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FORMATION OF REGULAR SPANISH VERBS 1 --- AR endings ganar --- to win, earn, gain Present Participle: gan ando Past Participle: gan ado I---Simple Tense Endings Persons Stem 1st 2nd 3rd Present gan o as a Singular amos áis an Plural Imperfect gan aba abas aba Singular ábamos abais aban Plural Preterit gan é aste ó Singular amos asteis aron Plural Future ganar é ás á Singular emos éis án Plural Conditional ganar ía ías ía Singular íamos íais ían Plural Pres. Subj. gan e es e Singular emos éis en Plural Imp. Subj. gan ara aras ara Singular áramos arais aran Plural gan ase ases ase Singular ásemos aseis asen Plural Imperative gan ___ a e Singular (Command) emos ad en Plural 2--- ER endings beber --- to drink Present Participle: beb iendo Past Participle: beb ido I---Simple Tense Endings Persons 1st 2nd 3rd Present beb o as e Singular emos éis en Plural Imperfect beb ía ías ía Singular íamos íais ían Plural Preterit beb í iste ió Singular imos isteis ieron Plural Future beber é ás á Singular emos éis án Plural Conditional beber ía ías ía Singular íamos íais ían Plural Pres. Perf. beb a as a Singular amos áis an Plural Imp. Subj. beb iera ieras iera Singular iéramos ierais ieran Plural beb iese ieses iese Singular iésemos ieseis iesen Plural Imperative beb ___ e a Singular (Command) amos ed an Plural 3--- IR ending recibir --- to receive Present Participle: recib iendo Past Participle: recib ido I---Simple Tense Endings Persons 1st 2nd 3rd Present recib o es e Singular imos ís en Plural Imperfect recib ía ías ía Singular íamos íais ían Plural Preterit recib í iste ió Singular imos isteis ieron Plural Future recibir é ás á Singular emos éis án Plural Conditional recibir ía ías ía Singular íamos íais ían Plural Pres. Subj. recib a as a Singular amos áis an Plural Imp. Subj. recib iera ieras iera Singular iéramos ierais ieran Plural iese ieses iese Singular iésemos ieseis iesen Plural Imperative recib ___ e a Singular (command) amos id an Plural II---Compound Tenses Use the proper conjugation of haber With: ganado i.e. hemos ganado recibido i.e. hemos recibido bebido i.e. hemos bebido Persons 1st 2nd 3rd Pres. Perf. he has ha Singular hemos habéis han Plural Pluperf. había habías había Singular habíamos habíais habían Plural Past Ant. hube hubiste hubo Singular hubimos hubisteis hubieron Plural Fut. Perf. habré habrás habrá Singular habremos habréis habrán Plural Cond. Perf. habría habrías habría Singular habríamos habríais habrían Plural Pr. Perf. Sub. haya hayas haya Singular hayamos hayáis hayan Plural Plup. Subj. hubiera hubieras hubiera Singular hubiéremos hubierais hubieran Plural hubiese hubieses hubiese Singular hubiésemos hubieseis hubiesen Plural RULES OF VERB CONJUGATION TYPES OF VERBS WITH ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES 1. Verbs ending in -car change c to qu before e. This change occurs in the first person singular of the Preterit and all persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and in the first and third persons plural of the Imperative BUSCAR, to look for Preterit Imperative Present Subjunctive busqué buscamos --- busquemos busque busquemos buscaste buscasteis busca buscad busques busquéis buscó buscaron busque busquen busque busquen Some verbs of the -car type are: acercarse desembarcar indicar sacrificar aborcar desembocar invocar secar brincar duplicar pocar significar buscar educar publicar suplicar colocar embarcarse refrescar tocar 2. Verbs ending in -gar change g to gu before e. This change occurs in the first person singular of the Preterit and all persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and in the first and third persons plural of the Imperative LLEGAR, to arrive Preterit Imperative Present Subjunctive llegué llegamos --- lleguemos llegue lleguemos llegaste llegasteis llega llegad llegues lleguéis llegó llegaron llegue lleguen llegue lleguen Some verbs of the -gar type are: ahogarse castigar llegar pagar alargar conjugar navegar pegar cargar jugar obligar rogar 3. Verbs ending in -zar change z to c before e. This change occurs in the first person singular of the Preterit and all persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and in the first and third persons plural of the Imperative CRUZAR, to cross Preterit Imperative Present Subjunctive crucé cruzamos --- crucemos cruce crucemos cruzaste cruzasteis cruza cruzad cruces crucéis cruzó cruzaron cruce crucen cruce crucen Some verbs of the -zar type are: alcanzar cazar gozar realizar almorzar comenzar granizar cezar alzar cruzar independizarse ruborizarse amenazar destrozar lanzar suavizar 4. Verbs ending in -guar change gu to gü before e. This change occurs in the first person singular of the Preterit and