Introduction to Guitar

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Tunes User's Manual Version 3.00 Copyright 1989, 1993 All Rights Reserved Jeffrey R. Dmochowski P.O. Box 7405 Endicott, NY 13760 GETTING STARTED 1 Tunes 1 An Interesting Bit of Tunes History 1 What's the Catch? 1 Bonus Products 2 Tunes Technical Support 3 Installing Tunes 3 A QUICK TOUR 3 Overview 3 Starting Tunes 3 The Tunes Screen 3 Menu Bar 4 Using Pull Down Menus 4 Menu Items 4 The Computerized Fretboard 5 The Computerized Keyboard 6 Scales 6 Degrees 6 Working with Scales 7 Chords 8 Chord Inversions 8 Working with Chords 9 Editing 11 Playing Songs 14 Tracks 15 Saving Songs 16 Obtaining More Songs 16 USING MIDI 17 Overview 17 Playing Songs 17 Recording Songs 18 Using Overdub 19 ADVANCED FEATURES 19 Stepping Through Songs 20 Using Automatic and Manual Rewind 21 Alternate Tuning 22 Automatic Inversion 23 CUSTOMIZING TUNES 23 Menus 24 Windows 25 Functions 25 Options 26 MENU REFERENCE 27 Files Menu 27 Load Option 27 Save Option 27 Rename Option 27 Delete Option 27 Clear Option 27 Quit Option 27 Guitar Menu 28 Scale Option 28 Tunes User's Manual ii Chord Option 28 Notation Option 28 Tuning Option 28 Title Option 28 View Option 29 Guitar Option 29 Range Finder Option 29 Fret Numbers Option 29 Edit Option 30 Print Option 30 Keyboard Menu 30 Scale Option 30 Chord Option 30 Notation Option 30 Octave Option 31 Title Option 31 Auto Inversion 31 Range Finder Option 31 Key Labels Option 32 Edit Option 32 Print Option 32 Tracks Menu 32 Active Option 32 Rename Option 32 Play Menu 32 Real Time Option 32 Step Time Option 33 Audio Option 33 Rewind Option 33 Tempo Option 33 Time Signature Option 34 Time Resolution Option 34 Metronome Option 34 Destination Option 34 Record Menu 35 Record Option 35 Overdub Option 35 Lead In Option 35 Metronome Option 35 TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE 36 APPENDIX A - Key Combinations 36 APPENDIX B - Foreground Colors 37 APPENDIX C - Background Colors 38 Tunes User's Manual iii 1. GETTING STARTED Tunes Thank you for downloading Tunes! Tunes opens up an entirely new dimension to computer music and MIDI enthusiasts. Tunes enhances traditional guitar and keyboard music theory with an entertaining new audio/visual approach on your IBM PC or PS/2. Imagine having every note of a difficult guitar riff or rhythm playing before your eyes using Tunes' on-screen guitar! Or how about just stepping slowly through a classical piano piece one note at a time, forward and backward, for a more in-depth study. These are just a few of the incredible new features found in Tunes version 3.0! With an optional Roland MPU-401 interface, you can create your own compositions using the software's built-in 64 track sequencer. Since the program supports standard MIDI files, you can share songs with other programs that support this popular standard. Tunes can also display and print any one of hundreds of different chord and scale charts with just a click of the mouse. You can even build your own reference charts using the program's edit function. Tunes' intuitive user interface coupled with context sensitive help screens make it an incredibly easy program to use! An Interesting Bit of Tunes History Over the past five years, I have enjoyed developing and enhancing Tunes in my spare time into the program you have now. While I have considered marketing Tunes commercially, I believe that the costs involved add so much to the price of the software while adding little value for you, the end user. So I've decided to distribute Tunes as shareware! What's the Catch? There is none! I've provided the complete Tunes software package including user's manual for you to enjoy. If you find Tunes to be of use to you, then I encourage you to support its continued shareware Tunes User's Manual 1 development by sending your completed registration form along with a registration fee of $15. Registered users receive technical support and choice of one of the following bonus products, FREE! Bonus Products Rock and Blues Guitar. The Rock and Blues Guitar Course is an educational, multi-media approach to guitar instruction designed to work with Tunes software. Each lesson provides textual instruction, an on-screen fretboard picture which illustrates the details of the exercise such as finger positions and an interactive example that Tunes plays on your on-screen guitar and your MIDI instrument (or computer speaker) just like a music teacher! This three sided approach provides a comprehensive and fun way for the musician to advance at his or her own pace. While the course is tailored to rock and blues guitar styles, many of the general concepts will apply to other guitar styles as well as the piano or keyboards. Midi Explorer. This bonus product is a useful utility for the electronic musician or MIDI enthusiast! Have you ever wondered just exactly what's inside your favorite standard MIDI files or needed to make major modifications quickly and easily? If so, Midi Explorer is your answer. The program can convert all the MIDI values and events in any standard MIDI file into an easily understood text (ASCII) format which can be viewed or modified using your favorite text editor. After the file has been modified, Midi Explorer can convert it back into a standard MIDI file! You can even integrate your favorite editor with Midi Explorer so that you never have to exit the program in order to edit a text file. Tunes Latest Version. Make sure you're using the latest, feature-packed version of Tunes! Due to the costs involved in uploading new versions of Tunes to the many on-line services and computer BBS's across the country, the most recent version of Tunes tends to outpace the versions available for downloading electronically. Choose this bonus product to receive the most up-to-date version of Tunes that's available! Tunes User's Manual 2 Tunes Technical Support I enjoy keeping in touch with registered users of Tunes and receiving your feedback on the program! Please use the evaluation form, EVALUATE.PRT, to send me your comments, ideas, opinions and problem reports. If you're experiencing problems, try to include as much detail as possible including type of computer, monitor, printer, whether you're running under DOS, Windows or OS/2 etc. You can also reach me via e-mail at tunes30@aol.com on the America On Line system. Installing Tunes Tunes includes an installation program which will install Tunes to your fixed disk and customize TUNES.PRO to match your computer system. Use the following procedure to install Tunes from diskette: 1. Insert the Tunes diskette in drive A. 2. Type A:INSTALL A: C:\TUNES If you have not used INSTALL to copy the Tunes files to your fixed disk, make sure you are using the correct TUNES.PRO. For computers with color monitors, copy COLOR.PRO to TUNES.PRO. For computers with monochrome monitors, copy MONO.PRO to TUNES.PRO. 2. A QUICK TOUR Overview This section provides a quick tour of many of Tunes' basic features from displaying and editing scales and chords to playing multi-track songs using your on- screen guitar and keyboard. Starting Tunes 1. Type cd \tunes If you installed Tunes into a different directory, use that 2. Type tunes directory name instead. The Tunes Screen When you start Tunes, your screen should look like this: Tunes User's Manual 3 +-----------------------------------------------+ | +-------------------------------------------+ | | | Menu Bar | | | | Message Line Current Song | | | +-----------------+--------+----------------+ | | +-----------------| Pull |----------------+ | | | | Down | | | | | | Menu | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+ | | | | | | | +------------- Fretboard Window ------------+ | | +-------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------- Keyboard Window -------------+ | |+++++++++ Titlebar and Function Keys ++++++++++| +-----------------------------------------------+ Menu Bar The Tunes screen is divided into three windows. The Status window, the Fretboard window and the Keyboard window. The Status window at the top of the screen contains the menu bar, which displays the names of all pull-down menus. The Status window also contains a message line for displaying messages to the user as well as the current song indicator which shows the name of the song which is loaded into memory. Using Pull Down Menus To display a pull-down menu, highlight the desired menu using the mouse then click the left mouse button (or if you don't have a mouse, press the Left Arrow and Right Arrow key, then press Enter). You could also have typed the menu's speed key which corresponds to the capitalized letter in the pull-down menu name. Menu Items To choose a menu item, use the mouse to highlight it, then click the left mouse button (press the Up Arrow and Down Arrow key, then press Enter). A menu option may also be selected by typing the first letter of the option name. If the first letter is not unique, the first unique combination of letters in the option must be typed. For example, in the case of a menu with both Tunes User's Manual 4 a Refresh and Rename option, you would have to type ref to select Refresh. To close a menu, click the right mouse button (press Escape). Some menus will have a special symbol to the left or right of a particular menu option. A check mark to the left of an option indicates that the option is selected or active. An asterisk to the left of an option indicates the option is disabled and therefore cannot be selected. A double arrow to the right of an option indicates that another menu, a cascading menu, will be displayed when that option is selected. The Computerized Fretboard The following diagram depicts the Tunes fretboard: +- Fret 0 or Nut | +- Fret Numbers | | | 1 3 5 7 9 12 E o +-----------------------------------------------+ B o |---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| G o |---+---+---+---+- Fretboard ---+---+---+---+---| D o |---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| A o |---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| E o +-----------------------------------------------+ | | +RangeFinder+ | | | | | +- Range Finder | +- Open String Indicators +- Tuning Indicators Each horizontal line on the fretboard area represents a string on the guitar while each vertical line represents a fret. The double vertical line represents the nut or fret 0 of the guitar. If the range finder is activated, it is displayed along the bottom of the fretboard and indicates the portion which will be displayed or active. The open string indicators are displayed vertically alongside the nut and show which of the strings can be played open (unfretted). The tuning indicators are displayed alongside the open string indicators and show the current tuning of each string. Fret numbers are always displayed along the top of the fretboard when activated. Tunes User's Manual 5 The Computerized Keyboard The following diagram depicts the Tunes keyboard: +- Key Labels | C3 C4 C5 +-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ +-+ | | | | | | | | Keyboard | | | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+ +--- RangeFinder ---+ | +- Range Finder The keyboard area represents a two and a half octave portion of a full size piano keyboard. Like the computerized fretboard, if the range finder is activated, it is displayed along the bottom of the keyboard and indicates the range of keys where notes will be displayed. Key labels are displayed along the top of the keyboard and indicate the location and octave of each "C" note. Scales A musical scale is a progression of notes played one after another in an ascending or descending pitch. Scales are usually played in a particular key signature meaning that only the notes which make up the key signature are played in the scale. For example, the key of C major is made up of the notes: C,D,E,F,G,A and B. To play the C major scale, the musician would start on C and play each note one at a time until the next C is reached (one octave higher). This is the familiar "Do, Re, Me" scale that many beginning music students learn. As another example, consider the key of G major: G,A,B,C,D,E and F#. The key of G major is made up of the same notes as C major except that all F notes are sharped (F#). Degrees Often, each note of a particular scale is assigned a number or degree. in order to help play the scale and derive chords from that scale. For instance, the notes Tunes User's Manual 6 of the C major scale: C,D,E,F,G,A and B are assigned the degrees: 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively. We'll talk more about degrees in the section on chords. Working with Scales First, we'll apply a C Minor scale to the fretboard. 1. Click on the Guitar By selecting the Guitar menu (press the Left menu, you now have access Arrow and Right to all the features which Arrow until Guitar can be applied to the is highlighted, then guitar fretboard press enter) 2. Choose the Scale A cascading menu appears option from the showing the key signature Guitar menu (press options for scales s). 3. Choose the C option Another cascading menu (press c). appears showing the different types of scales which can be displayed 4. Choose the Minor A message is displayed in option (press the the message area showing Down Arrow key until all the notes in the C the Minor option is Minor scale and the highlighted, then fretboard is updated to press enter). visually show the positions of the notes. Now lets change the notation used on the fretboard from simple dots to the actual note value. 1. Click on the Notice that the open Guitar menu string indicators show (press g). the actual note value instead of just the 2. Choose the open string indicator. Notation option (press n). 3. Choose the Letters option (press l). Tunes User's Manual 7 To focus on a particular range of the fretboard, we can activate Tunes' Range Finder 1. Click on the Now its easy to see Guitar menu how to play a C Minor (press g). scale within the first three frets by 2. Choose the starting on the C at RangeFinder the third fret of the option (press r). fifth string and playing up to the C at 3. Choose the the third fret of the Display option second string. (press d). Before we move on to chords, if you have a printer connected to your computer, you can get a print of the C Minor scale diagram. 