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Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9047
November 18, 1990
by David H. Ransom, Jr.
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA
BBS: (213) 541-7299
Program STSORBIT Space Shuttle Orbit Simulation Page i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-----------------
INTRODUCTION ......................................................1
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ...............................................4
STSORBIT FILES ....................................................6
STARTING PROGRAM STSORBIT .........................................7
STSORBIT MAIN MENU ................................................10
F1 Program STSORBIT Demonstration (STS-29) .....................10
F2 Read NASA/NORAD 2-Line Elements .............................11
F3 Read Prior Mission Information from *.INI File ..............12
F4 Enter New Orbital Information ...............................13
F5 Adjust Orbital Parameters ...................................14
2-Line Elements Model .......................................14
Simple Orbital Model ........................................15
F6 Set Elapsed Time Option (2-line elements only)...............15
F8 Set Program TIME and DATE....................................16
F9 DOS Shell ...................................................19
F10 Set STSORBIT Program Options ................................19
ENTER Resume Mission ...........................................20
ESC Quit STSORBIT and Save Current Mission ...................20
PROGRAM OPTIONS MENU ..............................................21
F1 Program STSORBIT Information ................................21
F2 Set New Local Coordinates ...................................21
F3 Enable/Disable Additional Map Grid Lines ....................23
F4 Display NASA Tracking Stations ..............................23
F5 Show Ascending & Descending Node Data .......................24
F6 Set Map Center (USA/Europe) .................................24
F7 Set for SLOW COMPUTER or NO COPROCESSOR .....................24
F8 Set/Reset Satellite Symbol Blinking .........................25
F9 Set UTC Time Offset and Daylight Flag .......................25
F10 Enable/Disable Printer Logging ..............................26
USING DISPLAY OPTIONS .............................................28
THE STSORBIT GROUND TRACK DISPLAY .................................30
STSORBIT'S ORBITAL MODELS .........................................32
ADJUSTING ORBITAL PARAMETERS (Simple Orbital Model) ...............34
STSORBIT REVISION HISTORY .........................................36
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 1
INTRODUCTION
------------
Program STSORBIT is an orbital tracking and display program for use
during Space Shuttle missions, for simulating a Space Shuttle mission, or
for general satellite tracking using NASA/NORAD 2-Line Elements. STSORBIT
is free for non-commercial use. Use it if you like it, discard it if you
don't. There are no warranties of any kind. If you wish to use STSORBIT
commercially, write for license information. The only request I make of
users is that they take the time to complete and return the confidential
questionnaire in file README. The questionnaire gives users a chance to
offer comments and suggestions, and lets me know that people use and
appreciate program STSORBIT.
Program STSORBIT is intended to display the approximate orbital
position and ground track of the Space Shuttle on a global map during a
typical NASA mission. When used with NASA/NORAD 2-Line Elements, other
satellite ground tracks may also be displayed. An IBM-compatible computer
is required. When used with an EGA or VGA video adapter, the display is in
color; CGA and HGC systems can only present graphics in monochrome. In the
past, NASA has not published or made available very precise information as
to the orbital parameters either before or during a "normal" mission;
recently, however, more accurate data has been published in magazines such
as Aviation Week and in various NASA publications. NASA now also releases
the "2-Line Elements", classical orbital elements which enable much more
precise calculation of orbital positions. Military missions, of course, are
almost completely blacked out. It is something of a challenge, therefore,
to devise a program which will at least come close and which, as more or
different information becomes available, will permit the program's data to
be updated "on the fly". The primary objective is to present an interesting
and attractive real time graphics display of a Space Shuttle mission or
satellite ground track, rather than to generate mathematically precise
positional information.
The initial premise of STSORBIT was to attempt to duplicate the wall
map in NASA's Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas. Before I started
this project, I had seen several other programs which attempted to do that
same task, but each fell short of my objectives for one reason or another;
since then other programs have appeared which produce similar information,
most notably Paul Traufler's excellent TRAKSAT. It may be, of course, that
others will judge this effort lacking as well. One problem is that of size
and resolution: the wall map at Mission Control Center is some twenty feet
wide with an impressive pixel resolution, very different from the typical
personal computer and the size and resolution of its monitor. The NASA wall
map shows essentially the entire globe in a cylindrical projection;
STSORBIT uses a cylindrical projection but restricts the vertical display
to latitudes from +80 degrees to -80 degrees in order to achieve reasonable
proportions and vertical resolution while at the same time showing
recognizable land features.
As a consequence of the basic inaccuracies relative to the orbital
parameters of a Space Shuttle mission while it is in progress, I did not
originally try to be especially precise with respect to the orbital
mathematics. Additionally, mathematical complexity must be held to a
reasonable minimum if older computers not equipped with a math coprocessor
are to be able to maintain the presentation in real time. The higher
resolution and color graphics available with more advanced displays such as
the EGA and VGA greatly enhance the program, but my Zenith laptop computer
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 2
emulates the older CGA graphics display in (blue) monochrome. Therefore, in
order to use my own program on all of my computers, STSORBIT maintains
compatibility with all three display standards. Recently, compatibility
with HGC (Hercules Graphics Card) has been improved.
My somewhat casual attitude toward mathematical precision changed with
the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the regular availability
of NASA/NORAD 2-Line Elements via modem. Until HST, I had been content to
update the orbital data occasionally during the course of a typical five
day mission and live with the errors inherent in my original orbital model.
The accuracy of that model degrades rapidly after ten or twenty orbits and,
although it may be the only method available at the start of a mission,
more accurate data is now readily available within a day or so of launch.
Beginning with Version 9022, therefore, STSORBIT was modified to also read
orbital data from these NASA 2-line elements and thereby maintain
significantly improved accuracy over longer periods of time. As an
incidental benefit, the ground tracks of other satellites (such as the
Russian space station MIR) may now also be displayed. At present, the
orbital model (SGP4) used with 2-line elements is accurate only for low
Earth orbits. Deep space orbits, defined as orbits having an orbital period
greater than or equal to 225 minutes, require a more complex orbital model
(SDP4) for best accuracy; STSORBIT calculates data and displays a ground
track for deep space objects but the accuracy of these data has not been
tested.
In mid-1990, STSORBIT found its way to the NASA Johnson Space Center
in Houston, Texas. Quite a few individuals from JSC sent me comments and
suggestions for further improving the program, among them Ron Parise of the
STS-35/ASTRO-1 crew. Ron suggested that I make modifications to allow the
display of Mission Elapsed Time (MET) for shuttle missions while using the
NASA 2-line elements. This would allow both the higher accuracy of the NASA
orbital data and permit following the mission timeline using MET. Although
the launch time and date must be entered independently of the 2-line
elements, the MET capability has now been added.
A brief biographical note: I am a retired physicist and engineer who
has spent all of his professional life in the world of electronics, data
communications and, more recently, computers. As a young man I was actively
involved in the early American space program, including projects such as
Ranger, Mariner, Mercury, and Apollo; my interest in space has continued to
this day. The desire to "keep in touch" with our Space Shuttle missions was
one of the principal incentives in the development of this software. If
STSORBIT also serves to help spark the interest of young people in science
and technology or can be a learning tool at any level, I will have more
than achieved my goal.
In addition to individual users all over the world, STSORBIT is also
being used in an educational setting in several instances. At a middle
school in Kansas, the program is projected in the school auditorium from
time to time during a mission to show the children graphically what is
happening and to give them a sense of "real time" participation in our
space program. At an Air Force training facility, STSORBIT is one of many
tools used to prepare Air Force officers for their duties in the Air Force
Space Command.
As with most of the programs which I have written recently that are
intended for public distribution, STSORBIT was first written using
Microsoft's QuickBASIC, Version 4.50. (The current versions use Microsoft
BASIC Compiler Version 7.1 for improved performance.) While not necessarily
the most efficient language that might have been used, BASIC is by far the
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 3
best known computer language, the single language available to almost any
programmer regardless of experience or computer environment, and is
relatively inexpensive. Many of the SUB and FUNCTION procedures in STSORBIT
have been lifted more or less intact from my program ASTROCLK. While not
included as part of the public program distribution, the complete program,
including source code, is available by mail (see below).
For others who are interested in our space program and who have access
to a modem, I recommend NASA's SpaceLink Bulletin Board System in
Huntsville, Alabama, (205) 895-0028, available twenty four hours per day.
NASA SpaceLink, supervised by Bill Anderson of the NASA Marshall Space
Flight Center, provides a wealth of information on NASA and its projects.
In addition to educational materials, general information on NASA programs
and plans, news releases, and graphics images from prior spacecraft
missions such as Voyager, SpaceLink also devotes a complete section to
current news and information on the Space Shuttle. I particularly
appreciate the STS Mission Press Kit, available about two weeks before each
mission, which provides a great deal of information on the upcoming
mission, payload and crew as well as broadcast schedules on NASA Select
Television, Satellite F2-R, Transponder 13. Mission status reports are
generated daily during the course of a mission. I regularly call SpaceLink
and post files of interest on my own bulletin board system (BBS).
Special thanks to Paul Traufler whose programs STS95 and TRAKSAT not
only demonstrate excellent accuracy but his documentation also spells out
the factors which generate the major perturbations to low Earth orbits.
While the accuracy of STSORBIT still does not quite equal Paul's method, it
has been substantially improved. My thanks as well for Paul's help in
upgrading STSORBIT to use the NASA/NORAD 2-Line Elements.
My thanks also to Brian K. Jones and his program SUNMAP (available on
my BBS), an interesting program in its own right, for the initial map
coordinate data file used in that program. SUNMAP served as a demonstration
that a reasonable world map display WAS possible, particularly on EGA and
VGA monitors, and encouraged me to start this STSORBIT project.
Finally, thanks as well to all those individuals who have taken the
time to call me or leave a message on my BBS with comments and suggestions.
While I haven't been able to implement every suggestion, many are now
included.
For current orbital information (if a mission is in progress), current
NASA/NORAD 2-line element sets, and the most recent version of the program,
call my bulletin board system (BBS) at (213) 541-7299. If the BBS has not
answered by the third ring, hang up, wait TWO MINUTES, then call back; the
system has a power controller and if the system is off it takes that long
for the computer to boot and do its housekeeping chores. If you do not have
access to a modem, you may send US$10.00 to cover materials, postage and
handling for a copy of the latest version; please specify 5-1/4" 360K or 3-
1/2" 720K disks.
David H. Ransom, Jr.
