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###############################################################################
xmfract version 1.4 - a freeware fractal generation program.
Copyright (C) 1995 Darryl House and the Stone Soup Group.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Some source code for this program is covered by additional copyrights.
See the copyright notices in the source files for more information.
You should have received a machine-readable and/or hard copy of the
GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the
Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
###############################################################################
Please carefully read the "COMPILATION AND INSTALLATION" section below
for important information about the configuration options for your site.
This is xmfract 1.4, an X11R[5/6] Motif program based upon a
popular DOS freeware program named Fractint. It is a true graphic
user interface quite different from that program.
The program will calculate, display and manipulate over 90 discrete
fractal types with very fast algorithms. Other features include zooming,
animation (color cycling), color editing, spherical projection, and an
amazing wealth of parameters. There are too many features to list here.
Also included are dozens of ancillary files such as color map files,
parameter files, formula files, and an extensive on-line help system.
System requirements:
The program is known run to under the following operating systems:
OSF/1 (with Motif 1.2 or later)
Solaris 2.x (with Motif 1.2 or later)
Linux 1.94 or later (with XFree 3.1 and Motif 1.2 or later)
HPUX (with Motif 1.2 or later)
AIX (with Motif 1.2 or later)
Motif 1.2 or later is required for this program. Motif 1.1 will
not work with this program.
The program has been tested under the following window managers:
mwm olwm olvwm twm tvtwm vuewm
Required utilities:
The GNU utility "gunzip" and the Unix or GNU utility "tar" are
required to unpack the archive.
Recommended utilities:
The GNU C compiler "gcc", while not required, is recommended.
Disk requirements:
2MB of space is required to download the source archive.
The compiled program (stripped and optimized) requires 1MB of space.
The ancillary files (see below) require 1.5MB of space.
The amount of space required to compile the program will vary,
depending on the compiler used, the compilation flags that
are set, and whether the ancillary files are stored in the
same file system as the source (the default configuration).
About 20MB of space is recommended for the most convenient
method of compilation and storage.
Bugs fixed and enhancements since version 1.1:
- Added GNU "autoconf" capability with configuration files and scripts.
- All dialogs have been extensively generalized. There are now no
specific widget positioning or sizing parameters, allowing the
use of any font or window manager.
- Added platform-dependent conditions for some system library functions
and definitions.
- Deleted the call to MrmInitialize() and deleted the reference to
the Mrm library in the Makefiles.
- Conditionally compile and/or include the Xmu library and calls
to register the event handlers for "editres".
- The zoom box problems reported in the previous version have been fixed.
- The two pop-up menus have been replaced by option menus.
- Fixed various widget heirarchy and memory allocation errors.
- Function prototypes have been generalized.
- varargs vs. stdarg handling has been generalized.
- Vastly enhanced the color editor.
- Added signal handling for Linux platforms.
- Added a Fractint-like 'z' key function for parameters.
- Added an Image Refresh Rate option.
- Added a parameter forwarding option.
- Added the Fractint zoombox pan capability.
- Added a Fractint-like color editor freestyle capability.
- Added palette randomization functions and an associated dialog.
- Enhanced the handling of formula, ifs, and lsystem fractal types.
- Enhanced the initialization file and environment variable handling.
- Updated this file and the on-line help files.
- Added more preset window sizes.
- Fixed all reported bugs.
- Added an icon.
Table of Contents:
1: COMPILATION AND INSTALLATION
2: USER INFORMATION
3: COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
4: GETTING STARTED
5: DEVELOPER INFORMATION
6: BUGS
7: CORRESPONDENCE
8: TO-DO LIST
9: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
===========================================================================
1: COMPILATION AND INSTALLATION
Unpack the archive with gunzip and tar:
prompt% gunzip xmfract.beta.tar.gz
prompt% tar xvf xmfract.beta.tar
prompt% rm xmfract.beta.tar
This will leave a directory named xmfract_1.4 that contains the
source archive and configuration files.
Also included are dozens of ancillary files used at runtime
(*.par, *.frm, *.map, etc.), and a directory containing the on-line
help files.
Type "man editres" for more information about editres. If it is
not installed on your system, it is of no concern to this program.
Editres is a resource editor that is useful for debugging and
figuring out the names of specific widgets, which is also handy
for customizing the X resource file.
All you need to know about your system is where the Motif include
and library directories are, and whether you have (and wish to use)
the Xmu library for editres. Autoconf will try to figure out the rest.
By default (configurable -- these are just defaults):
The program will be installed in /usr/local/bin
The ancillary files will be installed in /usr/local/xmfract
The help files will be installed in /usr/local/xmfract/help
TO CONFIGURE THE PROGRAM FOR YOUR SITE:
The pertinent options for "configure" are:
(type ./configure -help for syntax information and more options)
--prefix (or make install prefix=<path>)
This changes the /usr/local prefix for everything.
--exec-prefix (or make install exec_prefix=<path>)
This changes just the /usr/local prefix for the xmfract executable.
"make install bindir=<path>" has the same effect -- the program
will be installed as <path>/xmfract
"make install libdir=<path>" changes the installation path for the
ancillary files. They will be installed in <path> and the help
files will be installed in <path>/help
"make install helpdir=<path>" will change the path to the help files.
--with-editres
Enables the editres protocol and includes the Xmu libraries.
--with-motif="motif_includes=DIR motif_libraries=DIR"
Tells the Makefiles where it can find the Motif directories.
