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AP IX-60-E
(3201)
B.3 Alternative test method: The side-view method
B.3.1 Objective
The side-view method is applied to single-mode fibres to determine
geometrical parameters (mode field concentricity error (MFCE), cladding
diameter and cladding non-circularity) by measuring the intensity
distribution of light that is refracted inside the fibre.
B.3.2 Test apparatus
A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in Figure B-2.
B.3.2.1 Light source
The emitted light shall be collimated, adjustable in intensity and
stable in position, intensity and wavelength over a time period
sufficiently long to complete the measuring procedure. A stable and high
intensity light source such as a light emitting diode (LED) may be used.
B.3.2.2 Specimen
The specimen to be measured shall be a short length of single-mode
fibre. The primary fibre coating shall be removed from the observed section
of the fibre. The surface of the fibre shall be kept clean during the
measurement.
B.3.2.3 Magnifying optics
The magnifying optics shall consist of an optical system (e.g., a
microscope objective) which magnifies the intensity distribution of refracted
light inside the fibre onto the plane of the scanning detector. The observation
plane shall be set at a fixed distance forward from the fibre axis. The
magnification shall be selected to be compatible with the desired spatial
resolution and shall be recorded.
B.3.2.4 Detector
A suitable detector shall be employed to determine the magnified intensity
distribution in the observation plane along the line perpendicular to the fibre
axis. A vidicon or charge coupled device can be used. The detector must have
linear characteristics in the required measuring range. The detector's resolution
shall be compatible with the desired spatial resolution.
B.3.2.5 Data processing
A computer with appropriate software shall be used for the analysis of the
intensity distributions.
B.3.3 Procedure
B.3.3.1 Equipment calibration
For equipment calibration the magnification of the magnifying optics shall
be measured by scanning the length of a specimen whose dimensions are already
known with suitable accuracy. This magnification shall be recorded.
B.3.3.2 Measurement
The test fibre is fixed in the sample holder and set in the measuring
system. The fibre is adjusted so that its axis is perpendicular to the optical
axis of the measuring system.
Intensity distributions in the observation plane along the line
perpendicular to the fibre axis ( a - a ' in A , in Figure B-2/G.652) are
recorded (shown as B ) for different viewing directions, by rotating the fibre
around its axis, keeping the distance between the fibre axis and the observation
plane constant. Cladding diameter and the central position of the fibre are
determined by analyzing the symmetry of the diffraction pattern (shown as b in
Figure B ). The central position of the core is determined by analyzing the
intensity distribution of converged light (shown as C ). The distance between
the central position of the fibre and that of the core corresponds to the nominal
observed value of MFCE.
As shown in Figure B-3/G.652, fitting the sinusoidal function to the
experimentally obtained values of the MFCE plotted as a function of the rotation
angle, the actual MFCE is calculated as the product of the maximum amplitude of
the sinusoidal function and magnification factor with respect to the lens effect
due to the cylindrical-structure of the fibre. The cladding diameter is evaluated
as an averaged value of measured fibre diameters at each rotation angle,
resulting in values for maximum and minimum diameters to determine the value of
cladding non-circularity according to the definition.
B.3.3.3 Presentation of the results
The following details shall be presented.
a) Test arrangement
b) Fibre identification
c) Spectral characteristics of the source
d) Indication of repeatability and accuracy
e) Plot of nominal MFCE vs. rotation angle
f) MFCE, cladding diameter and cladding non-circularity
g) Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if
necessary)
FIGURE B-2/G.652
Schematic diagram of measurement system
rotation angle (deg)
FIGURE B-3/G.652
Measured value of the MFCE as a function
of rotation angle
B.4 Alternative test method: The transmitted near field image technique
B.4.1 General
The transmitted near field image technique shall be used for the
measurement of the geometrical characteristics of single-mode optical fibres.
Such measurements are performed in a manner compatible with the relevant
definitions.
The measurement is based on analysis of the magnified image(s) of the
output end of the fibre under test.
B.4.2 Test appartatus
A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in
Figure B-4/G.652.
B.4.2.1 Light Source
The light source for illuminating the core shall be adjustable in
intensity and stable in position and intensity over a time period sufficiently
long to complete the measurement procedure. A second light source with similar
characteristics can be used, if necessary, for illuminating the cladding. The
spectral characteristics of the second light source must not cause defocussing of
the image.