7130 Avenida Altisima
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 4
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
-------------------
A typical Space Shuttle orbit is nearly, but almost never exactly,
circular with an altitude of approximately one hundred and sixty nautical
miles plus or minus thirty nautical miles and an inclination of from about
28 degrees through about 57 degrees. Occasional missions, especially
military missions, fly at higher altitudes and/or inclinations and often
use more elliptical orbits. Little of this information is known to very
good accuracy by the casual listener.
Initially, therefore, the interested would-be mission observer may
have only the time and date of launch to initialize a tracking program.
Given the geographical coordinates of the Kennedy Space Center, assuming a
circular orbit, and using the typical altitude and inclination of a Space
Shuttle orbit, the data should be sufficient to give at least a rough idea
of the Shuttle's position for the first several orbits. After that,
additional information is required if the position is going to be very
close.
Fortunately, Mission Control Center does occasionally announce the
orbital altitude, which is usually in the neighborhood of about one hundred
and sixty nautical miles; the reader is cautioned that the popular press
and television often (but not always) convert the orbital altitude to
statute miles with the inevitable confusion resulting. If a television
viewer has access to NASA Select Television on Satcom F2R, Transponder 13,
he will periodically see Mission Control Center's huge wall map on which
the current position of the Space Shuttle is always displayed. Using this
display, the careful viewer can make a visual estimate of the longitude of
the ascending or descending node, the point at which the orbit crosses the
Earth's equator in the Northbound or Southbound direction respectively. Not
exactly high-tech data acquisition, but better than nothing at all!
Given all of these uncertainties, I did not feel it necessary or
worthwhile to try to hone the mathematics of my "simple" orbital model in
program STSORBIT beyond that required to give an approximate position in
real time. Coincident with the Hubble Space Telescope mission I added the
J2 perturbation factor for improved accuracy.
As an example, STSORBIT was used to track STS-31, Discovery and the
Hubble Space Telescope, and gave an accurate position over more than 25
orbits. Whenever practical, I generate the information required by STSORBIT
as an initialization file, for example HST.INI for the Hubble Space
Telescope, which may be read directly by the program and which uses the
most current data. These .INI files are normally posted on my BBS during a
mission. When orbital parameters change during a mission, as was the case
with STS-31, new .INI files are posted as soon as the new data are
determined.
Within a day or two of launch, the NASA/NORAD 2-line elements are
usually available and will yield a more accurate position over longer time
periods provided no orbital maneuvers are made. Using NASA/NORAD 2-line
elements is quite simple. No adjustment of orbital parameters is necessary
when using the 2-line elements. All that is required is to obtain the
current 2-line elements file (from my BBS or elsewhere), enter the name of
the file (for example, NASA710.TXT) and the name of the desired satellite
(HST for Hubble Space Telescope). STSORBIT takes care of all the rest. The
2-line element set available at the time of this release of STSORBIT is
included in the program files. The data for each satellite included in the
2-line element set is referenced to a specific date and time, the "Epoch"
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 5
of the data. As a general rule, orbital calculations will be relatively
accurate for 10 to 20 days after the Epoch date; the lower the orbit, the
greater the effect of factors such as atmospheric drag and the less
accurate the calculations will be as time passes. Users who prepare their
own 2-line element files are cautioned to make certain no extraneous lines
are included, that the satellite name is on a single line, and that the two
data lines exactly conform to the 69-character/line format.
Particularly with the relatively low resolution (640x200) of a CGA
monitor, the display errors alone are significant; using an EGA or VGA
monitor improves the vertical resolution by about a factor of two (640x350
or 640x480, respectively), but does nothing to improve the horizontal
resolution. The HGC (Hercules Graphics Card) has also been included; HGC
users will note that of the 720 horizontal pixels available, only the left
640 pixels are used in the present code. Higher resolution monitors are
available (at a price!) but are not in general use and so are not suitable
for a program such as STSORBIT which is intended for public distribution.
STSORBIT displays a portion of the Earth using a cylindrical
projection of the surface area almost from one pole to the other; a small
area near each pole (approximately ten degrees) is omitted to maintain
optimum map proportions. The map shows most of the Earth's land boundaries,
and continental areas and major oceans are easily recognizable. At any
time, the display shows the Space Shuttle or satellite as a small symbol,
the projected orbit for approximately the next three orbits (or four and a
half hours), and the orbit track for the past orbit (or one and a half
hours).
The program may be operated in real time or in "fast time", which is
ten or sixty times normal time. For "simple" orbits, the orbital parameters
may be manually entered or adjusted for the desired mission, or a pre-
programmed demonstration may be run to permit the user to become familiar
with the program and its display. The lower section of the screen displays
current data about the mission in progress.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 6
STSORBIT FILES
--------------
STSORBIT is normally distributed in archived format using either the
PAK or ZIP format. The following files are usually included:
STSORBIT.EXE Main program (required)
STSORBIT.DOC Documentation (not required)
STSORBIT.MAP World map data (required)
STSORBIT.CTY City coordinates (optional)
STSORBIT.INI Initialization data (optional)
MSHERC.COM Hercules driver (required for HGC)
NASAnnn.TXT 2-Line Elements (optional)
HST.TXT HST 2-Line Elements (optional)
STS386.PIF Windows 3.0 (386 enhanced mode)
STS286.PIF Windows 3.0 (normal mode)
README STSORBIT Confidential Questionnaire
QUICK!.DOC Quick Start Instructions
Files noted as "(required)" must be in the current default directory for
program operation. Files noted as "(optional)" do not need to be in the
default directory when STSORBIT is operated but provide additional features
or information if present. If file STSORBIT.INI is not present it will be
created.
Program MSHERC must be executed before running STSORBIT for systems
equipped with Hercules Graphics Cards or Hercules Graphics Plus Cards.
STSORBIT will otherwise report an error and remind the user to run MSHERC.
File NASAnnn.TXT (where "nnn" will be a number such as "769") is a set
of NASA/NORAD 2-line elements as of the program release date. Note that the
2-line elements should only be used for ten to twenty days after the epoch
date for each satellite if reasonable accuracy is to be maintained. File
HST.TXT is the 2-line element data for the Hubble Space Telescope extracted
from the NASAnnn.TXT file.
The two PIF files have been tested with Microsoft Windows Version 3.0.
File STS386.PIF uses the 386 enhanced mode and file STS286.PIF uses the
normal mode. Since a PIF file includes specific filename and directory
information, each file will have to be edited to reflect the drive,
directory, and filenames actually in use. (The samples included use drive
I: and subdirectory STSORBIT.)
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 7
STARTING PROGRAM STSORBIT
-------------------------
Before starting program STSORBIT, delete the file STSORBIT.INI if it
has been created by a previous version of STSORBIT. The format of the .INI
file has changed with Version 9046 and, although the program will read
prior versions of .INI files, it is safer to "start from scratch".
To start program STSORBIT, enter one of the following commands:
STSORBIT (any monitor, CGA/HGC/EGA/VGA)
STSORBIT /EGA (force EGA or lower monitor)
STSORBIT /CGA (force CGA monitor)
STSORBIT /M (force monochrome operation, EGA/VGA)
STSORBIT /EUR (center map on Prime Meridian, EUROPE)
STSORBIT /R (resume last mission automatically)
STSORBIT /S (force shuttle icon for speed)
Only one display option (/EGA or /CGA or /M) may be used. Options may
be combined and entered in any order. For example, using the following
command will resume the prior mission, force the shuttle icon, and force
EGA mode:
STSORBIT /R/S/EGA
* * * * *
Hercules Graphics Card USERS NOTE:
----------------------------------
Run the program MSHERC prior to running STSORBIT. This Microsoft
program works with QuickBASIC 4.5 to enable use of the Hercules Graphics
Card. One user reported that setting the HGC to FULL and selecting Page
Zero (using software supplied with the HGC) was sufficient for proper
operation with program STSORBIT. At least one HGC "clone" user reported
improper operation.
* * * * *
If you have already run STSORBIT (or if you have file STSORBIT.INI)
and simply wish to resume viewing that same mission, use the /R command
line option. STSORBIT will sense the monitor type, enable color for EGA and
VGA systems, read the map data as usual, then proceed directly to plotting
the mission. The data from the last run, as saved in file STSORBIT.INI, is
used to initialize the program. Once started in this manner, pressing the
ENTER (or RETURN) key after plotting has started will return to the Main
Menu.
European users, or those users accustomed to viewing a map of the
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 8
world centered on the Prime Meridian (zero degrees longitude at Greenwich,
England), may include the /EUR option by itself or in addition to other
options.
The program automatically checks for the presence of a VGA or EGA and
will execute in color if one is found UNLESS the /M command line option is
used to force monochrome operation. However, if you wish to operate
STSORBIT in the EGA mode when you have a VGA monitor, use the /EGA option.
In cases where a monochrome monitor is connected to an adapter which
simulates color with gray scale, the /M command line option may be omitted
but the various portions of the display may or may not be visible. STSORBIT
depends upon Microsoft QuickBASIC to determine whether or not a particular
monitor type is available. Some video adapter boards which claim to be VGA
are not recognized as such by QuickBASIC and therefore cannot be used in
the higher resolution VGA display mode. Similarly, "clone" Hercules
Graphics Cards do not always perform correctly.
The /M option is not required for HGC and CGA graphics operation,
since those adapters always render their high resolution graphics in
monochrome. Naturally, the operation of the program is enhanced by the use
of a color monitor. The vertical resolution is also adjusted depending upon
the type of adapter which has been detected. Once STSORBIT has started, the
display type may not be changed without halting the program at the Main
Menu with the ESC key, then restarting the program with the new option
selection(s).
The program checks for the presence of a math coprocessor and will use
it if found. Since the calculations required to determine orbital data are
very complex, the use of a math coprocessor will improve the speed of
operation by a very substantial amount. Use the SLOW option on the Set
Program Options Menu (F10+F7) if the program has difficulty operating on
your system.
STSORBIT normally selects the icon or symbol used to graphically
represent the satellite based upon the mission name. Names which start with
the letters "STS" will use the space shuttle icon and all other missions
will use an icon resembling the Hubble Space Telescope. However, the "other
satellite" symbol has approximately three times as many pixels (dots) as
does the space shuttle symbol and therefore takes longer to draw and erase.
If you are using a slower computer or one not equipped with a math
coprocessor, using the "/S" option may improve performance by forcing the
use of the space shuttle symbol. The /S option may be used by itself or in
combination with other options.