For example, on a system where Motif is installed in the
directory /usr/lib/motif_1.2, then motif_includes=DIR becomes
motif_includes=/usr/lib/motif_1.2/include
Please note that there are a puzzling combination of dashes,
underscores and quotation marks in the arguments -- take care
to get it correct, and use full path names, not relative paths.
Type "./configure [options]"
Type "make install [options]"
If you are using a BSD compiler, you will probably get a
gazillion warnings about "& before array or function" that
will be safely ignored.
Initialization:
1. - Xmfract may obtain initialization information from many sources,
including the command line, the environment, and two different
names for initialization files. Choose whichever of these options
is most convenient for you:
a: If you use this method, no modification of any initialization
file is necessary (yet not disallowed). Set an environment
variable XMFRACTDIR or FRACTDIR that points to wherever you
have placed the ancillary files (*.map, *.par, etc.).
Then rename the file "xmfract.ini" to ".xmfractrc" (note the
leading "dot") and place it in your home directory.
-- or --
b: Add a line to the top of the "xmfract.ini" that points to
wherever you have placed the ancillary files. This must be
a full-pathed name of a directory (relative paths or variables
are not (yet) supported). i.e. fractdir=/usr/local/xmfract
Note that there are no spaces before or after the "=", nor
is the path surrounded by quotation marks. Place this file
in your home directory or the directory from which you
intend to run xmfract. If it is in your home directory,
you may rename the file as .xmfractrc, or leave it named
xmfract.ini -- both forms are supported.
In either case, if you have placed the help files in any directory
other than <fractdir>/help, then add a line to whichever file you
are using for initialization (xmfract.ini or .xmfractrc) that
points to wherever you have placed the help files.
2. - The program contains internal default fallback X resources, so an
app-defaults file is not necessary, but it may be useful for
customizing the program's appearance and behaviour. If desired,
rename the X resource file from Xmfract.ad to Xmfract and place it
where your system's resource files are stored, or your home directory.
Review the comments at the top of the resource file for more
information about customizing resources.
For Linux systems, this will probably be required because XFree has
a problem dealing with tear-off menus in many versions of Motif.
Set the tearOffModel resource to TEAR_OFF_DISABLED for Linux systems,
if you experience problems with tear-off menus. Xmfract does not need
to be re-compiled when any resource is changed.
2: USER INFORMATION
This documentation assumes that the user has read "Fractal Creations
Second Edition", by Tim Wegner and Bert Tyler, published (1993) by
Wait Group Press, 200 Tamal Plaza, Corte Madera, CA 94925. If you
have not read this most excellent book, please do so. The book will
give you many insights into the creation and inner workings of fractals
in addition to the user's guide to Fractint, the original DOS program
that this version of xmfract is based upon.
Ken Shirriff has ported Fractint to UNIX, using an interface almost
identical to the original Fractint. That version of the program is
named Xfract and has several advantages over this version, and may
be preferable for many users. Those differences include the ability to
use the disk video mode, and that the interface has the same look-and-feel
of the original Fractint, among many others.
Xmfract differs from Fractint and Xfract in many ways. The first and
most obvious of these is the graphic user interface. Many of the same
keystrokes will invoke familiar menus, and some other keystrokes are
changed or non-existent. Please browse each of the menus on the menu
bar to become familiar with their contents.
The letter to the right of the menu item indicates the letter which may
be typed to invoke that menu item. This is called a menu item accelerator.
The menu does not need to be displayed to invoke the item with the
accelerator letter.
Xmfract supports tear-off menus, if the user has not specifically
prevented it by an entry in the resource file. Menus may be "torn off",
or posted in windows of their own (separate from the main window), by
selecting the dashed line at the top of the menu. To dismiss any torn-off
menu, press the 'Esc' key while the pointer is in the menu window.
An extensive on-line help system is installed. Browse the help files
from the main menu's "Help" button or press the "Help" button in
any of the various dialogs that will be displayed during the
course of the program. A good place to start with the on-line help
system is the main index. Select "About the Main Menu Bar" to help
you get started.
For a detailed description of a specific fractal formula, select the
topic "Summary of Fractal Types" from the help index, or highlight a
fractal type from the fractal type selection dialog, then press the help
button in the dialog to get more information about that type.
In general, pressing the "Done" button in a dialog will accept the
values displayed unless an error is detected. Pressing the "Reset"
button will reset the values to those that were in effect when the
dialog was invoked. Pressing the "Default" button will set the values
to preset default values. Pressing the "Cancel" button will cause the
dialog to disappear without changing any values. Pressing "Apply" will
accept the values displayed unless an error is detected, and not make
the dialog disappear.
Other specialized buttons, and menus are available in some dialogs.
Use the on-line help system to guide you through the maze of fractal
parameters.
As of this writing, the zoom box functions available are move, pan,
and stretch.
If the user has drawn a zoom box on the screen and presses the "d"
key (or selects "Create image" from the "Image" menu), the program
assumes that the user wishes to zoom in on the selected area.
Selecting Pan from the Zoom menu will draw a zoom box the full size
of the screen. Moving this zoom box around on the screen will cause
the program to select the area inside the zoom box and fill the
screen with it. This effectively "pans" the image on the screen. The
portion of the visible image that has been calculated will not be
recalculated, just re-displayed. Any portion of the image that was
not visible before the pan will be calculated and displayed.
Moving the zoom box means moving it around on the screen without
changing its size or shape. Draw a zoom box, then press the left
mouse button down when the pointer is inside the zoom box. The outline
of the zoom box will change to a dotted line and the cursor will change
to a cross-arrow. While holding the mouse button down, move the cursor
around the screen and the outline of the zoom box will follow the mouse
pointer. When the zoom box is positioned where you want it, release the
mouse button and the outline of the zoom box will revert to a solid line.
