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** Professional GEM ** by Tim Oren Topic: Windows, part II 10/21/85 EXCELSIOR! In this installment, we continue the exploration of GEM's window manager by finding out how to process the messages received by an application when it has a window defined on the screen. Also, beginning with this column, sample C code demonstrating the techniques discussed will be available on SIG*ATARI in DL5. This will allow you to download the code without interference by the CIS text-formatter used by ANTIC ONLINE output. The file for this column is GEMCL2.XMO. All references to non-GEM routines in this column refer to this file. Please note that these files will not contain entire programs. Instead, they consist of small pieces of utility code which you may copy and modify in your own programs. REDRAWING WINDOWS One of the most misunderstood parts of GEM is the correct method for drawing within a window. Most requests for redrawing are generated by the GEM system, and arrive as messages (read with evnt_multi) which contain the handle of the window, and the screen rectangle which is "dirty" and needs to be redrawn. Screen areas may become dirty as a result of windows being closed, sized down, or moved, thus "exposing" an area underneath. The completion of a dialog, or closing of a desk accessory may also free up a screen area which needs to be redrawn. When GEM detects the presence of a dirty rectangle, it checks its list of open windows, and sends the application a redraw message for each of its windows which intersects the dirty area. CAVEAT EMPTOR GEM does not "clip" the rectangle which it sends to the application; that is, the rectangle may not lie entirely within the portion of the window which is exposed on the screen. It is the job of the application to determine in what portion of the rectangle it may safely draw. This is done by examining the "rectangle list" associated with the window. A rectangle list is maintained by GEM for each active window. It contains the portions of the window's interior which are exposed, i.e., topmost, on the screen and within which the app may draw. Let's consider an example to make this clear. Suppose an app has opened two windows, and there are no desk accessory windows open. The window which is topmost will always have only one rectangle in its list. If the two are separate on the screen, then the second window will also have one rectangle. If they overlap, then the top window will "break" the rectangle of the bottom one. If the overlap is at a corner, two rectangles will be generated for the bottom window. If the overlap is on a side only, then three rectangles are required to cover the exposed portion of the bottom window. Finally, if the first window is entirely within the second, it requires four rectangles in the list to tile the second window. Try working out a few rectangle examples with pencil and paper to get the feel of it. You will see that the possible combinations with more than two windows are enormous. This, by the way, is the reason that GEM does not send one message for each rectangle on the list: With multiple windows, the number of messages generated would quickly fill up the application's message queue. Finally, note that every app MUST use this method, even if it only uses a single window, because there may be desk accessories with their own windows in the system at the same time. If you do not use the rectangle lists, you may overwrite an accessory's window. INTO THE BITS First, we should note that the message type for a redraw request is WM_REDRAW, which is stored in msg[0], the first location of the message returned by evnt_multi. The window handle is stored in msg[3]. These locations are the same for all of the message types being discuss. The rectangle which needs to be redrawn is stored in msg[4] through msg[7]. Now let's examine the sample redraw code in more detail. The redraw loop is bracketed with mouse off and mouse on calls. If you forget to do this, the mouse pointer will be over-written if it is within the window and the next movement of the mouse will leave a rectangular blotch on the screen as a piece of the "old" screen is incorrectly restored. The other necessary step is to set the window update flag. This prevents the menu manager from dropping a menu on top of the screen portion being redrawn. You must release this flag at the end of the redraw, or the you will be unable to use any menus afterwards. The window rectangles are retrieved using a get-first, get-next scheme which will be familiar if you have used the GEM DOS or PC-DOS wildcard file calls. The end of the rectangle list has been reached when both the width and height returned are zero. Since some part of a window might be off-screen (unless you have clamped its position - see below), the retrieved rectangle is intersected with the desktop's area, and then with the screen area for which a redraw was requested. Now you have the particular area of the screen in which it is legal to draw. Unless there is only one window in your application, you will have to test the handle in the redraw request to figure out what to put in the rectangle. Depending on the app, you may be drawing an AES object tree, or executing VDI calls, or some combination of the two. In the AES case, the computed rectangle is used to specify the bounds of the objc_draw. For VDI work, the rectangle is used to set the clipping area before executing the VDI calls. A SMALL CONFESSION At the beginning of this discussion, I deliberately omitted one class of redraws: those initiated by the application itself. In some cases a part of the screen must be redrawn immediately to give feedback to the user following a keystroke, button, or mouse action. In these cases, the application could call do_redraw directly, without waiting for a message. The only time you can bypass do_redraw, and draw without walking the rectangle list, is when you can be sure that the target window is on top, and that the figure being drawn is entirely contained within it. In many cases, however, an application initiated redraw happens because of a computed change, for instance, a spreadsheet update, and its timing is not crucial. In this instance, you may wish to have