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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device
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- Geert Uytterhoeven (Geert.Uytterhoeven@cs.kuleuven.ac.be)
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- 7 November 1998
-
-
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- The frame buffer device provides an abstraction for the graphics hardware. It
- represents the frame buffer of some video hardware and allows application soft-
- ware to access the graphics hardware through a well-defined interface, so the
- software doesn't need to know anything about the low-level (hardware register)
- stuff.
-
- The device is accessed through special device nodes, usually located in the
- /dev directory, i.e. /dev/fb*.
-
-
- 2. User's View of /dev/fb*
-
- From the user's point of view, the frame buffer device looks just like any
- other device in /dev. It's a character device using major 29, the minor speci-
- fies the frame buffer number.
-
- By convention, the following device nodes are used (numbers indicate the device
- minor numbers):
-
- 0 = /dev/fb0
- First frame buffer
-
- 32 = /dev/fb1
- Second frame buffer
-
- ...
-
- 224 = /dev/fb7
- 8th frame buffer
-
- For backwards compatibility, you may want to create a symbolic link from
- /dev/fb0current to fb0.
-
- The frame buffer devices are also `normal' memory devices, this means, you can
- read and write their contents. You can, for example, make a screen snapshot by
-
- cp /dev/fb0 myfile
-
-
- There also can be more than one frame buffer at a time, e.g. if you have a
- graphics card in addition to the built-in hardware. The corresponding frame
- buffer devices (/dev/fb0 and /dev/fb1 etc.) work independently.
-
-
- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 1
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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 2
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-
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- Application software that uses the frame buffer device (e.g. the X server) will
- use /dev/fb0 by default (older software uses /dev/fb0current). You can specify
- an alternative frame buffer device by setting the environment variable $FRAME-
- BUFFER to the path name of a frame buffer device, e.g. (for sh/bash users):
-
- export FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb1
-
-
- or (for csh users):
-
- setenv FRAMEBUFFER /dev/fb1
-
-
- After this the X server will use the second frame buffer.
-
-
- 3. Programmer's View of /dev/fb*
-
- As you already know, a frame buffer device is a memory device like /dev/mem and
- it has the same features. You can read it, write it, seek to some location in
- it and mmap() it (the main usage). The difference is just that the memory that
- appears in the special file is not the whole memory, but the frame buffer of
- some video hardware.
-
- /dev/fb* also allows several ioctls on it, by which lots of information about
- the hardware can be queried and set. The color map handling works via ioctls,
- too. Look into <linux/fb.h> for more information on what ioctls exist and on
- which data structures they work. Here's just a brief overview:
-
- o You can request unchangeable information about the hardware, like name,
- organization of the screen memory (planes, packed pixels, ...) and address
- and length of the screen memory.
-
- o You can request and change variable information about the hardware, like
- visible and virtual geometry, depth, color map format, timing, and so on.
- If you try to change that informations, the driver maybe will round up
- some values to meet the hardware's capabilities (or return EINVAL if that
- isn't possible).
-
- o You can get and set parts of the color map. Communication is done with 16
- bit per color part (red, green, blue, transparency) to support all exist-
- ing hardware. The driver does all the computations needed to bring it into
- the hardware (round it down to less bits, maybe throw away transparency).
-
- All this hardware abstraction makes the implementation of application programs
- easier and more portable. E.g. the X server works completely on /dev/fb* and
- thus doesn't need to know, for example, how the color registers of the concrete
- hardware are organized. XF68_FBDev is a general X server for bitmapped, unac-
- celerated video hardware. The only thing that has to be built into application
- programs is the screen organization (bitplanes or chunky pixels etc.), because
- it works on the frame buffer image data directly.
-
- For the future it is planned that frame buffer drivers for graphics cards and
- the like can be implemented as kernel modules that are loaded at runtime. Such
-
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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 3
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- a driver just has to call register_framebuffer() and supply some functions.
- Writing and distributing such drivers independently from the kernel will save
- much trouble...
