.7 1870 (June 1)   19,494          19,065          33,589          4,880           12.7            89              9,902           28,656          20.2            20.4            18.5 1880 (June 1)   25,519          24,637          43,403          6,581           13.1            172             14,130          36,026          20.9            21.4            18.0 1890 (June 1)   32,237          30,711          55,101          7,489           11.9            358             22,106          40,841          22.0            22.5            17.8 1900 (June 1)   38,816          37,178          66,809          8,834           11.6            351             30,160          45,835          22.9            23.4            19.4 1920 (Jan. 1)   53,900          51,810          94,821          10,463          9.9             427             54,158          51,553          25.3            25.6            22.3 1930 (Apr. 1)   62,137          60,638          110,287         11,891          9.7             597             68,955          53,820          26.4            26.9            23.5 1940 (Apr. 1)   66,062          65,608          118,215         12,866          9.8             589             74,424          57,246          29.0            29.5            25.3United States   United States   United States   United States   United States   United States   United States   United States   United States   United States   United States   United States1950 (Apr. 1)   75,187          76,139          135,150         15,045          9.9             1,131           96,847          54,479          30.2            30.7            26.2 1960 (Apr. 1)   88,331          90,992          158,832         18,872          10.5            1,620           125,269         54,054          29.5            30.3            23.5 1970 (Apr. 1)%@AH@%2%@AE@%  98,926          104,309         178,098         22,581          11.1            2,557           149,325         53,887          28.0            28.9            22.4 1980 (Apr. 1)%@AH@%3%@AE@%  110,053         116,493         194,713         26,683          11.8            5,150           167,051         59,495          30.0            30.9            24.9 1983 (July 1,   113,119         120,365         199,849         28,056          12.0            6,379           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              30.8            31.7            25.9 est)                                                                                                                                                                            1984 (July 1,   115,022         121,455         201,290         28,457          12.0            6,730           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              31.1            32.0            26.3 est)                                                                                                                                                                            1985 (July 1,   116,160         122,576         202,769         28,870          12.1            7,097           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              31.4            32.3            26.6 est)                                                                                                                                                                            1986 (July 1,   117,730         123,737         204,326         29,303          12.2            7,478           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              31.7            32.7            26.9 est)                                                                                                                                                                            1987 (July 1,   118,541         124,886         205,833         29,746          12.2            7,848           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              32.1            33.0            27.2 est)                                                                                                                                                                            1988 (July 1,   119,724         126,060         207,357         30,201          12.3            8,227           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              32.4            33.3            27.5 est)                                                                                                                                                                            1989 (July 1,   120,982         127,258         208,961         30,660          12.4            8,618           %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              32.7            33.8            27.7est)                                                                                                                                                                            %@TE:   63  7409 05 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%NA%@AE@% Not available. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. %@AH@%2%@AE@% The revised 1970 resident
population count is 203,302,031, which incorporates changes due to errors
found after tabulations were completed. The race and sex data shown here
reflect the official 1970 census count while the residence data come from
the tabulated count. %@AH@%3%@AE@% The race data shown for April 1, 1980 have been
modified.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%           %@AS@%U.S. Population by Official Census from 1790 to 1980%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(Members of the Armed Forces overseas or other U.S. nationals overseas are%@EH@%
%@AS@%not included.)%@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  107 13981 02 08 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%State   1790       1800       1810       1820       1830        1840        1850        1860        1870        1880         1890        1900        1910        1920         1930         1940         1950         1960         1970         1980%@AH@%2%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ala.    .......    1,250      9,046      127,901    309,527     590,756     771,623     964,201     996,992     1,262,505    1,513,401   1,828,697   2,138,093   2,348,174    2,646,248    2,832,961    3,061,743    3,266,740    3,444,354    3,894,025Alas.   .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     .......     33,426       32,052      63,592      64,356      55,036       59,278       72,524       128,643      226,167      302,583      401,851 Ariz.   .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     9,658       40,440       88,243      122,931     204,354     334,162      435,573      499,261      749,587      1,302,161    1,775,399    2,716,546 Ark.    .......    .......    1,062      14,273     30,388      97,574      209,897     435,450     484,471     802,525      1,128,211   1,311,564   1,574,449   1,752,204    1,854,482    1,949,387    1,909,511    1,786,272    1,923,322    2,286,357 Cal.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     92,597      379,994     560,247     864,694      1,213,398   1,485,053   2,377,549   3,426,861    5,677,251    6,907,387    10,586,223   15,717,204   19,971,069   23,667,764 Col.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     34,277      39,864      194,327      413,249     539,700     799,024     939,629      1,035,791    1,123,296    1,325,089    1,753,947    2,209,596    2,889,735 Conn.   237,946    251,002    261,942    275,248    297,675     309,978     370,792     460,147     537,454     622,700      746,258     908,420     1,114,756   1,380,631    1,606,903    1,709,242    2,007,280    2,535,234    3,032,217    3,107,564 Del.    59,096     64,273     72,674     72,749     76,748      78,085      91,532      112,216     125,015     146,608      168,493     184,735     202,322     223,003      238,380      266,505      318,085      446,292      548,104      594,338 D.C.    .......    8,144      15,471     23,336     30,261      33,745      51,687      75,080      131,700     177,624      230,392     278,718     331,069     437,571      486,869      663,091      802,178      763,956      756,668      638,432 Fla.    .......    .......    .......    .......    34,730      54,477      87,445      140,424     187,748     269,493      391,422     528,542     752,619     968,470      1,468,211    1,897,414    2,771,305    4,951,560    6,791,418    %@AH@%3%@AE@%9,746,961Ga.     82,548     162,686    252,433    340,989    516,823     691,392     906,185     1,057,286   1,184,109   1,542,180    1,837,353   2,216,331   2,609,121   2,895,832    2,908,506    3,123,723    3,444,578    3,943,116    4,587,930    5,462,982 Ha.     .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     .......     .......      .......     154,001     191,874     255,881      368,300      422,770      499,794      632,772      769,913      964,691 Ida.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     14,999      32,610       88,548      161,772     325,594     431,866      445,032      524,873      588,637      667,191      713,015      944,127 Ill.    .......    .......    12,282     55,211     157,445     476,183     851,470     1,711,951   2,539,891   3,077,871    3,826,352   4,821,550   5,638,591   6,485,280    7,630,654    7,897,241    8,712,176    10,081,158   11,110,285   11,427,409 Ind.    .......    5,641      24,520     147,178    343,031     685,866     988,416     1,350,428   1,680,637   1,978,301    2,192,404   2,516,462   2,700,876   2,930,390    3,238,503    3,427,796    3,934,224    4,662,498    5,195,392    5,490,214 Ia.     .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     43,112      192,214     674,913     1,194,020   1,624,615    1,912,297   2,231,853   2,224,771   2,404,021    2,470,939    2,538,268    2,621,073    2,757,537    2,825,368    2,913,808 Kan.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     107,206     364,399     996,096      1,428,108   1,470,495   1,690,949   1,769,257    1,880,999    1,801,028    1,905,299    2,178,611    2,249,071    2,364,236 Ky.     73,677     220,955    406,511    564,317    687,917     779,828     982,405     1,155,684   1,321,011   1,648,690    1,858,635   2,147,174   2,289,905   2,416,630    2,614,589    2,845,627    2,944,806    3,038,156    3,220,711    3,660,324 La.     .......    .......    76,556     153,407    215,739     352,411     517,762     708,002     726,915     939,946      1,118,588   1,381,625   1,656,388   1,798,509    2,101,593    2,363,880    2,683,516    3,257,022    3,644,637    4,206,116 Me.     96,540     151,719    228,705    298,335    399,455     501,793     583,169     628,279     626,915     648,936      661,086     694,466     742,371     768,014      797,423      847,226      913,774      969,265      993,722      1,125,043 Md.     319,728    341,548    380,546    407,350    447,040     470,019     583,034     687,049     780,894     934,943      1,042,390   1,188,044   1,295,346   1,449,661    1,631,526    1,821,244    2,343,001    3,100,689    3,923,897    4,216,933 Mass.   378,787    422,845    472,040    523,287    610,408     737,699     994,514     1,231,066   1,457,351   1,783,085    2,238,947   2,805,346   3,366,416   3,852,356    4,249,614    4,316,721    4,690,514    5,148,578    5,689,170    5,737,093 Mich.   .......    .......    4,762      8,896      31,639      212,267     397,654     749,113     1,184,059   1,636,937    2,093,890   2,420,982   2,810,173   3,668,412    4,842,325    5,256,106    6,371,766    7,823,194    8,881,826    9,262,044 Minn.   .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     6,077       172,023     439,706     780,773      1,310,283   1,751,394   2,075,708   2,387,125    2,563,953    2,792,300    2,982,483    3,413,864    3,806,103    4,075,970 Miss.   .......    7,600      31,306     75,448     136,621     375,651     606,526     791,305     827,922     1,131,597    1,289,600   1,551,270   1,797,114   1,790,618    2,009,821    2,183,796    2,178,914    2,178,141    2,216,994    2,520,770 Mo.     .......    .......    19,783     66,586     140,455     383,702     682,044     1,182,012   1,721,295   2,168,380    2,679,185   3,106,665   3,293,335   3,404,055    3,629,367    3,784,664    3,954,653    4,319,813    4,677,623    4,916,766 Mon.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     20,595      39,159       142,924     243,329     376,053     548,889      537,606      559,456      591,024      674,767      694,409      786,690 Neb.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     28,841      122,993     452,402      1,062,656   1,066,300   1,192,214   1,296,372    1,377,963    1,315,834    1,325,510    1,411,330    1,485,333    1,569,825 Nev.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     6,857       42,491      62,266       47,355      42,335      81,875      77,407       91,058       110,247      160,083      285,278      488,738      800,508 N.H.    141,885    183,858    214,460    244,161    269,328     284,574     317,976     326,073     318,300     346,991      376,530     411,588     430,572     443,083      465,293      491,524      533,242      606,921      737,681      920,610 N.J.    184,139    211,149    245,562    277,575    320,823     373,306     489,555     672,035     906,096     1,131,116    1,444,933   1,883,669   2,537,167   3,155,900    4,041,334    4,160,165    4,835,329    6,066,782    7,171,112    7,365,011 N.M.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     61,547      93,516      91,874      119,565      160,282     195,310     327,301     360,350      423,317      531,818      681,187      951,023      1,017,055    1,303,302 N.Y.    340,120    589,051    959,049    1,372,812  1,918,608   2,428,921   3,097,394   3,880,735   4,382,759   5,082,871    6,003,174   7,268,894   9,113,614   10,385,227   12,588,066   13,479,142   14,830,192   16,782,304   18,241,391   17,558,165 N.C.    393,751    478,103    555,500    638,829    737,987     753,419     869,039     992,622     1,071,361   1,399,750    1,617,949   1,893,810   2,206,287   2,559,123    3,170,276    3,571,623    4,061,929    4,556,155    5,084,411    5,880,095 N.D.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     %@AH@%*%@AE@%2,405      36,909       190,983     319,146     577,056     646,872      680,845      641,935      619,636      632,446      617,792      652,717 Oh.     .......    45,365     230,760    581,434    937,903     1,519,467   1,980,329   2,339,511   2,665,260   3,198,062    3,672,329   4,157,545   4,767,121   5,759,394    6,646,697    6,907,612    7,946,627    9,706,397    10,657,423   10,797,603 Okla.   .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     .......     .......      258,657     790,391     1,657,155   2,028,283    2,396,040    2,336,434    2,233,351    2,328,284    2,559,463    3,025,487 Ore.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     12,093      52,465      90,923      174,768      317,704     413,536     672,765     783,389      953,786      1,089,684    1,521,341    1,768,687    2,091,533    2,633,156 Pa.     434,373    602,365    810,091    1,049,458  1,348,233   1,724,033   2,311,786   2,906,215   3,521,951   4,282,891    5,258,113   6,302,115   7,665,111   8,720,017    9,631,350    9,900,180    10,498,012   11,319,366   11,800,766   11,864,720 R.I.    68,825     69,122     76,931     83,059     97,199      108,830     147,545     174,620     217,353     276,531      345,506     428,556     542,610     604,397      687,497      713,346      791,896      859,488      949,723      947,154 S.C.    249,073    345,591    415,115    502,741    581,185     594,398     668,507     703,708     705,606     995,577      1,151,149   1,340,316   1,515,400   1,683,724    1,738,765    1,899,804    2,117,027    2,382,594    2,590,713    3,120,729 S.D.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     %@AH@%*%@AE@%4,837      %@AH@%*%@AE@%11,776     98,268       348,600     401,570     583,888     636,547      692,849      642,961      652,740      680,514      666,257      690,768 Tenn.   35,691     105,602    261,727    422,823    681,904     829,210     1,002,717   1,109,801   1,258,520   1,542,359    1,767,518   2,020,616   2,184,789   2,337,885    2,616,556    2,915,841    3,291,718    3,567,089    3,926,018    4,591,023 Tex.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     212,592     604,215     818,579     1,591,749    2,235,527   3,048,710   3,896,542   4,663,228    5,824,715    6,414,824    7,711,194    9,579,677    11,198,655   14,225,513 Ut.     .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     11,380      40,273      86,786      143,963      210,779     276,749     373,351     449,396      507,847      550,310      688,862      890,627      1,059,273    1,461,037 Vt.     85,425     154,465    217,895    235,981    280,652     291,948     314,120     315,098     330,551     332,286      332,422     343,641     355,956     352,428      359,611      359,231      377,747      389,881      444,732      511,456 Va.     691,737    807,557    877,683    938,261    1,044,054   1,025,227   1,119,348   1,219,630   1,225,163   1,512,565    1,655,980   1,854,184   2,061,612   2,309,187    2,421,851    2,677,773    3,318,680    3,966,949    4,651,448    5,346,797 Wash.   .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     1,201       11,594      23,955      75,116       357,232     518,103     1,141,990   1,356,621    1,563,396    1,736,191    2,378,963    2,853,214    3,413,244    4,132,353 W. Va.  55,873     78,592     105,469    136,808    176,924     224,537     302,313     376,688     442,014     618,457      762,794     958,800     1,221,119   1,463,701    1,729,205    1,901,974    2,005,552    1,860,421    1,744,237    1,950,186 Wis.    .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     30,945      305,391     775,881     1,054,670   1,315,497    1,693,330   2,069,042   2,333,860   2,632,067    2,939,006    3,137,587    3,434,575    3,951,777    4,417,821    4,705,642 Wy.     .......    .......    .......    .......    .......     .......     .......     .......     9,118       20,789       62,555      92,531      145,965     194,402      225,565      250,742      290,529      330,066      332,416      469,557U.S.    3,929,214  5,308,483  7,239,881  9,638,453  12,860,702  17,063,353%@AH@%%@AE@%  23,191,876  31,443,321%@AH@%%@AE@%  38,558,371  50,189,209   62,979,766  76,212,168  92,228,496  106,021,537  123,202,624  132,164,569  151,325,798  179,323,175  203,302,031  226,542,203                                                                %@AH@%1%@AE@%                       %@AH@%1%@AE@%                                                                                                                                                      %@TE:  107 13981 02 08 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 @%

%@NL@%
Note: Where possible, population shown is that of 1980 area of state. %@AH@%*%@AE@%1860
figure is for Dakota Territory; 1870 figures are for parts of Dakota
Territory. %@AH@%1%@AE@% U.S. total includes persons (5,318 in 1830 and 6,100 in 1840)
on public ships in the service of the United States not credited to any
region, division, or state. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Updated, April 1989. %@AH@%3%@AE@% According to 1986
estimates,Florida has passed Illinois in population.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                      %@AS@%Density of Population by States%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                    %@AS@%(Per square mile, land area only) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  2436 02 08 09 10 10 10 @%State   1920     1960      1980      1988%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ala.    45.8     64.2      76.6      80.8Alas.%@AH@%*%@AE@%  0.1      0.4       0.7       0.9 Ariz.   2.9      11.5      23.9      30.7 Ark.    33.4     34.2      43.9      46.0 Cal.    22.0     100.4     151.4     181.2 Col.    9.1      16.9      27.9      31.9 Conn.   286.4    520.6     637.8     663.6 Del.    113.5    225.2     307.6     341.7 D.C.    7,292.9  12,523.9  10,132.3  9,792.0 Fla.    17.7     91.5      180.0     227.8 Ga.     49.3     67.8      94.1      109.2 Ha.%@AH@%*%@AE@%    39.9     98.5      150.1     170.9 Ida.    5.2      8.1       11.5      12.2  Ill.    115.7    180.4     205.3     208.7 Ind.    81.3     128.8     152.8     154.6 Ia.     43.2     49.2      52.1      50.6 Kan.    21.6     26.6      28.9      30.5 Ky.     60.1     76.2      92.3      93.9 La.     39.6     72.2      94.5      99.0 Me.     25.7     31.3      36.3      38.9 Md.     145.8    313.5     428.7     469.9 Mass.   479.2    657.3     733.3     752.7 Mich.   63.8     137.7     162.6     162.2 Minn.   29.5     43.1      51.2      54.1 Miss.   38.6     46.0      53.4      55.5 Mo.     49.5     62.6      71.3      74.6 Mon.    3.8      4.6       5.4       5.5 Neb.    16.9     18.4      20.5      20.9 Nev.    .7       2.6       7.3       9.6 N.H.    49.1     67.2      102.4     120.7 N.J.    420.0    805.5     986.2     1,033.9 N.M.    2.9      7.8       10.7      12.4 N.Y.    217.9    350.6     370.6     378.0 N.C.    52.5     93.2      120.4     132.9 N.D.    9.2      9.1       9.4       9.6 Oh.     141.4    236.6     263.3     264.7 Okla.   29.2     33.8      44.1      47.2 Ore.    8.2      18.4      27.4      28.8 Pa.     194.5    251.4     264.3     267.4 R.I.    566.4    819.3     897.8     940.9 S.C.    55.2     78.7      103.4     114.9 S.D.    8.3      9.0       9.1       9.4 Tenn.   56.1     86.2      111.6     118.9 Tex.    17.8     36.4      54.3      64.3 Ut.     5.5      10.8      17.8      20.6 Vt.     38.6     42.0      55.2      60.1 Va.     57.4     99.6      134.7     151.5 Wash.   20.3     42.8      62.1      69.9 W. Va.  60.9     77.2      80.8      77.8 Wis.    47.6     72.6      86.5      89.2 Wy.     2.0      3.4       4.9       4.9U.S.    %@AH@%*%@AE@%29.9    50.6      64.0      69.5%@TE:   54  2436 02 08 09 10 10 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%For purposes of comparison, Alaska and Hawaii included in above tabulation
for 1920, even though not states then.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                   %@AS@%U.S. Center of Population, 1790-1980 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   44  3870 03 60 09 09 09 09 09 09 60 @%Year                                                        N. Lat.  N. Lat.  N. Lat.  W.Long.  W.Long.  W.Long.  Approximate location                                                            deg      '        "        deg      '        "%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1790                                                        39       16       30       76       11       12       23 miles east of Baltimore, Md.1800                                                        39       16       6        76       56       30       18 miles west of Baltimore, Md. 1810                                                        39       11       30       77       37       12       40 miles northwest by west of Washington, D.C. (in Va.) 1820                                                        39       5        42       78       33       0        16 miles east of Moorefield, W. Va.%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1830                                                        38       57       54       79       16       54       19 miles west-southwest of Moorefield, W. Va.%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1840                                                        39       2        0        80       18       0        16 miles south of Clarksburg, W. Va.%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1850                                                        38       59       0        81       19       0        23 miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va.%@AH@%1%@AE@% 1860                                                        39       0        24       82       48       48       20 miles south by east of Chillicothe, Oh. 1870                                                        39       12       0        83       35       42       48 miles east by north of Cincinnati, Oh. 1880                                                        39       4        8        84       39       40       8 miles west by south of Cincinnati, Oh. (in Ky.) 1890                                                        39       11       56       85       32       53       20 miles east of Columbus, Ind. 1900                                                        39       9        36       85       48       54       6 miles southeast of Columbus, Ind. 1910                                                        39       10       12       86       32       20       In the city of Bloomington, Ind. 1920                                                        39       10       21       86       43       15       8 miles south-southeast of Spencer, Owen County, Ind. 1930                                                        39       3        45       87       8        6        3 miles northeast of Linton, Greene County, Ind. 1940                                                        38       56       54       87       22       35       2 miles southeast by east of Carlisle, Haddon township,                                                                                                                   Sullivan Co., Ind.1950 (Inc. Alaska & Hawaii)                                 38       48       15       88       22       8        3 miles northeast of Louisville, Clay County, Ill. 1960                                                        38       35       58       89       12       35       6 1/2 miles northwest of Centralia, Clinton Co., Ill. 1970                                                        38       27       47       89       42       22       5 miles east southeast of Mascoutah, St. Clair County, Ill.1980                                                        38       8        13       90       34       26       1/4 mile west of De Soto, Jefferson Co., Mo.%@TE:   44  3870 03 60 09 09 09 09 09 09 60 @%

%@NL@%
%@AB@%Center of Population%@AE@% is that point which may be considered as center of
population gravity of the U.S. or that point upon which the U.S. would
balance if it were a rigid plane without weight and the population
distributed thereon with each individual being assumed to have equal weight
and to exert an influence on a central point proportional to his distance
from that point. %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% West Virginia was set off from Virginia Dec. 31, 1862, and admitted as a
state June 20, 1863.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Projections of Total Population by Race: 1990 to 2025 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        U.S. Bureau of the Census %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   28  3217 06 06 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%      Total Population   Total Population   Total Population   Total Population   By Race (middle    By Race (middle    By Race (middle    By Race (middle    By Race (middle    By Race (middle       (1,000)            (1,000)            (1,000)            (1,000)            series)            series)            series)            series)            series)            series)                                                                                  Number (1,000)     Number (1,000)     Number (1,000)     Percent            Percent            Percent                                                                                                                                            distribution       distribution       distributionYear  Lowest series      Middle series      Highest series     Zero migration     White              Black              Other races        White              Black              Other races%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1990  248,656            250,410            251,897            247,943            210,616            31,148             8,645              84.1               12.4               3.51992  251,592            254,521            257,235            250,781            213,301            31,988             9,232              83.8               12.6               3.61993  252,906            256,466            259,888            252,083            214,542            32,398             9,527              83.7               12.6               3.71994  254,121            258,338            262,526            253,308            215,714            32,801             9,823              83.5               12.7               3.81995  255,239            260,138            265,151            254,459            216,820            33,199             10,119             83.3               12.8               3.92000  259,576            268,266            278,228            259,304            221,514            35,129             11,624             82.6               13.1               4.32005  262,363            275,604            291,710            263,189            225,424            37,003             13,177             81.8               13.4               4.82010  264,193            282,575            305,882            266,528            228,978            38,833             14,764             81.0               13.7               5.22015  265,072            288,997            320,494            269,131            232,081            40,564             16,352             80.3               14.0               5.72020  264,536            294,364            335,022            270,493            234,330            42,128             17,906             79.6               14.3               6.12025  262,218            298,252            348,985            270,234            235,369            43,473             19,410             78.9               14.6               6.5%@TE:   28  3217 06 06 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 @%

%@NL@%
For the series shown, the following assumptions were made about fertility
(ultimate lifetime births per woman), mortality (ultimate life expectancy in
2080), and immigration (ultimate yearly net immigration). %@AB@%Lowest series:%@AE@% 1.5
births per woman, 77.9 years, and 300,000 net immigration. %@AB@%Middle series:%@AE@%
1.8 births per woman, 81.2 years, and 500,000 net immigration. %@AB@%Highest
%@AB@%series:%@AE@% 2.2 births per woman, 88.0 years, and 800,000 net immigration. %@AB@%Zero
%@AB@%migration series:%@AE@% 1.8 births per woman and 81.2 years.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%U.S. Area and Population: 1790 to 1980 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   24  3742 04 16 21 21 21 13 22 32 32 @%                Area (square miles)  Area (square miles)  Area (square miles)  Population   Population            Population                      Population                                                                                                                  Increase over preceding census  Increase over preceding censusCensus date     Gross                Land                 Water                Number       Per sq. mile of land  Number                          %%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1980 (Apr. 1)   3,618,770            3,539,289            79,481               226,542,203  64.0                  23,240,172                      11.41970 (Apr. 1)   3,618,770            3,536,855            81,915               203,302,031  57.5                  23,978,856                      13.41960 (Apr. 1)   3,618,770            3,540,911            77,859               179,323,175  50.6                  27,997,377                      18.51950 (Apr. 1)   3,618,770            3,552,206            66,564               151,325,798  42.6                  19,161,229                      14.51940 (Apr. 1)   3,618,770            3,554,608            64,162               132,164,569  37.2                  8,961,945                       7.31930 (Apr. 1)   3,618,770            3,551,608            67,162               123,202,624  34.7                  17,181,087                      16.21920 (Jan. 1)   3,618,770            3,546,931            71,839               106,021,537  29.9                  13,793,041                      15.01910 (Apr. 15)  3,618,770            3,547,045            71,725               92,228,496   26.0                  16,016,328                      21.01900 (June 1)   3,618,770            3,547,314            71,456               76,212,168   21.5                  13,232,402                      21.01890 (June 1)   3,612,299            3,540,705            71,594               62,979,766   17.8                  12,790,557                      25.51880 (June 1)   3,612,299            3,540,705            71,594               50,189,209   14.2                  11,630,838                      30.21870 (June 1)   3,612,299            3,540,705            71,594               38,558,371   10.9                  7,115,050                       22.61860 (June 1)   3,021,295            2,969,640            51,655               31,443,321   10.6                  8,251,445                       35.61850 (June 1)   2,991,655            2,940,042            51,613               23,191,876   7.9                   6,122,423                       35.91840 (June 1)   1,792,552            1,749,462            43,090               17,069,453   9.8                   4,203,433                       32.71830 (June 1)   1,792,552            1,749,462            43,090               12,866,020   7.4                   3,227,567                       33.51820 (June 1)   1,792,552            1,749,462            43,090               9,638,453    5.5                   2,398,572                       33.11810 (Aug. 6)   1,722,685            1,681,828            40,857               7,239,881    4.3                   1,931,398                       36.41800 (Aug. 4)   891,364              864,746              26,618               5,308,483    6.1                   1,379,269                       35.11790 (Aug. 2)   891,364              864,746              26,618               3,929,214    4.5                   -                               -%@TE:   24  3742 04 16 21 21 21 13 22 32 32 @%

%@NL@%
NOTE: Percent changes are computed on basis of change in population since
preceding census date, and period covered therefore is not always exactly 10
years.%@NL@%
Population density figures given for various years represent the area within
the boundaries of the United States which was under the jurisdiction on date
in question, including in some cases considerable areas not organized or
settled and not covered by the census. In 1870, for example, Alaska was not
covered by the census.%@NL@%
Revised figure of 39,818,449 for the 1870 population includes adjustments
for undernumeration in the Southern states. On the basis of the revised
figure, the population increased by 8,375,128, or 26.6 percent between 1860
and 1870, and by 10,370,760, or 26.1 percent between 1870 and 1880.  %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Congressional Apportionment%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   53   937 02 08 06 06 @%        1980  1970%@AB@%────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Ala.    7     7Ariz.   5     4Alas.   1     1Ark.    4     4Cal.    45    43Col.    6     5Conn.   6     6Del.    1     1Fla.    19    15Ga.     10    10Ha.     2     2Ia.     6     6Ida.    2     2Ill.    22    24Ind.    10    11Kan.    5     5Ky.     7     7La.     8     8Mass.   11    12Md.     8     8Me.     2     2Mich.   18    19Minn.   8     8Miss.   5     5Mo.     9     10Mon.    2     2Neb.    3     3Nev.    2     1N.C.    11    11N.D.    1     1N.H.    2     2N.J.    14    15N.M.    3     2N.Y.    34    39Oh.     21    23Okla.   6     6Ore.    5     4Pa.     23    25R.I.    2     2S.C.    6     6 S.D.    1     2Tenn.   9     8 Tex.    27    24 Ut.     3     2Va.     10    10  Vt.     1     1 Wash.   8     7  W. Va.  4     4  Wis.    9     9  Wy.     1     1  Totals  435   435%@TE:   53   937 02 08 06 06 @%

%@NL@%
The primary reason  the Constitution provided for a census of the population
every 10 years was to give a basis for apportionment of representatives
among the states. This apportionment  largely determines the number of
electoral votes allotted to each state. %@NL@%
The number of representatives of each state in Congress is determined by the
state's population,  but each state is entitled to one representative
regardless of population. A Congressional apportionment has been made after
each decennial census except that of 1920. %@NL@%
Under provisions of a law that became effective Nov. 15, 1941, apportionment
of representatives is made by the method of equal proportions. In the
application of this method, the apportionment is made so that the average
population per representative has the least possible variation between one
state and any other. The first House of Representatives, in 1789, had 65
members, as provided by the Constitution. As the population grew, the number
of representatives was increased, but the total membership has been fixed at
435 since the apportionment based on the 1910 census.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%U.S. Population Abroad, by Selected Country: 1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                            U.S. Dept. of State%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%%@AS@%(In thousands. As of May 1. Data compiled as part of noncombatant personnel%@EH@%
%@AS@%evacuation requirements report)   %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   30  1824 02 20 09 23 15 @%Country             Total%@AH@%1%@AE@%   Resident U.S. citizen  U.S. tourists%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total%@AH@%2%@AE@%              4,006.7  2,174.6                1,041.4 Australia           92.7     68.7                   21.0 Belgium             19.8     13.9                   4.0 Brazil              52.7     40.4                   11.2 Canada              447.3    235.1                  209.9 Colombia            21.4     19.9                   1.2 Costa Rica          26.0     17.1                   7.4 Dominican Republic  77.5     63.2                   13.0France              132.2    43.5                   86.2 Greece              69.6     54.4                   9.8 Hong Kong           22.2     14.5                   6.6 Ireland             34.1     30.0                   4.0 Israel              121.8    60.9                   60.0 Italy               174.0    86.4                   58.2 Japan               121.0    41.7                   9.6 Mexico              601.8    396.0                  203.1 Netherlands         48.8     34.5                   4.3 Panama              40.3     11.3                   0.4 Philippines         273.4    156.3                  3.9 Portugal            25.0     15.7                   6.4 Saudi Arabia        25.9     21.6                   0.3 South Africa        26.5     9.4                    16.5 South Korea         68.4     10.0                   26.6 Spain               110.4    60.1                   30.3 Switzerland         32.3     24.1                   7.5 United Kingdom      284.8    158.8                  80.1 Venezuela           22.3     20.6                   1.3 West Germany        491.1    134.1                  21.2%@TE:   30  1824 02 20 09 23 15 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes Dept. of Defense noncombatant employees, other U.S. government
employees, and dependents of U.S. military and civilian employees, not shown
separately. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Includes other countries not shown separately.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%          %@AS@%Estimated Population of American Colonies: 1630-1780  %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%(thousands)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   20  2599 02 33 09 10 09 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 @%Colony                           1780     1770      1750     1740    1720    1700    1690    1670    1650    1630 %@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total                            2,780.4  2,148.1   1,170.8  905.6   466.2   250.9   210.4   111.9   50.4    4.6 Maine (counties)%@AH@%1%@AE@%                49.1     31.3      . . .    . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   1.0     0.4 New Hampshire%@AH@%2%@AE@%                   87.8     62.4      27.5     23.3    9.4     5.0     4.2     1.8     1.3     0.5 Vermont%@AH@%3%@AE@%                         47.6     10.0      . . .    . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .  Plymouth and Massachusetts%@AH@%1,2,4%@AE@%  268.6    235.3     188.0    151.6   91.0    55.9    56.9    35.3    15.6    0.9 Rhode Island%@AH@%2%@AE@%                    52.9     58.2      33.2     25.3    11.7    5.9     4.2     2.2     0.8     . . .  Connecticut%@AH@%2%@AE@%                     206.7    183.9     111.3    89.6    58.8    26.0    21.6    12.6    4.1     . . .  New York%@AH@%2%@AE@%                        210.5    162.9     76.7     63.7    36.9    19.1    13.9    5.8     4.1     0.4 New Jersey%@AH@%2%@AE@%                      139.6    117.4     71.4     51.4    29.8    14.0    8.0     1.0     . . .   . . .  Pennsylvania%@AH@%2%@AE@%                    327.3    240.1     119.7    85.6    31.0    18.0    11.4    . . .   . . .   . . .  Delaware%@AH@%2%@AE@%                        45.4     35.5      28.7     19.9    5.4     2.5     1.5     0.7     0.2     . . .  Maryland%@AH@%2%@AE@%                        245.5    202.6     141.1    116.1   66.1    29.6    24.0    13.2    4.5     . . .  Virginia%@AH@%2%@AE@%                        538.0    447.0     231.0    180.4   87.8    58.6    53.0    35.3    18.7    2.5 North Carolina%@AH@%2%@AE@%                  270.1    197.2     73.0     51.8    21.3    10.7    7.6     3.8     . . .   . . .  South Carolina%@AH@%2%@AE@%                  180.0    124.2     64.0     45.0    17.0    5.7     3.9     0.2     . . .   . . .  Georgia%@AH@%2%@AE@%                         56.1     23.4      5.2      2.0     . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .  Kentucky%@AH@%5%@AE@%                        45.0     15.7      . . .    . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .  Tennessee%@AH@%6%@AE@%                       10.0     1.0       . . .    . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . .   . . . %@TE:   20  2599 02 33 09 10 09 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% For 1660-1750, Maine counties included with Massachusetts. Maine was a
part of Massachusetts until it became a separate state in 1820. %@AH@%2%@AE@% One of the
original 13 states. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Admitted to statehood in 1791. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Plymouth became a
part of the Province of Massachusetts in 1691. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Admitted to statehood in
1792. %@AH@%6%@AE@% Admitted to statehood in 1796.   %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 1980-1988 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%              %@AS@%(MSAs over 297,000 listed by 1988 population) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  120 11206 03 57 17 13 29 @%                                                         Population       Population MSA                                                      1988 (estimate)  1980         Percent Change 1980 to 1988%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT CMSA  18,120,200       17,539,532   3.3 Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, CA CMSA                   13,769,700       11,497,549   19.8 Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN-WI CMSA                  8,180,900        7,937,290    3.1 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA                  6,041,800        5,367,900    12.6 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton, PA-NJ-DE-MD CMSA        5,963,300        5,680,509    5.0 Detroit-Ann Arbor, MI CMSA                               4,620,200        4,752,764    -2.8 Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH CMSA                        4,109,900        3,971,792    3.5 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX CMSA                               3,766,100        2,930,568    28.5 Washington, D.C.-MD-VA                                   3,734,200        3,250,921    14.9 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX CMSA                      3,641,500        3,099,942    17.5 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA                           8,000,500        2,643,766    13.5 Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, OH CMSA                          2,769,000        2,834,062    - 2.3 Atlanta, GA                                              2,736,600        2,138,136    28.0 St. Louis, MO-IL                                         2,466,700        2,376,968    3.8 Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA                                  2,420,800        2,093,285    15.6 Minneapolis-St. Paul,  MN-WI                             2,387,500        2,137,133    11.7 San Diego, CA                                            2,370,400        1,861,846    27.3 Baltimore, MD                                            2,342,500        2,199,497    6.5 Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA CMSA                        2,284,100        2,423,311    - 5.7 Phoenix, AZ                                              2,029,500        1,509,175    34.5 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL                      1,995,100        1,613,600    23.6 Denver-Boulder, CO CMSA                                  1,858,000        1,618,461    14.8 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN CMSA                       1,728,500        1,660,257    4.1 Kansas City, MO-KS                                       1,575,400        1,433,464    9.9 Milwaukee-Racine, WI CMSA                                1,571,700        1,570,152    0.1 Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA CMSA                           1,414,200        1,297,977    9.0 Sacramento, CA                                           1,385,200        1,099,814    25.9 Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA                  1,380,200        1,160,311    19.0 Columbus, OH                                             1,344,300        1,243,827    8.1 San Antonio, TX                                          1,323,200        1,072,125    23.4 New Orleans, LA                                          1,306,900        1,256,668    4.0 Indianapolis, IN                                         1,236,600        1,166,575    6.0 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY CMSA                           1,175,600        1,242,826    - 5.4 Providence-Pawtucket-Fall River, RI-MA CMSA              1,125,400        1,083,139    3.9 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC                      1,112,000        971,447      14.5 Hartford-New Britain-Middletown, CT CMSA                 1,067,800        1,013,508    5.3 Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT                                 1,085,000        910,222      17.0 Rochester, NY                                            980,100          971,230      0.9 Memphis, TN-AK-MS                                        979,300          913,472      7.2 Nashville, TN                                            971,800          850,505      14.3 Orlando, FL                                              971,200          699,904      38.8 Louisville, KY-IN                                        967,000          956,426      1.1 Oklahoma City, OK                                        963,800          860,969      11.9 Dayton-Springfield, OH                                   948,000          942,083      0.6 Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC                  924,700          851,444      8.6 Birmingham, AL                                           923,400          883,993      4.5 Jacksonville, FL                                         898,100          722,252      24.3 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY                              850,800          835,880      1.8 Richmond-Petersburg, VA                                  844,300          761,311      10.9 Honolulu, HA                                             838,500          762,565      10.0 West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach, FL              818,500          576,758      41.9 Austin, TX                                               748,500          536,688      39.5 Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, PA                                736,600          728,796      1.1 Tulsa, OK                                                727,600          657,173      10.7 Raleigh-Durham, NC                                       683,500          560,774      21.9 Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ                               677,100          635,481      6.6 Grand Rapids, MI                                         665,200          601,680      10.6 Syracuse, NY                                             650,300          642,971      1.1 Tucson, AZ                                               636,000          531,443      19.7 Las Vegas, NV                                            631,300          463,087      36.3 Omaha, NE-IA                                             621,600          585,122      6.2 Greenville-Spartanburg, SC                               621,400          570,210      9.0 Toledo, OH                                               616,500          616,864      -0.1 Fresno, CA                                               614,800          514,621      19.5 Knoxville, TN                                            599,600          565,970      5.9 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA                          591,100          556,242      6.3 El Paso, TX                                              585,900          479,899      22.1 Baton Rouge, LA                                          536,500          494,151      8.6 New Haven-Meriden, CT                                    523,700          500,462      4.7 Springfield, MA                                          522,500          515,259      1.4 Bakersfield, CA                                          520,000          403,089      29.0 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AK                        513,100          474,463      8.1 Charleston, SC                                           510,800          430,346      18.7 Youngstown-Warren, OH                                    501,700          531,350      -5.6 Albuquerque, NM                                          493,100          420,261      17.3 Mobile, AL                                               485,800          443,536      9.5 Wichita, KS                                              483,100          442,401      9.2 Columbia, SC                                             456,500          409,953      11.3 Stockton, CA                                             455,700          347,342      31.2 Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA                    442,300          433,638      2.0 Chattanooga, TN-GA                                       438,100          426,443      2.7 Flint, MI                                                430,700          450,449      -4.4 Lansing-East Lansing, MI                                 428,400          419,750      2.1 Worcester, MA                                            415,700          402,918      3.2 Lancaster, PA                                            414,100          362,346      14.3 York, PA                                                 410,400          381,255      7.6 Saginaw-Bay City-Midland, MI                             406,200          421,518      -3.6 Canton, OH                                               401,400          404,421      -0.8 Augusta, GA-SC                                           396,400          345,923      14.6 Jackson, MS                                              396,200          362,038      9.4 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL                                395,800          321,652      23.0 Colorado Springs, CO                                     393,900          309,424      27.3 Des Moines, IA                                           391,800          367,561      6.6 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL                        388,300          272,959      42.3 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX                             387,900          283,323      36.9 Fort Wayne, IN                                           367,400          354,156      3.7 Davenport-Rock Island-Moline, IA-IL                      364,200          384,749      - 5.3 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX                                 363,900          373,211      -2.5 Shreveport, LA                                           359,100          333,158      7.8 Corpus Christi, TX                                       358,000          326,228      9.7 Spokane, WA                                              356,400          341,835      4.3 Madison, WI                                              352,800          323,545      9.1 Pensacola, FL                                            349,900          289,782      20.8 Salinas-Seaside-Monterey, CA                             348,800          290,444      20.1 Daytona Beach, FL                                        348,400          258,762      34.6 Lexington-Fayette, KY                                    347,900          317,548      9.6 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc, CA                     343,100          298,694      14.9 Modesto, CA                                              341,000          265,900      28.3 Peoria, IL                                               340,400          365,864      -7.0 Reading, PA                                              329,100          312,509      5.3 Huntington-Ashland, W.VA-KY-OH                           322,300          336,410      - 4.2 Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI                              312,900          291,369      7.4 Utica-Rome, NY                                           312,600          320,180      -2.4 Atlantic City, NJ                                        309,200          276,385      11.9 Fort Myers-Cape Coral, FL                                309,100          205,286      50.6 Montgomery, AL                                           300,800          272,687      10.3 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA                           297,900          245,738      21.2%@TE:  120 11206 03 57 17 13 29 @%