1. Click on the A print of the scale Guitar menu is sent to the printer (press g). connected to LPT1. You can change the 2. Choose the Print printer port using the option (press p). Tunes profile. Chords A musical chord is a group of notes that are played simultaneously in order to produce one musical tone. This group of notes is derived mostly from the notes contained in the chord's root scale. For instance, a C major chord is derived from the first, third and fifth degree notes of the C major scale. When Tunes displays a chord on the fretboard, a mark is made at a particular string and fret to indicate that the note found there is included in the currently displayed chord. Chord Inversions Tunes displays all possible locations of the chord on the instrument, that is, the locations of all possible inversions of the chord. This is very advantageous as it allows the musician to easily investigate different inversions of the same chord until the chord with the Tunes User's Manual 8 desired flavor or mood is located. Tunes also lists all the notes comprising the chord (or scale) in the message area when a chord (or scale) is selected. Note that in order to assure that a complete chord is being played, the musician must include at least one of every different note which makes up the chord. For example, since the C major chord is composed of the notes: C,E and G, at least one of each of these notes must be included in the formation chosen in order to assure a complete C major chord is played. When the musician chooses a certain combination of all the notes displayed on the fretboard, a particular inversion of the chord is formed. The following figure depicts three common inversions of a C major chord derived from the guitar between frets 0 and 3. E +---------G-------------------------------------+ |-C-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| G |---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+-E-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+---+-C-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| E +---------G-------------------------------------+ +RangeFinder+ E +------------- +---------G--- E +------------- |-C-+---+---+- |-C-+---+---+- |-C-+---+---+- G |---+---+---+- G |---+---+---+- G |---+---+---+- |---+-E-+---+- |---+-E-+---+- |---+---+---+- |---+---+-C-+- |---+---+-C-+- |---+---+---+- E +------------- +------------- +------------- Tunes shows the musician the first diagram, depicting all possible inversions of the chord. You can use Tunes' editing features to create and save your own customized chord charts like the three shown above. Working with Chords Now we will use Tunes to find three different inversions of the C major chord on the keyboard. First, display a C major chord on the keyboard. Now lets display a C Major chord on the keyboard. 1. Click on the First we will display all Keyboard menu possible locations of all (press k) the notes contained in a C major chord on the 2. Choose the Chord keyboard. option from the Tunes User's Manual 9 Keyboard menu (press c). 3. Choose the C option (press c). 4. Choose the Major The musician uses this option (type ma). diagram to aid in isolating a useful inversion (or subset) of a these notes. +-----------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ | +-+ | | C | | E | | G | | | C | | E | | G | +-----------------------------------------------+ 1. Click on the Use the Range Finder to Keyboard menu (press reduce the entire chord k) to just its first inversion, the notes C,E 2. Choose the Range and G. Finder option from the Keyboard menu (press r). 3. Choose the Display option (press d). +-----------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ | +-+ | | C | | E | | G | | | | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------+ +----- RangeFinder ---------+ 1. Press the Up Move the Range Finder up function twice two keys to locate the (press PF9). second inversion of C major. +-----------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ | +-+ | | | | E | | G | | | C | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------+ +----- RangeFinder ---------+ Tunes User's Manual 10 1. Press the Up Move the Range Finder up function twice two more keys to locate (press PF9). the third inversion of C major. +-----------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ +-+ | +-+ +-+ | +-+ | | | | | | G | | | C | | E | | | +-----------------------------------------------+ +----- RangeFinder ---------+ Editing Tunes provides an edit capability so that you can change the values of the notes displayed on your computerized instruments. As an example, you may want to pick an inversion of a certain chord, add fingering notation to it, give it your own name and save it to disk. 1. Click on the Guitar Display a C Major chord menu (press g) on the fretboard. 2. Choose the Chord option (press c). 3. Choose the C option (press c). 4. Choose the Major option (press m). E +---------G-------------------------------------+ |-C-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| G |---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+-E-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+---+-C-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| E +---------G-------------------------------------+ +-RangeFind-+ 1. Click on the Guitar The edit option allows menu (press g) you to use the mouse (or the arrow keys) to move 2. Choose the Edit around the guitar Tunes User's Manual 11 option (press e). fretboard. 3. Click on the G note Select a location of the on the first string fretboard to edit. Here (press the Left, we will pick a particular Right, Up and Down inversion of the C major Arrow keys, then chord by eliminating the press Enter). two G notes on the first and sixth strings. 4. Choose the Note On/Off option (press enter). 5. Click on the G note on the sixth string (press the Arrow keys, then press Enter). 6. Choose the Note On/Off option (press enter). E +-----------------------------------------------+ |-C-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| G |---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+-E-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+---+-C-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| E +-----------------------------------------------+ +-RangeFind-+ 1. Click on the C Note Edit the three notes on on the second string the guitar to reflect the (press the Arrow actual fingering of the C keys, then press Major chord. Enter). 2. Choose the Alpha Tunes' edit function Fingers option allows you to add other (press a). types of notation to the fretboard such as 3. Choose the Index alphabetic fingering, Finger option (press numeric fingering and i). muted notes. 4. Click on the E Note on the fourth string (press the Arrow keys, then press Enter). Tunes User's Manual 12 5. Choose the Alpha Fingers option (press a). 6. Choose the Middle Finger option (press m). 7. Click on the C Note on the fifth string (press the Arrow keys, then press Enter). 8. Choose the Alpha Fingers option (press a). 9. Choose the Ring Finger option (press r). 10. Press the Stop Leave Edit Mode Editing function (press PF3). E +-----------------------------------------------+ |-I-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| G |---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+-M-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| |---+---+-R-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---| E +-----------------------------------------------+ +-RangeFind-+ 1. Click on the Guitar Give the modified C Major menu (press g) chord a new title and save it to disk for later 2. Choose the Image use. option (press i). 3. Choose the Title option (type ti). 4. Type My C Major. The title beneath the fretboard changes to the 5. Press Ctrl+End to title you specified. delete to the end of the line, then press enter. Tunes User's Manual 13 6. Click on the Files menu (press f). 7. Choose the Save option (press s). 8. Choose the Fretboard Image option (press f). 9. Type MY_CMAJ.FB, then press enter. Playing Songs Tunes can play songs which are in Standard MIDI File format. Standard MIDI Files are an Industry wide standard method of representing music (songs) within a computer file. Tunes has the ability to both read and write Standard MIDI Files. This enables you to play songs recorded on any other program which supports Standard MIDI Files! In addition, the songs you record using Tunes can be understood by any other program which supports Standard MIDI Files. 