the app send ITSELF a redraw request. The main advantage of this approach is that the AES is smart enough to see if there is already a redraw request for the same window in the queue, and, if so, to merge the requests by doing a union of their rectangles. In this fashion, the "blinky" appearance of multiple redraws is avoided, without the need to include logic for merging redraws within the program. A utility routine for sending the "self-redraw" is included in the down-load for this article. WINDOW CONTROL REQUESTS An application is notified by the AES, via the message system, when the user manipulates one of the window control points. Remember that you must have specified each control point when the window was created, or will not receive the associated control message. The most important thing to understand about window control is that the change which the user requested does not take place until the application forwards it to the AES. While this makes for a little extra work, it gives the program a chance to intervene and validate or modify the request to suit. A second thing to keep in mind is that not all window updates cause a redraw request to be generated for the window, because the AES attempts to save time with raster moves on the screen. Now let's look at each window control request in detail. The message code for a window move is WM_MOVED. If you are willing to accept any such request, just do: wind_set(wh, WF_CXYWH, msg[4], msg[5], msg[6], msg[7]); (Remember that wh, the window handle, is always in msg[3]). The AES will not request a redraw of the window following this call, unless the window is being moved from a location which is partially "off-screen". Instead, it will do a "blit" (raster copy) of the window and its contents to the new location without intervention by the app. There are two constraints which you may often wish to apply to the user's move request. The first is to force the new location to lie entirely within the desktop, rather than partially off-screen. You can do this with the rc_constrain utility by executing: rc_constrain(&full, &msg[4]); before making the wind_set call. (Full is assumed to contain the desktop dimensions.) The second common constraint is to "snap" the x-dimension location of the new location to a word boundary. This operation will speed up GEM's "blit" because no shifting or masking will need to be done when moving the window. To perform this operation, use align() before the wind_set call: msg[4] = align(msg[4], 16); The message code for a window size request is WM_SIZED. Again, if you are willing to accept any request, you can just "turn it around" with the same wind_set call as given for WM_MOVED. Actually, GEM enforces a couple of constraints on sizing. First, the window may not be sized off screen. Second, there is a minimum window size which is dependent on the window components specified when it was created. This prevents features like scroll arrows from being squeezed into oblivion. The most common application constraint on sizing is to snap the size to horizontal words (as above) and/or vertical character lines. In the latter case, the vertical dimension of the output font is used with align(). Also, be aware that the size message which you receive specifies the EXTERNAL dimensions of the window. To assure an "even" size for the INTERNAL dimensions, you must make a wind_calc call to compute them, use align() on the computed values, back out the corresponding external dimensions with the reverse wind_calc, and then make the wind_set call with this set of values. A window resize will only cause a redraw request for the window if the size is being increased in at least one dimension. This is satisfactory for most applications, but if you must "reshuffle" the window after a size-down, you should send yourself a redraw (as described above) after you make the wind_set call. This will guarantee that the display is updated correctly. Also note that the sizing or movement of one window may cause redraw requests to be generated for other windows which are uncovered by the change. The window full request, with code WM_FULLED, is actually a toggle. If the window is already at its full size (as specified in the wind_create), then this is a request to shrink to its previous size. If the window is currently small, then the request is to grow to full size. Since the AES records the current, previous, and maximum window size, you can use wind_get calls to determine which situation pertains. The hndl_full utility in the down-load (modified from Doodle), shows how to do this. The "zoom box" effects when changing size are optional, and can be removed to speed things up. Again, if the window's size is decreasing, no redraw is generated, so you must send yourself one if necessary. You should not have to perform any constraint or "snap" operations here, since (presumably) the full and previous sizes have had these checks applied to them already. The WM_CLOSED message is received when the close box is clicked. What action you perform depends on the application. If you want to remove the window, use wind_close as described in the last column. In many applications, however, the close message may indicate that a file is to be saved, or a directory or editing level is to be closed. In these cases, the message is used to trigger this action before or instead of the wind_close. (Folders on the Desktop are an example of this situation.) The WM_TOPPED message indicates that the AES wants to bring the indicated window to the "top" and make it active. This happens if the user clicks within a window which is not on top, or if the currently topped window is closed by its application or desk accessory. Normally, the application should respond to this message with: wind_set(wh, WF_TOP, 0, 0); and allow the process to complete. In a few instances, a window may be used in an output only mode, such as a status display, with at least one other window present for input. In this case, a WM_TOPPED message for the status window may be ignored. In all other cases, you must handle the WM_TOPPED message even if your application has only one window: Invocation of a desk accessory could always place another window on top. If you fail to do so, subsequent