B.4.2.2 Launching conditions
The launch optics, which will be arranged to overfill the fibre, will
bring the beam of light to a focus on the flat input end of the fibre.
B.4.2.3. Cladding mode stripper
A suitable cladding mode stripper shall be used to remove the optical
power propagating in the cladding. When measuring the geometrical characteristics
of the cladding only, the cladding mode stripper shall not be present.
B.4.2.4 Specimen
The specimen shall be a short length of the optical fibre to be measured.
The fibre ends shall be clean, smooth and perpendicular to the fibre axis.
B.4.2.5 Magnifying optics
The magnifying optics shall consist of an optical system (e.g., a
microscope objective) which magnifies the specimen output near field. The
numerical aperture and hence the resolving power of the optics shall be
compatible with the measuring accuracy required, and not lower than 0.3. The
magnification shall be selected to be compatible with the desired spatial
resolution, and shall be recorded.
Image shearing techniques could be used in the magnifying optics to
facilitate accurate measurements.
B.4.2.6 Detection
The fibre image shall be examined and/or analyzed. For example, either of
the following techniques can be used:
a) image shearing*;
b) grey-scale analysis of an electronically recorded image.
B.4.2.7 Data acquisition
The data can be recorded, processed and presented in a suitable form,
according to the technique and to the specification requirements.
B.4.3 Procedure
B.4.3.1 Equipment calibration
For the equipment calibration the magnification of the magnifying optics
shall be measured by scanning the image of a specimen whose dimensions are
already known with suitable accuracy. This magnification shall be recorded.
B.4.3.2 Measurement
The launch end of the fibre shall be aligned with the launch beam, and the
output end of the fibre shall be aligned to the optical axis of the magnifying
optics. For transmitted near field measurement, the focussed image(s) of the
output end of the fibre shall be examined according to the specification
requirements. Defocussing errors should be minimized to reduce dimensional errors
in the measurement. The desired geometrical parameters are then calculated.
B.4.4 Presentation of the results
a) Test set-up arrangement, with indication of the technique used
b) Launching conditions
c) Spectral characteristics of the source
d) Fibre identification and length
e) Magnification of the magnifying optics
f) Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (when
necessary)
g) Indication of the accuracy and repeatability
h) Resulting dimensional parameters, such as cladding diameters,
cladding non-circularities, mode field concentricity error, etc.
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
* The validity of the image shearing technique is under study and needs to be
confirmed.
FIGURE B-4/G.652
Section III: Test methods for the cut-off wavelength
B.1 Reference test method for the cut-off wavelenth (Oc) of the primary
coated fibre: The transmitted power technique
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
* Including image shearing optics, where appropriate
** When appropriate
Note - The value of XX is under study. Several administrations indicated that a
value of 45 mm is appropriate. The loops are intended to simulate deployment
conditions, and should be chosen according to the practice of a particular
administration. One option to be considered is deleting the loops, if that is the
administration's practice.
B.3.2.2.2 Transmission through the reference sample (as in B.1.2.2.2)
B.3.2.2.3 Calculations
B.3.2.2.4 Determination of cabled fibre cut-off wavelength
If method a) is used, Oc is determined as the largest wavelength at which
R(O) is equal to 0.1 dB (see Figure B-5). If method b) is used, O is determined
by the intersection of a plot of R(O) and a straight line (2) displaced 0.1 dB
and parallel to the straight line (1) fitted to the long wavelength portion of
R(O) (see Figure B-6).
B.3.2.2.5 Presentation of results
a) Test set-up arrangement (including the radius XX of the loops)
b) Launching condition
c) Type of reference sample
d) Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if
necessary)
e) Fibre and cable identification
f) Wavelength range of measurement
g) Cabled fibre cut-off wavelength, and plot of R(O) (if
required)
h) Plot of R(O) (if required).
cable
FIGURE B-8/G.652
Deployment condition for measurement of the
cabled fibre cut-off wavelength
Section IV: Test methods for attenuation measurements
B.1 Introduction
B.1.1 Objectives
The attenuation tests are intended to provide a means whereby a certain
attenuation value may be assigned to a fibre length such that individual
attenuation values may be added together to determine the total attenuation of a
concatenated length.