1. Click on the Files menu (press f) 2. Choose the Load Load the Demo music file option (press l). supplied with Tunes into memory. 3. Choose the Music option (press m). 4. Click on DEMO.MID The current song area in (press the Up and the upper right corner of Down Arrow keys the screen displays the until DEMO.MID is song which is loaded into highlighted, then memory. press Enter). Now let's increase the size of the Range Finder to 4 frets. Tunes User's Manual 14 1. Click on the Guitar menu (press g) 2. Choose the Range Finder option (press r). 3. Choose the Size option (press s). Increase the size of the 4. Type 4, then press Range Finder to 4 frets. enter. Now the song can be played using one of the Audio options. 1. Click on the Play Play the Demo song using menu (press p) your computer's built in speaker. Since the 2. Choose the Audio speaker can only play one option (press a). note at a time, the song may sound a little 3. Choose the Speaker strange. We will discuss option (press s). playing songs using MIDI instruments in a later section. 4. Click on the Play menu (press p). 5. Choose the Real Time option (press r). Tracks Until now, we assumed we were playing the entire song when we selected one of the play options. However, Standard MIDI Files allow a song to be made up of many smaller independent pieces. These pieces are known as tracks. Typically, most songs are broken down into tracks by instrument. For example, a song may consist of a lead guitar track and a guitar bassline track which make up the song. The Tunes Demo song contains a number of independent demonstration tracks. 1. Click on the Track The Tunes Demo song menu (press t) contains a number of independent demonstration 2. Click on track two tracks. The first track (press the Down is the active track or Arrow key, then the one which is played press Enter). when you select the play option. Use the active Tunes User's Manual 15 3. Choose the Active option to make the second option (press a). track active. 4. Click on track two again (press Enter). 5. Choose the Rename Track names are arbitrary option and can be easily renamed. 6. Type Track Two. 7. Click the right mouse button (press Esc.) Exit the track option. Saving Songs Now we can save the song, with its new named track two, to disk using a new file name. 1. Click on the Files Give the song a new name menu (press f) and save it to disk. 2. Choose the Save option (press s). 3. Choose the Music option (press m). 4. Type MYDEMO.MID and press Enter. Obtaining More Songs Tunes contains 10 songs representing a wide variety of musical styles for you to experiment with. This is enough to get you started but you'll more than likely want to obtain your own music files pertaining to your particular needs. Standard MIDI Files are available through numerous sources. Music magazines are a good way to find out about the many companies which sell music files on diskettes. Check out the advertisements in popular music magazines such as Keyboard or Electronic Musician. If you have a modem for your computer, obtain the phone numbers for some of the computer bulletin board services (BBS's) in your area. Tunes User's Manual 16 Good BBS's usually have a music library full of favorites. There are also many nationwide BBS's which specialize solely in music. Finally, commerical on- line services such as America On Line and CompuServe are also good sources of music files. You can obtain a start up kit in many bookstores and computer software stores. Once you get started, you should be able to find enough tunes to keep you playing for a long time! 3. USING MIDI Overview The MPU-401 is a MIDI processing unit originally developed by Roland to attach MIDI instruments to IBM compatible computers. The MPU-401 is the industry standard but many other MPU-401 compatible MIDI processors are now on the market. With an MPU-401 attachment, Tunes can play your songs on any MIDI instrument as well as visually on your computerized fretboard and keyboard. Tunes can also visually display what you are playing on-screen while you are playing it on your MIDI instrument! In fact, you can even record your own songs both audibly and visually using Tunes' powerful sequencing features. As you can see, an MPU-401 is not required to use Tunes but it does open up a new world of possibilities! Playing Songs When we play the Demo this time, let's send the audio output to the MIDI out port of the MPU-401. 1. Click on the Files Load the Demo song into menu (press f) memory if its not already loaded. 2. Choose the Load option (press l). 3. Choose the Music option (press m). 4. Click on DEMO.MID (press the Arrow keys, then press Enter). Tunes User's Manual 17 5. Click on the Play menu (press p). 6. Choose the Audio Set the audio output to option (press a). MIDI to send MIDI output to the out port of the 7. Choose the MIDI MPU-401. If you can not option (press m). hear the demo song begin played, make sure it is 8. Press the Play attached correctly to function to play your MPU-401 and that it the song (press is set to receive channel PF4). one or OMNI mode. 9. Press the Stop Playing function to stop play (press PF3). Recording Songs Tunes has the capability to record MIDI instruments attached to your MPU-401. 1. Click on the Files Clear the song currently menu (press f) loaded in memory. Track one is set to active by 2. Choose the Clear default after you clear a option (press c). song 3. Choose the Music option (press m). 4. Click on the Record menu option (press r). 5. Choose the Record option (press r). 6. Press the Stop Now play anything you Recording function like on your MIDI to stop recording instrument and it will be (press the PF3 key). recorded on track one. 7. Press the Play You can now play back function (press the what you just recorded. PF4 key). Tunes rewinds the track for you automatically. Tunes User's Manual 18 Using Overdub Overdubbing is a powerful feature of Tunes which allows you to play one track while recording another at the same time. This lets you keep multi-track songs in sync. 1. Click on the Track menu (press t). 2. Click on track two Make track two active. (press the Arrow This is the track which keys, then press will be recorded. Enter). 3. Choose the Active option (press a). 4. Press the Esc key. Leave the track list. 5. Click on the Record menu (press r) 6. Choose the Overdub Play track one while option (press o). recording anything you like on track two. 7. Click on track one (press the Arrow keys, then press Enter). 8. Press the Stop Overdubbing function (press PF3). 9. Press the Play You can play back what function (press you just recorded using PF4). the play function. 4. ADVANCED FEATURES Overview This section presents a few of Tunes' more advanced features. The Step Time feature on the Play menu allows you to move forward and backward through songs one note at a time for a complete analysis. By Tunes User's Manual 19 turning off Automatic Rewind, you can play and step through a certain part of a song as many times as you like until you're comfortable with it. The Tuning feature on the Guitar menu allows you to apply custom tunings to your fretboard. Finally, the Automatic Inversion maps the full range of your MIDI keyboard to the two and a half octave range of the on-screen keyboard. Stepping Through Songs Tunes has the capability to let you step through a song one note at a time both forward and backward. This powerful feature allows you to analyze even the most intricate songs. Selecting the Step Time option will rewind the active track and put Tunes into Step Time mode. In this mode, you can use the Previous and Next function keys (PF7 and PF8 keys) to step forward and backward through the song. 1. Click on the Files Load the DEMO song if its Menu (press f). not already loaded. 