%@NL@%
By current standards, an area qualifies for recognition as a Metropolitan
Statistical Area (MSA) in one of two ways: if there is a city of at least
50,000 population; or a Census Bureau-defined urbanized area of at least
50,000 with a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in
New England). In addition to the county containing the main city, an MSA
also includes other counties having strong economic and social ties to the
central county. If an area has more than one million population and meets
certain other specified requirements, it is termed a Consolidated
Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA). MSAs are defined by the Office of
Management and Budget as of June 30, 1988.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Population of U.S. Cities %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                         U.S. Bureau of the Census%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%       %@AS@%(100 most populated cities ranked by July 1, 1988 estimates) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  102 11177 02 06 27 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 @%Rank  City                       1988        1980        1970       1960       1950       1900       1850 %@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1     New York, N.Y.             7,352,700   7,071,639   7,895,563  7,781,984  7,891,957  3,437,202  696,115 2     Los Angeles, Cal.          3,352,710   2,966,850   2,811,801  2,479,015  1,970,358  102,479    1,610 3     Chicago, Ill.              2,977,520   3,005,072   3,369,357  3,550,404  3,620,962  1,698,575  29,963 4     Houston, Tex               1,698,090   1,595,138   1,233,535  938,219    596,163    44,633     2,396 5     Philadelphia, Pa.          1,647,000   1,688,210   1,949,996  2,002,512  2,071,605  1,293,697  121,376 6     San Diego, Cal.            1,070,310   875,538     697,471    573,224    334,387    17,700     . . .  7     Detroit, Mich.             1,035,920   1,203,339   1,514,063  1,670,144  1,849,568  285,704    21,019 8     Dallas, Tex.               987,360     904,078     844,401    679,684    434,462    42,638     . . .  9     San Antonio, Tex.          941,150     785,880     654,153    587,718    408,442    53,321     3,488 10    Phoenix, Ariz.             923,750     789,704     584,303    439,170    106,818    5,544      . . .  11    Baltimore, Md.             751,400     786,775     905,787    939,024    949,708    508,957    169,054 12    San Jose, Cal.             738,420     629,442     459,913    204,196    95,280     21,500     . . .  13    San Francisco, Cal.        731,600     678,974     715,674    740,316    775,357    342,782    34,776 14    Indianapolis, Ind.         727,130     700,807     736,856    476,258    427,173    169,164    8,091 15    Memphis, Tenn.             645,190     646,356     623,988    497,524    396,000    102,320    8,841 16    Jacksonville, Fla.         635,430     540,920     504,265    201,030    204,517    28,429     1,045 17    Washington, D.C.           617,000     638,333     756,668    763,956    802,178    278,718    40,001 18    Milwaukee, Wis.            599,380     636,212     717,372    741,324    637,392    285,315    20,061 19    Boston, Mass.              577,830     562,994     641,071    697,197    801,444    560,892    136,881 20    Columbus, Oh.              569,570     564,871     540,025    471,316    375,901    125,560    17,882 21    New Orleans, La.           531,700     557,515     593,471    627,525    570,445    287,104    116,375 22    Cleveland, Oh.             521,370     573,822     750,879    876,050    914,808    381,768    17,034 23    El Paso, Tex.              510,970     425,259     322,261    276,687    130,485    15,906     . . .  24    Seattle, Wash.             502,200     493,846     530,831    557,087    467,591    80,671     . . .  25    Denver, Col.               492,200     492,365     514,678    493,887    415,786    133,859    . . .  26    Nashville-Davidson, Tenn.  481,400     455,651     426,029    170,874    174,307    80,865     10,165 27    Austin, Tex.               464,690     345,496     253,539    186,545    132,459    22,258     629 28    Kansas City, Mo.           438,950     448,159     507,330    475,539    456,622    163,752    . . .  29    Oklahoma City, Okla.       434,380     403,213     368,164    324,253    243,504    10,037     . . .  30    Fort Worth, Tex.           426,610     385,164     393,455    356,268    278,778    26,688     . . .  31    Atlanta, Ga.               420,220     425,022     495,039    487,455    331,314    89,872     2,572 32    Portland, Ore.             418,470     366,383     379,967    372,676    373,628    90,426     . . .  33    Long Beach, Cal.           415,040     361,334     358,879    344,168    250,767    2,252      . . .  34    St. Louis, Mo.             403,700     453,085     622,236    750,026    856,796    575,238    77,860 35    Tucson, Ariz.              385,720     330,537     262,933    212,892    45,454     7,531      . . .  36    Albuquerque, N.M.          378,480     331,767     244,501    201,189    96,815     6,238      . . .  37    Honolulu, Ha.%@AH@%1%@AE@%             376,110     762,874     630,528    294,194    248,034    39,306     . . .  38    Pittsburgh, Pa.            375,230     423,938     520,089    604,332    676,806    321,616    46,601 39    Miami, Fla.                371,100     346,865     334,859    291,688    249,276    1,681      . . .  40    Cincinnati, Oh.            370,480     385,457     453,514    502,550    503,998    325,902    115,435 41    Tulsa, Okla.               368,330     360,919     330,350    261,685    182,740    1,390      . . .  42    Charlotte, N.C.            367,860     314,447     241,420    201,564    134,042    18,091     1,065 43    Virginia Beach, Va.        365,300     262,199     172,106    8,091      5,390      . . .      . . .  44    Oakland, Cal.              356,860     339,337     361,561    367,548    384,575    66,960     . . .  45    Omaha, Neb.                353,170     314,255     346,929    301,598    251,117    102,555    . . .  46    Minneapolis, Minn.         344,670     370,951     434,400    482,872    521,718    202,718    . . .  47    Toledo, Oh.                340,760     354,635     383,062    318,003    303,616    131,822    3,829 48    Sacramento, Cal.           338,220     275,741     257,105    191,667    137,572    29,282     6,820 49    Newark, N.J.               313,800     329,248     381,930    405,220    438,776    246,070    38,894 50    Buffalo, N.Y.              313,570     357,870     462,768    532,759    580,132    352,387    42,261 51    Fresno, Cal.               307,090     218,202     165,655    133,929    91,669     12,470     . . .  52    Wichita, Kan.              295,320     279,272     276,554    254,698    168,279    24,671     . . .  53    Norfolk, Va.               286,500     266,979     307,951    304,869    213,513    46,624     14,326 54    Colorado Springs, Col.     283,110     215,150     135,517    70,194     45,472     21,085     . . .  55    Louisville, Ky.            281,880     298,451     361,706    390,639    369,129    204,731    43,194 56    Tampa, Fla.                281,790     271,523     277,714    274,970    124,681    15,839     . . .  57    Mesa, Ariz.                280,360     152,453     63,049     33,772     16,790     722        . . .  58    Birmingham, Ala.           277,280     284,413     300,910    340,887    326,037    38,415     . . .  59    Corpus Christi, Tex.       260,930     231,999     204,525    167,690    108,287    4,703      . . .  60    St. Paul, Minn.            259,110     270,230     309,866    313,411    311,349    163,065    1,112 61    Arlington, Tex.            257,460     160,113     90,229     44,775     7,692      1,079      . . .  62    Anaheim, Cal.              244,670     219,311     166,408    104,184    14,556     1,456      . . .  63    Santa Ana, Cal.            239,540     203,713     155,710    100,350    45,533     4,933      . . .  64    St. Petersburg, Fla.       235,450     238,647     216,159    181,298    96,738     1,575      . . .  65    Baton Rouge, La.%@AH@%2%@AE@%          235,270     346,029     165,921    152,419    125,629    11,269     3,905 66    Rochester, N.Y.            229,780     241,741     295,011    318,611    332,488    162,608    36,403 67    Lexington-Fayette, Ky.     225,700     204,165     108,137    62,810     55,534     26,369     8,159 68    Akron, Oh.                 221,510     237,177     275,425    290,351    274,605    42,728     3,266 69    Aurora, Col.               218,720     158,588     74,974     48,548     11,421     202        . . .  70    Anchorage, Alas.           218,500     174,431     48,081     44,237     11,254     . . .      . . .  71    Shreveport, La.            218,010     205,820     182,064    164,372    127,206    16,013     1,728 72    Jersey City, N.J.          217,630     223,532     260,350    276,101    299,017    206,433    6,856 73    Richmond, Va.              213,300     219,214     249,332    219,958    230,310    85,050     27,570 74    Riverside, Cal.            210,630     170,876     140,089    84,332     46,764     7,973      . . .  75    Las Vegas, Nev.            210,620     164,674     125,787    64,405     24,624     . . .      . . .  76    Mobile, Ala.               208,820     200,452     190,026    194,856    129,009    38,469     20,515 77    Jackson, Miss.             201,250     202,895     153,968    144,422    98,271     7,816      1,881 78    Montgomery, Ala.           193,510     177,857     133,386    134,393    106,525    30,346     8,728 79    Des Moines, Ia.            192,910     191,003     201,404    208,982    177,965    62,139     . . .  80    Stockton, Cal.             190,680     149,779     109,963    86,321     70,853     17,50681    Lubbock, Tex.              188,090     173,979     149,101    126,691    71,747     . . .      . . .  82    Lincoln, Neb.              187,890     171,932     149,518    128,521    98,884     40,169     . . .  83    Huntington Beach, Cal.     186,880     170,505     115,960    11,492     5,237      . . .      . . .  84    Raleigh, N.C.              186,720     150,255     122,830    93,931     65,679     13,643     4,518 85    Grand Rapids, Mich.        185,370     181,843     197,649    177,313    176,515    87,565     2,686 86    Yonkers, N.Y.              183,000     195,351     204,297    190,634    152,798    47,931     . . .  87    Greensboro, N.C.           181,970     170,279     144,076    119,574    74,389     10,035     . . .  88    Garland, Tex.              180,450     138,857     81,437     38,501     10,571     819        . . .  89    Little Rock, Ark.          180,090     158,461     132,483    107,813    102,213    38,307     2,167 90    Fort Wayne, Ind.           179,810     172,196     178,269    161,776    133,607    45,115     4,282 91    Madison, Wis.              178,180     170,616     171,809    126,706    96,056     19,164     1,525 92    Dayton, Oh.                178,000     203,371     243,023    262,332    243,872    85,333     10,977 93    Columbus, Ga.              177,680     169,441     155,028    116,779    79,611     17,614     9,621 94    Knoxville, Tenn.           172,080     175,030     174,587    111,827    124,769    32,637     2,076 95    Spokane, Wash.             170,900     171,300     170,516    181,608    161,721    36,848     . . .  96    Fremont, Cal.              166,590     131,945     100,869    43,790     . . .      . . .      . . .  97    Amarillo, Tex.             166,010     149,230     127,010    137,969    74,246     1,442      . . .  98    Tacoma, Wash.              163,960     158,501     154,407    147,979    143,673    37,714     . . .  99    Chattanooga, Tenn.         162,670     169,565     119,923    130,009    131,041    30,154     . . .  100   Hialeah, Fla.              162,080     145,254     102,452    66,972     19,676     . . .      . . .  %@TE:  102 11177 02 06 27 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%               %@AS@%City Population by Race and Hispanic Origin %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        U.S. Bureau of the Census %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   58  7701 02 24 11 11 11 27 26 14 18 @%                        Total      White      Black      Am. Indian Eskimos Aleut.  Asian & Pacific Islander  Race N.E.C.%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Hispanic Origin%@AH@%2%@AE@%%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Albuquerque, NM         331,767    275,758    7,691      7,163                      3,755                     37,400        112,030Atlanta, GA             425,022    138,235    283,158    610                        2,001                     1,018         5,750Austin, TX              345,544    263,618    42,108     1,516                      4,127                     34,175        64,945Baltimore, MD           786,775    346,692    430,934    2,170                      4,898                     2,081         7,804Birmingham, AL          284,413    124,767    158,200    220                        933                       293           2,054Boston, MA              562,994    396,635    126,438    1,455                      16,298                    22,168        36,430Buffalo, NY             357,870    253,507    95,622     2,084                      1,335                     5,322         8,926Charlotte, NC           314,447    212,293    97,896     1,162                      2,393                     703           3,091Chicago, IL             3,005,078  1,512,411  1,197,174  6,804                      73,745                    214,944       423,357Cincinnati, OH          385,457    251,332    130,490    567                        2,332                     736           3,263Cleveland, OH           573,822    309,299    251,084    1,282                      3,372                     8,785         17,896Columbus, OH            564,866    431,966    124,689    1,024                      5,410                     1,777         5,300Dallas, TX              904,074    558,443    265,105    3,878                      9,163                     67,485        110,511Denver, CO              492,365    375,628    59,095     4,318                      8,934                     44,390        92,257Detroit, MI             1,203,339  420,529    758,468    3,846                      7,614                     12,882        28,466El Paso, TX             425,259    306,510    13,641     1,563                      3,995                     99,550        265,997Fort Worth, TX          385,166    266,638    87,635     1,841                      2,954                     26,098        48,568Honolulu, HI (County)   762,565    262,604    17,203     2,445                      463,117                   17,196        54,619Houston, TX             1,595,167  981,563    439,604    3,945                      35,448                    134,607       280,691Indianapolis, IN        700,719    540,496    152,590    1,356                      4,539                     1,738         6,430Jacksonville, FL        540,920    394,661    137,150    1,950                      5,485                     1,674         9,879Kansas City, MO         448,154    313,835    122,336    2,115                      3,591                     6,277         14,643Long Beach, CA          361,334    272,272    40,463     3,531                      22,025                    23,043        50,450Los Angeles, CA         2,966,850  1,842,050  504,301    19,296                     206,536                   394,667       815,305Louisville, KY          298,455    212,052    84,254     408                        1,327                     414           2,049Memphis, TN             646,356    334,363    307,573    680                        2,864                     876           5,730Miami, FL               346,865    225,200    87,018     334                        2,050                     32,263        194,185Milwaukee, WI           636,212    468,064    147,055    5,348                      4,451                     11,294        26,487Minneapolis, MN         370,951    325,415    28,469     9,198                      5,358                     2,511         4,762Nashville-Davidson, TN  455,663    345,766    105,869    743                        2,418                     867           3,257New Orleans, LA         557,515    238,192    308,039    623                        7,458                     3,203         19,215New York, NY            7,071,639  4,348,605  1,788,377  13,400                     245,759                   675,498       1,406,389Newark, NJ              329,248    107,465    191,968    923                        2,421                     26,471        61,322Norfolk, VA             266,979    163,052    93,977     822                        7,075                     2,053         5,792Oakland, CA             339,337    131,127    159,351    2,754                      28,053                    18,052        32,133Oklahoma City, OK       403,243    323,665    58,550     11,199                     4,610                     5,219         11,767Omaha, NE               314,267    268,995    37,889     1,839                      2,381                     3,163         7,354Philadelphia, PA        1,688,210  988,337    638,788    2,799                      19,950                    38,336        64,323Phoenix, AZ             789,704    673,488    37,747     11,645                     8,429                     58,395        116,875Pittsburgh, PA          423,938    318,287    101,549    584                        2,818                     700           3,370Portland, OR            366,423    319,220    28,034     3,374                      12,980                    2,815         7,541Sacramento, CA          275,741    187,992    36,842     3,506                      24,558                    22,843        38,905St. Louis, MO           453,085    242,988    206,170    679                        2,214                     1,034         5,380St. Paul, MN            270,230    245,795    13,018     2,558                      5,345                     3,514         7,553San Antonio, TX         785,809    621,679    57,566     2,375                      5,821                     98,368        421,808San Diego, CA           875,538    674,268    77,508     5,833                      61,655                    56,274        129,953San Francisco, CA       678,974    402,131    86,190     3,566                      149,269                   37,818        84,194San Jose, CA            629,442    470,458    28,792     5,801                      53,205                    71,186        140,318Seattle, WA             493,846    396,275    46,565     6,821                      38,936                    5,249         12,744Tampa, FL               271,523    202,507    63,578     607                        1,894                     2,937         35,781Toledo, OH              354,635    284,104    61,855     989                        2,005                     5,682         10,984Tucson, AZ              330,537    274,750    11,587     4,578                      3,427                     36,195        82,106Tulsa, OK               360,919    298,926    42,845     13,816                     2,962                     2,370         6,291Virginia Beach, VA      262,199    227,454    26,266     630                        6,489                     1,360         5,269Washington, DC          638,333    174,705    448,370    1,014                      6,883                     7,361         17,777Wichita, KS             279,272    236,549    30,263     2,942                      4,525                     4,993         9,455%@TE:   58  7701 02 24 11 11 11 27 26 14 18 @%

%@NL@%
This table presents a summary of the final 1980 census population estimates
(data are based on sample tabulations) for cities over 250,000, classified
by race and Hispanic origin. %@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Not elsewhere classified. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                        %@AS@%Population by State: 1989 %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                U.S. Bureau of the Census (1989 estimates)%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%(in thousands)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   54  2545 02 12 12 17 24 @%1989 rank   State       1989 Population  Percent change 1980-89%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1           Cal.        29,063           22.82           N.Y.        17,950           2.23           Tex.        16,991           19.44           Fla.        12,671           30.05           Pa.         12,040           1.56           Ill.        11,658           2.07           Oh.         10,907           1.08           Mich.       9,273            0.19           N.J.        7,736            5.010          N.C.        6,571            11.711          Ga.         6,436            17.812          Va.         6,098            14.013          Mass.       5,913            3.114          Ind.        5,593            1.915          Mo.         5,159            4.916          Tenn.       4,940            7.617          Wis.        4,867            3.418          Wash.       4,761            15.219          Md.         4,694            11.320          La.         4,382            4.221          Minn.       4,353            6.822          Ala.        4,118            5.823          Ky.         3,727            1.824          Ariz.       3,556            30.825          S.C.        3,512            12.526          Colo.       3,317            14.827          Conn.       3,239            4.228          Okla.       3,224            6.629          Ia.         2,840            -2.530          Ore.        2,820            7.131          Miss.       2,621            4.032          Kan.        2,513            6.333          Ark.        2,406            5.234          W.Va.       1,857            -4.835          Utah        1,707            16.836          Neb.        1,611            2.637          N.M.        1,528            17.338          Me.         1,222            8.739          Ha.         1,112            15.340          Nev.        1,111            38.841          N.H.        1,107            20.342          Id.         1,014            7.443          R.I.        998              5.444          Mont.       806              2.445          S.D.        715              3.546          Del.        673              13.247          N.D.        660              1.148          D. of C.    604              -5.449          Vt.         567              10.950          Alas.       527              31.151          Wyo.        475              1.1U.S. Total  U.S. Total  248,239          9.6%@TE:   54  2545 02 12 12 17 24 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%%@AS@%Foreign-Born Population in Twelve Metropolitan Areas of the United States:%@EH@%
%@AS@%1980 %@AE@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                        U.S. Bureau of the Census %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  7414 02 36 15 09 13 14 09 09 09 11 09 13 15 15 @%Country of origin                   New York City  Chicago  Los Angeles  Philadelphia  Houston  Detroit  Dallas   San Diego  Phoenix  San Antonio  San Francisco  Washington DC%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Number of foreign-born persons      1,946,800      744,930  1,664,793    242,658       220,861  282,766  124,697  235,593    82,536   76,944       509,352        249,994Percent of population foreign-born  21.3           10.5     22.3         5.1           7.6      6.5      4.2      12.7       5.5      7.2          15.7           8.2Europe                              37.7           40.9     13.0         54.8          11.7     47.9     16.4     18.5       30.6     13.8         23.8           26.9 Austria                             1.6            1.2      0.4          1.6           0.3      1.2      0.4      0.4        0.9      0.3          0.6            0.8Czechoslovakia                      1.0            1.4      0.3          0.8           0.3      0.9      0.4      0.3        0.7      0.3          0.4            0.6 France                              0.8            0.5      0.5          0.9           0.7      0.7      0.9      0.7        1.4      0.8          1.1            1.8 Germany                             4.3            6.0      2.1          9.4           2.6      6.3      5.0      3.7        7.2      5.8          4.2            6.2 Greece                              2.4            3.2      0.4          2.5           0.7      2.1      0.5      0.5        0.8      0.2          0.8            1.9 Hungary                             1.3            0.9      0.7          1.6           0.3      1.6      0.4      0.4        1.2      0.2          0.5            0.7 Ireland                             2.7            2.0      0.3          3.8           0.2      1.0      0.4      0.5        0.9      0.5          1.2            0.7 Italy                               10.5           6.0      1.3          14.9          0.7      8.0      0.7      2.0        3.4      0.6          3.3            2.4 Netherlands                         0.2            0.5      0.5          0.5           0.5      0.6      0.5      0.7        0.9      0.2          0.8            0.6 Poland                              4.6            8.4      1.0          4.7           0.5      7.6      0.6      0.7        1.8      0.5          0.6            1.1 Portugal                            0.5            0.1      0.2          0.9           0.1      %@AH@%*%@AE@%        %@AH@%*%@AE@%        0.8        0.1      0.1          1.4            0.6 Sweden                              0.2            0.9      0.2          0.3           0.1      0.3      0.2      0.5        0.5      0.1          0.6            0.3 United Kingdom                      2.5            2.5      2.8          7.8           3.2      8.1      4.6      4.7        6.4      3.0          4.1            5.2 England                             1.6            1.6      1.9          4.6           2.2      4.4      3.4      3.2        4.3      2.3          2.8            3.6 Northern Ireland                    0.1            0.1      0.1          0.5           %@AH@%*%@AE@%        0.2      0.1      0.1        0.1      0.1          0.1            0.1 Scotland                            0.6            0.6      0.5          2.1           0.4      3.0      0.6      1.0        1.4      0.3          0.7            0.7 Wales                               %@AH@%*%@AE@%              %@AH@%*%@AE@%        %@AH@%*%@AE@%            0.2           0.1      0.2      0.1      0.1        0.1      %@AH@%*%@AE@%            0.1            0.1 Yugoslavia                          1.3            3.0      0.6          1.0           0.2      3.7      0.2      0.5        1.1      0.1          0.5            0.3U.S.S.R.                            4.9            3.3      2.1          8.9           0.7      3.5      0.9      0.9        2.1      0.5          1.9            1.8 Asia                                13.1           17.2     20.4         16.7          21.7     18.3     21.2     27.4       12.7     9.7          42.3           32.0 China                               3.3            1.2      2.0          1.4           2.1      0.9      1.5      1.0        1.6      0.5          11.0           2.8 India                               1.4            2.9      0.6          2.8           3.5      2.2      2.4      0.4        0.8      0.6          1.3            3.6 Japan                               0.9            0.8      2.0          0.9           1.1      0.6      1.5      2.8        1.5      1.7          2.7            1.6 Korea                               1.2            2.3      3.0          3.4           1.4      1.1      2.0      0.9        1.6      1.1          1.8            5.9 Philippines                         1.3            4.3      4.4          2.1           1.9      2.0      1.8      13.0       1.3      1.7          13.2           3.6 Vietnam                             0.2            0.6      1.7          1.4           5.3      0.4      3.8      3.3        1.6      1.5          2.2            3.6 %@AB@%%@AE@%North and Central America           27.4           28.7     54.8         9.5           51.0     23.1     48.5     44.9       44.6     69.4         21.9           17.4 Canada                              1.2            2.2      3.4          3.2           2.3      19.9     3.8      5.9        10.8     1.6          4.1            3.3 Mexico                              0.4            21.6     41.9         0.6           42.4     1.7      40.0     36.9       31.9     64.9         11.0           0.9 West Indies                         22.6           3.2      2.7          4.8           3.8      1.2      2.8      0.9        0.8      1.3          1.0            8.4 Cuba                                2.8            1.9      2.1          1.2           2.0      0.3      2.0      0.3        0.3      0.7          0.6            2.0 Dominican Republic                  6.6            0.1      %@AH@%*%@AE@%            0.3           0.1      0.1      0.1      0.1        0.1      0.1          %@AH@%*%@AE@%              0.5 Jamaica                             5.1            0.6      0.2          1.7           0.5      0.4      0.2      0.2        0.1      0.2          0.2            2.8 South America                       8.8            2.5      3.5          2.5           3.9      1.0      2.4      1.7        1.9      1.0          2.5            9.6 %@AB@%%@AE@%North Africa                        0.6            0.3      0.6          0.5           0.5      0.4      0.6      0.3        0.3      0.3          0.5            1.3 Other Africa                        0.7            0.8      0.5          1.1           1.7      0.5      1.5      0.5        0.6      0.3          0.6            3.8All other countries                 0.2            0.2      0.5          0.3           0.3      0.2      0.5      1.0        0.6      0.3          1.6            0.8 Country not reported                6.5            6.2      4.7          5.6           8.5      5.0      7.9      4.8        6.6      4.8          4.9            6.4%@TE:   43  7414 02 36 15 09 13 14 09 09 09 11 09 13 15 15 @%

%@NL@%
Note: %@AH@%*%@AE@%indicates amount less or rounds than 0.1 percent. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%            %@AS@%Immigration by Country of Last Residence 1820-1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%(thousands)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   62  9526 03 27 17 17 17 07 07 07 07 08 09 11 11 11 @%                                                                                                                           Percent    Percent    PercentCountry                    Total 1820-1989  Total 1961-1970  Total 1971-1980  1984   1985   1986   1987   1988%@AH@%11%@AE@%  1989%@AH@%12%@AE@%   1820-1989  1961-1970  1971-1980%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%All countries%@AH@%*%@AE@%             55,458           3,321.7          4,493.3          543.9  570.0  601.7  601.5  643.0   1,090.9  100.0      100.0      100.0Europe                     36,977           1,123.5          800.4            69.9   69.5   69.2   68.0   71.8    94.3     66.7       33.8       17.8Austria%@AH@%1%@AE@%                   -                20.6             9.5              2.4    1.9    2.0    2.4    2.5     2.8      4,338      .6         0.2Hungary                    -                5.4              6.6              0.5    0.6    0.6    -      0.7     0.7      2.8        .2         0.1 Belgium                    210              9.2              5.3              0.8    0.8    0.8    0.9    0.7     0.7      0.4        .3         0.1 Czechoslovakia             145              3.3              6.0              0.7    0.7    0.6    0.7    0.7     0.5      0.3        .1         0.1 Denmark                    370              9.2              4.4              0.5    0.5    0.5    0.5    0.6     0.6      0.7        .3         0.1 Finland                    37               4.2              2.9              0.2    0.2    0.3    0.3    0.3     0.3      0.1        .1         0.1 France                     783              45.2             25.1             3.3    3.5    3.9    3.8    3.6     4.1      1.4        1.4        0.6 Germany%@AH@%1%@AE@%                   7,071            190.8            74.4             9.4    10.2   9.9    9.9    9.7     10.4     12.8       5.7        1.7 Great Britain%@AH@%2%@AE@%             5,100            214.5            137.4            16.5   15.6   16.0   15.9   14.7    17.0     9.2        6.5        3.1 Greece                     700              86.0             92.4             3.3    3.5    3.5    4.1    4.7     4.6      1.3        2.6        2.1 Ireland                    4,715            33.0             11.5             1.1    1.3    1.8    3.0    5.1     7.0      8.5        1.0        0.3 Italy                      5,357            214.1            129.4            6.3    6.4    5.7    4.7    5.3     11.1     9.7        6.4        2.9 Netherlands                373              30.6             10.5             1.3    1.2    1.3    1.3    1.2     1.2      0.7        .9         0.2 Norway%@AH@%10%@AE@%                   753              15.5             3.9              0.4    0.4    0.4    0.4    0.4     0.6      1.4        .5         0.1 Poland%@AH@%1%@AE@%                    588              53.5             37.2             7.2    7.4    6.5    5.8    7.3     13.3     1.1        1.6        0.8 Portugal                   497              76.1             101.7            3.8    3.8    3.8    4.0    3.3     3.9      0.9        2.3        2.3 Spain                      282              44.7             39.1             2.2    2.3    2.2    2.1    2.0     2.2      0.5        1.3        0.9 Sweden%@AH@%10%@AE@%                   1,245            17.1             6.5              1.1    1.2    1.2    1.2    1.2     1.2      2.2        .5         0.1 Switzerland                358              18.5             8.2              0.8    1.0    0.9    0.1    0.9     1.1      0.6        .6         0.2 USSR%@AH@%1,3%@AE@%                    3,429            2.5              39.0             3.3    1.5    1.0    1.1    1.4     4.6      6.2        .1         0.9 Yugoslavia                 133              20.4             30.5             1.4    1.5    1.9    1.8    2.0     2.5      0.2        .6         0.7 Other Europe               290              9.1              18.9             3.4    4.0    4.4    4.0    3.4     4.0      0.5        .2         0.2 Asia                       5,697            427.6            1,588.2          247.8  255.2  258.5  248.3  254.7   296.4    10.3       12.9       35.2 China%@AH@%5%@AE@%                     874              34.8             124.3            29.1   33.1   16.5   18.6   34.3    39.3     1.6        1.0        2.8 Hong Kong                  288              75.0             113.5            12.3   10.8   9.9    8.8    11.8    15.2     0.5        2.3        2.5 India                      427              27.2             164.1            23.6   24.5   24.8   26.4   25.3    28.6     0.8        .8         3.7 Iran                       162              10.3             45.1             11.1   12.3   12.0   10.3   9.8     13.0     0.3        .3         1.0 Israel                     132              29.6             37.7             4.1    4.3    5.1    4.8    4.4     5.5      0.2        .9         0.8 Japan                      456              40.0             49.8             4.5    4.6    4.4    4.7    5.1     5.4      0.8        1.2        1.1 Jordan                     70               11.7             27.5             2.2    2.7    2.8    2.8    3.1     3.8      0.1        .4         0.6 Korea                      611              34.5             267.6            32.5   34.8   35.2   35.4   34.2    33.0     1.1        1.0        6.0 Lebanon                    91               15.2             41.3             3.0    2.5    3.0    3.0    3.5     3.8      0.2        .5         0.9 Philippines                955              98.4             355.0            47.0   53.1   61.5   58.3   61.0    66.1     1.7        3.0        7.9 Turkey                     409              10.1             13.4             1.7    1.7    2.0    2.1    2.2     2.5      0.7        .3         0.3 Vietnam                    444              4.3              172.8            25.8   20.4   15.0   13.1   12.8    13.3     0.8        1.1        3.8 Other Asia                 779              36.5             176.1            50.9   50.4   66.3   60.0   47.1    66.7     1.4        1.1        3.8 America                    12,017           1,716.4          1,982.5          208.1  225.5  254.1  265.0  294.9   672.6    21.7       51.7       44.3 Argentina                  125              49.7             29.9             2.3    1.9    2.3    2.2    2.6     3.8      0.2        1.5        0.7 Brazil                     93               29.3             17.8             2.2    2.6    2.7    2.7    3.0     3.7      0.2        .9         0.4 Canada                     4,271            413.3            169.9            15.7   16.4   16.1   16.7   15.8    18.3     7.7        12.4       3.8 Colombia                   272              72.0             77.3             10.9   11.8   11.2   11.5   10.2    14.9     0.5        2.2        1.7 Cuba                       739              208.5            264.9            5.7    17.1   30.8   27.4   16.6    9.5      1.3        6.3        5.9 Dominican Rep.             468              93.3             148.1            23.2   23.9   26.2   24.9   27.2    26.7     0.8        2.8        3.3 Ecuador                    143              36.8             50.1             4.2    4.6    4.5    4.7    4.7     7.6      0.3        1.1        1.1 El Salvador                216              15.0             34.4             8.8    10.1   10.9   10.6   12.0    57.6     0.4        .5         0.8 Guatemala                  104              15.9             25.9             4.0    4.4    5.3    5.8    5.8     19.2     0.2        .5         0.6 Haiti                      215              34.5             56.3             9.6    9.9    12.4   14.6   34.8    13.3     0.4        1.0        1.3 Honduras                   79               15.7             17.4             3.4    3.7    4.6    4.8    4.3     7.6      0.1        .5         0.4 Mexico                     3,208            453.9            640.3            57.8   61.3   66.8   72.5   95.2    405.6    5.8        13.7       14.3 Panama                     90               19.4             23.5             3.2    3.2    3.1    2.8    3.0     3.9      0.2        .6         0.5 Peru                       106              19.1             29.2             4.3    4.1    4.8    5.8    5.8     10.0     0.2        .6         0.6 West Indies                1,168            133.9            271.8            29.9   28.5   29.2   33.7   32.3    38.0     2.1        4.0        6.1 Other America              740              106.1            125.7            22.9   22.0   23.2   24.2   21.5    32.7     1.3        3.1        2.8 Africa                     301              29.0             80.8             13.6   15.2   15.5   15.7   17.1    22.5     0.5        .9         1.8Australia and New Zealand  144              19.6             23.8             2.3    2.5    2.4    2.3    2.5     2.9      0.3        .6         0.5 Other Oceania              54               5.6              17.6             1.9    2.1    1.9    2.1    1.8     2.0      0.1        .1         0.4 Unknown or Not Reported    267              -                -                -      -      -      -      -       -        0.5        -          -%@TE:   62  9526 03 27 17 17 17 07 07 07 07 08 09 11 11 11 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%*%@AE@%Figures may not add to total due to rounding. %@AH@%1%@AE@% 1938-1945, Austria included
with Germany; 1899-1919, Poland included with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and
USSR. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Beginning 1952, includes data for United Kingdom not specified,
formerly included with "Other Europe". %@AH@%3%@AE@% Europe and Asia. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Beginning 1957,
includes Taiwan. %@AH@%5%@AE@% Prior to 1951, included with "Other Asia". %@AH@%6%@AE@% Prior to
1951, Philippines included with "All other". %@AH@%7%@AE@% Prior to 1953, data for
Vietnam not available. %@AH@%8%@AE@% Prior to 1951, included with "Other America". %@AH@%9%@AE@%
Prior to 1951, included with "West Indies". %@AH@%10%@AE@% Norway and Sweden were
combined from 1820-1868. %@AH@%11%@AE@% First full year with Immigration Reform and
Control Act of 1986 in effect. %@AH@%12%@AE@% Data include 478,814 previously illegal
aliens who were granted permanent resident status under section 245A of the
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. These aliens are not new
residents of the United States. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Poverty by Family Status, Sex, and Race%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%           U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%By thousands%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   37  4491 03 59 08 06 08 06 08 06 08 07 @%                                                           1988    1988  1986    1986  1984    1984  1978    1978                                                           No.%@AH@%1%@AE@%    %%@AH@%2%@AE@%    No.%@AH@%1%@AE@%    %%@AH@%2%@AE@%    No.%@AH@%1%@AE@%    %%@AH@%2%@AE@%    No.%@AH@%1%@AE@%    %%@AH@%2%@AE@%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Total poor                                                 31,745  13.0  32,370  13.6  33,700  14.4  24,497  11.4In families                                                24,048  11.6  24,754  12.0  26,458  13.1  19,062  10.0 Head                                                       6,874   10.4  7,023   10.9  7,277   11.6  5,280   9.1 Related children                                           11,935  19.0  12,257  19.8  12,929  21.0  9,722   15.7 Other relatives                                            5,238   6.6   5,475   6.9   6,251   8.0   4,509   5.7 Unrelated individuals                                      7,070   20.6  6,846   21.6  6,609   21.8  5,435   22.1 %@AB@%%@AE@%                                                                                                             %@AB@%%@AE@%In families with a female householder, no husband present  11,972  37.2  11,944  38.3  11,831  38.4  9,269   35.6 Head                                                       3,642   33.4  3,613   34.6  3,498   34.5  2,654   31.4 Related children                                           6,948   52.7  6,943   54.4  6,772   54.0  5,687   50.6 Other relatives                                            1,382   17.1  1,388   17.5  1,562   19.1  928     14.6 Unrelated female individuals                               4,225   23.1  4,311   25.1  4,035   24.4  3,611   26.0 %@AB@%%@AE@%                                                                                                             %@AB@%%@AE@%All other                                                  12,076  6.9   12,811  7.3   14,627  8.5   9,793   5.9 Head                                                       3,232   5.9   3,410   6.3   3,780   7.2   2,626   5.3 Related children                                           4,987   10.0  5,313   10.8  6,157   12.5  4,035   7.9 Other relatives                                            3,857   5.4   4,087   5.8   4,690   6.7   3,131   4.8 Unrelated male individuals                                 2,844   17.7  2,536   17.5  2,575   18.7  1,824   17.1 %@AB@%%@AE@%                                                                                                             %@AB@%%@AE@%Total white poor                                           20,715  10.1  22,138  11.0  22,955  11.5  16,259  8.7 In families                                                15,001  8.6   16,393  9.4   17,299  10.1  12,050  7.3 Head                                                       4,409   7.8   4,811   8.6   4,925   9.1   3,523   6.9Female                                                     1,945   26.5  2,041   28.2  1,878   27.1  1,391   23.5 Related children                                           7,095   14.0  7,714   15.3  8,086   16.1  5,674   11.0 Other relatives                                            3,497   5.1   3,868   5.7   4,289   6.4   2,852   4.5 %@AB@%%@AE@%Unrelated individuals                                      5,314   18.1  5,198   19.2  5,181   19.9  4,209   19.8 Total black poor                                           9,356   31.3  8,983   31.1  9,490   33.8  7,625   30.6 %@AB@%%@AE@%                                                                                                             %@AB@%%@AE@%In families                                                7,650   30.0  7,401   29.7  8,104   33.2  6,493   29.5 Head                                                       2,089   28.2  1,987   28.0  2,094   30.9  1,622   27.5Female                                                     1,579   49.0  1,488   50.1  1,533   51.7  1,208   50.6 Related children                                           4,148   42.8  4,039   42.7  4,320   46.2  3,781   41.2 Other relatives                                            1,413   16.8  1,375   16.5  1,691   20.5  1,094   15.7 Unrelated individuals                                      1,509   36.8  1,431   38.5  1,255   35.8  1,132   38.6%@TE:   37  4491 03 59 08 06 08 06 08 06 08 07 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Beginning in 1979, total includes members of unrelated subfamilies not
shown separately. For earlier years, unrelated subfamily members are
included in the "in family" category. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Percent of total population in that
general category who fell below poverty level. For example, of all black
female heads of households in 1978, 50.6% were poor. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                  %@AS@%Poverty Level by Family Size 1987, 1988%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   15   752 02 31 09 09 @%                               1987     1988%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%1 persons                      $ 5,778  $ 6,024Under 65 years                 5,909    6,15565 years and over              5,447    5,6742 persons                      7,397    7,704Householder under 65 years     7,641    7,958Householder 65 years and over  6,872    7,1583 persons                      9,056    9,4354 persons                      11,611   12,0925 persons                      13,737   14,3056 persons                      15,509   16,1497 persons                      17,649   18,2488 persons                      19,515   20,2799 persons or more              23,105   24,133 %@TE:   15   752 02 31 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Income Distribution by Population Fifths%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  4345 04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%                Top income of   Top income of   Top income of   Top income of   Top income of   Percent         Percent         Percent         Percent         Percent         Percent                 each fifth      each fifth      each fifth      each fifth      each fifth      distribution    distribution    distribution    distribution    distribution    distribution                                                                                                 of total        of total        of total        of total        of total        of total                                                                                                 income          income          income          income          income          incomeFamilies, 1988  Lowest          Second          Third           Fourth          Top 5%          Lowest fifth    Second fifth    Third fifth     Fourth fifth    Highest fifth   Top 5%%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%RaceTotal           $15,102         $26,182         $38,500         $55,906         $92,001         4.6             10.7            16.7            24.0            44.0            17.2White           16,814          28,000          40,000          57,350          93,900          5.1             11.1            16.8            23.7            43.3            17.0Black and       %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%            %@AH@%(NA)%@AE@%other                                                                                                                                                                           Black           7,148           14,400          24,425          40,300          65,927          3.3             8.5             15.2            25.1            47.9            17.7Region Northeast       $17,745         $30,000         $43,002         $62,318         $618,499        4.8             11.1            16.9            24.0            43.3            16.5Midwest         16,000          27,340          38,793          54,424          475,199         5.0             11.4            17.3            24.0            42.4            16.5South           13,044          23,460          35,100          52,400          441,996         4.3             10.2            16.3            24.2            44.9            17.4West            15,813          26,600          39,280          57,143          636,899         4.8             10.7            16.5            23.5            44.5            18.11960            39.9            28.3            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              22.2            17.8            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              $3,0221965            33.2            22.5            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              17.3            13.3            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              3,2231970            25.4            17.5            7.5             %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              12.6            9.9             33.5            %@AH@%NA%@AE@%              3,9681975            25.9            17.8            7.5             3.0             12.3            9.7             31.3            26.9            5,5001980%@AH@%4%@AE@%           29.3            19.7            8.6             3.5             13.0            10.2            32.5            25.7            8,4141986%@AH@%4%@AE@%           32.4            22.2            9.0             5.1             13.6            11.0            31.1            27.3            11,2031987%@AH@%4%@AE@%           32.5            21.4            9.7             5.5             13.5            10.5            33.1            28.2            11,6111988            31.7            20.7            9.4             5.4             13.0            10.1            31.3            26.7            12,092%@TE:   43  4345 04 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%NA%@AE@% = Not Available. %@AH@%1%@AE@% Includes other races not shown separately. %@AH@%2%@AE@% Persons
of Spanish origin may be of any race. %@AH@%3%@AE@% Beginning in 1981, income cutoffs
for nonfarm families are applied to both farm and nonfarm families. %@AH@%4%@AE@% Data
based on revised poverty definition.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                               %@AS@%Poverty Rate %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The poverty rate is the proportion of the population whose income falls%@EH@%
below the government's official poverty level, which is adjusted each year
to take account of inflation.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The national poverty rate was higher in 1986 than in any year from 1969%@EH@%
through 1980. The rate reached a peak of 15.2 percent in 1983. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                 %@AS@%Aid to Families with Dependent Children %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@3@%Family Support Administration, Office of Family Assistance, Social Security%@EH@%
Admin.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   58  8898 03 16 28 26 28 26 21 21 @%                                                                                                                            Average Payment per  Average Payment perFY 1989 State   Total Assistance Payments%@AH@%1%@AE@%  Average Monthly Caseload  Average Monthly Recipients  Average Monthly Children  Family               Person%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Alabama         $61,117,217                 44,820                    129,037                     91,698                    $113.64              $39.47Alaska          54,783,597                  7,415                     19,423                      12,640                    615.70               235.05Arizona         117,043,333                 36,044                    105,380                     73,608                    270.60               92.56Arkansas        55,439,117                  23,914                    69,633                      49,621                    193.19               66.35California      4,436,483,185               604,761                   1,762,931                   1,186,027                 611.33               209.71Colorado        131,025,819                 33,851                    97,312                      65,562                    322.55               112.20Connecticut     242,437,895                 38,311                    106,187                     71,468                    527.35               190.26Delaware        25,050,732                  7,463                     19,189                      13,137                    279.74               108.79Dist. of Col.   77,531,492                  18,108                    47,860                      38,094                    356.80               135.00Florida         354,574,290                 118,582                   326,764                     234,736                   249.18               90.43Georgia         289,335,398                 92,654                    265,879                     186,915                   260.23               90.69Guam            3,100,547                   1,170                     4,072                       2,916                     220.88               63.45Hawaii          89,114,192                  13,873                    42,783                      28,288                    535.30               173.58Idaho           18,429,755                  6,231                     16,819                      11,438                    246.49               91.31Illinois        786,541,577                 206,895                   632,181                     432,184                   316.80               103.68Indiana         162,240,669                 51,611                    147,385                     100,331                   261.96               91.73Iowa            149,034,319                 34,819                    97,590                      63,039                    356.69               127.26Kansas          104,283,113                 25,213                    73,869                      50,218                    344.67               117.64Kentucky        155,423,930                 58,717                    155,722                     104,508                   220.58               83.17Louisiana       184,829,568                 92,194                    276,574                     194,644                   167.07               55.69Maine           86,062,625                  17,948                    50,801                      31,955                    399.59               141.18Maryland        265,450,435                 63,230                    176,135                     117,494                   349.85               125.59Massachusetts   595,016,889                 88,188                    241,696                     154,158                   562.26               205.15Michigan        1,226,434,609               211,919                   639,889                     414,187                   482.27               159.72Minnesota       343,392,910                 54,639                    163,542                     105,363                   523.73               174.98Mississippi     84,917,420                  59,860                    178,834                     128,611                   118.22               39.57Missouri        220,042,222                 68,067                    203,109                     134,135                   269.39               90.28Montana         40,565,738                  9,329                     27,694                      17,795                    362.36               122.06Nebraska        56,618,425                  14,210                    41,026                      28,107                    332.02               115.00Nevada          24,222,246                  7,293                     20,142                      14,078                    276.79               100.21New Hampshire   24,303,571                  4,901                     12,716                      8,424                     413.25               159.27New Jersey      440,059,320                 102,519                   297,796                     204,812                   357.70               123.14New Mexico      54,962,877                  20,372                    58,676                      40,541                    224.83               78.06New York        2,153,726,471               337,300                   979,135                     647,598                   532.10               183.30North Carolina  220,522,505                 77,066                    200,277                     136,163                   238.46               91.76North Dakota    24,025,321                  5,489                     15,292                      10,175                    364.74               130.93Ohio            826,624,751                 222,187                   629,106                     410,938                   310.03               109.50Oklahoma        124,326,583                 35,930                    103,043                     70,742                    288.35               100.55Oregon          137,546,020                 32,060                    87,288                      58,306                    357.53               131.31Pennsylvania    738,456,580                 174,577                   522,682                     348,480                   352.50               117.74Puerto Rico     70,596,887                  57,841                    185,345                     126,470                   101.71               31.74Rhode Island    86,079,829                  15,057                    41,899                      27,535                    476.41               171.20South Carolina  91,286,353                  37,466                    107,461                     76,916                    203.04               70.79South Dakota    21,615,831                  6,632                     18,928                      13,263                    271.62               95.17Tennessee       142,001,084                 70,575                    195,481                     132,975                   167.67               60.53Texas           367,805,132                 181,598                   539,858                     378,245                   168.78               56.77Utah            63,475,434                  14,969                    43,627                      28,369                    353.36               121.25Vermont         41,424,560                  7,015                     19,723                      12,406                    492.08               175.02Virgin Islands  2,908,765                   941                       3,388                       2,544                     257.60               71.55Virginia        168,357,395                 53,918                    145,622                     99,858                    260.21               96.34Washington      420,720,603                 78,031                    219,273                     141,050                   449.31               159.89West Virginia   110,033,577                 36,087                    109,294                     67,173                    254.09               83.90Wisconsin       454,213,644                 81,981                    244,876                     160,787                   461.71               154.57Wyoming         18,797,003                  5,123                     13,737                      9,113                     305.79               114.03U.S. Total      $17,244,413,360             3,770,959                 10,933,981                  7,369,835                 $381.08              $131.43%@TE:   58  8898 03 16 28 26 28 26 21 21 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% Total assistance payments include AFDC-Basic, AFDC-Unemployed Parent,
grant diversion and home repairs. %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%                %@AS@%Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@2@%                    %@AS@%Recipients and Payments, 1955-1989%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   14  1279 02 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 @%Category    1955, Dec.    1965, Dec.    1970, Dec.    1975, Dec.%@AH@%1%@AE@%   1980, Dec.    1985, Dec.    1989, Dec.%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%Aged:Recipients  2,538,000     2,087,000     2,082,000     2,307,105     1,807,776     1,504,469     1,439,043 Total amt.  $127,003,000  $131,674,000  $161,642,000  $209,777,000  $221,303,000  $247,133,000  $286,105,000 Avg. amt.   $50.05        $63.10        $77.65        $90.93        $128.20       $164.26       $198.81Blind:Recipients  104,000       85,100        81,000        74,489        78,401        82,220        82,765 Total amt.  $5,803,000    $6,922,000    $8,446,000    $10,918,000   $16,381,000   $22,555,000   $26,465,000 Avg. amt.   $55.55        $81.35        $104.35       $146.57       $213.23       $274.32       $319.76Disabled:Recipients  241,000       557,000       935,000       1,932,681     2,255,840     2,551,332     3,071,251 Total amt.  $11,750,000   $37,035,000   $91,325,000   $272,800,000  $444,322,000  $665,774,000  $948,833,000 Avg. amt.   $48.75        $66.50        $97.65        $141.15       $197.90       $260.95       $308.94 %@TE:   14  1279 02 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 @%

