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This is a copy of one chapter from the Info file gcc.info*. For full information on installing and porting GCC, refer to the GCC manual: Info file gcc.info TeX output gcc.dvi TeX source gcc.texinfo Installing GNU CC ***************** Here is the procedure for installing GNU CC on a Unix system. 1. If you have built GNU CC previously in the same directory for a different target machine, do `make cleanconfig' to delete all files that might be invalid. 2. On a Sequent system, go to the Berkeley universe. 3. On a System V release 4 system, make sure `/usr/bin' precedes `/usr/ucb' in `PATH'. The `cc' command in `/usr/ucb' uses libraries which have bugs. 4. Specify the host and target machine configurations. You do this by running the file `configure' with appropriate arguments. If you are building a compiler to produce code for the machine it runs on, specify just one machine type. To build a cross-compiler, specify two configurations, one for the "host machine" (which the compiler runs on), and one for the "target machine" (which the compiler produces code for). The command looks like this: configure --host=sun3-sunos3 --target=sparc-sun-sunos4.1 A configuration name may be canonical or it may be more or less abbreviated. A canonical configuration name has three parts, separated by dashes. It looks like this: `CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM'. (The three parts may themselves contain dashes; `configure' can figure out which dashes serve which purpose.) For example, `m68k-sun-sunos4.1' specifies a Sun 3. You can also replace parts of the configuration by nicknames or aliases. For example, `sun3' stands for `m68k-sun', so `sun3-sunos4.1' is another way to specify a Sun 3. You can also use simply `sun3-sunos', since the version of Sunos is assumed by default to be version 4. `sun3-bsd' also works, since `configure' knows that the only BSD variant on a Sun 3 is Sunos. You can specify a version number after any of the system types, and some of the CPU types. In most cases, the version is irrelevant, and will be ignored. So you might as well specify the version if you know it. Here are the possible CPU types: a29k, arm, cN, hppa, i386, i860, m68000, m68k, m88k, mips, ns32k, romp, rs6000, sparc, vax. Note that the type hppa currently works only with Berkeley systems, not with HP/UX. Here are the recognized company names. As you can see, customary abbreviations are used rather than the longer official names. alliant, altos, apollo, att, convergent, convex, crds, dec, dg, encore, harris, hp, ibm, mips, motorola, ncr, next, ns, omron, sequent, sgi, sony, sun, tti, unicom. The company name is meaningful only to disambiguate when the rest of the information supplied is insufficient. You can omit it, writing just `CPU-SYSTEM', if it is not needed. For example, `vax-ultrix4.2' is equivalent to `vax-dec-ultrix4.2'. Here is a list of system types: bsd, sysv, mach, minix, genix, ultrix, vms, sco, esix, isc, aix, sunos, hpux, unos, luna, dgux, newsos, osfrose, osf, dynix, aos, ctix. You can omit the system type; then `configure' guesses the operating system from the CPU and company. Often a particular model of machine has a name. Many of these names are recognized as an alias for a CPU/company combination. The alias `sun3', mentioned above, is an example of this: it stands for `m68k-sun'. Sometimes we accept a company name as a machine name, when the name is popularly used for a particular machine. Here is a table of the known machine names: 3300, 3b1, 7300, altos3068, altos, apollo68, att-7300, balance, convex-cN, crds, decstation-3100, decstation-dec, decstation, delta, encore, gmicro, hp7NN, hp8NN, hp9k2NN, hp9k3NN, hp9k7NN, hp9k8NN, iris4d, iris, isi68, m3230, magnum, merlin, miniframe, mmax, news-3600, news800, news, next, pbd, pc532, pmax, ps2, risc-news, rtpc, sun2, sun386i, sun386, sun3, sun4, symmetry, tower-32, tower. If you specify an impossible combination such as `i860-dg-vms', then you may get an error message from `configure', or it may ignore part of the information and do the best it can with the rest. `configure' always prints the canonical name for the alternative that it used. On certain systems, you must specify whether you want GNU CC to work with the usual compilation tools or with the GNU compilation tools (including GAS). Use the `--gas' argument when you run `configure', if you want to use the GNU tools. The systems were this makes a difference are `i386-ANYTHING-sysv', `i860-ANYTHING-bsd', `m68k-hp-hpux', `m68k-sony-bsd', `m68k-altos-sysv', `m68000-hp-hpux', and `m68000-att-sysv'. On any other system, `--gas' has no effect. On certain systems, you must specify whether the machine has a