All done. Note that if you press the mouse button down outside the zoom
box, the program assumes that you want to draw a different zoom box, and
cancels the current zoom box, and any move or stretch operation that is in
effect. Also note that if you draw a zoom box that is too small (the
minimum size is 25 x 25 pixels), the box will not be drawn. This also is
a short cut for canceling a zoom box. Simply click the left mouse button
when the pointer is outside the zoom box and the zoom box and any pending
functions will be canceled. If you move the zoom box so that the outside
edge of the box is outside the visible window, the area outside of
the visible window will not be included in the zoomed in or out image.
Stretching the zoom box means changing its shape. The zoom box may be
stretched vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. After drawing a
zoom box on the screen some additional lines will appear on the zoom
box. The boxes that are created by these lines are zoom box "handles".
Press the left mouse button down in one of the handles and the cursor
will change to the appropriate arrow (either up, down, left, right, or
toward one of the four corners). Hold the mouse button down and move the
cursor and the zoom box will grow and/or shrink in the desired direction.
Experiment with changing the shape in several directions to become
familiar with the stretching operation.
Options may be specified on the command line or in a parameter file
(<filename>.par) or in a startup command file named "$HOME/.xmfractrc"
or "./xmfract.ini".
I have used dozens of ".par" files in this program and have found none
that will confuse xmfract. In addition, all of the "*.map" (color map),
"*.l" (L-System definition), "*.frm" (formula definition), and ".ifs"
(IFS definition) files that I have used have performed as expected.
Arguments that are not understood by xmfract are displayed in
a dialog, and the rest of the arguments are processed normally.
Dismiss the dialog and generate the image as usual, and you
will probably find that the image appears as expected. If not,
edit the offending line from the parameter file or command line
and try again.
Some new options may be of note - the author credits screen that pops
up when the program lifts off may enabled or disabled with the
command-line or startup-file option "creditscreen=". An xmfract.ini
entry of "creditscreen=no" will prevent the credits screen from
popping up when the program starts. Of course, the credits may be
viewed at any time by selecting "Display authors window" from the
"Authors" menu (or by hitting the "w" key) regardless of the
creditscreen option. The copyright and legal disclaimer may also
be disabled with a command-line or startup-file option named
"disclaimer=". The disclaimer may popped up again by invoking the
"Version information" item in the "Authors" menu.
Experienced xmfract users may want to set the "verbose=" option. This
option (sometimes in concert with the "overwrite=" option) when set
set to "verbose=yes" will prevent some of the more obvious dialogs
from being presented. For example, the program usually asks the user
to confirm creation of image or parameter files, or whether to resize
a window to fit an image to be read. These messages and some other
dialogs will not appear when this option is set to "yes".
Setting the "overwrite=" option to "overwrite=yes" will cause the
program to automatically overwrite existing files (such as parameter
files or images), without asking the user -- if the verbose option
is not set to "yes".
I recommend that you become familiar with the dialogs that appear
periodically during the course of this program before setting the
verbose option to "no" or the overwrite option to "yes". That will
prevent you from becoming confused by unexpected behavior from xmfract.
A new menu item has been added to allow the user to explicitly set
the size of the main window. The default size is 640 x 480 pixels,
and the maximum size is 2048 x 2048. Only the size of the menu bar is
taken into account when calculating the maximum size for a fully
visible image (the window manager decorations, such as borders,
etc., are not considered). That means that if you resize the window
to the maximum size for a fully visible image, the borders may be off
the screen, but the image canvas will be fully visible. In addition,
if the user elects to load an image that was created in a size that
is different from the current window size, the user is given the option
to resize the window to fit the new image.
Press the left mouse button when the pointer is in the option menu and
a list will appear that allows the user to select from several
preconfigured window sizes, including the maximum size for a fully
visible image. Pressing the "Default" pushbutton will set the window
to the pre-selected default size of 640 x 480 pixels. The normal
aspect ratio for the program (the ratio of width to height) is 4:3,
and the program figures out the aspect ratio of the root window on
your display and configures several preset values in that aspect
ratio as well. To resize the window to any of these values, select
the desired menu item.
A note about color - if you are using a display that allows only one
hardware color map (this is by far the most common type of color display)
xmfract will, by default, attempt to allocate as many color cells as
possible that results in a total number of colors which is a power of two.
This results in a color map that will contain 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4,
or 2 colors, depending on how many colors are already allocated by the
window manager and other clients running on this display. To find out how
many colors xmfract has currently allocated, use the <tab> display ("Info
about image" under the "Misc" menu). The "Video:" line in this dialog will
display the current width and height of the main window and the number of
colors that xmfract has currently allocated. For example, the line
"Video: 640x480x128 xmfract mode" means that the main window is 640 by 480
pixels and that xmfract has allocated 128 colors. To use all 256 colors
in this type of display, use the -private command line option. This will
cause color flashing (rather rude, eh?), but it is the only method for
displays that allow only one color map.
Starfields may be generated only on displays where xmfract has allocated
all 256 colors, and the images that are generated with the *.par files
that are supplied with the program have all been generated with 256 color
displays. To display an image that appears as the artist has visualized it,
use a 256-color mode when invoking the related parameter file or loading
the image file.
I have implemented a different color palette editor -- experienced
Fractint users will find it quite different, yet the same in some
respects. The active vs. inactive color registers have completely
different meanings than those in Fractint.
