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v01.n490
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2001-11-26
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52KB
From: owner-abolition-usa-digest@lists.xmission.com (abolition-usa-digest)
To: abolition-usa-digest@lists.xmission.com
Subject: abolition-usa-digest V1 #490
Reply-To: abolition-usa-digest
Sender: owner-abolition-usa-digest@lists.xmission.com
Errors-To: owner-abolition-usa-digest@lists.xmission.com
Precedence: bulk
abolition-usa-digest Tuesday, November 27 2001 Volume 01 : Number 490
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Mon, 26 Nov 2001 10:09:23 -0800
From: fdpeace@earthlink.net
Subject: Re: (abolition-usa) DU
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
- --------------ACEED510370948C584906E36
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hi Patricia,
I am Pax Christi USA's representative to the US Network to Abolish
Nuclear Weapons.
The attachment is one of a few short educational pieces I composed on
that wide subject.
It focuses on uranium and can help steer your student friend to
additional material on DU.
- ---Regards
Frank Dworak
Patricia Watson wrote:
>
> Who can answer this student's questions?
>
> Patricia Watson, editor, Peacework
>
> >Status: U
> >From: "Alex" <kingzing1@kc.rr.com>
> >To: <pwork@igc.org>
> >Subject: DU
> >Date: Fri, 23 Nov 2001 19:10:35 -0600
> >MIME-Version: 1.0
> >X-Priority: 3
> >X-MSMail-Priority: Normal
> >X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2600.0000
> >
> > I am curious as to why the United States Military insists on using DU
> >in the battlefield. It seems to me that these weapons must be incredibly
> >effective or the government would have stopped using them. Is there a
> >viable military alternative to DU? If so, how effective in comparison to
> >DU would the alternative be? On a side note, it seems that DU would only
> >be dispersed in the battlefields of Iraq. Do the people of Iraq frequent
> >these battlefields, for this seems to be the only logical explination of
> >how they get these diseases? How much uranium does it take to cause
> >these kind of casualties/malformations? Is there a certain exposure
> >time/level that needs to be attained before these problems will occur? Is
> >DU always 60% as radioactive as naturally occuring uranium or is this
> >just the "high" estimate? Thanks so very much, Alex King Student
> >
>
> -
> To unsubscribe to abolition-usa, send an email to "majordomo@xmission.com"
> with "unsubscribe abolition-usa" in the body of the message.
> For information on digests or retrieving files and old messages send
> "help" to the same address. Do not use quotes in your message.
- --------------ACEED510370948C584906E36
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- --------------ACEED510370948C584906E36--
- -
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------------------------------
Date: Mon, 26 Nov 2001 15:56:24 -0400
From: Patricia Watson <pwork@igc.org>
Subject: Re: (abolition-usa) DU
Thank you. Very intaeresting and lucid essay. I forwarded it to Alex King.
peace, patricia watson
- -
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------------------------------
Date: Mon, 26 Nov 2001 22:31:03 +0100
From: "tom" <lau@elledi.it>
Subject: Re: (abolition-usa) DU
You can also find a paper in the www.ialana.org/ webside - italian lawyers
....
best regards Jo. Lau
- ----- Original Message -----
From: "Patricia Watson" <pwork@igc.org>
To: <abolition-usa@lists.xmission.com>
Sent: Monday, November 26, 2001 8:56 PM
Subject: Re: (abolition-usa) DU
> Thank you. Very intaeresting and lucid essay. I forwarded it to Alex
King.
>
> peace, patricia watson
>
>
>
>
> -
> To unsubscribe to abolition-usa, send an email to
"majordomo@xmission.com"
> with "unsubscribe abolition-usa" in the body of the message.
> For information on digests or retrieving files and old messages send
> "help" to the same address. Do not use quotes in your message.
- -
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 27 Nov 2001 17:14:56 -0500
From: ASlater <aslater@gracelinks.org>
Subject: (abolition-usa) Fwd: NYTimes.com Article: For Radiation, How Much Is Too Much?
>Sender: articles-email@ms1.lga2.nytimes.com
>Reply-To: csalvi@gracelinks.org
>From: csalvi@gracelinks.org
>To: aslater@gracelinks.org
>Subject: NYTimes.com Article: For Radiation, How Much Is Too Much?
>Date: Tue, 27 Nov 2001 14:37:48 -0500 (EST)
>X-Loop-Detect: 1
>
>This article from NYTimes.com
>has been sent to you by csalvi@gracelinks.org.
>
>
>
>For Radiation, How Much Is Too Much?
>
>November 27, 2001
>
>By GINA KOLATA
>
>
>
>
>In their efforts to protect Americans from the hazards of
>radiation, federal agencies have found themselves in a
>quandary. People are constantly exposed to radiation from
>natural sources - from cosmic rays, radon seeping out of
>the earth and radioactive substances in soil, water, food
>and even from potassium in the human body itself.
>
>Compared with this radiation, the amounts coming from human
>efforts like nuclear plants are, relatively, minuscule. So,
>the question is, How closely must this radiation be
>regulated?