2. Choose the Load option (press l). 3. Choose the Music option (press m). 4. Click on DEMO.MID (press the Up and Down Arrow keys until DEMO is highlighted, then press Enter). 5. Click on the Play menu (press p). 6. Choose the Step Time Use the Previous and Next option (press s). functions (PF7 and PF8 keys) to step through the 7. Press the Stop song's construction. Playing function to stop step time mode. (press PF3). The Time Resolution option on the Play menu controls the time duration which Tunes uses to determine if two musical events have occurred at the same time. Due to speed limitations of the MIDI channel, notes which you Tunes User's Manual 20 thought you played at the same time on your MIDI instrument may actually be recorded with a slight difference in timing. This difference in timing makes the notes appear sequential instead of simultaneous when using Tunes' Step Time feature. To correct for this, you can increase the value of the Time Resolution. The Time Resolution specified how many internal clock ticks must occur between two or more musical events before Tunes treats them as separate events instead of simultaneous events. Generally, if all the notes of known chords in a song are not being displayed simultaneously during Step Time playing, the Time Resolution can be increased so that Tunes displays them on the screen simultaneously. Using Automatic and Manual Rewind In the previous examples, when you used the Play, Real Time or the Play, Step Time options, the song always played from the beginning since the Automatic Rewind option was set. If you turn Automatic Rewind off, you can start and stop a song as many times as you want in both real and step time without returning to the beginning! For example, you may want to play a song, stop it, pick up where you left off, stop it, step forward or backward a few notes, then pick it up again in real time. 1. Click on the Play Load the DEMO song if its Menu (press p). not already loaded and turn off the Automatic 2. Choose the Rewind Rewind option. option (press rew). 3. Turn off the Automatic Rewind option (press a). 4. Press the Play Now play the song in real function. (Press time and stop it PF4). somewhere in the middle. 5. Press the Stop function. (Press PF3). 6. Press the Step When you play the song in function (Press step time, you begin to PF5). step through the song from where you stopped play! Tunes User's Manual 21 7. Press the Next function and Prev function to step through this portion of the song. (press PF7 and PF8). 8. Press the Stop Now exit step time play. function. (Press PF3). Tunes makes analyzing your favorite songs a snap! With Automatic Rewind turned off, you can use the Manual Rewind option on the Play menu or the Rewind function (PF6) to return to the beginning of the song. Alternate Tuning Throughout the previous exercises, Tunes' fretboard was tuned to what is known as standard tuning. This is the standard E,A,D,G,B and E tuning which most guitarists begin with. However, Tunes allows you to change the tuning of your fretboard to any alternate tuning that you choose. Of course, this new tuning is then reflected in your scale and chord diagrams and even in the songs you play! Now let's tune the fretboard to an alternate tuning. 1. Click on the Guitar menu (press g). 2. Choose the Tuning option (press t). 3. Choose the 6th String option (press 6). 4. Choose the Tune Down The tuning indicators at option (Use the the top or nut of the arrow keys to guitar have changed to highlight the Tune indicate that the E Down option, then string has been tuned press enter) down to a D sharp. 5. Click on the Guitar menu (press g). 6. Choose the Tuning option (press enter). Tunes User's Manual 22 7. Choose the 6th String option (press enter). 8. Choose the Tune Down The E string is now tuned option (press down to a D note. This enter). open tuning is called dropped D tuning. Automatic Inversion The Automatic Inversion option controls how Tunes handles musical events which occur outside of the portion of the piano keyboard which is currently displayed. Turning Automatic Inversion on allows Tunes to display notes which occur outside of the viewable portion of the keyboard just as if they had occurred in the closest viewable octave. This means you don't have to change the root octave of the keyboard in order to see all the notes when playing a song. When playing chords, this has the effect of creating an automatic chord inversion which is displayed in the closest viewable octave. The best way to understand this feature is to turn it on, start recording and experiment playing chords around the edges of the displayed portion of the keyboard! 5. CUSTOMIZING TUNES Overview Tunes provides a customization profile which allows you to override the values used for colors, speed keys, labels and defaults of many features of the program. If the Tunes customization profile, TUNES.PRO, exists in the directory you start the program from, the values described in the profile will override the default values coded in Tunes. Tunes does not require the existence of the separate customization profile in order to function correctly. Important! Make a backup copy of TUNES.PRO before you modify it. Tunes User's Manual 23 The customization profile is simply an ASCII text file which can be modified using any text editor. Tunes looks at the profile line by line searching for a feature description enclosed in brackets such as [Files Menu]. Once Tunes locates a valid feature descriptor, the remainder of the line is searched for the parameters which control different aspects of that feature such as a foreground color of [Blue], which specifies the that the foreground of the feature should be displayed as blue. The parameters for a particular feature must reside on the same line as the feature and the order in which they appear is significant. Menus The following menus can be customized in the Tunes profile. ■ Files Menu ■ Guitar Menu ■ Keyboard Menu ■ Track Menu ■ Play Menu ■ Record Menu ■ Help Menu You can change the following parameters which are associated with menus. 1) The particular key which accesses the cascading menu chain. Valid key combinations are listed in the appendix. 2) The label displayed along the top of the screen. This can be any text string. 3) The foreground color of the menus. This can be any of the foreground colors listed in the appendix. 4) The background color of the menus. This can be any of the background colors listed in the appendix. 5) The border color of the menus. This can be any of the foreground colors listed in the appendix 6) The foreground color of selected options. This can be any of the foreground colors listed in the appendix. 7) The background color of selected options. This can be any of the background colors listed in the appendix. Tunes User's Manual 24 Windows The following windows can be customized in the Tunes profile. ■ Status Window ■ Guitar Window ■ Keyboard Window You can change the following parameters which are associated with windows. 1) The label displayed under the window. This can be any text string. 2) The foreground color of the window. This can be any of the foreground colors listed in the appendix. 