%@NL@%
%@AH@%1%@AE@% In 1972, Congress replaced the categorical Federal-State programs of
Old-Age Assistance, Aid to the Blind, and Aid to the Permanently and Totally
Disabled with the Federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program
effective Jan. 1974. The SSI program is administered by the Social Security
Admin.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@2@%     %@AS@%U.S. Places of 5,000 or More Population--With ZIP and Area Codes%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%    U.S. Bureau of the Census; U.S. Postal Service; N.Y. Telephone Co. %@EH@%%@NL@%
%@4@%The listings below show the official urban population of the United States.%@EH@%
"Urban population" is defined as all persons living in (a) places of 5,000
inhabitants or more, incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs (except
Alaska), and towns (except in New England, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Wisconsin), but excluding those persons living in the rural
portions of extended cities; (b) unincorporated places of 5,000 inhabitants
or more; and (c) other territory, incorporated or unincorporated, included
in urbanized areas.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%The non-urban portion of an extended city contains one or more areas, each%@EH@%
at least 5 square miles in extent and with a population density of less than
100 persons per square mile. The area or areas constitute at least 25
percent of the legal city's land area of a total of 25 square miles or more.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%In New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, minor%@EH@%
civil divisions called "towns" often include rural areas and one or more
urban areas. Only the urban areas of these "towns" are included here, except
in the case of New England where entire town populations, which may include
some rural population, are shown; these towns are indicated by italics.
Boroughs in Alaska may contain one or more urban areas which are included
here. Population in Hawaii is counted by county subdivisions.%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%(u) means place is unincorporated.%@NL@%%@EH@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%The ZIP Code of each place appears before the name of that place, if it is%@EH@%
%@AI@%obtainable. Telephone Area Code appears in parentheses after the name of the
%@AI@%state or, if a state has more than one number, after the name of the place.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%%@AI@%CAUTION--Where an asterisk (*) appears before the ZIP Code, ask your local%@EH@%
%@AI@%postmaster for the correct ZIP Code for a specific address within the place
%@AI@%listed.%@AE@% %@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Alabama (205) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   92  4775 02 10 25 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                    1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%35007     Alabaster                7,079    2,64235950     Albertville              12,039   9,963 35010     Alexander City           13,807   12,358 36420     Andalusia                10,415   10,092 36201     Anniston                 29,135   31,533 35016     Arab                     6,053    4,399 35611     Athens                   14,558   14,360 36502     Atmore                   8,789    8,293 35954     Attalla                  7,737    7,510 36830     Auburn                   28,471   22,767 36507     Bay Minette              7,455    6,727 35020     Bessemer                 31,729   33,428 *35203    Birmingham               284,413  300,910 35957     Boaz                     7,151    5,635 36426     Brewton                  6,680    6,747 35020     Brighton                 5,308    2,277 35215     Center Point(u)          23,317   15,675 36611     Chickasaw                7,402    8,447 35044     Childersburg             5,084    4,831 35045     Clanton                  5,832    5,868 35055     Cullman                  13,084   12,601 35601     Decatur                  42,002   38,044 36732     Demopolis                7,678    7,651 36301     Dothan                   48,750   36,733 36330     Enterprise               18,033   15,591 36027     Eufaula                  12,097   9,102 35064     Fairfield                13,242   14,369 36532     Fairhope                 7,286    5,720 35555     Fayette                  5,287    4,568 35630     Florence                 37,029   34,031 35214     Forestdale(u)            10,814   6,091 35967     Fort Payne               11,485   8,435 36360     Fort Rucker(u)           8,932    14,242 35068     Fultondale               6,217    5,163 *35901    Gadsden                  47,565   53,928 35071     Gardendale               8,005    6,537 36037     Greenville               7,807    8,033 35976     Guntersville             7,041    6,491 35565     Haleyville               5,306    4,190 35640     Hartselle                8,858    7,355 35209     Homewood                 21,271   21,245 35226     Hoover                   18,996   688 35020     Hueytown                 13,452   7,095 *35804    Huntsville               142,513  139,282 35210     Irondale                 6,521    3,166 36545     Jackson                  6,073    5,957 36265     Jacksonville             9,735    7,715 35501     Jasper                   11,894   10,798 36863     Lanett                   8,922    6,908 35094     Leeds                    8,638    6,991 35228     Midfield                 6,182    6,621 *36601    Mobile                   200,452  190,026 36460     Monroeville              5,674    4,846 *36104    Montgomery               177,857  133,386 35223     Mountain Brook           17,400   19,474 35660     Muscle Shoals            8,911    6,907 35476     Northport                14,291   9,435 36801     Opelika                  21,896   19,027 36467     Opp                      7,204    6,493 36203     Oxford                   8,939    4,361 36360     Ozark                    13,188   13,555 35124     Pelham                   6,759    931 35125     Pell City                6,616    5,602 36867     Phenix City              26,928   25,281 36272     Piedmont                 5,544    5,063 35127     Pleasant Grove           7,102    5,090 36067     Prattville               18,647   13,116 36610     Prichard                 39,541   41,578 35901     Rainbow City             6,299    3,099 35809     Redstone Arsenal(u)      5,728    .... 36274     Roanoke                  5,809    5,251 35653     Russellville             8,195    7,814 36201     Saks(u)                  11,118   .... 36571     Saraland                 9,833    7,840 35768     Scottsboro               14,758   9,324 36701     Selma                    26,684   27,379 36701     Selmont-West Selmont(u)  5,255    2,270 35660     Sheffield                11,903   13,115 35901     Southside                5,141    983 35150     Sylacauga                12,708   12,255 35160     Talladega                19,128   17,662 35217     Tarrant City             8,148    6,835 36582     Theodore(u)              6,392    .... 36619     Tillman's Corner(u)      15,941   .... 36081     Troy                     13,124   11,482 35401     Tuscaloosa               75,143   65,773 35674     Tuscumbia                9,137    8,828 36083     Tuskegee                 12,716   11,028 35216     Vestavia Hills           15,733   12,250 36201     West End-Cobb(u)         5,189    5,515 %@TE:   92  4775 02 10 25 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Alaska (907) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:    9   514 02 10 25 09 09 @%ZIP code  Place                    1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%*99502    Anchorage                174,431  48,08199702     Eielson AFB(u)           5,232    6,149 99701     Fairbanks                22,645   14,771 99801     Juneau                   19,528   6,050 99611     Kenai Peninsula borough  25,282   16,586 99901     Ketchikan                7,198    6,994 99835     Sitka                    7,803    3,370%@TE:    9   514 02 10 25 09 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Arizona (602) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   43  2298 02 10 26 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                     1980     1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%85321     Ajo(u)                    5,189    5,88185220     Apache Junction           9,935    2,443 85323     Avondale                  8,134    6,626 85603     Bisbee                    7,154    8,328 86430     Bullhead City-Riviera(u)  10,364   .... 85222     Casa Grande               14,971   10,536 85224     Chandler                  29,673   13,763 85228     Coolidge                  6,851    5,314 85707     Davis-Monthan AFB(u)      6,279    .... 85607     Douglas                   13,058   12,462 85205     Dreamland-VeldaRose(u)    5,969    .... 85231     Eloy                      6,240    5,381 86001     Flagstaff                 34,641   26,117 85613     Fort Huachuca(u)          NA       6,659 85234     Gilbert                   5,717    1,971 *85301    Glendale                  96,988   36,228 85501     Globe                     6,886    7,333 85614     Green Valley(u)           7,999    .... 86025     Holbrook                  5,785    4,759 86401     Kingman                   9,257    7,312 86403     Lake Havasu City          15,737   4,111 85301     Luke(u)                   NA       5,047 *85201    Mesa                      152,404  63,049 85621     Nogales                   15,683   8,946 86040     Page(u)                   NA       1,439 85253     Paradise Valley           10,832   6,637 85345     Peoria                    12,171   4,792 *85026    Phoenix                   789,704  584,303 86301     Prescott                  19,865   13,631 85546     Safford                   7,010    5,493 85631     San Manuel(u)             5,443    .... *85251    Scottsdale                88,622   67,823 85635     Sierra Vista              25,968   6,689 85713     South Tucson              6,554    6,220 85351     Sun City(u)               40,505   13,670 *85282    Tempe                     106,919  63,550 86045     Tuba City(u)              5,045    .... *85726    Tucson                    330,537  262,933 85364     West Yuma(u)              NA       5,552 86047     Winslow                   7,921    8,066 85364     Yuma                      42,481   29,007%@TE:   43  2298 02 10 26 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                              %@AS@%Arkansas (501) %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   52  2419 02 10 19 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place              1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%71923     Arkadelphia        10,005   9,84172501     Batesville         8,447    7,209 72015     Benton             17,437   16,499 72712     Bentonville        8,756    5,508 72315     Blytheville        24,314   24,752 71701     Camden             15,356   15,147 72830     Clarksville        5,237    4,616 72032     Conway             20,375   15,510 71635     Crossett           6,706    6,191 71639     Dumas              6,091    4,600 71730     El Dorado          26,685   25,283 72701     Fayetteville       36,604   30,729 71742     Fordyce            5,175    4,837 72335     Forrest City       13,803   12,521 72901     Fort Smith         71,384   62,802 72601     Harrison           9,567    7,239 72342     Helena             9,598    10,415 71801     Hope               10,290   8,830 71901     Hot Springs        35,166   35,631 72076     Jacksonville       27,589   19,832 72401     Jonesboro          31,530   27,050 *72201    Little Rock        159,159  132,483 71753     Magnolia           11,909   11,303 72104     Malvern            10,163   8,739 72360     Marianna           6,220    6,196 71654     McGehee            5,671    4,683 71953     Mena               5,154    4,530 71655     Monticello         8,259    5,085 72110     Morrilton          7,355    6,814 72653     Mountain Home      7,447    3,936 72112     Newport            8,339    7,725 *72114    North Little Rock  64,388   60,040 72370     Osceola            8,881    7,892 72450     Paragould          15,214   10,639 71601     Pine Bluff         56,576   57,389 72455     Pocahontas         5,995    4,544 72756     Rogers             17,429   11,050 72801     Russellville       14,518   11,750 72143     Searcy             13,612   9,040 72116     Sherwood           10,423   2,754 72761     Siloam Springs     7,940    6,009 72764     Springdale         23,458   16,783 72160     Stuttgart          10,941   10,477 75502     Texarkana          21,459   21,682 72472     Trumann            6,395    6,023 72956     Van Buren          12,020   8,373 71671     Warren             7,646    6,433 72390     West Helena        11,367   11,007 72301     West Memphis       28,138   26,070 72396     Wynne              7,927    6,696 %@TE:   52  2419 02 10 19 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%California %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
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%@TH:  491 33225 02 10 32 07 11 12 @%ZIP code  Place                           Place  1980       1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%94501     Alameda                         (415)  63,852     70,968 94507     Alamo(u)                        (415)  8,505      14,059 94706     Albany                          (415)  15,130     15,561 *91802    Alhambra                        (818)  64,767     62,125 90249     Alondra Park(u)                 (213)  12,096     12,193 92001     Alpine(u)                       (619)  5,368      1,570 91001     Altadena(u)                     (818)  40,510     42,415 95116     Alum Rock(u)                    (408)  17,471     18,355 94590     American Canyon(u)              (707)  5,712      .... *92803    Anaheim                         (714)  219,494    166,408 96007     Anderson                        (916)  7,381      5,492 94509     Antioch                         (415)  43,559     28,060 92307     Apple Valley(u)                 (619)  14,305     6,702 95003     Aptos(u)                        (408)  7,039      8,704 91006     Arcadia                         (818)  45,993     45,138 95521     Arcata                          (707)  12,849     8,985 95825     Arden-Arcade(u)                 (916)  87,570     82,492 93420     Arroyo Grande                   (805)  11,290     7,454 90701     Artesia                         (213)  14,301     14,757 93203     Arvin                           (805)  6,863      5,199 94577     Ashland(u)                      (415)  13,893     14,810 93422     Atascadero                      (805)  15,930     10,290 94025     Atherton                        (415)  7,797      8,085 95301     Atwater                         (209)  17,530     11,640 95603     Auburn                          (916)  7,540      6,570 92505     August(u)                       (714)  6,350      6,293 91746     Avocado Heights(u)              (818)  11,721     9,810 91702     Azusa                           (818)  29,380     25,217 *93302    Bakersfield                     (805)  105,611    69,515 91706     Baldwin Park                    (818)  50,554     47,285 92220     Banning                         (714)  14,020     12,034 92311     Barstow                         (619)  17,690     17,442 93402     Baywood-Los Osos(u)             (805)  10,933     3,487 95903     Beale AFB East(u)               (916)  6,329      7,029 92223     Beaumont                        (714)  6,818      5,484 90201     Bell                            (213)  25,450     21,836 90706     Bellflower                      (213)  53,441     52,334 90201     Bell Gardens                    (213)  34,117     29,308 94002     Belmont                         (415)  24,505     23,538 94510     Benicia                         (707)  15,376     7,349 95005     Ben Lomond(u)                   (408)  7,238      2,793 *94704    Berkeley                        (415)  103,328    114,091 *90213    Beverly Hills                   (213)  32,646     33,416 92314     Big Bear(u)                     (714)  11,151     5,268 92316     Bloomington(u)                  (714)  6,674      11,957 92225     Blythe                          (619)  6,805      7,047 92002     Bonita(u)                       (619)  6,257      .... 95006     Boulder Creek(u)                (408)  5,662      1,806 92227     Brawley                         (619)  14,946     13,746 92621     Brea                            (714)  27,913     18,447 95605     Broderick-Bryte(u)              (916)  10,194     12,782 *90620    Buena Park                      (714)  64,165     63,646 *91505    Burbank                         (818)  84,625     88,871 94010     Burlingame                      (415)  26,173     27,320 92231     Calexico                        (619)  14,412     10,625 93725     Calwa(u)                        (209)  6,640      5,191 93010     Camarillo                       (805)  37,732     19,219 93010     Camarillo Heights(u)            (805)  6,341      5,892 95682     Cameron Park(u)                 (916)  5,607      .... 95008     Campbell                        (408)  26,843     23,797 91351     Canyon Country(u)               (805)  15,728     .... 92055     Camp Pendleton South(u)         (714)  7,952      13,692 92624     Capistrano Beach(u)             (714)  6,168      4,149 95010     Capitola                        (408)  9,095      5,080 92007     Cardiff-by-the-Sea(u)           (619)  10,054     5,724 92008     Carlsbad                        (619)  35,490     14,944 95608     Carmichael(u)                   (916)  43,108     37,625 93013     Carpinteria                     (805)  10,835     6,982 90744     Carson                          (213)  81,221     71,150 92077     Casa De Oro-Mt. Helix(u)        (619)  19,651     .... 92010     Castle Park-Otay(u)             (619)  21,049     15,445 94546     Castro Valley(u)                (415)  44,011     44,760 95307     Ceres                           (209)  13,281     6,029 90701     Cerritos                        (213)  52,756     15,856 91724     Charter Oak(u)                  (818)  6,840      .... 94541     Cherryland(u)                   (415)  9,425      9,969 92223     Cherry Valley(u)                (714)  5,012      3,165 95926     Chico                           (916)  26,716     19,580 95926     Chico North(u)                  (916)  11,739     6,656 95926     Chico West(u)                   (916)  6,378      4,787 91710     Chino                           (714)  40,165     20,411 93610     Chowchilla                      (209)  5,122      4,349 *92010    Chula Vista                     (619)  83,927     67,901 95610     Citrus(u)                       (916)  12,450     .... 95610     Citrus Heights(u)               (916)  85,911     21,760 91711     Claremont                       (714)  31,028     24,776 93612     Clovis                          (209)  33,021     13,856 92236     Coachella                       (619)  9,129      8,353 93210     Coalinga                        (209)  6,593      6,161 92324     Colton                          (714)  27,419     20,016 90022     Commerce                        (213)  10,509     10,635 *90220    Compton                         (213)  81,350     78,547 *94520    Concord                         (415)  103,763    85,164 93212     Corcoran                        (209)  6,454      5,249 91720     Corona                          (714)  37,791     27,519 92118     Coronado                        (619)  18,790     20,020 94925     Corte Madera                    (415)  8,074      8,464 *92626    Costa Mesa                      (714)  82,291     72,660           Country Club(u)                 (209)  9,585      .... *91722    Covina                          (818)  32,746     30,395 92325     Crestline(u)                    (714)  6,715      .... 90201     Cudahy                          (213)  18,275     16,998 90230     Culver City                     (213)  38,139     34,451 95014     Cupertino                       (408)  34,297     17,895 90630     Cypress                         (714)  40,738     31,569 *94017    Daly City                       (415)  78,519     66,922 94526     Danville                        (415)  26,446     .... 92629     Dana Point                      (714)  10,602     4,745 95616     Davis                           (916)  36,640     23,488 90250     Del Aire(u)                     (213)  8,487      11,930 93215     Delano                          (805)  16,491     14,559 92014     Del Mar                         (619)  5,017      3,956 92240     Desert Hot Springs              (619)  5,941      2,738 91765     Diamond Bar(u)                  (714)  28,045     10,576 93618     Dinuba                          (209)  9,907      7,917 95620     Dixon                           (916)  7,541      4,432 *90241    Downey                          (213)  82,602     88,573 91010     Duarte                          (818)  16,766     14,981 94568     Dublin                          (415)  13,496     13,641 90220     East Compton(u)                 (213)  6,435      5,853 92343     East Hemet(u)                   (714)  14,712     8,598 90638     East La Mirada(u)               (213)  9,688      12,339 90022     East Los Angeles(u)             (213)  110,017    104,881 94303     East Palo Alto                  (415)  18,191     18,727 93257     East Porterville(u)             (209)  5,218      4,042 92508     Edgemont(u)                     (714)  5,215      .... 93523     Edwards AFB(u)                  (805)  8,554      10,331 *92020    El Cajon                        (619)  73,892     52,273 92243     El Centro                       (619)  23,996     19,272 94530     El Cerrito                      (415)  22,731     25,190 95624     Elk Grove(u)                    (916)  10,959     3,721 *91734    El Monte                        (818)  79,494     69,892 93446     El Paso de Robles               (213)  9,163      7,168 93030     El Rio(u)                       (805)  5,674      6,173 90245     El Segundo                      (213)  13,752     15,620 94803     El Sobrante(u)                  (415)  10,535     .... 92630     El Toro(u)                      (714)  38,153     8,654 92709     El Toro Station(u)              (714)  7,632      6,970 92024     Encinitas                       (619)  10,796     5,375 *92025    Escondido                       (619)  62,480     36,792 95501     Eureka                          (707)  24,153     24,337 93221     Exeter                          (209)  5,619      4,475 94930     Fairfax                         (415)  7,391      7,661 94533     Fairfield                       (707)  58,099     44,146 95628     Fair Oaks(u)                    (916)  20,235     11,256 92028     Fallbrook(u)                    (619)  14,041     6,945 93223     Farmersville                    (209)  5,544      3,456 93015     Fillmore                        (805)  9,602      6,285 90001     Florence-Graham(u)              (213)  48,662     42,900 95828     Florin(u)                       (916)  16,523     9,646 95630     Folsom                          (916)  11,003     5,810 92335     Fontana                         (714)  36,804     20,673 95841     Foothill Farms(u)               (916)  13,700     .... 95437     Fort Bragg                      (707)  5,019      4,455 95540     Fortuna                         (707)  7,591      4,203 94404     Foster City                     (415)  23,287     9,522 92708     Fountain Valley                 (714)  55,080     31,886 95019     Freedom(u)                      (408)  6,416      5,563 *94536    Fremont                         (415)  131,945    100,869 *93706    Fresno                          (209)  217,491    165,655 *92631    Fullerton                       (714)  102,246    85,987 95632     Galt                            (209)  5,514      3,200 *90247    Gardena                         (213)  45,165     41,021 95205     Garden Acres(u)                 (213)  7,361      7,870 *92640    Garden Grove                    (714)  123,351    121,155 92392     George AFB(u)                   (619)  7,061      7,404 95020     Gilroy                          (408)  21,641     12,684 92509     Glen Avon(u)                    (714)  8,444      5,759 *91209    Glendale                        (818)  139,060    132,664 91740     Glendora                        (818)  38,500     32,143 92324     Grand Terrace                   (714)  8,498      5,901 95945     Grass Valley                    (916)  6,697      5,149 93308     Greenacres(u)                   (805)  5,381      2,116 93433     Grover City                     (805)  8,827      5,939 91745     Hacienda Heights                (818)  49,422     35,969 94019     Half Moon Bay                   (415)  7,282      4,023 93230     Hanford                         (209)  20,958     15,179 90716     Hawaiian Gardens                (213)  10,548     9,052 90250     Hawthorne                       (213)  56,437     53,304 *94544    Hayward                         (415)  93,585     93,058 95448     Healdsburg                      (707)  7,217      5,438 92343     Hemet                           (714)  22,531     12,252 94547     Hercules                        (415)  5,963      252 90254     Hermosa Beach                   (213)  18,070     17,412 92345     Hesperia                        (619)  13,540     4,592 92346     Highland                        (714)  10,908     12,669 94010     Hillsborough                    (415)  10,372     8,753 95023     Hollister                       (408)  11,488     7,663 91720     Home Gardens(u)                 (714)  5,783      5,116 *92647    Huntington Beach                (714)  170,505    115,960 90255     Huntington Park                 (213)  45,932     33,744 92032     Imperial Beach                  (619)  22,689     20,244 92201     Indio                           (619)  21,611     14,459 *90306    Inglewood                       (213)  94,162     89,985 *92711    Irvine                          (714)  62,134     7,381 94707     Kensington(u)                   (415)  5,342      5,823 93930     King City                       (408)  5,495      3,717 93631     Kingsburg                       (209)  5,115      3,843 91011     La Canada-Flintridge            (818)  20,153     20,714 91214     La Crescenta-Montrose(u)        (818)  16,531     19,620 90045     Ladera Heights(u)               (213)  6,647      6,079 94549     Lafayette                       (415)  20,837     20,484 *92651    Laguna Beach                    (714)  17,858     14,550 92653     Laguna Hills(u)                 (714)  33,600     13,676 92677     Laguna Niguel(u)                (714)  12,237     4,644 90631     La Habra                        (213)  45,232     41,350 92352     Lake Arrowhead(u)               (714)  6,272      2,682 92040     Lakeside(u)                     (619)  23,921     11,991 92330     Lake Elsinore                   (714)  5,982      3,530 *90714    Lakewood                        (213)  74,511     83,025 92041     La Mesa                         (619)  50,342     39,178 90638     La Mirada                       (213)  40,986     30,808 93241     Lamont(u)                       (805)  9,616      7,007 93534     Lancaster                       (805)  48,027     32,728 90624     La Palma                        (213)  15,663     9,687 91747     La Puente                       (818)  30,882     31,092           La Riviera(u)                   (916)  10,906     .... 94939     Larkspur                        (415)  11,064     10,487 91750     La Verne                        (714)  23,508     12,965 90260     Lawndale                        (213)  23,460     24,825 92045     Lemon Grove                     (619)  20,780     19,794 93245     Lemoore                         (209)  8,832      4,219 93245     Lemoore Station(u)              (209)  5,888      9,210 90304     Lennox(u)                       (213)  18,445     16,121 92024     Leucadia(u)                     (619)  9,478      .... 95207     Lincoln Village(u)              (916)  7,067      6,112 95901     Linda(u)                        (916)  10,225     7,112 93247     Lindsay                         (209)  6,936      5,206 95062     Live Oak(u) (Santa Cruz)        (916)  11,482     6,443 94550     Livermore                       (415)  48,349     37,703 95334     Livingston                      (209)  5,326      2,588 *95240    Lodi                            (209)  35,221     28,691 92354     Loma Linda                      (714)  10,694     7,651 90717     Lomita                          (213)  17,191     19,784 93436     Lompoc                          (805)  26,267     25,284 *90801    Long Beach                      (213)  361,498    358,879 90720     Los Alamitos                    (213)  11,529     11,346 94022     Los Altos                       (415)  25,769     25,062 94022     Los Altos Hills                 (415)  7,421      6,871 *90052    Los Angeles                     (213)  2,968,528  2,811,801 93635     Los Banos                       (209)  10,341     9,188 95030     Los Gatos                       (408)  26,593     22,613 94903     Lucas Valley-Marinwood(u)       (415)  6,409      .... 90262     Lynwood                         (213)  48,289     43,354 93637     Madera                          (209)  21,732     16,044 90266     Manhattan Beach                 (213)  31,542     35,352 95336     Manteca                         (209)  24,925     13,845 93933     Marina                          (408)  20,647     8,343 90292     Marina Del Rey(u)               (213)  8,065      .... 94553     Martinez                        (415)  22,582     16,506 95901     Marysville                      (916)  9,898      9,353 95655     Mather AFB(u)                   (916)  5,245      7,027 91016     Mayflower Village(u)            (818)  5,017      .... 90270     Maywood                         (213)  21,810     16,996 93250     Mc Farland                      (805)  5,151      4,177 95521     McKinleyville(u)                (707)  7,772      .... 93023     Meiners Oaks-Mira Monte(u)      (805)  9,512      7,025 93640     Mendota                         (209)  5,038      2,705 94025     Menlo Park                      (415)  26,438     26,826 *95340    Merced                          (209)  36,423     22,670 94030     Millbrae                        (415)  20,058     20,920 94941     Mill Valley                     (415)  12,967     12,942 95035     Milpitas                        (408)  37,820     26,561 91752     Mira Loma(u)                    (714)  8,707      8,482 92675     Mission Viejo                   (714)  48,384     11,933 *95350    Modesto                         (209)  106,963    61,712 91016     Monrovia                        (818)  30,531     30,562 91763     Montclair                       (714)  22,628     22,546 90640     Montebello                      (213)  52,929     42,807 93940     Monterey                        (408)  27,558     26,302 91754     Monterey Park                   (818)  54,338     49,166 94556     Moraga                          (415)  15,014     14,205 95037     Morgan Hill                     (408)  17,060     5,579 93442     Morro Bay                       (805)  9,064      7,109 *94042    Mountain View                   (415)  58,655     54,132 92405     Muscoy(u)                       (714)  6,188      7,091 94558     Napa                            (707)  50,879     36,103 92050     National City                   (619)  48,772     43,184 94560     Newark                          (415)  32,126     27,153 91321     Newhall(u)                      (805)  12,029     9,651 *92660    Newport Beach                   (714)  63,475     49,582 93444     Nipomo(u)                       (805)  5,247      3,642 91760     Norco                           (714)  19,732     14,511 95603     North Auburn(u)                 (916)  7,619      .... 94025     North Fair Oaks(u)              (415)  10,294     9,740 95660     North Highlands(u)              (916)  37,825     31,854 90650     Norwalk                         (213)  84,901     90,164 94947     Novato                          (415)  43,916     31,006 95361     Oakdale                         (209)  8,474      6,594 *94615    Oakland                         (415)  339,337    361,561 92054     Oceanside                       (619)  76,698     40,494 93308     Oildale(u)                      (805)  23,382     20,879 93023     Ojai                            (805)  6,816      5,591 95961     Olivehurst(u)                   (916)  8,929      8,100 *91761    Ontario                         (714)  88,820     64,118 95060     Opal Cliffs(u)                  (408)  5,041      5,425 *92667    Orange                          (714)  91,450     77,365 95662     Orangevale(u)                   (916)  20,585     16,493 94563     Orinda                          (415)  16,825     6,790 95965     Oroville                        (916)  8,683      7,536 93030     Oxnard                          (805)  108,195    71,225 94044     Pacifica                        (415)  36,866     36,020 93950     Pacific Grove                   (408)  15,755     13,505 93550     Palmdale                        (805)  12,277     8,511 92260     Palm Desert                     (619)  11,801     6,171 92262     Palm Springs                    (619)  32,359     20,936 94302     Palo Alto                       (415)  55,225     56,040 90274     Palos Verdes Estates            (213)  14,376     13,631 95969     Paradise                        (916)  22,571     14,539 90723     Paramount                       (213)  36,407     34,734 95823     Parkway-Sacramento So.(u)       (916)  26,815     28,574 *91109    Pasadena                        (818)  118,072    112,951 92370     Perris                          (714)  6,740      4,228 94952     Petaluma                        (707)  33,834     24,870 90660     Pico Rivera                     (213)  53,387     54,170 94611     Piedmont                        (415)  10,498     10,917 94564     Pinole                          (415)  14,253     13,266 93449     Pismo Beach                     (805)  5,364      4,043 94565     Pittsburg                       (415)  33,465     21,423 92670     Placentia                       (714)  35,041     21,948 95667     Placerville                     (916)  6,739      5,416 94523     Pleasant Hill                   (415)  25,547     24,610 94566     Pleasanton                      (415)  35,160     18,328 *91766    Pomona                          (714)  92,742     87,384 93257     Porterville                     (209)  19,707     12,602 93041     Port Hueneme                    (805)  17,803     14,295 92064     Poway                           (619)  32,263     9,422 93534     Quartz Hill(u)                  (213)  7,421      4,935 92065     Ramona(u)                       (619)  8,173      3,554 95670     Rancho Cordova(u)               (916)  42,881     30,451 91730     Rancho Cucamonga                (714)  55,250     19,484 92270     Rancho Mirage                   (619)  6,281      2,767 90274     Rancho Palos Verdes             (213)  35,227     33,285 96080     Red Bluff                       (916)  9,490      7,676 96001     Redding                         (916)  42,103     16,659 92373     Redlands                        (714)  43,619     36,355 *90277    Redondo Beach                   (213)  57,102     57,451 *94064    Redwood City                    (415)  54,965     55,686 93654     Reedley                         (209)  11,071     8,131 92376     Rialto                          (714)  37,862     28,370 *94802    Richmond                        (415)  74,676     79,043 93555     Ridgecrest                      (619)  15,929     7,629 95003     Rio Del Mar(u)                  (408)  7,067      .... 95673     Rio Linda(u)                    (916)  7,359      7,524 95367     Riverbank                       (209)  5,695      3,949 *92502    Riverside                       (714)  170,591    140,089 95677     Rocklin                         (916)  7,344      3,039 94572     Rodeo(u)                        (415)  8,286      5,356 94928     Rohnert Park                    (707)  22,965     6,133 90274     Rolling Hills Estates           (213)  9,412      6,735 95401     Roseland(u)                     (707)  7,915      5,105 91770     Rosemead                        (818)  42,604     40,972 95826     Rosemont(u)                     (916)  18,888     .... 95678     Roseville                       (916)  24,347     18,221 90720     Rossmoor(u)                     (213)  10,457     12,922 91745     Rowland Heights(u)              (818)  28,252     16,881 92509     Rubidoux(u)                     (714)  16,763     13,969 *95813    Sacramento                      (916)  275,741    257,105 93901     Salinas                         (408)  80,479     58,896 94960     San Anselmo                     (415)  12,067     13,031 *92403    San Bernardino                  (714)  118,794    106,869 94066     San Bruno                       (415)  35,417     36,254 ....      San Buenaventura (%@AI@%see Ventura%@AE@%)  (805)94070     San Carlos                      (415)  24,710     26,053 92672     San Clemente                    (714)  27,325     17,063 *92109    San Diego                       (619)  875,538    697,471 91773     San Dimas                       (714)  24,014     15,692 *91340    San Fernando                    (818)  17,731     16,571 *94101    San Francisco                   (415)  678,974    715,674 91776     San Gabriel                     (818)  30,072     29,336 93657     Sanger                          (209)  12,558     10,088 92383     San Jacinto                     (714)  7,098      4,385 *95101    San Jose                        (408)  629,400    459,913 92375     San Juan Capistrano             (714)  18,959     3,781 94577     San Leandro                     (415)  63,952     68,698 94580     San Lorenzo(u)                  (415)  20,545     24,633 93401     San Luis Obispo                 (805)  34,252     28,036 92069     San Marcos                      (619)  17,479     3,896 91108     San Marino                      (818)  13,307     14,177 *94402    San Mateo                       (415)  77,640     78,991 94806     San Pablo                       (415)  19,750     21,461 *94901    San Rafael                      (415)  44,700     38,977 94583     San Ramon                       (415)  22,356     4,084 *92711    Santa Ana                       (714)  204,023    155,710 *93102    Santa Barbara                   (805)  74,542     70,215 *95050    Santa Clara                     (408)  87,700     86,118 95060     Santa Cruz                      (408)  41,483     32,076 90670     Santa Fe Springs                (213)  14,559     14,750 93454     Santa Maria                     (805)  39,685     32,749 *90406    Santa Monica                    (213)  88,314     88,289 93060     Santa Paula                     (805)  20,658     18,001 *95402    Santa Rosa                      (707)  82,658     50,006 92071     Santee                          (619)  47,080     21,107 95070     Saratoga                        (408)  29,261     26,810 91350     Saugus-Bouquet Canyon(u)        (805)  16,283     .... 94965     Sausalito                       (415)  7,090      6,158 95066     Scotts Valley                   (408)  6,891      3,621 90740     Seal Beach                      (213)  25,975     24,441 93955     Seaside                         (408)  36,567     36,883 95472     Sebastopol                      (707)  5,500      3,993 93662     Selma                           (209)  10,942     7,459 93263     Shafter                         (805)  7,010      5,327 91024     Sierra Madre                    (818)  10,837     12,140 90806     Signal Hill                     (213)  5,734      5,588 *93065    Simi Valley                     (805)  77,500     59,832 92075     Solana Beach                    (619)  13,047     5,023 93960     Soledad                         (408)  5,928      4,222 95476     Sonoma                          (707)  6,054      4,259 95073     Soquel(u)                       (408)  6,212      5,795 91733     South El Monte                  (213)  16,623     13,443 90280     South Gate                      (213)  66,784     56,909 92677     South Laguna(u)                 (714)  6,013      2,566 95705     South Lake Tahoe                (916)  20,681     12,921 95350     South Modesto(u)                (209)  12,492     7,889 95965     South Oroville(u)               (916)  7,246      4,111 91030     South Pasadena                  (818)  22,681     22,979 94080     South San Francisco             (415)  49,393     46,646 91770     South San Gabriel(u)            (213)  5,421      5,051 91744     South San Jose Hills(u)         (213)  16,049     12,386 90605     South Whittier(u)               (213)  43,815     46,641 95991     South Yuba(u)                   (916)  7,530      5,352 *92077    Spring Valley(u)                (619)  40,191     29,742 94305     Stanford(u)                     (415)  11,045     8,691 90680     Stanton                         (714)  21,144     18,186 *95204    Stockton                        (209)  148,283    109,963 94585     Suisun City                     (707)  11,087     2,917 92381     Sun City(u)                     (714)  8,460      5,519 92388     Sunnymead(u)                    (714)  11,554     6,708 *94086    Sunnyvale                       (408)  106,618    95,976 96130     Susanville                      (916)  6,520      6,608 93268     Taft                            (805)  5,316      4,28594806     Tara Hills-Montalvin Manor(u)   (415)  9,471      ....94941     Tamalpais-Homestead Valley(u)   (415)  8,511      .... 91780     Temple City                     (818)  28,972     31,034 *91360    Thousand Oaks                   (805)  77,797     35,873 94920     Tiburon                         (415)  6,685      6,209 *90510    Torrance                        (213)  131,497    134,968 95396     Tracy                           (209)  18,428     14,724 93274     Tulare                          (209)  22,530     16,235 95380     Turlock                         (209)  26,291     13,992 92680     Tustin                          (714)  32,248     22,313 92705     Tustin-Foothills(u)             (714)  26,174     26,699 92277     Twentynine Palms(u)             (619)  7,465      5,667 92278     Twentynine Palms Base           (619)  7,079      5,647 95482     Ukiah                           (707)  12,035     10,095 94587     Union City                      (415)  39,406     14,724 91786     Upland                          (714)  47,647     32,551 95688     Vacaville                       (707)  43,367     21,690 91355     Valencia(u)                     (805)  12,163     4,243 91744     Valinda(u)                      (818)  18,700     18,837 94590     Vallejo                         (707)  80,188     71,710 92343     Valle Vista(u)                  (714)  5,474      .... 93437     Vandenberg AFB(u)               (805)  8,136      13,193 93436     Vandenberg Village(u)           (805)  5,839      .... *93001    Ventura                         (805)  73,774     57,964 92392     Victorville                     (619)  14,220     10,845 90043     View Park-Windsor Hills(u)      (213)  12,101     12,268 92667     Villa Park                      (714)  7,137      2,723 94553     Vine Hill-Pacheco(u)            (415)  6,129      .... 93277     Visalia                         (209)  49,729     27,130 92083     Vista                           (619)  35,834     24,688 *91789    Walnut                          (714)  9,978      5,992 *94596    Walnut Creek                    (415)  54,033     39,844 94596     Walnut Creek West(u)            (415)  5,893      8,330 90255     Walnut Park(u)                  (213)  11,811     8,925 93280     Wasco                           (805)  9,613      8,269 95076     Watsonville                     (408)  23,662     14,719 90044     West Athens(u)                  (213)  8,531      13,311 90502     West Carson(u)                  (213)  17,997     15,501 90247     West Compton(u)                 (213)  5,907      5,748 *91793    West Covina                     (818)  80,292     68,034 90069     West Hollywood                  (213)  35,754     34,622 92683     Westminster                     (714)  71,133     60,076 95351     West Modesto(u)                 (209)  NA         6,135 90047     Westmont(u)                     (213)  27,916     29,310 94565     West Pittsburg(u)               (415)  8,773      5,969 91746     West Puente Valley(u)           (818)  20,445     20,733 95691     West Sacramento                 (916)  10,875     12,002 *90606    West Whittier-Los Nietos(u)     (213)  20,962     20,845 *90605    Whittier                        (213)  68,558     72,863 90222     Willowbrook(u)                  (213)  30,845     28,705 93286     Woodlake                        (209)  5,375      3,371 95695     Woodland                        (916)  30,235     20,677 94062     Woodside                        (415)  5,291      4,734 92686     Yorba Linda                     (714)  28,254     11,856 96097     Yreka City                      (916)  5,916      5,394 95991     Yuba City                       (916)  18,736     13,986 92399     Yucaipa(u)                      (714)  23,345     19,284 92284     Yucca Valley(u)                 (619)  8,294      3,893%@TE:  491 33225 02 10 32 07 11 12 @%

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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Colorado %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   63  3666 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                   Place  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%80840     Air Force Academy       (719)  8,655    ....81101     Alamosa                 (719)  6,830    6,985 80401     Applewood(u)            (303)  12,040   8,214 *80001    Arvada                  (303)  84,576   49,844 80010     Aurora                  (303)  158,588  74,974 *80302    Boulder                 (303)  76,685   66,870 80601     Brighton                (303)  12,773   8,309 80020     Broomfield              (303)  20,730   7,261 81212     Canon City              (719)  13,037   9,206 .....     Castlewood              (303)  16,413   .... 80110     Cherry Hills Village    (303)  5,127    4,605 81220     Cimarron Hills          (303)  6,597    .... 81520     Clifton                 (303)  5,223    .... *80901    Colorado Springs        (719)  215,105  135,517 80120     Columbine               (303)  23,523   .... 80022     Commerce City           (303)  16,234   17,407 81321     Cortez                  (303)  7,095    6,032 81625     Craig                   (303)  8,133    4,205 *80202    Denver                  (303)  492,686  514,678 80022     Derby(u)                (303)  8,578    10,206 81301     Durango                 (303)  11,649   10,333 80110     Englewood               (303)  30,021   33,695 80620     Evans                   (303)  5,063    2,570 80439     Evergreen               (303)  6,376    2,321 80221     Federal Heights         (303)  7,846    1,502 80913     Fort Carson(u)          (303)  13,219   19,399 *80521    Fort Collins            (303)  64,632   43,337 80701     Fort Morgan             (303)  8,768    7,594 80017     Fountain                (719)  8,324    3,515 80401     Golden                  (303)  12,237   9,817 81501     Grand Junction          (303)  27,956   20,170 80631     Greeley                 (303)  53,006   38,902 80110     Greenwood Village       (303)  5,729    3,095 80501     Gunbarrel               (303)  5,172    .... 81230     Gunnison                (303)  5,785    4,613 .....     Ken Caryl               (303)  10,661   .... 80026     Lafayette               (303)  8,985    3,498 81050     La Junta                (719)  8,338    8,205 80215     Lakewood                (303)  113,808  92,743 81052     Lamar                   (719)  7,713    7,797 80120     Littleton               (303)  28,631   26,466 80120     Littleton Southeast(u)  (303)  33,029   22,899 80501     Longmont                (303)  42,942   23,209 80027     Louisville              (303)  5,593    2,409 80537     Loveland                (303)  30,215   16,220 81401     Montrose                (303)  8,722    6,496 80233     Northglenn              (303)  29,847   27,785 *81003    Pueblo                  (719)  101,686  97,774 80911     Security-Widefield(u)   (719)  18,768   15,297 80110     Sheridan                (719)  5,377    4,787 80221     Sherrelwood(u)          (303)  17,629   18,868 80122     Southglenn              (303)  37,787   .... 80477     Steamboat Springs       (303)  5,098    2,340 80751     Sterling                (303)  11,385   10,636 80906     Stratmoor               (719)  5,519    .... 80229     Thornton                (303)  40,343   13,326 81082     Trinidad                (719)  9,663    9,901 80229     Welby(u)                (303)  9,668    6,875 80030     Westminster             (303)  50,211   19,512 80221     Westminster East(u)     (303)  6,002    7,576 80033     Wheat Ridge             (303)  30,293   29,778%@TE:   63  3666 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%

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%@3@%                             %@AS@%Connecticut (203)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  135  9103 02 10 33 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                            1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%06401     Ansonia                          19,039   21,16006001     %@AI@%Avon%@AE@%                             11,201   8,352 06037     %@AI@%Berlin%@AE@%                           15,121   14,149 06801     %@AI@%Bethel%@AE@%                           16,004   10,945 06002     %@AI@%Bloomfield%@AE@%                       18,608   18,301 06405     %@AI@%Branford%@AE@%                         23,363   20,444 *06602    Bridgeport                       142,546  156,542 06010     Bristol                          57,370   55,487 06804     %@AI@%Brookfield%@AE@%                       12,872   9,688 06013     Burlington                       5,660    4,070 06234     Brooklyn                         5,691    4,965 06019     %@AI@%Canton%@AE@%                           7,635    6,868 06410     %@AI@%Cheshire%@AE@%                         21,788   19,051 06413     %@AI@%Clinton%@AE@%                          11,195   10,267 06415     %@AI@%Colchester%@AE@%                       7,761    6,603 06340     Conning Towers-Nautilus Park(u)  9,665    9,791 06238     %@AI@%Coventry%@AE@%                         8,895    8,140 06416     %@AI@%Cromwell%@AE@%                         10,265   7,400 06810     Danbury                          60,470   50,781 06820     Darien                           18,892   20,336 06418     Derby                            12,346   12,599 06422     Durham                           5,143    4,489 06423     East Haddam                      5,621    4,676 06424     %@AI@%East Hampton%@AE@%                     8,572    7,078 06108     %@AI@%East Hartford%@AE@%                    52,563   57,583 06512     %@AI@%East Haven%@AE@%                       25,028   25,120 06333     %@AI@%East Lyme%@AE@%                        13,870   11,399 06425     Easton                           5,962    4,885 06016     %@AI@%East Windsor%@AE@%                     8,925    8,513 06029     %@AI@%Ellington%@AE@%                        9,711    7,707 06082     %@AI@%Enfield%@AE@%                          42,695   46,189 06426     Essex                            5,078    4,911 06430     %@AI@%Fairfield%@AE@%                        54,849   56,487 06032     %@AI@%Farmington%@AE@%                       16,407   14,390 06033     %@AI@%Glastonbury%@AE@%                      24,327   20,651 06035     %@AI@%Granby%@AE@%                           7,956    6,150 06830     %@AI@%Greenwich%@AE@%                        59,578   59,755 06351     %@AI@%Griswold%@AE@%                         8,967    7,763 06340     %@AI@%Groton%@AE@%                           41,062   38,244 06340     Groton Borough                   10,086   8,933 06437     %@AI@%Guilford%@AE@%                         17,375   12,033 06438     Haddam                           6,383    4,934 06514     %@AI@%Hamden%@AE@%                           51,071   49,357 *06101    Hartford                         136,392  158,017 06082     Hazardville(u)                   5,436    .... 06248     Hebron                           5,453    3,815 06037     Kensington(u)                    7,502    .... 06239     %@AI@%Killingly%@AE@%                        14,519   13,573 06339     %@AI@%Ledyard%@AE@%                          13,735   14,837 06759     %@AI@%Litchfield%@AE@%                       7,605    7,399 06443     %@AI@%Madison%@AE@%                          14,031   9,768 06040     %@AI@%Manchester%@AE@%                       49,761   47,994 06250     %@AI@%Mansfield%@AE@%                        20,634   19,994 06450     Meriden                          57,118   55,959 06762     %@AI@%Middlebury%@AE@%                       5,995    5,542 06457     Middletown                       39,040   36,924 06460     Milford                          50,898   50,858 06468     %@AI@%Monroe%@AE@%                           14,010   12,047 06353     %@AI@%Montville%@AE@%                        16,455   15,662 06770     Naugatuck                        26,456   23,034 *06050    New Britain                      73,840   83,441 06840     %@AI@%New Canaan%@AE@%                       17,931   17,451 06810     %@AI@%New Fairfield%@AE@%                    11,260   6,991 *06510    New Haven                        126,089  137,707 06111     %@AI@%Newington%@AE@%                        28,841   26,037 06320     New London                       28,842   31,630 06776     %@AI@%New Milford%@AE@%                      19,420   14,601 06470     %@AI@%Newtown%@AE@%                          19,107   16,942 06471     %@AI@%North Branford%@AE@%                   11,554   10,778 06473     %@AI@%North Haven%@AE@%                      22,080   22,194 06856     Norwalk                          77,767   79,288 06360     Norwich                          38,074   41,739 06779     Oakville(u)                      8,737    .... 06371     Old Lyme                         6,159    4,964 06475     %@AI@%Old Saybrook%@AE@%                     9,287    8,468 06477     %@AI@%Orange%@AE@%                           13,237   13,524 06483     Oxford                           6,634    4,480 02891     Pawcatuck(u)                     5,216    5,255 06374     %@AI@%Plainfield%@AE@%                       12,774   11,957 06062     %@AI@%Plainville%@AE@%                       16,401   16,733 06782     %@AI@%Plymouth%@AE@%                         10,732   10,321 06480     %@AI@%Portland%@AE@%                         8,383    8,812 06712     %@AI@%Prospect%@AE@%                         6,807    6,543 06260     Putnam                           6,855    6,918 .....     %@AI@%Putnam%@AE@%                           8,580    8,598 06875     %@AI@%Redding%@AE@%                          7,272    5,590 06877     Ridgefield Center(u)             6,066    5,878 .....     %@AI@%Ridgefield%@AE@%                       20,120   18,188 06067     %@AI@%Rocky Hill%@AE@%                       14,559   11,103 06483     %@AI@%Seymour%@AE@%                          13,434   12,776 06484     Shelton                          31,314   27,165 06082     Sherwood Manor(u)                6,303    .... 06070     %@AI@%Simsbury%@AE@%                         21,161   17,475 06071     Somers                           8,473    6,893 06488     %@AI@%Southbury%@AE@%                        14,156   7,852 06489     %@AI@%Southington%@AE@%                      36,879   30,946 06074     %@AI@%South Windsor%@AE@%                    17,198   15,553 06082     Southwood Acres(u)               9,779    .... 06075     %@AI@%Stafford%@AE@%                         9,268    8,680 *06904    Stamford                         102,466  108,798 06378     %@AI@%Stonington%@AE@%                       16,220   15,940 06268     Storrs(u)                        11,394   10,691 06430     Stratfield-Brooklawn(u)          8,890    .... 06497     %@AI@%Stratford%@AE@%                        50,541   49,775 06078     %@AI@%Suffield%@AE@%                         9,294    8,634 06786     Terryville(u)                    5,234    .... 06787     %@AI@%Thomaston%@AE@%                        6,272    6,233 06277     %@AI@%Thompson%@AE@%                         8,141    7,580 06084     %@AI@%Tolland%@AE@%                          9,694    7,857 06790     Torrington                       30,987   31,952 06611     %@AI@%Trumbull%@AE@%                         32,989   31,394 06066     %@AI@%Vernon%@AE@%                           27,974   27,237 06492     %@AI@%Wallingford%@AE@%                      37,274   35,714 *06701    Waterbury                        103,266  108,033 06385     %@AI@%Waterford%@AE@%                        17,843   17,227 06795     %@AI@%Watertown%@AE@%                        19,489   18,610 06498     Westbrook                        5,216    3,820 06107     %@AI@%West Hartford%@AE@%                    61,301   68,031 06516     West Haven                       53,184   52,851 06880     %@AI@%Weston%@AE@%                           8,284    7,417 06880     %@AI@%Westport%@AE@%                         25,290   27,318 06109     %@AI@%Wethersfield%@AE@%                     26,013   26,662 06226     Willimantic                      14,652   14,402 06897     %@AI@%Wilton%@AE@%                           15,351   13,572 06094     %@AI@%Winchester%@AE@%                       10,841   11,106 06280     %@AI@%Windham%@AE@%                          21,062   19,626 06095     %@AI@%Windsor%@AE@%                          25,204   22,502 06096     %@AI@%Windsor Locks%@AE@%                    12,190   15,080 06098     Winsted                          8,092    8,954 06716     %@AI@%Wolcott%@AE@%                          13,008   12,495 06525     %@AI@%Woodbridge%@AE@%                       7,761    7,673 06798     %@AI@%Woodbury%@AE@%                         6,942    5,869 06281     Woodstock                        5,117    4,311 %@TE:  135  9103 02 10 33 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   14   893 02 10 35 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place                              1980    1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%19713     Brookside(u)                       15,255  7,85619703     Claymont(u)                        10,022  6,584 19901     Dover                              23,507  17,488 19802     Edgemoor(u)                        7,397   .... 19805     Elsmere                            6,493   8,415 19963     Milford                            5,366   5,314 *19711    Newark                             25,247  21,298 19973     Seaford                            5,256   5,537 19804     Stanton(u)                         5,495   .... 19803     Talleyville(u)                     6,880   .... *19899    Wilmington                         70,195  80,386 19720     Wilmington Manor--Chelsea--Leedom  9,233   10,134%@TE:   14   893 02 10 35 08 09 @%

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%@3@%                        %@AS@%District of Columbia (202)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:    3   171 02 10 12 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place       1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%*20013    Washington  638,432  756,668 %@TE:    3   171 02 10 12 09 10 @%