>
>Up to now, regulators have typically acted as if every bit
>of excess exposure is potentially hazardous. But some
>scientists question this assumption.
>
>The issue is becoming increasingly pressing as more than
>100 nuclear power plants are being relicensed so they can
>continue to operate. At the same time, the country faces a
>growing predicament of what to do with nuclear waste from
>power plants and weapons sites.
>
>"The issue rages because we are regulating doses that are
>lower than the natural background of radiation," said Dr.
>Arthur Upton. A radiation expert and former director of the
>National Cancer Institute, Dr. Upton is a professor of
>environmental and community medicine at the University of
>Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
>
>In a report last year on radiation standards, the General
>Accounting Office, the investigative arm of Congress, said:
>"The standards administered by E.P.A. and N.R.C. to protect
>the public from low-level radiation exposure do not have a
>conclusive scientific basis, despite decades of research."
>
>The situation is further confused, experts say, because
>regulatory standards are a hodgepodge.
>
>The Environmental Protection Agency advocates a standard
>for all radiation exposure from a single source or site at
>15 millirem a year, with no more than 4 coming from ground
>water. A standard chest X-ray, in comparison, gives about
>10 millirem to the chest, which is equivalent to 1 or 2
>millirem to the whole body. The Nuclear Regulatory
>Commission sets its acceptable level of radiation exposure
>from any one source at 25 millirem a year. In contrast, the
>natural level of background radiation in the United States,
>on average, is about 350 millirem a year, and in some areas
>of the country it is many times higher than that.
>
>In New York, for example, people absorb about 100 millirem
>of radiation each year from cosmic rays alone, said Dr.
>John Boice Jr., a radiation expert, who is the scientific
>director of the International Epidemiology Institute in
>Rockville, Md. In Denver, exposure from cosmic rays
>averages 200 millirem a year, he said, and natural
>variation in radiation exposure is many times the amounts
>of radiation that are being disputed by regulatory
>agencies.
>
>"We eat, breathe and drink low levels of radiation," Dr.
>Boice said.
>
>At the same time, said Dr. Fred Mettler, chairman of the
>radiology department at the University of New Mexico
>medical school, major medical sources of radiation, like
>CAT scanners, have fallen outside the purview of any
>regulatory agency.
>
>"A whole lot of places aren't regulated at all," Dr.
>Mettler said. "It's a bit of a nightmare."
>
>"When you look at the exposure of the population from
>radiation, about two-thirds is due to natural background
>and about 15 percent is due to your friendly doctors and
>chiropractors," Dr. Mettler said. "Everything else is, to
>tell you the truth, very minimal. Less than a couple of
>percent is from all the nuclear reactors and all the
>research industry."
>
>But, asked Dr. John Evans, a risk analyst at the Harvard
>School of Public Health, Why should the level of background
>radiation matter to the question of how much additional
>risk from human-generated sources is acceptable? "Why isn't
>the more relevant question, How much of this risk can be
>mitigated at what cost to you?" he asked.
>
>The quandary over how to set radiation levels does not
>result from a lack of research or analysis, scientists say.
>
>
>"Radiation's effects on people have been studied for over a
>century," Dr. Mettler said. "There's a vast literature.
>There are probably more studies on the harmful effects of
>radiation than for any other toxic or noxious agents in the
>environment."
>
>And as scientists studied radiation, committees to evaluate
>the data proliferated.
>
>"We have national and international standing committees
>that periodically review the world's literature on ionizing
>radiation," said Dr. Boice, who is a member of many such
>groups. "At the International Committee on Radiological
>Protection, we just celebrated our 75th anniversary and we
>meet two or three times a year."
>
>Then, he said, there is the United Nations Scientific
>Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. "That started
>in 1955," Dr. Boice said. "We meet every year in Vienna and
>we publish volumes."
>
>In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency,
>the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the National Council
>on Radiation Protection and Measurements wrestle with the
>radiation standards question, and the National Academy of
>Sciences has been called upon periodically since the 1950's
>to weigh in with its committee, called the Biological
>Effects of Ionizing Radiation committee. The Department of
>Energy and the National Institutes of Health conduct
>extensive research.
>
>The science has grown rapidly. In 1980, Dr. Boice set up
>the radiation epidemiology section at the National Cancer
>Institute with just a handful of researchers. Now, he said,
>while he moved on to form the International Epidemiology
>Institute, which conducts research for industry and the
>government, the cancer institute's radiation department is
>no longer a section, it is a branch, and one of the largest
>branches there, with hundreds of scientists.
>
>"A lot of people say, `Gee, we don't know a lot about the
>risks of radiation,' " Dr. Boice said. "I say: `We know a
>whole lot. We've studied populations all over the world
>since the turn of the last century. We know what happens at
>high doses. We know what happens at medical doses. And we
>know that at low doses the risks are low. The controversy
>is just how low are they. Are they really low or are they
>really, really low?' "
>
>As with other toxic substances in the environment, the
>stricter the standards, the more it costs to meet them.