-
-
- 4. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance
-
- Frame buffer resolutions are maintained using the utility fbset. It can change
- the video mode properties of a frame buffer device. Its main usage is to change
- the current video mode, e.g. during boot up in one of your /etc/rc.* or
- /etc/init.d/* files.
-
- Fbset uses a video mode database stored in a configuration file, so you can
- easily add your own modes and refer to them with a simple identifier.
-
-
- 5. The X Server
-
- The X server (XF68_FBDev) is the most notable application program for the frame
- buffer device. Starting with XFree86 release 3.2, the X server is part of
- XFree86 and has 2 modes:
-
- o If the Display subsection for the fbdev driver in the /etc/XF86Config file
- contains a
-
-
- Modes "default"
-
-
-
-
- line, the X server will use the scheme discussed above, i.e. it will start
- up in the resolution determined by /dev/fb0 (or $FRAMEBUFFER, if set). You
- still have to specify the color depth (using the Depth keyword) and vir-
- tual resolution (using the Virtual keyword) though. This is the default
- for the configuration file supplied with XFree86. It's the most simple
- configuration, but it has some limitations.
-
- o Therefore it's also possible to specify resolutions in the /etc/XF86Config
- file. This allows for on-the-fly resolution switching while retaining the
- same virtual desktop size. The frame buffer device that's used is still
- /dev/fb0 (or $FRAMEBUFFER), but the available resolutions are defined by
- /etc/XF86Config now. The disadvantage is that you have to specify the tim-
- ings in a different format (but fbset -x may help).
-
- To tune a video mode, you can use fbset or xvidtune. Note that xvidtune doesn't
- work 100% with XF68_FBDev: the reported clock values are always incorrect.
-
-
- 6. Video Mode Timings
-
- A monitor draws an image on the screen by using an electron beam (3 electron
- beams for color models, 1 electron beam for monochrome monitors). The front of
- the screen is covered by a pattern of colored phosphors (pixels). If a phosphor
-
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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 4
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- is hit by an electron, it emits a photon and thus becomes visible.
-
- The electron beam draws horizontal lines (scanlines) from left to right, and
- from the top to the bottom of the screen. By modifying the intensity of the
- electron beam, pixels with various colors and intensities can be shown.
-
- After each scanline the electron beam has to move back to the left side of the
- screen and to the next line: this is called the horizontal retrace. After the
- whole screen (frame) was painted, the beam moves back to the upper left corner:
- this is called the vertical retrace. During both the horizontal and vertical
- retrace, the electron beam is turned off (blanked).
-
- The speed at which the electron beam paints the pixels is determined by the
- dotclock in the graphics board. For a dotclock of e.g. 28.37516 MHz (millions
- of cycles per second), each pixel is 35242 ps (picoseconds) long:
-
-
-
-
- 1/(28.37516E6 Hz) = 35.242E-9 s
-
- If the screen resolution is 640x480, it will take
-
- 640*35.242E-9 s = 22.555E-6 s
-
-
- to paint the 640 (xres) pixels on one scanline. But the horizontal retrace also
- takes time (e.g. 272 `pixels'), so a full scanline takes
-
- (640+272)*35.242E-9 s = 32.141E-6 s
-
-
- We'll say that the horizontal scanrate is about 31 kHz:
-
- 1/(32.141E-6 s) = 31.113E3 Hz
-
-
- A full screen counts 480 (yres) lines, but we have to consider the vertical
- retrace too (e.g. 49 `pixels'). So a full screen will take
-
- (480+49)*32.141E-6 s = 17.002E-3 s
-
-
- The vertical scanrate is about 59 Hz:
-
- 1/(17.002E-3 s) = 58.815 Hz
-
-
- This means the screen data is refreshed about 59 times per second. To have a
- stable picture without visible flicker, VESA recommends a vertical scanrate of
- at least 72 Hz. But the perceived flicker is very human dependent: some people
- can use 50 Hz without any trouble, while I'll notice if it's less than 80 Hz.
-
- Since the monitor doesn't know when a new scanline starts, the graphics board
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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 5
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- will supply a synchronization pulse (horizontal sync or hsync) for each scan-
- line. Similarly it supplies a synchronization pulse (vertical sync or vsync)
- for each new frame. The position of the image on the screen is influenced by
- the moments at which the synchronization pulses occur.