STSORBIT first reads in the map coordinates from file STSORBIT.MAP,
which must be in the current drive and directory. These coordinates are
converted to screen coordinates for the type of monitor detected and stored
internally so that they need only be read once. For slower processors,
systems equipped only with floppy disks, or systems without a math
coprocessor, this may take several minutes; there are over 7,500 sets of
coordinates to process for the world map. By processing the map data as it
is loaded, the time to subsequently display the map is much reduced. As the
map coordinates are being read, the initial title screen is shown on the
display. The "Percent processed" shows how much of the map data has been
processed so far. To cancel program STSORBIT at this point and return to
DOS, press ESC.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 9
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
by David H. Ransom, Jr.
Current time: 11:26:31 PST 19:26:31 UTC
Current date: 11/11/1990 11/11/1990
Last Mission = STS-41 [STS41F]
Loading STSORBIT Map Data
Please wait ...
Percent processed = 53.1%
When all of the map coordinates have been read from disk and
processed, the program presents its Main Menu which allows the user to
select the desired program function. Press the Function Key corresponding
to the selection desired.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 10
STSORBIT MAIN MENU
------------------
Once the map coordinates have been stored internally, STSORBIT
presents its Main Menu:
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Current time: 11:27:20 PST 19:27:20 UTC
Current date: 11/11/1990 11/11/1990
F1 Program STSORBIT Demonstration (STS-29)
F2 Read NASA/NORAD 2-Line Elements from *.TXT File
F3 Read Prior Mission Information from *.INI File
F4 Enter New Orbital Information (Simple Orbital Model)
F5 Adjust Launch Time/Date and/or Orbital Parameters
F6 Display 2-Line Epoch Times (2-Line Elements Model)
F8 Set program TIME and/or DATE
F9 DOS Shell (CAUTION: DOS Version 3.x+ ONLY!)
F10 Set STSORBIT Program Options
ENTER Resume Mission (STS-41 [STS41F])
ESC Quit STSORBIT (Save Current Mission)
Select desired function:
F1 Program STSORBIT Demonstration (STS-29)
----------------------------------------------
The F1 command may be used to demonstrate the operation of STSORBIT
and to verify that the program will operate correctly. No other information
is required. The demonstration automatically sets up the data to simulate a
mission and clears the screen. A slight delay may follow while the program
calculates the initial parameters of the orbit. Then the world map is
drawn, the ground track for the first three orbits (approximately) is drawn
as a series of dots (green for color monitors), and mission data is
displayed at the bottom. Mission Elapsed Time (MET) is set to shortly
before launch time and counts down to zero.
When MET reaches zero, the shuttle symbol appears over Cape Canaveral.
For CGA and HGC systems, the shuttle will blink; for EGA and VGA systems,
the shuttle will be steady. At first the shuttle will move along the ground
track very slowly, simulating the ascent phase of the mission. After
several minutes the shuttle reaches orbital altitude and proceeds along the
ground track normally, passing a dot every minute. Press F (for Fast time)
once or twice to speed up the progress of the simulation. Press ENTER to
return to the Main Menu.
Data are displayed by STSORBIT in standard formats:
4/05/1990 Date in month/day/year
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 11
14:33:00 Time in hours:minutes:seconds
3/09:23:15 MET in days/hours:minutes:seconds
-69.34 Longitude and Latitude in degrees
WEST longitude and SOUTH latitude are negative
320.50 nm Altitude in nautical miles
F2 Read NASA/NORAD 2-Line Elements from *.TXT File
------------------------------------------------------
In order to read the NASA/NORAD 2-line elements, you must have a file
with that data. Typical files from my BBS system have names such as
"NASA769.TXT" where the "769" corresponds to the particular NASA data set
and may change several times per week. A sample file is included with the
normal distribution of STSORBIT.
Entering the F2 command will display the following prompts:
Read NASA/NORAD 2-Line Element File
Press ENTER to enter the current default
name as shown in square brackets [...].
Enter 2-Line Filename [NASA769.TXT]:
Enter desired Satellite Name [HST]:
In each case, pressing ENTER will select the default choice shown
inside the square brackets. For the example shown, the defaults are the
file NASA710.TXT and the satellite HST. If you wish to change the
information (or if no default is shown), enter the required information
followed by ENTER. For the filename, if no filetype is included, STSORBIT
will automatically add ".TXT". For the satellite, only sufficient letters
to unambiguously identify the desired satellite, upper or lower case, are
required. For example, "Alou" would select "Alouette 1". Once this
information has been entered, STSORBIT will attempt to locate the specified
file and the data for the requested satellite. Once a satellite matching
the requested name is found, the data is displayed:
Satellite Name: HST
Elements File: NASA769.TXT
Elements Record #: 91
Elements Epoch: 90312.61189795
8 NOV 1990 @ 14:41:08 UTC
Orbit # at Epoch: 2946
Satellite Number: 20580
Launch Year: 1990
Launch Number: 37
Launch Piece: B
Element Number: 327
Inclination: 28.4715
RA of Ascend Node: 50.186
Eccentricity: .0006172
Arg of Perigee: 184.0423
Mean Anomaly: 176.0412
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 12
Mean Motion: 14.85441208
Press ENTER to ACCEPT this satellite, OR
Press any other key to REJECT and continue searching:
If this is the satellite you wish, press ENTER and the data will be
entered into STSORBIT. If, on the other hand, a different satellite is
desired, press any other key (such as the SPACE BAR) and STSORBIT will
search for another name matching the requested satellite. For example,
there are a number of NAVSTAR Global Positioning Satellites usually
included in the file with official names such as "GPS-0001", "GPS-0002",
"GPS BII-01" and so forth; requesting "GPS" will allow you to cycle through
all the available choices. The file NASA710.TXT is an ASCII file; it may be
helpful to print the file to show the available satellite names.
Once the satellite has been selected, STSORBIT will require a brief
time to calculate certain required orbital parameters, then will proceed
directly to the display of the ground track.
As a point of interest, the NASA 2-line elements for the Hubble Space
Telescope used in the example here are as follows:
HST
1 20580U 90 37 B 90312.61189795 .00004882 00000-0 53771-3 0 3278
2 20580 28.4715 50.1860 0006172 184.0423 176.0412 14.85441208 29461
F3 Read Prior Mission Information from *.INI File
-----------------------------------------------------
The F3 command displays all files in the current directory with a
filetype of .INI and then prompts the user to enter the name of the desired
data file. File STSORBIT.INI is the file which has the data from the last
time the program was run; to use file STSORBIT.INI, press ENTER. STSORBIT
will automatically supply the filetype .INI if you do not include a
filetype. If the requested file is not present, an error will be reported.
To create new .INI files, enter the desired data then exit STSORBIT and use
the DOS COPY command to copy STSORBIT.INI into a file with a the desired
name.
Two additional .INI files are included (more may be added later),
STS28.INI and STS30.INI; these were launched in August 1989 and May 1989
respectively. Since Space Shuttle missions normally last only five to ten
days, using these files at later dates will generate "unusual" mission
elapsed times and orbit numbers! Note that the launch time in these files
has been converted to Universal Time (UT); prior releases (Version 9019 and
earlier) of these files included the launch time in PACIFIC standard or
daylight time.
STSORBIT also expects your computer clock to be set to the correct
local time and date; use the DOS TIME and DATE commands. See the Z command
below for information on setting the UTC Zone Offset. Of course, you may
"fool" STSORBIT by setting your computer time and date using the DOS TIME
and DATE commands, but be aware that for most computers using MS-DOS/PC-DOS
3.3 or greater the hardware clock is also set with these commands.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 13
F4 Enter New Orbital Information (Simple Orbital Model)
-----------------------------------------------------------
The F4 command uses the "simple" orbital model and allows the user to
enter the orbital altitude, inclination, and launch date/time to determine
the orbital parameters. To manually enter orbital data, you will be
prompted for the required information.
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Current time: 15:57:55 PST 23:57:55 UTC
Current date: 11/13/1990 11/13/1990
Enter mission title: STS Mission Simulation
Enter orbit altitude (nm): 160.00 nm ( 296.52 km)
Enter orbit inclination (deg): 28.450 degrees
Enter Launch Time (HH:MM:SS): 15:58:12 PST 23:58:12 UTC
Enter Launch Date (MM/DD/YYYY): 11/13/1990 11/13/1990
Press ENTER to accept, SPACE BAR to repeat: _
The sample above illustrates the data required to generate the simple
orbital model. A brief discussion follows for each item.
Enter mission title:
Enter the title of the mission, such as "STS-30 ATLANTIS" without the
quotation marks. If you press ENTER, the title "STS Mission Simulation"
will be used.
Enter orbit altitude (nm):
Enter the orbit altitude (or average orbit altitude for non-circular
orbits), in nautical miles. If you wish to use kilometers, add the letter
"K" (upper or lower case) at the end of the number.
Enter orbit inclination:
Enter the inclination of the orbit in degrees; a decimal fraction is
allowed. For example, STS-30 was flown at an inclination of 28.85 degrees
and STS-28 used an inclination of 57 degrees. Press ENTER to use the
default value of 28.45 degrees.
Enter Launch Time (HH:MM:SS):
Enter the time in the format shown using 24-hour notation and local time.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 14
One or two digit numbers may be used as required. [The comma is also
acceptable as a separator in place of the colon.] You may omit seconds [or
minutes and seconds] if desired. For example, an entry of "16" will be
entered as 16:00:00 or 4:00 PM. Press ENTER for "launch" ASAP, as soon as
possible; depending upon the system, this will be in from 30 to 60 seconds
from the current time.
Enter Launch Date (MM/DD/YYYY):
Enter the date in the format shown. The full four digit year is required
and be sure to use the SLASH "/" rather than the MINUS "-" as the
separator; STSORBIT's internal date algorithms will interpret the minus
sign as just that and some rather strange dates can result! You may also
use relative dates: -1 will use the prior day, +2 will use two days hence,
and so forth. Press ENTER to use today's date.
Press ENTER to accept, SPACE BAR to repeat:
When all data have been entered, the program pauses for your approval. If
all data are correct, press ENTER. Press the SPACE BAR to start over.
F5 Adjust Orbital Parameters
--------------------------------
ADD/CHANGE LAUNCH DATE AND TIME (2-line elements)
The full F5 command assumes the "simple" orbital model and is
abbreviated when using NASA 2-line elements; only the LAUNCH DATE and
LAUNCH TIME may be set when using NASA 2-line elements; all other orbital
parameters are included in the 2-line elements and may not be altered
within STSORBIT. A 2-line element set must have been previously loaded
using the F2 command on the Main Menu before the launch date and time may
be set or changed.