To use the editor, select "Edit current color palette" from the "File"
menu, or press the "e" key. Two color registers are displayed at the
top of the dialog, and the color palette will be displayed below.
Only the color in the active register may be edited. Colors in the
inactive register will follow the mouse (until a range is selected,
see help). The inactive register will display the color that is under
the mouse pointer if the pointer is in the editor dialog or in the image
window. You may select a color to edit by clicking the left mouse button
in the desired color in either window. If you click in the image window,
a small circle is drawn on the image to remind you where you clicked.
A white dashed line is drawn around the selected color box in the
editor palette, and the selected color plus it's red, green, and blue
component values are displayed in the active register scale widgets.
Moving the bars on the scales will change the color.
For range selection, the palette rectangles are numbered from left
to right, and top to bottom. That is, the upper left corner is the
lowest numbered rectangle and the bottom right is the highest.
To select a range of colors to operate upon, select the start of the
range with the left mouse button. Again, a white dashed line is drawn
around the selected color box in the editor palette. Select the end of
the range by pressing the center mouse button down in the desired
color. That box will now be surrounded by a solid white line,
and the range operation menu items will be enabled (not greyed
out). The inactive register will no longer follow the mouse. Select the
desired range operation from the menu. You may get the inactive register
color to follow the mouse again by canceling the range selection from
the range sub-menu. When selecting a range to copy, it does not matter
whether the range is selected with the active register as the low end
of the range or whether the inactive register is the low end. In either
case, the saved range will be loaded into memory from low to high.
When pasting the range, the order of the selected ranged becomes
important. The range will be pasted in a forward direction if the
active register is the low end of the range, and will be pasted in a
reverse order if the inactive register is the low end of the range.
See the help topic "Color Editor Commands" for an example range
editing session.
Experiment with the palette editor to become familiar with these
operations. Hands-on experimentation will make these operation much
more clear because you can see the colors change, rather than just
numbers in the crude boxes used as an example in the help files...
In addition, the color cycling operations are available. Start or stop
the color cycling by pressing the "c" key. Colors may be cycled if you
have completed creation of an image and/or if the palette editor is
displayed.
You may change the speed of the color cycling by pressing the keypad
up and down arrow keys or the cursor up and down arrow keys, whichever
is appropriate for your keyboard. The keypad "+" and "-" keys and the
alphabetic "+" and "-" keys will cause the palette cycle to change
direction. Pressing the "+" and "-" key when not color cycling will
cause the palette to rotate one step in the indicated direction. The
keypad "Enter" key will randomize portions of the palette while the
palette is cycling.
A command-line or initialization file parameter named rate=nnn is
also available. This value controls the rate at which the screen
will update during image calculation. Valid values are 1 -> 100.
Lower numbers will cause the screen to update less frequently,
thereby (hopefully) reducing network overhead in situations
where net traffic is critical. This value may also be changed when
the program is running by selecting "Refresh Rate..." from the
"Image" menu.
Orbit windows and Julia Inverse method displays are toggled on and off
by pressing the space bar (for Julia Inverse) or "o" key (for an orbits
window) after an image is complete. The operation of these functions is
similar to the same functions in Fractint. When the orbits window is
displayed, the line and/or circle modes may be toggled with upper-case
"L" or "C", respectively. The upper case is required to resolve a
conflict where the the lower-case "l" and "c" are menu item accelerator
letters (load color map and cycle color palette).
There are a maximum of 10 parameters sets that are automatically logged
by the program. You may re-create a previously created image by using
the "Restore" menu.
Some of the commands that were necessary in Xfract are no longer
necessary in xmfract. For example, the -slowdisplay, -simple, and -fast
options are not required and therefore not implemented. The program
will silently ignore command-line options or parameter-file entries
that are valid for Fractint or Xfract that are included in xmfract
for backward compatibility purposes only.
The user may reset the color, clear the screen, or reset the fractal
parameters from a menu selection. One may also choose to reset all of
the above from the same menu.
3: COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
Some of these are detailed in the previous section, and are listed here
as well. All of these options, except those that are preceded with a
dash (-) may be entered either on the command line, or in an
initialization file, or in a parameter file. The most common or
recommended locations for these options are listed here and in the
on-line help files (see "Command Line Parameters" in the on-line help).
Xmfract accepts command-line parameters that allow you to start it with a
particular mode, fractal type, starting coordinates, and just about
every other parameter and option.
These parameters can also be specified in a ~/.xmfractrc file, to set them
every time you run xmfract.
They can also be specified as named groups in a <name>.par (parameter) file
which you can then call up while running xmfract by using the <@> command.
In all three cases (command line, ~/.xmfractrc, and parameter file) the
parameters use the same syntax, usually a series of keyword=value commands
like overwrite=no. In each case below, values between "<" and ">" are
required arguments for the specified command, and values between "[" and "]"
are optional arguments for the specified command. Do not type any of these
characters in the command unless otherwise directed.
The command-line only parameters that may be set are:
-display <hostname>:<screen>.<display>
Specifies the X11 display to use.
-share
Shares the current display's colormap.
-private
Allocates the entire colormap (i.e. more colors).
-geometry <WxH[{+-X}{+-Y}]>
Changes the geometry of the initial image window.
makemig=<x/y>
Create a multi-image gif file "x" images wide by "y" images high.
See "Creating Multi-image GIF files" below for more information.