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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Florida%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  330 21847 02 10 33 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                            Place  1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%*32701    Altamonte Springs                (407)  21,105   4,391 32703     Apopka                           (407)  6,019    4,045 33821     Arcadia                          (813)  6,002    5,658 32233     Atlantic Beach                   (904)  7,847    6,132 33823     Auburndale                       (813)  6,501    5,386 .....     Aventura(u)                      (305)  10,162   .... 33825     Avon Park                        (813)  8,026    6,712 32807     Azalea Park(u)                   (407)  8,304    7,367 33830     Bartow                           (813)  14,780   12,891 .....     Bay Crest(u)                     (813)  5,927    .... .....     Bayonet Point(u)                 (813)  16,455   .... 33504     Bay Pines(u)                     (813)  5,757    .... 33505     Bayshore Gardens(u)              (813)  14,945   9,255 33589     Beacon Square(u)                 (813)  6,513    2,92732073     Bellair-Meadowbrook Terrace(u)   (904)  12,144   .... 33430     Belle Glade                      (407)  16,535   15,949 32506     Belleview(u)                     (904)  15,439   916 32661     Beverly Hills(u)                 (904)  5,024    .... *33487    Boca Raton                       (407)  49,447   28,506 33959     Bonita Springs(u)                (813)  5,435    1,932 *33435    Boynton Beach                    (407)  35,624   18,115 *34206    Bradenton                        (813)  30,228   21,040 33511     Brandon(u)                       (813)  41,826   12,749 32525     Brent(u)                         (904)  21,872   .... 33314     Broadview Park(u)                (305)  6,022    6,049 33313     Broadview-Pompano Park(u)        (305)  5,256    .... *34601    Brooksville                      (904)  5,582    4,060 33311     Browardale(u)                    (305)  7,571    17,444 33142     Browns Village(u)                (305)  NA       23,442 33142     Brownsville(u)                   (305)  18,058   .... 33054     Bunche Park(u)                   (305)  NA       5,773 32401     Callaway                         (904)  7,154    3,240 32920     Cape Canaveral                   (407)  5,733    4,258 33904     Cape Coral                       (813)  32,103   11,470 33055     Carol City(u)                    (305)  47,349   27,361 32707     Casselberry                      (407)  15,037   9,438 33401     Century Village(u)               (305)  10,619   2,679 32324     Chattahoochee                    (904)  5,332    7,944 *34615    Clearwater City                  (813)  85,170   52,074 32711     Clermont                         (904)  5,461    3,661 33440     Clewiston                        (813)  5,219    3,896 32922     Cocoa                            (407)  16,096   16,110 32931     Cocoa Beach                      (407)  10,926   9,952 32922     Cocoa West(u)                    (407)  6,432    5,779 33066     Coconut Creek                    (305)  6,288    1,359 33060     Collier City(u)                  (305)  7135     .... 33064     Collier Manor-Cresthaven(u)      (305)  7,045    7,202 33801     Combee Settlement(u)             (813)  5,400    4,963 32809     Conway(u)                        (407)  23,940   8,642 33314     Cooper City                      (305)  10,140   2,535 33134     Coral Gables                     (305)  43,241   42,494 33065     Coral Springs                    (305)  37,349   1,489 .....     Coral Terrace(u)                 (305)  22,702   .... 32536     Crestview                        (904)  7,617    7,952 33803     Crystal Lake(u)                  (813)  6,827    6,227 33157     Cutler(u)                        (305)  15,593   .... 33157     Cutler Ridge(u)                  (305)  20,886   17,441 33880     Cypress Gardens(u)               (813)  8,043    3,757 .....     Cypress Lake(u)                  (813)  8,721    .... 33004     Dania                            (305)  11,796   9,013 33314     Davie                            (305)  20,515   5,859 *32015    Daytona Beach                    (904)  54,176   45,327 33441     Deerfield Beach                  (305)  39,193   16,662 32433     DeFuniak Springs                 (904)  5,563    4,966 32720     De Land                          (904)  15,354   11,641 *33444    Delray Beach                     (407)  34,329   19,915 33617     Del Rio(u)                       (813)  7,409    .... 32725     Deltona(u)                       (407)  15,710   4,868 *34698    Dunedin                          (813)  30,203   17,639 33610     East Lake-Orient Park (u)        (813)  5,612    5,697 33940     East Naples(u)                   (813)  12,127   6,152 32032     Edgewater                        (904)  6,726    3,348 32542     Eglin AFB(u)                     (904)  7,574    7,769 33614     Egypt Lake(u)                    (813)  11,932   7,556 34680     Elfers(u)                        (813)  11,396   .... *34223    Englewood(u)                     (813)  10,242   5,108 32504     Ensley(u)                        (904)  14,422   .... 32726     Eustis                           (904)  9,453    6,722 32804     Fairview Shores(u)               (305)  10,174   .... 32034     Fernandina Beach                 (904)  7,224    6,955 32730     Fern Park(u)                     (407)  8,890    .... 32504     Ferry Pass(u)                    (904)  16,910   .... 33030     Florida City                     (305)  6,174    5,133 32751     Forest City(u)                   (407)  6,819    .... *33319    Fort Lauderdale                  (305)  153,256  139,590 33841     Fort Meade                       (813)  5,546    4,374 *33901    Fort Myers                       (813)  36,638   27,351 33931     Fort Myers Beach(u)              (813)  5,753    4,305 *34950    Fort Pierce                      (407)  33,802   29,721 33452     Fort Pierce NW(u)                (407)  5,929    3,269 32548     Fort Walton Beach                (904)  20,829   19,994 *32601    Gainesville                      (904)  81,371   64,510 33801     Gibsonia(u)                      (813)  5,011    .... 32960     Gifford(u)                       (305)  6,240    5,772 .....     Gladeview(u)                     (305)  18,919   .... 33143     Glenvar Heights(u)               (305)  13,216   .... 33055     Golden Glades(u)                 (305)  23,154   .... 32733     Goldenrod(u)                     (407)  13,681   .... 32560     Gonzalez(u)                      (904)  6,084    .... 32503     Goulding(u)                      (904)  5,352    .... 33170     Goulds(u)                        (305)  7,078    6,690 33463     Greenacres City                  (407)  8,780    1,731 32561     Gulf Breeze                      (904)  5,478    4,190 33581     Gulf Gate Estates(u)             (813)  9,248    5,874 33707     Gulfport                         (813)  11,180   9,976 33844     Haines City                      (813)  10,799   8,956 33009     Hallandale                       (305)  36,517   23,849 *33010    Hialeah                          (305)  145,254  102,452 33455     Hobe Sound(u)                    (407)  6,822    2,029 32805     Holden Heights(u)                (407)  13,840   6,206 34690     Holiday(u)                       (813)  18,392   .... 32017     Holly Hill                       (904)  9,953    8,191 *33022    Hollywood                        (305)  117,188  106,873 33030     Homestead                        (305)  20,668   13,674 33030     Homestead Base(u)                (305)  7,594    8,257 34667     Hudson(u)                        (813)  5,799    2,278 33934     Immokalee(u)                     (813)  11,038   3,764 32937     Indian Harbour Beach             (407)  5,967    5,371 33880     Inwood(u)                        (813)  6,668    .... 33162     Ives Estates(u)                  (305)  12,623   .... *32201    Jacksonville                     (904)  540,920  504,265 32250     Jacksonville Beach               (904)  15,462   12,779 33568     Jasmine Estates(u)               (813)  11,995   2,967 *34957    Jensen Beach(u)                  (407)  6,639    .... 33458     Jupiter                          (407)  9,868    3,136 .....     Kendale Lakes(u)                 (305)  32,769   .... 33156     Kendall(u)                       (305)  73,758   35,497 .....     Kendall Green(u)                 (305)  6,768    .... 33149     Key Biscayne(u)                  (305)  6,313    .... 33037     Key Largo(u)                     (305)  7,447    2,866 33040     Key West                         (305)  24,292   29,312 32303     Killearn(u)                      (904)  8,700    .... .....     Kings Point(u)                   (305)  8,724    .... 32741     Kissimmee                        (407)  15,487   7,119 33618     Lake Carroll(u)                  (305)  13,012   5,577 32055     Lake City                        (904)  9,257    10,575 *33802    Lakeland                         (813)  47,406   42,803 33801     Lakeland Highlands(u)            (813)  10,426   .... .....     Lake Lorraine(u)                 (904)  5,427    .... 33054     Lake Lucerne(u)                  (305)  9,762    .... 33612     Lake Magdalene(u)                (813)  13,331   9,266 33403     Lake Park                        (407)  6,909    6,993 ....      Lakeside(u)                      (904)  10,534   .... 33853     Lake Wales                       (813)  8,466    8,240 33460     Lake Worth                       (407)  27,048   23,714 33460     Lantana                          (407)  8,048    7,126 *34640    Largo                            (813)  57,958   24,230 33313     Lauderdale Lakes                 (305)  25,426   10,577 33313     Lauderhill                       (305)  37,271   8,465 34272     Laurel(u)                        (813)  6,368    .... 33717     Lealman(u)                       (813)  19,873   .... 32748     Leesburg                         (904)  13,191   11,869 *33936    Lehigh Acres(u)                  (813)  9,604    4,394 33033     Leisure City(u)                  (305)  17,905   .... 33614     Leto(u)                          (904)  9,003    8,458 33064     Lighthouse Point                 (305)  11,488   9,071 .....     Lindgren Acres(u)                (305)  11,986   .... 32060     Live Oak                         (904)  6,732    6,830 32810     Lockhart(u)                      (407)  10,571   5,809 34228     Longboat Key                     (813)  8,221    2,850 *32750    Longwood                         (407)  10,029   3,203 33549     Lutz(u)                          (813)  5,555    .... 32444     Lynn Haven                       (904)  6,239    4,044 32751     Maitland                         (407)  8,763    7,157 33550     Mango-Seffner(u)                 (813)  6,493    .... 33050     Marathon(u)                      (305)  7,568    4,397 33063     Margate                          (305)  35,900   8,867 32446     Marianna                         (904)  7,074    7,282 *32901    Melbourne                        (407)  46,536   40,236 33314     Melrose Park(u)                  (904)  5,725    6,111 33561     Memphis(u)                       (813)  5,501    3,207 32952     Merritt Island(u)                (407)  30,708   29,233 *33152    Miami                            (305)  346,681  334,859 33139     Miami Beach                      (305)  96,298   87,072 33023     Miami Gardens--Utopia-Carver(u)  (305)  9,025    .... 33014     Miami Lakes(u)                   (305)  9,809    .... 33153     Miami Shores                     (305)  9,244    9,425 33166     Miami Springs                    (305)  12,350   13,279 32570     Milton                           (904)  7,206    5,360 32754     Mims(u)                          (407)  7,583    8,309 33023     Miramar                          (305)  32,813   23,997 32757     Mount Dora                       (904)  5,883    4,646 32506     Myrtle Grove(u)                  (904)  14,238   16,186 *33962    Naples                           (813)  17,581   12,042 33940     Naples Park(u)                   (813)  5,438    1,522 33032     Naranja-Princeton(u)             (305)  10,381   .... 32233     Neptune Beach                    (904)  5,248    4,281 *34652    New Port Richey                  (813)  11,196   6,098 33552     New Port Richey East(u)          (813)  6,627    2,758 32069     New Smyrna Beach                 (904)  13,557   10,580 32578     Niceville                        (904)  8,543    4,155 33169     Norland(u)                       (305)  19,471   .... 33308     North Andrews Gardens(u)         (305)  8,967    7,082 33903     North Fort Myers(u)              (813)  22,808   8,798 33068     North Lauderdale                 (305)  18,653   1,213 33161     North Miami                      (305)  42,566   34,767 33160     North Miami Beach                (305)  36,481   30,544 33940     North Naples(u)                  (813)  7,950    3,201 33408     North Palm Beach                 (407)  11,344   9,035 33596     North Port                       (813)  6,205    2,244 33169     Norwood(u)                       (305)  NA       14,973 33308     Oakland Park                     (305)  22,944   16,261 33860     Oak Ridge(u)                     (813)  15,477   .... 32670     Ocala                            (904)  37,170   22,583 32548     Ocean City(u)                    (904)  5,582    5,267 32761     Ocoee                            (407)  7,803    3,937 33163     Oius(u)                          (305)  17,344   .... 33165     Olympia Heights(u)               (305)  33,112   .... 33558     Oneco(u)                         (813)  6,417    3,246 33054     Opa-Locka                        (305)  14,460   11,902 33054     Opa-Locka North(u)               (305)  5,721    .... 32073     Orange Park                      (904)  8,766    5,019 *32820    Orlando                          (407)  128,394  99,006 32811     Orlovista(u)                     (407)  6,474    .... 32074     Ormond Beach                     (904)  21,438   14,063 32074     Ormond By-The-Sea(u)             (904)  7,665    6,002 32570     Pace(u)                          (904)  5,006    1,776 33476     Pahokee                          (407)  6,346    5,663 32077     Palatka                          (904)  10,175   9,444 33505     Palma Sola(u)                    (813)  5,297    1,745 32905     Palm Bay                         (407)  18,560   7,176 33480     Palm Beach                       (407)  9,729    9,086 33403     Palm Beach Gardens               (407)  14,407   6,102 34221     Palmetto                         (813)  8,637    7,422 33157     Palmetto Estates(u)              (305)  11,116   .... *34683    Palm Harbor(u)                   (813)  5,215    .... 33619     Palm River-Clair Mel(u)          (813)  14,447   8,536 33460     Palm Springs                     (407)  8,166    4,340 33012     Palm Springs North(u)            (407)  5,838    .... 32401     Panama City                      (904)  33,346   32,096 33866     Pembroke Park                    (305)  5,326    2,949 33023     Pembroke Pines                   (305)  35,776   15,496 *32502    Pensacola                        (904)  57,619   59,507 33157     Perrine(u)                       (305)  16,129   10,257 32347     Perry                            (904)  8,254    7,701 32809     Pine Castle(u)                   (407)  9,992    .... 32808     Pine Hills(u)                    (407)  35,771   13,882 *34665    Pinellas Park                    (813)  32,811   22,287 33168     Pinewood(u)                      (305)  16,216   .... 33566     Plant City                       (813)  17,064   15,451 33314     Plantation                       (305)  48,653   23,523 *33067    Pompano Beach                    (305)  52,618   38,587 33064     Pompano Beach Highlands(u)       (305)  16,154   5,014 33950     Port Charlotte(u)                (813)  25,730   10,769 32019     Port Orange                      (904)  18,756   3,781 34952     Port St. Lucie                   (407)  14,690   330 *33950    Punta Gorda                      (813)  6,797    3,879 32351     Quincy                           (904)  8,591    8,334 33156     Richmond Heights(u)              (305)  8,577    6,663 33312     Riverland(u)                     (305)  5,919    5,512 33404     Riviera Beach                    (407)  26,596   21,401 33314     Rock Island(u)                   (813)  5,022    .... 32955     Rockledge                        (407)  11,877   10,523 33570     Ruskin(u)                        (813)  5,117    2,414 34695     Safety Harbor                    (813)  6,461    3,103 32084     St. Augustine                    (904)  11,985   12,352 34769     St. Cloud                        (407)  7,840    5,041 *33702    St. Petersburg                   (813)  238,647  216,159 33706     St. Petersburg Beach             (813)  9,354    8,024 33508     Samoset(u)                       (813)  5,747    4,070 33432     Sandalfoot Cove(u)               (305)  5,299    .... 32771     Sanford                          (407)  23,176   17,393 *34236    Sarasota                         (813)  48,868   40,237 33577     Sarasota Springs(u)              (813)  13,860   4,405 32937     Satellite Beach                  (407)  9,163    6,558 .....     Scott Lake(u)                    (305)  14,154   .... *33870    Sebring                          (813)  8,736    7,223 33578     Siesta Key(u)                    (813)  7,010    4,460 32809     Sky Lake(u)                      (407)  6,692    .... 32703     South Apopka(u)                  (407)  5,687    2,293 33505     South Bradenton(u)               (813)  14,297   .... 32021     South Daytona                    (904)  9,608    4,979 33579     Southgate(u)                     (813)  7,322    6,885 33143     South Miami                      (305)  10,895   11,780 33157     South Miami Heights(u)           (305)  23,559   10,395 32937     South Patrick Shores(u)          (407)  9,816    10,313 33595     South Venice(u)                  (813)  8,075    4,680 32401     Springfield                      (904)  7,220    5,949 34606     Spring Hill(u)                   (904)  6,468    .... 32091     Starke                           (904)  5,306    4,848 *34994    Stuart                           (407)  9,467    4,820 33573     Sun City Center(u)               (813)  5,605    2,143 33160     Sunny Isles(u)                   (305)  12,564   .... 33304     Sunrise                          (305)  39,681   7,403 33139     Sunset(u)                        (305)  13,531   .... 33144     Sweetwater                       (305)  8,067    3,357 33614     Sweetwater Creek(u)              (813)  NA       19,453 *32303    Tallahassee                      (904)  81,548   72,624 33313     Tamarac                          (305)  29,142   5,193 33144     Tamiami(u)                       (305)  17,607   .... *33625    Tampa                            (813)  271,577  277,714 .....     Tanglewood(u)                    (813)  8,229    .... *34689    Tarpon Springs                   (813)  13,251   7,118 33617     Temple Terrace                   (813)  11,097   7,347 33905     Tice(u)                          (813)  6,645    7,254 32780     Titusville                       (407)  31,910   30,515 32505     Town 'n' Country(u)              (904)  37,834   .... 33707     Treasure Island                  (813)  6,316    6,120 32807     Union Park(u)                    (407)  19,175   2,595 33620     University (Hillsborough)(u)     (813)  24,514   10,039 32580     Valparaiso                       (904)  6,142    6,504 *34285    Venice                           (813)  12,153   6,648 33595     Venice Gardens(u)                (813)  6,568    .... 32960     Vero Beach                       (407)  16,176   11,908 32960     Vero Beach South(u)              (407)  12,636   7,330 33901     Villas(u)                        (813)  8,724    .... 32507     Warrington(u)                    (904)  15,792   15,848 33314     Washington Park(u)               (305)  7,240    .... 32703     Wekiva Springs(u)                (407)  13,386   .... 33505     West Bradenton(u)                (813)  NA       6,162 33155     Westchester(u)                   (305)  29,272   .... 32446     West End(u)                      (904)  NA       5,289 33138     West Little River(u)             (305)  32,492   .... 32901     West Melbourne                   (407)  5,078    3,050 33144     West Miami                       (305)  6,076    5,494 *33404    West Palm Beach                  (407)  62,530   57,375 32505     West Pensacola(u)                (904)  24,371   20,924 33168     Westview(u)                      (305)  9,102    .... 33880     West Winter Haven(u)             (813)  NA       7,716 33165     Westwood Lakes(u)                (305)  11,478   12,811 33305     Wilton Manors                    (305)  12,742   10,948 33803     Winston(u)                       (813)  9,315    4,505 *32787    Winter Garden                    (407)  6,789    5,153 33880     Winter Haven                     (813)  21,119   16,136 *32789    Winter Park                      (407)  22,314   21,895 32708     Winter Springs                   (407)  10,475   1,16132548     Wright(u)                        (904)  13,011   .... 33599     Zephyrhills                      (813)  5,742    3,369 %@TE:  330 21847 02 10 33 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:  107  6069 02 10 23 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                  Place  1980     1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%31620     Adel                   (912)  5,592    4,972*31701    Albany                 (912)  74,425   72,623 31709     Americus               (912)  16,120   16,091 *30601    Athens                 (404)  42,549   44,342 *30304    Atlanta                (404)  425,022  495,039 *30901    Augusta                (404)  47,532   59,864 31717     Bainbridge             (912)  10,553   10,887 30032     Belvedere Park(u)      (404)  17,766   .... 31723     Blakely                (912)  5,880    5,267 31520     Brunswick              (912)  17,605   19,585 30518     Buford                 (404)  6,578    4,640 31728     Cairo                  (912)  8,777    8,061 30701     Calhoun                (404)  5,335    4,748 31730     Camilla                (912)  5,414    4,987 30032     Candler-McAfee(u)      (404)  27,306   .... 30117     Carrollton             (404)  14,078   13,520 30120     Cartersville           (404)  9,247    10,138 30125     Cedartown              (404)  8,619    9,253 30341     Chamblee               (404)  7,137    9,127 31014     Cochran                (912)  5,121    5,161 30337     College Park           (404)  24,632   18,203 *31902    Columbus               (404)  169,441  155,028 30027     Conley(u)              (404)  6,033    .... 30207     Conyers                (404)  6,567    4,809 31015     Cordele                (912)  11,184   10,733 30209     Covington              (404)  10,586   10,267 30720     Dalton                 (404)  20,581   18,872 31742     Dawson                 (912)  5,699    5,383 *30030    Decatur                (404)  18,404   21,943 31520     Dock Junction(u)       (912)  6,189    6,009 30340     Doraville              (404)  7,414    9,157 31533     Douglas                (912)  10,980   10,195 30134     Douglasville           (404)  7,641    5,472 30333     Druid Hills(u)         (404)  12,700   .... 31021     Dublin                 (912)  16,083   15,143 30338     Dunwoody(u)            (404)  17,768   .... 31023     Eastman                (912)  5,330    5,416 30344     East Point             (404)  37,486   39,315 30635     Elberton               (404)  5,686    6,438 30060     Fair Oaks(u)           (404)  8,486    .... 30535     Fairview(u)            (404)  6,558    .... 31750     Fitzgerald             (912)  10,187   8,187 30050     Forest Park            (404)  18,782   19,994 31905     Fort Benning South(u)  (404)  15,074   27,495 30905     Fort Gordon(u)         (404)  14,069   15,589 30741     Fort Oglethorpe        (404)  5,443    3,869 31313     Fort Stewart(u)        (912)  15,031   4,467 31030     Fort Valley            (912)  9,000    9,251 30501     Gainesville            (404)  15,280   15,459 31408     Garden City            (912)  6,895    5,790 30316     Gresham Park(u)        (404)  6,232    .... 30223     Griffin                (404)  20,728   22,734 30354     Hapeville              (404)  6,166    9,567 31313     Hinesville             (912)  11,309   4,115 31545     Jesup                  (912)  9,418    9,091 30144     Kennesaw               (404)  5,095    3,548 30728     La Fayette             (404)  6,517    6,044 30240     La Grange              (404)  24,204   23,301 30245     Lawrenceville          (404)  8,928    5,207 30057     Lithia Springs(u)      (404)  9,145    .... 30059     Mableton(u)            (404)  25,111   .... *31201    Macon                  (912)  116,860  122,423 30060     Marietta               (404)  30,821   27,216 30907     Martinez(u)            (404)  16,472   .... 31034     Midway-Hardwick(u)     (912)  8,977    14,047 31061     Milledgeville          (912)  12,176   11,601 30655     Monroe                 (404)  8,854    8,071 31768     Moultrie               (912)  15,105   14,400 30075     Mountain Park(u)       (404)  9,425    268 30263     Newnan                 (404)  11,449   11,205 30319     North Atlanta(u)       (404)  30,521   .... 30033     North Decatur(u)       (404)  11,830   .... 30033     North Druid Hills(u)   (404)  12,438   .... 30032     Panthersville(u)       (404)  11,366   .... 30269     Peachtree City         (404)  6,429    793 31069     Perry                  (912)  9,453    7,771 31643     Quitman                (912)  5,188    4,818 *30274    Riverdale              (404)  7,121    2,521 30161     Rome                   (404)  28,915   30,759 30075     Roswell                (404)  23,337   5,430 31522     St. Simons(u)          (912)  6,566    5,346 31082     Sandersville           (912)  6,137    5,546 30328     Sandy Springs(u)       (404)  46,877   .... *31401    Savannah               (912)  141,654  118,349 30079     Scottdale(u)           (404)  8,770    .... 30080     Smyrna                 (404)  20,312   19,157 30278     Snellville             (404)  8,514    1,990 30901     South Augusta(u)       (404)  51,072   .... 30458     Statesboro             (912)  14,866   14,616 30401     Swainsboro             (912)  7,602    7,325 31791     Sylvester              (912)  5,860    4,226 30286     Thomaston              (404)  9,682    10,024 31792     Thomasville            (912)  18,463   18,155 30824     Thomson                (404)  7,001    6,503 31794     Tifton                 (912)  13,749   12,179 30577     Toccoa                 (404)  8,869    6,971 30084     Tucker(u)              (404)  25,399   .... 31601     Valdosta               (912)  37,596   32,303 30474     Vidalia                (912)  10,393   9,507 31093     Warner Robins          (912)  39,893   33,491 31501     Waycross               (912)  19,371   18,996 30830     Waynesboro             (404)  5,760    5,530 30901     West Augusta(u)        (404)  24,242   .... 31410     Wilmington Island(u)   (912)  7,546    3,284 30680     Winder                 (404)  6,705    6,605 %@TE:  107  6069 02 10 23 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   22  1096 02 10 21 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%96706     Ewa                  190,037  132,29996720     Hilo                 37,017   28,412 *96815    Honolulu             365,048  324,871 96732     Kahului              13,026   8,287 96749     Keaau-Mountain View  7,055    3,802 96752     Kekaha-Waimea        5,256    4,159 96753     Kihei                6,035    1,636 .....     Koolauloa            14,195   10,562 .....     Koolaupoko           109,373  92,219 96790     Kula                 5,077    2,124 96761     Lahaina              10,284   5,524 96768     Makawao-Paia         10,361   5,788 .....     North Kona           13,748   4,832 96781     Papaikou-Wailea      5,261    5,503 .....     South Kona           5,914    4,004 96786     Wahiawa              41,562   37,329 96791     Waialua              9,849    9,171 96792     Waianae              32,810   24,077 96703     Wailua-Anahola       6,030    3,599 96793     Wailuku              10,674   9,084%@TE:   22  1096 02 10 21 09 10 @%

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%@3@%                                %@AS@%Idaho (208)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   22  1119 02 10 22 09 09 @%ZIP code  Place                 1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%83221     Blackfoot             10,065   8,716 *83708    Boise City            102,249  74,990 83318     Burley                8,761    8,279 83605     Caldwell              17,699   14,219 83201     Chubbuck              7,052    2,924 83814     Coeur D'Alene         19,913   16,228 83401     Idaho Falls           39,739   35,776 83338     Jerome                6,891    4,183 83501     Lewiston              27,986   26,068 83642     Meridian              6,658    2,616 83843     Moscow                16,513   14,146 83647     Mountain Home         7,540    6,451 83648     Mountain Home AFB(u)  6,403    6,038 83651     Nampa                 25,112   20,768 83661     Payette               5,448    4,521 83201     Pocatello             46,340   40,036 83854     Post Falls            5,736    2,371 83440     Rexburg               11,559   8,272 83350     Rupert                5,476    4,563 83301     Twin Falls            26,209   21,914 %@TE:   22  1119 02 10 22 09 09 @%

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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Illinois %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  282 16855 02 10 24 07 11 12 @%ZIP code  Place                   Place  1980       1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%60101     Addison                 (708)  29,826     24,48260102     Algonquin               (708)  5,834      3,515 60658     Alsip                   (708)  17,134     11,608 62002     Alton                   (618)  34,171     39,700 62906     Anna                    (618)  5,408      4,766 *60004    Arlington Heights       (708)  66,116     65,058 *60507    Aurora                  (708)  81,293     74,389 60010     Barrington              (708)  9,029      8,581 60103     Bartlett                (708)  13,254     3,501 61607     Bartonville             (309)  6,110      7,221 60510     Batavia                 (708)  12,574     9,060 62618     Beardstown              (217)  6,338      6,222 *62220    Belleville              (618)  42,150     41,223 60104     Bellwood                (708)  19,811     22,096 61008     Belvidere               (815)  15,176     14,061 60106     Bensenville             (708)  16,106     12,956 62812     Benton                  (618)  7,778      6,833 60162     Berkeley                (708)  5,467      6,152 60402     Berwyn                  (708)  46,849     52,502 62010     Bethalto                (618)  8,630      7.074 60108     Bloomingdale            (708)  12,656     2,974 61701     Bloomington             (309)  44,189     39,992 60406     Blue Island             (708)  21,855     22,629 60439     Bolingbrook             (708)  37,261     7,651 60538     Boulder Hill(u)         (708)  9,333      .... 60914     Bourbonnais             (815)  13,280     5,909 60915     Bradley                 (815)  11,015     9,881 60455     Bridgeview              (708)  14,155     12,506 60153     Broadview               (708)  8,618      9,623 60513     Brookfield              (708)  19,395     20,284 60090     Buffalo Grove           (708)  22,230     12,333 60459     Burbank                 (708)  28,462     26,726 62206     Cahokia                 (618)  18,904     20,649 62914     Cairo                   (618)  5,931      6,277 60409     Calumet City            (708)  39,673     33,107 60643     Calumet Park            (708)  8,788      10,069 61520     Canton                  (309)  14,626     14,217 62901     Carbondale              (618)  26,414     22,816 62626     Carlinville             (217)  5,439      5,675 62821     Carmi                   (618)  6,107      6,033 60187     Carol Stream            (708)  15,472     4,434 60110     Carpentersville         (708)  23,272     24,059 60013     Cary                    (708)  6,640      4,358 62801     Centralia               (618)  15,126     15,966 62206     Centreville             (618)  9,747      11,378 61820     Champaign               (217)  58,267     56,837 61920     Charleston              (217)  19,355     16,421 62629     Chatham                 (217)  5,597      2,788 62233     Chester                 (618)  8,027      5,310 *60607    Chicago                 (312)  3,005,072  3,369,357 60411     Chicago Heights         (708)  37,026     40,900 60415     Chicago Ridge           (708)  13,473     9,187 61523     Chillicothe             (309)  6,176      6,052 60650     Cicero                  (708)  61,232     67,058 60514     Clarendon Hills         (708)  6,857      6,750 61727     Clinton                 (217)  8,014      7,581 62234     Collinsville            (618)  19,475     18,224 60477     Country Club Hills      (708)  14,676     6,920 60525     Countryside             (708)  6,242      2,864 60435     Crest Hill              (815)  9,252      7,460 60445     Crestwood               (708)  10,712     5,770 60417     Crete                   (708)  5,417      4,656 61611     Creve Coeur             (309)  6,851      6,440 60014     Crystal Lake            (815)  18,590     14,541 61832     Danville                (217)  38,985     42,570 60559     Darien                  (708)  14,968     7,789 *62521    Decatur                 (217)  93,939     90,397 60015     Deerfield               (708)  17,432     18,876 60115     De Kalb                 (815)  33,157     32,949 *60016    Des Plaines             (708)  53,568     57,239 61021     Dixon                   (815)  15,710     18,147 60419     Dolton                  (708)  24,766     25,990 60515     Downers Grove           (708)  42,691     32,544 62832     Du Quoin                (618)  6,594      6,691 62024     East Alton              (618)  7,096      7,309 60411     East Chicago Heights    (708)  5,347      5,000 61244     East Moline             (309)  20,907     20,956 61611     East Peoria             (309)  22,385     18,671 *62201    East St. Louis          (618)  55,200     70,169 62025     Edwardsville            (618)  12,460     11,070 62401     Effingham               (217)  11,270     9,458 62930     Eldorado                (618)  5,198      3,876 60120     Elgin                   (708)  63,668     55,691 60007     Elk Grove Village       (708)  28,679     20,346 60126     Elmhurst                (708)  44,251     46,392 60635     Elmwood Park            (708)  24,016     26,160 *60204    Evanston                (708)  73,706     80,113 60642     Evergreen Park          (708)  22,260     25,921 62837     Fairfield               (618)  5,944      5,897 62208     Fairview Heights        (618)  11,244     10,050 62839     Flora                   (618)  5,379      5,283 60422     Flossmoor               (708)  8,423      7,846 60130     Forest Park             (708)  15,177     15,472 60020     Fox Lake                (708)  6,831      4,511 60131     Franklin Park           (708)  17,507     20,348 61032     Freeport                (815)  26,406     27,736 60030     Gages Lake-Wildwood(u)  (708)  5,848      5,337 61401     Galesburg               (309)  35,305     36,290 61254     Geneseo                 (309)  6,373      5,840 60134     Geneva                  (708)  9,881      9,049 62034     Glen Carbon             (618)  5,197      1,897 60022     Glencoe                 (708)  9,200      10,542 60137     Glendale Heights        (618)  23,251     11,406 60137     Glen Ellyn              (708)  23,691     21,909 60025     Glenview                (708)  30,842     24,880 60425     Glenwood                (708)  10,538     7,416 62040     Granite City            (618)  36,815     40,685 60030     Grayslake               (708)  5,260      4,907 62246     Greenville              (618)  5,271      4,631 60031     Gurnee                  (708)  7,179      2,738 60103     Hanover Park            (708)  28,719     11,735 62946     Harrisburg              (618)  9,322      9,535 60033     Harvard                 (815)  5,126      5,177 60426     Harvey                  (708)  35,810     34,636 60656     Harwood Heights         (708)  8,228      9,060 60429     Hazel Crest             (708)  13,973     10,329 62948     Herrin                  (618)  10,708     9,623 60457     Hickory Hills           (708)  13,778     13,176 62249     Highland                (618)  7,122      5,981 60035     Highland Park           (708)  30,599     32,263 60040     Highwood                (708)  5,455      4,973 60162     Hillside                (708)  8,279      8,888 60521     Hinsdale                (708)  16,726     15,918 60172     Hoffman Estates         (708)  38,258     22,238 60456     Hometown                (708)  5,324      6,729 60430     Homewood                (708)  19,724     18,871 60942     Hoopeston               (217)  6,411      6,461 60143     Itasca                  (708)  7,948      4,638 62650     Jacksonville            (217)  20,284     20,553 62052     Jerseyville             (618)  7,506      7,446 *60431    Joliet                  (815)  77,956     78,827 60458     Justice                 (708)  10,552     9,473 60901     Kankakee                (815)  29,633     30,944 61443     Kewanee                 (309)  14,508     15,762 60525     La Grange               (708)  15,693     17,814 60525     La Grange Park          (708)  13,359     15,459 60045     Lake Forest             (708)  15,245     15,642 60102     Lake in the Hills       (708)  5,651      3,240 60047     Lake Zurich             (708)  8,225      4,082 60438     Lansing                 (708)  29,039     25,805 61301     La Salle                (815)  10,347     10,736 62439     Lawrenceville           (618)  5,652      5,863 60439     Lemont                  (708)  5,640      5,080 60048     Libertyville            (708)  16,520     11,684 62656     Lincoln                 (217)  16,327     17,582 60645     Lincolnwood             (708)  11,921     12,929 60046     Lindenhurst             (708)  6,220      3,141 60532     Lisle                   (708)  13,638     5,329 62056     Litchfield              (217)  7,204      7,190 60441     Lockport                (815)  9,192      9,861 60148     Lombard                 (708)  36,879     34,043 61111     Loves Park              (815)  13,192     12,390 60534     Lyons                   (708)  9,925      11,124 61455     Macomb                  (309)  19,632     19,643 62060     Madison                 (618)  5,301      7,042 62959     Marion                  (618)  14,031     11,724 60426     Markham                 (708)  15,172     15,987 60443     Matteson                (708)  10,223     4,741 61938     Mattoon                 (217)  19,293     19,681 60153     Maywood                 (708)  27,998     29,019 60050     McHenry                 (815)  10,737     6,772 *60160    Melrose Park            (708)  20,735     22,716 61342     Mendota                 (815)  7,134      6,902 62960     Metropolis              (618)  7,171      6,940 60445     Midlothian              (708)  14,274     14,422 61264     Milan                   (309)  6,371      4,873 61265     Moline                  (309)  46,407     46,237 61462     Monmouth                (309)  10,706     11,022 60450     Morris                  (815)  8,833      8,194 61550     Morton                  (309)  14,178     10,811 60053     Morton Grove            (708)  23,747     26,369 62863     Mount Carmel            (618)  8,908      8,096 60056     Mount Prospect          (708)  52,634     34,995 62864     Mount Vernon            (618)  16,995     16,270 60060     Mundelein               (708)  17,053     16,128 62966     Murphysboro             (618)  9,866      10,013 60540     Naperville              (708)  42,601     22,794 60451     New Lenox               (815)  5,792      2,855 60648     Niles                   (708)  30,363     31,432 61761     Normal                  (309)  35,672     26,396 60656     Norridge                (708)  16,483     17,113 60542     North Aurora            (708)  5,205      4,833 60062     Northbrook              (708)  30,735     25,422 60064     North Chicago           (708)  38,774     47,275 60164     Northlake               (708)  12,166     14,191 61111     North Park(u)           (815)  15,806     15,679 60546     North Riverside         (708)  6,764      8,097 60521     Oak Brook               (708)  6,676      4,164 60452     Oak Forest              (708)  25,040     19,271 *60454    Oak Lawn                (708)  60,590     60,305 *60301    Oak Park                (708)  54,887     62,511 62269     O'Fallon                (618)  12,173     7,268 62450     Olney                   (618)  9,026      8,974 60462     Orland Park             (708)  23,045     6,391 61350     Ottawa                  (815)  18,166     18,716 60067     Palatine                (708)  32,176     26,050 60463     Palos Heights           (708)  11,096     8,544 60465     Palos Hills             (708)  16,654     6,629 62557     Pana                    (217)  6,040      6,326 61944     Paris                   (217)  9,885      9,971 60466     Park Forest             (708)  26,222     30,638 60466     Park Forest South       (708)  6,245      1,748 60068     Park Ridge              (708)  38,704     42,614 61554     Pekin                   (309)  33,967     31,375 *61601    Peoria                  (309)  124,160    126,963 61614     Peoria Heights          (309)  7,453      7,943 61354     Peru                    (815)  10,886     11,772 61764     Pontiac                 (815)  11,227     10,595 61356     Princeton               (815)  7,342      6,959 60070     Prospect Heights        (708)  11,823     13,333 62301     Quincy                  (217)  42,352     45,288 61866     Rantoul                 (217)  20,161     25,562 60471     Richton Park            (708)  9,403      2,558 60627     Riverdale               (708)  13,233     15,806 60305     River Forest            (708)  12,392     13,402 60171     River Grove             (708)  10,368     11,465 60546     Riverside               (708)  9,236      10,357 60472     Robbins                 (708)  8,119      9,641 62454     Robinson                (618)  7,285      7,178 61068     Rochelle                (815)  8,982      8,594 61071     Rock Falls              (815)  10,624     10,287 *61125    Rockford                (815)  139,712    147,370 61201     Rock Island             (309)  46,821     50,166 60008     Rolling Meadows         (708)  20,167     19,178 60441     Romeoville              (815)  15,519     12,888 60172     Roselle                 (708)  17,034     6,207 62024     Rosewood Heights(u)     (618)  5,085      3,391 60073     Round Lake Beach        (708)  12,921     5,717 60174     St. Charles             (708)  17,492     12,945 62881     Salem                   (618)  7,813      6,187 60548     Sandwich                (815)  5,356      5,056 60411     Sauk Village            (708)  10,906     7,479 60172     Schaumburg              (708)  53,355     18,531 60176     Schiller Park           (708)  11,458     12,712 62225     Scott AFB(u)            (618)  8,648      7,871 62565     Shelbyville             (217)  5,259      4,887 61282     Silvis                  (309)  7,130      5,907 60076     Skokie                  (708)  60,278     68,322 60177     South Elgin             (708)  5,970      4,289 60473     South Holland           (708)  24,977     23,931 *62703    Springfield             (217)  100,054    91,753 61362     Spring Valley           (815)  5,822      5,605 60475     Steger                  (708)  9,269      8,104 61081     Sterling                (815)  16,273     16,113 60402     Stickney                (708)  5,893      6,601 60103     Streamwood              (708)  23,456     18,176 61364     Streator                (815)  14,795     15,600 60501     Summit                  (708)  10,110     11,569 62221     Swansea                 (618)  5,529      5,432 60178     Sycamore                (815)  9,219      7,843 62568     Taylorville             (217)  11,386     10,644 60477     Tinley Park             (708)  26,178     12,572 61801     Urbana                  (217)  35,978     33,976 62471     Vandalia                (618)  5,338      5,160 60061     Vernon Hills            (708)  9,827      1,056 60181     Villa Park              (708)  23,155     25,891 60555     Warrenville             (708)  7,519      3,281 61571     Washington              (309)  10,364     6,790 62204     Washington Park         (618)  8,223      9,524 60970     Watseka                 (815)  5,543      5,294 60084     Wauconda                (708)  5,688      5,460 60085     Waukegan                (708)  67,653     65,134 60153     Westchester             (708)  17,730     20,033 60185     West Chicago            (708)  12,550     9,988 60558     Western Springs         (708)  12,876     13,029 62896     West Frankfort          (618)  9,437      8,854 60559     Westmont                (708)  17,353     8,832 61604     West Peoria(u)          (309)  5,219      6,873 60187     Wheaton                 (708)  43,043     31,138 60090     Wheeling                (708)  23,266     13,243 60091     Wilmette                (708)  28,221     32,134 60093     Winnetka                (708)  12,772     14,131 60096     Winthrop Harbor         (708)  5,427      4,794 60097     Wonder Lake(u)          (815)  5,917      4,806 60191     Wood Dale               (708)  11,251     8,831 60515     Woodridge               (708)  21,763     11,028 62095     Wood River              (618)  12,446     13,186 60098     Woodstock               (815)  11,725     10,226 60482     Worth                   (708)  11,592     11,999 60099     Zion                    (708)  17,865     17,268 %@TE:  282 16855 02 10 24 07 11 12 @%

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%@3@%                                  %@AS@%Indiana%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  107  5570 02 10 18 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place             Place  1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%46001     Alexandria        (317)  6,028    5,60046011     Anderson          (317)  64,695   70,787 46703     Angola            (219)  5,486    5,117 46706     Auburn            (219)  8,122    7,388 47421     Bedford           (812)  14,410   13,087 46107     Beech Grove       (317)  13,196   13,559 47401     Bloomington       (812)  52,667   43,262 46714     Bluffton          (219)  8,705    8,297 47601     Boonville         (812)  6,300    5,736 47834     Brazil            (812)  7,852    8,163 46112     Brownsburg        (317)  6,242    5,751 46032     Carmel            (317)  18,272   6,691 46303     Cedar Lake        (219)  8,754    7,589 47111     Charlestown       (812)  5,596    5,933 46304     Chesterton        (219)  8,531    6,177 47130     Clarksville       (812)  15,164   13,298 47842     Clinton           (317)  5,267    5,340 46725     Columbia City     (219)  5,091    4,911 47201     Columbus          (812)  30,292   26,457 47331     Connersville      (317)  17,023   17,604 47933     Crawfordsville    (317)  13,325   13,842 46307     Crown Point       (219)  16,455   10,931 46733     Decatur           (219)  8,649    8,445 46514     Dunlap(u)         (219)  5,397    .... 46311     Dyer              (219)  9,555    4,906 46312     East Chicago      (219)  39,786   46,982 46514     Elkhart           (219)  41,305   43,152 46036     Elwood            (317)  10,867   11,196 *47708    Evansville        (812)  130,496  138,764 *46802    Fort Wayne        (219)  172,391  178,269 46041     Frankfort         (317)  15,168   14,956 46131     Franklin          (317)  11,563   11,477 *46401    Gary              (219)  151,968  175,415 46933     Gas City          (317)  6,370    5,742 46526     Goshen            (219)  19,665   17,871 46135     Greencastle       (317)  8,403    8,852 46140     Greenfield        (317)  11,288   9,986 47240     Greensburg        (812)  9,254    8,620 46142     Greenwood         (317)  19,327   11,869 46319     Griffith          (219)  17,026   18,168 *46320    Hammond           (219)  93,714   107,983 47348     Hartford City     (317)  7,622    8,207 46322     Highland          (219)  25,935   24,947 46342     Hobart            (219)  22,987   21,485 47542     Huntingburg       (812)  5,376    4,794 46750     Huntington        (219)  16,202   16,217 *46206    Indianapolis      (317)  700,807  736,856 47546     Jasper            (812)  9,097    8,641 47130     Jeffersonville    (812)  21,220   20,008 46755     Kendallville      (219)  7,299    6,838 46901     Kokomo            (317)  47,808   44,042 *47901    Lafayette         (317)  43,011   44,955 46405     Lake Station      (219)  15,087   9,858 46350     La Porte          (219)  21,796   22,140 46226     Lawrence          (317)  25,591   16,353 46052     Lebanon           (317)  11,456   9,766 47441     Linton            (812)  6,315    5,450 46947     Logansport        (219)  17,731   19,255 46356     Lowell            (219)  5,827    3,839 47250     Madison           (812)  12,472   13,081 46952     Marion            (317)  35,874   39,607 46151     Martinsville      (317)  11,311   9,723 46410     Merrillville      (219)  27,677   15,918 46360     Michigan City     (219)  36,850   39,369 46544     Mishawaka         (219)  40,224   36,060 47960     Monticello        (219)  5,162    4,869 46158     Mooresville       (317)  5,349    5,800 47620     Mount Vernon      (812)  7,656    6,770 *47302    Muncie            (317)  77,216   69,082 46321     Munster           (219)  20,671   16,514 47150     New Albany        (812)  37,103   38,402 47362     New Castle        (317)  20,056   21,215 46774     New Haven         (219)  6,714    5,346 46060     Noblesville       (317)  12,253   7,548 46962     North Manchester  (219)  5,998    5,791 47265     North Vernon      (812)  5,768    4,582 47130     Oak Park(u)       (812)  5,871    .... 46970     Peru              (317)  13,764   14,139 46168     Plainfield        (317)  9,191    8,211 46563     Plymouth          (219)  7,693    7,661 46368     Portage           (219)  27,409   19,127 47371     Portland          (219)  7,074    7,115 47670     Princeton         (812)  8,976    7,431 47374     Richmond          (317)  41,349   43,999 46975     Rochester         (219)  5,050    4,631 46173     Rushville         (317)  6,113    6,686 47167     Salem             (812)  5,290    5,041 46375     Schererville      (219)  13,209   3,663 47170     Scottsburg        (812)  5,068    4,791 47274     Seymour           (812)  15,050   13,352 46176     Shelbyville       (317)  14,989   15,094 *46624    South Bend        (219)  109,727  125,580 46383     South Haven(u)    (219)  6,679    .... 46224     Speedway          (317)  12,641   14,523 47586     Tell City         (812)  8,704    7,933 *47808    Terre Haute       (812)  61,125   70,335 46072     Tipton            (317)  5,004    5,313 46383     Valparaiso        (219)  22,247   20,020 47591     Vincennes         (812)  20,857   19,867 46992     Wabash            (219)  12,985   13,379 46580     Warsaw            (219)  10,647   7,506 47501     Washington        (812)  11,325   11,358 47906     West Lafayette    (317)  21,247   19,157 46394     Whiting           (219)  5,630    7,054 47394     Winchester        (317)  5,659    5,493 %@TE:  107  5570 02 10 18 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   70  3586 02 10 17 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place            Place  1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%50511     Algona           (515)  6,289    6,03250009     Altoona          (515)  5,764    2,883 50010     Ames             (515)  45,775   39,505 50021     Ankeny           (515)  15,429   9,151 50022     Atlantic         (712)  7,789    7,306 52722     Bettendorf       (319)  27,381   22,126 50036     Boone            (515)  12,602   12,468 52601     Burlington       (319)  29,529   32,366 51401     Carroll          (712)  9,705    8,716 50613     Cedar Falls      (319)  36,322   29,597 *52401    Cedar Rapids     (319)  110,243  110,642 52544     Centerville      (515)  6,558    6,531 50049     Chariton         (515)  5,116    5,009 50616     Charles City     (515)  8,778    9,268 51012     Cherokee         (712)  7,004    7,272 51632     Clarinda         (712)  5,458    5,420 50428     Clear Lake City  (515)  7,458    6,430 52732     Clinton          (319)  32,828   34,719 50053     Clive            (515)  5,906    3,005 52240     Coralville       (319)  7,687    6,130 51501     Council Bluffs   (712)  56,449   60,348 50801     Creston          (515)  8,429    8,234 *52802    Davenport        (319)  103,264  98,469 52101     Decorah          (319)  7,991    7,237 51442     Denison          (712)  6,675    6,218 *50318    Des Moines       (515)  191,003  201,404 52001     Dubuque          (319)  62,374   62,309 51334     Estherville      (712)  7,518    8,108 52556     Fairfield        (515)  9,428    8,715 50501     Fort Dodge       (515)  29,423   31,263 52627     Fort Madison     (319)  13,520   13,996 51534     Glenwood         (712)  5,280    4,421 50112     Grinnell         (515)  8,868    8,402 51537     Harlan           (712)  5,357    5,049 50644     Independence     (319)  6,392    5,910 50125     Indianola        (515)  10,843   8,852 52240     Iowa City        (319)  50,508   46,850 50126     Iowa Falls       (515)  6,174    6,454 52632     Keokuk           (319)  13,536   14,631 50138     Knoxville        (515)  8,143    7,755 51031     Le Mars          (712)  8,276    8,159 52060     Maquoketa        (319)  6,313    5,677 52302     Marion           (319)  19,474   18,028 50158     Marshalltown     (515)  26,938   26,219 50401     Mason City       (515)  30,144   30,379 52641     Mount Pleasant   (319)  7,322    7,007 52761     Muscatine        (319)  23,467   22,405 50201     Nevada           (515)  5,912    4,952 50208     Newton           (515)  15,292   15,619 50662     Oelwein          (319)  7,564    7,735 52577     Oskaloosa        (515)  10,629   11,224 52501     Ottumwa          (515)  27,381   29,610 50219     Pella            (515)  8,349    6,668 50220     Perry            (515)  7,053    6,906 51566     Red Oak          (712)  6,810    6,210 51201     Sheldon          (712)  5,003    4,535 51601     Shenandoah       (712)  6,274    5,968 *51101    Sioux City       (712)  82,003   85,925 51301     Spencer          (712)  11,726   10,278 50588     Storm Lake       (712)  8,814    8,591 50322     Urbandale        (515)  17,869   14,434 52349     Vinton           (319)  5,040    4,845 52353     Washington       (319)  6,584    6,317 *50701    Waterloo         (319)  75,985   75,533 50677     Waverly          (319)  8,444    7,205 50595     Webster City     (515)  8,572    8,488 50265     West Des Moines  (515)  21,894   16,441 50311     Windsor Heights  (515)  5,632    6,303 %@TE:   70  3586 02 10 17 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   53  2956 02 10 21 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                Place  1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%67410     Abilene              (913)  6,572    6,66167005     Arkansas City        (316)  13,201   13,216 66002     Atchison             (913)  11,407   12,565 67010     Augusta              (316)  6,968    5,977 66012     Bonner Springs       (913)  6,266    3,884 66720     Chanute              (316)  10,506   10,341 67337     Coffeyville          (316)  15,185   15,116 67701     Colby                (913)  5,544    4,658 66901     Concordia            (913)  6,847    7,221 67037     Derby                (316)  9,786    7,947 67801     Dodge City           (316)  18,001   14,127 67042     El Dorado            (316)  11,551   12,308 66801     Emporia              (316)  25,287   23,327 66442     Fort Riley North(u)  (913)  16,086   12,469 66701     Fort Scott           (316)  8,893    8,967 67846     Garden City          (316)  18,256   14,790 67735     Goodland             (913)  5,708    5,510 67530     Great Bend           (316)  16,608   16,133 67601     Hays                 (913)  16,301   15,396 67060     Haysville            (316)  8,006    6,531 67501     Hutchinson           (316)  40,284   36,885 67301     Independence         (316)  10,598   10,347 66749     Iola                 (316)  6,938    6,493 66441     Junction City        (913)  19,305   19,018 *66110    Kansas City          (913)  161,148  168,213 66043     Lansing              (913)  5,307    3,797 66044     Lawrence             (913)  52,738   45,698 66048     Leavenworth          (913)  33,656   25,147 66206     Leawood              (913)  13,360   10,645 66215     Lenexa               (913)  18,639   5,549 67901     Liberal              (316)  14,911   13,862 67460     McPherson            (316)  11,753   10,851 66502     Manhattan            (913)  32,644   27,575 66203     Merriam              (913)  10,794   10,955 66222     Mission              (913)  8,643    8,125 67114     Newton               (316)  16,332   15,439 66061     Olathe               (913)  37,258   17,917 66067     Ottawa               (913)  11,016   11,036 66204     Overland Park        (913)  81,784   77,934 67357     Parsons              (316)  12,898   13,015 66762     Pittsburg            (316)  18,770   20,171 66208     Prairie Village      (913)  24,657   28,378 67124     Pratt                (316)  6,885    6,736 66203     Roeland Park         (913)  7,962    9,760 67665     Russell              (913)  5,427    5,371 67401     Salina               (913)  41,843   37,714 *66203    Shawnee              (913)  29,653   20,946 *66603    Topeka               (913)  118,690  125,011 67152     Wellington           (316)  8,212    8,072 *67202    Wichita              (316)  279,838  276,554 67156     Winfield             (316)  10,736   11,405 %@TE:   53  2956 02 10 21 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   72  4187 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                   Place  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%41101     Ashland                 (606)  27,064   29,24540004     Bardstown               (502)  6,155    5,816 41073     Bellevue                (606)  7,678    8,847 40403     Berea                   (606)  8,226    6,956 42101     Bowling Green           (502)  40,450   36,705 40218     Buechel(u)              (502)  6,912    5,359 42718     Campbellsville          (502)  8,715    7,598 42330     Central City            (502)  5,250    5,450 40701     Corbin                  (606)  8,075    7,474 *41011    Covington               (606)  49,585   52,535 41031     Cynthiana               (606)  5,881    6,356 40422     Danville                (606)  12,942   11,542 41074     Dayton                  (606)  6,979    8,751 41017     Edgewood                (606)  7,243    4,139 42701     Elizabethtown           (502)  15,380   11,748 41018     Elsmere                 (606)  7,203    5,161 41018     Erlanger                (606)  14,466   12,676 40118     Fairdale(u)             (502)  7,315    .... 40291     Fern Creek(u)           (502)  16,866   .... 41139     Flatwoods               (606)  8,354    7,380 41042     Florence                (606)  15,586   11,661 42223     Fort Campbell North(u)  (502)  17,211   13,616 40121     Fort Knox(u)            (502)  31,035   37,608 41017     Fort Mitchell           (606)  7,294    6,982 41075     Fort Thomas             (606)  16,012   16,338 40601     Frankfort               (502)  25,973   21,902 42134     Franklin                (502)  7,738    6,553 40324     Georgetown              (502)  10,972   8,629 42141     Glasgow                 (502)  12,958   11,301 40330     Harrodsburg             (606)  7,265    6,741 41701     Hazard                  (606)  5,429    5,459 42420     Henderson               (502)  24,834   22,976 40228     Highview(u)             (502)  13,286   .... 40229     Hillview                (502)  5,196    .... 42240     Hopkinsville            (502)  27,318   21,395 41051     Independence            (606)  7,998    1,715 40299     Jeffersontown           (502)  15,795   9,701 40342     Lawrenceburg            (502)  5,167    3,579 40033     Lebanon                 (502)  6,590    5,528 *40511    Lexington-Fayette       (606)  204,165  108,137 *40201    Louisville              (502)  298,694  361,706 42431     Madisonville            (502)  16,979   15,332 42066     Mayfield                (502)  10,705   10,724 41056     Maysville               (606)  7,983    7,411 40965     Middlesborough          (606)  12,251   11,878 42633     Monticello              (606)  5,677    3,618 40351     Morehead                (606)  7,789    7,191 40353     Mount Sterling          (606)  5,820    5,083 42071     Murray                  (502)  14,248   13,537 40218     Newburg(u)              (502)  24,612   .... *41071    Newport                 (606)  21,587   25,998 40356     Nicholasville           (606)  10,400   5,829 40219     Okolona(u)              (502)  20,039   17,643 42301     Owensboro               (502)  54,450   50,329 42001     Paducah                 (502)  29,315   31,627 40361     Paris                   (606)  7,935    7,823 40258     Pleasure Ridge Park(u)  (502)  27,332   28,566 42445     Princeton               (502)  7,073    6,292 40160     Radcliff                (502)  14,656   8,426 40475     Richmond                (606)  21,705   16,861 42276     Russellville            (502)  7,520    6,456 40207     St. Matthews            (502)  13,519   13,152 40065     Shelbyville             (502)  5,308    4,182 40216     Shively                 (502)  16,645   19,139 42501     Somerset                (606)  10,649   10,436 40272     Valley Station(u)       (502)  24,474   24,471 40383     Versailles              (606)  6,427    5,679 41101     Westwood(u)             (606)  5,973    777 40769     Williamsburg            (606)  5,560    3,687 40391     Winchester              (606)  15,216   13,402 %@TE:   72  4187 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   96  5936 02 10 28 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                       Place  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%70510     Abbeville                   (318)  12,391   10,99671301     Alexandria                  (318)  51,565   41,811 70032     Arabi(u)                    (504)  10,248   .... 70094     Avondale(u)                 (504)  6,699    .... 70714     Baker                       (504)  12,865   8,281 71220     Bastrop                     (318)  15,527   14,713 *70821    Baton Rouge                 (504)  220,394  165,921 70360     Bayou Cane(u)               (504)  15,723   9,077 70380     Bayou Vista(u)              (504)  5,805    5,121 70037     Belle Chasse(u)             (504)  5,412    .... 70427     Bogalusa                    (504)  16,976   18,412 71010     Bossier City                (318)  49,969   43,769 70517     Breaux Bridge               (318)  5,922    4,942 ....      Broadmoor(u)                (318)  7,051    .... 71291     Brownsville-Bawcomville(u)  (318)  7,252    .... 71322     Bunkie                      (318)  5,364    5,395 70043     Chalmette(u)                (504)  33,847   .... 71291     Claiborne(u)                (318)  6,278    .... 70433     Covington                   (504)  7,892    7,170 70526     Crowley                     (318)  16,036   16,104 70345     Cut Off(u)                  (504)  5,049    .... 70726     Denham Springs              (504)  8,412    6,752 70634     De Ridder                   (318)  10,337   8,030 70346     Donaldsonville              (504)  7,901    7,367 70072     Estelle(u)                  (504)  12,724   .... 70535     Eunice                      (318)  12,479   11,390 70538     Franklin                    (318)  9,584    9,325 70354     Galliano(u)                 (504)  5,159    .... 70737     Gonzales                    (504)  7,287    4,512 70053     Gretna                      (504)  20,615   24,875 70401     Hammond                     (504)  15,226   12,487 70123     Harahan                     (504)  11,384   13,037 70058     Harvey(u)                   (504)  22,709   6,347 70360     Houma                       (504)  32,602   30,922 70544     Jeanerette                  (318)  6,511    6,322 70121     Jefferson(u)                (504)  15,550   16,489 70546     Jennings                    (318)  12,401   11,783 71251     Jonesboro                   (318)  5,061    5,072 70548     Kaplan                      (318)  5,016    5,540 70062     Kenner                      (504)  66,382   29,858 70445     Lacombe(u)                  (504)  5,146    .... 70501     Lafayette                   (318)  80,584   68,908 70601     Lake Charles                (318)  75,051   77,998 71254     Lake Providence             (318)  6,361    6,183 70068     Laplace(u)                  (504)  16,112   5,953 70373     Larose(u)                   (504)  5,234    4,267 71446     Leesville                   (318)  9,054    8,928 70123     Little Farms(u)             (504)  NA       15,713 70448     Mandeville                  (504)  6,076    2,571 71052     Mansfield                   (318)  6,485    6,432 71351     Marksville                  (318)  5,113    4,519 70072     Marrero(u)                  (504)  36,548   29,015 *70004    Metairie(u)                 (504)  164,160  136,477 71055     Minden                      (318)  15,074   13,996 71201     Monroe                      (318)  57,597   56,374 70380     Morgan City                 (504)  16,114   16,586 70601     Moss Bluff(u)               (318)  7,004    .... 71457     Natchitoches                (318)  16,664   15,974 70560     New Iberia                  (318)  32,766   30,147 *70113    New Orleans                 (504)  557,927  593,471 71463     Oakdale                     (318)  7,155    7,301 70570     Opelousas                   (318)  18,903   20,387 71360     Pineville                   (318)  12,034   8,951 70764     Plaquemine                  (504)  7,521    7,739 70454     Ponchatoula                 (504)  5,469    4,545 70767     Port Allen                  (504)  6,114    5,728 70085     Poydras(u)                  (504)  5,722    .... 70601     Prien(u)                    (318)  6,224    .... 70394     Raceland(u)                 (504)  6,302    4,880 70578     Rayne                       (318)  9,066    9,510 70084     Reserve(u)                  (504)  7,288    6,381 70123     River Ridge(u)              (504)  17,146   .... 71270     Ruston                      (318)  20,585   17,365 70582     St. Martinville             (318)  7,965    7,153 70807     Scotlandville(u)            (504)  15,113   22,599 *71102    Shreveport                  (318)  206,989  182,064 70458     Slidell                     (504)  26,718   16,101 71459     South Fort Polk(u)          (318)  12,498   15,600 71075     Springhill                  (318)  6,516    6,496 70663     Sulphur                     (318)  19,709   14,959 71282     Tallulah                    (318)  11,341   9,643 71285     Terrytown(u)                (318)  23,548   13,382 70301     Thibodaux                   (504)  15,810   15,028 70053     Timberlane(u)               (504)  11,579   .... 71373     Vidalia                     (318)  5,936    5,538 70586     Ville Platte                (318)  9,201    9,692 70092     Violet(u)                   (504)  11,678   .... 70094     Waggaman(u)                 (504)  9,004    .... 70669     Westlake                    (318)  5,246    4,082 71291     West Monroe                 (318)  14,993   14,868 70094     Westwego                    (504)  12,663   11,402 71483     Winnfield                   (318)  7,311    7,142 71295     Winnsboro                   (318)  5,921    5,349 70791     Zachary                     (504)  7,297    4,964 %@TE:   96  5936 02 10 28 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   67  3962 02 10 27 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place                      1980    1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%04210     Auburn                     23,128  24,15104330     Augusta                    21,819  21,945 04401     Bangor                     31,643  33,168 04530     Bath                       10,246  9,679 04915     Belfast                    6,243   5,957 04005     Biddeford                  19,638  19,983 04412     Brewer                     9,017   9,300 04011     Brunswick Center(u)        10,990  10,867 04011     %@AI@%Brunswick%@AE@%                  17,366  16,195 04093     %@AI@%Buxton%@AE@%                     5,775   3,135 04107     %@AI@%Cape Elizabeth%@AE@%             7,838   7,873 04736     Caribou                    9,916   10,419 04021     %@AI@%Cumberland%@AE@%                 5,284   4,096 04605     Ellsworth                  5,179   4,603 04937     %@AI@%Fairfield%@AE@%                  6,113   5,684 04105     %@AI@%Falmouth%@AE@%                   6,853   6,291 04938     %@AI@%Farmington%@AE@%                 6,730   5,657 04032     %@AI@%Freeport%@AE@%                   5,863   4,781 04345     Gardiner                   6,485   6,685 04038     %@AI@%Gorham%@AE@%                     10,101  7,839 04444     %@AI@%Hampden%@AE@%                    5,250   4,693 04730     Houlton Center(u)          5,730   6,760 04730     %@AI@%Houlton%@AE@%                    6,766   8,111 04239     %@AI@%Jay%@AE@%                        5,080   3,954 04043     %@AI@%Kennebunk%@AE@%                  6,621   5,646 03904     Kittery Center(u)          5,465   7,363 03904     %@AI@%Kittery%@AE@%                    9,314   11,028 04240     Lewiston                   40,481  41,779 04750     %@AI@%Limestone%@AE@%                  8,719   10,360 04457     %@AI@%Lincoln%@AE@%                    5,066   4,759 04250     %@AI@%Lisbon%@AE@%                     8,769   6,544 04750     Loring(u)                  6,572   7,881 04756     %@AI@%Madawaska%@AE@%                  5,282   5,585 04462     Millinocket Center(u)      7,567   7,558 04462     %@AI@%Millinocket%@AE@%                7,567   7,742 04062     North Windham(u)           5,492   .... 04963     %@AI@%Oakland%@AE@%                    5,162   3,535 04064     Old Orchard Beach Ctr.(u)  6,023   5,273 04064     %@AI@%Old Orchard Beach%@AE@%          6,291   5,404 04468     Old Town                   8,422   8,741 04473     Orono Center(u)            9,891   9,146 04473     %@AI@%Orono%@AE@%                      10,578  9,989 *04101    Portland                   61,572  65,116 04769     Presque Isle               11,172  11,452 04841     Rockland                   7,919   8,505 04276     Rumford Compact(u)         6,256   6,198 04276     %@AI@%Rumford%@AE@%                    8,240   9,363 04072     Saco                       12,921  11,678 04073     Sanford Center(u)          10,268  10,457 04073     %@AI@%Sanford%@AE@%                    18,020  15,812 04074     %@AI@%Scarborough%@AE@%                11,347  7,845 04976     Skowhegan Center(u)        6,517   6,571 04976     %@AI@%Skowhegan%@AE@%                  8,098   7,601 04106     South Portland             22,712  23,267 04084     %@AI@%Standish%@AE@%                   5,946   3,122 04086     %@AI@%Topsham%@AE@%                    6,431   5,022 04901     Waterville                 17,779  18,192 04090     %@AI@%Wells%@AE@%                      8,211   4,448 04092     Westbrook                  14,976  14,444 04082     %@AI@%Windham%@AE@%                    11,282  6,593 04901     Winslow Center(u)          5,903   5,389 04901     %@AI@%Winslow%@AE@%                    8,057   7,299 04364     %@AI@%Winthrop%@AE@%                   5,889   4,335 04096     %@AI@%Yarmouth%@AE@%                   6,585   4,854 03909     %@AI@%York%@AE@%                       8,465   5,690 %@TE:   67  3962 02 10 27 08 09 @%