Since NASA 2-line elements are usually available within about 24 hours
after a space shuttle launch and are far more accurate than the manually
entered "simple orbital data", those data should be used when available.
However, since most events occuring during a space shuttle mission follow
the MET (Mission Elapsed Time) timeline, the time elapsed since launch, it
is convenient to show MET. This requires that you obtain the launch date
and launch time independent of the 2-line elements and manually enter that
data into STSORBIT.
Enter LAUNCH DATE (MM/DD/YYYY) [05/15/1990]:
Enter LAUNCH TIME (HH:MM:SS) [21:45:00]:
Press ENTER to accept, SPACE BAR to repeat:
When all data have been entered, the program pauses for your approval. If
all data are correct, press ENTER. Press the SPACE BAR to start over.
Once the launch date and time have been set, this information is
saved in file STSORBIT.INI. However, use caution when changing from one
satellite to another since this information is NOT cleared automatically.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 15
ADJUST ORBITAL PARAMETERS (Simple Orbital Model)
When the orbital parameters change in mid-mission for the "simple"
orbital model, use this command to adjust the orbital period/altitude,
orbital longitude, and time along orbital track. This technique allows the
"launch time" to remain correct, which in turn assures that Mission Elapsed
Time is correct, while adjusting the orbital parameters so that the
position is displayed correctly in later orbits. The following items may be
adjusted; in each case, the required units or input format is shown in
parentheses (...) and the current value of the item is shown within square
brackets [...]. Press ENTER to leave an item unchanged.
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Current time: 15:58:42 PST 23:58:42 UTC
Current date: 11/13/1990 11/13/1990
Enter MISSION TITLE [STS Mission Simulation]: STS Mission Simulation
Enter LAUNCH TIME (HH:MM:SS) [23:58:12 UTC]: 15:58:12 PST 23:58:12 UTC
Enter LAUNCH DATE (MM/DD/YYYY) [11/13/1990]: 11/13/1990 11/13/1990
Enter ORBIT INCLINATION (degrees) [28.4500x]: 28.4500x
Enter ORBITAL ALTITUDE (nm) [ 160.00]: 160.00 nm ( 296.52 km)
Enter LONGITUDE adjust (deg) [ 0.000x]: 0.000x
Enter TIME adjust (min) [ 0.000]: 0.000
Press ENTER to accept, SPACE BAR to repeat:
In order to make these adjustments, the current orbital altitude is
required, along with the longitude and time of one or more equator
crossings (obtained from the NASA Television wall map). NASA is not too
good about making sure that the map is on the screen when the Shuttle makes
an equator crossing (Northbound is Ascending Node, Southbound is Descending
Node); they have a distressing tendency to cut away just before the
crossing. With sufficient patience, however, the data can be interpolated
from the television screen. In the case of STS-30, the orbital time at
Orbit 34 changed to 90.85 minutes and the longitude of the descending node
was approximately -36 degrees, crossing at 2/2:18:00 MET. See the section
ADJUSTING ORBITAL PARAMETERS below for more information.
F6 Set Elapsed Time Option
------------------------------
When using NASA 2-line elements, STSORBIT normally displays the time
elapsed since the epoch date of the elements in the upper right portion of
the data block. This is marked on the display as "T+Epoch". While this
information is not of particular value for satellite viewing purposes, it
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 16
does indicate the relative age of the orbital data. As a general rule,
especially for lower Earth orbits, the effects of orbit decay make position
predictions less accurate as time passes. Data which are more than 10 or 20
days old may produce less accurate positions.
For a space shuttle mission, however, all mission events are scheduled
against the mission timeline and are reckoned in Mission Elapsed Time
(MET), the time elapsed since launch. It is therefore useful to be able to
display MET during the course of a mission or to review the flight post-
mission. Unfortunately, the standard NASA/NORAD 2-line element format does
not include the launch time and launch date and therefore this information
must be secured independently and manually entered into STSORBIT. Once
entered, STSORBIT saves the information in file STSORBIT.INI.
The F6 command may be used to switch the display between Time Since
Epoch ("T+Epoch") and Mission Elapsed Time ("MET"). The command description
on the Main Menu indicates which mode will be selected if Function Key F6
is pressed:
F6 Display MET & Launch Times (2-Line Elements Model)
F6 Display 2-Line Epoch Times (2-Line Elements Model)
The first example (the default) indicates that MET will be displayed if the
function key is pressed; the second example indicates that the display will
return to Time Since Epoch if the function key is pressed. The elapsed time
option may also be switched at any time during the tracking display by
pressing the "T" key.
The F6 command checks that you have already entered the launch time
and launch date or that it has been read from a previous STSORBIT session
from file STSORBIT.INI. If no launch time and date are present, you will be
prompted for the information as if you had pressed function key F5 (see
above). The F6 command is inactive unless you have read in 2-line elements
using function key F2.
F8 Set Program TIME and DATE
--------------------------------
It is often convenient to set the TIME and DATE within STSORBIT to
something other than the current system time and date, or to return to the
current system time and date if the program time and date have been
changed. Press F4 to go to the TIME and DATE Menu:
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Current time: 11:27:57 PST 19:27:57 UTC
Current date: 11/11/1990 11/11/1990
ACTUAL SYSTEM DATE AND TIME SHOWN ABOVE
F1 Restore SYSTEM date and time (use "real time")
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 17
F2 Set DOS SYSTEM CLOCK using calendar date and time
F3 Set SIMULATED date and time using calendar date and time
F4 Set SIMULATED date and time using Mission Elapsed Time
ENTER Return to MAIN MENU
Select desired function:
The Date and Time Menu, shown above, displays the available time
setting functions along with the actual system date and time as determined
by the DOS software clock in your computer (even if simulated time is in
effect). Both your local date and time, PST or Pacific Standard Time in the
example, and UTC date and time are displayed. If the local date or time is
incorrect, use the F1 command to correctly set your system clock. If the
zone abbreviation or UTC date or UTC time is incorrect, use the Set Program
Options command from the Main Menu (F10+F9) to correctly set the UTC Offset
and the Daylight Flag.
Some organizations, NASA for example, continue to use the wording
"Greenwich Mean Time" or "GMT" for what is now usually referred to as
"Universal Coordinated Time" or "UTC". Although technically they are not
exactly the same, the difference is only a maximum of 0.9 seconds and the
program treats them as identical. STSORBIT defaults to the abbreviation
"UTC" but if you prefer to use "GMT", enter any simulated time using F3 and
include the letter "G" (upper or lower case) at the end. The time
abbreviation at the top of the screen will change from "UTC" to "GMT" and
will continue using that abbreviation until a time is entered suffixed with
"U". (If you do not wish to execute STSORBIT with simulated time, restore
"real time" with F1.)
Times are always entered as "HH:MM:SS" where HH is HOURS, MM is
MINUTES, and SS is SECONDS. The time entry format is very flexible. Leading
zeroes are not required. The comma (",") may be used in place of the colon
(":") as a separator if desired. SECONDS or MINUTES and SECONDS may be
omitted if desired. Time entries are assumed to be local time; to enter UTC
or GMT times, add the letter "U" or "G" (upper or lower case) respectively
following the entry. For example, the following are valid time entries:
Entry Interpreted as
------ --------------
12 12:00:00
13,1 13:01:00
4:1:15 04:01:15
1,1,1 01:01:01
13,45U 13:45:00 UTC
1:20g 01:20:00 GMT
Dates are always entered as "DD/MM/YYYY" where DD is DAYS, MM is
MONTHS, and YYYY is the full four-digit year. The full date must always be
entered; leading zeroes are not required. The date entered is assumed to be
for the same time zone as the time entered. If local time is entered, the
date will be treated as the local date; if UTC (or GMT) time is entered,
the date will be treated as the UTC date.
Press F1 to restore the program date and time to the system date and
time. This command reads the DOS clock and restores the program to "real
time" operation. If the program date and time have not been changed with
the F3 or F4 commands, this command will have no effect.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 18
Press F2 to set the DOS system clock. Use this command if you wish to
change the actual date and time on your system. Note that on many systems
using DOS 3.3 or higher, this command will set BOTH the software clock AND
the hardware clock.
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Current time: 12:37:48 PST 20:37:48 UTC
Current date: 11/11/1990 11/11/1990
CAUTION: This function will change the computer's SYSTEM CLOCK!
Press ENTER to leave an item unchanged
Enter TIME (HH:MM:SS): 12:37:38 PST
Enter DATE (MM/DD/YYYY): 11-11-1990
Press ENTER to accept, SPACE BAR to repeat: _
The sample above shows the screen after the time and date entries have been
completed. The current ACTUAL system date and time are displayed for
approval. Press ENTER to accept the time and date displayed, or press the
SPACE BAR to repeat the entries.
Press F3 to set a simulated date and time. The date and time may be
either in the past or in the future. This command does NOT affect the DOS
clock in your system! Use the F2 command above to restore the date and time
to "real time".
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Simulated time: 13:00:08 PST 21:00:08 UTC
Simulated date: 11/08/1990 11/08/1990
Press ENTER to leave an item unchanged
Enter SIMULATED TIME [12:05:06]: 13:00:00 PST 21:00:00 UTC
Enter SIMULATED DATE [11/11/1990]: 11/09/1990 11/09/1990
Press ENTER to accept, SPACE BAR to repeat: _
The sample above shows the screen after the time and date entries have been
completed. The new SIMULATED date and time are displayed (and counting) for
approval. Press ENTER to accept the time and date displayed, or press the
SPACE BAR to repeat the entries.
Press F4 to set a simulated date and time using MET (Mission Elapsed
Time). Note that this command will appear ONLY if the mission name begins
with the letters "STS", signifying a Space Transportation System (Space
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 19
Shuttle) mission.
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Simulated time: 00:17:18 PST 08:17:18 UTC
Simulated date: 10/09/1990 10/09/1990
Enter desired Mission Elapsed Time (MET)
Enter MET DAY (NN): 3 day(s)
Enter MET TIME (HH:MM:SS): 04:30:00 MET
Press ENTER to accept, SPACE BAR to repeat: _
The sample above shows the screen after the day and time entries have been
completed. The Mission Elapsed Time is immediately converted to actual date
and time and the current SIMULATED date and time, based upon the MET just
entered, are then displayed (and counting) for approval. Press ENTER to
accept the time and date displayed, or press the SPACE BAR to repeat the
entries.
Press ENTER to return to the Main Menu with the date and time as
displayed on the screen (Current or Simulated).
