Freelog Special Edition 1: Linux/CD1.iso/doc/HOWTO/TeTeX-HOWTO

Text File | 1998-10-14 | 87KB | 2,179 lines

  The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide
  Robert Kiesling
  v2.9.1, 21 August 1997

  This document covers the basic installation and usage of the teTeX TeX
  and LaTeX implementation under the major U.S. Linux distributions, and
  auxiliary packages like Ghostscript.  Contents of the teTeX HOWTO: The
  Linux-teTeX Local Guide are Copyright (c) 1997 by Robert A. Kiesling.
  Permission is granted to copy this document, in whole or in part, pro-
  vided that credit is given to the author and the Linux Documentation
  Project. Registered trademarks are the property of their respective
  holders.  Please send all complaints, suggestions, errata, and any
  miscellany to [e-mail], so I can keep this document as
  complete and up to date as possible.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. Introduction.

  2. What is TeX?  What is LaTeX?  What is teTeX?

     2.1 Resources for further information.

  3. Installation notes.

     3.1 Generic CTAN distribution, V. 0.4.
        3.1.1 Installing the binary distribution.
           3.1.1.1 Minimal installation.
           3.1.1.2 Complete installation.
           3.1.1.3 Base system configuration.
        3.1.2 Installing the source distribution.
     3.2 Linux packages.
        3.2.1 Slackware 3.2.
           3.2.1.1 Manual Slackware install.
        3.2.2 Debian GNU/Linux, V. 1.3.
        3.2.3 RedHat V. 4.2.
     3.3 Ghostscript V. 5.03.
     3.4 APSFILTER.
     3.5 The

  4. Post-installation configuration details.

     4.1 What if my printer isn't included?

  5. Using teTeX.

     5.1 Printing the documentation.
     5.2 TeX and LaTeX commands.
        5.2.1 Document structure.
        5.2.2 Characters and type styles.
        5.2.3 Margins and line spacing.
        5.2.4 Document classes.
           5.2.4.1 Articles and reports.
           5.2.4.2 Letters.
     5.3 LaTeX extension packages and other resources.

  6. Mixing text and graphics with

  7. Using PostScript fonts.

  8. Appendix: CTAN Site Listing



  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction.

  FAQ No. 1.  My computer just ate NINE high density diskettes' worth of
  data.  WHAT HAPPENED?

  Answer: Installing teTeX on Chanel3, my Compaq laptop, was like
  dropping a 20-foot concrete bridge section exactly into place from a
  height of 50 feet.  teTeX is a big package. Even so, it is a
  moderately complete implementation of TeX 3.1415 and LaTeX 2e for
  Linux systems.  TeX is a big subject anyway, so you can expect to
  spend the rest of your computing career keeping up-to-date on the
  latest in the world of TeX.  That is to say, installing and using
  teTeX is not for the faint of heart.  Nor is it for day trippers.
  This package requires serious quality time.

  Thomas Esser, the author of teTeX, has gone to great lengths to make
  the package fast, complete, and easy to use.  Because TeX is
  implemented for practically every serious computer system in the
  world---and quite a few ``non-serious'' ones---implementors must
  provide the installation facilities for all of them.  This accounts in
  part for teTeX's size.  It also accounts for the fact that the pieces
  necessary to make a workable teTeX installation are spread all over
  your friendly neighborhood CTAN archive.

  CTAN is the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, a series of anonymous
  FTP sites which archive TeX programs, macros, fonts, and
  documentation.  You'll probably become familiar with at least one CTAN
  site.  In this document, a pathname like ~CTAN/contrib/pstricks means
  ``look in the directory contrib/pstricks of your nearest CTAN site.''
  See section ``Appendix A'' for a current list of CTAN sites and their
  mirror sites.

  Fortunately, some considerate Linux Distribution implementors have
  assembled the necessary pieces for us.  teTeX comes with all the major
  Linux distributions.

  However, if you don't have the Slackware, RedHat, or Debian GNU/Linux
  distribution, you can install teTeX from its official CTAN
  distribution.  In some cases this may be more desirable.  See Section
  3 for details.

  If you already have teTeX installed on your system and want to jump
  directly into figuring out how to use it, skip this section and the
  next, and go directly to section ``Using teTeX''.