B.1.2 Definition
The attenuation A(O) at wavelength O between two cross sections and
separated by distance L of a fibre is defined, as
A(O) = 10 log [P1(O)/P2(O)] (dB) (1)
where P1(O) is the optical power
traversing the cross section 1 and P2(O) is the
optical power traversing the cross section 2 at the wavelength O.
For a uniform fibre, it is possible to define an attenuation per unit
length, or an attenuation coefficient which is independent of the length of the
fibre:
(O) = A(O)/L (dB/unit length) (2)
Note - Attenuation values specified for factory lengths should be measured at
room temperature (i.e., a single value in the range 10 to 35C).
B.2 The reference test method: the cut-back technique
The cut-back technique is a direct application of the definition in which
the power levels P1 and P2 are measured at two points of the fibre without change
of input conditions. P2 is the power emerging from the far end of the fibre and
P1 is the power emerging from a point near the input after cutting the fibre.
B.2.1 Test apparatus
Measurements may be made at one or more spot wavelengths, or
alternatively, a spectral response may be required over a range of wavelengths.
Diagrams of suitable test equipments are shown as examples in Figure B-9/G.652.
B.2.1.1 Optical source
A suitable radiation source shall be used as a lamp, laser or light
emitting diode. The choice of source depends upon the type of measurement. The
source must be stable in position, intensity and wavelength over a time period
sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure. The spectral linewidth
(FWHM) shall be specified such that the linewidth is narrow compared with any
features of the fibre spectral attenuation.
B.2.1.2 Modulation
It is customary to modulate the light source in order to improve the
signal/noise ratio at the receiver. If such a procedure is adopted, the detector
should be linked to a signal processing system synchronous with the source
modulation frequency. The detecting system should be substantially linear in
sensitivity.
B.2.1.3 Launching conditions
The launching conditions used must be sufficient to excite the fundamental
mode. For example, suitable launching techniques could be:
a) jointing with a fibre;
b) launching with a suitable system of optics.
B.2.1.4 Mode filter
Care must be taken that higher order modes do not propagate through the
cut-back length. In these cases it may be necessary to intoduce a bend in order
to remove the higher modes.
B.2.1.5 Cladding mode stripper
A cladding mode stripper encourages the conversion of cladding modes to
radiation modes; as a result, cladding modes are stripped from the fibre.
B.2.1.6 Optical detector
A suitable detector shall be used so that all of the radiation emerging
from the fibre is intercepted. The spectral response should be compatible with
spectral characteristics of the source. The detector must be uniform and have
linear sensitivity characteristics.
B.2.2 Measurement procedure
B.2.2.1 Preparation of fibre under test
Fibre ends shall be substantially clean, smooth, and perpendicular to the
fibre axis. Measurements on uncabled fibres shall be carried out with the fibre
loose on the drum, i.e., microbending effects shall not be introduced by the drum
surface.
B.2.2.2 Procedure
1) The fibre under test is placed in the measurement set-up. The output
power P2 is recorded.
2) Keeping the launching conditions fixed, the fibre is cut to the cut-
back length (for example, 2 m from the launching point). The cladding mode
stripper, when needed, is refitted and the output power P1 from the cut-back
length is recorded.
3) The attenuation of the fibre, between the points where P1 and P2 have
been measured, can be calculated from the definition using P1 and P2.
B.2.2.3 Presentation of results
The following details shall be presented:
a) Test set-up arrangement, including source type, source wavelength,
and linewidth (FWHM)
b) Fibre identification
c) Length of sample
d) Attenuation of the sample quoted in dB
e) Attenuation coefficient quoted in dB/km
f) Indication of accuracy and repeatability
g) Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions (if
necessary).
B.3 First alternative test method: The backscattering technique
Note - This test method describes a procedure to measure the attenuation of a
homogeneous sample of single-mode optical fibre cable. The technique can be
applied to check the optical continuity, physical defects, splices, backscattered
light of optical fibre cables and the length of the fibre.
B.3.1 Launching conditions
The launch beam shall be coaxially incident on the launch end of the
fibre; various devices such as index matching materials can be used to reduce
Fresnel reflections. The coupling loss shall be minimized.
B.3.2 Apparatus and procedure
B.3.2.1 General considerations
The signal level of the backscattered optical signal will normally be
small and close to the noise level. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio
and the dynamic measuring range it is therefore customary to use a high power
light source in connection with signal processing of the detected signal.