F9 DOS Shell (CAUTION: DOS Version 3.x ONLY!)
-------------------------------------------------
If a system function is desired at the Main Menu, press F9 to execute
QuickBASIC's DOS SHELL function. This will return you to a DOS prompt and
most DOS commands may be executed immediately. When the Shell is executed,
STSORBIT remains in memory and the map data will not be re-read when you
return. However, this means that a substantial amount of memory is in use
and not available to DOS during the shell operations. Enter "EXIT" (without
the quotation marks and followed by ENTER) at the DOS prompt when you wish
to return to STSORBIT.
CAUTION: The QuickBASIC SHELL function is only reliable for versions
of DOS of 3.0 or higher! Systems with less than 640K memory may fail
to execute the shell and applications requiring large amounts of
memory may also fail.
F10 Set STSORBIT Program Options
-----------------------------------
A number of program features and display options are set using the F10
Program Options Menu. These selections are further described in the section
"Program Options Menu" below.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 20
ENTER Resume Mission
---------------------
Pressing ENTER resumes the current mission shown in parentheses to the
right of the command on the Main Menu. The 2-line elements file from which
the data was read is shown in square brackets.
ENTER Resume Mission (STS-41 [STS41F])
Any manually entered data is retained. "ENTER" means the key marked ENTER,
RETURN, or with a left pointing arrow -- but not the backspace or cursor
position keys which may also be marked with arrows! (I am afflicted with
too long a memory; once upon a time this function was known as Carriage
Return and was often shortened to RETURN or even CR. With the advent of
electronic typewriters, video terminals, dot matrix printers and all the
rest, "Carriages" have long since disappeared but old habits die hard! Most
PC keyboards are now marked with "ENTER".)
Use ENTER to resume plotting a mission in progress after returning to
the Main Menu to perform some change (such as enabling the node display,
enabling the NASA tracking stations, or adjusting the time or date).
ESC Quit STSORBIT and Save Current Mission
---------------------------------------------
Press ESC (the key marked "ESC" or "Esc", not the letters E+S+C) to
quit program STSORBIT. If you press ESC to quit the program and have
manually entered orbital data, STSORBIT will save all required mission data
in file STSORBIT.INI prior to terminating. This will be the data available
with the ENTER key the next time you execute the program. The demonstration
data will not be saved, preserving any previously saved mission data.
When you have finished with STSORBIT, press ESC at the Main Menu to
return to DOS. The data (and any adjustments you have made) for the current
mission are saved in file STSORBIT.INI, but the map data is lost and will
be re-read when you next use program STSORBIT. NOTE: If you have neither
entered data (with the E command) nor read a previously saved .INI file
(with the F command), no data will be saved when you exit STSORBIT.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 21
PROGRAM OPTIONS MENU
--------------------
A number of program features and display options are set using the F10
Program Options Menu. When used with CGA displays, the features shown below
as selected by function keys F3 and F4 are not available because of the low
resolution of the CGA display. The following Options Menu is displayed when
the F10 command is entered from the Main Menu:
Program STSORBIT
Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation
Version 9046
Current time: 16:11:58 PST 00:11:58 UTC
Current date: 11/13/1990 11/14/1990
F1 Program STSORBIT Information
F2 Set New Local Coordinates (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA)
F3 ON Enable/Disable Additional Map Grid Lines
F4 OFF Display NASA Tracking Stations
F5 OFF Show Ascending & Descending Node Data
F6 USA Set Map Center (USA/Europe)
F7 OFF Set for SLOW COMPUTER or NO COPROCESSOR
F8 OFF Set/Reset Satellite Symbol Blinking
F9 -8.00 Set UTC Time Offset and Daylight Flag
F10 OFF Enable/Disable Printer Logging
ENTER Return to MAIN MENU
Select desired function:
F1 Program STSORBIT Information
-----------------------------------
Function Key F1 displays information about program STSORBIT including
the version number, my name and address, and the telephone number of my RPV
ASTRONOMY BBS (Bulletin Board System). The current version of STSORBIT is
always posted on the BBS. The BBS has a power controller; if it hasn't
answered by the THIRD RING, hang up and call back in two minutes. The BBS
is available 24 hours per day at 2400 and 1200 baud.
F2 Set New Local Coordinates
--------------------------------
In order to perform the calculations related to satellite visibility
and altitude/azimuth, STSORBIT must know the geographic coordinates for the
user's location. The default coordinates are set to Rancho Palos Verdes,
California, near Los Angeles. The current location is indicated by the name
in parentheses on the Options Menu. The program provides two methods for
setting your own coordinates: reading a file of city names and coordinates
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 22
(STSORBIT.CTY); or manually entering the information.
Pressing F2 will display the following reminder:
STSORBIT will search for the CITYNAME you enter anywhere in the city
names in the file. For example, 'SAN' appears in 'SAN FRANCISCO', 'SAN
DIEGO', 'SANTA ANA', 'THOUSAND OAKS', etc. Press ENTER to cancel the
search or enter '*' to enter a new city name and coordinates.
In other words, when you enter a name or partial name, STSORBIT will
attempt to match that group of characters anywhere in the names which
appear in the city file. 'SAN' matches 'SAN diego' as well as 'thouSANd
oaks'. To get 'SAN FRANCISCO' on the first try, enter 'SAN F' with a space
between the N and F. Case is not significant; upper and lower case letters
are treated identically. If you change your mind and wish to cancel the
operation, simply press ENTER by itself. Use BACKSPACE to make corrections.
To begin the search, enter the desired name after the prompt. In the
example which follows, the name 'ran' was entered for the search.
Enter CITYNAME to search for: ran
Processing record 1
City Name: Rancho Palos Verdes CA
Latitude: 33.7675
Longitude: -118.4033
Elevation: 186 meters
Press ENTER to ACCEPT this city, OR
Press SPACE to search for next city: _
If the city displayed is the one desired, press ENTER and the data
will be entered into STSORBIT and subsequently saved in file STSORBIT.INI.
If you wish to search further in the file, press the SPACE BAR.
NOTE: The elevations contained in file STSORBIT.CTY are all zero
except for Rancho Palos Verdes, CA and Calaveras County, CA, locations
for which I have accurate elevations above mean sea level. If you know
the correct elevation, edit the file using any ASCII text editor and
change the last number on the line. STSORBIT.CTY contains
approximately 720 cities and uses a different format than the .CTY
files for program ASTROCLK. If users send me their correct elevations
(or additional cities they wish added), I will incorporate that data
into subsequent versions of file STSORBIT.CTY.
To enter location data manually, press "*" (without the quotation
marks) followed by ENTER. You will be prompted for the city name, latitude,
longitude, and elevation. Latitude and longitude may be entered using three
different formats for convenience (note the use of comma and decimal
point):
DDD.DDDDD Degrees and decimal fraction
DD,MM.MMM Degrees, minutes and decimal fraction
DD,MM,SS.SS Degrees, minutes, seconds and fraction
Note that SOUTH latitude and WEST longitude must be entered as NEGATIVE
numbers as measured south of the equator or west of Greenwich,
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 23
respectively. The default unit for elevations is meters above mean sea
level; add "F" (upper or lower case without the quotation marks) if you
wish to use feet.
After the elevation has been entered, the data will be displayed for
approval. All data are converted to degrees or meters as appropriate,
regardless of the units used on input.
City Name: Rancho Palos Verdes CA
Latitude: 33.7675
Longitude: -118.4033
Elevation: 186 meters
Press ENTER to ACCEPT this city, OR
Press SPACE to cancel this data: _
Press ENTER to accept the data as shown or SPACE to cancel the data and
return to the Options Menu. If the data is accepted, STSORBIT will ask if
you wish to append (add) this city/location to the existing file
STSORBIT.CTY so that it will be automatically available thereafter.
Do you with to append this data to file STSORBIT.CTY (Y/n): _
Press "Y" or ENTER to append the data or press "N" to not modify the file.
F3 Enable/Disable Additional Map Grid Lines
-----------------------------------------------
This command is not available for CGA systems. The world map normally
includes the equator and the meridians at 0 degrees, 90 degrees, and -90
degrees shown in blue on color monitors; the equator and the prime meridian
are shown in bright blue. Turning on the map grid adds lines of longitude
every 30 degrees and lines of latitude every 10 degrees. Displaying the
additional grid lines on monochrome monitors usually makes the screen too
"busy" and is not recommended.
F4 Display NASA Tracking Stations
-------------------------------------
The F4 command enables/disables the display of NASA's 14 ground
tracking stations; this command is not available for CGA monitors. Each
ground tracking station is shown as a small symbol surrounded by a "circle"
which gives the approximate area of antenna coverage and shows how small a
proportion of each orbit can be monitored without the TDRS system. When for
some reason the TDRS system is down (as has occurred during infrequent
computer failures at White Sands, New Mexico, the TDRS Ground Station),
these ground tracking stations become the only means of communication with
the Space Shuttle.
The antenna range circle is displayed on the screen as an ellipse
because of the scaling factors used by the map projection. Some of these
ground tracking stations are scheduled to be shut down in the near future
due to budgetary constraints. For all systems except CGA, the locations of
the two TDRS (Tracking and Data Relay Satellite) are shown as small circles
on the equator at -41 degrees and at -171 degrees; on CGA displays the TDRS
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 24
coverage is NOT shown in order to avoid confusing the display. The
following table lists the ground tracking stations which are shown along
with their abbreviations and approximate map coordinates (longitude,
latitude):
MIL -81,28 Merritt Island, FL
BDA -64,32 Bermuda
DKR -17,14 Dakar, Senegal
ACN -14,-8 Ascension Island
MAX -5,41 Central Spain
IOS 56,-5 Indian Ocean
HAW -156,20 Hawaii
GWM 145,14 Gwam
VAN -122,35 Vandenberg, CA
YAR 115,-29 Yargidy, Australia
CAN 149,-36 Canberra, Australia
GDX -116,34 Goldstone, CA
CTS -105,38 Colorado Springs, CO
AGO -71,-34 Santiago, Chile
F5 Show Ascending & Descending Node Data
--------------------------------------------
The nodes of an Earth orbit are the points on the ground track where
the path crosses the equator. The ascending node crosses from South to
North and the descending node crosses from North to South. Orbit numbers
normally increment at the ascending node. This command adds two additional
lines of data at the lower left of the screen giving the MET and longitude
of the most recent ascending and descending nodes. This information is
useful when comparing STSORBIT's data against other sources such as the
wall map in Mission Control.