floating point unit. These systems are `m68k-sun-sunosN' and `m68k-isi-bsd'. On any other system, `--nfp' currently has no effect, though perhaps there are other systems where it could usefully make a difference. If you want to install your own homemade configuration files, you can use `local' as the company name to access them. If you use configuration `CPU-local', the entire configuration name is used to form the configuration file names. Thus, if you specify `m68k-local', then the files used are `m68k-local.md', `m68k-local.h', `m68k-local.c', `xm-m68k-local.h', `t-m68k-local', and `x-m68k-local'. Here is a list of configurations that have special treatment: `m68000-att' AT&T 3b1, a.k.a. 7300 PC. Special procedures are needed to compile GNU CC with this machine's standard C compiler, due to bugs in that compiler. *Note 3b1 Install::. You can bootstrap it more easily with previous versions of GNU CC if you have them. `m68000-hp-bsd' HP 9000 series 200 running BSD. Note that the C compiler that comes with this system cannot compile GNU CC; contact `law@super.org' to get binaries of GNU CC for bootstrapping. `m68k-altos' Altos 3068. You must use the GNU assembler, linker and debugger, with COFF-encapsulation. Also, you must fix a kernel bug. Details in the file `ALTOS-README'. `m68k-hp-hpux' HP 9000 series 200 or 300 running HPUX. GNU CC does not support the special symbol table used by HP's debugger, but you can debug programs with GDB if you specify `--gas' to use the GNU tools instead. In order to use the GNU tools, you must install a library conversion program called `hpxt'. `m68k-sun' Sun 3. We do not provide a configuration file to use the Sun FPA by default, because programs that establish signal handlers for floating point traps inherently cannot work with the FPA. `m88k-dgux' Motorola m88k running DG/UX. To build native or cross compilers on DG/UX, you must first change to the 88open BCS software development environment. This is done by issuing this command: eval `sde-target m88kbcs` `ns32k-encore' Encore ns32000 system. Encore systems are supported only under BSD. `ns32k-*-genix' National Semiconductor ns32000 system. Genix has bugs in `alloca' and `malloc'; you must get the compiled versions of these from GNU Emacs. `ns32k-utek' UTEK ns32000 system ("merlin"). The C compiler that comes with this system cannot compile GNU CC; contact `tektronix!reed!mason' to get binaries of GNU CC for bootstrapping. `rs6000-ibm' IBM PowerStation/6000 machines. Due to the nonstandard debugging information required for this machine, `-g' is not available in this configuration. `vax-dec-ultrix' Don't try compiling with Vax C (`vcc'). It produces incorrect code in some cases (for example, when `alloca' is used). Meanwhile, compiling `cp-parse.c' with pcc does not work because of an internal table size limitation in that compiler. To avoid this problem, compile just the GNU C compiler first, and use it to recompile building all the languages that you want to run. Here we spell out what files will be set up by `configure'. Normally you need not be concerned with these files. * A symbolic link named `config.h' is made to the top-level config file for the machine you will run the compiler on (*note Config::.). This file is responsible for defining information about the host machine. It includes `tm.h'. The top-level config file is located in the subdirectory `config'. Its name is always `xm-SOMETHING.h'; usually `xm-MACHINE.h', but there are some exceptions. If your system does not support symbolic links, you might want to set up `config.h' to contain a `#include' command which refers to the appropriate file. * A symbolic link named `tconfig.h' is made to the top-level config file for your target machine. This is used for compiling certain programs to run on that machine. * A symbolic link named `tm.h' is made to the machine-description macro file for your target machine. It should be in the subdirectory `config' and its name is often `MACHINE.h'. * A symbolic link named `md' will be made to the machine description pattern file. It should be in the `config' subdirectory and its name should be `MACHINE.md'; but MACHINE is often not the same as the name used in the `tm.h' file because the `md' files are more general. * A symbolic link named `aux-output.c' will be made to the output subroutine file for your machine. It should be in the `config' subdirectory and its name should be `MACHINE.c'. * The command file `configure' also constructs `Makefile' by adding some text to the template file `Makefile.in'. The additional text comes from files in the `config' directory, named `t-TARGET' and `h-HOST'. If these files do not exist, it means nothing needs to be added for a given target or host. 5. Make sure the Bison parser generator is installed. (This is unnecessary if the Bison output files `c-parse.c' and `cexp.c' are more recent than `c-parse.y' and `cexp.y' and you do not plan to change the `.y' files.) Bison versions older than Sept 8, 1988 will produce incorrect output for `c-parse.c'. 