Further, accurate spatial resolution may require adjustment of the pulse width in
order to obtain a compromise between resolution and pulse energy. Special care
should be taken to minimize the Fresnel reflections.
Care must be taken that higher order modes do not propagate.
An example of apparatus is shown in Figure B-10a/G.652.
B.3.2.2 Optical source
A stable high power optical source of an appropriate wavelength should be
used. The wavelength of the source should be recorded. The pulse width and
repetition rate should be consistent with the desired resolution and the length
of the fibre. Optical non-linear effects should not be present in the part of the
fibre under test.
B.3.2.3 Coupling device
The coupling device is needed to couple the source radiation to the fibre
and the backscattered radiation to the detector, while avoiding a direct source-
detector coupling. Several devices can be used, but devices based on polarization
effects should be avoided.
B.3.2.4 Optical detection
.
A detector shall be used so that the maximum possible backscattered power
should be intercepted. The detector response shall be compatible with the levels
and wavelengths of the detected signal. For attenuation measurements the detector
response shall be substantially linear.
Signal processing is required to improve the signal to noise ratio, and it
is desirable to have a logarithmic response in the detection system.
A suitable amplifier shall follow the optical detector, so that the signal
level becomes adequate for the signal processing. The bandwidth of the amplifier
will be chosen as a trade-off between time resolution and noise reduction.
FIGURE B-9/G.652
The cutback technique
B.3.2.5 Cladding mode stripper
See B.2.1.5.
B.3.2.6 Procedure
1) The fibre under test is aligned to the coupling device.
2) Backscattered power is analyzed by a signal processor and recorded on
a logarithmic scale. Figure B-10b/G.652 shows such a typical curve.
3) The attentuation between two points A and B of the curve
corresponding to two cross-sections of the fibre is
A(O) = 1 (VA - VB) dB
A-B 2
where VA and VB are the corresponding power levels given in the
logarithmic scale.
Note - Attention must be given to the scattering conditions at points A and B
when calculating the attenuation in this way.
4) If so required, bi-directional measurements can be made, together
with numerical computation to improve the quality of the result and possibly
to allow the separation of attenuation from backscattering factor.
B.3.2.7 Results
The following details shall be presented:
a) Measurement types and characteristics
b) Launching techniques
c) Test set-up arrangement
d) Relative humidity and temperature of the sample (when necessary)
e) Fibre identification
f) Length of sample
g) Rise time, width and repetition rate of the pulse
h) Kind of signal processing used
i) The recorded curve on a logarithmic scale, with the attenuation of
the sample, and under certain conditions the attenuation coefficient in dB/km.
Note - The complete analysis of the recorded curve (Figure B-10b/G.652) shows
that, independently from the attenuation measurement, many phenomena can be
monitored using the backscattering technique:
a) Reflection originated by the coupling device at the input end of the
fibre
b) Zone of constant slope
c) Discontinuity due to local defect, splice or coupling
d) Reflection due to dielectric defect
e) Reflection at the end of the fibre.
B.4 Second alternative test method: The insertion loss technique
Under consideration.
Section V: Test methods for chromatic dispersion coefficient measurement
B.1 Reference test method for chromatic dispersion coefficient measurement
B.1.1 Objective
The fibre chromatic dispersion coefficient is derived from the measurement
of the relative group delay experienced by the various wavelengths during
propagation through a known length of fibre.
The group delay can be measured either in the time domain or in the
frequency domain, according to the type of modulation of the source.
In the former case the delay experienced by pulses at various wavelengths
is measured; in the latter the phase shift of a sinusoidal modulating signal is
recorded and processed to obtain the time delay.
The chromatic dispersion may be measured at a fixed wavelength or over a
wavelength range.
B.1.2 Test apparatus
A schematic diagram of the test apparatus is shown in
Figure B-11/G.652.
B.1.2.1 Source
The source shall be stable in position, intensity and wavelength over a
time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure. Laser
diodes, LED's or broadband sources, (e.g., an Nd:YAG laser with a Raman fibre)
may be used, depending on the wavelength range of the measurement.
In any case, the modulating signal shall be such as to guarantee a
sufficient time resolution in the group delay measurement.