  2.  What is TeX?  What is LaTeX?  What is teTeX?



  teTeX is an implementation of TeX for UNIX systems.  It is the work of
  Thomas Esser, [e-mail].  In the Linux versions of
  teTeX, the executable programs themselves run under Linux and the
  fonts are provided in form usable by the Linux-teTeX system.  (The
  sections covering teTeX installation concentrate on the i386 versions
  of Linux.  Installing teTeX for MkLinux or Linux for the Alpha should
  require only substituting the appropriate binary-program archive in
  the installation process.)  The rest of the code, TeX and LaTeX
  itself, is portable across various machines.

  In addition to the executable programs, the distribution includes all
  of the TeX and LaTeX package, metafont and its sources, bibtex(1),
  makeindex(1), and all of the documentation... more than 4 megabytes'
  worth.  The documentation covers everything you will forseeably need
  to know to get started.  So, you should install all of the documents.
  Not only will you eventually read them, the documents themselves
  provide many examples of ``live'' TeX and LaTeX code.

  In comparison with other implementations of TeX, the installation of
  teTeX is almost trivial, even without the Linux distribution packages,
  if you don't count the effort necessary acquire the distributions via
  anonymous FTP or insert and remove several dozen distribution
  diskettes by hand.  If your teTeX distribution arrived on a CD-ROM,
  even less effort is required to install it.

  TeX is a typesetting system developed by Professor Donald Knuth of
  Stanford University.  It is a lower-level typesetting language that
  powers all of the higher-level packages like LaTeX.  Essentially,
  LaTeX is a set of TeX macros which provide convenient, predefined
  document formats for end users.  If you like the formats provided by
  LaTeX, you may never need to learn bare-bones TeX programming.  The
  difference between the two languages is like the difference between
  assembly language and C.  You can have the speed and flexibility of
  TeX, or the convenience of LaTeX.  Which brings us to the next answer,

  Answer: You have it backwards! I want to know what exactly I need to
  get before I can have TeX on my system!

  It's important to remember that TeX only handles the typesetting part
  of the document preparation.  Generating output with TeX is like
  compiling source code into object code, which still needs to be
  linked.  You prepare an input file with a text editor -- what most
  people think of as ``word processing'' -- and typeset the input file
  document with TeX to produce a device-independent output file, called
  a .dvi file.

  You also need output drivers for your printer and video display.
  These output drivers translate TeX's .dvi output to display your
  typeset document on the screen or on paper.  This software is
  collectively known as ``dviware.''  For example, TeX itself only makes
  requests for fonts.  It is up to the .dvi output translator to provide
  the actual font to the display device if necessary, regardless of
  whether it is the screen or a printer.  This extra step may seem
  overly complicated, but the abstraction allows documents to display
  the same on different devices with no change to the original document.

  In fact, much of TeX's, and therefore LaTeX's, complexity, arises from
  its implementation of various font systems, and the way these fonts
  are specified.  A major improvement of LaTeX 2e over its predecessor
  was the way users specify fonts, the former New Font Selection Scheme.
  (See the sections ``Characters and type styles'' and ``Using
  PostScript Fonts''.)

  teTeX comes distributed with about a dozen standard fonts preloaded,
  which is enough to get you started.  Also provided are the font
  metrics descriptions, in .tfm (TeX font metric) files.  To generate
  the other fonts you will need, it is simply a matter of installing the
  metafont sources.  teTeX's .dvi utilities will invoke metafont
  automatically and generate the Computer Modern fonts you need, on-the-
  fly.

  By the way, the letters of the word ``TeX'' are Greek, tau-epsilon-
  chi.  This is not a fraternity.  Instead, it is the root of the Greek
  word, techne, which means art and/or science.  ``TeX'' is not
  pronounced like the first syllable in "Texas."  The chi has no English
  equivalent, but TeX is generally pronounced so that it rhymes with
  ``yecch,'' to use Professor Knuth's example from The TeXBook (see
  below).  When writing, "TeX," on character devices, always use the
  standard capitalization, or the \TeX{} macro in typesetting.  This is
  how TeX is distinguished from other typesetting systems.
  Speaking of typing, any of the editors which work under Linux---
  nvi(1), jed(1), joe(1), jove(1), vi(1), vim(1), stevie(1), emacs(1),
  microemacs---will work to prepare a TeX input file, as long as the
  editor reads and writes plain-vanilla ASCII text.  My preference is
  emacs(1), the GNU version.  There are several reasons for this:

  o  Emacs' TeX and LaTeX modes obviate the need for a stand-alone TeX
     shell.

  o  Emacs can automatically insert TeX-style, ``curly quotes,'' as you
     type, rather than the "ASCII-vanilla" kind.

  o  Emacs has integrated support for texinfo and makeinfo, a hypertext
     documentation system.

  o  Emacs is widely supported.  Version 19.34, for example, is included
     in the major U.S. Linux distributions.

  o  Emacs does everything except butter the toast in the morning.

  o  Emacs is free.