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%@TH:  142  8576 02 10 34 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                             1980     1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%21001     Aberdeen                          11,533   7,40321005     Aberdeen Proving Ground(u)        5,772    7,403 20783     Adelphi(u)                        12,530   .... 20331     Andrews AFB(u)                    10,064   6,418 *21401    Annapolis                         31,740   30,095 21227     Arbutus(u)                        20,163   22,745 21012     Arnold(u)                         12,285   .... 20906     Aspen Hill(u)                     47,455   16,887 *21233    Baltimore                         786,741  905,787 21014     Bel Air                           7,814    6,307 21050     Bel Air North(u)                  5,043    .... 21014     Bel Air South(u)                  8,461    .... 20705     Beltsville(u)                     12,760   8,912 *20815    Bethesda(u)                       63,022   71,621 20710     Bladensburg                       7,691    7,977 *20715    Bowie                             33,695   35,028 21225     Brooklyn Park(u)                  11,508   .... 20818     Cabin John-Brookmont(u)           5,135    .... 20619     California(u)                     5,770    .... 21613     Cambridge                         11,703   11,595 20748     Camp Springs(u)                   16,118   22,776 21401     Cape St. Clair(u)                 6,022    .... 20743     Carmody Hills-Pepper Mill(u)      5,571    6,245 21234     Carney(u)                         21,488   .... 21228     Catonsville(u)                    33,208   54,812 20785     Cheverly                          5,751    6,808 20815     Chevy Chase(u)                    12,232   16,424 20783     Chillum(u)                        32,775   35,656 20735     Clinton(u)                        16,438   .... 20904     Cloverly(u)                       5,153    .... 21030     Cockeysville(u)                   17,013   .... 20904     Colesville(u)                     14,359   9,455 20740     College Park                      23,614   26,156 *21044    Columbia(u)                       52,518   8,815 20743     Coral Hills(u)                    11,602   9,058 21114     Crofton(u)                        12,009   4,478 21502     Cumberland                        25,933   29,724 20747     District Heights                  6,799    7,846 20785     Dodge Park(u)                     5,275    .... 21222     Dundalk(u)                        71,293   85,377 21601     Easton                            7,536    6,809 20737     East Riverdale(u)                 14,117   .... 21219     Edgemere(u)                       9,078    10,352 21040     Edgewood                          19,455   8,551 21921     Elkton                            6,468    5,362 21043     Ellicott City(u)                  21,784   9,435 21221     Essex(u)                          39,614   38,193 20904     Fairland(u)                       5,154    .... 21047     Fallston(u)                       5,572    .... 21061     Ferndale(u)                       14,314   9,929 20747     Forestville(u)                    16,401   16,188 20755     Fort Meade(u)                     14,083   16,699 21701     Frederick                         27,557   23,641 .....     Friendly(u)                       8,848    .... 21532     Frostburg                         7,715    7,327 *20877    Gaithersburg                      26,424   8,344 20874     Germantown(u)                     9,721    .... .....     Glassmanor(u)                     7,751    .... 21061     Glen Burnie(u)                    37,263   38,608 20769     Glenn Dale(u)                     5,106    .... 20771     Goddard(u)                        6,147    .... 20770     Greenbelt                         16,000   18,199 21122     Green Haven(u)                    6,577    .... 21740     Hagerstown                        34,132   35,862 21740     Halfway(u)                        8,659    6,106 21204     Hampton(u)                        5,220    .... 21078     Havre De Grace                    8,763    9,791 20903     Hillandale(u)                     9,686    .... 20748     Hillcrest Heights                 17,021   24,037 *20780    Hyattsville                       12,709   14,998 21085     Joppatowne(u)                     11,348   9,092 20785     Kentland(u)                       8,596    9,649 20772     Kettering(u)                      6,972    .... 21122     Lake Shore(u)                     10,181   .... 20785     Landover(u)                       5,374    5,597 20787     Langley Park(u)                   14,038   11,564 20706     Lanham-Seabrook(u)                15,814   13,244 21227     Lansdowne-Baltimore Highlands(u)  16,759   17,770 20772     Largo(u)                          5,557    .... *20707    Laurel                            12,103   10,525 21502     La Vale-Narrows Park(u)           5,523    3,971 20653     Lexington Pk.(u)                  10,361   9,136 21090     Linthicum(u)                      7,457    9,775 21207     Lochearn(u)                       26,908   .... 21037     Londontowne(u)                    6,052    3,864 21093     Lutherville-Timonium(u)           17,854   24,055 20748     Marlow Heights(u)                 5,824    .... 20707     Maryland City(u)                  6,949    7,102 .....     Mays Chapel(u)                    5,213    .... 21220     Middle River(u)                   26,756   19,935 .....     Milford Mill(u)                   20,354   .... 20879     Montgomery Village(u)             18,725   .... 20822     Mount Rainier                     7,361    8,180 21402     Naval Academy(u)                  5,367    .... 20784     New Carrollton                    12,632   14,870 20815     North Bethesda(u)                 22,671   .... 20895     North Kensington(u)               9,039    .... 20707     North Laurel(u)                   6,093    .... 21113     Odenton(u)                        13,270   5,989 20832     Olney(u)                          13,026   2,138 21206     Overlea(u)                        12,965   13,124 21117     Owings Mills(u)                   9,526    7,360 20745     Oxon Hill(u)                      36,267   11,974 20785     Palmer Park(u)                    7,986    8,172 21234     Parkville                         35,159   33,589 21122     Pasadena(u)                       7,439    .... 21128     Perry Hall(u)                     13,455   5,446 21208     Pikesville(u)                     22,555   25,395 20854     Potomac(u)                        40,402   .... 21227     Pumphrey(u)                       5,666    6,425 20878     Quince Orchard(u)                 5,107    .... 21133     Randallstown(u)                   25,927   33,683 .....     Redland(u)                        10,759   .... 21136     Reisterstown(u)                   19,385   12,568 21122     Riviera Beach(u)                  8,812    7,464 *20850    Rockville                         43,811   42,739 21237     Rosedale(u)                       19,956   19,417 21221     Rossville(u)                      8,646    .... 20601     St. Charles(u)                    13,921   .... 21801     Salisbury                         16,429   15,252 20743     Seat Pleasant                     5,217    7,217 21207     Security(u)                       29,453   .... 21144     Severn(u)                         20,147   .... 21146     Severna Park                      21,253   16,358 *20907    Silver Spring(u)                  72,893   77,411 21061     South Gate(u)                     24,185   9,356 20895     South Kensington(u)               9,344    10,289 20707     South Laurel(u)                   18,034   13,345 20746     Suitland-Silver Hills(u)          32,164   30,355 20912     Takoma Park                       16,231   18,507 .....     Tantallon(u)                      9,945    .... 20748     Temple Hills(u)                   6,630    .... 21204     Towson(u)                         51,083   77,768 20601     Waldorf(u)                        9,782    7,368 20743     Walker Mill(u)                    10,651   7,103 21157     Westminster                       8,808    7,207 20902     Wheaton Glenmont(u)               48,598   66,280 20903     White Oak(u)                      13,700   19,769 20695     White Plains(u)                   5,167    .... 21207     Woodlawn(u)                       5,306    .... %@TE:  142  8576 02 10 34 09 10 @%