These commands and options may be specified on the command line or in
an initialization file named "~/.xmfractrc":
fractdir=<directory>
Specify where the ancillary files are stored.
This should be the first line in the initialization file.
helpdir=<directory>
Specify where the ancillary files are stored.
exitnoask=<yes|no>
Exit with or without asking for confirmation.
creditscreen=<yes|no>
Display the authors screen when the program starts.
disclaimer=<yes|no>
Display the disclaimer message when the program starts.
verbose=<yes|no>
Set the level of verbosity in the program.
overwrite=<yes|no>
Automatically overwrite existing files without confirmation.
map=<mapfilename>
Specify a color map file at startup.
rate=<number>
Specify the screen refresh rate as a percentage. A lower value
is slower and results in less overhead on networked machines,
and usually results in faster fractal calculations, due to the
reduced number of graphics function calls. The valid range for
this value is 1 -> 100.
undo=<number>
Specify the number of color editor commands that may undone.
A zero means that no undos will available. This is useful on
machines that have a limited amount of memory available.
The valid range for this value is 0 -> 32767. The default is 8192.
These options are most commonly specified in a parameter file:
filename=<filename>
Process commands from a file.
map=<@mapfilename>
Use 'filename' as the current color map.
reset[=<version>]
Causes xmfract to reset all calculation related parameters
to their default values.
colors=<@mapname|colorspec>
Reads in a replacement color map from 'filename'. The 'colorspec'
is rather long (768 characters for 256 color modes), and its syntax
is not documented here. This form of the 'colors=' command is not
intended for manual use - it exists for use by the 'b' command when
saving the description of a nice image.
type=<fractal>
Selects the fractal type to calculate. The default is type "mandel".
inside=<nnn|bof60|bof61|zmag|attractor|epscross|startrail|period>
Set the color of the interior; for example, "inside=0" makes the M-set
"lake" a stylish basic black. A setting of -1 makes inside=maxiter.
Three more options reveal hidden structure inside the lake. Inside=bof60
and inside=bof61, are named after the figures on pages 60 and 61 of
"Beauty of Fractals".
fillcolor=<color>
Sets a block fill color for use with boundary tracing and tesseral
calculation mode options.
finattract=<yes|no>
Look for finite attractor in julia types.
function=<func[,func,func,func]>
Allows specification of transcendental functions with fractal types
which use variable functions. Valid values are:
sin, cos, tan, cotan, sinh, cosh, tanh, cotanh,
exp, log, sqr, recip (1/z), ident (identity),
conj, flip, zero, and cosxx (cos with bug).
outside=<nnn|iter|real|imag|mult|summ>
Fractal exterior color options.
maxiter=<iterations>
Maximum number of iterations {0-32767} (default = 127).
passes=<1|2|g|b|t>
Select single-pass, dual-pass, solid-guessing, boundary-tracing,
or the tesseral drawing algorithms.
cyclerange=<min/max>
Range of colors to cycle (default 1/255).
ranges=<ranges=nn/nn/nn/...>
Ranges of iteration values to map to colors.
potential=<potential=nn[/nn[/nn[/16bit]]]>
Continuous potential.
params=params=<xxx[/xxx[/...]]>
Begin with these extra parameter values.
miim=<[depth|breadth|walk]/[left|right]/[xxx/yyy[/zzz]]>
Params for MIIM julias. xxx/yyy = julia constant, zzz = max hits.
Eg. miim=depth/left/-.74543/.11301/3
initorbit=<nnn/nnn>
Sets the value used to initialize Mandelbrot orbits to the given
complex number (real and imag parts).
orbitname=<type>
Sets the orbit type for Julias.
3dmode=<monocular|left|right|red-blue>
Sets the 3D mode used with Julibrot.
julibrot3d=<nn[/nn[/nn[/nn[/nn[/nn]]]]]>
Sets Julibrot 3D parameters zdots, origin, depth, height, width,
and distance.
julibroteyes=<nn>
Distance between the virtual eyes for Julibrot.
julibrotfromto=<julibrotfromto=nn/nn[/nn/nn]>
"From-to" parameters used for Julibrot.
corners=<xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax[/x3rd/y3rd]>
Begin with these coordinates. (Eg.: corners=-0.739/-0.736/0.288/0.291)
viewwindows=<xx[/xx[/yes|no[/nn[/nn]]]]>
Set the reduction factor, final media aspect ratio,
crop starting coordinates (y/n), explicit x size,
and explicit y size
center-mag=[Xctr/Yctr/Mag]
This is an alternative way to enter corners as a center point and
a magnification that is popular with some fractal programs and
publications.
invert=<nn/nn/nn>
Turns on inversion - turns images 'inside out'
biomorph=<nnn>
Biomorph coloring.
bailout=<nnnn>
Use this as the iteration bailout value instead of the default.
(4.0 for most fractal types)
symmetry=<xxxx>
Force symmetry to None, Xaxis, Yaxis, XYaxis, Origin, or Pi symmetry.
periodicity=<no|show|nnn>
Controls periodicity checking. 'no' turns checking off; entering a
number nnn controls the tightness of checking (default 1, higher is
more stringent). 'show' or a neg value colors 'caught' points white.
logmap=<yes|old|nn>
Yes maps logarithm of iteration to color. Old uses pre vsn 14 logic.