3) The background color of the window. This can be any of the background colors listed in the appendix. 4) The border color of the window. This can be any of the foreground colors listed in the appendix Functions The following functions can be customized in the Tunes profile. ■ Help Function. This function brings up context sensitive help. ■ Record Function. This function starts recording. It is the same as selecting the Record option from the Record menu. ■ Stop Play Function. This function stops Tunes when playing the active track. ■ Stop Record Function. This function stops Tunes when recording the active track. ■ Stop Edit Function. This function stops Tunes from editing the fretboard or keyboard when in edit mode. The mouse and arrow keys now control the menu bar instead of the editing cursor. ■ Play Function. This function starts playing the active track. It is the same as selecting the Real Time option from the Play menu. ■ Play Steptime Function. This function plays the active track in step time mode. It is the same as selecting the Step Time option from the Play menu. ■ Rewind Function. This function rewings the active track to the beginning. It is the same as selecting the Manual Rewind option from the Play, Rewind menu. ■ Steptime Next Function. This function advances the song one note when playing music in step time mode. Tunes User's Manual 25 ■ Steptime Previous Function. This function moves the song one note backward when playing music in step time mode. ■ RangeFinder Up Function. This function moves the Range Finder up the fretboard on fret. ■ RangeFinder Down Function. This function moves the Range Finder down the fretboard one fret. ■ Quit Function. This function exits the current Tunes session. It is the same as selecting the Quit option from the Files menu. You can change the following parameters which are associated with functions. 1) The particular key which activates the function. Valid key combinations are listed in the appendix. 2) The function label displayed in the titlebar. This can be any text string. Options The following options can be customized in the Tunes profile. ■ Fast Screen Option. This option is used to control whether Tunes will bypass normal DOS BIOS services when writing to the screen. By directly writing to video RAM and bypassing BIOS, screen output can be significantly increased. However, by enabling this option, Tunes may not be compatible with all combinations of hardware and software. ■ Sound Effects Option. This option is used to control whether Tunes will product sound effects on the PC's speaker. ■ Printer Port Option. This option is used to specify which parallel port Tunes is to send printer output. ■ MPU Interrupt Option. This option is used to specify which hardware interrupt has been assigned to the MPU-401 when it was attached to your computer. You can change the following parameters which are associated with options. 1) The value associated with the option. Values are expressed as integer numbers. For options which only have two values, on and off, a value of [on] indicates the option is turned off while a value of [off] indicates the option is turned on. Tunes User's Manual 26 6. MENU REFERENCE Files Menu Load Option The Load option allows you to load a music file, fretboard image file or keyboard image file from disk into memory. A cascading popup allows you to specify which of these types of files you wish to load. Save Option The Save option allows you to save all your music tracks, the fretboard image or the keyboard image to a file to your disk. A cascading popup allows you to specify which of these types of files you wish to save. Rename Option The Rename option allows you to rename a music file, fretboard image file or keyboard image file which resides on your disk. A cascading popup allows you to specify which of these types of files you wish to rename. Delete Option The Delete option allows you to delete a Music file, Fretboard Image file or Keyboard Image file which resides on your disk. A cascading popup allows you to specify which of these types of files you wish to delete. Clear Option The Clear option allows you to clear the music, fretboard image or keyboard image which is loaded into memory. Clearing the music in memory erases all the tracks of the loaded music file and resets the active track to track one. Clearing the fretboard image resets all notes on the fretboard to note off. Clearing the keyboard image resets all notes on the keyboard to note off. Quit Option The Quit option ends the current Tunes session. If you have made any changes to the music loaded into memory, Tunes will ask you to either save or discard these changes before exiting. Tunes User's Manual 27 Guitar Menu Scale Option The Scale option allows you to change the type of scale displayed on the guitar. This option has two cascading menus which let you specify both the key (A, A# etc) and the actual type (Major, Minor etc) of scale which is to be displayed. Chord Option The Chord option allows you to change the type of chord displayed on the guitar. This option has two cascading menus which let you specify both the key (A, A# etc) and the actual type (Major, Minor etc) of chord which is to be displayed. Notation Option The Notation option controls the manner in which information is displayed on the guitar. This option has a cascading menu which lets you specify a notation of Dots, Letters, Degrees or Tablature. The Dots option causes Tunes to display a diamond shape at each note on the guitar which is set to note on. With the Letters option, notes are indicated using the actual note identity (A, A#, B etc). The Degrees option indicates notes using the degree or number of each note with respect to major scale. The Tablature option indicates notes by displaying the fret number where the note is to be played. Tuning Option The Tuning option allows you to change the tuning associated with each string of the guitar. This option has two cascading menus which let you specify which string (1st, 2nd etc) and also how you want to tune the string (Up or Down). The current tuning is always displayed beside the nut of the guitar. The Standard Tuning option controls whether the tuning you specify is applied to the guitar. With Standard Tuning set to on, the custom tuning you specified is disabled and standard tuning is used on the guitar. With Standard Tuning set to off, the custom tuning you specify is used on the guitar. This feature allows you to toggle easily between a custom tuning and standard tuning instead of having to re-tune each string. Title Option Tunes User's Manual 28 The Title option allows you to change the title displayed under the guitar. View Option The View option controls whether the guitar is displayed with top of the fretboard (nut) oriented toward your right or left. Switching the orientation of the fretboard will reverse the ordering of the strings. For example, when viewing a right-handed guitar with the fretboard to your right (as if watching someone play), the low E string will appear along the top of the guitar's fretboard. The same guitar viewed with the fretboard toward your left will have its low E string along the bottom of the fretboard. Guitar Option The Guitar option controls whether a right or left handed guitar is displayed. When viewing a right- handed guitar with the fretboard to your right (as if watching someone play), the low E string will appear along the top of the fretboard. However, when viewing a left-handed guitar with the fretboard toward your right, the low E