F6 Set Map Center (USA/Europe)
----------------------------------
The F6 command changes the center of the displayed world map. By
default, the map is centered on the United States at 90 degrees West
longitude. Most Americans are accustomed to viewing the map in that
orientation, but it is sometimes convenient to shift the map center when
the Space Shuttle is near the edge of the map. If you prefer to have the
map centered at the prime meridian or zero degrees (Greenwich, England),
use the F6 command or use the /EUR command line option when starting
STSORBIT. Each time you use the F6 command the map center is changed to the
alternate meridian and the map data is re-read from disk.
F7 Set for SLOW COMPUTER or NO COPROCESSOR
----------------------------------------------
Particularly since the addition of the calculations related to 2-line
element sets, it has become increasingly difficult for very slow computers
or computers not equipped with a math coprocessor to keep up with real time
orbital calculations. For example, my vanilla Zenith Z-148, operating at
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 25
4.77 MHz and no math coprocessor, takes approximately 4.5 seconds to make a
full set of orbital position calculations; when switched to 8.0 MHz, the
same calculations require only 2.5 seconds. In either case, the program
gets hopelessly behind itself and can never catch up.
While perhaps not the "ideal solution" as compared to having a math
coprocessor, setting STSORBIT for Slow Mode can help in all but the most
severe cases. Instead of attempting to update its position calculations
every second, the update is slowed to every five seconds in this mode. This
allows the computer to more or less keep up at a cost of not having data
quite in real time on a second-by-second basis. Except for the frequency of
updates, all program features are unchanged. When STSORBIT is operating in
the Slow Mode, the phrase "SLO" appears at the lower right of the tracking
display (above "RNG:").
F8 Set/Reset Satellite Symbol Blinking
------------------------------------------
The symbol representing the space shuttle or satellite is normally
blinking for CGA and HGC systems in order that it may more readily be
identified on the monochrome display. On EGA and VGA systems the symbol is
bright white which normally is easily located. However, some users may find
the blinking symbol distracting and it also requires additional computing
time to draw and erase the symbol. STSORBIT may automatically defeat
blinking in slower computers. NOTE: Use the "B" command to toggle the
blinking on or off while the ground track is displayed.
F9 Set UTC Time Offset and Daylight Flag
--------------------------------------------
STSORBIT uses UTC or Coordinated Universal Time, an adjusted version
of Universal Time also sometimes referred to as GMT or Greenwich Mean Time,
for certain functions such as launch time. (The difference between UT and
UTC is never more than 0.9 seconds and is used to cause UTC to agree with
the standard atomic time, TDB or Terrestrial Barycentric Time, used by
astronomers. NASA, for example, continues to use the GMT designation, a
holdover from earlier days before the introduction of UTC.) Using UTC
permits critical data to be used across many time zones without conversion.
However, it also means that STSORBIT must know what number of hours to add
to UTC in order to obtain your local time, and whether or not you are
currently using daylight savings time (summer time in the UK).
When prompted, enter the time offset in hours from your local time to
Coordinated Universal Time. Examples are shown for most time zones in North
America. STSORBIT then asks if you are using daylight savings time; enter
"0" if not, and "1" if so. The sum of these two values is shown on the Main
Menu; for example, if the computer is set to Pacific Daylight Time (UTC
offset is -8.00 hours and Daylight Flag = 1), the value shown will be -
7.00. For most time zones in North America, the correct zone abbreviation
will be shown on the ground track display for Local date and time. The
values are saved in file STSORBIT.INI. When you change your computer
from/to daylight savings time, use this command to update STSORBIT. The
following shows the display when using the F9 command:
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 26
Set UTC TIME ZONE OFFSET and DAYLIGHT FLAG
STSORBIT must know the difference between your local time zone
and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), also sometimes known as
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). With this information, STSORBIT can
automatically adjust launch or Epoch times and dates for your local
time zone. In addition, STSORBIT must know if your computer is now set
to STANDARD or DAYLIGHT time.
First, enter the difference between your STANDARD time zone and
UTC in hours. Do NOT include the hour for daylight time if you are now
on DAYLIGHT time; it will be entered separately. For most time zones
in the United States and Canada, the entries required are:
Eastern Standard Time EST -5.0
Central Standard Time CST -6.0
Mountain Standard Time MST -7.0
Pacific Standard Time PST -8.0
Enter UTC Offset (hours): -8
Enter DAYLIGHT Flag (0=OFF, 1=ON): 1
Once this information has been entered, it will be saved in file
STSORBIT.INI and will not be requested again. If you change from Standard
to Daylight Time or vice versa, use the F10+F9 command to update the
Daylight Flag. INI files obtained from other users may be from a prior
version of STSORBIT and the time information may have to be corrected.
F10 Enable/Disable Printer Logging
-------------------------------------
I have found it interesting to log the orbital data and the ascending
and descending node information on my printer when analyzing the mission
data over long periods of time. The F10 command toggles the printer logging
function on and off. The first page of the log includes the current orbital
data and subsequent pages contain only node information. In addition to the
information presented on the display, the printer log also calculates the
current orbital time, the time from one ascending (descending) node to the
next. A typical
log is shown below.
IMPORTANT: BE SURE THE PRINTER IS TURNED ON PRIOR TO ENTERING THE
F10 COMMAND.
STSORBIT: Space Shuttle Tracking Program, Version 9046 Page 1
ORBITAL DATA for STS-31 Discovery/HST
Launch Date: 04/24/1990
Launch Time: 05:33:52
Orbit Inclination: 28.4695
Orbit Altitude: 329.50 nm
Adjust Longitude: 9.80
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 27
Adjust Orbit Time: 8.40 min
ORBITAL
LOCAL DATE TIME ORBIT LONG MET TIME
04/28/1990 20:32:52 Ascend Node: 70 -69.95 4/14:58:07 1:36:55
04/28/1990 21:20:52 Dscend Node: 70 97.64 4/15:46:35 1:36:55
04/28/1990 22:09:52 Ascend Node: 71 -94.77 4/16:35:02 1:36:55
When printer logging is enabled and the ground track is displayed, the
word "LOG" will appear in red at the right of the text area. Enabling
printer logging also automatically enagles the display of ascending and
descending node information.
When a printer log is prepared for 2-line orbits, the Adjust Longitude
and Adjust Orbit Time entries will not be shown in the header data. The
Launch Date and Launch Time entries are given if that information has been
entered indepentently. The Epoch Date and Epoch Time are always shown for
2-line element simulations. Note also that the orbit altitude shown is the
altitude at the time the log was started and will not be correct for
subsequent entries, especially if the satellite has an elliptical orbit
(high eccentricity).
A printer log may be prepared in advance of a mission by enabling
printer logging from the Set Options Menu (with the F10+F10 command),
setting the desired simulation time (F8+F3 command), then starting the
ground track display with ENTER; once the ground track has appeared on the
screen, pressing the F key twice to set STSORBIT in the X60 fast time mode
will generate the date relatively quickly (although the UT TIME printed may
be off by as much as one minute in the X60 mode). Allow the simulation to
run for the desired length of time, then press ENTER to return to the Main
Menu. While the ground track is active the "L" command performs the same
function as the F10+F10 command to enable or disable printer logging.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 28
USING DISPLAY OPTIONS
---------------------
Once the orbital display is in progress, a number of keys are active:
ENTER Return to Main Menu (cancel this simulation).
B Toggle the BLINK mode of the space shuttle or satellite
symbol between blinking and steady.
F Toggle FAST mode from x1 to x10 to x60 to x1, etc. When
either of the fast modes is enabled, "(x10)" or "(x60)" will
appear at the upper right of the data block in red.
L Enable or disable printer logging. If logging is enabled,
the word LOG appears in the lower right of the screen. Be
sure the printer is turned on BEFORE using the L command.
The "L" command automatically enables the display of
ascending and descending node information.
P Enable/Disable PAUSE mode; only the local date and time are
updated. The plot is frozen at the current position and the
"+" and "-" commands are enabled.
R Resynchronize MET or T+Epoch with Local Time. Resets plot to
real time.
NOTE: The Resynchronization was feature was originally
intended only for testing and should only be performed when
the simulated time and local times are reasonably close to
each other. The plot may otherwise have some extraneous
pixels left around! This feature has not been extensively
tested. To restore the ground track completely, press ENTER
to stop the display and return to the Main Menu, then press
ENTER again to resume the mission.
T When using 2-line elements, the elapsed time may be switched
between "T+Epoch" and "MET" by using the "T" command. If no
launch time and date have been entered, the "T" command will
have no effect.
+ During PAUSE mode only, moves the satellite to the NEXT
calculated position based upon the FAST mode then in effect:
simulated time is advanced 1, 10, or 60 seconds. (NOTE: The
"=" key may be used instead of "+" to avoid the SHIFT KEY.)
- During PAUSE mode only, moves the satellite to the PREVIOUS
calculated position based upon the FAST mode then in effect:
simulated time is backed up 1, 10, or 60 seconds.
NOTE: Since this "-" or reverse feature was implemented
primarily for testing and demonstration, the ground track
logic does not recognize these reverse movements and will
become slightly convused. To restore the ground track
completely, press ENTER to stop the display and return to
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 29
the Main Menu, then press ENTER again to resume the mission.
The simulated time, taking into account any fast time that may have
been in effect up to that point, is shown at the lower left of the screen.
For reference, the launch or epoch time and the actual local time (as
determined by the computer's internal DOS clock) are also displayed. The
MET (Mission Elapsed Time) or T+Epoch display at the lower right of the
screen shows the current elapsed time in the mission and will include an
additional message, "(x10)" or "(x60)", when fast time is in effect.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 30
THE STSORBIT GROUND TRACK DISPLAY
---------------------------------
The STSORBIT ground track display consists primarily of a map of the
world extending from approximately +80 degrees to -80 degrees using a
linear cylindrical projection. Omitting the two 10 degree bands at the
poles permits better detail in the mid latitudes where all space shuttle
orbits and many other satellite orbits are concentrated. Ground track
details very near the poles are therefore sacrificed for a better display
in the main portion of typical orbits. The vertical resolution of the
display is automatically adjusted for the type of display system in use
from 200 lines (CGA) to 480 lines (VGA).
Centered around the user's geographic location is a magenta "circle"
of the approximate line of sight visibility for the mission in progress.