all the persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and in the first and third persons plural of the Imperative AVERIGUAR, to find out, investigate Preterit Present Subjunctive averigüé averiguamos averigüe averigüemos averiguaste averiguasteis averigües averigüéis averiguó averiguaron averigüe averigüen Imperative --- averigüemos averigua averiguad averigüe averigüen 5. Verbs ending in -ger and -gir change g to j before o and a. This change occurs in the first person singular of the Present Indicative and in all persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and the first and third persons plural of the Imperative. COGER, to catch Present Indicative Imperative Present Subjunctive cojo cogemos --- cojamos coja cojamos coges cogéis coge coged cojas cojáis coge cogen coja cojan coja cojan Some verbs of the -ger type are: coger escoger proteger recoger Some verbs of the -gir type are: corregir erigir fingir dirigir exigir 6. Verbs ending in -guir change gu to g before o and a. This change occurs first person singular of the Presest Indicative and in all persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and the first and third persons plural of the Imperative. SEGUIR, to follow Present Indicative Imperative Present Subjunctive sigo seguimos --- sigamos siga sigamos sigues seguís sigue seguid sigas sigáis sigue siguen siga sigan siga sigan Some verbs of the -guir type are: distinguir perseguir seguir 7. Verbs ending in -iar and -uar add a written accent to the i or u in all three persons singular and the third person plural of both the Present Indicative and the Present Subjunctive. The second and third persons singular and the third person plural of the Imperative also get a written accent. ENVIAR, to send Present Indicative Imperative Present Subjunctive envío enviamos --- enviemos envíe enviemos envías enviáis envía enviad envíes enviéis envía envían envíe envíen envíe envíen CONTINUAR, to continue Present Indicative Present Subjunctive continúo continuamos continúe continuamos continúas continuáis continúes continuéis continúa continúan continúe continúen Imperative --- continuemos continúa continuad continúe continúen 8. When the stem of a verb ends in a vowel, the i of the ending changes to y. This change occurs in the Present Participle and in the third person singular and third person plural of the Preterit. It also occurs in all six persons (and in both forms) of the Imperfect Subjunctive. An accent is added to the i in the second person singular and in the first and second persons plural of the Preterit and in the Past Participle. LEER, to read Present Participle: leyendo Past Participle: leído Imperfect Subjunctive Preterit leyera leyéramos leí leímos leyeras leyerais leíste leísteis leyera leyeran leyó leyeron Some verbs of this type are: caer creer leer 9. Verbs ending in -uir add a y before the endings in all three persons of the singular and in the third person plural of the Present Indicative, in all six persons of the Present Subjunctive, in all six persons (and in both forms) of the Imperfect Subjunctive, and in the second and third persons singular and the first and third persons plural of the Imperative. It also occurs in the Present Participle. In addition, the i is lost in the endings of the second and third persons singular of the Preterit and in all six persons (and in both forms) of the Imperfect Subjunctive. HUIR, to flee, to escape Present Participle: huyendo Present Indicative Imperative Present Subjunctive huyo huimos ---- huyamos huya huyamos huyes huís huye huid huyas huyáis huye huyen huya huyan huya huyan Preterit imperfect Subjunctive huí huimos huyera huyéramos huiste huisteis huyeras huyerais huyó huyeron huyera huyeren Some verbs of this type are: Atribuir construir distribuir huir instruir 10. Verbs ending in -eir belong to the third class of radical changing verbs. However, when the e changes to i, the verb loses the i of the endings that begin with ie and io. They have a written accent when the stress fall on the vowel i. The accent occurs in all persons of the Present Indicative, in the singular and third persons plural of the Present Subjunctive, in the second singular and first and second persons plural of the Preterit, and in the second and third persons of both the singular and plural of the Imperative. It also occurs in the Past Participle. reír, to laugh Present Participle: riendo Past Participle: reído Present Indicative Imperative Present Subjunctive río reímos ---- reimos ría riamos ríes reís ríe reíd rías riáis ríe ríen ría rían ría rían Preterit Indicative reí reímos reíste reísteis rió rieron INCEPTIVE VERBS 1. Verbs ending in -cer or -cir preceded by a vowel place z before c when followed by a or o. This change occurs in the first person singular of the Present Indicative and in all persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and first and third persons plural of the Imperative. CONOCER, to be acquainted with, to know Present Indicative Imperative Present Subjunctive conozco conocemos ----- conozcamos conozca conozcamos conoces conocéis conoce conoced conozcas conozcáis conoce conocen conozca conozcan conozca conozcan Some verbs of this type are: aparecer engrandecer obedecer permanecer complacer merecer ofrecer reconocer desaparecer nacer parecer conocer Note: mecer, to rock, is an exception to this rule. It is conjugated by rule 3. below like vencer. 