6. Build the compiler. Just type `make LANGUAGES=c' in the compiler directory. `LANGUAGES=c' specifies that only the C compiler should be compiled. The makefile normally builds compilers for all the supported languages; currently, C, C++ and Objective C. However, C is the only language that is sure to work when you build with other non-GNU C compilers. In addition, building anything but C at this stage is a waste of time. In general, you can specify the languages to build by typing the argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"', where LIST is one or more words from the list `c', `c++', and `objective-c'. Ignore any warnings you may see about "statement not reached" in `insn-emit.c'; they are normal. Any other compilation errors may represent bugs in the port to your machine or operating system, and should be investigated and reported (*note Bugs::.). Some commercial compilers fail to compile GNU CC because they have bugs or limitations. For example, the Microsoft compiler is said to run out of macro space. Some Ultrix compilers run out of expression space; then you need to break up the statement where the problem happens. 7. If you are using COFF-encapsulation, you must convert `libgcc.a' to a GNU-format library at this point. See the file `README-ENCAP' in the directory containing the GNU binary file utilities, for directions. 8. Move the first-stage object files and executables into a subdirectory with this command: make stage1 The files are moved into a subdirectory named `stage1'. Once installation is complete, you may wish to delete these files with `rm -r stage1'. 9. Recompile the compiler with itself, with this command: make CC=stage1/gcc CFLAGS="-g -O -Bstage1/" This is called making the stage 2 compiler. The command shown above builds compilers for all the supported languages. If you don't want them all, you can specify the languages to build by typing the argument `LANGUAGES="LIST"'. LIST should contain one or more words from the list `c', `c++', and `objective-c', separated by spaces. On a 68000 or 68020 system lacking floating point hardware, unless you have selected a `tm.h' file that expects by default that there is no such hardware, do this instead: make CC=stage1/gcc CFLAGS="-g -O -Bstage1/ -msoft-float" 10. If you wish to test the compiler by compiling it with itself one more time, do this: make stage2 make CC=stage2/gcc CFLAGS="-g -O -Bstage2/" This is called making the stage 3 compiler. Aside from the `-B' option, the options should be the same as when you made the stage 2 compiler. Then compare the latest object files with the stage 2 object files--they ought to be identical, unless they contain time stamps. On systems where object files do not contain time stamps, you can do this (in Bourne shell): for file in *.o; do cmp $file stage2/$file done This will mention any object files that differ between stage 2 and stage 3. Any difference, no matter how innocuous, indicates that the stage 2 compiler has compiled GNU CC incorrectly, and is therefore a potentially serious bug which you should investigate and report (*note Bugs::.). On systems that use COFF object files, bytes 5 to 8 will always be different, since it is a timestamp. On these systems, you can do the comparison as follows (in Bourne shell): for file in *.o; do tail +10c $file > foo1 tail +10c stage2/$file > foo2 cmp foo1 foo2 || echo $file done On MIPS machines, you need to use the shell script `ecoff-cmp' to compare two object files if you have built the compiler with the `-mno-mips-tfile' option. Thus, do this: for file in *.o; do ecoff-cmp $file stage2/$file done 11. Install the compiler driver, the compiler's passes and run-time support. You can use the following command: make CC=stage2/gcc install (Use the same value for `CC' that you used when compiling the files that are being installed.) This copies the files `cc1', `cpp' and `libgcc.a' to files `cc1', `cpp' and `libgcc.a' in directory `/usr/local/lib/gcc/TARGET/VERSION', which is where the compiler driver program looks for them. Here TARGET is the target machine type specified when you ran `configure', and VERSION is the version number of GNU CC. This naming scheme permits various versions and/or cross-compilers to coexist. It also copies the driver program `gcc' into the directory `/usr/local/bin', so that it appears in typical execution search paths. *Warning: there is a bug in `alloca' in the Sun library. To avoid this bug, install the binaries of GNU CC that were compiled by GNU CC. They use `alloca' as a built-in function and never the one in the library.