The circle appears on the display as an ellipse because of the scaling
factors used by the map projection. The radius of this circle of visibility
is calculated for each satellite based upon its altitude at the instant the
map is drawn as well as the user's elevation above mean sea level. Actual
visibility, of course, depends upon more than simply whether or not the
satellite is above the viewer's horizon. Most important is the
sun/earth/satellite/viewer geometry; the satellite must be in sunlight and
the viewer in darkness for reasonable visibility. Almost as important is
the size and geometry of the satellite itself; a large, bright-metal
satellite with huge solar arrays reflects far more sunlight than a small
dark satellite. In addition to the satellites themselves, many booster
rockets and other "spare parts" are orbiting the Earth. Since they are not
attitude stabilized, booster rockets usually are tumbling and may therefore
appear to flash on and off as they pass over.
For the Space Shuttle as well as most other satellites with near
circular orbits, the circle of visibility calculations are reasonably
accurate; however, the position of the sun and the effect of atmospheric
refraction are not taken into account, only whether or not the satellite is
in line of sight view from the observing location. For highly eliptical
orbits, however, the accuracy is substantially degraded since the radius of
the circle of visibility changes dramatically depending upon whether the
satellite is nearer apogee or perigee at the time the calculation is made
and the period of the orbit. In the course of a single pass overhead, such
a satellite's altitude may change by thousands of miles. Satellite "DE 1",
usually included in the NASAnnn.TXT 2-line elements file, is in a highly
elliptical orbit with long period and illustrates the problem.
The world map consists of a series of some 7500 coordinate pairs. When
used with an EGA or VGA color monitor, the coastal outlines are in cyan,
the equator and longitude grid are in blue, the Space Shuttle or satellite
is in white, the projected orbit is in green, and the past orbit track is
in red.
On HGC, EGA and VGA monitors, the three TDRS satellites (Tracking and
Data Relay Satellites), used for most communications to and from the Space
Shuttle and the Hubble Space Telescope, are shown as a dot inside a small
yellow circle on the equator, and the various NASA ground tracking stations
(and their approximate antenna range) may be displayed. CGA and monochrome
monitors, of course, display everything in a single color.
Orbital calculations are performed every second in real time and every
ten or sixty seconds in "fast time", and the position of the Space Shuttle
or satellite symbol is updated every ten (real time or X10) or every sixty
(X60) seconds. The predicted orbit and past orbit track markers are updated
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 31
every sixty seconds, primarily to avoid "cluttering" the display with too
many dots scattered around. Each dot therefore represents one minute of
time along the orbit; since the dots in the ground track are plotted at one
minute intervals, they may be used to estimate times with reasonable
accuracy. When the ground track is started, approximately four and a half
hours of past and predicted orbits are traced: one and a half hours of past
ground track and three hours of predicted ground track. As time passes, the
past and predicted ground track will "move" as time passes, with one dot of
past ground track removed each minute as a new dot of predicted ground
track is added.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 32
STSORBIT'S ORBITAL MODELS
-------------------------
The initial version of STSORBIT was prepared without reference
materials of any kind and the simplest possible orbital model was therefore
selected. The primary objective was to duplicate the NASA wall map at
the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas. This "simple" model assumed
that the orbit was perfectly circular at a specified altitude and
inclination which never degraded due to other factors such as drag or
perturbation. Some simplifying assumptions were incorporated to handle the
initial ascent portion of a mission and the launch site was hard coded to
Cape Canaveral, Florida. With only minor modifications, the program was
essentially unchanged for the next year.
The launch of STS-31 and the Hubble Space Telescope highlighted the
need for improved accuracy because of public interest and the length of the
mission. The orbital calculations were modified (STSORBIT Version 9015) to
include the J2 factor, the perturbation of low Earth orbits due to
variations in the gravitational field related to the non-spherical shape of
the Earth (among other factors); omission of the J2 factor caused errors in
longitude of approximately -5 to -7 degrees per day. That is, the orbital
track drifted Westward from its true position by that amount. More accurate
models of low orbits also include the J3 and J4 perturbation factors,
atmospheric drag, and a host of other less significant items.
Although by now reasonably accurate for the first day or so of a space
shuttle mission, the "simple" model is by no means ideal. In calculating
the current orbital longitude, for example, the "simple" model assumes a
circular orbit with an orbital inclination of zero degrees. For orbits with
low inclinations, as is typical for launches from Kennedy Space Center,
these errors are not particularly significant and are probably overshadowed
by the fundamental uncertainties in orbital parameters and by the
limitations imposed by display resolution. Orbits with higher inclinations,
as would be the case if near-polar launches from Vandenburg AFB in
California are ever initiated, would have much larger periodic errors which
would be both noticeable and objectionable. More important for longer
missions and for general satellite tracking is the fact that due to the
method used, errors in the orbital calculations tend to be cumulative.
Although it may be the only method available at launch, after about a week
the errors can become unacceptably large.
The real problem with the simple method, of course, is that the Earth
is not a perfect sphere and actual satellite orbits are never perfectly
circular. Satellite orbits are significantly perturbed by the non-spherical
gravitational field of the Earth, by the Sun and Moon, and other factors.
Accurate satellite tracking over longer periods of time therefore demands
more accurate data and a more rigorous treatment of satellite orbits. The
only practical alternative is to use the NASA/NORAD 2-line element sets.
Not only are the data readily available publicly, but they are relatively
accurate and are updated regularly. 2-line element sets for non-military
space shuttle missions are typically available by the second or third day
of the mission.
Six quantities are required by classical gravitational theory to
completely characterize the orbit of one body about another in time and
space, the "Two Body Problem". These six quantities, often referred to as
Keplerian orbital elements, are included in the NASA/NORAD 2-line element
sets along with other numerical and statistical data. NORAD, the North
American Air Defense Command headquartered in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado,
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 33
developed the 2-line element format many years ago as part of their
satellite tracking efforts and NASA subsequently adopted the same format --
more or less. My own analyses of 2-line element sets obtained independently
from other NASA centers indicate that NASA and NORAD do not always use the
same definition for revolution (orbit) numbers; NASA frequently gives a
number one greater than NORAD, calling the first partial orbit number one
while NORAD calls that same partial orbit number zero. Except for short
duration missions, such as the Space Shuttle, revolution numbers are of no
practical importance.
Having timely and accurate orbital data is of little help without a
computer model or program which can use those data. NORAD has rather
arbitrarily divided satellite orbits into two categories: near Earth orbits
and deep space orbits. Near Earth orbits are defined as those with orbital
periods of 225 minutes or less and deep space orbits are all others.
Computer models are described in the literature for each category. STSORBIT
employs the SGP4 Near Earth Model only, using a composite of code of my own
combined with translated Fortran and Basic source supplied by Paul Traufler
and C source by Paul Hirose. Not only are the near Earth orbits generally
of more interest to observers, but the errors associated with deep space
orbits processed with the SGP4 model (rather than the correct SDP4 model)
are not particularly significant for the purposes of a program such as
STSORBIT. Further, watching a geostationary satellite orbit on the screen
is not unlike watching grass grow and is about as exciting.
For the past several years, T S Kelso has been making the NASA/NORAD
data available as a public service on his Celestial BBS at (513) 427-0674.
The 2-line element sets are downloaded by Kelso directly from NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center by special arrangement. I regularly post a slightly
edited version (certain introductory text material is removed so that the
file may be used directly by programs such as STSORBIT) of the current
element sets on my own RPV ASTRONOMY BBS as file NASAnnn.TXT, where "nnn"
is the NASA bulletin number. Kelso provides data for several categories of
satellites: Amateur Radio, Earth Resources, Manned Spacecraft, Navigation,
Weather, and NASA's 30 Day Specials (which contain objects launched within
the last 30 days and are often easy to spot visually). More specifically,
these include the following satellites or satellite series: OSCAR, Radio
Sputnik, UOSAT, Cosmos, LandSat, SeaSat 1, SPOT, Mir, Salyut 7, Soyuz,
Space Shuttle, NAVSTAR (GPS), GOES, Meteor, and NOAA.
The Canadian Space Society BBS, (416) 458-5907, also regularly posts
NORAD 2-line elements. Note that the CSS format is slightly non-standard,
having additional information on the first (title) line for each satellite,
and may have to be edited for use with some tracking programs.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 34
ADJUSTING ORBITAL PARAMETERS (Simple Orbital Model)
---------------------------------------------------
NOTE: This section applies ONLY if you are using the simple orbital
model for simulation. When using 2-line elements, all orbital
parameters are completely defined by the 2-line elements and may not
be modified from within STSORBIT.
The original "simple" orbital model used in STSORBIT is imperfect, to
say the least. The data generally available from NASA prior to launch often
does not describe upcoming shuttle orbits at all precisely. In particular,
STSORBIT's initial orbital calculations, those related to the time from
liftoff to orbital insertion, are more or less guesswork. Once a mission is
established in orbit, it may be therefore desirable to adjust the orbital
parameters to make STSORBIT's displayed ground track correspond more
closely to that displayed on the wall map in Mission Control Center. To
make the adjustment, use the following procedure:
1. Start program STSORBIT. After the map data has been read in, select
the program options command, F10, then press F5 to enable display of
the data for the ascending and descending nodes. Enter the original
launch time and orbital data using the F4 command or restore prior
data using the ENTER key or F3 command if no adjustments have been
entered. The plot will appear on the screen.
2. Observe the crossing time and longitude of the node of interest and
calculate the difference from the desired crossing time. Note that
NASA performs all orbital calculations referenced to the Ascending
Node, the point at which the ground track crosses the Equator in a
North-bound direction. In order to view a given node crossing
repeatedly, you may find it convenient to reset the DOS clock to a
minute or two prior to the expected time.
HINT: Use the F9 command to go back to DOS, then use DOS's TIME
command to set the clock. BE SURE TO RESET YOUR COMPUTER CLOCK WHEN
YOU HAVE COMPLETED ALL ORBITAL ADJUSTMENTS!
3. When adjusting orbital parameters, it is preferable to adjust the TIME
before adjusting the LONGITUDE. This is because the longitude of the
node is affected by the rotation of the Earth (by 15 degrees per hour)
when the time is changed. Calculate the difference between the time of
the observed node crossing and the time of crossing plotted by
STSORBIT. If the observed time is earlier than the plotted time, the
time adjustment must be positive, otherwise it must be negative. The
time must be calculated in minutes and decimal fractions of a minute.
4. Press ENTER to return to the Main Menu, then press F5 to enter
adjusted data. Enter the new orbital altitude in nautical miles (or
altitude in kilometers by adding "km"); usually, the orbital altitude
has not changed and you should press ENTER to leave this item
unchanged.