>1 compresses, <-1 for quadratic.
rseed=<nnnnn>
Random number seed, for reproducable plasma clouds.
orbitdelay=<nn>
Slows up the display of orbits (by nn/10000 sec).
showdot=<nn>
Colors the current dot being calculated color nn.
decomp=<nn>
'Decomposition' toggle, value 2 to 256.
distest=<nnn/nnn>
Distance estimator method.
formulafile=<filename>
File for type=formula.
formulaname=<name>
Specifies the formula name for type=formula fractals.
lfile=<filename>
File for type=lsystem.
lname=<name>
Lsystem name for 'type=lsystem' fractals.
ifsfile=<filename>
File for type=ifs.
ifs=<name>
IFS name for 'type=ifs' fractals.
stereo=<nnn>
Sets Stereo (R/B 3D) option: 0 = none, 1 = alternate,
2 = superimpose, 3 = photo.
rotation=<nn[/nn[/nn]]>
Rotation about x, y, and z axes.
perspective=<nn>
Perspective viewer distance (100 is at the edge).
xyshift=<nn/nn>
Shift image in x & y directions (alters viewpoint).
interocular=<nnn>
Sets 3D Interocular distance default value.
converge=<nnn>
Sets 3D Convergence default value.
crop=<nnn/nnn/nnn/nnn>
Sets 3D red-left, red-right, blue-left, and blue-right cropping values.
bright=<nnn/nnn>
Sets 3D red and blue brightness values.
xyadjust=<nnn/nnn>
Sets 3D X and Y adjustment values.
3d=<yes|overlay>
Resets 3D to defaults, starts 3D mode. If overlay specified,
does not clear existing graphics screen.
sphere=<yes>
Turns on 3D sphere mode.
scalexyz=<nn/nn/nn>
3d x, y, and z scale factors.
roughness=<nn>
Same as z scale factor.
waterline=<nn>
Colors this number and below will be 'inside' color.
filltype=<nn>
3D filltype.
lightsource=<nn/nn/nn>
The coordinates of the light source vector.
smoothing=<nn>
Smooths rough images in light source mode.
latitude=<nn/nn>
Latitude minimum and maximum.
longitude=<nn/nn>
Longitude minumim and maximum.
radius=<nn>
Radius scale factor.
transparent=<mm/nn>
Sets colors 'mm' to 'nn as transparent.
preview=<yes>
Turns on 3D 'preview' mode.
showbox=<yes>
Turns on 3D 'showbox' mode.
coarse=<nnn>
Sets preview 'coarseness' value.
randomize=<nnn>
Smoothes 3d color transitions between elevations.
ambient=<nnn>
Sets depth of shadows and contrast when using light source fill types.
haze=<nnn>
Sets haze for distant objects if fullcolor=1.
fullcolor=<yes>
Allows creation of full color .tga image with light source fill types.
lightname=<filename>
Targa FullColor output file name.
ray=nnn
Selects raytrace output file format.
brief=yes
Selects brief or verbose file for DKB output.
Creating Multi-image GIF files:
To create a multiple-image GIF file from images created with xmfract,
the input images must all have the same width and height. Select the
images to be merged, then save or rename the selected gif files in
this format: "frmig_xy.gif" where x is the horizontal offset (from 0)
in the resulting mig and y is the vertical offset (from 0) in the
resulting mig... for example, if you have nine gif files to stitch
together and you want them to be in a 3-gif by 3-gif mig, then the
names will be:
frmig_00.gif will become the upper left image
frmig_10.gif will become the upper middle image
frmig_20.gif will become the upper right image
frmig_01.gif will become the middle left image
frmig_11.gif will become the middle middle image
frmig_21.gif will become the middle right image
frmig_02.gif will become the lower left image
frmig_12.gif will become the lower middle image
frmig_22.gif will become the lower right image
Because the command-line parameters are processed by xmfract before
the initialization file or environment variables, the mig maker
will not understand "fractdir" if it is set in the initialization
file or the environment. To overcome this limitation, supply the
"fractdir=" command-line argument in addition to the "makemig="
argument on the command line when creating a multi-image GIF from
files that reside in <fractdir>. If the files that are to be
stitched together reside in the current directory (from where you
invoke xmfract) then this additional argument is not necessary.
In the above example, the command-line argument would be:
xmfract fractdir=/my/images makemig=3/3
The output multiple-image GIF file will be named "fractmig.gif"
4: GETTING STARTED
To generate a fractal, select the fractal type by invoking the
"Parameters" menu (or hitting the "t" key). By default the basic
Mandelbrot type is selected. Parameters for the selected type will
be displayed. Change these if desired, then select "Create Image"
from the "Image" menu (or hit the "d" key).
Other parameter selection is found under the "Options" menu. I have
attempted to make these selections appear (as much as possible) as they
appear in Fractint. Again, please read the above-mentioned book for
a MUCH more detailed explanation of these and other options.
To load a pre-selected set of parameters, select "Load saved parameter
set" from the "File" menu. Once a parameter file is selected, and an
entry from that file is selected, the parameters for that image are
loaded into the calculation routines. Select "Create Image" from the
"Image" menu (or hit the "d" key) to begin creating an image.
I have attempted to update the help files for xmfract, but there may be
inconsistencies that I have overlooked. If you spot any, please bring
them to my attention.
5: DEVELOPER INFORMATION
An immense debt of gratitude is owed to those who have provided
assistance and suggestions with this version of xmfract:
-> Thomas Winder <tom@vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at> is single-handedly responsible
for all of the portability features of this project, in addition to
countless bug fixes and enhancements. Tom is an excellent programmer
and has devised fixes for many bugs that I could not solve, and has
been very successful at getting xmfract to run on Linux platforms.
Please direct any Linux questions to Tom at the address above.