* 12. If you will be using C++ or Objective C, and your operating system does not handle constructors, then you must build and install the program `collect2'. Do this with the following command: make CC="stage2/gcc -O" install-collect2 The systems that *do* handle constructors on their own include system V release 4, and system V release 3 on the Intel 386. Berkeley systems that use the "a.out" object file format handle constructors without `collect2' if you use the GNU linker. But if you don't use the GNU linker, then you need `collect2' on these systems. 13. Build and install `protoize' if you want it. Type make CC="stage2/gcc -O" install-proto There is as yet no documentation for `protoize'. Sorry. 14. Correct errors in the header files on your machine. Various system header files often contain constructs which are incompatible with ANSI C, and they will not work when you compile programs with GNU CC. This behavior consists of substituting for macro argument names when they appear inside of character constants. The most common offender is `ioctl.h'. You can overcome this problem when you compile by specifying the `-traditional' option. Alternatively, on Sun systems and 4.3BSD at least, you can correct the include files by running the shell script `fixincludes'. This installs modified, corrected copies of the files `ioctl.h', `ttychars.h' and many others, in a special directory where only GNU CC will normally look for them. This script will work on various systems because it chooses the files by searching all the system headers for the problem cases that we know about. Use the following command to do this: make install-fixincludes If you selected a different directory for GNU CC installation when you installed it, by specifying the Make variable `prefix' or `libdir', specify it the same way in this command. Note that some systems are starting to come with ANSI C system header files. On these systems, don't run `fixincludes'; it may not work, and is certainly not necessary. If you cannot install the compiler's passes and run-time support in `/usr/local/lib', you can alternatively use the `-B' option to specify a prefix by which they may be found. The compiler concatenates the prefix with the names `cpp', `cc1' and `libgcc.a'. Thus, you can put the files in a directory `/usr/foo/gcc' and specify `-B/usr/foo/gcc/' when you run GNU CC. Also, you can specify an alternative default directory for these files by setting the Make variable `libdir' when you make GNU CC. Compilation in a Separate Directory =================================== If you wish to build the object files and executables in a directory other than the one containing the source files, here is what you must do differently: 1. Make sure you have a version of Make that supports the `VPATH' feature. (GNU Make supports it, as do Make versions on most BSD systems.) 2. Go to that directory before running `configure': mkdir gcc-sun3 cd gcc-sun3 On systems that do not support symbolic links, this directory must be on the same file system as the source code directory. 3. Specify where to find `configure' when you run it: ../gcc-2.00/configure ... This also tells `configure' where to find the compiler sources; `configure' takes the directory from the file name that was used to invoke it. But if you want to be sure, you can specify the source directory with the `--srcdir' option, like this: ../gcc-2.00/configure --srcdir=../gcc-2.00 sun3 The directory you specify with `--srcdir' need not be the same as the one that `configure' is found in. Now, you can run `make' in that directory. You need not repeat the configuration steps shown above, when ordinary source files change. You must, however, run `configure' again when the configuration files change, if your system does not support symbolic links. Installing GNU CC on the Sun ============================ Make sure the environment variable `FLOAT_OPTION' is not set when you compile `libgcc.a'. If this option were set to `f68881' when `libgcc.a' is compiled, the resulting code would demand to be linked with a special startup file and would not link properly without special pains. There is a bug in `alloca' in certain versions of the Sun library. To avoid this bug, install the binaries of GNU CC that were compiled by GNU CC. They use `alloca' as a built-in function and never the one in the library. Some versions of the Sun compiler crash when compiling GNU CC. The problem is a segmentation fault in cpp. This problem seems to be due to the bulk of data in the environment variables. You may be able to avoid it by using the following command to compile GNU CC with Sun CC: make CC="TERMCAP=x OBJS=x LIBFUNCS=x STAGESTUFF=x cc" Installing GNU CC on the 3b1 ============================ Installing GNU CC on the 3b1 is difficult if you do not already have GNU CC running, due to bugs in the installed C compiler. However, the following procedure might work. We are unable to test it. 1. Comment out the `#include "config.h"' line on line 37 of `cccp.c' and do `make cpp'. This makes a preliminary version of GNU cpp. 2. Save the old `/lib/cpp' and copy the preliminary GNU cpp to that file name. 3. Undo your change in `cccp.c', or reinstall the original version, and do `make cpp' again. 