5. Press ENTER to leave the longitude adjustment set at zero.
6. Enter the calculated time difference for the node crossing as the time
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 35
adjustment (in minutes).
7. Press ENTER to leave the launch time unchanged.
8. Inspect the data displayed to be sure it is correct. If it is not,
press the SPACE BAR to re-enter data; if it is correct, press ENTER to
accept the data. STSORBIT will immediately begin plotting the new
ground track. If necessary, interrupt the plot with the ENTER key,
reset your computer's clock, return to STSORBIT, and press ENTER to
resume current mission.
9. Again observe the plotted time of crossing and repeat from Step 4 if
the time is not correct. If the time is correct, note the longitude of
the node and calculate the difference from the observed longitude. If
the plotted longitude is less than the observed longitude, the
adjustment must be positive, otherwise it must be negative. The
longitude adjustment must be entered in degrees and decimal fractions
of a degree.
10. Press ENTER to return to the Main Menu, then press F5 to enter
adjusted data. Enter the calculated longitude adjustment, then press
ENTER twice to leave the time adjustment and launch time unchanged.
11. Inspect the data displayed to be sure it is correct. If it is not,
press the SPACE BAR to re-enter data; if it is correct, press ENTER to
accept the data. STSORBIT will immediately begin plotting the new
ground track. If necessary, interrupt the plot with the ENTER key,
reset your computer's clock, return to STSORBIT, and press ENTER to
resume current mission.
12. This procedure should enable you to set the orbital parameters with
considerable accuracy. However, even minor changes of the orbit in
flight can cause a significant cumulative error in the ground track
displayed by STSORBIT. If all this seems like too much effort, just
enjoy the program "as it comes from the box"!
13. During the course of a non-military mission, I normally watch NASA
Select TV (if I'm around!) and post updated .INI files from time to
time on my BBS. You may call the BBS and download the updated .INI
files; these files typically have names such as STS31A.INI, STS31B.INI
and so forth. Use the F3 command to read the updated .INI file into
program STSORBIT. Also, within a day or two of a Space Shuttle launch,
the 2-line elements for the mission will usually be available on my
BBS.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 36
STSORBIT REVISION HISTORY
-------------------------
Program STSORBIT underwent multiple revisions during the first days of
the STS-30 Atlantis/Magellan mission (May 1989) and the process was
repeated during the STS-28 Columbia mission (August 1989). At one point, I
was releasing new versions every couple of hours! Lacking any equations or
data for the first minutes of a typical mission, the first tries were
largely guesswork and needed to be refined considerably. After all of that,
comparison of STSORBIT's plot with the NASA wall map data (as seen on NASA
Select Television) and interpolation of that data shows good agreement
through about the first ten orbits. However, after orbital maneuvers, such
as occur with the deployment of a satellite or spacecraft, the initial data
is much less accurate. Unfortunately, the NASA wall map is not always on
the screen and orbital information may otherwise be difficult to obtain
during the first day or two of a mission.
The launch of the Hubble Space Telescope (May 1990) and the
availability of the NASA/NORAD 2-Line Element Sets has prompted a major
revision of the program at Version 9022 to permit accurate tracking over
longer periods of time using these data. This has required a major rewrite
of the program which required many days of effort. As with any major
software change, not all problems and bugs are detected in the first
releases. User feedback and patience will be appreciated.
Each released version of STSORBIT uses a four digit revision code
such as 9027. The first two digits indicate the year and the second two
digits indicate the week of the year. In some cases, an additional letter
suffix is added to distinguish changes occurring within the same week. A
partial week at the beginning or end of the year is counted as a full week.
Using this method, a year will typically have 53 weeks although it is
possible to have 54 weeks in a leap year (1972 is an example). The current
year-week revision code is shown on the Julian Date display, Display Mode
7, in my program ASTROCLK.
This file records the revision history of program STSORBIT through all
of the minor twists and turns that usually accompany the evolution of such
a program. It illustrates the tortuous process of maintaining and refining
a program as ideas and problems are reported from every quarter. The early
versions were rushed to meet the launch schedules, probably too much so.
These notes may also be helpful to users who are upgrading from one version
to another to find out what has changed.
David H. Ransom, Jr.
9047 11/17/90
-----------------
-Modified the routine that reads 2-line elements to substitute 0.0000001 if
the supplied eccentricity is zero. (An eccentricity of zero resulted in
division by zero, error #11, and an abort to DOS.)
-Blank lines in 2-line element files are now ignored. Lines which begin
with a dash ("-") are now treated as a comment and displayed. BULLETIN.TXT
files downloaded from Celestial BBS may now be read without editing.
-"F" key now changes the fast time mode correctly during PAUSE.
-Changed Main Manu F5 display to reflect simple versus 2-line mode.
-Changed Main Menu F6 display to show current time/date mode, MET or
T+Epoch.
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 37
9046C 11/15/90
-----------------
-Further changes and corrections to try and "bullet proof" the time and
date entry process. Main Menu commands F4 and F5 modified.
9046B 11/15/90
-----------------
-Corrects a problem with UTC vs. local dates when entering simulated time
and date (F8+F3). Thanks to Matt Merrill for reporting the problem.
9046A 11/14/90
-----------------
-Corrected minor bug that caused TDRS communications coverage not to
display under some circumstances.
9046 11/13/90 (MAJOR UPGRADE)
----------------------------------
-The current or simulated local time and date and UTC time and date are now
shown on all menus. GMT is assumed equal to UTC.
-The "catch up" phase when plotting is started has been rewritten to all
but eliminate that delay. The past and predicted ground track is still
plotted but the satellite immediately begins from the approximate current
position. This change will be particularly noticeable on slower computers
and has been made in response to user comments. The bell no longer sounds
when the system begins tracking in real time.
-Function key F8 has been added to the Main Menu to allow the user to set
internal time and date functions. The method used does NOT affect the
system clock. The program may be set to a simulated date or time using
local or UTC/GMT time, Mission Elapsed Time (provided a launch time and
date are present), or the program time and date may be returned to real
time as determined by the system clock. The system clock may also be set to
a new time and date.
-Function key F5 has been modified to allow the user to input a Launch Time
and Launch Date when using 2-line elements. Note that this information is
NOT included in the 2-line elements and must be determined independently.
-Function key F6 has been added to allow the user to select between "Time
since Epoch" (the time elapsed since the epoch date of the 2-line element
set, normally used for satellites other than the space shuttle) and
"Mission Elapsed Time" (time since launch). Press F6 to toggle between the
two methods. Use caution when changing from one satellite to another since
this information is not changed when different 2-line elements are read!
-The "T" command has been added during the ground track display to switch
between Time Sinc Epoch and Mission Elapsed Time (See F6 addition above).
-When changing local coordinates (F10+F2), the program now attempts to
calculate the correct time offset from UTC/GMT based upon the longitude of
the new location. The program time is automatically adjusted for the
change and is marked "simulated" if the time difference is non-zero.
-Somehow a conversion factor (from kilometers to nautical miles) has been
incorrect for several versions! This has meant that the altitude above the
Earth's surface has been incorrect (although the plotted position was
correct).
NOTE: PRIOR .INI FILES MAY NO LONGER YIELD ACCURATE RESULTS!
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 38
Since .INI files use spacecraft altitude in nautical miles as one of
the orbital parameters in the "simple orbital model", this means that
past .INI files may no longer yield accurate results with Version
9046 and higher. 2-line elements files will continue to operate
correctly but the spacecraft altitude will now be correct. Thanks to
Ron Parise of the STS-35 crew for finding and reporting the problem!
-The program now displays the TDRS satellite being used for communications
relay for space shuttle missions (satellite name must begin with "STS") in
the upper right corner of the data block. The approximate transfer points
are: -138 degrees for TDRS West to TDRS East; 57 degrees for LOS TDRS East;
and, 90 degrees for AOS TDRS West. The algorithm used takes into account
the curvature of the Earth which changes those positions by up to about 3
degrees toward the poles. The TDRS communications information is shown only
in normal display, and not in x10 or x60.
-Approximate TDRS coverage is now shown. Curved red lines appear at -138,
57, and 90 degrees. (This is a VERY rough approximation, accurate to only a
couple of degrees.)
-TDRS positions updated per 2-line elements as of 5 OCT 1990. Added TDRS-1
to the right of TDRS-West, the on-orbit spare TDRS. The spare TDRS was used
during mission STS-41 and is still active.
-When 2-line elements are displayed for approval (using F2 from Main Menu),
the Elements Epoch is shown as conventional date and time in addition to
the NASA/NORAD shorthand notation (i.e. 90262.9155368).
-The routine to set the UTC Offset (F10+F9) has been corrected so that the
current values are displayed. Press ENTER to leave an item unchanged.
-The "F" key now changes step time when in PAUSE as well as during normal
operation. Step time returns original value upon exit from pause.
-Cosmetic corection: Screen now cleared with F10+F6 (change map center).
-Corrected location message and color after PAUSE.
9027 7/01/90
-----------------
-Rewrote main menu to use Function Keys and added new secondary menu for
program options. Special keys used during map display are unchanged.
-Documentation extensively revised to reflect menu changes and additional
features.
-Added Slow Mode for very slow computers or systems without a math
coprocessor. Position calculations performed every five seconds rather than
every second when in this mode.
-Added circle of visibility to map showing the approximate area about the
observing location through which the current satellite may be seen.
-Added Range, Altitude and Azimuth to current position calculations.
-Added local observing coordinates and ability to read STSORBIT.CTY with
approx. 720 city locations. NOTE: The city file includes the local
elevation but all elevations are set to zero since I don't have that
information. Location data may also be input manually.
-Added graphics clipping to restrict graphics to map area for orbits with
high inclinations. (Example: Alouette)
-Adjusted top edge of map to top of screen.
-Revised CGA HST icon for faster drawing and better proportions.
-"/R" is now sufficient for RESUME command line option.
-Added "/S" command line option to force space shuttle icon. Requires less
time to draw than HST icon for slower computers.
-Adjusted blink timing for more reliable blinking. If computational delays
STSORBIT Space Shuttle and Satellite Orbit Simulation Page 39
are too great (especially 2-line orbits which require more than twice the
calculation time compared to simple orbits), blinking is defeated.
-Two sample PIF files are included for use with Windows 3.0, one for 386
enhanced mode and one for normal mode. Files must be edited to set correct
drive/directory names.
[Intermediate revision notes removed to save space. Available on request.]
8916 4/24/89
-----------------
-Initial BETA VERSION Release.