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%@TH:  257 17361 02 10 25 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                    Place  1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%02351     %@AI@%Abington%@AE@%                 (617)  13,517   12,33401720     %@AI@%Acton%@AE@%                    (508)  17,544   14,770 02743     %@AI@%Acushnet%@AE@%                 (508)  8,704    7,767 01220     Adams Center(u)          (413)  6,857    11,256 .....     %@AI@%Adams%@AE@%                    (413)  10,381   11,772 01001     %@AI@%Agawam%@AE@%                   (413)  26,271   21,717 01913     Amesbury Center(u)       (508)  12,236   10,088 .....     %@AI@%Amesbury%@AE@%                 (508)  13,971   11,388 01002     Amherst Center           (413)  17,773   17,926 .....     %@AI@%Amherst%@AE@%                  (413)  33,229   26,331 01810     %@AI@%Andover%@AE@%                  (508)  26,370   23,695 02174     %@AI@%Arlington%@AE@%                (617)  48,219   53,524 01721     %@AI@%Ashland%@AE@%                  (508)  9,165    8,882 01331     Athol Center(u)          (617)  8,708    9,723 .....     %@AI@%Athol%@AE@%                    (508)  10,634   11,185 02703     Attleboro                (508)  34,196   32,907 01501     %@AI@%Auburn%@AE@%                   (508)  14,845   15,347 02322     %@AI@%Avon%@AE@%                     (508)  5,026    5,295 *01432    %@AI@%Ayer%@AE@%                     (508)  6,993    8,325 02630     %@AI@%Barnstable%@AE@%               (508)  30,898   19,842 01730     %@AI@%Bedford%@AE@%                  (617)  13,067   13,513 01007     %@AI@%Belchertown%@AE@%              (413)  8,339    5,936 02019     %@AI@%Bellingham%@AE@%               (508)  14,300   13,967 02178     %@AI@%Belmont%@AE@%                  (617)  26,100   28,285 01915     Beverly                  (508)  37,655   38,348 01821     %@AI@%Billerica%@AE@%                (508)  36,727   31,648 01504     %@AI@%Blackstone%@AE@%               (508)  6,570    6,566 *02109    Boston                   (617)  562,994  641,071 02532     %@AI@%Bourne%@AE@%                   (508)  13,874   12,636 01921     %@AI@%Boxford%@AE@%                  (508)  5,374    4,032 02184     %@AI@%Braintree%@AE@%                (617)  36,337   35,050 02631     %@AI@%Brewster%@AE@%                 (508)  5,226    1,790 02324     %@AI@%Bridgewater%@AE@%              (508)  17,202   12,911 *02403    Brockton                 (508)  95,172   89,040 02146     %@AI@%Brookline%@AE@%                (617)  55,062   58,689 01803     %@AI@%Burlington%@AE@%               (617)  23,486   21,980 *02138    Cambridge                (617)  95,322   100,361 02021     %@AI@%Canton%@AE@%                   (617)  18,182   17,100 02330     %@AI@%Carver%@AE@%                   (508)  6,988    2,420 01507     %@AI@%Charlton%@AE@%                 (508)  6,719    4,654 02633     %@AI@%Chatham%@AE@%                  (508)  6,071    4,554 01824     %@AI@%Chelmsford%@AE@%               (508)  31,174   31,432 02150     Chelsea                  (617)  25,431   30,625 *01021    Chicopee                 (413)  55,112   66,676 01510     %@AI@%Clinton%@AE@%                  (508)  12,771   13,383 01778     Cochituate(u)            (617)  6,126    .... 02025     %@AI@%Cohasset%@AE@%                 (617)  7,174    6,954 01742     %@AI@%Concord%@AE@%                  (508)  16,293   16,148 01226     %@AI@%Dalton%@AE@%                   (413)  6,797    7,505 01923     %@AI@%Danvers%@AE@%                  (508)  24,100   26,151 02714     %@AI@%Dartmouth%@AE@%                (508)  23,966   18,800 02026     %@AI@%Dedham%@AE@%                   (617)  25,298   26,938 02638     %@AI@%Dennis%@AE@%                   (508)  12,360   6,454 02715     %@AI@%Dighton%@AE@%                  (508)  5,352    4,667 01826     %@AI@%Dracut%@AE@%                   (508)  21,249   18,214 01570     %@AI@%Dudley%@AE@%                   (508)  8,717    8,087 02332     %@AI@%Duxbury%@AE@%                  (617)  11,807   7,636 02333     %@AI@%East Bridgewater%@AE@%         (508)  9,945    8,347 02536     East Falmouth(u)         (617)  5,181    2,971 01027     %@AI@%Easthampton%@AE@%              (413)  15,580   13,012 01028     %@AI@%East Longmeadow%@AE@%          (413)  12,905   13,029 02334     %@AI@%Easton%@AE@%                   (508)  16,623   12,157 02149     Everett                  (617)  37,195   42,485 02719     %@AI@%Fairhaven%@AE@%                (508)  15,759   16,332 *02722    Fall River               (508)  92,574   96,898 *02540    Falmouth Center(u)       (508)  5,720    5,806 .....     %@AI@%Falmouth%@AE@%                 (508)  23,640   15,942 01420     Fitchburg                (508)  39,580   43,343 01433     Fort Devens(u)           (617)  9,546    12,915 02035     %@AI@%Foxborough%@AE@%               (508)  14,148   14,218 01701     %@AI@%Framingham%@AE@%               (508)  65,113   64,048 02038     Franklin Center(u)       (508)  9,296    8,863 .....     %@AI@%Franklin%@AE@%                 (508)  18,217   17,830 02702     %@AI@%Freetown%@AE@%                 (508)  7,058    4,270 01440     Gardner                  (508)  17,900   19,748 01833     %@AI@%Georgetown%@AE@%               (508)  5,687    5,290 01930     Gloucester               (508)  27,768   27,941 01519     %@AI@%Grafton%@AE@%                  (508)  11,238   11,659 01033     %@AI@%Granby%@AE@%                   (413)  5,380    5,473 01230     %@AI@%Great Barrington%@AE@%         (413)  7,405    7,537 01301     Greenfield Center(u)     (413)  14,198   14,642 .....     %@AI@%Greenfield%@AE@%               (413)  18,436   18,116 01450     %@AI@%Groton%@AE@%                   (508)  6,154    5,109 01834     %@AI@%Groveland%@AE@%                (508)  5,040    5,382 02338     %@AI@%Halifax%@AE@%                  (617)  5,513    3,537 01936     %@AI@%Hamilton%@AE@%                 (508)  6,960    6,373 02339     %@AI@%Hanover%@AE@%                  (617)  11,358   10,107 02341     %@AI@%Hanson%@AE@%                   (617)  8,508    7,148 01451     %@AI@%Harvard%@AE@%                  (508)  12,170   12,494 02645     %@AI@%Harwich%@AE@%                  (508)  8,971    5,892 01830     Haverhill                (508)  46,865   46,120 02043     %@AI@%Hingham%@AE@%                  (617)  20,339   18,845 02343     %@AI@%Holbrook%@AE@%                 (617)  11,140   11,775 01520     %@AI@%Holden%@AE@%                   (508)  13,336   12,564 01746     %@AI@%Holliston%@AE@%                (508)  12,622   12,069 01040     Holyoke                  (413)  44,678   50,112 01748     %@AI@%Hopkinton%@AE@%                (508)  7,114    5,981 01749     Hudson Center(u)         (508)  14,156   14,283 .....     %@AI@%Hudson%@AE@%                   (508)  16,408   16,084 02045     %@AI@%Hull%@AE@%                     (617)  9,714    9,961 02601     Hyannis(u)               (617)  9,118    6,847 01938     Ipswich(u)               (508)  NA       5,022 .....     %@AI@%Ipswich%@AE@%                  (508)  11,158   10,750 02364     %@AI@%Kingston%@AE@%                 (617)  7,362    5,999 02346     %@AI@%Lakeville%@AE@%                (508)  5,931    4,376 01523     %@AI@%Lancaster%@AE@%                (508)  6,334    6,095 *01842    Lawrence                 (508)  63,175   66,915 01238     %@AI@%Lee%@AE@%                      (413)  6,247    6,426 01524     %@AI@%Leicester%@AE@%                (508)  9,446    9,140 01240     %@AI@%Lenox%@AE@%                    (413)  6,523    5,804 01453     Leominster               (508)  34,508   32,939 02173     %@AI@%Lexington%@AE@%                (617)  29,479   31,886 01773     %@AI@%Lincoln%@AE@%                  (617)  7,098    7,567 01460     %@AI@%Littleton%@AE@%                (508)  6,970    6,380 01106     %@AI@%Longmeadow%@AE@%               (413)  16,301   15,630 *01853    Lowell                   (508)  92,418   94,239 01056     %@AI@%Ludlow%@AE@%                   (413)  18,150   17,580 01462     %@AI@%Lunenburg%@AE@%                (508)  8,405    7,419 *01901    Lynn                     (617)  78,471   90,294 01940     %@AI@%Lynnfield%@AE@%                (617)  11,267   10,826 02148     Malden                   (617)  53,386   56,127 01944     %@AI@%Manchester%@AE@%               (508)  5,424    5,151 02048     %@AI@%Mansfield%@AE@%                (508)  13,453   9,939 01945     %@AI@%Marblehead%@AE@%               (617)  20,126   21,295 01752     Marlborough              (508)  30,508   27,936 02050     %@AI@%Marshfield%@AE@%               (617)  20,916   15,223 02739     %@AI@%Mattapoisett%@AE@%             (508)  5,597    4,500 01754     %@AI@%Maynard%@AE@%                  (508)  9,590    9,710 02052     %@AI@%Medfield%@AE@%                 (508)  10,220   9,821 02155     Medford                  (617)  58,076   64,397 02053     %@AI@%Medway%@AE@%                   (508)  8,447    7,938 02176     Melrose                  (617)  30,055   33,180 01844     %@AI@%Methuen%@AE@%                  (508)  36,701   35,456 02346     Middleborough Center(u)  (508)  7,012    6,259 .....     %@AI@%Middleborough%@AE@%            (508)  16,404   13,607 01757     Milford Center(u)        (508)  NA       13,740 .....     %@AI@%Milford%@AE@%                  (508)  23,390   19,352 01527     %@AI@%Millbury%@AE@%                 (508)  11,808   11,987 02054     %@AI@%Millis%@AE@%                   (508)  6,908    5,686 02186     %@AI@%Milton%@AE@%                   (617)  25,860   27,190 01057     %@AI@%Monson%@AE@%                   (413)  7,315    7,355 01351     %@AI@%Montague%@AE@%                 (413)  8,011    8,451 02554     %@AI@%Nantucket%@AE@%                (508)  5,087    3,774 01760     %@AI@%Natick%@AE@%                   (508)  29,461   31,057 02192     %@AI@%Needham%@AE@%                  (617)  27,901   29,748 *02741    New Bedford              (508)  98,478   101,777 01950     Newburyport              (508)  15,900   15,807 02158     Newton                   (617)  83,622   91,263 02056     %@AI@%Norfolk%@AE@%                  (508)  6,363    4,656 01247     North Adams              (413)  18,063   19,195 01002     North Amherst(u)         (413)  5,616    2,854 01060     Northampton              (413)  29,286   29,664 01845     %@AI@%North Andover%@AE@%            (508)  20,129   16,284 *02760    %@AI@%North Attleborough%@AE@%       (508)  21,095   18,665 01532     %@AI@%Northborough%@AE@%             (508)  10,568   9,218 01534     %@AI@%Northbridge%@AE@%              (508)  12,246   11,795 01864     %@AI@%North Reading%@AE@%            (508)  11,455   11,264 02060     North Scituate(u)        (617)  5,221    5,507 02766     %@AI@%Norton%@AE@%                   (508)  12,690   9,487 02061     %@AI@%Norwell%@AE@%                  (617)  9,182    7,796 02062     %@AI@%Norwood%@AE@%                  (617)  29,711   30,815 01364     %@AI@%Orange%@AE@%                   (508)  6,844    6,104 02653     %@AI@%Orleans%@AE@%                  (508)  5,306    3,055 01253     Otis(u)                  (413)  NA       5,596 01540     Oxford Center(u)         (508)  6,369    6,109 .....     %@AI@%Oxford%@AE@%                   (508)  11,680   10,345 01069     %@AI@%Palmer%@AE@%                   (413)  11,389   11,680 01960     Peabody                  (508)  45,976   48,080 02359     %@AI@%Pembroke%@AE@%                 (617)  13,487   11,193 01463     %@AI@%Pepperell%@AE@%                (508)  8,061    5,887 01866     Pinehurst(u)             (617)  6,588    .... 01201     Pittsfield               (413)  51,974   57,020 02762     %@AI@%Plainville%@AE@%               (508)  5,857    4,953 *02360    Plymouth Center(u)       (508)  7,232    6,940 .....     %@AI@%Plymouth%@AE@%                 (508)  35,913   18,606 02169     Quincy                   (617)  84,743   87,966 02368     %@AI@%Randolph%@AE@%                 (617)  28,218   27,035 02767     %@AI@%Raynham%@AE@%                  (508)  9,085    6,705 01867     %@AI@%Reading%@AE@%                  (617)  22,678   22,539 02769     %@AI@%Rehoboth%@AE@%                 (508)  7,570    6,512 02151     Revere                   (617)  42,423   43,159 02370     %@AI@%Rockland%@AE@%                 (617)  15,695   15,674 01966     %@AI@%Rockport%@AE@%                 (508)  6,345    5,636 01970     Salem                    (508)  38,276   40,556 01950     %@AI@%Salisbury%@AE@%                (508)  5,973    4,179 02563     %@AI@%Sandwich%@AE@%                 (508)  8,727    5,239 01906     %@AI@%Saugus%@AE@%                   (617)  24,746   25,110 02066     %@AI@%Scituate%@AE@%                 (617)  17,317   16,973 02771     %@AI@%Seekonk%@AE@%                  (508)  12,269   11,116 02067     %@AI@%Sharon%@AE@%                   (617)  13,601   12,367 01464     %@AI@%Shirley%@AE@%                  (508)  5,124    4,909 01545     %@AI@%Shrewsbury%@AE@%               (508)  22,674   19,196 02725     %@AI@%Somerset%@AE@%                 (508)  18,813   18,088 02143     Somerville               (617)  77,372   88,779 01772     %@AI@%Southborough%@AE@%             (508)  6,193    5,798 01550     Southbridge Center(u)    (508)  12,882   14,261 .....     %@AI@%Southbridge%@AE@%              (508)  16,665   17,057 01075     %@AI@%South Hadley%@AE@%             (413)  16,399   17,033 01077     %@AI@%Southwick%@AE@%                (413)  7,382    6,330 02664     South Yarmouth(u)        (617)  7,525    5,380 01562     Spencer Center           (617)  6,350    5,895 .....     %@AI@%Spencer%@AE@%                  (508)  10,774   8,779 *01101    Springfield              (413)  152,319  163,905 01564     %@AI@%Sterling%@AE@%                 (508)  5,440    4,247 02180     %@AI@%Stoneham%@AE@%                 (617)  21,424   20,725 02072     %@AI@%Stoughton%@AE@%                (617)  26,710   23,459 01775     %@AI@%Stow%@AE@%                     (508)  5,144    3,984 01566     %@AI@%Sturbridge%@AE@%               (508)  5,976    4,878 01776     %@AI@%Sudbury%@AE@%                  (508)  14,027   13,506 01527     %@AI@%Sutton%@AE@%                   (508)  5,855    4,590 01907     %@AI@%Swampscott%@AE@%               (617)  13,837   13,578 02777     %@AI@%Swansea%@AE@%                  (508)  15,461   12,640 02780     Taunton                  (508)  45,001   43,756 01468     %@AI@%Templeton%@AE@%                (508)  6,070    5,863 01876     %@AI@%Tewksbury%@AE@%                (508)  24,635   22,755 01983     %@AI@%Topsfield%@AE@%                (508)  5,709    5,225 01469     %@AI@%Townsend%@AE@%                 (508)  7,201    4,281 01376     Turners Falls(u)         (413)  NA       5,168 01879     %@AI@%Tyngsborough%@AE@%             (508)  5,683    4,204 01569     %@AI@%Uxbridge%@AE@%                 (508)  8,374    8,253 01880     %@AI@%Wakefield%@AE@%                (617)  24,895   25,402 02081     %@AI@%Walpole%@AE@%                  (508)  18,859   18,149 02154     Waltham                  (617)  58,200   61,582 01082     Ware Center(u)           (413)  6,806    6,509 .....     %@AI@%Ware%@AE@%                     (413)  8,953    8,187 02571     %@AI@%Wareham%@AE@%                  (508)  18,457   11,492 02172     %@AI@%Watertown%@AE@%                (617)  34,384   39,307 01778     %@AI@%Wayland%@AE@%                  (508)  12,170   13,461 01570     Webster Center(u)        (508)  11,175   12,432 .....     %@AI@%Webster%@AE@%                  (508)  14,480   14,917 02181     %@AI@%Wellesley%@AE@%                (617)  27,209   28,051 01581     %@AI@%Westborough%@AE@%              (508)  13,619   12,594 01583     %@AI@%West Boylston%@AE@%            (508)  6,204    6,369 02379     %@AI@%West Bridgewater%@AE@%         (508)  6,359    6,070 01742     West Concord(u)          (617)  5,331    .... 01085     Westfield                (413)  36,465   31,433 01886     %@AI@%Westford%@AE@%                 (508)  13,434   10,368 01473     %@AI@%Westminster%@AE@%              (508)  5,139    4,273 02193     %@AI@%Weston%@AE@%                   (617)  11,169   10,870 02790     %@AI@%Westport%@AE@%                 (508)  13,763   9,791 01089     %@AI@%West Springfield%@AE@%         (413)  27,042   28,461 02090     %@AI@%Westwood%@AE@%                 (617)  13,212   12,570 02188     %@AI@%Weymouth%@AE@%                 (617)  55,601   54,610 01588     Whitinsville(u)          (617)  5,379    5,210 02382     %@AI@%Whitman%@AE@%                  (617)  13,534   13,059 01095     %@AI@%Wilbraham%@AE@%                (413)  12,053   11,984 01267     %@AI@%Williamstown%@AE@%             (413)  8,741    8,454 01887     %@AI@%Wilmington%@AE@%               (508)  17,471   17,102 01475     %@AI@%Winchendon%@AE@%               (508)  7,019    6,635 01890     %@AI@%Winchester%@AE@%               (617)  20,701   22,269 02152     %@AI@%Winthrop%@AE@%                 (617)  19,294   20,335 01801     Woburn                   (617)  36,626   37,406 *01613    Worcester                (508)  161,799  176,572 02093     %@AI@%Wrentham%@AE@%                 (508)  7,580    7,315 02675     %@AI@%Yarmouth%@AE@%                 (508)  18,449   12,033 %@TE:  257 17361 02 10 25 07 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Michigan%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  169 12315 02 10 29 15 11 12 @%ZIP code  Place                        Place          1980       1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%49221     Adrian                       (517)          21,276     20,38249224     Albion                       (517)          11,059     12,112 48101     Allen Park                   (313)          34,196     40,747 48801     Alma                         (517)          9,652      9,611 49707     Alpena                       (517)          12,214     13,805 *48106    Ann Arbor                    (313)          107,969    100,035 48063     Avon(u)                      (313)          40,779     .... *49016    Battle Creek                 (616)          35,724     38,931 48706     Bay City                     (517)          41,593     49,449 48505     Beecher(u)                   (313)          17,178     .... 48809     Belding                      (616)          5,634      5,121 49022     Benton Harbor                (616)          14,707     16,481 49022     Benton Heights(u)            (616)          6,787      .... 48072     Berkley                      (313)          18,637     21,879 48009     Beverly Hills                (313)          11,598     13,598 49307     Big Rapids                   (616)          14,361     11,995 *48012    Birmingham                   (313)          21,689     26,170 48013     Bloomfield(u)                (313)          42,876     .... 49107     Buchanan                     (616)          5,142      4,645 *48502    Burton                       (313)          29,976     32,540 49601     Cadillac                     (616)          10,199     9,990 48724     Carrollton(u)                (517)          7,482      7,300 48015     Center Line                  (313)          9,293      10,379 48813     Charlotte                    (517)          8,251      8,244 49721     Cheboygan                    (616)          5,106      5,553 48017     Clawson                      (313)          15,103     17,617 48043     Clinton(u)                   (313)          72,400     1,677 49036     Coldwater                    (517)          9,461      9,155 49321     Comstock Park(u)             (616)          5,506      5,766 49508     Cutlerville(u)               (616)          8,256      6,267 48423     Davison                      (313)          6,087      5,259 *48120    Dearborn                     (313)          90,660     104,199 48127     Dearborn Heights             (313)          67,706     80,069 *48233    Detroit                      (313)          1,203,368  1,514,063 49047     Dowagiac                     (616)          6,307      6,583 48021     East Detroit                 (313)          38,280     45,920 49506     East Grand Rapids            (616)          10,914     12,565 48823     East Lansing                 (517)          48,309     47,540 49001     Eastwood(u)                  (517)          7,186      9,682 48229     Ecorse                       (313)          14,447     17,515 49829     Escanaba                     (906)          14,355     15,368 49022     Fair Plain(u)                (616)          8,289      3,680 48024     Farmington                   (313)          11,022     10,329 48024     Farmington Hills             (313)          58,056     48,694 48430     Fenton                       (313)          8,098      8,284 48220     Ferndale                     (313)          26,227     30,850 48134     Flat Rock                    (313)          6,853      5,643 *48502    Flint                        (313)          159,611    193,317 48433     Flushing                     (313)          8,624      7,190 48026     Fraser                       (313)          14,560     11,868 48135     Garden City                  (313)          35,640     41,864 48439     Grand Blanc                  (313)          6,848      5,132 49417     Grand Haven                  (616)          11,763     11,844 48837     Grand Ledge                  (517)          6,920      6,032 *49501    Grand Rapids                 (616)          181,843    197,649 49418     Grandville                   (616)          12,412     10,764 48838     Greenville                   (616)          8,019      7,493 48138     Grosse Ile(u)                (313)          9,320      8,306 48236     Grosse Pointe                (313)          5,901      6,637 48236     Grosse Pointe Farms          (313)          10,551     11,701 48236     Grosse Pointe Park           (313)          13,562     15,641 48236     Grosse Pointe Woods          (313)          18,886     21,878 48212     Hamtramck                    (313)          21,300     26,783 49930     Hancock                      (906)          5,122      4,820 48225     Harper Woods                 (313)          16,361     20,186 48625     Harrison(u)                  (517)          23,649     .... 48840     Haslett(u)                   (517)          7,025      .... 49058     Hastings                     (616)          6,418      6,501 48030     Hazel Park                   (313)          20,914     23,784 48203     Highland Park                (313)          27,909     35,444 49242     Hillsdale                    (517)          7,432      7,728 49423     Holland                      (616)          26,281     26,479 48842     Holt(u)                      (517)          10,097     6,980 49931     Houghton                     (906)          7,512      6,067 48843     Howell                       (517)          6,976      5,224 48070     Huntington Woods             (313)          6,937      8,536 48141     Inkster                      (313)          35,190     38,595 48846     Ionia                        (616)          5,920      6,361 49801     Iron Mountain                (906)          8,341      8,702 49938     Ironwood                     (906)          7,741      8,711 49849     Ishpeming                    (906)          7,538      8,245 *49201    Jackson                      (517)          39,739     45,484 49428     Jenison(u)                   (616)          16,330     11,266 *49001    Kalamazoo                    (616)          79,722     85,555 49508     Kentwood                     (616)          30,438     20,310 49801     Kingsford                    (906)          5,290      5,276 49843     K.I. Sawyer(u)               (906)          7,345      8,224 49015     Lakeview(u)                  (517)          13,345     11,391 48144     Lambertville(u)              (313)          6,341      5,711 *48924    Lansing                      (517)          130,414    131,403 48446     Lapeer                       (313)          6,225      6,314 48146     Lincoln Park                 (313)          45,105     52,984 *48150    Livonia                      (313)          104,814    110,109 49431     Ludington                    (616)          8,937      9,021 48071     Madison Heights              (313)          35,375     38,599 49660     Manistee                     (616)          7,665      7,723 49855     Marquette                    (906)          23,288     21,967 49068     Marshall                     (616)          7,201      7,253 48040     Marysville                   (313)          7,345      5,610 48854     Mason                        (517)          6,019      5,468 48122     Melvindale                   (313)          12,322     13,862 49858     Menominee                    (906)          10,099     10,748 49254     Michigan Center(u)           (517)          5,244      .... 48640     Midland                      (517)          37,269     35,176 48042     Milford                      (313)          5,041      4,699 48161     Monroe                       (313)          23,531     23,894 48043     Mount Clemens                (313)          18,991     20,476 48858     Mount Pleasant               (517)          23,746     20,524 *49440    Muskegon                     (616)          40,823     44,631 49444     Muskegon Heights             (616)          14,611     17,304 49866     Negaunee                     (906)          5,189      5,248 48047     New Baltimore                (313)          5,439      4,132 49120     Niles                        (616)          13,115     12,988 .....     Northview(u)<                Northview(u)<  11,662     .... 48167     Northville                   (313)          5,698      5,400 49441     Norton Shores                (616)          22,025     22,271 48050     Novi                         (313)          22,525     9,668 48237     Oak Park                     (313)          31,537     36,762 48864     Okemos(u)                    (517)          8,882      7,770 48867     Owosso                       (517)          16,455     17,179 49770     Petoskey                     (616)          6,097      6,342 48170     Plymouth                     (313)          9,986      11,758 *48053    Pontiac                      (313)          76,715     85,279 49081     Portage                      (616)          38,157     33,590 48060     Port Huron                   (313)          33,981     35,794 48239     Redford(u)                   (313)          58,441     .... 48218     River Rouge                  (313)          12,912     15,947 48192     Riverview                    (313)          14,569     11,342 48063     Rochester                    (313)          7,203      7,054 48174     Romulus                      (313)          24,857     22,879 48066     Roseville                    (313)          54,311     60,529 *48068    Royal Oak                    (313)          70,893     86,238 *48605    Saginaw                      (517)          77,508     91,849 *48083    St. Clair Shores             (313)          76,210     88,093 48879     St. Johns                    (517)          7,376      6,672 49085     St. Joseph                   (616)          9,622      11,042 48176     Saline                       (313)          6,483      4,811 49793     Sault Ste. Marie             (906)          14,448     15,136 *48075    Southfield                   (313)          75,568     69,285 48198     Southgate                    (313)          32,058     33,909 49090     South Haven                  (616)          5,943      6,471 48178     South Lyon                   (313)          5,214      2,675 49015     Springfield                  (616)          5,917      3,994 *48078    Sterling Heights             (313)          108,999    61,365 49091     Sturgis                      (616)          9,468      9,295 48473     Swartz Creek                 (313)          5,013      4,928 48180     Taylor                       (313)          77,568     70,020 49286     Tecumseh                     (517)          7,320      7,120 49093     Three Rivers                 (616)          7,015      7,355 49684     Traverse City                (616)          15,516     18,048 48183     Trenton                      (313)          22,762     24,127 48084     Troy                         (313)          67,102     39,419 48087     Utica                        (313)          5,282      3,504 49504     Walker                       (616)          15,088     11,492 *48089    Warren                       (313)          161,134    179,260 48095     Waterford(u)                 (313)          64,250     .... 48184     Wayne                        (313)          21,159     21,054 48033     West Bloomfield(u)           (313)          41,962     .... 48185     Westland                     (313)          84,603     86,749 49007     Westwood(u)                  (616)          8,519      9,143 48019     White Lake-Seven Harbors(u)  (313)          7,557      .... 48096     Wixom                        (313)          6,705      2,010 48183     Woodhaven                    (313)          10,902     3,566 48753     Wurtsmith(u)                 (517)          5,166      6,932 *48192    Wyandotte                    (313)          34,006     41,061 49509     Wyoming                      (616)          59,616     56,560 48197     Ypsilanti                    (313)          24,031     29,538 %@TE:  169 12315 02 10 29 15 11 12 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Minnesota%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  107  5890 02 10 21 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                Place  1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%56007     Albert Lea           (507)  19,190   19,41856308     Alexandria           (612)  7,608    6,973 55303     Andover              (612)  9,387    .... 55303     Anoka                (612)  15,634   13,298 55124     Apple Valley         (612)  21,818   8,502 55112     Arden Hills          (612)  8,012    5,149 55912     Austin               (507)  23,020   26,210 56601     Bemidji              (218)  10,949   11,490 55433     Blaine               (612)  28,558   20,573 55420     Bloomington          (612)  81,831   81,970 56401     Brainerd             (218)  11,489   11,667 55429     Brooklyn Center      (612)  31,230   35,173 55429     Brooklyn Park        (612)  43,332   26,230 55337     Burnsville           (612)  35,674   19,940 55316     Champlin             (612)  9,006    2,275 55317     Chanhassen           (612)  6,359    4,879 55318     Chaska               (612)  8,346    4,352 55719     Chisholm             (218)  5,930    5,913 55720     Cloquet              (218)  11,142   8,699 55421     Columbia Heights     (612)  20,029   23,997 55433     Coon Rapids          (612)  35,826   30,505 55016     Cottage Grove        (612)  18,994   13,419 56716     Crookston            (218)  8,628    8,312 55428     Crystal              (612)  25,543   30,925 56501     Detroit Lakes        (218)  7,106    5,797 *55806    Duluth               (218)  92,811   100,578 55121     Eagan                (612)  20,532   10,398 55005     East Bethel          (612)  6,626    2,586 56721     East Grand Forks     (218)  8,537    7,607 *55343    Eden Prairie         (612)  16,263   6,938 55435     Edina                (612)  46,073   44,046 55330     Elk River            (612)  6,785    2,252 55734     Eveleth              (218)  5,042    4,721 56031     Fairmont             (507)  11,506   10,751 55113     Falcon Heights       (507)  5,291    5,530 55021     Faribault            (507)  16,241   16,595 56537     Fergus Falls         (218)  12,519   12,443 55432     Fridley              (612)  30,228   29,233 55416     Golden Valley        (612)  22,775   24,246 55744     Grand Rapids         (218)  7,934    7,247 *55303    Ham Lake             (612)  7,832    3,327 55033     Hastings             (612)  12,827   12,195 55811     Hermantown           (218)  6,759    .... 55746     Hibbing              (218)  21,193   16,104 55343     Hopkins              (612)  15,336   13,428 55350     Hutchinson           (612)  9,244    8,031 56649     International Falls  (218)  5,611    6,439 55075     Inver Grove Heights  (612)  17,171   12,148 55042     Lake Elmo            (612)  5,296    3,565 55044     Lakeville            (612)  14,790   7,556 55355     Litchfield           (612)  5,904    5,262 55110     Little Canada        (612)  7,102    3,481 56345     Little Falls         (612)  7,250    7,467 56001     Mankato              (507)  28,646   30,895 55369     Maple Grove          (612)  20,525   6,275 55109     Maplewood            (612)  26,990   25,186 56258     Marshall             (507)  11,161   9,886 55118     Mendota Heights      (612)  7,288    6,565 *55401    Minneapolis          (612)  370,951  434,400 55343     Minnetonka           (612)  38,683   35,776 56265     Montevideo           (612)  5,845    5,661 56560     Moorhead             (218)  29,998   29,687 56267     Morris               (612)  5,367    5,366 55364     Mound                (612)  9,280    7,572 55112     Mounds View          (612)  12,593   10,599 55112     New Brighton         (612)  23,269   19,507 54428     New Hope             (612)  23,087   23,180 56073     New Ulm              (507)  13,755   13,051 55057     Northfield           (507)  12,562   10,235 56001     North Mankato        (507)  9,145    7,347 55109     North St. Paul       (612)  11,921   11,950 55119     Oakdale              (612)  12,123   7,795 55323     Orono                (612)  6,845    6,787 55060     Owatonna             (507)  18,632   15,341 55427     Plymouth             (612)  31,615   18,077 55372     Prior Lake           (612)  7,284    1,114 55303     Ramsey               (612)  10,093   .... 55066     Red Wing             (612)  13,736   10,441 56283     Redwood Falls        (507)  5,210    4,774 55423     Richfield            (612)  37,851   47,231 55422     Robbinsdale          (612)  14,422   16,845 55901     Rochester            (507)  57,906   53,766 55068     Rosemount            (612)  5,083    1,337 55113     Roseville            (612)  35,820   34,438 55418     St. Anthony          (612)  7,981    9,239 56301     St. Cloud            (612)  42,566   39,691 55426     St. Louis Park       (612)  42,931   48,883 *55101    St. Paul             (612)  270,230  309,866 56082     St. Peter            (507)  9,056    8,339 56379     Sauk Rapids          (612)  5,793    5,051 55379     Shakopee             (612)  9,941    6,876 55126     Shoreview            (612)  17,300   10,978 55075     South St. Paul       (612)  21,235   25,016 55432     Spring Lake Park     (612)  6,477    6,417 55082     Stillwater           (612)  12,290   10,191 56701     Thief River Falls    (218)  9,105    8,618 55110     Vadnais Heights      (612)  5,111    3,411 55792     Virginia             (218)  11,056   12,450 56093     Waseca               (507)  8,219    6,789 55118     West St. Paul        (612)  18,527   18,802 55110     White Bear Lake      (612)  22,538   23,313 56201     Willmar              (612)  15,895   12,869 55987     Winona               (507)  25,075   26,438 55119     Woodbury             (612)  10,297   6,184 56187     Worthington          (507)  10,243   9,916 %@TE:  107  5890 02 10 21 07 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%Mississippi (601)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   59  2731 02 10 19 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place              1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%39730     Aberdeen           7,184    6,50738821     Amory              7,307    7,236 38606     Batesville         5,162    3,796 39520     Bay St. Louis      7,850    6,752 *39530    Biloxi             49,311   48,486 38829     Booneville         6,199    5,895 39042     Brandon            9,626    2,685 39601     Brookhaven         10,800   10,700 39046     Canton             11,116   10,503 38614     Clarksdale         21,137   21,673 38732     Cleveland          14,524   13,327 39056     Clinton            14,660   7,289 39429     Columbia           7,733    7,587 39701     Columbus           27,503   25,795 38834     Corinth            13,180   11,581 39532     D'lberville(u)     13,369   7,288 39552     Escatawpa(u)       5,367    1,579 39074     Forest             5,229    4,085 39553     Gautier(u)         8,917    2,087 38701     Greenville         40,613   39,648 38930     Greenwood          20,115   22,400 38901     Grenada            11,508   9,944 39501     Gulfport           39,676   40,791 39401     Hattiesburg        40,829   38,277 38635     Holly Springs      7,285    5,728 38751     Indianola          8,050    8,947 *39205    Jackson            202,895  153,968 39090     Kosciusko          7,415    7,266 39440     Laurel             21,897   24,145 38756     Leland             6,667    6,000 39560     Long Beach         14,199   6,170 39339     Louisville         7,323    6,626 39648     McComb             12,331   11,851 39301     Meridian           46,577   45,083 39563     Moss Point         18,998   19,321 39120     Natchez            22,209   19,704 38652     New Albany         7,072    6,426 39501     North Gulfport(u)  6,660    6,996 39564     Ocean Springs      14,504   9,160 39567     Orange Grove(u)    13,476   .... 38655     Oxford             9,882    8,519 39567     Pascagoula         29,318   27,264 39571     Pass Christian     5,014    2,979 39208     Pearl              18,602   9,623 39465     Petal              8,476    6,986 39350     Philadelphia       6,434    6,274 39466     Picayune           10,361   9,760 39157     Ridgeland          5,461    1,650 38668     Senatobia          5,013    4,247 38671     Southaven(u)       16,071   8,931 39759     Starkville         16,139   11,369 38801     Tupelo             23,905   20,471 39180     Vicksburg          25,434   25,478 39367     Waynesboro         5,349    4,368 39773     West Point         8,811    8,714 38967     Winona             6,177    5,521 39194     Yazoo City         12,092   11,688 %@TE:   59  2731 02 10 19 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Missouri%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  108  6377 02 10 25 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                    Place  1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%63123     Affton(u)                (314)  23,181   24,26463010     Arnold                   (314)  19,141   17,381 65605     Aurora                   (417)  6,437    5,359 63011     Ballwin                  (314)  12,750   10,656 63137     Bellefontaine Neighbors  (314)  12,082   14,084 64012     Belton                   (816)  12,708   12,270 63134     Berkeley                 (314)  15,922   19,743 63031     Black Jack               (314)  5,293    4,145 64015     Blue Springs             (816)  25,936   6,779 65613     Bolivar                  (417)  5,919    4,769 65233     Boonville                (816)  6,959    7,514 63114     Breckenridge Hills       (816)  5,666    7,011 63144     Brentwood                (314)  8,209    11,248 63044     Bridgeton                (314)  18,445   19,992 64628     Brookfield               (816)  5,555    5,491 63701     Cape Girardeau           (314)  34,361   31,282 64836     Carthage                 (417)  11,104   11,035 63830     Caruthersville           (314)  7,958    7,350 63834     Charleston               (314)  5,230    5,131 64601     Chillicothe              (816)  9,089    9,519 63105     Clayton                  (314)  14,306   16,100 64735     Clinton                  (816)  8,366    7,504 65201     Columbia                 (314)  62,061   58,812 63128     Concord(u)               (314)  20,896   21,217 63126     Crestwood                (314)  12,815   15,123 63141     Creve Coeur              (314)  11,743   8,967 63136     Dellwood                 (314)  6,200    7,137 63020     De Soto                  (314)  5,993    5,984 63131     Des Peres                (314)  7,953    5,333 63841     Dexter                   (314)  7,043    6,024 63011     Ellisville               (314)  6,233    4,681 64024     Excelsior Springs        (816)  10,424   9,411 63640     Farmington               (314)  8,270    6,590 63135     Ferguson                 (314)  24,549   28,759 63028     Festus                   (314)  7,574    7,530 *63033    Florissant               (314)  55,721   65,908 65473     Fort Leonard Wood(u)     (314)  21,262   33,799 65251     Fulton                   (314)  11,046   12,248 64118     Gladstone                (816)  24,990   23,422 63122     Glendale                 (314)  6,035    6,981 64030     Grandview                (816)  24,561   17,456 63401     Hannibal                 (314)  18,811   18,609 64701     Harrisonville            (816)  6,372    5,052 *63042    Hazelwood                (314)  13,098   14,082 *64051    Independence             (816)  111,797  111,630 63755     Jackson                  (314)  7,827    5,896 65101     Jefferson City           (314)  33,619   32,407 63136     Jennings                 (314)  16,934   19,379 64801     Joplin                   (417)  39,126   39,256 *64108    Kansas City              (816)  448,028  507,330 63857     Kennett                  (314)  10,145   10,090 63501     Kirksville               (816)  17,167   15,560 63122     Kirkwood                 (314)  27,739   31,679 63124     Ladue                    (314)  9,369    10,306 65536     Lebanon                  (417)  9,507    8,616 64063     Lee's Summit             (816)  28,741   16,230 63125     Lemay(u)                 (314)  35,424   40,529 64067     Lexington                (816)  5,063    5,388 64068     Liberty                  (816)  16,251   13,704 63552     Macon                    (816)  5,680    5,301 63863     Malden                   (314)  6,096    5,374 63011     Manchester               (314)  6,351    5,031 63143     Maplewood                (314)  10,960   12,785 65340     Marshall                 (816)  12,781   12,051 63043     Maryland Heights(u)      (314)  5,676    8,805 64468     Maryville                (816)  9,558    9,970 65265     Mexico                   (314)  12,276   11,807 65270     Moberly                  (816)  13,418   12,988 65708     Monett                   (417)  6,148    5,937 63026     Murphy(u)                (314)  8,121    .... 64850     Neosho                   (417)  9,493    7,517 64772     Nevada                   (417)  9,044    9,736 63121     Normandy                 (314)  5,174    6,236 63121     Northwoods               (314)  5,831    4,607 63366     O'Fallon                 (314)  8,654    7,018 63132     Olivette                 (314)  7,952    9,156 63114     Overland                 (314)  19,620   24,819 63775     Perryville               (314)  7,343    5,149 63120     Pine Lawn                (314)  6,570    5,745 63901     Poplar Bluff             (314)  17,139   16,653 64133     Raytown                  (816)  31,831   33,306 64085     Richmond                 (816)  5,499    4,948 63117     Richmond Heights         (314)  11,516   13,802 63124     Rock Hill                (314)  5,702    6,815 65401     Rolla                    (314)  13,303   13,571 63074     St. Ann                  (314)  15,523   18,215 63301     St. Charles              (314)  37,379   31,834 63114     St. John                 (314)  7,854    8,960 *64501    St. Joseph               (816)  76,691   72,748 *63155    St. Louis                (314)  452,801  622,236 63376     St. Peters               (314)  15,700   486 63126     Sappington(u)            (314)  11,388   10,603 65301     Sedalia                  (816)  20,927   22,847 63119     Shrewsbury               (314)  5,077    5,896 63801     Sikeston                 (314)  17,431   14,699 63138     Spanish Lake(u)          (314)  20,632   15,647 *65801    Springfield              (417)  133,116  120,096 63080     Sullivan                 (314)  5,461    5,111 64683     Trenton                  (816)  6,811    6,063 63084     Union                    (314)  5,506    5,183 63130     University City          (314)  42,690   47,527 64093     Warrensburg              (816)  13,807   13,125 63090     Washington               (314)  9,251    8,499 64870     Webb City                (417)  7,309    6,923 63119     Webster Groves           (314)  23,097   27,457 65775     West Plains              (417)  7,741    6,893 %@TE:  108  6377 02 10 25 07 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Montana (406)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   21  1172 02 10 28 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place                       1980    1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%59711     Anaconda-Deer Lodge County  12,518  9,771*59101    Billings                    66,813  61,581 59101     Billings Heights(u)         8,480   .... 59715     Bozeman                     21,645  18,670 59701     Butte-Silver Bow            37,205  23,368 59330     Glendive                    5,978   6,305 *59401    Great Falls                 56,884  60,091 59501     Havre                       10,891  10,558 59601     Helena                      23,938  22,730 59901     Kalispell                   10,689  10,526 59044     Laurel                      5,481   4,454 59457     Lewistown                   7,104   6,437 59047     Livingston                  6,994   6,883 59402     Malmstrom AFB(u)            6,675   8,374 59301     Miles City                  9,602   9,023 59801     Missoula                    33,351  29,497 59801     Missoula South(u)           5,557   4,886 59801     Orchard Homes(u)            10,837  .... 59270     Sidney                      5,726   4,543 %@TE:   21  1172 02 10 28 08 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Nebraska%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   34  1873 02 10 20 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place               Place  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%69301     Alliance            (308)  9,920    6,86268310     Beatrice            (402)  12,891   12,389 68005     Bellevue            (402)  21,813   21,953 68008     Blair               (402)  6,418    6,106 69337     Chadron             (308)  5,933    5,921 68601     Columbus            (402)  17,328   15,471 68355     Falls City          (402)  5,374    5,444 68025     Fremont             (402)  23,979   22,962 69341     Gering              (308)  7,760    5,639 68801     Grand Island        (308)  33,180   32,358 68901     Hastings            (402)  23,045   23,580 68949     Holdrege            (308)  5,624    5,635 68847     Kearney             (308)  21,158   19,181 68128     La Vista            (402)  9,588    4,858 68850     Lexington           (308)  6,898    5,654 *68501    Lincoln             (402)  171,932  149,518 69001     McCook              (308)  8,404    8,285 68410     Nebraska City       (402)  7,127    7,441 68701     Norfolk             (402)  19,449   16,607 69101     North Platte        (308)  24,509   19,447 68113     Offutt AFB West(u)  (402)  8,787    8,445 69153     Ogallala            (308)  5,638    4,976 *68108    Omaha               (402)  313,939  346,929 68046     Papillion           (402)  6,399    5,606 68048     Plattsmouth         (402)  6,295    6,371 68127     Ralston             (402)  5,143    4,731 69361     Scottsbluff         (308)  14,156   14,507 68434     Seward              (402)  5,713    5,294 69162     Sidney              (308)  6,010    6,403 68776     South Sioux City    (402)  9,339    7,920 68787     Wayne               (402)  5,240    5,379 68467     York                (402)  7,723    6,778 %@TE:   34  1873 02 10 20 07 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                               %@AS@%Nevada (702)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   18  1106 02 10 32 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                           1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%89005     Boulder City                    9,590    5,22389701     Carson City                     32,022   15,468 89112     East Las Vegas(u)               6,449    6,501 89801     Elko                            8,758    7,621 89015     Henderson                       24,363   16,395 89450     Incline Village-Crystal Bay(u)  6,225    .... *89114    Las Vegas                       164,674  125,787 89110     Nellis AFB(u)                   6,205    6,449 89030     North Las Vegas                 42,739   46,067 89109     Paradise(u)                     84,818   24,477 *89501    Reno                            100,756  72,863 89431     Sparks                          40,780   24,187 89110     Sunrise Manor(u)                44,155   9,684 89431     Sun Valley(u)                   8,822    2,414 89109     Vegas Creek(u)                  NA       8,970 89101     Winchester(u)                   19,728   13,981 %@TE:   18  1106 02 10 32 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                            %@AS@%New Hampshire (603)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   42  2161 02 10 20 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place               1980    1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%03031     Amherst             8,243   4,605 03102     %@AI@%Bedford%@AE@%             9,481   5,859 03570     Berlin              13,084  15,256 03743     Claremont           14,557  14,221 03301     Concord             30,400  30,022 03818     Conway              7,158   4,865 03038     Derry Compact(u)    12,248  6,090 .....     %@AI@%Derry%@AE@%               18,875  11,712 03820     Dover               22,377  20,850 03824     Durham Compact(u)   8,448   7,221 .....     %@AI@%Durham%@AE@%              10,652  8,869 03833     Exeter Compact(u)   8,947   6,439 .....     %@AI@%Exeter%@AE@%              11,024  8,892 03235     Franklin            7,901   7,292 03045     %@AI@%Goffstown%@AE@%           11,315  9,284 03842     Hampton Compact(u)  6,779   5,407 .....     %@AI@%Hampton%@AE@%             10,493  8,011 03755     Hanover Compact(u)  6,861   6,147 .....     %@AI@%Hanover%@AE@%             9,119   8,494 03106     %@AI@%Hooksett%@AE@%            7,303   5,564 03051     %@AI@%Hudson%@AE@%              14,022  10,638 03431     Keene               21,449  20,467 03246     Laconia             15,575  14,888 03766     Lebanon             11,134  9,725 03561     %@AI@%Littleton%@AE@%           5,558   5,290 03053     %@AI@%Londonderry%@AE@%         13,598  5,346 *03101    Manchester          90,936  87,754 03054     %@AI@%Merrimack%@AE@%           15,406  8,595 03055     %@AI@%Milford%@AE@%             8,685   6,622 *03060    Nashua              67,865  55,820 03773     %@AI@%Newport%@AE@%             6,229   5,899 03076     %@AI@%Pelham%@AE@%              8,090   5,408 03865     Plaistow            5,609   4,712 03801     Portsmouth          26,254  25,717 03077     Raymond             5,453   3,003 03867     Rochester           21,560  17,938 03079     %@AI@%Salem%@AE@%               24,124  20,142 03874     %@AI@%Seabrook%@AE@%            5,917   3,053 03878     Somersworth         10,350  9,026 03087     Windham             5,664   3,008 %@TE:   42  2161 02 10 20 08 09 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                %@AS@%New Jersey %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  310 19747 02 10 30 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                         Place  1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%07747     Aberdeen(u)                   (201)  17,235   ....08201     Absecon                       (609)  6,859    6,094 07401     Allendale                     (201)  5,901    6,240 07712     Asbury Park                   (201)  17,015   16,533 *08401    Atlantic City                 (609)  40,199   47,859 08106     Audubon                       (609)  9,533    10,802 08007     Barrington                    (609)  7,418    8,409 07002     Bayonne                       (201)  65,047   72,743 08722     Beachwood                     (201)  7,687    4,390 07109     Belleville                    (201)  35,367   37,629 08031     Bellmawr                      (609)  13,721   15,618 07719     Belmar                        (201)  6,771    5,782 07621     Bergenfield                   (201)  25,568   29,000 07922     Berkeley Hts. Twp.            (201)  12,549   13,078 08009     Berlin                        (609)  5,786    4,997 07924     Bernardsville                 (201)  6,715    6,652 08012     Blackwood(u)                  (609)  5,219    .... 07003     Bloomfield                    (201)  47,792   52,029 07403     Bloomingdale                  (201)  7,867    7,797 07603     Bogota                        (201)  8,344    8,960 07005     Boonton                       (201)  8,620    9,261 08805     Bound Brook                   (201)  9,710    10,450 08723     Brick Twp                     (201)  53,629   35,057 08302     Bridgeton                     (609)  18,795   20,435 08203     Brigantine                    (609)  8,318    6,741 08015     Browns Mills(u)               (609)  10,568   7,144 07828     Budd Lake                     (201)  6,523    .... 08016     Burlington                    (609)  10,246   12,010 07405     Butler                        (201)  7,616    7,051 07006     Caldwell                      (201)  7,624    8,677 *08101    Camden                        (609)  84,910   102,551 08701     Candlewood(u)                 (201)  6,750    5,629 07072     Carlstadt                     (201)  6,166    6,724 08069     Carney's Point                (609)  7,574    .... 07008     Carteret                      (201)  20,598   23,137 07009     Cedar Grove Twp               (201)  12,600   15,582 07928     Chatham                       (201)  8,537    9,566 *08002    Cherry Hill Twp.              (609)  68,785   64,395 08077     Cinnaminson Twp.              (609)  16,072   16,962 07066     Clark Twp.                    (201)  16,699   18,829 08312     Clayton                       (609)  6,013    5,193 08021     Clementon                     (609)  5,764    4,492 07010     Cliffside Park                (201)  21,464   18,891 07721     Cliffwood-Cliffwood Beach(u)  (201)  NA       7,056 *07015    Clifton                       (201)  74,388   82,437 07624     Closter                       (201)  8,164    8,604 08108     Collingswood                  (609)  15,838   17,422 07016     Cranford Twp.                 (201)  24,573   27,391 07626     Cresskill                     (201)  7,609    8,298 .....     Crestwood Village             (201)  7,965    .... 08075     Delran Twp.                   (609)  14,811   10,065 07834     Denville Twp.                 (201)  14,380   14,045 08096     Deptford Twp.                 (609)  23,473   24,232 07801     Dover                         (201)  14,681   15,039 07628     Dumont                        (201)  18,334   20,155 08812     Dunellen                      (201)  6,593    7,072 08816     East Brunswick Twp.           (201)  37,711   34,166 07936     East Hanover                  (201)  9,319    .... *07019    East Orange                   (201)  77,878   75,471 07073     East Rutherford               (201)  7,849    8,536 08520     East Windsor Twp.             (609)  21,041   11,736 07724     Eatontown                     (201)  12,703   14,619 08010     Edgewater Park                (609)  9,273    .... 08817     Edison Twp.                   (201)  70,193   67,120 *07201    Elizabeth                     (201)  106,201  112,654 07407     Elmwood Park                  (201)  18,377   20,511 07630     Emerson                       (201)  7,793    8,428 *07631    Englewood                     (201)  23,701   24,985 07632     Englewood Cliffs              (201)  5,698    5,938 08053     Evesham Twp.                  (609)  21,659   13,477 08618     Ewing Twp.                    (609)  34,842   32,831 07006     Fairfield                     (201)  7,987    6,731 07701     Fair Haven                    (201)  5,679    6,142 07410     Fair Lawn                     (201)  32,229   38,040 07022     Fairview                      (201)  10,519   10,698 07023     Fanwood                       (201)  7,767    8,920 08518     Florence-Roebling(u)          (609)  7,677    7,551 07932     Florham Park                  (201)  9,359    9,373 08640     Fort Dix(u)                   (609)  14,297   26,290 07024     Fort Lee                      (201)  32,449   30,631 07417     Franklin Lakes                (201)  8,769    7,550 07728     Freehold                      (201)  10,020   10,545 07026     Garfield                      (201)  26,803   30,797 08753     Gilford Park                  (201)  6,528    4,007 08028     Glassboro                     (609)  14,574   12,938 08029     Glendora                      (609)  5,632    .... 07028     Glen Ridge                    (201)  7,855    8,518 07452     Glen Rock                     (201)  11,497   13,011 08030     Gloucester City               (609)  13,121   14,707 .....     Gordon's Corner               (201)  6,320    .... 07093     Guttenberg                    (201)  7,340    5,754 *07602    Hackensack                    (201)  36,039   36,008 07840     Hackettstown                  (201)  8,850    9,472 08108     Haddon Twp.                   (609)  15,875   18,192 08033     Haddonfield                   (609)  12,337   13,118 08035     Haddon Heights                (609)  8,361    9,365 07508     Haledon                       (201)  6,607    6,767 08650     Hamilton Twp. (Mercer)        (609)  82,801   79,609 08037     Hammonton                     (609)  12,298   11,464 07981     Hanover Twp.                  (201)  11,846   10,700 07029     Harrison                      (201)  12,242   11,811 07604     Hasbrouck Heights             (201)  12,166   13,651 07506     Hawthorne                     (201)  18,200   19,173 07730     Hazlet Twp.                   (201)  23,013   22,239 08904     Highland Park                 (201)  13,396   14,385 07732     Highlands                     (201)  5,187    3,916 07642     Hillsdale                     (201)  10,495   11,768 07205     Hillside Twp.                 (201)  21,440   21,636 07030     Hoboken                       (201)  42,460   45,380 08753     Holiday City-Berkeley         (201)  9,019    .... 07843     Hopatcong                     (201)  15,531   9,052 08560     Hopewell Twp. (Mercer)        (609)  10,893   10,030 07111     Irvington                     (201)  61,493   59,743 08527     Jackson Twp.                  (201)  25,644   18,276 *07303    Jersey City                   (201)  223,532  260,350 07734     Keansburg                     (201)  10,613   9,720 07032     Kearny                        (201)  35,735   37,585 08824     Kendall Park(u)               (201)  7,419    7,412 07033     Kenilworth                    (201)  8,221    9,165 07735     Keyport                       (201)  7,413    7,205 07405     Kinnelon                      (201)  7,770    7,600 07034     Lake Hiawatha(u)              (201)  NA       11,389 07871     Lake Mohawk(u)                (201)  8,498    6,262 07054     Lake Parsippany(u)            (201)  NA       7,488 08701     Lakewood(u)                   (201)  22,863   17,874 08879     Laurence Harbor(u)            (201)  6,737    6,715 07605     Leonia                        (201)  8,027    8,847 07035     Lincoln Park                  (201)  8,806    9,034 07036     Linden                        (201)  37,836   41,409 08021     Lindenwold                    (609)  18,196   12,199 08221     Linwood                       (609)  6,144    6,159 07424     Little Falls Twp.             (201)  11,496   11,727 07643     Little Ferry                  (201)  9,399    9,064 07739     Little Silver                 (201)  5,548    6,010 07039     Livingston Twp.               (201)  28,040   30,127 07644     Lodi                          (201)  23,956   25,163 07740     Long Branch                   (201)  29,819   31,774 07071     Lyndhurst Twp.                (201)  20,326   22,729 07940     Madison                       (201)  15,357   16,710 08859     Madison Park                  (201)  7,447    .... 07430     Mahwah Twp.                   (201)  12,127   10,800 08736     Manasquan                     (201)  5,354    4,971 08835     Manville                      (201)  11,278   13,029 08052     Maple Shade Twp.              (609)  20,525   16,464 07040     Maplewood Twp.                (201)  22,950   24,932 08402     Margate City                  (609)  9,179    10,576 07746     Marlboro Twp.                 (201)  17,560   12,273 08053     Marlton(u)                    (609)  9,411    10,180 07747     Matawan                       (201)  8,837    9,136 07607     Maywood                       (201)  9,895    11,087 08641     McGuire AFB(u)                (609)  7,853    10,933 08619     Mercerville-Hamilton Sq.(u)   (609)  25,446   24,465 08840     Metuchen                      (201)  13,762   16,031 08846     Middlesex                     (201)  13,480   15,038 07748     Middletown Twp.               (201)  61,615   54,623 07432     Midland park                  (201)  7,381    8,159 07041     Milburn Twp.                  (201)  19,543   21,089 08850     Milltown                      (201)  7,136    6,470 08332     Millville                     (609)  24,815   21,366 08094     Monroe Twp. (Gloucester)      (609)  21,639   14,071 *07042    Montclair                     (201)  38,321   44,043 07645     Montvale                      (201)  7,318    7,327 07045     Montville Twp.                (201)  14,290   11,846 08057     Moorestown-Lenola(u)          (609)  13,695   14,179 07950     Morris Plains                 (201)  5,305    5,540 07960     Morristown                    (201)  16,614   17,662 07092     Mountainside                  (201)  7,118    7,520 08060     Mount Holly Twp.              (609)  10,818   12,713 07753     Neptune Twp.                  (201)  28,366   27,863 07753     Neptune City                  (201)  5,276    5,502 *07102    Newark                        (201)  329,248  381,930 *08901    New Brunswick                 (201)  41,442   41,885 08511     New Hanover                   (201)  14,248   27,410 07646     New Milford                   (201)  16,876   19,149 07974     New Providence                (201)  12,426   13,796 07860     Newton                        (201)  7,748    7,297 07032     North Arlington               (201)  16,587   18,096 07047     North Bergen Twp.             (201)  47,019   47,751 08902     North Brunswick Twp.          (201)  22,220   16,691 07006     North Caldwell                (201)  5,832    6,733 08225     Northfield                    (609)  7,795    8,646 07508     North Haledon                 (201)  8,177    7,614 07060     North Plainfield              (201)  19,108   21,796 07647     Northvale                     (201)  5,046    5,177 07110     Nutley                        (201)  28,998   31,913 07755     Oakhurst(u)                   (201)  NA       5,558 07436     Oakland                       (201)  13,443   14,420 08226     Ocean City                    (609)  13,949   10,575 07757     Oceanport                     (201)  5,888    7,503 08758     Ocean Twp                     (609)  23,570   .... 08857     Old Bridge                    (201)  21,815   25,176 08857     Old Bridge Twp                (201)  51,515   48,715 07649     Oradell                       (201)  8,658    8,903 *07050    Orange                        (201)  31,136   32,566 07650     Palisades Park                (201)  13,732   13,351 08065     Palmyra                       (609)  7,085    6,969 07652     Paramus                       (201)  26,474   28,381 07656     Park Ridge                    (201)  8,515    8,709 07054     Parsippany-Troy Hills         (201)  49,868   .... *07055    Passaic                       (201)  52,463   55,124 *07510    Paterson                      (201)  137,970  144,824 08066     Paulsboro                     (609)  6,944    8,084 08110     Pennsauken Twp.               (609)  33,775   36,394 08069     Penns Grove                   (609)  5,760    5,727 08070     Pennsville Center(u)          (609)  12,467   11,014 07440     Pequannock Twp.               (201)  13,776   14,350 *08861    Perth Amboy                   (201)  38,951   38,798 08865     Phillipsburg                  (201)  16,647   17,849 08021     Pine Hill                     (201)  8,684    5,132 08854     Piscataway Twp.               (201)  42,223   36,418 08071     Pitman                        (609)  9,744    10,257 *07061    Plainfield                    (201)  45,555   46,862 08232     Pleasantville                 (609)  13,435   14,007 08742     Point Pleasant                (201)  17,747   15,968 08742     Point Pleasant Beach          (201)  5,415    4,882 07442     Pompton Lakes                 (201)  10,660   11,397 08540     Princeton                     (609)  12,035   12,311 08540     Princeton North(u)            (609)  NA       5,488 07508     Prospect Park                 (201)  5,142    5,176 *07065    Rahway                        (201)  26,723   29,114 08057     Ramblewood(u)                 (609)  6,475    5,556 07446     Ramsey                        (201)  12,899   12,571 07869     Randolph Twp.                 (201)  17,828   13,296 08869     Raritan                       (201)  6,128    6,691 07701     Red Bank                      (201)  12,031   12,847 07657     Ridgefield                    (201)  10,294   11,308 07660     Ridgefield Park               (201)  12,738   13,990 *07451    Ridgewood                     (201)  25,208   27,547 07456     Ringwood                      (201)  12,625   10,393 07661     River Edge                    (201)  11,111   12,850 08075     Riverside Twp.                (609)  7,941    8,591 07675     River Vale                    (201)  9,489    .... 07726     Robertsville                  (201)  8,461    .... 07662     Rochelle Park Twp.            (201)  5,603    6,380 07866     Rockaway                      (201)  6,852    6,383 07068     Roseland                      (201)  5,330    4,453 07203     Roselle                       (201)  20,641   22,585 07204     Roselle Park                  (201)  13,377   14,277 07760     Rumson                        (201)  7,623    7,421 08078     Runnemede                     (609)  9,461    10,475 *07070    Rutherford                    (201)  19,068   20,802 07662     Saddle Brook Twp.             (201)  14,084   15,910 08079     Salem                         (609)  6,959    7,648 08872     Sayreville                    (201)  29,969   32,508 07076     Scotch Plains Twp.            (201)  20,774   22,279 07094     Secaucus                      (201)  13,719   13,228 08753     Silverton                     (201)  7,236    .... 08083     Somerdale                     (609)  5,900    6,510 08873     Somerset                      (201)  21,731   .... 08244     Somers Point                  (609)  10,330   7,919 08876     Somerville                    (201)  11,973   13,652 08879     South Amboy                   (201)  8,322    9,338 07079     South Orange Vill. Twp.       (201)  15,864   .... 07080     South Plainfield              (201)  20,521   21,142 08882     South River                   (201)  14,361   15,428 07871     Sparta Twp.                   (201)  13,333   10,819 08884     Spotswood                     (201)  7,840    7,891 07081     Springfield Twp.              (201)  13,955   15,740 07762     Spring Lake Heights           (201)  5,424    4,602 08084     Stratford                     (609)  8,005    9,801 07747     Strathmore(u)                 (201)  NA       7,674 07876     Succasunna-Kenvil             (201)  10,931   .... 07901     Summit                        (201)  21,071   23,620 07666     Teaneck Twp.                  (201)  39,007   42,355 07670     Tenafly                       (201)  13,552   14,827 07724     Tinton Falls                  (201)  7,740    8,395 *08753    Toms River(u)                 (201)  7,465    7,303 07512     Totowa                        (201)  11,448   11,580 *08608    Trenton                       (609)  92,124   104,786 08520     Twin Rivers                   (609)  7,742    .... 07083     Union Twp.                    (201)  50,184   53,077 07735     Union Beach                   (201)  6,354    6,472 07087     Union City                    (201)  55,593   57,305 07458     Upper Saddle River            (201)  7,958    7,949 08406     Ventnor City                  (609)  11,704   10,385 07044     Verona                        (201)  14,166   15,067 08251     Villas                        (609)  5,909    3,155 08360     Vineland                      (609)  53,753   47,399 07463     Waldwick                      (201)  10,802   12,313 07057     Wallington                    (201)  10,741   10,284 07465     Wanaque                       (201)  10,025   8,636 07882     Washington                    (201)  6,429    5,943 07675     Washington Twp. (Bergen)      (201)  9,550    10,577 07060     Watchung                      (201)  5,290    4,750 07470     Wayne Twp.                    (201)  46,474   49,141 07087     Weehawken Twp.                (201)  13,168   13,383 07006     West Caldwell                 (201)  11,407   11,913 *07091    Westfield                     (201)  30,447   33,720 07728     West Freehold                 (201)  9,929    .... 07764     West Long Branch              (201)  7,380    6,845 07480     West Milford Twp.             (201)  22,750   17,304 07093     West New York                 (201)  39,194   40,627 07052     West Orange                   (201)  39,510   43,715 07424     West Paterson                 (201)  11,293   11,692 07675     Westwood                      (201)  10,714   11,105 07885     Wharton                       (201)  5,485    5,535 08610     White Horse                   (609)  10,098   .... 07886     White Meadow Lake(u)          (201)  8,429    8,499 08094     Williamstown                  (609)  5,768    4,075 08046     Willingboro Twp.              (609)  39,912   43,386 08095     Winslow Twp.                  (609)  20,034   11,202 07095     Woodbridge Twp.               (201)  90,074   98,944 08096     Woodbury                      (609)  10,353   12,408 07675     Woodcliff Lake                (201)  5,644    5,506 07075     Wood-Ridge                    (201)  7,929    8,311 07481     Wyckoff Twp.                  (201)  15,500   16,039 08620     Yardville-Groveville          (609)  9,414    .... .....     Yorketown                     (201)  5,330    .... %@TE:  310 19747 02 10 30 07 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                             %@AS@%New Mexico (505)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:   37  1880 02 10 23 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%88310     Alamogordo             24,024   23,035*87101    Albuquerque            332,920  244,501 88210     Artesia                10,385   10,315 87410     Aztec                  5,512    3,354 87002     Belen                  5,617    4,823 88101     Cannon(u)              NA       5,461 88220     Carlsbad               25,496   21,297 88101     Clovis                 31,194   28,495 88030     Deming                 9,964    8,343 87532     Espanola               6,803    4,528 87401     Farmington             30,729   21,979 87301     Gallup                 18,167   14,596 87020     Grants                 11,451   8,768 88240     Hobbs                  28,794   26,025 88330     Holloman AFB(u)        7,245    8,001 88001     Las Cruces             45,086   37,857 87701     Las Vegas              14,322   7,528 87544     Los Alamos(u)          11,039   11,310 88260     Lovington              9,727    8,915 87107     North Valley(u)        13,006   10,366 87114     Paradise Hills         5,096    .... 88130     Portales               9,940    10,554 87740     Raton                  8,225    6,962 87124     Rio Rancho Estates     9,985    .... 88201     Roswell                39,676   33,908 87115     Sandia(u)              5,288    6,867 87501     Santa Fe               49,160   41,167 87420     Shiprock               7,237    .... 88061     Silver City            9,887    8,557 87801     Socorro                7,576    5,849 87105     South Valley(u)        38,916   29,389 87901     Truth or Consequences  5,219    4,656 88401     Tucumcari              6,765    7,189 87544     White Rock             6,560    3,861 87327     Zuni Pueblo            5,551    3,958 %@TE:   37  1880 02 10 23 09 10 @%

%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@3@%                                 %@AS@%New York%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@TH:  344 22574 02 10 30 07 11 12 @%ZIP code  Place                         Place  1980       1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%*12207    Albany                        (518)  101,727    115,78111507     Albertson(u)                  (516)  5,561      6,825 11701     Amityville                    (516)  9,076      9,794 12010     Amsterdam                     (518)  21,872     25,524 12603     Arlington(u)                  (914)  11,305     11,203 13021     Auburn                        (315)  32,548     34,599 *11702    Babylon                       (516)  12,388     12,897 11510     Baldwin(u)                    (516)  31,630     34,525 13027     Baldwinsville                 (315)  6,446      6,298 14020     Batavia                       (716)  16,703     17,338 14810     Bath                          (607)  6,042      6,05313088     Bayberry-Lynelle Meadows(u)   (315)  14,813     .... 11705     Bayport(u)                    (516)  9,282      8,232 11706     Bay Shore(u)                  (516)  10,784     11,119 11709     Bayville                      (516)  7,034      6,147 12508     Beacon                        (914)  12,937     13,255 11710     Bellmore(u)                   (516)  18,106     18,431 11714     Bethpage(u)                   (516)  16,840     18,555 *13902    Binghamton                    (607)  55,860     64,123 10913     Blauvelt(u)                   (914)  NA         5,426 11716     Bohemia(u)                    (516)  9,308      8,926 11717     Brentwood(u)                  (516)  44,321     28,327 10510     Briarcliff Manor              (914)  7,115      6,521 14610     Brighton (u)                  (716)  35,776     .... 14420     Brockport                     (716)  9,776      7,878 10708     Bronxville                    (914)  6,267      6,674 *14240    Buffalo                       (716)  357,870    462,768 14424     Canandaigua                   (716)  10,419     10,488 13617     Canton                        (315)  7,055      6,398 11514     Carle Place(u)                (516)  5,470      6,326 11516     Cedarhurst                    (516)  6,162      6,941 11720     Centereach(u)                 (516)  30,136     9,427 11934     Center Moriches(u)            (516)  5,703      3,802 11721     Centerport(u)                 (516)  6,576      .... 11722     Central Islip(u)              (516)  19,734     36,391 14225     Cheektowaga(u)                (716)  92,145     .... 12065     Clifton Park                  (518)  23,989     14,867 12043     Cobleskill                    (518)  5,272      4,368 12047     Cohoes                        (518)  18,144     18,653 11724     Cold Spring Harbor(u)         (516)  5,336      5,509 12205     Colonie                       (518)  8,869      8,701 11725     Commack(u)                    (516)  34,719     24,138 10920     Congers(u)                    (914)  7,123      5,928 11726     Copiague(u)                   (516)  20,132     19,632 11727     Coram(u)                      (516)  24,752     .... 14830     Corning                       (607)  12,953     15,792 13045     Cortland                      (607)  20,138     19,621 10520     Croton-on-Hudson              (914)  6,889      7,523 11729     Deer Park(u)                  (516)  30,394     32,274 12054     Delmar(u)                     (518)  8,423      .... 14043     Depew                         (716)  19,819     22,158 13214     DeWitt(u)                     (315)  9,024      10,032 11746     Dix Hills(u)                  (516)  26,693     10,050 10522     Dobbs Ferry                   (914)  10,053     10,353 14048     Dunkirk                       (716)  15,310     16,855 14052     East Aurora                   (716)  6,803      7,033 10709     Eastchester(u)                (914)  20,305     23,750 11735     East Farmingdale(u)           (516)  5,522      .... 12302     East Glenville(u)             (518)  6,537      5,898 11746     East Half Hollow Hills(u)     (516)  NA         9,691 11576     East Hills                    (516)  7,160      8,624 11730     East Islip(u)                 (516)  13,852     6,861 11758     East Massapequa(u)            (516)  13,987     15,926 11554     East Meadow(u)                (516)  39,317     46,290 11743     East Neck(u)                  (516)  NA         5,221 11731     East Northport(u)             (516)  20,187     12,392 11772     East Patchogue(u)             (516)  18,139     8,092 14445     East Rochester                (716)  7,596      8,347 11518     East Rockaway                 (516)  10,917     11,795 13902     East Vestal(u)                (607)  NA         10,472 *14901    Elmira                        (607)  35,327     39,945 11003     Elmont(u)                     (516)  27,592     29,363 11731     Elwood(u)                     (516)  11,847     15,031 13760     Endicott                      (607)  14,457     16,556 13760     Endwell(u)                    (607)  13,745     15,999 13219     Fairmount(u)                  (315)  13,415     15,317 14450     Fairport                      (716)  5,970      6,474 12601     Fairview(u)                   (914)  5,852      8,517 11735     Farmingdale                   (516)  7,946      9,297 11738     Farmingville(u)               (516)  13,398     .... *11001    Floral Park                   (516)  16,805     18,466 11768     Fort Salonga(u)               (516)  9,550      .... 11010     Franklin Square(u)            (516)  29,051     32,156 14063     Fredonia                      (716)  11,126     10,326 11520     Freeport                      (516)  38,272     40,374 13069     Fulton                        (315)  13,312     14,003 11530     Garden City                   (516)  22,927     25,373 11040     Garden City Park(u)           (516)  7,712      7,488 14624     Gates-North Gates(u)          (716)  15,244     .... 14454     Geneseo                       (716)  6,746      5,714 14456     Geneva                        (315)  15,133     16,793 11542     Glen Cove                     (516)  24,618     25,770 12801     Glens Falls                   (518)  15,897     17,222 12801     Glens Falls North(u)          (518)  6,956      NA 12078     Gloversville                  (518)  17,836     19,677 *11022    Great Neck                    (516)  9,168      10,798 11020     Great Neck Plaza              (516)  5,604      6,043 14616     Greece(u)                     (716)  16,177     .... 11740     Greenlawn(u)                  (516)  13,869     8,493 12083     Greenville(u)                 (518)  8,706      .... 11746     Half Hollow Hills(u)          (516)  NA         12,081 14075     Hamburg                       (716)  10,582     10,215 11946     Hampton Bays(u)               (516)  7,256      1,862 14221     Harris Hill(u)                (716)  5,087      .... 10528     Harrison                      (914)  23,046     21,544 10530     Hartsdale(u)                  (914)  10,216     12,226 10706     Hastings-on-Hudson            (914)  8,573      9,479 11787     Hauppauge(u)                  (516)  20,960     13,957 10927     Haverstraw                    (914)  8,800      8,198 10532     Hawthorne(u)                  (914)  5,010      .... *11551    Hempstead                     (516)  40,404     39,411 13350     Herkimer                      (315)  8,383      8,960 11040     Herricks(u)                   (516)  8,123      9,112 11557     Hewlett(u)                    (516)  6,986      6,796 *11802    Hicksville(u)                 (516)  43,245     49,820 10977     Hillcrest(u)                  (914)  5,733      5,357 11741     Holbrook(u)                   (516)  24,382     .... 11742     Holtsville(u)                 (516)  13,515     .... 14843     Hornell                       (607)  10,234     12,144 14845     Horseheads                    (607)  7,348      7,989 12534     Hudson                        (518)  7,986      8,940 12839     Hudson Falls                  (518)  7,419      7,917 11743     Huntington(u)                 (516)  21,727     12,601 11746     Huntington Station(u)         (516)  28,769     28,817 13357     Ilion                         (315)  9,450      9,808 11696     Inwood(u)                     (516)  8,228      8,433 14617     Irondequoit(u)                (716)  57,648     .... 10533     Irvington                     (914)  5,774      5,878 11751     Islip(u)                      (516)  13,438     7,692 11752     Islip Terrace(u)              (516)  5,588      .... 14850     Ithaca                        (607)  28,732     26,226 14701     Jamestown                     (716)  35,775     39,795 10535     Jefferson Valley-Yorktown(u)  (914)  13,380     9,008 11753     Jericho(u)                    (516)  12,739     14,010 13790     Johnson City                  (607)  17,126     18,025 12095     Johnstown                     (518)  9,360      10,045 14217     Kenmore                       (716)  18,474     20,980 11754     Kings Park(u)                 (516)  16,131     5,555 11024     Kings Point                   (516)  5,234      5,614 12401     Kingston                      (914)  24,481     25,544 14218     Lackawanna                    (716)  22,701     28,657 10512     Lake Carmel(u)                (914)  7,295      4,796 11755     Lake Grove                    (516)  9,692      8,133 11779     Lake Ronkonkoma(u)            (516)  38,336     7,284 11552     Lakeview(u)                   (516)  5,276      5,471 14086     Lancaster                     (716)  13,056     13,365 10538     Larchmont                     (914)  6,308      7,203 12110     Latham(u)                     (518)  11,182     9,661 11559     Lawrence                      (516)  6,175      6,566 11756     Levittown(u)                  (516)  57,045     65,440 11757     Lindenhurst                   (516)  26,919     28,359 13365     Little Falls                  (315)  6,156      7,629 14094     Lockport                      (716)  24,844     25,399 11791     Locust Grove(u)               (516)  9,670      11,626 11561     Long Beach                    (516)  34,073     33,127 12211     Loudonville(u)                (518)  11,480     9,299 11563     Lynbrook                      (516)  20,424     23,151 13208     Lyncourt(u)                   (315)  5,129      .... 10541     Mahopac(u)                    (914)  7,681      5,265 12953     Malone                        (518)  7,668      8,048 11565     Malverne                      (516)  9,262      10,036 10543     Mamaroneck                    (914)  17,616     18,909 11030     Manhasset(u)                  (516)  8,485      8,541 13104     Manlius                       (315)  5,241      4,295 11050     Manorhaven                    (516)  5,384      5,488 11758     Massapequa(u)                 (516)  24,454     26,821 11762     Massapequa Park               (516)  19,779     22,112 13662     Massena                       (315)  12,851     14,042 11950     Mastic(u)                     (516)  10,413     .... 11951     Mastic Beach(u)               (516)  8,318      4,870 13211     Mattydale(u)                  (315)  7,511      8,292 12118     Mechanicville                 (518)  5,500      6,247 11763     Medford(u)                    (516)  20,418     .... 14103     Medina                        (716)  6,392      6,415 11746     Melville(u)                   (516)  8,139      6,641 11566     Merrick(u)                    (516)  24,478     25,904 11953     Middle Island(u)              (516)  5,703      .... 10940     Middletown                    (914)  21,454     22,607 11764     Miller Place(u)               (516)  7,877      .... 11501     Mineola                       (516)  20,757     21,845 10950     Monroe                        (914)  5,996      4,439 10952     Monsey(u)                     (914)  12,380     8,797 12701     Monticello                    (914)  6,306      5,991 10549     Mt. Kisco                     (914)  8,025      8,172 11766     Mount Sinai(u)                (516)  6,591      .... *10551    Mount Vernon                  (914)  66,713     72,788 12590     Myers Corner(u)               (914)  5,180      2,826 10954     Nanuet(u)                     (914)  12,578     10,447 11767     Nesconset(u)                  (516)  10,706     10,048 14513     Newark                        (315)  10,017     11,644 12550     Newburgh                      (914)  23,438     26,219 11590     New Cassel(u)                 (516)  9,635      8,721 10956     New City(u)                   (914)  35,859     27,344 11040     New Hyde Park                 (516)  9,801      10,116 *10802    New Rochelle                  (914)  70,794     75,385 *12550    New Windsor Center(u)         (914)  7,812      8,803 *10001    New York                      (212)  7,071,639  7,895,563 *10451    Bronx                         (212)  1,168,972  1,471,701 *11201    Brooklyn                      (718)  2,230,936  2,602,102 *10001    Manhattan                     (212)  1,428,285  1,539,233 *%@AH@%(Q)%@AE@%      Queens                        (718)  1,891,325  1,987,174 *10314    Staten Island                 (718)  352,121    295,443 14301     Niagara(u)                    (716)  9,648      .... *14302    Niagara Falls                 (716)  71,384     85,615 12309     Niskayuna(u)                  (518)  5,223      6,186 11701     North Amityville(u)           (516)  13,140     11,936 11703     North Babylon(u)              (516)  19,019     39,526 11706     North Bay Shore(u)            (516)  35,020     .... 11710     North Bellmore(u)             (516)  20,630     22,893 11713     North Bellport(u)             (516)  7,432      5,903 11752     North Great River(u)          (516)  11,416     12,080 11757     North Lindenhurst(u)          (516)  11,511     11,117 11758     North Massapequa(u)           (516)  21,385     23,123 11566     North Merrick(u)              (516)  12,848     13,650 11040     North New Hyde Park(u)        (516)  15,114     18,154 11772     North Patchogue(u)            (516)  7,126      5,232 11768     Northport                     (516)  7,651      7,494 13212     North Syracuse                (315)  7,970      8,687 10591     North Tarrytown               (914)  7,994      8,334 14120     North Tonawanda               (716)  35,760     36,012 11580     North Valley Stream(u)        (516)  14,530     14,881 11793     North Wantagh(u)              (516)  12,677     15,053 13815     Norwich                       (607)  8,082      8,843 10960     Nyack                         (914)  6,428      6,659 11769     Oakdale(u)                    (516)  8,090      7,334 11572     Oceanside(u)                  (516)  33,639     35,372 13669     Ogdensburg                    (315)  12,375     14,554 11804     Old Bethpage(u)               (516)  6,215      7,084 14760     Olean                         (716)  18,207     19,169 13421     Oneida                        (315)  10,810     11,658 13820     Oneonta                       (607)  14,933     16,030 12550     Orange Lake(u)                (914)  5,120      4,348 10562     Ossining                      (914)  20,196     21,659 13126     Oswego                        (315)  19,793     20,913 11771     Oyster Bay(u)                 (516)  6,497      6,822 11772     Patchogue                     (516)  11,291     11,582 10965     Pearl River(u)                (914)  15,893     17,146 10566     Peekskill                     (914)  18,236     19,283 10803     Pelham                        (914)  6,848      2,076 10803     Pelham Manor                  (914)  6,130      6,673 14527     Penn Yan                      (315)  5,242      5,293 13212     Pitcher Hill                  (315)  6,063      .... 11714     Plainedge(u)                  (516)  9,629      10,759 11803     Plainview(u)                  (516)  28,037     31,695 12901     Plattsburgh                   (518)  21,057     18,715 12903     Plattsburgh AFB(u)            (518)  5,905      7,078 10570     Pleasantville                 (914)  6,749      7,110 10573     Port Chester                  (914)  23,565     25,803 11777     Port Jefferson                (516)  6,731      5,515 11776     Port Jefferson Station(u)     (516)  17,009     7,403 12771     Port Jervis                   (914)  8,699      8,852 11050     Port Washington(u)            (516)  14,521     15,923 13676     Potsdam                       (315)  10,635     10,303 *12601    Poughkeepsie                  (914)  29,757     32,029 12603     Red Oaks Mill(u)              (914)  5,236      3,919 12144     Rensselaer                    (518)  9,047      10,136 11961     Ridge(u)                      (516)  8,977      .... 11901     Riverhead(u)                  (516)  6,339      7,585 11901     Riverside-Flanders(u)         (516)  5,400      .... *14603    Rochester                     (716)  241,741    295,011 *11570    Rockville Centre              (516)  25,412     27,444 11778     Rocky Point(u)                (516)  7,012      .... 12205     Roessleville(u)               (518)  11,685     5,476 13440     Rome                          (315)  43,826     50,148 11575     Roosevelt(u)                  (516)  14,109     15,008 11577     Roslyn Heights(u)             (516)  6,546      7,242 12303     Rotterdam(u)                  (518)  22,933     25,214 10580     Rye                           (914)  15,083     15,869 11780     St. James(u)                  (516)  12,122     10,500 14779     Salamanca                     (716)  6,890      7,877 12983     Saranac Lake                  (518)  5,578      6,086 12866     Saratoga Springs              (518)  23,906     18,845 11782     Sayville(u)                   (516)  12,013     11,680 10583     Scarsdale                     (914)  17,650     19,229 *12301    Schenectady                   (518)  67,972     77,958 10940     Scotchtown(u)                 (914)  7,352      2,119 12302     Scotia                        (518)  7,280      7,370 11579     Sea Cliff                     (516)  5,364      5,890 11783     Seaford(u)                    (516)  16,117     17,379 11784     Selden(u)                     (516)  17,259     11,613 13148     Seneca Falls                  (315)  7,466      7,794 11733     Setauket-East Setauket(u)     (516)  10,176     6,857 11967     Shirley(u)                    (516)  18,072     6,280 11787     Smithtown(u)                  (516)  30,906     .... 13209     Solvay                        (315)  7,140      8,280 11789     South Beach(u)                (516)  8,071      .... 11735     South Farmingdale(u)          (516)  16,439     20,464 14850     South Hill(u)                 (607)  5,276      .... 11746     South Huntington(u)           (516)  14,854     9,115 14904     Southport(u)                  (607)  8,329      8,685 11581     South Valley Stream(u)        (516)  5,462      6,595 11590     South Westbury(u)             (516)  9,732      10,978 10977     Spring Valley                 (914)  20,537     18,112 11790     Stony Brook(u)                (516)  16,155     6,391 10980     Stony Point(u)                (914)  8,686      8,270 10901     Suffern                       (914)  10,794     8,273 11791     Syosset(u)                    (516)  9,818      10,084 *13201    Syracuse                      (315)  170,105    197,297 10983     Tappan(u)                     (914)  8,267      7,424 10591     Tarrytown                     (914)  10,648     11,115 10594     Thornwood(u)                  (914)  7,197      6,874 14150     Tonawanda                     (716)  18,693     21,898 *12180    Troy                          (518)  56,638     62,918 10707     Tuckahoe                      (914)  6,076      6,236 11553     Uniondale(u)                  (516)  20,016     22,077 *13503    Utica                         (315)  75,632     91,373 10989     Valley Cottage(u)             (914)  8,214      6,007 *11580    Valley Stream                 (516)  35,769     40,413 13850     Vestal                        (607)  27,238     26,909 10901     Viola(u)                      (914)  5,340      5,136 12586     Walden                        (914)  5,659      5,277 11793     Wantagh(u)                    (516)  19,817     21,783 12590     Wappingers Falls              (914)  5,110      5,607 13165     Waterloo                      (315)  5,303      5,418 13601     Watertown                     (315)  27,861     30,787 12189     Watervliet                    (518)  11,354     12,404 14580     Webster                       (716)  5,499      5,037 14895     Wellsville                    (716)  5,769      5,815 11758     West Amityville(u)            (516)  6,623      6,424 11704     West Babylon(u)               (516)  41,699     12,893 11706     West Bay Shore(u)             (516)  5,118      .... 11590     Westbury                      (516)  13,871     15,362 14905     West Elmira(u)                (607)  5,485      5,901 12801     West Glens Falls(u)           (518)  5,331      3,363 10993     West Haverstraw               (914)  9,181      8,558 11552     West Hempstead(u)             (516)  18,536     20,375 11743     West Hills(u)                 (516)  6,071      .... 11795     West Islip(u)                 (516)  29,533     17,374 12203     Westmere(u)                   (518)  6,881      6,364 10994     West Nyack(u)                 (914)  8,553      5,510 10996     West Point(u)                 (914)  8,105      .... 11796     West Sayville(u)              (516)  8,185      7,386 14224     West Seneca(u)                (716)  51,210     .... 13219     Westvale(u)                   (315)  6,169      7,253 *10602    White Plains                  (914)  46,999     50,346 14221     Williamsville                 (716)  6,017      6,878 11596     Williston Park                (516)  8,216      9,154 11797     Woodbury(u)                   (516)  7,043      .... 11598     Woodmere(u)                   (516)  17,205     19,831 11798     Wyandach(u)                   (516)  13,215     15,716 *10701    Yonkers                       (914)  195,351    204,297 10598     Yorktown Heights(u)           (914)  7,696      6,805 %@TE:  344 22574 02 10 30 07 11 12 @%

