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TAIL(1L) TAIL(1L)
NNAAMMEE
tail - output the last part of files
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
ttaaiill [-c [+]N[bkm]] [-n [+]N] [-fqv] [--bytes=[+]N[bkm]]
[--lines=[+]N] [--follow] [--quiet] [--silent] [--verbose]
[--help] [--version] [file...]
ttaaiill [{-,+}Nbcfklmqv] [file...]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
This manual page documents the GNU version of ttaaiill. ttaaiill
prints the last part (10 lines by default) of each given
file; it reads from standard input if no files are given
or when a filename of `-' is encountered. If more than
one file is given, it prints a header consisting of the
file's name enclosed in `==>' and `<==' before the output
for each file.
The GNU ttaaiill can output any amount of data, unlike the
Unix version, which uses a fixed size buffer. It has no
_-_r option (print in reverse). Reversing a file is really
a different job from printing the end of a file; the BSD
ttaaiill can only reverse files that are at most as large as
its buffer, which is typically 32k. A reliable and more
versatile way to reverse files is the GNU ttaacc command.
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
ttaaiill accepts two option formats: the new one, in which
numbers are arguments to the option letters, and the old
one, in which a `+' or `-' and optional number precede any
option letters.
If a number (`N') starts with a `+', ttaaiill begins printing
with the Nth item from the start of each file, instead of
from the end.
_-_c _N_, _-_-_b_y_t_e_s _N
Tail by N bytes. N is a nonzero integer, option-
ally followed by one of the following characters to
specify a different unit.
b 512-byte blocks.
k 1-kilobyte blocks.
m 1-megabyte blocks.
_-_f_, _-_-_f_o_l_l_o_w
Loop forever trying to read more characters at the
end of the file, on the assumption that the file is
growing. Ignored if reading from a pipe. If more
than one file is given, ttaaiill prints a header when-
ever it gets output from a different file, to
FSF GNU Text Utilities 1
TAIL(1L) TAIL(1L)
indicate which file that output is from.
_-_l_, _-_n _N_, _-_-_l_i_n_e_s _N
Tail by N lines. _-_l is only recognized using the
old option format.
_-_q_, _-_-_q_u_i_e_t_, _-_-_s_i_l_e_n_t
Never print filename headers.
_-_v_, _-_-_v_e_r_b_o_s_e
Always print filename headers.
_-_-_h_e_l_p Print a usage message and exit with a non-zero sta-
tus.
_-_-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n
Print version information on standard error then
exit.
FSF GNU Text Utilities 2