>
>The G.A.O. report last year, which had the subtitle
>"Scientific Basis Inconclusive, and E.P.A. and N.R.C.
>Disagreement Continues," gave some examples of the costs of
>complying with standards setting different levels of
>radiation. The cost of cleaning soil around reactors and
>nuclear weapons facilities could range from thousands of
>dollars to more than $100 million, depending on whether the
>standard was an exposure of 15 or 25 millirem a year, the
>report said.
>
>The report said that for groundwater, the cost of going
>from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's limits of 25
>millirem a year to the level that the Environmental
>Protection Agency wants could be billions of dollars.
>
>Scientists usually rely on a mathematical model in
>estimating radiation risk. The most widely used model is
>known as the linear-nonthreshold dose-response model. It
>assumes that there is no safe dose of radiation and that
>the risk of getting cancer or genetic damage increases
>along with radiation exposure.
>
>"For better or worse, that is our model," said Stephen
>Page, the director of the environmental agency's office of
>radiation and indoor air. And with that model, he said,
>"the E.P.A. has tried to be as protective as possible." The
>agency, he added, uses that model to make sure the risk
>from radiation is within the allowable range from toxic
>chemicals, 1 in 10,000 to 1 in a million chance of
>developing cancer.
>
>Some say that the linear model is the best way to estimate
>radiation risk, but others say that there is, in fact, a
>threshold below which radiation poses no hazard to health.
>And still others say that low doses of radiation are
>actually beneficial.
>
>The linear hypothesis had its origin in 1927, when the
>geneticist Dr. H. J. Muller published a paper on his work
>eliciting gene mutations in fruit flies by bombarding them
>with radiation from X-rays. In a paper published in the
>journal Science, Dr. Muller showed that the number of
>mutations in fruit flies was proportional to the dose of
>X-rays that had struck the insects.
>
>"He said: `Aha! There's a linear relationship,' " said Dr.
>Dade W. Moeller, a radiation expert and professor emeritus
>at Harvard who runs a consulting company, Dade Moeller &
>Associates in New Bern, N.C. Yet, Dr. Moeller points out,
>those studies by Dr. Muller used very high doses of
>radiation, and he elicited gene mutations, not cancer. But
>the idea that radiation's effects were directly
>proportional to its dose caught hold and soon was being
>used to predict cancer cases. The difficulty was in
>demonstrating it.
>
>The risks of getting cancer from exposure to radiation
>increase with dose. But since a third of all people get
>cancer anyway, at some time in their lives, the problem is
>to find evidence that low doses of radiation cause cancers
>that would not have otherwise occurred. Even for people
>exposed to large radiation doses, like the 80,000 to 90,000
>survivors of the atomic bombs exploded over Hiroshima and
>Nagasaki, it has been hard to find excess cancers.
>
>"They were exposed in 1945 and nearly half are still
>alive," Dr. Moeller said.
>
>Dr. Mettler said the latest data show that 12,000 of these
>atomic bomb survivors had died from cancer. He said the
>number of excess cancers in the group is about 700.
>
>Those data, Dr. Mettler said, show that there is a small
>risk of cancer with an exposure of tens of thousands of
>millirem of radiation.
>
>"There's a group that says that if you can't see it, it
>doesn't exist," Dr. Mettler said. "Then there's another
>group that says, `That's nice, but it doesn't mean it
>doesn't happen.' "
>
>Now, some scientists even say low radiation doses may be
>beneficial. They theorize that these doses protect against
>cancer by activating cells' natural defense mechanisms. As
>evidence, they cite studies, like one in Canada of
>tuberculosis patients who had multiple chest X-rays and one
>of nuclear workers in the United States. The tuberculosis
>patients, some analyses said, had fewer cases of breast
>cancer than would be expected and the nuclear workers had a
>lower mortality rate than would be expected.
>
>Dr. Boice said these studies were flawed by statistical
>pitfalls, and when a committee of the National Council on
>Radiation Protection and Measurement evaluated this and
>other studies on beneficial effects, it was not convinced.
>The group, headed by Dr. Upton of New Jersey, wrote that
>the data "do not exclude" the hypothesis. But, it added,
>"the prevailing evidence has generally been interpreted as
>insufficient to support this view."
>
>In the meantime, the regulatory agencies are at a
>stalemate, continuing to disagree on radiation standards.
>And the committee reports and committee meetings on
>radiation standards go on.
>
>A recent report, issued in June by the National Council on
>Radiation Protection and Risks, is 287 pages long and
>devoted entirely to evaluating the linear-nonthreshold
>model. It explains that the council "has sought to leave no
>significant aspect of the subject unaddressed."
>
>Its conclusion?
>
>For lack of a better model, it recommends
>keeping the linear one.
>
>"There is not conclusive evidence on which to reject" the
>model, the report says, adding that "it may never be
>possible to prove or disprove the validity of the linear
>nonthreshold assumption."
>
>http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/27/health/policy/27RADA.html?ex=1007889868&
ei=1&en=283e5acd4b1e66fc
>
>
>
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>
>Copyright 2001 The New York Times Company
>
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