redraws for your window may not be processed correctly. WINDOW SLIDER MESSAGES If you specify all of the slider bar parts for your window, you may receive up to five different message types for each of the two sets of sliders. To simplify things a little, I will discuss everything in terms of the vertical (right hand side) sliders. If you are also using the horizontal sliders, the same techniques will work, just use the alternate mnemonics. The WM_VSLID message indicates that the user has dragged the slider bar within its box, indicating a new relative position within the document. Along with the window handle, this message includes the relative position between 1 and 1000 in msg[4]. Recall from last column's discussion that this interval corresponds to the "freedom of movement" of the slider. If you want to accept the user's request, just make the call: wind_set(wh, WF_VSLIDE, msg[4], 0, 0, 0); (Corresponding horizontal mnemonics are WM_HSLID and WF_HSLIDE). Note that this wind_set call will not cause a redraw message to be sent. You must update the display to reflect the new scrolled position, either by executing a redraw directly, or by sending yourself a message. If the document within the window has some structure, you may not wish to accept all slider positions. Instead you may want to force the scroll position to the nearest text line (for instance). Using terms defined in the last column, you may convert the slider position to "document units" with: top_wind = msg[4] * (total_doc - seen_doc) / 1000 + top_doc (This will probably require 32-bit arithmetic). After rounding off or otherwise modifying the request, convert it back to slider units and make the WF_VSLIDE request. The other four slider requests all share one message code: WM_ARROWED. They are distinguished by sub-codes stored in msg[4]: WA_UPPAGE, WA_DNPAGE, WA_UPLINE, and WA_DNLINE. These are produced by clicking above and below the slider, and on the up and down arrows, respectively. (I have no idea why sub-codes were used in this one instance.) The corresponding horizontal slider codes are: WA_LFPAGE, WA_RTPAGE, WA_LFLINE, and WA_RTLINE. What interpretation you give to these requests will depend on the application. In the most common instance, text documents, the customary method is to change the top of window position (top_wind) by one line for a WA_UPLINE or WA_DNLINE, and by seen_doc (the number of lines in the window) for a WA_UPPAGE or WA_DNPAGE. After making the change, compute a new slider position, and make the wind_set call as given above. If the document's length is not an even multiple of "lines" or "pages" you will have to be careful that incrementing or decrementing top_wind does not exceed its range of freedom: top_doc to (top_doc + total_doc - seen_doc). If you have such an odd size document, you will also have to make a decision on whether to violate the line positioning rule so that the slider may be put at its bottom-most position, or to follow the rule but make it impossible to get the slider to the extreme of its range. A COMMON BUG It is easy to forget that user clicks are not the only things that affect slider position. If the window size changes as a result of a WM_SIZED or WM_FULLED message, the app must also update its sliders (if they are present). This is a good reason to keep the top of window information in "document units". You can just redo the position calculation with the new "seen_doc" value, and call wind_set. Also remember that changing the size of the underlying document (adding or deleting a bottom line, for instance) must also cause the sliders to be adjusted. DEPT. OF DIRTY TRICKS There are two remaining window calls which are useful to advanced programmers. They require techniques which I have not yet discussed, so you may need to file them for future reference. The AES maintains a quarter-screen sized buffer which is used to save the area under alerts and menu drop-downs. It is occasionally useful for the application to gain access to this buffer for its own use in saving screen areas with raster copies. To do so, use: wind_get(0, WF_SCREEN, &loaddr, &hiaddr, &lolen, &hilen); Hiaddr and loaddr are the top and bottom 16-bits (respectively) of the 32-bit address of the buffer. Hilen and lolen are the two halves of its length. Due to a preculiarity of the binding you have to reassemble these pieces before using them. (The actual value of WF_SCREEN is 17; this does not appear in some versions of the GEMDEFS.H file.) If you use this buffer, you MUST prevent menus from dropping down by using either the BEG_UPDATE or BEG_MCTRL wind_update calls. Failure to do so will result in your data being destroyed. Remember to use the matching wind_update: END_UPDATE or END_MCTRL, when you are done. The other useful call enables you to replace the system's desktop definition with a resource of your choosing. The call: wind_set(0, WF_NEWDESK, tree, 0, 0); where tree is the 32-bit address of the object tree, will cause the AES to draw your definition instead of the usual gray or green background. Not only that, it will continue to redraw this tree with no intervention on your part. Obviously, the new definition must be carefully built to fit the desktop area exactly or garbage will be left around the edges. For the truly sophisticated, a user-defined object could be used in this tree, with the result that your application's code would be entered from the AES whenever the desktop was redrawn. This would allow you to put VDI pictures or complex images onto the desktop background. A SIN OF OMISSION In the last column, I neglected to mention that strings whose addresses are passed in the WF_NAME and WF_INFO wind_set calls must be allocated in a static data area. Since the AES remembers the addresses (not the characters), a disaster may result if the storage has been reused when the window manager next attempts to draw the window title area. COMING SOON... This concludes our tour of GEM's basic window management techniques. There have been some unavoidable glimpses of paths not yet taken (forward references), but we will return in time. On our next excursion, we will take a look at techniques for handling simple dialog boxes, and start exploring the mysteries of resources and object trees.