-> Noel Giffin <noel@erich.triumf.ca> has tirelessly experimented with
various porting efforts and has graciously hosted an ftp home
for the program (spanky.triumf.ca -> pub.fractals.programs.unix)
Noel has also been a constant source of ideas and suggestions
for making this program more flexible, more like Fractint, and
easier to use. Almost all of the new features of the color editor,
and many of the other user interface features of this program as
well, are due to Noel's excellent ideas.
Several others have volunteered time and expertise, and put up with
a considerable amount of frustration and haggling on my part to
get early versions of this program in runnable shape:
Rob Laddish <robl@rugrat.sr.hp.com>
Craig Humphrey <usagi@sans.vuw.ac.nz>
Roger Hekansson <hson@ludd.luth.se>
Many thanks to all of you, and to all of the others whose contributions
were no less important. If you don't see your name here, shame on me!
Write me, and I'll fix it immediately.
And, of course, a huge round of applause for the Fractint authors and
others of the Stone Soup Group, without whom there would be a great
hole in the universe where Fractint should be.
A little history... when I began this project, I had just received the
Motif libraries from Sun and was itching to create just about anything.
I decided to use Fractint to create my first Motif program, intending
to create a simple Mandelbrot generator with a zoom box for exploration
similar to others that I had seen in demo programs for OpenLook, etc.
I did complete that program, and in the meanwhile had become completely
captivated by Fractint. I kept that original xmfract as a Motif demo
and training program for my other developers, and began this monster.
The Fractint authors will recognize little of their original code. I
suppose I should apologize for hacking away mercilessly at this stuff,
but I did have to get it into a condition where I could port it. There
are massive style changes in the code, as well as relocations of many
of the functions. The philosophy behind this is simply a matter of
convenience and religion so I can do nothing except say that I did it
my way. To make it easier for me to read and manipulate, I converted
the code to a style with which I am most familiar. That style means
that there are no tabs in any of these files. Indentation is (usually)
two spaces and braces are (I hope) used consistently. I read somewhere
a great truth that states "The placement of braces is perhaps the most
hotly contested issue facing developers of style guides today". I do
not intend to force my vision of the world upon you, but we will have to
live with the changes that I have made in your code :-)
The relocations of the functions have come about for convenience. I
implemented the different fractals and calculation types in a manner
that made sense when I began coding xmfract. Some of the function
names and many variable names have changed for clarity and (more
importantly) to avoid conflicts with UNIX System V Release 4 and
Motif system-wide variable and function names.
This program is loosely based upon Fractint version 18.2
Most of the original documentation for the source code is still as
valid for xmfract as it is for Fractint. That text is in a file
named fractsrc.doc in the original distribution of Fractint. I will
not attempt to duplicate or update that text in this file. The
documentation for Fractint is quite thorough and if you attempt to
add fractal types or fix any bugs that are not GUI-related, please
refer to that documentation before proceeding.
We use RCS, a revision control system distributed under license by the
Free Software Foundation, Inc., to store and track the revisions of this
code. You will find all of the revision history notes at the bottom of
each source code file, vs. the top where I have seen them in most other
projects.
I have placed all of the global variables in a file called "globals.c",
and reference them through "globals.h". This cleans up the headers on
the source files and generally speeds things up.
All of the macros have been moved to "macros.h".
All of the functions that are effectively stubs are placed in a file
named "stubs.c". These include the per_image and per_pixel routines
listed in fractalp.c for integer-math fractals that have a floating-
point equivalent. Rather than removing these entries from the
fractalspecificstuff structure, which would make a lot of other code
changes necessary, I just left them as stubs in this file. They
will never be invoked.
Keyboard key definitions are in "keydefs.h".
When the program starts, the top level shell, canvas (drawing area),
and menus are created, then event handlers are registered to handle
the zoom box mouse tracking and any special keyboard events (such as
invoking the color cycler or orbits windows). The default translations
for mouse button events in the canvas are replaced with a function
that handles the zoom box rubber-banding and zoom box "handle" creation.
A graphics context is created with an XOR function so that when
a zoom box is drawn on the screen it is drawn in reverse-video.
A callback is then registered for the canvas resize events.
The init_data() function is called to initialize all of the variables
and allocate any memory that is required, and process command-line
arguments.
Some window size preset values are initialized. These are used in the
option menu associated with the "Set window size" dialog.
If the user has not explicitly prevented it, the credits screen pops up.
After that, XtAppMainLoop() is called and the program waits for events
generated by the user.
The GUI code takes several different forms. When I was creating this
program, I experimented with various methods for invoking the widgets
that are displayed on the screen. This is why you may see some widgets
created with XtSetArg called repeatedly, and others created with
the XtVaCreate... method, which allows a null-terminated list of args.
I did not use a GUI-builder to create this program. I have not (yet)
found one of those that meets my programming needs. They do not support
a dialog that contains a variable number of widgets, for example, and
the widget naming and callback invocation conventions in the builders
that I have used leave a lot to be desired.
The color cycler is invoked using a timeout. See an XLib or Xt
programmer's manual for an explanation of timeouts if you are not
familiar with them. As the time expires, the function that is specified
in the XtAppAddTimeout call will be invoked and the timeout removes
itself. To get a function to repeat periodically, the called function
must install another timeout.
The window resizer also uses a timeout. A recursive function is called
to ensure that the canvas has reached the desired size. The window will
not be the same size as the canvas because of the menu bar. In smaller
windows, the menu bar will become thicker because the text will be
displayed on several rows. This is taken into consideration when the
window is resized. If the desired size cannot be reached, an error
message is displayed and the program exits.