2. Verbs ending in -ducir make the same changes as does conocer in the Present Indicative, Present Subjunctive, and Imperative, and in addition they are irregular throughout the Preterit Indicative and in both forms of the Imperfect Subjunctive. TRADUCIR, to translate Present Indicative Present Subjunctive traduzco traducimos traduzca traduzcamos traduces traducís traduzcas traduzcáis traduce traducen traduzca traduzcan Preterit Imperfect Subjunctive traduje tradujimos tradujera tradujéramos tradujiste tradujisteis tradujeras tradujerais tradujo tradujeron tradujera tradujeran Imperative ----- traduzcamos traduce traducid traduzca traduzcan Some verbs of this type are: conducirse producir reproducir traducir 3. Verbs ending in -cer or -cir preceded by a consonant change c to z before a or o. This change occurs in the first person singular of the Present Indicative and in all persons of the Present Subjunctive. It also occurs in the third person singular and first and third persons plural of the Imperative. VENCER, to conquer Present Indicative Present Subjunctive venzo vencemos venza venzamos vences vencéis venzas venzáis vence vencen venza venzan Imperative ----- venzamos vence venced venza venzan Some verbs of this type are: vencer vencer mecer* RADICAL CHANGING VERBS 1. CLASS I: verbs ending in -ar and -er change o to ue and e to ie when the stem is stressed at that syllable. This change occurs in the singular and third person plural of the Present Indicative and Present Subjunctive and in the second and third persons singular and third person plural of the Imperative. Some are irregular in the Past Participle, as in volver--vuelto CONTAR, to tell, to relate Present Indicative Present Subjunctive cuento contamos cuente contemos cuentas contáis cuentes contéis cuenta cuentan cuente cuenten Imperative ------ contemos cuenta contad cuente cuenten 2. CLASS II: verbs ending in -ir change o to ue and e to ie when the stem is stressed. They also change o to u before a stressed -a, and e to i before -ie or -ió. The first two changes occur in the singular and third person plural of the Present Indicative and Present Subjunctive and in the second and third persons singular and third person plural of the Imperative. The second two changes occur in the third persons singular and plural of the Preterit, in the Present Participle, and in all six persons (and in both forms) of the Imperfect Subjunctive. SENTIR, to feel, to regret Present Participle: sintiendo Present Indicative Present Subjunctive siento sentimos sienta sintamos sientes sentís sientas sintáis siente sienten sienta sientan Preterit Imperfect Subjunctive sentí sentimos sintiera sintiéramos sentiste sentisteis sintieras sintierais sintió sintieron sintiera sintieran 3. CLASS III: verbs ending in -ir change e to i before stem is stressed, before a stressed -a, and before an -ie or -ió. This change occurs in the singular and third person plural of the Present Indicative and in all persons Present Subjunctive, in the second and third persons singular and first and third persons plural of the Imperative, in the third person singular and plural of the Preterit, in the Present Participle, and in all persons (and in both forms) of the Imperfect Subjunctive. PEDIR, to ask, to request Present Participle: pidiendo Present Indicative Present Subjunctive pido pedimos pida pidamos pides pedís pidas pidáis pide piden pida pidan Preterit Imperfect Subjunctive pedí pedimos pidiera pidiéramos pediste pedisteis pidieras pidierais pidió pidieron pidiera pidieran Imperative ---- pidamos pide pedid pida pidan NOTE: Many verbs have more than one change, as in the case of verbs that have both radical changes and orthographic changes. In these cases, follow the rules for first one change, then overlay the changes called for by the rules for the other changes. I have tried to include the verb data for all irregular verbs, so if you need to know anything about them, you'll have print them out and study them separately, as I know of no rules that will satisfy all cases. ¡Adiós, y buena suerte, amigos!