4. Copy this final version of GNU cpp into `/lib/cpp'. 5. Replace every occurrence of `obstack_free' in the file `tree.c' with `_obstack_free'. 6. Run `make' to get the first-stage GNU CC. 7. Reinstall the original version of `/lib/cpp'. 8. Now you can compile GNU CC with itself and install it in the normal fashion. Installing GNU CC on SCO System V 3.2 ===================================== The compiler that comes with this system does not work properly with `-O'. Therefore, you should redefine the Make variable `CCLIBFLAGS' not to use `-O'. In addition, the compiler produces incorrect output when compiling parts of GNU CC; the resulting executable `cc1' does not work properly when it is used with `-O'. Therefore, what you must do after building the first stage is use GNU CC to compile itself without optimization. Here is how: make -k cc1 CC="./gcc -B./" You can think of this as "stage 1.1" of the installation process. However, using this command has the effect of discarding the faulty stage 1 executable for `cc1' and replacing it with stage 1.1. You can then proceed with `make stage1' and the rest of installation. On Xenix, the same thing is necessary; in addition, you may have to remove `-g' from the options used with `cc', and you may have to simplify complicated statements in the sources of GNU CC to get them to compile. Installing GNU CC on Unos ========================= Use `configure unos' for building on Unos. The Unos assembler is named `casm' instead of `as'. For some strange reason linking `/bin/as' to `/bin/casm' changes the behavior, and does not work. So, when installing GNU CC, you should install the following script as `as' in the subdirectory where the passes of GCC are installed: #!/bin/sh casm $* The default Unos library is named `libunos.a' instead of `libc.a'. To allow GNU CC to function, either change all references to `-lc' in `gcc.c' to `-lunos' or link `/lib/libc.a' to `/lib/libunos.a'. When compiling GNU CC with the standard compiler, to overcome bugs in the support of `alloca', do not use `-O' when making stage 2. Then use the stage 2 compiler with `-O' to make the stage 3 compiler. This compiler will have the same characteristics as the usual stage 2 compiler on other systems. Use it to make a stage 4 compiler and compare that with stage 3 to verify proper compilation. Unos uses memory segmentation instead of demand paging, so you will need a lot of memory. 5 Mb is barely enough if no other tasks are running. If linking `cc1' fails, try putting the object files into a library and linking from that library. Installing GNU CC on VMS ======================== The VMS version of GNU CC is distributed in a backup saveset containing both source code and precompiled binaries. To install the `gcc' command so you can use the compiler easily, in the same manner as you use the VMS C compiler, you must install the VMS CLD file for GNU CC as follows: 1. Define the VMS logical names `GNU_CC' and `GNU_CC_INCLUDE' to point to the directories where the GNU CC executables (`gcc-cpp', `gcc-cc1', etc.) and the C include files are kept. This should be done with the commands: $ assign /super /system disk:[gcc.] gnu_cc $ assign /super /system disk:[gcc.include.] gnu_cc_include with the appropriate disk and directory names. These commands can be placed in your system startup file so they will be executed whenever the machine is rebooted. You may, if you choose, do this via the `GCC_INSTALL.COM' script in the `[GCC]' directory. 