When the user elects to read in an image that is not the same size
as the current window, the resize functions are conditionally called.
When the window is resized, the X server may not have completed the
event processing, resulting in a distorted image. I experimented with
several different methods for ensuring that the reconfiguration was
complete before the image was read. All of the standard recommendations
for this type of function failed miserably with different symptoms on
different servers. The only one that has performed reliably is an ugly
little method that again involves our friend the timeout. When the
resize is invoked, the program basically loops through events during
the timeout before displaying the image file. This ensures that the
server has had time to reconfigure the window and notify the program
that the configuration is complete. Even the example in the O'Reilly
books for dealing with ConfigureNotify stuff doesn't work well in this
situation but this one, while not exactly pretty, performs excellently.
The zoom box code is handled in zoom.c and rubber_band.c. Basically, the
mouse button is trapped, tracked, and released. The default translations
for the canvas are replaced early in the program. When the left mouse
button is pressed down in an image, the cursor is changed to a cross-hair
and the start_rubber_band function is called. If the mouse is held down
and moved, the track_rubber_band function is called. When the button is
released, the end_rubber_band function is called. The "rubber_band" name
comes from the action of the rectangles that are drawn during the above
process. Hold the left mouse button down in an image and move the pointer
around in a circle about the point where you pressed the button. See that
the resulting box will stretch and shrink like a rubber band as it
follows the mouse.
I implemented a different color palette editor because it was easier
than attempting to implement the existing color editor, where the DOS-style
keyboard events and mouse tracking are tough problems. I did implement
Fractint's color editor in one version of this program, and the results
were less than ideal. See the operation of the Julia Inverse code for
an example of how this was done, and what the results are (press the
space bar after completing an image). I would like to get that (jiim)
code updated sometime so that the inverse Julia and orbits images are
in windows other than the main window.
The help system is a simple, single-threaded flat file operation. The
help files are regular non-compressed text files that are named after
the indexes in helpdefs.h (help.x[x[x]]). This makes it very simple to
update or add help. It does cost slightly more in disk space, however.
If you send me bug fixes or reports, enhancements, etc., please make the
code conform to System V Release 4 and ANSI specifications. Of course,
all of these additions or fixes will be documented with the author's name
and other vital statistics, in keeping with the phenomenal philosophy of
the Stone Soup Group.
Program size and performance has varied very little under different
compilers in my environment. You will see, of course, a vast reduction
in fractal generation time if you run the program on a server instead
of a workstation.
6: BUGS
Probably infinite.
- The ones I know about:
-> On machines where the size of the 'float' data type does not
equal the size of the 'long' data type, the log palette functions
will fail causing alignment errors and, eventually, segmentation
faults. A workaround (sort of) -- don't use a log palette setting
other than zero.
-> The 3D tranformation function cannot be interrupted with the
ESC or CTRL-C keys. This is due to the recursive nature of
the plasma fractal type, which also cannot be interrupted.
-> Tear-off menus do not work on many Linux systems. If you
attempt to tear off a menu and the program halts, you
may disable the tear-off menus by changing the tear-off
resource in xmfract's resource file. Change the line
that reads: Xmfract**tearOffModel: TEAR_OFF_ENABLED
to: Xmfract**tearOffModel: TEAR_OFF_DISABLED
xmfract does not have to be re-compiled when any
resource is changed. Simply stop and restart the program.
-> The Restore menu and saved image indexes are confusing.
-> Generating a set of thumbnail GIF images is tedious.
7: CORRESPONDENCE
Bug reports, complaints, comments of any sort, and any news whatsoever
concerning this program are *all* welcome, any time. I enjoy hearing
from anyone who has used this program. Thank you!
Send correspondence by e-mail, phone, surface mail or fax:
Darryl House
Business Process Systems and Services (BPSS)
Electronic Data Systems, Inc.
450 W. East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
e-mail: darryl@chc.bpss.eds.com
ph:(916) 896-7076 fax:(916) 896-7193 icbm:39.48N 121.51W
8: TO-DO LIST
Things that will be (or maybe will be) accomplished in the next
major release of xmfract (release 2.0). These are in addition
to all of the features in this release, and all of the new
features of Fractint 19.2 (newer than Fractint 18.2). These
are not listed in any particular order.
-- Enhance the zoom box, adding rotation and skew.
-- Put the inverse julia and orbits displays in windows other
than the main window.
-- Display the contents of parameter file entries as they
are selected.
-- Revise the history and image restoration functions, adding
a browsing dialog that may display thumbnail images created
from the saved parameters.
-- Enhance the reset options, adding modes where the options
and/or parameters may be reset independently. Also take
into consideration the preview mode and window resize mode.
-- Add image manipulation routines which change the size of the
image according to a preset range of sizes.
-- Add 90-degree (and continuously-variable?) image rotation.
-- Add HSV controls to the color editor.
-- Add (up to) 24-bit color support.
-- Add support for more image formats (TIFF, MPEG, PNG).
-- Add (maybe various flavors of) image animation.
-- Add a Fractint-like "Enter command string" function.
-- Automate and enhance the MIG generator (with support
for other image formats?)
-- Enhance the formula parser, adding binary if/else.
-- Add image manipulation routines for merging images.
-- Add ray-trace (and rendering?) capabilities.
-- Add fractal morphing capability.
-- Revise the on-line help, adding contex-sensitive help and hyper-links.
-- A whole host of other stuff...
9: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.