string will appear along the bottom of the fretboard. Range Finder Option The Range Finder option controls how much information is presented on the guitar and also where this information is located along the fretboard. This option has a cascading menu which lets you specify whether the rangefinder is displayed, its size (in frets) and its movement along the fretboard. The Display option controls whether the Range Finder is on or off. When the Range Finder is on, it will be displayed along the bottom of the guitar and only the notes which fall between the frets on the Range Finder will be displayed. This feature allows you to concentrate on a particular area of the fretboard without being distracted by notes outside of the area of interest. The Size option controls the size in frets of the Range Finder. The Move option is used to change the location of the Range Finder along the fretboard. Fret Numbers Option The Fret Numbers option controls whether fret numbers are displayed along the top of the fretboard. Tunes User's Manual 29 Edit Option The Edit option allows you move about the fretboard, turn individual notes on and off and also change the notation associated with a particular note. After entering edit mode, use the Left Arrow and Right Arrow keys or the mouse to change your location on the fretboard. Use the Enter Key or click the left mouse button to select a particular note for editing. A popup menu will be displayed to perform the editing function. Use the Stop Editing function key or click the right mouse button to leave edit mode. Print Option The Print option sends a printout of the current state of the guitar to the printer. The destination printer port (LPT1 through LPT3) is controlled by the Printer Port option in the Tunes profile. Keyboard Menu Scale Option The Scale option allows you to change the type of scale displayed on the keyboard. This option has two cascading menus which let you specify both the key (A, A# etc) and the actual type (Major, Minor etc) of scale which is to be displayed. Chord Option The Chord option allows you to change the type of chord displayed on the keyboard. This option has two cascading menus which let you specify both the key (A, A# etc) and the actual type (Major, Minor etc) of chord which is to be displayed. Notation Option The Notation option controls the manner in which information is displayed on the keyboard. This option has a cascading menu which lets you specify a notation of Dots, Letters or Degrees. The Dots option causes Tunes to display a diamond shape at each note on the piano which is set to note on. With the Letters option, notes are indicated using the actual note identity (A, A#, B etc). The Degrees option indicates notes using the degree or number of each note with respect to major scale. Tunes User's Manual 30 Octave Option The Octave option controls which octave will be used as the root octave or starting point of your on-screen keyboard. The keyboard area can be shifted up or down to better view the notes being played in a particular song. The Lower option causes Tunes to map the lowest (leftmost) white key on the on-screen keyboard to C2 or two octaves below middle C. The Standard option is selected when Tunes starts up and it causes Tunes to map the lowest white key to C3 or one octave below middle C. This options puts Middle C at the approximate center of your on-screen keyboard. The Middle option causes Tunes to map the lowest white key to C4 or middle C. The Upper option causes Tunes to map the lowest white key to C5 or one octave above middle C. Title Option The Title option allows you to change the title displayed under the keyboard. Auto Inversion The Automatic Inversion option controls how Tunes handles musical events which occur outside of the portion of the piano keyboard which is currently displayed. Turning Automatic Inversion on allows Tunes to display notes which occur outside of the viewable portion of the keyboard just as if they had occurred in the closest viewable octave. This means you don't have to change the root octave of the keyboard in order to see all the notes when playing a song. Range Finder Option The Range Finder option controls how much information is presented on the keyboard and also where this information is located along the keyboard itself. This option has a cascading menu which lets you specify whether the rangefinder is displayed, its size (in white keys) and its movement along the keyboard. The Display option controls whether the Range Finder is on or off. When the Range Finder is on, it will be displayed along the bottom of the piano and only the notes which fall between the keys on the Range Finder will be displayed. This feature allows you to concentrate on a particular area of the keyboard without being distracted by notes outside of the area of interest. The Size option controls the size in Tunes User's Manual 31 white keys of the Range Finder. The Move option is used to change the location of the Range Finder along the keyboard. Key Labels Option The Key Labels option controls whether each C key (octave) will be labeled along the top of the keyboard. Edit Option The Edit option allows you move about the keyboard, turn individual notes on and off and also change the notation associated with a particular note. After entering edit mode, use the Left Arrow and Right Arrow keys or the mouse to change your location on the keyboard. Use the Enter Key or click the left mouse button to select a particular note for editing. A popup menu will be displayed to perform the editing function. Use the Stop Editing function key or click the right mouse button to leave edit mode. Print Option The Print option sends a printout of the current state of the keyboard to the printer. The destination printer port (LPT1 through LPT3) is controlled by the Printer Port option in the Tunes profile. Tracks Menu Active Option The Active option allows you to change the selected track. This is the track which will be played or recorded when using those functions. Rename Option The Rename option allows you to label a particular track with a descriptive text name. Play Menu Real Time Option The Real Time option allows you to play the active track of the currently loaded music file on the guitar or keyboard. The music is played visually by displaying the notes on screen and also audibly using Tunes User's Manual 32 your MIDI instrument or your computer's speaker. The music is played visually on the instrument specified by the Destination option of the Play menu. Audio output is controlled by the Audio option of the Play menu. Every time you select this option, the active track is automatically rewound to the beginning before play begins. Step Time Option The Step Time option allows you to step forward and backward through the active track while visually displaying the notes on screen. The Next and Previous function keys are used to move to the next and previous notes in the track while in Step Time mode. Every time you select this option, the active track is automatically rewound to the beginning before entering Step Time mode. Audio Option The Audio option controls what type of audio output is generated when songs are played in Real Time. This option has a cascading menu which lets you specify no audio output, MIDI output or Speaker output. The No Audio option is used to disable all audio output. The MIDI option specifies that MIDI data for the track begin played is to be sent to the MIDI out port of the MPU-401. This option will only be enabled if Tunes detected a MIDI Processing Unit attached to your computer. The Speaker option indicates that the track is to be played on your computer's built in speaker. The speaker cannot play more that one note at a time, so chords will sound different compared to playing on a MIDI instrument. Rewind Option The Rewind option controls when automatic and manual rewinds are performed on the active track. The Automatic Rewind option specifies that the song is to be played from the beginning whenever the song is played in real time or step time. Disabling the Automatic Rewind option allows you to pick up play (real time or step time) from where the song was last stopped. The Manual Rewind option rewinds the active track to the beginning. Tempo Option Tunes User's Manual 33 The Tempo option allows you to specify the number of beats per minute which will be used when playing or recording music. Time Signature Option The Time Signature option allows you to specify which time signature you would like to use when recording or playing music. 