2. Install the `GCC' command with the command line: $ set command /table=sys$library:dcltables gnu_cc:[000000]gcc 3. To install the help file, do the following: $ lib/help sys$library:helplib.hlb gcc.hlp Now you can invoke the compiler with a command like `gcc /verbose file.c', which is equivalent to the command `gcc -v -c file.c' in Unix. If you wish to use GNU C++ you must first install GNU CC, and then perform the following steps: 1. Define the VMS logical name `GNU_GXX_INCLUDE' to point to the directory where the preprocessor will search for the C++ header files. This can be done with the command: $ assign /super /system disk:[gcc.gxx_include.] gnu_gxx_include with the appropriate disk and directory name. If you are going to be using libg++, you should place the libg++ header files in the directory that this logical name points to. 2. Obtain the file `gcc-cc1plus.exe', and place this in the same directory that `gcc-cc1.exe' is kept. 3. You will need several library functions which are used to call the constructors and destructors for global objects. These functions are part of the libg++ distribution, and you will automatically get them if you install libg++. If you are not planning to install libg++, you will need to obtain the files `gxx-startup-1.mar' and `gstart.cc' from the libg++ distribution, compile them, and supply them to the linker whenever you link a C++ program. The GNU C++ compiler can be invoked with a command like `gcc /plus /verbose file.cc', which is equivalent to the command `g++ -v -c file.cc' in Unix. We try to put corresponding binaries and sources on the VMS distribution tape. But sometimes the binaries will be from an older version that the sources, because we don't always have time to update them. (Use the `/version' option to determine the version number of the binaries and compare it with the source file `version.c' to tell whether this is so.) In this case, you should use the binaries you get to recompile the sources. If you must recompile, here is how: 1. Copy the file `vms.h' to `tm.h', `xm-vms.h' to `config.h', `vax.md' to `md.' and `vax.c' to `aux-output.c'. The files to be copied are found in the subdirectory named `config'; they should be copied to the main directory of GNU CC. If you wish, you may use the command file `config-gcc.com' to perform these steps for you. 2. Setup the logical names and command tables as defined above. In addition, define the VMS logical name `GNU_BISON' to point at the to the directories where the Bison executable is kept. This should be done with the command: $ assign /super /system disk:[bison.] gnu_bison You may, if you choose, use the `INSTALL_BISON.COM' script in the `[BISON]' directory. 3. Install the `BISON' command with the command line: $ set command /table=sys$library:dcltables gnu_bison:[000000]bison 4. Type `@make-gcc' to recompile everything (alternatively, you may submit the file `make-gcc.com' to a batch queue). If you wish to build the GNU C++ compiler as well as the GNU CC compiler, you must first edit `make-gcc.com' and follow the instructions that appear in the comments. *If you are building GNU CC with a previous version of GNU CC, you also should check to see that you have the newest version of the assembler*. In particular, GNU CC version 2 treats global constant variables slightly differently from GNU CC version 1, and GAS version 1.38.1 does not have the patches required to work with GCC version 2. If you use GAS 1.38.1, then `extern const' variables will not have the read-only bit set, and the linker will generate warning messages about mismatched psect attributes for these variables. These warning messages are merely a nuisance, and can safely be ignored. If you are compiling with a version of GNU CC older than 1.33, specify `/DEFINE=("inline=")' as an option in all the compilations. This requires editing all the `gcc' commands in `make-cc1.com'. (The older versions had problems supporting `inline'.) Once you have a working 1.33 or newer GNU CC, you can change this file back. Under previous versions of GNU CC, the generated code would occasionally give strange results when linked to the sharable `VAXCRTL' library. Now this should work. Even with this version, however, GNU CC itself should not be linked to the sharable `VAXCRTL'. The `qsort' routine supplied with `VAXCRTL' has a bug which can cause a compiler crash. Similarly, the preprocessor should not be linked to the sharable `VAXCRTL'. The `strncat' routine supplied with `VAXCRTL' has a bug which can cause the preprocessor to go into an infinite loop. If you attempt to link to the sharable `VAXCRTL', the VMS linker will strongly resist any effort to force it to use the `qsort' and `strncat' routines from `gcclib'. Until the bugs in `VAXCRTL' have been fixed, linking any of the compiler components to the sharable VAXCRTL is not recommended. (These routines can be bypassed by placing duplicate copies of `qsort' and `strncat' in `gcclib' under different names, and patching the compiler sources to use these routines). Both of the bugs in `VAXCRTL' are still present in VMS version 5.4-1, which is the most recent version as of this writing. The executables that are generated by `make-cc1.com' and `make-cccp.com' use the nonshared version of `VAXCRTL' (and thus use the `qsort' and `strncat' routines from `gcclib.olb').