-
- The following picture summarizes all timings. The horizontal retrace time is
- the sum of the left margin, the right margin and the hsync length, while the
- vertical retrace time is the sum of the upper margin, the lower margin and the
- vsync length.
-
- +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
- | | x | | |
- | | |upper_margin | | |
- | | x | | |
- +----------###############################################----------+-------+
- | # x # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | left # | # right | hsync |
- | margin # | xres # margin | len |
- |<-------->#<---------------+--------------------------->#<-------->|<----->|
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # |yres # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # x # | |
- +----------###############################################----------+-------+
- | | x | | |
- | | |lower_margin | | |
- | | x | | |
- +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
- | | x | | |
- | | |vsync_len | | |
- | | x | | |
- +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
-
- The frame buffer device expects all horizontal timings in number of dotclocks
- (in picoseconds, 1E-12 s), and vertical timings in number of scanlines.
-
-
- 7. Converting XFree86 timing values into frame buffer device timings
-
- An XFree86 mode line consists of the following fields:
-
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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 6
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- "800x600" 50 800 856 976 1040 600 637 643 666
- < name > DCF HR SH1 SH2 HFL VR SV1 SV2 VFL
-
-
- The frame buffer device uses the following fields:
-
- pixclock
- pixel clock in ps (pico seconds)
-
- left_margin
- time from sync to picture
-
- right_margin
- time from picture to sync
-
- upper_margin
- time from sync to picture
-
- lower_margin
- time from picture to sync
-
- hsync_len
- length of horizontal sync
-
- vsync_len
- length of vertical sync
-
- Pixelclock
-
- o xfree: in MHz
-
- o fb: In Picoseconds (ps)
-
- o pixclock = 1000000 / DCF
-
- Horizontal timings
-
- o left_margin = HFL - SH2
-
- o right_margin = SH1 - HR
-
- o hsync_len = SH2 - SH1
-
- Vertical timings
-
- o upper_margin = VFL - SV2
-
- o lower_margin = SV1 - VR
-
- o vsync_len = SV2 - SV1
-
- Good examples for VESA timings can be found in the XFree86 source tree, under
- xc/programs/Xserver/hw/xfree86/doc/modeDB.txt.
-
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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 7
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- 8. References
-
- For more specific information about the frame buffer device and its applica-
- tions, please refer to the following documentation:
-
- o The manual pages for fbset: fbset(8), fb.modes(5)
-
- o The manual pages for XFree86: XF68_FBDev(1), XF86Config(4/5)
-
- o The mighty kernel sources:
-
- o linux/drivers/video/
-
- o linux/include/linux/fb.h
-
- o linux/include/video/
-
-
- 9. Downloading
-
- All necessary files can be found at
-
- ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/LOCAL/680x0/
-
-
- and on its mirrors.
-
-
- 10. Credits
-
-
- This readme was written by Geert Uytterhoeven, partly based on the original X-
- framebuffer.README by Roman Hodek and Martin Schaller. Section `Converting
- XFree86 timing values into frame buffer device timings' was provided by Frank
- Neumann.
-
- The frame buffer device abstraction was designed by Martin Schaller.
-
- Generated from XFree86: xc/programs/Xserver/hw/xfree68/doc/sgml/fbdev.sgml,v 1.1.2.6 1998/11/08 09:06:32 dawes Exp $
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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device 8
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- CONTENTS
-
-
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- 1. Introduction ............................................................ 1
-
- 2. User's View of /dev/fb* ................................................. 1
-
- 3. Programmer's View of /dev/fb* ........................................... 2
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- 4. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance ..................................... 3
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- 5. The X Server ............................................................ 3
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- 6. Video Mode Timings ...................................................... 3
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- 7. Converting XFree86 timing values into frame buffer device timings ....... 5
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- 8. References .............................................................. 7
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- 9. Downloading ............................................................. 7
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- 10. Credits ................................................................ 7
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