2/4 time specifies one metronome click every quarter note with two clicks per measure. 4/4 time specifies one metronome click every quarter note with four clicks per measure. 6/4 time specifies one metronome click every quarter note with six clicks per measure. 4/8 time specifies one metronome click every eighth note with four clicks per measure. 4/8 time specifies one metronome click every eighth note with four clicks per measure. 6/8 time specifies one metronome click every eighth note with six clicks per measure. 8/8 time specifies one metronome click every eighth note with eight clicks per measure. 12/8 time specifies one metronome click every eighth note with twelve clicks per measure. Time Resolution Option The Time Resolution option on the Play menu controls the time duration which Tunes uses to determine if two musical events have occurred at the same time. Due to speed limitations of the MIDI channel, notes which you thought you played at the same time on your MIDI instrument may actually be recorded with a slight difference in timing. This difference in timing makes the notes appear sequential instead of simultaneous when using Tunes' Step Time feature. To correct for this, you can increase the value of the Time Resolution. The Time Resolution specified how many internal clock ticks must occur between two or more musical events before Tunes treats them as separate events instead of simultaneous events. Metronome Option The Metronome option controls whether the audible metronome on the MPU-401 will be used when playing music. This option will only be enabled if Tunes has detected a MIDI Processing Unit attached to your computer. Destination Option Tunes User's Manual 34 The Destination option controls whether visual output when recording or playing music will be displayed on the guitar, the keyboard or both instruments. Record Menu Record Option The Record option allows you to record musical information on the active track of the currently loaded song. When recording, Tunes will store all incoming MIDI information from the MIDI in port of the MPU-401 to the active track. Tunes will also display what is being recorded on screen. This option will only be enabled if Tunes has detected a MIDI Processing Unit attached to your computer. Overdub Option The Overdub option allows you to play one track while simultaneously recording another track of music. When overdubbing, Tunes will store all incoming MIDI Information from the MIDI in port of the MPU-401 to the active track. Tunes will send MIDI information from the track you select after selecting this option to the MIDI out port of the MPU-401 so you can keep the recording track in sync with the playing track. This option will only be enabled if Tunes has detected a MIDI Processing Unit attached to your computer. Lead In Option The Lead In option allows you to specify how many measures Tunes will count before actually starting to record MIDI information during a recording session. This feature allows for a period of time to get ready before record starts. Metronome Option The Metronome option controls whether the audible metronome on the MPU-401 will be used when recording music. This option will only be enabled if Tunes has detected a MIDI Processing Unit attached to your computer. Tunes User's Manual 35 7. TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE Q) Why won't my chord and scale diagrams print correctly? Not all printers can print the IBM extended character set. The diamond shape which is displayed when dot notation is selected can also be a problem on some printers. Try changing the selected notation to either letters or degrees before printing. Another option is to try using your printers alternate character set by starting Tunes with the following flag: TUNES /G1. Q) Nothing prints at all when I select the Print option. Why? Most likely, Tunes is sending the print output to the wrong printer port. Check to make sure the Printer Port option is set correctly in the Tunes profile. Q) I can see songs being played on-screen but I can't hear them on my MIDI instrument. Why? There are a number of possible causes for this. The first thing to check is that your MIDI instrument is set to receive the correct MIDI channel. Most of the demonstration songs provided with Tunes are set to play on Channel 1. You could also try setting your instrument to OMNI on, which will allow it to receive all MIDI channels. Next, check to make sure the Play, Audio option in Tunes is set to MIDI output. Also check to make sure that the MPU Interrupt level specified in the Tunes profile is set to the same interrupt you specified when installing your MIDI interface. Finally, check to make sure your MIDI instrument is cabled correctly to your computer's MIDI interface. APPENDIX A - KEY COMBINATIONS Unshifted Shift Alt Ctrl A [A] [A] [a-A] [c-A] B [B] [B] [a-B] [c-B] C [C] [C] [a-C] [c-C] D [D] [D] [a-D] [c-D] E [E] [E] [a-E] [c-E] F [F] [F] [a-F] [c-F] G [G] [G] [a-G] [c-G] Tunes User's Manual 36 H [H] [H] [a-h] [c-H] I [I] [I] [a-I] [c-I] J [J] [J] [a-J] [c-J] K [K] [K] [a-K] [c-K] L [L] [L] [a-L] [c-L] M [M] [M] [a-M] [c-M] N [N] [N] [a-N] [c-N] O [O] [O] [a-O] [c-O] P [P] [P] [a-P] [c-P] Q [Q] [Q] [a-Q] [c-Q] R [R] [R] [a-R] [c-R] S [S] [S] [a-S] [c-S] T [T] [T] [a-T] [c-T] U [U] [U] [a-U] [c-U] V [V] [V] [a-V] [c-V] W [W] [W] [a-W] [c-W] X [X] [X] [a-X] [c-X] Y [Y] [Y] [a-Y] [c-Y] Z [Z] [Z] [a-Z] [c-Z] 0 [0] [0] [a-0] n/a 1 [1] [1] [a-1] n/a 2 [2] [2] [a-2] n/a 3 [3] [3] [a-3] n/a 4 [4] [4] [a-4] n/a 5 [5] [5] [a-5] n/a 6 [6] [6] [a-6] n/a 7 [7] [7] [a-7] n/a 8 [8] [8] [a-8] n/a 9 [9] [9] [a-9] n/a F1 [F1] [s-F1] [a-F1] [c-F1] F2 [F2] [s-F2] [a-F2] [c-F2] F3 [F3] [s-F3] [a-F3] [c-F3] F4 [F4] [s-F4] [a-F4] [c-F4] F5 [F5] [s-F5] [a-F5] [c-F5] F6 [F6] [s-F6] [a-F6] [c-F6] F7 [F7] [s-F7] [a-F7] [c-F7] F8 [F8] [s-F8] [a-F8] [c-F8] F9 [F9] [s-F9] [a-F9] [c-F9] F10 [F10] [s-F10] [a-F10] [c-F10] Esc [escape] n/a n/a n/a APPENDIX B - FOREGROUND COLORS Mono Monitors Black [black] White [white] Light White [lwhite] Tunes User's Manual 37 Color Monitors Black [black] Blue [blue] Green [green] Cyan [cyan] Red [red] Magenta [magenta] Yellow [yellow] White [white] Light Black [gray] Light Blue [lblue] Light Green [lgreen] Light Cyan [lcyan] Light Red [lred] Light Magenta [lmagenta] Light Yellow [lyellow] Light White [lwhite] APPENDIX C - BACKGROUND COLORS Mono Monitors Black [black] White [white] Color Monitors Black [black] Blue [blue] Green [green] Cyan [cyan] Red [red] Magenta [magenta] Yellow [yellow] White [white] Tunes User's Manual 38