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%@AH@%Q%@AE@% %@AI@%There are 4 P.O.s for Queens: 11101 for L.I. City; 11690 Far Rockaway;
%@AI@%11351 Flushing; and 11431 Jamaica.%@AE@%%@NL@%
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%@3@%                              %@AS@%North Carolina %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   91  5463 02 10 26 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                     Place  1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%28001     Albemarle                 (704)  15,110   11,126 27263     Archdale                  (919)  5,326    4,874 27203     Asheboro                  (919)  15,252   10,797 *28801    Asheville                 (704)  54,022   57,820 28303     Bonnie Doone(u)           (919)  5,950    .... 28607     Boone                     (704)  10,191   8,754 28712     Brevard                   (704)  5,323    5,243 27215     Burlington                (919)  37,266   35,930 28542     Camp Le Jeune(u)          (919)  30,764   34,549 27510     Carrboro                  (919)  7,517    5,058 27511     Cary                      (919)  21,612   7,640 27514     Chapel Hill               (919)  32,421   26,199 *28202    Charlotte                 (704)  315,474  241,420 27012     Clemmons(u)               (919)  7,401    .... 28328     Clinton                   (919)  7,552    7,157 28025     Concord                   (704)  16,942   18,464 28334     Dunn                      (919)  8,962    8,302 *27701    Durham                    (919)  101,149  95,438 28379     East Rockingham(u)        (919)  5,190    2,858 27288     Eden                      (919)  15,672   15,871 27932     Edenton                   (919)  5,264    4,956 27909     Elizabeth City            (919)  13,784   14,381 28728     Enka(u)                   (704)  5,567    .... *28302    Fayetteville              (919)  59,507   53,510 28043     Forest City               (704)  7,688    7,179 28307     Fort Bragg(u)             (919)  37,834   46,995 27529     Garner                    (919)  9,556    4,923 28052     Gastonia                  (704)  47,333   47,322 27530     Goldsboro                 (919)  31,871   26,960 27253     Graham                    (919)  8,415    8,172 *27420    Greensboro                (919)  155,642  144,076 27834     Greenville                (919)  35,740   29,063 28532     Havelock                  (919)  17,718   3,012 27536     Henderson                 (919)  13,522   13,896 28739     Hendersonville            (704)  6,862    6,443 28601     Hickory                   (704)  20,757   20,569 *27260    High Point                (919)  63,479   63,229 28348     Hope Mills                (919)  5,412    1,866 28540     Jacksonville              (919)  18,237   16,289 28081     Kannapolis(u)             (704)  34,564   36,293 27284     Kernersville              (919)  5,875    4,815 27021     King(u)                   (919)  8,757    1,033 .....     Kings Grant(u)            (919)  6,652    .... 28086     Kings Mountain            (704)  9,080    8,465 28501     Kinston                   (919)  25,234   23,020 28352     Laurinburg                (919)  11,480   8,859 28645     Lenoir                    (704)  13,748   14,705 27292     Lexington                 (704)  15,711   17,205 28358     Lumberton                 (919)  18,340   16,961 28212     Mint Hill                 (704)  9,830    .... 28110     Monroe                    (704)  12,639   11,282 28115     Mooresville               (704)  8,575    8,808 28655     Morganton                 (704)  13,763   13,625 27030     Mount Airy                (919)  6,862    7,325 28560     New Bern                  (919)  14,557   14,660 27604     New Hope (Wake)(u)        (919)  6,768    .... .....     New Hope (Wayne)(u)       (919)  6,685    ..... 28540     New River Station(u)      (919)  5,401    .... 28658     Newton                    (704)  7,624    7,857 28012     North Belmont(u)          (704)  10,762   10,672 27565     Oxford                    (919)  7,709    7,178 .....     Piney Green-White Oak(u)  (919)  6,058    .... *27611    Raleigh                   (919)  149,771  122,830 27320     Reidsville                (919)  12,492   13,636 27870     Roanoke Rapids            (919)  14,702   13,508 28379     Rockingham                (919)  8,300    5,852 27801     Rocky Mount               (919)  41,526   34,284 27573     Roxboro                   (919)  7,532    5,370 28601     St. Stephens(u)           (704)  10,797   .... 28144     Salisbury                 (704)  22,677   22,515 27330     Sanford                   (919)  14,773   11,716 28150     Shelby                    (704)  15,310   16,328 27577     Smithfield                (919)  7,288    6,677 28387     Southern Pines            (919)  8,620    5,937 28390     Spring Lake               (919)  6,273    3,968 27045     Stanleyville(u)           (919)  5,039    2,362 28677     Statesville               (704)  18,622   20,007 28778     Swannanoa(u)              (704)  5,586    1,966 27886     Tarboro                   (919)  8,741    9,425 27360     Thomasville               (919)  14,144   15,230 27370     Trinity(u)                (919)  6,726    .... 27889     Washington                (919)  8,418    8,961 28786     Waynesville               (704)  6,765    6,488 28025     West Concord(u)           (704)  5,859    5,347 28472     Whiteville                (919)  5,565    4,195 27892     Williamston               (919)  6,159    6,570 28401     Wilmington                (919)  44,000   46,169 27893     Wilson                    (919)  34,424   29,347 *27102    Winston-Salem             (919)  131,885  133,683 %@TE:   91  5463 02 10 26 07 09 10 @%

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%@3@%                            %@AS@%North Dakota (701)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   17   828 02 10 20 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place               1980    1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%58501     Bismarck            44,485  34,70358301     Devils Lake         7,442   7,078 58601     Dickinson           15,924  12,405 58102     Fargo               61,308  53,365 58237     Grafton             5,293   5,946 58201     Grand Forks         43,765  39,008 58201     Grand Forks AFB(u)  9,390   10,474 58401     Jamestown           16,280  15,385 58554     Mandan              15,513  11,093 58701     Minot               32,843  32,290 58701     Minot AFB(u)        9,880   12,077 58072     Valley City         7,774   7,843 58075     Wahpeton            9,064   7,076 58078     West Fargo          10,099  5,161 58801     Williston           13,336  11,280 %@TE:   17   828 02 10 20 08 09 @%

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%@TH:  267 16484 02 10 28 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                       Place  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%45810     Ada                         (419)  5,669    5,309*44309    Akron                       (216)  237,177  275,425 44601     Alliance                    (216)  24,315   26,547 44001     Amherst                     (216)  10,638   9,902 44805     Ashland                     (419)  20,326   19,872 44004     Ashtabula                   (216)  23,449   24,313 45701     Athens                      (614)  19,743   24,168 44202     Aurora                      (216)  8,177    6,549 44515     Austintown(u)               (216)  33,636   29,393 44011     Avon                        (216)  7,241    7,214 44012     Avon Lake                   (216)  13,222   12,261 44203     Barberton                   (216)  29,751   33,052 44140     Bay Village                 (216)  17,846   18,163 44122     Beachwood                   (216)  9,983    9,631 45385     Beavercreek                 (513)  31,589   ... 44146     Bedford                     (216)  15,056   17,552 44146     Bedford Heights             (216)  13,214   13,063 43906     Bellaire                    (614)  8,241    9,655 45305     Bellbrook                   (513)  5,174    1,268 43311     Bellefontaine               (513)  11,888   11,255 44811     Bellevue                    (419)  8,187    8,604 45714     Belpre                      (614)  7,193    7,189 44017     Berea                       (216)  19,567   22,465 43209     Bexley                      (614)  13,405   14,888 43004     Blacklick Estates(u)        (614)  11,223   8,351 45242     Blue Ash                    (513)  9,510    8,324 44512     Boardman(u)                 (216)  39,161   30,852 43402     Bowling Green               (419)  25,728   14,656 44141     Brecksville                 (216)  10,132   9,137 45231     Brentwood(u)                (513)  5,508    .... 45211     Bridgetown(u)               (513)  11,460   13,352 44141     Broadview Heights           (216)  10,920   11,463 44144     Brooklyn                    (216)  12,342   13,142 44142     Brook Park                  (216)  26,195   30,774 44212     Brunswick                   (216)  27,689   15,852 43506     Bryan                       (419)  7,879    7,008 44820     Bucyrus                     (419)  13,433   13,111 43725     Cambridge                   (614)  13,573   13,656 44405     Campbell                    (216)  11,619   12,577 44406     Canfield                    (216)  5,535    4,997 *44711    Canton                      (216)  93,077   110,053 45822     Celina                      (419)  9,137    8,072 45459     Centerville                 (513)  18,886   10,333 45211     Cheviot                     (513)  9,888    11,135 45601     Chillicothe                 (614)  23,420   24,842 *45234    Cincinnati                  (513)  385,409  453,514 43113     Circleville                 (614)  11,700   11,687 *44101    Cleveland                   (216)  573,822  750,879 44118     Cleveland Heights           (216)  56,438   60,767 43410     Clyde                       (419)  5,489    5,503 *43235    Columbus                    (614)  565,032  540,025 44030     Conneaut                    (216)  13,835   14,552 44410     Cortland                    (216)  5,011    2,525 43812     Coshocton                   (614)  13,405   13,747 45238     Covedale(u)                 (513)  5,830    6,639 44827     Crestline                   (419)  5,406    5,965 *44222    Cuyahoga Falls              (216)  43,710   49,815 *45401    Dayton                      (513)  193,536  243,023 45236     Deer Park                   (513)  6,745    7,415 43512     Defiance                    (419)  16,810   16,281 43015     Delaware                    (614)  18,780   15,008 45238     Delhi Hills(u)              (513)  27,647   .... 45833     Delphos                     (419)  7,314    7,608 44622     Dover                       (216)  11,526   11,516 44112     East Cleveland              (216)  36,957   39,600 44094     Eastlake                    (216)  22,104   19,690 43920     East Liverpool              (216)  16,687   20,020 44413     East Palestine              (216)  5,306    5,604 45320     Eaton                       (513)  6,839    6,020 *44035    Elyria                      (216)  57,504   53,427 45322     Englewood                   (513)  11,329   7,885 44117     Euclid                      (216)  59,999   71,552 45324     Fairborn                    (513)  29,702   32,267 45014     Fairfield                   (513)  30,777   14,680 44313     Fairlawn                    (216)  6,100    6,102 44126     Fairview Park               (216)  19,311   21,699 45840     Findlay                     (419)  35,594   35,800 45405     Forest Park                 (513)  18,566   15,139 45426     Fort McKinley(u)            (513)  10,161   11,536 44830     Fostoria                    (419)  15,743   16,037 45005     Franklin                    (513)  10,711   10,075 43420     Fremont                     (419)  17,834   18,490 43230     Gahanna                     (614)  18,001   12,400 44833     Galion                      (419)  12,391   13,123 45631     Gallipolis                  (614)  5,576    7,490 44125     Garfield Heights            (216)  33,380   41,417 44041     Geneva                      (216)  6,655    6,449 45327     Germantown                  (513)  5,015    4,088 44420     Girard                      (216)  12,517   14,119 43212     Grandview Heights           (614)  7,420    8,460 45123     Greenfield                  (513)  5,150    4,780 45331     Greenville                  (513)  12,999   12,380 45239     Groesbeck(u)                (513)  9,594    .... 43123     Grove City                  (614)  16,793   13,911 *45012    Hamilton                    (513)  63,189   67,865 45030     Harrison                    (513)  5,855    4,408 43055     Heath                       (614)  6,969    6,768 44124     Highland Heights            (216)  5,739    5,926 43026     Hilliard                    (614)  8,131    8,369 45133     Hillsboro                   (513)  6,356    5,584 44484     Howland(u)                  (216)  7,441    .... 44425     Hubbard                     (216)  9,245    8,583 45424     Huber Heights(u)            (513)  31,731   18,943 43081     Huber Ridge(u)              (614)  5,835    .... 44839     Huron                       (419)  7,123    6,896 44131     Independence                (216)  8,165    7,034 45638     Ironton                     (614)  14,290   15,030 45640     Jackson                     (614)  6,675    6,843 44240     Kent                        (216)  26,164   28,183 43326     Kenton                      (419)  8,605    8,315 45236     Kenwood(u)                  (513)  9,928    15,789 45429     Kettering                   (513)  61,186   71,864 44094     Kirtland                    (216)  5,969    5,530 44107     Lakewood                    (216)  61,963   70,173 43130     Lancaster                   (614)  34,953   32,911 45036     Lebanon                     (513)  9,636    7,934 *45802    Lima                        (419)  47,827   53,734 45215     Lincoln Heights             (513)  5,259    6,099 43228     Lincoln Village(u)          (614)  10,548   11,215 43138     Logan                       (614)  6,557    6,269 43140     London                      (614)  6,958    6,481 *44052    Lorain                      (216)  75,416   78,185 44641     Louisville                  (216)  7,996    6,298 45140     Loveland                    (513)  9,106    7,126 44124     Lyndhurst                   (216)  18,092   19,749 44056     Macedonia                   (216)  6,571    6,375 45243     Madeira                     (513)  9,341    6,713 *44901    Mansfield                   (419)  53,927   55,047 44137     Maple Heights               (216)  29,735   34,093 45750     Marietta                    (614)  16,467   16,861 43302     Marion                      (614)  37,040   38,646 43935     Martins Ferry               (614)  9,331    10,757 43040     Marysville                  (513)  7,414    5,744 45040     Mason                       (513)  8,692    5,677 44646     Massillon                   (216)  30,557   32,539 43537     Maumee                      (419)  15,747   15,937 44124     Mayfield Heights            (216)  21,550   22,139 44256     Medina                      (216)  15,268   10,913 44060     Mentor                      (216)  42,065   36,912 44060     Mentor-on-the-Lake          (216)  7,919    6,517 45342     Miamisburg                  (513)  15,304   14,797 44130     Middleburg Heights          (216)  16,218   12,367 45042     Middletown                  (513)  43,719   48,767 45042     Middletown South(u)         (513)  5,260    .... 45150     Milford                     (513)  5,232    4,828 45239     Monfort Heights(u)          (513)  9,745    .... 45242     Montgomery                  (513)  10,084   5,683 45439     Moraine                     (513)  5,325    4,898 45231     Mount Healthy               (513)  7,562    7,446 43050     Mount Vernon                (614)  14,380   13,373 43545     Napoleon                    (419)  8,614    7,791 43055     Newark                      (614)  41,200   41,836 45344     New Carlisle                (513)  6,498    6,112 43764     New Lexington               (614)  5,179    4,921 44663     New Philadelphia            (216)  16,883   15,184 44446     Niles                       (216)  23,088   21,581 45239     Northbrook(u)               (513)  8,357    .... 44720     North Canton                (216)  14,228   15,228 45239     North College Hill          (513)  10,990   12,363 44057     North Madison(u)            (216)  8,741    6,882 44070     North Olmsted               (216)  36,486   34,861 45502     Northridge(u) (Clark)       (513)  5,559    12 45414     Northridge(u) (Montgomery)  (513)  9,720    10,084 44039     North Ridgeville            (216)  21,522   13,152 44133     North Royalton              (216)  17,671   12,807 .....     Northview(u)                (513)  9,973    .... 43619     Northwood                   (419)  5,495    4,222 44203     Norton                      (216)  12,242   12,308 44857     Norwalk                     (419)  14,358   13,386 45212     Norwood                     (513)  26,342   30,420 45873     Oakwood                     (419)  9,372    10,095 44074     Oberlin                     (216)  8,660    8,761 44138     Olmsted Falls               (216)  5,868    2,504 43616     Oregon                      (419)  18,675   16,563 44667     Orrville                    (216)  7,511    7,408 45431     Overlook-Page Manor(u)      (513)  14,825   19,719 45056     Oxford                      (513)  17,655   15,868 44077     Painesville                 (216)  16,391   16,536 45344     Park Layne(u)               (513)  5,372    .... 44129     Parma                       (216)  92,548   100,216 44130     Parma Heights               (216)  23,112   27,192 44124     Pepper Pike                 (216)  6,177    5,382 44646     Perry Heights(u)            (216)  9,206    .... 43551     Perrysburg                  (419)  10,215   7,693 45356     Piqua                       (513)  20,480   20,741 45069     Pisgah(u)                   (513)  15,660   .... 44319     Portage Lakes(u)            (216)  11,310   .... 43452     Port Clinton                (419)  7,223    7,202 45662     Portsmouth                  (614)  25,943   27,633 44266     Ravenna                     (216)  11,987   11,780 45215     Reading                     (513)  12,879   14,617 43068     Reynoldsburg                (614)  20,661   13,921 44143     Richmond Heights            (213)  10,095   9,220 44270     Rittman                     (216)  6,063    6,308 44116     Rocky River                 (216)  21,084   22,958 43460     Rossford                    (419)  5,978    5,302 45217     St. Bernard                 (513)  5,396    6,131 43950     St. Clairsville             (614)  5,452    4,754 45885     St. Marys                   (419)  8,414    7,699 44460     Salem                       (216)  12,869   14,186 44870     Sandusky                    (419)  31,360   32,674 44870     Sandusky South(u)           (419)  6,548    8,501 44672     Sebring                     (216)  5,078    4,954 44131     Seven Hills                 (216)  13,650   12,700 44120     Shaker Heights              (216)  32,487   36,306 45241     Sharonville                 (513)  10,108   11,393 44054     Sheffield Lake              (216)  10,484   8,734 44875     Shelby                      (419)  9,703    9,847 45365     Sidney                      (513)  17,657   16,332 45236     Silverton                   (513)  6,172    6,588 44139     Solon                       (216)  14,341   11,147 44121     South Euclid                (216)  25,713   29,579 45246     Springdale                  (216)  10,111   8,127 *45501    Springfield                 (513)  72,563   81,941 43952     Steubenville                (614)  26,400   30,771 44224     Stow                        (216)  25,303   20,061 44240     Streetsboro                 (216)  9,055    7,966 44136     Strongsville                (216)  28,577   15,182 44471     Struthers                   (216)  13,624   15,343 43560     Sylvania                    (419)  15,527   12,031 44278     Tallmadge                   (216)  15,269   15,274 45243     The Village of Indian Hill  (513)  5,521    5,651 44883     Tiffin                      (419)  19,549   21,596 45371     Tipp City                   (513)  5,595    5,090 *43601    Toledo                      (419)  354,635  383,062 43964     Toronto                     (614)  6,934    7,705 45067     Trenton                     (513)  6,401    5,278 45426     Trotwood                    (513)  7,802    6,997 45373     Troy                        (513)  19,086   17,186 44087     Twinsburg                   (216)  7,632    6,432 44683     Uhrichsville                (614)  6,130    5,731 45322     Union                       (513)  5,219    3,654 44118     University Heights          (216)  15,401   17,055 43221     Upper Arlington             (614)  35,648   38,727 43351     Upper Sandusky              (419)  5,967    5,645 43078     Urbana                      (513)  10,762   11,237 45377     Vandalia                    (513)  13,161   10,796 45891     Van Wert                    (419)  11,035   11,320 44089     Vermilion                   (216)  11,012   9,872 44281     Wadsworth                   (216)  15,166   13,142 45895     Wapakoneta                  (419)  8,402    7,324 *44481    Warren                      (216)  56,629   63,494 44122     Warrensville Heights        (216)  16,565   18,925 43160     Washington C.H.             (614)  12,682   12,495 43567     Wauseon                     (419)  6,173    4,932 45692     Wellston                    (614)  6,016    5,410 43968     Wellsville                  (216)  5,095    5,891 45449     West Carrollton             (513)  13,148   10,748 43081     Westerville                 (614)  23,414   12,530 44145     Westlake                    (216)  19,483   15,689 43213     Whitehall                   (614)  21,299   25,263 45239     White Oak(u)                (513)  9,563    .... 44092     Wickliffe                   (216)  16,790   20,632 44890     Willard                     (419)  5,674    5,510 44094     Willoughby                  (216)  19,329   18,634 44094     Willoughby Hills            (216)  8,612    5,969 44094     Willowick                   (216)  17,834   21,237 45177     Wilmington                  (513)  10,431   10,051 45459     Woodbourne-Hyde Park(u)     (513)  8,826    .... 44691     Wooster                     (216)  19,289   18,703 43085     Worthington                 (614)  15,016   15,326 45215     Wyoming                     (513)  8,282    9,089 45385     Xenia                       (513)  24,653   25,373 *44501    Youngstown                  (216)  115,511  140,909 43701     Zanesville                  (614)  28,655   33,045 %@TE:  267 16484 02 10 28 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   69  3400 02 10 15 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place          Place  1980     1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%74820     Ada            (405)  15,902   14,85973521     Altus          (405)  23,101   23,302 73717     Alva           (405)  6,416    7,440 73005     Anadarko       (405)  6,378    6,682 73401     Ardmore        (405)  23,689   20,881 74003     Bartlesville   (918)  34,568   29,683 73008     Bethany        (405)  22,038   22,694 74008     Bixby          (918)  6,969    3,973 74631     Blackwell      (405)  8,400    8,645 74012     Broken Arrow   (918)  35,761   11,018 73018     Chickasha      (405)  15,828   14,194 73020     Choctaw        (405)  7,520    4,750 74017     Claremore      (918)  12,085   9,084 73601     Clinton        (405)  8,796    8,513 74023     Cushing        (918)  7,720    7,529 73115     Del City       (405)  28,523   27,133 73533     Duncan         (405)  22,517   19,718 74701     Durant         (405)  11,972   11,118 73034     Edmond         (405)  34,637   16,633 73644     Elk City       (405)  9,579    7,323 73036     El Reno        (405)  15,486   14,510 73701     Enid           (405)  50,363   44,986 73503     Fort Sill(u)   (405)  15,924   21,217 73542     Frederick      (405)  6,153    6,132 73044     Guthrie        (405)  10,312   9,575 73942     Guymon         (405)  8,492    7,674 74437     Henryetta      (918)  6,432    6,430 74848     Holdenville    (405)  5,469    5,181 74743     Hugo           (405)  7,172    6,585 74745     Idabel         (405)  7,622    5,946 74037     Jenks          (918)  5,876    2,685 73501     Lawton         (405)  80,054   74,470 73055     Marlow         (405)  5,017    3,995 74501     McAlester      (918)  17,255   18,802 74354     Miami          (918)  14,237   13,880 73110     Midwest City   (405)  49,559   48,212 73060     Moore          (405)  35,063   18,761 74401     Muskogee       (918)  40,011   37,331 73064     Mustang        (405)  7,496    2,637 73069     Norman         (405)  68,020   52,117 *73125    Oklahoma City  (405)  404,014  368,164 74447     Okmulgee       (918)  16,263   15,180 74055     Owasso         (918)  6,149    3,491 73075     Pauls Valley   (405)  5,664    5,769 73077     Perry          (405)  5,796    5,341 74601     Ponca City     (405)  26,238   25,940 74953     Poteau         (918)  7,089    5,500 74361     Pryor Creek    (918)  8,483    7,057 74955     Sallisaw       (918)  6,403    4,888 74063     Sand Springs   (918)  13,121   10,565 74066     Sapulpa        (918)  15,853   15,159 74868     Seminole       (405)  8,590    7,878 74801     Shawnee        (405)  26,506   25,075 74074     Stillwater     (405)  38,268   31,126 73086     Sulphur        (405)  5,516    5,158 74464     Tahlequah      (918)  9,708    9,254 74873     Tecumseh       (405)  5,123    4,451 73120     The Village    (405)  11,114   13,695 *74101    Tulsa          (918)  360,919  330,350 74156     Turley(u)      (918)  6,336    .... 74301     Vinita         (918)  6,740    5,847 74467     Wagoner        (918)  6,191    4,959 73132     Warr Acres     (405)  9,940    9,887 73096     Weatherford    (405)  9,640    7,959 74884     Wewoka         (405)  5,472    5,284 73801     Woodward       (405)  13,781   9,563 73099     Yukon          (405)  17,112   8,411 %@TE:   69  3400 02 10 15 07 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   75  3884 02 10 25 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                    1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%97321     Albany                   26,511   18,18197005     Aloha(u)                 28,353   .... 97601     Altamont(u)              19,805   15,746 97520     Ashland                  14,943   12,342 97103     Astoria                  9,998    10,244 97814     Baker                    9,471    9,354 97005     Beaverton                31,926   18,577 97701     Bend                     17,263   13,710 97013     Canby                    7,659    3,813 97225     Cedar Hills(u)           9,619    .... .....     Centennial(u)            22,118   .... 97502     Central Point            6,357    4,004 97420     Coos Bay                 14,424   13,466 97330     Corvallis                40,960   35,056 97424     Cottage Grove            7,148    6,004 .....     Cully(u)                 10,569   .... 97338     Dallas                   8,530    6,361 97266     Errol Heights(u)         10,487   .... *97401    Eugene                   105,664  79,028 97116     Forest Grove             11,499   8,275 97301     Four Corners(u)          11,331   5,823 97223     Garden Home-Whitford(u)  6,926    .... 97027     Gladstone                9,500    6,254 97526     Grants Pass              14,997   12,455 97030     Gresham                  33,005   10,030 97303     Hayesville(u)            9,213    5,518 97230     Hazelwood(u)             25,541   .... 97838     Hermiston                9,408    4,893 97123     Hillsboro                27,664   14,675 97303     Keizer(u)                18,592   11,405 97601     Klamath Falls            16,661   15,775 97850     La Grande                11,354   9,645 97034     Lake Oswego              22,527   14,615 97355     Lebanon                  10,413   6,636 97367     Lincoln City             5,469    4,198 97128     McMinnville              14,080   10,125 97501     Medford                  39,746   28,973 97223     Metzger(u)               5,544    .... 97862     Milton-Freewater         5,086    4,105 97222     Milwaukie                17,931   16,444 97361     Monmouth                 5,594    5,237 97132     Newberg                  10,394   6,507 97365     Newport                  7,519    5,188 97459     North Bend               9,779    8,553 .....     North Springfield(u)     6,140    .... 97268     Oak Grove(u)             11,640   .... 97914     Ontario                  8,814    6,523 97045     Oregon City              14,673   9,176 97220     Parkrose(u)              21,108   .... 97801     Pendleton                14,521   13,197 *97208    Portland                 368,148  379,967 97236     Powellhurst(u)           20,132   .... 97754     Prineville               5,276    4,101 97225     Raleigh Hills(u)         6,517    .... 97756     Redmond                  6,452    3,721 97404     River Road(u)            10,370   .... 97470     Roseburg                 16,644   14,461 97051     St. Helens               7,064    6,212 *97301    Salem                    89,091   68,725 97401     Santa Clara(u)           14,288   .... 97138     Seaside                  5,193    4,402 97381     Silverton                5,168    4,301 97477     Springfield              41,621   26,874 97386     Sweet Home               6,921    3,799 97058     The Dalles               10,820   10,423 97223     Tigard                   14,799   6,499 97060     Troutdale                5,908    1,661 97062     Tualatin                 7,483    750 97068     West Linn                11,358   7,091 97225     West Slope(u)            5,364    .... 97501     White City(u)            5,445    .... 97233     Wilkes-Rockwood(u)       23,216   .... 97071     Woodburn                 11,196   7,495 %@TE:   75  3884 02 10 25 09 10 @%

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%@TH:  287 19407 02 10 32 07 11 12 @%ZIP code  Place                           Place  1980       1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%19001     Abington Township(u)            (215)  59,084     63,625 15001     Aliquippa                       (412)  17,094     22,277 *18101    Allentown                       (215)  103,758    109,871 *16603    Altoona                         (814)  57,078     63,115 19002     Ambler                          (215)  6,628      7,800 15003     Ambridge                        (412)  9,575      11,324 18403     Archbald                        (717)  6,295      6,118 19003     Ardmore(u)                      (215)  NA         5,131 15068     Arnold                          (412)  6,853      8,174 19014     Aston Township(u)               (215)  14,530     13,704 15202     Avalon                          (412)  6,240      7,010 15005     Baden                           (412)  5,318      5,536 19004     Bala-Cynwyd(u)                  (215)  NA         6,483 15234     Baldwin                         (412)  24,714     26,729 18013     Bangor                          (215)  5,006      5,425 15009     Beaver                          (412)  5,441      6,100 15010     Beaver Falls                    (412)  12,525     14,635 16823     Bellefonte                      (814)  6,300      6,828 15202     Bellevue                        (412)  10,128     11,586 19020     Bensalem Township(u)            (215)  52,399     33,038 18603     Berwick                         (717)  12,189     12,274 15102     Bethel Park                     (412)  34,755     34,758 *18016    Bethlehem                       (215)  70,419     72,686 18447     Blakely                         (717)  7,438      6,391 17815     Bloomsburg                      (717)  11,717     11,652 15104     Braddock                        (412)  5,634      8,795 16701     Bradford                        (814)  11,211     12,672 15227     Brentwood                       (412)  11,859     13,732 15017     Bridgeville                     (412)  6,154      6,717 19007     Bristol                         (215)  10,867     12,085 19007     Bristol Twp(u)                  (215)  58,733     67,498 19015     Brookhaven                      (215)  7,912      7,370 16001     Butler                          (412)  17,026     18,691 15419     California                      (412)  5,703      6,635 17011     Camp Hill                       (717)  8,422      9,931 15317     Canonsburg                      (412)  10,459     11,439 18407     Carbondale                      (717)  11,255     12,478 17013     Carlisle                        (717)  18,314     18,079 15106     Carnegie                        (412)  10,099     10,864 15108     Carnot-Moon(u)                  (412)  11,102     13,093 15234     Castle Shannon                  (412)  10,164     12,036 18032     Catasauqua                      (215)  7,944      5,702 17201     Chambersburg                    (717)  16,174     17,315 15022     Charleroi                       (412)  5,717      6,723 19012     Cheltenham Twp(u)               (215)  35,509     40,238 *19013    Chester                         (215)  45,794     56,331 19013     Chester Twp(u)                  (215)  5,687      5,708 15025     Clairton                        (412)  12,188     15,051 16214     Clarion                         (814)  6,198      6,095 18411     Clarks Summit                   (717)  5,272      5,376 16830     Clearfield                      (814)  7,580      8,176 19018     Clifton Heights                 (215)  7,320      8,348 19320     Coatesville                     (215)  10,698     12,331 19023     Collingdale                     (215)  9,539      10,605 17512     Columbia                        (717)  10,466     11,237 15425     Connellsville                   (412)  10,319     11,643 19428     Conshohocken                    (215)  8,591      10,195 15108     Coraopolis                      (412)  7,308      8,435 16407     Corry                           (814)  7,149      7,435 15205     Crafton                         (412)  7,623      8,233 17821     Danville                        (717)  5,239      6,176 19023     Darby                           (215)  11,513     13,729 19036     Darby Twp(u)                    (215)  12,264     ..... 19333     Devon-Berwyn(u)                 (215)  5,246      .... 18519     Dickson City                    (717)  6,699      7,698 15033     Donora                          (412)  7,524      8,825 15216     Dormont                         (412)  11,275     12,856 19335     Downingtown                     (215)  7,650      7,437 18901     Doylestown                      (215)  8,717      8,270 15801     Du Bois                         (814)  9,290      10,112 18512     Dunmore                         (717)  16,781     18,168 15110     Duquesne                        (412)  10,094     11,410 18642     Duryea                          (717)  5,415      5,264 19401     East Norriton(u)                (215)  12,711     .... 18042     Easton                          (215)  26,027     29,450 18301     East Stroudsburg                (717)  8,039      7,894 15005     Economy                         (412)  9,538      7,176 16412     Edinboro                        (814)  6,324      4,871 18704     Edwardsville                    (717)  5,729      5,633 17022     Elizabethtown                   (717)  8,233      8,072 16117     Ellwood City                    (412)  9,998      10,857 18049     Emmaus                          (215)  11,001     11,511 17522     Ephrata                         (717)  11,095     9,662 *16501    Erie                            (814)  119,123    129,265 18643     Exeter                          (717)  5,493      4,670 19054     Falls Twp(u)                    (215)  36,083     35,830 16121     Farrell                         (412)  8,645      11,000 19032     Folcroft                        (215)  8,231      9,610 15221     Forest Hills                    (412)  8,198      9,561 18704     Forty Fort                      (717)  5,590      6,114 15238     Fox Chapel                      (412)  5,049      4,684 17931     Frackville                      (717)  5,308      5,445 16323     Franklin                        (814)  8,146      8,629 15143     Franklin Park                   (412)  6,135      5,310 18052     Fullerton(u)                    (215)  8,055      7,908 17325     Gettysburg                      (717)  7,194      7,275 15045     Glassport                       (412)  6,242      7,450 19036     Glenolden                       (215)  7,633      8,697 15601     Greensburg                      (412)  17,558     17,077 15220     Green Tree                      (412)  5,722      6,441 16125     Greenville                      (412)  7,730      8,704 16127     Grove City                      (412)  8,162      8,312 17331     Hanover                         (717)  14,890     15,623 *17105    Harrisburg                      (717)  53,264     68,061 19040     Hatboro                         (215)  7,579      8,880 19083     Haverford Twp(u)                (215)  52,349     55,132 18201     Hazleton                        (717)  27,318     30,426 18055     Hellertown                      (215)  6,025      6,615 17033     Hershey(u)                      (717)  13,249     7,407 18042     Highland Park (Northampton)(u)  (215)  5,922      5,500 16648     Hollidaysburg                   (814)  5,892      6,262 16001     Homeacre-Lyndora(u)             (412)  8,333      8,415 15120     Homestead                       (412)  5,092      6,309 18431     Honesdale                       (717)  5,128      5,224 19044     Horsham(u)                      (215)  9,900      .... 17036     Hummelstown                     (717)  6,159      4,723 16652     Huntingdon                      (814)  7,042      6,987 15701     Indiana                         (412)  16,051     16,100 15644     Jeannette                       (412)  13,106     15,209 15344     Jefferson                       (412)  8,643      8,512 18229     Jim Thorpe                      (717)  5,263      5,456 *15901    Johnstown                       (814)  35,496     42,476 15108     Kennedy Twp(u)                  (412)  7,159      6,859 18704     Kingston                        (717)  15,681     18,325 16201     Kittanning                      (412)  5,432      6,231 *17604    Lancaster                       (717)  54,725     57,690 19446     Lansdale                        (215)  16,526     18,451 19050     Lansdowne                       (215)  11,891     14,090 15650     Latrobe                         (412)  10,799     11,749 17042     Lebanon                         (717)  25,711     28,572 18235     Lehighton                       (215)  5,826      6,095 17837     Lewisburg                       (717)  5,407      5,718 17044     Lewistown                       (717)  9,830      11,098 17543     Lititz                          (717)  7,590      7.072 17745     Lock Haven                      (717)  9,617      11,427 15068     Lower Burrell                   (412)  13,200     13,654 19003     Lower Merion Twp(u)             (215)  59,651     63,392 19006     Lower Moreland Twp(u)           (215)  12,472     11,746 19047     Lower Southampton Twp(u)        (215)  18,305     17,578 19008     Marple Twp(u)                   (215)  23,642     25,040 15237     McCandless Twp(u)               (412)  26,250     22,404 *15134    McKeesport                      (412)  31,012     37,977 15136     McKees Rocks                    (412)  8,742      11,901 17948     Mahanoy City                    (717)  6,167      7,257 17545     Manheim                         (717)  5,015      5,434 16335     Meadville                       (814)  15,544     16,573 17055     Mechanicsburg                   (717)  9,487      9,385 *19063    Media                           (215)  6,119      6,444 17057     Middletown (Dauphin)            (717)  10,122     9,080 18017     Middletown (Northampton)(u)     (215)  5,801      .........     Middletown Twp (Delaware)(u)    (215)  12,463     12,878 17551     Millersville                    (717)  7,668      6,396 17847     Milton                          (717)  6,730      7,723 17954     Minersville                     (717)  5,635      6,012 15061     Monaca                          (412)  7,661      7,486 15062     Monessen                        (412)  11,928     15,216 15063     Monongahela                     (412)  5,950      7,113 15146     Monroeville                     (412)  30,977     29,011 17754     Montoursville                   (717)  5,403      5,985 18507     Moosic                          (717)  6,068      4,646 19067     Morrisville                     (215)  9,845      11,309 17851     Mount Carmel                    (717)  8,190      9,317 17552     Mount Joy                       (717)  5,680      5,041 15666     Mount Pleasant                  (412)  5,354      5,895 15228     Mount Lebanon(u)                (412)  34,414     39,157 15120     Munhall                         (412)  14,535     16,574 15668     Murrysville                     (412)  16,036     12,661 18634     Nanticoke                       (717)  13,044     14,638 18064     Nazareth                        (215)  5,443      5,815 .....     Nether Providence Twp(u)        (215)  12,730     13,644 15066     New Brighton                    (412)  7,364      7,637 *16101    New Castle                      (412)  33,621     38,559 17070     New Cumberland                  (717)  8,051      9,803 15068     New Kensington                  (412)  17,660     20,312 *19401    Norristown                      (215)  34,684     38,169 18067     Northampton                     (215)  8,240      8,389 15104     North Braddock                  (412)  8,711      10,838 15137     North Versailles(u)             (412)  13,294     .... 16421     Northwest Harbor-Creek(u)       (814)  7,485      ..... 19074     Norwood                         (215)  6,647      7,229 15139     Oakmont                         (412)  7,039      7,550 16301     Oil City                        (814)  13,881     15,033 18518     Old Forge                       (717)  9,304      9,522 18447     Olyphant                        (717)  5,204      5,422 18071     Palmerton                       (215)  5,455      5,620 17078     Palmyra                         (717)  7,228      7,615 19301     Paoli(u)                        (215)  6,698      5,835 17331     Parkville(u)                    (717)  5,009      5,120 15235     Penn Hills(u)                   (412)  57,632     .... 18944     Perkasie                        (215)  5,241      5,451 *19104    Philadelphia                    (215)  1,688,210  1,949,996 19460     Phoenixville                    (215)  14,165     14,823 *15219    Pittsburgh                      (412)  423,959    520,089 *18640    Pittston                        (717)  9,930      11,113 18705     Plains(u)                       (717)  5,455      6,606 15236     Pleasant Hills                  (412)  9,604      10,409 15239     Plum                            (412)  25,390     21,932 18651     Plymouth                        (717)  7,605      9,536 19462     Plymouth Twp(u)                 (215)  17,168     16,876 15133     Port Vue                        (412)  5,316      5,862 19464     Pottstown                       (215)  22,729     25,355 17901     Pottsville                      (717)  18,195     19,715 19076     Prospect Park                   (215)  6,593      7,250 15767     Punxsutawney                    (814)  7,479      7,792 18951     Quakertown                      (215)  8,867      7,276 19087     Radnor Twp(u)                   (215)  27,676     27,459 *19603    Reading                         (215)  78,686     87,643 17356     Red Lion                        (717)  5,824      5,645 18954     Richboro(u)                     (215)  5,141      .... 15853     Ridgway                         (814)  5,604      6,022 19078     Ridley Park                     (215)  7,889      9,025 19033     Ridley Twp(u)                   (215)  33,771     39,085 15237     Ross Twp(u)                     (412)  35,102     32,892 15857     St. Marys                       (814)  6,417      7,470 18840     Sayre                           (717)  6,951      7,473 17972     Schuylkill Haven                (717)  5,977      6,125 15683     Scottdale                       (412)  5,833      5,818 15106     Scott Twp(u)                    (412)  20,413     21,856 *18503    Scranton                        (717)  88,117     102,696 17870     Selinsgrove                     (717)  5,227      5,116 15116     Shaler Twp(u)                   (412)  33,712     33,369 17872     Shamokin                        (717)  10,357     11,719 16146     Sharon                          (412)  19,057     22,653 19079     Sharon Hill                     (215)  6,221      7,464 16150     Sharpsville                     (412)  5,375      6,126 17976     Shenandoah                      (717)  7,589      8,287 19607     Shillington                     (215)  5,601      6,249 17404     Shiloh(u)                       (717)  5,315      .... 17257     Shippensburg                    (717)  5,261      6,536 15501     Somerset                        (814)  6,474      6,269 18964     Souderton                       (215)  6,657      6,366 17701     South Williamsport              (717)  6,581      7,153 19064     Springfield(u)                  (215)  25,326     .... 19118     Springfield Twp(u)              (215)  20,344     22,394 16801     State College                   (814)  36,130     32,833 17113     Steelton                        (717)  6,484      8,556 15136     Stowe Twp(u)                    (412)  9,202      10,119 18360     Stroudsburg                     (717)  5,148      5,451 16323     Sugar Creek                     (717)  5,954      5,944 17801     Sunbury                         (717)  12,292     13,025 19081     Swarthmore                      (215)  5,950      6,156 17111     Swatara Twp(u)                  (717)  18,796     17,178 15218     Swissvale                       (412)  11,345     13,819 18704     Swoyersville                    (717)  5,795      6,786 18252     Tamaqua                         (717)  8,843      9,246 15084     Tarentum                        (412)  6,419      7,379 18517     Taylor                          (717)  7,246      6,977 16354     Titusville                      (814)  6,884      7,331 19401     Trooper(u)                      (215)  7,370      .... 15145     Turtle Creek                    (412)  6,959      8,308 16686     Tyrone                          (814)  6,346      7,072 15401     Uniontown                       (412)  14,510     16,282 19061     Upper Chichester Twp(u)         (215)  14,377     11,414 19082     Upper Darby(u)                  (215)  84,054     95,910 19034     Upper Dublin Twp(u)             (215)  22,348     19,449 19406     Upper Merion Twp(u)             (215)  26,138     23,699 19090     Upper Moreland Twp(u)           (215)  25,874     24,866 19063     Upper Providence Twp(u)         (215)  9,477      9,234 15241     Upper St. Clair(u)              (412)  19,023     .... 19006     Upper Southampton Twp(u)        (215)  15,806     13,936 15690     Vandergrift                     (412)  6,823      7,889 18974     Warminster(u)                   (215)  35,543     .... 16365     Warren                          (814)  12,146     12,998 15301     Washington                      (412)  18,363     19,827 17268     Waynesboro                      (717)  9,726      10,011 .....     Weigelstown(u)                  (717)  5,213      .... *19380    West Chester                    (215)  17,435     19,301 19380     West Goshen(u)                  (215)  7,998      .... 15122     West Mifflin                    (412)  26,322     28,070 19401     West Norriton(u)                (215)  14,034     .... 15905     Westmont                        (814)  6,113      6,673 18643     West Pittston                   (717)  5,980      7,074 15229     West View                       (412)  7,648      8,312 18052     Whitehall                       (215)  15,143     16,450 19428     Whitemarsh Twp(u)               (215)  15,101     15,886 15131     White Oak                       (717)  9,480      9,304 *18701    Wilkes-Barre                    (717)  51,551     58,856 15221     Wilkinsburg                     (412)  23,669     26,780 15145     Wilkins Twp(u)                  (412)  8,472      8,749 17701     Williamsport                    (717)  33,401     37,918 15025     Wilson                          (412)  7,564      8,406 15963     Windber                         (814)  5,585      6,332 19610     Wyomissing                      (215)  6,551      7,136 19050     Yeadon                          (215)  11,727     12,136 *17405    York                            (717)  44,619     50,335 %@TE:  287 19407 02 10 32 07 11 12 @%

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%@TH:   40  2079 02 10 24 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                   1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%02806     Barrington              16,174   17,55402809     Bristol                 20,128   17,860 02830     Burrillville            13,164   10,087 02863     Central Falls           16,995   18,716 02816     Coventry                27,065   22,947 02910     Cranston                71,992   74,287 02864     Cumberland              27,069   26,605 02864     Cumberland Hill(u)      5,421    .... 02818     East Greenwich          10,211   9,577 02914     East Providence         50,980   48,207 02814     Glocester               7,550    5,160 02828     Greenville(u)           7,576    .... 02833     Hopkinton               6,406    5,392 02919     Johnston                24,907   22,037 02881     Kingston(u)             5,479    5,601 02865     Lincoln                 16,949   16,182 02840     Middletown              17,216   29,290 02882     Narragansett            12,088   7,138 02840     Newport                 29,259   34,562 02843     Newport East(u)         11,030   10,285 02852     North Kingstown         21,938   29,793 02908     North Providence        29,188   24,337 02876     North Smithfield        9,972    9,349 *02860    Pawtucket               71,204   76,984 02871     Portsmouth              14,257   12,521 *02904    Providence              156,804  179,116 02857     Scituate                8,405    7,489 02917     Smithfield              16,886   13,468 02879     South Kingstown         20,414   16,913 02878     Tiverton                13,526   12,559 02864     Valley Falls(u)         10,892   .... *02880    Wakefield-Peacedale(u)  6,474    6,331 02885     Warren                  10,640   10,523 *02887    Warwick                 87,123   83,694 02891     Westerly                18,580   17,248 02891     Westerly Center(u)      14,093   13,654 02893     West Warwick            27,026   24,323 02895     Woonsocket              45,914   46,820 %@TE:   40  2079 02 10 24 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   87  5189 02 10 33 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                            1980     1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%29620     Abbeville                        5,863    5,51529801     Aiken                            14,978   13,436 29621     Anderson                         27,546   27,556 29407     Avondale-Moorland(u)             5,355    5,236 29812     Barnwell                         5,572    4,439 29902     Beaufort                         8,634    9,434 29627     Belton                           5,312    5,257 29841     Belvedere(u)                     6,859    .... 29512     Bennettsville                    8,774    7,468 29611     Berea(u)                         13,164   7,186 .....     Brookdale(u)                     6,123    .... 29020     Camden                           7,462    8,532 29209     Capitol View(u)                  9,962    .... 29033     Cayce                            11,701   9,967 *29401    Charleston                       69,779   66,945 29404     Charleston Base(u)               NA       6,238 29408     Charleston Yard(u)               NA       13,565 29520     Cheraw                           5,654    5,627 29706     Chester                          6,820    7,045 29631     Clemson                          8,118    6,690 29325     Clinton                          8,596    8,138 *29201    Columbia                         101,229  113,542 29526     Conway                           10,240   8,151 29532     Darlington                       7,989    6,990 29204     Dentsville(u)                    13,579   .... 29536     Dillon                           7,042    6,391 29405     Dorchester Terrace-Brentwood(u)  7,862    .... 29601     Dunean(u)                        5,146    1,266 29640     Easley                           14,264   11,175 29501     Florence                         29,842   25,997 29206     Forest Acres                     6,062    6,808 29340     Gaffney                          13,453   13,131 29605     Gantt(u)                         13,719   11,386 29440     Georgetown                       10,144   10,449 29445     Goose Creek                      17,811   3,825 *29602    Greenville                       58,242   61,436 29203     Greenview(u)                     5,515    .... 29646     Greenwood                        21,613   21,069 29651     Greer                            10,525   10,642 29410     Hanahan                          13,224   9,118 29550     Hartsville                       7,631    8,017 29928     Hilton Head Island(u)            11,344   .... 29621     Homeland Park(u)                 6,720    .... 29412     James Island(u)                  24,124   .... 29456     Ladson(u)                        13,246   .... 29560     Lake City                        5,636    6,247 29720     Lancaster                        9,703    9,186 29902     Laurel Bay(u)                    5,238    .... 29360     Laurens                          10,587   10,298 29571     Marion                           7,700    7,435 29662     Mauldin                          8,143    3,797 29464     Mount Pleasant                   14,464   6,879 29574     Mullins                          6,068    6,006 29577     Myrtle Beach                     18,758   9,035 29108     Newberry                         9,866    9,218 29841     North Augusta                    13,593   12,883 29406     North Charleston                 62,479   21,211 .....     North Trenholm(u)                10,962   .... 29565     Oak Grove(u)                     7,092    .... 29115     Orangeburg                       14,933   13,252 29905     Parris Island(u)                 7,752    8,868 29483     Pinehurst-Sheppard Park(u)       6,956    1,711 29730     Rock Hill                        35,327   33,846 29407     St. Andrews (Charleston)(u)      9,908    9,202 29210     St. Andrews (Richland)(u)        20,245   .... 29609     Sans Souci(u)                    8,393    .... 29678     Seneca                           7,436    6,573 .....     Seven Oaks(u)                    16,604   .... 29152     Shaw AFB(u)                      6,939    5,819 29681     Simpsonville                     9,037    3,308 .....     South Sumter(u)                  7,096    .... *29301    Spartanburg                      43,826   44,546 29483     Summerville                      6,492    3,839 29150     Sumter                           24,921   24,555 29687     Taylors(u)                       15,801   6,831 29379     Union                            10,523   10,775 29205     Valencia Heights(u)              5,328    .... 29607     Wade-Hampton(u)                  20,180   17,152 29488     Walterboro                       6,036    6,257 29405     Wando Woods(u)                   5,266    .... 29611     Welcome(u)                       6,922    .... 29169     West Columbia                    10,409   7,838 29206     Woodfield(u)                     9,588    .... 29388     Woodruff                         5,171    4,690 29745     York                             6,412    5,081 %@TE:   87  5189 02 10 33 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   14   593 02 10 13 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place        1980    1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%57401     Aberdeen     25,851  26,47657006     Brookings    14,951  13,717 57350     Huron        13,000  14,299 57042     Madison      6,210   6,315 57301     Mitchell     13,916  13,425 57501     Pierre       11,973  9,699 57701     Rapid City   46,492  43,836 *57101    Sioux Falls  81,343  72,488 57785     Sturgis      5,184   4,536 57069     Vermillion   9,582   9,128 57201     Watertown    15,649  13,388 57078     Yankton      12,011  11,919 %@TE:   14   593 02 10 13 08 09 @%

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%@TH:   82  5019 02 10 27 07 09 12 @%ZIP code  Place                      Place  1980     1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%37701     Alcoa                      (615)  6,870    7,73937303     Athens                     (615)  12,080   11,790 38134     Bartlett                   (901)  17,170   1,150 37660     Bloomingdale(u)            (615)  12,088   3,120 38008     Bolivar                    (901)  6,597    6,674 37027     Brentwood                  (615)  9,431    4,099 37620     Bristol                    (615)  23,986   20,064 38012     Brownsville                (901)  9,307    7,011 *37401    Chattanooga                (615)  169,514  119,923 37040     Clarksville                (615)  54,777   31,719 37311     Cleveland                  (615)  26,415   21,446 37716     Clinton                    (615)  5,245    4,794 38017     Collierville               (901)  7,839    3,651 37663     Colonial Heights(u)        (615)  6,744    3,027 38401     Columbia                   (615)  26,571   21,471 37922     Concord (Knox)(u)          (615)  8,569    .... 38501     Cookeville                 (615)  20,350   14,403 38019     Covington                  (901)  6,065    5,801 38555     Crossville                 (615)  6,394    5,381 37321     Dayton                     (615)  5,233    4,361 37055     Dickson                    (615)  7,040    5,665 38024     Dyersburg                  (901)  15,856   14,523 37801     Eagleton Village(u)        (615)  5,331    5,345 37412     East Ridge                 (615)  21,236   21,799 37643     Elizabethton               (615)  12,431   12,269 37334     Fayetteville               (615)  7,559    7,691 37064     Franklin                   (615)  12,407   9,497 37066     Gallatin                   (615)  17,191   13,253 38138     Germantown                 (901)  21,482   3,474 37072     Goodlettsville             (615)  8,327    6,168 37075     Greater Hendersonville(u)  (615)  25,029   11,996 37743     Greeneville                (615)  14,097   13,722 37918     Halls(u)                   (615)  10,363   .... 37748     Harriman                   (615)  8,303    8,734 37341     Harrison(u)                (615)  6,206    .... 37075     Hendersonville             (615)  26,561   412 38343     Humboldt                   (901)  10,209   10,066 38301     Jackson                    (901)  49,258   39,996 37760     Jefferson City             (615)  5,612    5,124 37601     Johnson City               (615)  39,753   33,770 *37662    Kingsport                  (615)  32,027   31,938 *37901    Knoxville                  (615)  175,045  174,587 37766     La Follette                (615)  8,176    6,902 37086     LaVergne                   (615)  5,495    5,220 38464     Lawrenceburg               (615)  10,175   8,889 37087     Lebanon                    (615)  11,872   12,492 37771     Lenoir City                (615)  5,180    5,324 37091     Lewisburg                  (615)  8,760    7,207 38351     Lexington                  (901)  5,934    5,024 37665     Lynn Garden(u)             (615)  7,213    .... 38201     McKenzie                   (901)  5,405    4,873 37110     McMinnville                (615)  10,683   10,662 37355     Manchester                 (615)  7,250    6,208 38237     Martin                     (901)  8,898    7,781 37701     Maryville                  (615)  17,480   13,808 *38101    Memphis                    (901)  646,174  623,988 37343     Middle Valley(u)           (615)  11,420   .... 38358     Milan                      (901)  8,083    7,313 38053     Millington                 (901)  20,236   21,177 37814     Morristown                 (615)  19,570   20,318 37130     Murfreesboro               (615)  32,845   26,360 *37202    Nashville-Davidson         (615)  455,651  %@AH@%**%@AE@%426,029 37821     Newport                    (615)  7,580    7,328 37830     Oak Ridge                  (615)  27,662   28,319 38242     Paris                      (901)  10,728   9,892 37849     Powell(u)                  (615)  7,220    .... 38478     Pulaski                    (615)  7,184    6,989 37415     Red Bank White Oak         (615)  13,129   12,715 38063     Ripley                     (901)  6,366    4,794 37854     Rockwood                   (615)  5,687    5,259 38372     Savannah                   (901)  6,992    5,576 37160     Shelbyville                (615)  13,530   12,262 37377     Signal Mountain            (615)  5,818    4,839 37167     Smyrna                     (615)  8,839    5,698 37379     Soddy-Daisy                (615)  8,388    7,569 37172     Springfield                (615)  10,814   9,720 37363     Summit (Hamilton)(u)       (615)  8,345    .... 37388     Tullahoma                  (615)  15,800   15,311 38261     Union City                 (901)  10,436   11,925 37398     Winchester                 (615)  5,821    5,256 %@TE:   82  5019 02 10 27 07 09 12 @%

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%@TH:  268 15728 02 10 23 07 11 12 @%ZIP code  Place                  Place  1980       1970%@AB@%───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%*79604    Abilene                (915)  98,315     89,65375001     Addison                (214)  5,553      593 78516     Alamo                  (512)  5,831      4,291 78209     Alamo Heights          (512)  6,252      6,933 77039     Aldine(u)              (713)  12,623     .... 78332     Alice                  (512)  20,961     20,121 75002     Allen                  (214)  8,314      1,940 79830     Alpine                 (915)  5,465      5,971 77511     Alvin                  (713)  16,515     10,671 *79105    Amarillo               (806)  149,230    127,010 79714     Andrews                (915)  11,061     8,625 77515     Angleton               (409)  13,929     9,906 78336     Aransas Pass           (512)  7,173      5,813 *76010    Arlington              (817)  160,113    90,229 75751     Athens                 (214)  10,197     9,582 75551     Atlanta                (214)  6,272      5,007 *78710    Austin                 (512)  345,890    253,539 76020     Azle                   (817)  5,822      4,493 75149     Balch Springs          (214)  13,746     10,464 77414     Bay City               (409)  17,837     13,445 77520     Baytown                (713)  56,923     43,980 *77704    Beaumont               (409)  118,102    117,548 76021     Bedford                (817)  20,821     10,049 78102     Beeville               (512)  14,574     13,506 77401     Bellaire               (713)  14,950     19,009 76704     Bellmead               (817)  7,569      7,698 76513     Belton                 (817)  10,660     8,696 76126     Benbrook               (817)  13,579     8,169 79720     Big Spring             (915)  24,804     28,735 75418     Bonham                 (214)  7,338      7,698 79007     Borger                 (806)  15,837     14,195 76230     Bowie                  (817)  5,610      5,185 76825     Brady                  (915)  5,969      5,557 76024     Breckenridge           (817)  6,921      5,944 77833     Brenham                (409)  10,966     8,922 77611     Bridge City            (409)  7,667      8,164 79316     Brownfield             (806)  10,387     9,647 78520     Brownsville            (512)  84,997     52,522 76801     Brownwood              (915)  19,203     17,368 77801     Bryan                  (409)  44,337     33,719 76354     Burkburnett            (817)  10,668     9,230 76028     Burleson               (817)  11,734     7,713 76520     Cameron                (817)  5,721      5,546 79015     Canyon                 (806)  10,724     8,333 78834     Carrizo Springs        (512)  6,886      5,374 75006     Carrolton              (214)  40,591     13,855 75633     Carthage               (214)  6,447      5,392 75104     Cedar Hill             (214)  6,849      2,610 75935     Center                 (409)  5,827      4,989 ....      Champions(u)           (713)  14,692     .... 77530     Channelview(u)         (713)  17,471     .... 79201     Childress              (817)  5,817      5,408 76031     Cleburne               (817)  19,218     16,015 77327     Cleveland              (713)  5,977      5,627 77015     Clover Leaf(u)         (713)  17,317     .... 77531     Clute                  (409)  9,577      6,023 76834     Coleman                (915)  5,960      5,608 77840     College Station        (409)  37,272     17,676 76034     Colleyville            (817)  6,700      3,342 79512     Colorado City          (915)  5,405      5,227 75428     Commerce               (214)  8,136      9,534 77301     Conroe                 (409)  18,034     11,969 78109     Converse               (512)  5,150      1,383 76522     Copperas Cove          (817)  19,469     10,818 *78408    Corpus Christi         (512)  232,134    204,525 75110     Corsicana              (214)  21,712     19,972 75835     Crockett               (713)  7,405      6,616 76036     Crowley                (817)  5,852      2,662 78839     Crystal City           (512)  8,334      8,104 77954     Cuero                  (512)  7,124      6,956 79022     Dalhart                (806)  6,854      5,705 *75260    Dallas                 (214)  904,599    844,401 77536     Deer Park              (713)  22,648     12,773 78840     Del Rio                (512)  30,034     21,330 75020     Denison                (214)  23,884     24,923 76201     Denton                 (817)  48,063     39,874 75115     De Soto                (214)  15,538     6,617 75941     Diboll                 (713)  5,227      3,557 77539     Dickinson              (713)  7,505      10,776 79027     Dimmitt                (806)  5,019      4,327 78537     Donna                  (512)  9,952      7,365 79029     Dumas                  (806)  12,194     9,771 75116     Duncanville            (214)  27,781     14,105 78852     Eagle Pass             (512)  21,407     15,364 78539     Edinburg               (512)  24,075     17,163 77957     Edna                   (512)  5,650      5,332 77437     El Campo               (619)  10,462     9,332 *79910    El Paso                (915)  425,259    322,261 78543     Elsa                   (512)  5,061      4,400 75119     Ennis                  (214)  12,110     11,046 76039     Euless                 (817)  24,002     19,316 76140     Everman                (817)  5,387      4,570 78355     Falfurrias             (512)  6,103      6,355 75234     Farmers Branch         (214)  24,863     27,492 76119     Forest Hill            (817)  11,684     8,236 79906     Fort Bliss(u)          (915)  12,687     13,288 76544     Fort Hood(u)           (817)  31,250     32,597 79735     Fort Stockton          (915)  8,688      8,283 *76101    Fort Worth             (817)  385,164    393,455 78624     Fredericksburg         (512)  6,412      5,326 77541     Freeport               (409)  13,444     11,997 77546     Friendswood            (713)  10,719     5,675 76240     Gainesville            (817)  14,081     13,830 77547     Galena Park            (713)  9,879      10,479 77550     Galveston              (409)  61,902     61,809 *75040    Garland                (214)  138,857    81,437 76528     Gatesville             (817)  6,078      4,683 78626     Georgetown             (512)  9,468      6,395 75644     Gilmer                 (214)  5,167      4,196 75647     Gladewater             (214)  6,548      5,574 78629     Gonzales               (512)  7,152      5,854 76046     Graham                 (817)  9,055      7,477 75050     Grand Prairie          (214)  71,462     50,904 76051     Grapevine              (817)  11,801     7,049 75401     Greenville             (214)  22,161     22,043 77619     Groves                 (409)  17,090     18,067 76117     Haltom City            (817)  29,014     28,127 76541     Harker Heights         (817)  7,345      4,216 78550     Harlingen              (512)  43,543     33,503 77859     Hearne                 (713)  5,418      4,982 75652     Henderson              (214)  11,473     10,187 79045     Hereford               (806)  15,853     13,414 76643     Hewitt                 (817)  5,247      569 75205     Highland Park          (214)  8,909      10,133 77562     Highlands              (713)  6,467      3,462 76645     Hillsboro              (817)  7,397      7,224 77563     Hitchcock              (713)  6,103      5,565 78861     Hondo                  (512)  6,057      5,487 *77013    Houston                (713)  1,595,138  1,233,535 77338     Humble                 (713)  6,729      3,272 77340     Huntsville             (409)  23,936     17,610 76053     Hurst                  (817)  31,420     27,215 78362     Ingleside              (512)  5,436      3,763 76367     Iowa Park              (817)  6,184      5,796 *75061    Irving                 (214)  109,943    97,260 77029     Jacinto City           (713)  8,953      9,563 75766     Jacksonville           (214)  12,264     9,734 75951     Jasper                 (409)  6,959      6,251 77450     Katy                   (713)  5,660      2,923 79745     Kermit                 (915)  8,015      7,884 78028     Kerrville              (512)  15,276     12,672 75662     Kilgore                (214)  11,331     9,495 76541     Killeen                (817)  46,296     35,507 78363     Kingsville             (512)  28,808     28,915 .....     Kingwood               (713)  16,261     .... 78219     Kirby                  (512)  6,435      3,238 78236     Lackland AFB(u)        (512)  14,459     19,141 77566     Lake Jackson           (409)  19,102     13,376 77568     La Marque              (409)  15,372     16,131 79631     Lamesa                 (806)  11,790     11,559 76550     Lampasas               (512)  6,165      5,922 75146     Lancaster              (214)  14,807     10,522 77571     La Porte               (713)  14,062     7,149 78040     Laredo                 (512)  91,449     69,024 77573     League City            (713)  16,578     10,818 78238     Leon Valley            (512)  9,088      2,487 79336     Levelland              (806)  13,809     11,445 75067     Lewisville             (214)  24,273     9,264 77575     Liberty                (713)  7,945      5,591 79339     Littlefield            (806)  7,409      6,738 78233     Live Oak               (512)  8,183      2,779 78644     Lockhart               (512)  7,953      6,489 75601     Longview               (214)  62,762     45,547 *79408    Lubbock                (806)  173,873    149,101 75901     Lufkin                 (409)  28,562     23,049 78648     Luling                 (512)  5,039      4,719 78501     McAllen                (512)  67,042     37,636 75069     McKinney               (214)  16,249     15,193 76063     Mansfield              (817)  8,092      3,658 76661     Marlin                 (817)  7,099      6,351 75670     Marshall               (214)  24,921     22,937 78368     Mathis                 (512)  5,667      5,351 78570     Mercedes               (512)  11,851     9,355 75149     Mesquite               (214)  67,053     55,131 76667     Mexia                  (817)  7,094      5,943 79701     Midland                (915)  70,525     59,463 76067     Mineral Wells          (817)  14,468     18,411 78572     Mission                (512)  22,653     13,043 77459     Missouri City          (713)  24,423     4,136 79756     Monahans               (915)  8,397      8,333 75455     Mount Pleasant         (214)  11,003     9,459 75961     Nacogdoches            (409)  27,149     22,544 77868     Navasota               (409)  5,971      5,111 77627     Nederland              (409)  16,855     16,810 78130     New Braunfels          (512)  22,402     17,859 76118     North Richland Hills   (817)  30,592     16,514 *79760    Odessa                 (915)  90,027     78,380 77630     Orange                 (409)  23,628     24,457 75801     Palestine              (214)  15,948     14,525 79065     Pampa                  (806)  21,396     21,726 75460     Paris                  (214)  25,498     23,441 *77501    Pasadena               (713)  112,560    89,957 77581     Pearland               (713)  13,248     6,444 78061     Pearsall               (512)  7,383      5,545 79772     Pecos                  (915)  12,855     12,682 79070     Perryton               (806)  7,991      7,810 78577     Pharr                  (512)  21,381     15,829 79072     Plainview              (806)  22,187     19,096 75075     Plano                  (214)  72,331     17,872 78064     Pleasanton             (512)  6,346      5,407 77640     Port Arthur            (409)  61,195     57,371 78374     Portland               (512)  12,023     7,302 77979     Port Lavaca            (512)  10,911     10,491 77651     Port Neches            (409)  13,944     10,894 78580     Raymondville           (512)  9,493      7,987 75080     Richardson             (214)  72,496     48,405 76118     Richland Hills         (817)  7,977      8,865 77469     Richmond               (713)  9,692      5,777 78582     Rio Grande City(u)     (512)  8,930      5,676 77019     River Oaks             (817)  6,890      8,193 76701     Robinson               (817)  6,074      3,807 78380     Robstown               (512)  12,100     11,217 76567     Rockdale               (512)  5,611      4,655 75087     Rockwall               (214)  5,939      3,121 77471     Rosenberg              (713)  17,840     12,098 78664     Round Rock             (512)  12,740     2,811 75088     Rowlett                (214)  7,522      2,243 76179     Saginaw                (817)  5,736      2,382 76901     San Angelo             (915)  73,240     63,884 *78284    San Antonio            (512)  785,940    654,153 78586     San Benito             (512)  17,988     15,176 78384     San Diego              (512)  5,225      4,490 78589     San Juan               (512)  7,608      5,070 78666     San Marcos             (512)  23,420     18,860 77550     Santa Fe               (713)  5,413      .... 78154     Schertz                (512)  7,262      4,061 75159     Seagoville             (214)  7,304      4,390 78155     Seguin                 (512)  17,854     15,934 79360     Seminole               (915)  6,080      5,007 75090     Sherman                (214)  30,413     29,061 77656     Silsbee                (409)  7,684      7,271 78387     Sinton                 (512)  6,044      5,563 79364     Slaton                 (806)  6,804      6,583 79549     Snyder                 (915)  12,705     11,171 77587     South Houston          (713)  13,293     11,527 76401     Stephenville           (817)  11,881     9,277 77478     Sugar Land             (713)  8,826      3,318 75482     Sulphur Springs        (214)  12,804     10,642 79556     Sweetwater             (915)  12,242     12,020 76574     Taylor                 (512)  10,619     9,616 76501     Temple                 (817)  42,354     33,431 75160     Terrell                (214)  13,269     14,182 75501     Texarkana              (214)  31,271     30,497 77590     Texas City             (409)  41,201     38,908 75056     The Colony             (214)  11,586     .... 77380     The Woodlands          (713)  8,443      .... 79088     Tulia                  (806)  5,033      5,294 75701     Tyler                  (214)  70,508     57,770 78148     Universal City         (512)  10,720     7,613 76308     University Park        (214)  22,254     23,498 78801     Uvalde                 (512)  14,178     10,764 76384     Vernon                 (817)  12,695     11,454 77901     Victoria               (512)  50,695     41,349 77662     Vidor                  (409)  11,834     9,738 *76701    Waco                   (817)  101,261    95,326 76148     Watauga                (817)  10,284     3,778 75165     Waxahachie             (214)  14,624     13,452 76086     Weatherford            (817)  12,049     11,750 78596     Weslaco                (512)  19,331     15,313 77005     West University Place  (713)  12,010     13,317 77488     Wharton                (713)  9,033      7,881 76108     White Settlement       (817)  13,508     13,449 *76307    Wichita Falls          (817)  94,201     96,265 78239     Windcrest              (512)  5,332      3,371 76710     Woodway                (817)  7,091      4,819 77995     Yoakum                 (512)  6,148      5,755 %@TE:  268 15728 02 10 23 07 11 12 @%

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%@TH:   56  2806 02 10 23 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%84003     American Fork          12,417   7,71384118     Bennion(u)             9,632    .... 84010     Bountiful              32,877   27,751 84302     Brigham City           15,596   14,007 84720     Cedar City             10,972   8,946 84014     Centerville            8,069    3,268 84015     Clearfield             17,982   13,316 84015     Clinton                5,777    1,768 84121     Cottonwood(u)          11,554   8,431 84121     Cottonwood Heights(u)  22,665   .... 84020     Draper                 5,530    .... 84109     East Millcreek(u)      24,150   26,579 84106     Granite Park(u)        5,554    9,573 84117     Holladay(u)            22,189   23,014 84037     Kaysville              9,811    6,192 84118     Kearns(u)              21,353   17,247 84041     Layton                 22,862   13,603 84043     Lehi                   6,848    4,659 84321     Logan                  26,844   22,333 84044     Magna(u)               13,138   5,509 84047     Midvale                10,144   7,840 84532     Moab                   5,333    4,793 84117     Mount Olympus(u)       6,068    5,909 84107     Murray                 25,750   21,206 84404     North Ogden            9,309    5,257 84054     North Salt Lake        5,548    2,143 *84401    Ogden                  64,407   69,478 *84057    Orem                   52,399   25,729 84651     Payson                 8,246    4,501 84062     Pleasant Grove         10,669   5,327 84501     Price                  9,086    6,218 *84601    Provo                  74,111   53,131 84701     Richfield              5,482    4,471 84065     Riverton               7,032    2,820 84067     Roy                    19,694   14,356 84770     St. George             11,350   7,097 *84101    Salt Lake City         163,034  175,885 *84070    Sandy City             52,210   6,438 84121     South Cottonwood(u)    11,117   .... 84065     South Jordan           7,492    2,942 84403     South Ogden            11,366   9,991 84115     South Salt Lake        10,413   7,810 84660     Spanish Fork           9,825    7,284 84663     Springville            12,101   8,790 84015     Sunset                 5,733    6,268 84107     Taylorsville(u)        17,448   .... 84074     Tooele                 14,335   12,539 84047     Union-East Midvale(u)  9,663    .... 84010     Val Verda(u)           6,422    .... 84078     Vernal                 6,600    3,908 84403     Washington Terrace     8,212    7,241 84084     West Jordan            27,325   4,221 *84119    West Valley City       72,299   .... 84070     White City(u)          7,180    6,402 %@TE:   56  2806 02 10 23 09 10 @%

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%@TH:   21  1177 02 10 23 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place                  1980    1970%@AB@%──────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%05641     Barre                  9,824   10,209.....     %@AI@%Barre%@AE@%                  7,090   6,509 05201     %@AI@%Bennington%@AE@%             15,815  14,586 .....     Bennington(u)          9,349   7,950 05301     Brattleboro Center(u)  8,596   9,055 .....     %@AI@%Brattleboro%@AE@%            11,886  12,239 05401     Burlington             37,712  38,633 05446     %@AI@%Colchester%@AE@%             12,629  8,776 05451     %@AI@%Essex%@AE@%                  14,392  10,951 05452     Essex Junction         7,033   6,511 05753     %@AI@%Middlebury%@AE@%             7,574   6,532 05602     Montpelier             8,241   8,609 05701     Rutland                18,436  19,293 05478     St. Albans             7,308   8,082 05819     %@AI@%St. Johnsbury%@AE@%          7,938   8,409 05401     %@AI@%South Burlington%@AE@%       10,679  10,032 05156     Springfield Center(u)  5,603   5,632 .....     %@AI@%Springfield%@AE@%            10,190  10,063 05404     Winooski               6,318   7,309 %@TE:   21  1177 02 10 23 08 09 @%

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%@3@%                                 %@AS@%Virginia%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  117  6731 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                   Place  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%*22313    Alexandria              (703)  103,217  110,92722003     Annandale(u)            (703)  49,524   27,405 *22210    Arlington(u)            (703)  152,599  174,284 22041     Bailey's Crossroads(u)  (703)  12,564   7,295 24523     Bedford                 (703)  5,991    6,011 22307     Belle Haven(u)          (703)  6,520    .... 23234     Bellwood(u)             (804)  6,439    .... 23234     Bensley(u)              (804)  5,299    .... 24060     Blacksburg              (703)  30,638   9,384 24605     Bluefield               (703)  5,946    5,286 23235     Bon Air(u)              (804)  16,224   10,771 24201     Bristol                 (703)  19,042   14,857 24416     Buena Vista             (703)  6,717    6,425 22015     Burke(u)                (703)  33,835   .... 24018     Cave Spring(u)          (703)  21,682   .... 22020     Centreville(u)          (703)  7,473    .... 23227     Chamberlayne(u)         (804)  5,136    .... 22021     Chantilly(u)            (703)  12,259   .... *22906    Charlottesville         (804)  45,010   38,880 *23320    Chesapeake              (804)  114,226  89,580 23831     Chester(u)              (804)  11,728   5,556 24073     Christiansburg          (703)  10,345   7,857 24422     Clifton Forge           (703)  5,046    5,501 24078     Collinsville(u)         (703)  7,517    6,015 23834     Colonial Heights        (804)  16,509   15,097 24426     Covington               (703)  9,063    10,060 22701     Culpeper                (703)  6,621    6,056 22191     Dale City(u)            (703)  33,127   13,857 24541     Danville                (804)  45,642   46,391 23228     Dumbarton(u)            (804)  8,149    .... 22027     Dunn Loring(u)          (703)  6,077    .... 23222     East Highland Park(u)   (804)  11,79722030     Fairfax                 (703)  19,390   22,727 *22046    Falls Church            (703)  9,515    10,772 23901     Farmville               (804)  6,067    4,331 22060     Fort Belvoir(u)         (703)  7,726    14,591 22308     Fort Hunt(u)            (703)  14,294   10,415 23801     Fort Lee(u)             (804)  9,784    12,435 22310     Franconia(u)            (703)  8,476    .... 23851     Franklin                (804)  7,308    6,880 22401     Fredericksburg          (703)  15,322   14,450 22630     Front Royal             (703)  11,126   8,211 24333     Galax                   (703)  6,524    6,278 23060     Glen Allen(u)           (804)  6,202    .... 23062     Gloucester Point(u)     (804)  5,841    .... 22306     Groveton(u)             (703)  18,860   11,761 *23660    Hampton                 (804)  122,617  120,779 22801     Harrisonburg            (703)  19,671   14,605 *22070    Herndon                 (703)  11,449   4,301 23075     Highland Springs(u)     (804)  12,146   7,345 24019     Hollins(u)              (703)  12,187   .... 23860     Hopewell                (804)  23,397   23,471 22303     Huntington(u)           (703)  5,813    5,559 22306     Hybla Valley(u)         (703)  15,53322043     Idylwood(u)             (703)  11,982   .... 22042     Jefferson(u)            (804)  24,342   25,432 22041     Lake Barcroft(u)        (703)  8,725    11,605 22191     Lake Ridge(u)           (703)  11,072   .... 23228     Lakeside(u)             (804)  12,289   11,137 23060     Laurel(u)               (804)  10,569   .... 22075     Leesburg                (703)  8,357    4,821 24450     Lexington               (703)  7,292    7,597 22312     Lincolnia(u)            (703)  10,350   10,355 22079     Lorton(u)               (703)  5,813    .... *24505    Lynchburg               (804)  66,743   54,083 24572     Madison Heights(u)      (804)  14,146   .... 22110     Manassas                (703)  15,438   9,164 22110     Manassas Park           (703)  6,524    6,844 22030     Mantua(u)               (703)  6,523    6,911 24354     Marion                  (703)  7,287    8,158 24112     Martinsville            (703)  18,149   19,653 22101     McLean(u)               (703)  35,664   17,698 23111     Mechanicsville(u)       (804)  9,269    5,189 22116     Merrifield(u)           (703)  7,525    .... 23231     Montrose(u)             (804)  5,349    .... 22121     Mount Vernon(u)         (703)  24,058   .... 22122     Newington(u)            (703)  8,313    .... *23607    Newport News            (804)  144,903  138,177 *23501    Norfolk                 (804)  266,979  307,951 22151     North Springfield(u)    (703)  9,538    8,631 22124     Oakton(u)               (703)  19,150   .... 23803     Petersburg              (804)  41,055   36,103 22043     Pimmit Hills(u)         (703)  6,658    .... 23662     Poquoson                (804)  8,726    5,441 *23705    Portsmouth              (804)  104,577  110,963 24301     Pulaski                 (703)  10,106   10,279 22134     Quantico Station(u)     (703)  7,121    6,213 24141     Radford                 (703)  13,225   11,596 22090     Reston(u)               (703)  36,407   5,723 24641     Richlands               (703)  5,796    4,843 *23232    Richmond                (804)  219,214  249,332 *24001    Roanoke                 (703)  100,427  92,115 22310     Rose Hill(u)            (703)  11,926   14,492 24153     Salem                   (703)  23,958   21,982 22044     Seven Corners(u)        (703)  6,058    5,590 24592     South Boston            (804)  7,093    6,889 *22150    Springfield             (703)  21,435   11,613 24401     Staunton                (703)  21,857   24,504 22170     Sterling Park(u)        (703)  16,080   8,321 23434     Suffolk                 (804)  47,621   9,858 22170     Sugarland Run(u)        (703)  6,258    .... 24502     Timberlake(u)           (804)  9,697    .... 23229     Tuckahoe(u)             (804)  39,868   .... 22101     Tysons Corner(u)        (703)  10,065   .... 22180     Vienna                  (703)  15,469   17,146 24179     Vinton                  (703)  8,027    6,347 *23458    Virginia Beach          (804)  262,199  172,106 22980     Waynesboro              (703)  15,329   16,707 22110     West Gate(u)            (703)  7,119    .... 22152     West Springfield(u)     (703)  25,012   14,143 23185     Williamsburg            (804)  9,870    9,069 22601     Winchester              (703)  20,217   14,643 24592     Wolf Trap(u)            (804)  9,875    .... 22191     Woodbridge(u)           (703)  24,004   25,412 24382     Wytheville              (703)  7,135    6,069 %@TE:  117  6731 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%

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%@3@%                                %@AS@%Washington%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  112  7322 02 10 31 08 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                          Place   1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%98520     Aberdeen                       (206)   18,739   18,48998036     Alderwood Manor(u)             (206)   16,524   .... 98221     Anacortes                      (206)   9,013    7,701 98002     Auburn                         (206)   26,417   21,653 *98009    Bellevue                       (206)   73,903   61,196 98225     Bellingham                     (206)   45,794   39,375 98390     Bonney Lake                    (206)   5,328    2,700 98011     Bothell                        (206)   7,943    5,420 .....     Boulevard Park(u)              (206)   8,382    .... 98310     Bremerton                      (206)   36,208   35,307 98178     Bryn Mawr-Skyway(u)            (206)   11,754   .... 98166     Burien(u)                      (206)   23,189   .... 98607     Camas                          (206)   5,681    5,790 98055     Cascade-Fairwood(u)            (206)   16,939   .... 98531     Centralia                      (206)   10,809   10,054 98532     Chehalis                       (206)   6,100    5,727 99004     Cheney                         (509)   7,630    6,358 99403     Clarkston                      (509)   6,903    6,312 99324     College Place                  (509)   5,771    4,510 98188     Des Moines                     (206)   7,378    3,951 99213     Dishman(u)                     (509)   10,169   9,079 .....     Dumas Bay-Twin Lakes(u)        (206)   14,535   .... 98004     Eastgate(u)                    (206)   8,341    .... .....     East Renton Highlands(u)       (206)   12,033   .... 98801     East Wenatchee Bench(u)        (509)   11,410   2,446 98020     Edmonds                        (206)   27,526   23,684 98926     Ellensburg                     (509)   11,752   13,568 98022     Enumclaw                       (206)   5,427    4,703 98823     Ephrata                        (509)   5,359    5,255 99210     Esperance(u)                   (509)   11,120   .... *98201    Everett                        (206)   54,413   53,622 99011     Fairchild AFB(u)               (509)   5,353    6,754 98201     Fairmont-Intercity(u)          (206)   6,997    .... 98055     Fairwood(u)                    (206)   5,337    .... 98466     Fircrest                       (206)   5,477    5,651 98433     Fort Lewis(u)                  (206)   23,761   38,054 98930     Grandview                      (509)   5,615    3,605 98660     Hazel Dell(u)                  (206)   15,386   .... 98550     Hoquiam                        (206)   9,719    10,466 98011     Inglewood(u)                   (206)   12,467   .... 98027     Issaquah                       (206)   5,536    4,313 98033     Juanita(u)                     (206)   17,232   .... 98626     Kelso                          (206)   11,129   10,296 98028     Kenmore(u)                     (206)   7,281    .... 99336     Kennewick                      (509)   34,397   15,212 98031     Kent                           (206)   22,961   17,711 98033     Kingsgate(u)                   (206)   12,652   .... 98033     Kirkland                       (206)   18,785   14,970 98503     Lacey                          (206)   13,940   9,696 98155     Lake Forest North(u)           (206)   7,995    .... .....     Lakeland North(u)              (206)   11,451   .... .....     Lakeland South(u)              (206)   5,225    .... .....     Lake Stickney(u)               (206)   6,135    .... 98499     Lakes District(u)              (206)   54,533   48,195 98632     Longview                       (206)   31,052   28,373 98036     Lynnwood                       (206)   21,937   17,381 .....     Martha Lake(u)                 (206)   7,022    .... 98270     Marysville                     (206)   5,080    4,343 98438     McChord AFB(u)                 (206)   5,746    6,515 98040     Mercer Island                  (206)   21,522   19,047 98837     Moses Lake                     (509)   10,629   10,310 98043     Mountlake Terrace              (206)   16,534   16,600 98273     Mount Vernon                   (206)   13,009   8,804 98006     Newport Hills(u)               (206)   12,245   .... 98155     North City-Ridgecrest(u)       (206)   13,551   .... .....     North Hill(u)                  (206)   10,170   .... 98270     North Marysville(u)            (206)   15,159   .... 98277     Oak Harbor                     (206)   12,271   9,167 *98501    Olympia                        (206)   27,447   23,296 99214     Opportunity(u)                 (509)   21,241   16,604 98662     Orchards(u)                    (206)   8,828    .... 98444     Parkland(u)                    (206)   23,355   21,012 99301     Pasco                          (509)   18,428   13,920 98362     Port Angeles                   (206)   17,311   16,367 98368     Port Townsend                  (206)   6,067    5,241 .....     Poverty Bay(u)                 (206)   8,353    .... 99163     Pullman                        (509)   23,579   20,509 98371     Puyallup                       (206)   18,251   14,742 98052     Redmond                        (206)   23,318   11,020 98055     Renton                         (206)   31,031   25,878 99352     Richland                       (509)   33,578   26,290 98160     Richmond Beach-Innis Arden(u)  (206)   6,700    .... 98113     Richmond Highlands(u)          (206)   24,463   .... 98188     Riverton(u)                    (206)   14,182   .... 98033     Rose Hill(u)                   (206)   7,616    .... *98109    Seattle                        (206)   493,846  530,831 98284     Sedro Woolley                  (206)   6,110    4,598 98584     Shelton                        (206)   7,629    6,515 98155     Sheridan Beach(u)              (206)   6,873    .... 98201     Silver Lake-Fircrest(u)        10,299  .... 98290     Snohomish                      (206)   5,294    5,174 98387     Spanaway(u)                    (206)   8,868    5,768 *99210    Spokane                        (509)   171,300  170,516 98944     Sunnyside                      (509)   9,225    6,751 *98402    Tacoma                         (206)   158,501  154,407 98501     Tanglewilde-Thompson Place(u)  5,910   3,423 98948     Toppenish                      (509)   6,517    5,744 99268     Town and Country(u)            (509)   5,578    6,484 98502     Tumwater                       (206)   6,705    5,373 98406     University Place(u)            (206)   20,381   13,230 .....     Valley Ridge(u)                (206)   17,961   .... *98660    Vancouver                      (206)   42,834   41,859 99037     Veradale(u)                    (509)   7,256    .... 99362     Walla Walla                    (509)   25,618   23,619 98801     Wenatchee                      (509)   17,257   16,912 98003     West Federal Way(u)            (206)   16,872   .... 99301     West Pasco(u)                  (509)   6,210    .... 98166     White Center-Shorewood(u)      (206)   19,362   .... *98901    Yakima                         (509)   49,826   45,588 98188     Zenith-Saltwater(u)            (206)   8,982    .... %@TE:  112  7322 02 10 31 08 09 10 @%

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%@3@%                            %@AS@%West Virginia (304)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   30  1358 02 10 18 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place             1980    1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%25801     Beckley           20,492  19,88424701     Bluefield         16,060  15,921 26330     Bridgeport        6,604   4,777 26201     Buckhannon        6,820   7,261 *25301    Charleston        63,968  71,505 26301     Clarksburg        22,371  24,864 25064     Dunbar            9,285   9,151 26241     Elkins            8,536   8,287 26554     Fairmont          23,863  26,093 26354     Grafton           6,845   6,433 *25701    Huntington        63,684  74,315 26726     Keyser            6,569   6,586 25401     Martinsburg       13,063  14,626 26505     Morgantown        27,605  29,431 26041     Moundsville       12,419  13,560 26155     New Martinsville  7,109   6,528 25143     Nitro             8,074   8,019 25901     Oak Hill          7,120   4,738 26101     Parkersburg       39,946  44,208 25550     Point Pleasant    5,682   6,122 24740     Princeton         7,538   7,253 25177     St. Albans        12,402  14,356 25303     South Charleston  15,968  16,333 26105     Vienna            11,618  11,549 26062     Weirton           25,371  27,131 26452     Weston            6,250   7,323 26003     Wheeling          43,070  48,188 25661     Williamson        5,219   5,831 %@TE:   30  1358 02 10 18 08 09 @%

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%@3@%                                %@AS@%Wisconsin %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:  104  6035 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%ZIP code  Place                   Place  1980     1970%@AB@%────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%54301     Allouez(u)              (414)  14,882   13,75354409     Antigo                  (715)  8,653    9,005 59411     Appleton                (414)  58,913   56,377 54806     Ashland                 (715)  9,115    9,615 54304     Ashwaubenon             (414)  14,486   9,323 53913     Baraboo                 (608)  8,081    7,931 53916     Beaver Dam              (414)  14,149   14,265 53511     Beloit                  (608)  35,207   35,729 53511     Beloit North(u)         (608)  5,457    .... 54923     Berlin                  (414)  5,478    5,338 53005     Brookfield              (414)  34,035   31,761 53209     Brown Deer              (414)  12,921   12,582 53105     Burlington              (414)  8,385    7,479 53012     Cedarburg               (414)  9,005    7,697 54729     Chippewa Falls          (715)  11,845   12,351 53110     Cudahy                  (414)  19,547   22,078 53115     Delavan                 (414)  5,684    5,526 54115     De Pere                 (414)  14,892   13,309 54701     Eau Claire              (715)  51,509   44,619 53122     Elm Grove               (414)  6,735    7,201 54935     Fond Du Lac             (414)  35,863   35,515 53538     Fort Atkinson           (414)  9,785    9,164 53217     Fox Point               (414)  7,649    7,939 53132     Franklin                (414)  16,871   12,247 53022     Germantown              (414)  10,729   6,974 53209     Glendale                (414)  13,882   13,426 53024     Grafton                 (414)  8,381    5,998 *54305    Green Bay               (414)  87,899   87,809 53129     Greendale               (414)  16,928   15,089 53220     Greenfield              (414)  31,353   24,424 53130     Hales Corners           (414)  7,110    7,771 53027     Hartford                (414)  7,159    6,499 53029     Hartland                (414)  5,559    2,763 54303     Howard                  (414)  8,240    4,911 54016     Hudson                  (715)  5,434    5,049 53545     Janesville              (608)  51,071   46,426 53549     Jefferson               (414)  5,647    5,429 54130     Kaukauna                (414)  11,310   11,308 53140     Kenosha                 (414)  77,685   78,805 54136     Kimberly                (414)  5,881    6,131 54601     La Crosse               (608)  48,347   50,286 53147     Lake Geneva             (414)  5,612    4,890 54140     Little Chute            (414)  7,907    5,522 *53701    Madison                 (608)  170,616  171,809 54220     Manitowoc               (414)  32,547   33,430 54143     Marinette               (715)  11,965   12,696 54449     Marshfield              (715)  18,290   15,619 54952     Menasha                 (414)  14,728   14,836 53051     Menomonee Falls         (414)  27,845   31,697 54751     Menomonie               (715)  12,769   11,112 53092     Mequon                  (414)  16,193   12,150 54452     Merrill                 (715)  9,578    9,502 53562     Middleton               (608)  11,851   8,246 *53203    Milwaukee               (414)  636,297  717,372 53716     Monona                  (608)  8,809    10,420 53566     Monroe                  (608)  10,027   8,654 53150     Muskego                 (414)  15,277   11,573 54956     Neenah                  (414)  23,272   22,902 53151     New Berlin              (414)  30,529   26,910 54961     New London              (414)  6,210    5,801 53154     Oak Creek               (414)  16,932   13,928 53066     Oconomowoc              (414)  9,909    8,741 54650     Onalaska                (608)  9,249    4,909 54901     Oshkosh                 (414)  49,678   53,082 53818     Platteville             (608)  9,580    9,599 54467     Plover                  (715)  5,310    ... 53073     Plymouth                (414)  6,027    5,810 53901     Portage                 (608)  7,896    7,821 53074     Port Washington         (414)  8,612    8,752 53821     Prairie du Chien        (608)  5,859    5,540 *53401    Racine                  (414)  85,725   95,162 53959     Reedsburg               (608)  5,038    4,585 54501     Rhinelander             (715)  7,873    8,218 54868     Rice Lake               (715)  7,691    7,278 54971     Ripon                   (414)  7,111    7,053 54022     River Falls             (715)  9,019    7,238 53207     St. Francis             (414)  10,095   10,489 54166     Shawano                 (715)  7,013    6,488 53081     Sheboygan               (414)  48,085   48,484 53085     Sheboygan Falls         (414)  5,253    4,771 53211     Shorewood               (414)  14,327   15,576 53172     South Milwaukee         (414)  21,069   23,297 54656     Sparta                  (608)  6,934    6,258 54481     Stevens Point           (715)  22,970   23,479 53589     Stoughton               (608)  7,589    6,096 54235     Sturgeon Bay            (414)  8,847    6,776 53590     Sun Prairie             (608)  12,931   9,935 54880     Superior                (715)  29,571   32,237 54660     Tomah                   (608)  7,204    5,647 54241     Two Rivers              (414)  13,354   13,732 53094     Watertown               (414)  18,113   15,683 53186     Waukesha                (414)  50,365   39,695 53963     Waupun                  (414)  8,132    7,946 54401     Wausau                  (715)  32,426   32,806 54401     Wausau West Rib Mt.(u)  (715)  6,005    .... 53213     Wauwatosa               (414)  51,308   58,676 53214     West Allis              (414)  63,982   71,649 53095     West Bend               (414)  21,484   16,555 54476     Weston(u)               (715)  8,775    3,375 53217     Whitefish Bay           (414)  14,930   17,402 53190     Whitewater              (414)  11,520   12,038 54494     Wisconsin Rapids        (715)  17,995   18,587 %@TE:  104  6035 02 10 24 07 09 10 @%

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%@3@%                               %@AS@%Wyoming (307)%@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
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%@TH:   19   799 02 10 14 08 09 @%ZIP code  Place         1980    1970%@AB@%─────────────────────────────────────────%@AE@%%@NL@%82601     Casper        51,016  39,36182001     Cheyenne      47,283  41,254 82414     Cody          6,599   5,161 82633     Douglas       6,030   2,677 82930     Evanston      6,265   4,462 82716     Gillette      12,134  7,194 82335     Green River   12,807  4,196 82520     Lander        9,126   7,125 82070     Laramie       24,410  23,143 82435     Powell        5,310   4,807 82301     Rawlins       11,547  7,855 82501     Riverton      9,562   7,995 82901     Rock Springs  19,458  11,657 82801     Sheridan      15,146  10,856 82240     Torrington    5,441   4,237 82201     Wheatland     5,816   2,498 82401     Worland       6,391   5,055 %@TE:   19   799 02 10 14 08 09 @%

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%@3@%                %@AS@%With names of county seats or court houses %@AE@%%@EH@%%@NL@%
%@NL@%
%@4@%Population figures listed below are final counts in the 1980 census,%@EH@%
conducted on Apr. 1, 1990, and updated in April 1990, for all counties and
states. Figures are subject