  There's a lot of software to assemble.  In the meantime, you can start
  in ``learning'' TeX and LaTeX.  Remember that teTeX and the font
  packages have been designed as two separate entities: The teTeX
  executable programs and shell scripts, as distributed with Linux, have
  been built specifically for the system, but the CM, DC, American
  Mathematical Society, or other font distributions work on many
  different platforms.  While you are working on assembling the files,
  you can take a few breaks to locate some of the documentation you will
  need.


  2.1.  Resources for further information.

  There are user manuals available both commercially and via the
  Internet.  Judging by the number of mentions they receive in the
  Usenet comp.text.tex newsgroup, the most useful---and
  definitive---commercially available texts for beginners are:

  LaTeX: A Document Preparation System, by Leslie Lamport, 272 pp.  If
  you're using LaTeX instead of plain TeX (highly recommended), this is
  the definitive reference.

  If you must use plain TeX, The TeXBook by Donald Knuth, 483 pp., is
  the definitive reference.  It is also necessary if you plan to do any
  serious class, package, or macro writing for LaTeX.

  The LaTeX Companion, by Michel Goosens, Frank Mittelbach, and
  Alexander Samarin, 530 pp., is more advanced than the Lamport, above.
  If you are approaching TeX or LaTeX for the first time, you may feel
  lost reading this.  (I was.)  However, when you need to add extension
  packages, like PSNFSS (See the section titled, ``Using PostScript
  fonts''.), or bibtex(1), a bibliography indexing program, this book is
  one of the most highly regarded on the market.

  At your nearest CTAN site you can retrieve these documents for free:

  The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e, by Tobias Oetiker, Hubert
  Partl, Irene Hyna, and Elisabeth Schlegl, 69 pp.  This wonderful
  document is located at ~CTAN/packages/TeX/info/lshort/*.

  You can get a PostScript or .dvi version of the document ready for
  printing, or the native LaTeX document.  There is also a version
  available in German: lkurz.*. Make sure to read the README file before
  assembling!
  A Gentle Introduction to TeX: A Manual for Self-Study, by Michael
  Doob, 91 pp.  You can find this document at:
  ~CTAN:packages/TeX/info/gentle.tex. Almost of necessity, this document
  covers less ground than its LaTeX counterpart, above.  However, it
  will get you to the same place as the LaTeX manuals. If you must use
  plain TeX for your documents, this document clarifies many of the
  complexities of plain TeX and makes its use almost easy.

  ``IMPRINT: The Newsletter of Digital Typography,'' edited by Robert
  Kiesling.  I realize that this is BLATANT and SHAMELESS self-
  promotion.  But, you should know anyway, that IMPRINT is a free,
  ASCII-text newsletter which is available via e-mail.  IMPRINT appears
  approximately monthly and covers a broad range of text processing and
  digital imaging topics, both beginning and advanced.  Many of the
  items covered apply directly or indirectly to TeX'ing.  The emphasis
  is on production of industry-standard typeset and printed material.
  To subscribe to IMPRINT, send a brief, human-readable message to me at
  [e-mail].

  The LaTeX Catalogue is a bibtex(1) database of available LaTeX
  packages, compiled and maintained by Graham Williams.  It's included
  with teTeX, and the most recent version is available on the World Wide
  Web.  Do you need a package that prints borders, or makes margin
  notes?  You'll find that the package you need is listed here.  The
  LaTeX Catalogue is located in your local teTeX library in the
  directory teTeX/texmf/doc/Catalog, and on the Web at
  http://cbr.dit.csiro.au/~gjw.  See section ``LaTeX extension packages
  and other resources'' for further details about LaTeX packages.

  Thomas Merz's Ghostscript Manual, which is the Ghostscript appendix of
  his book, PostScript \& Acrobat/PDF: Applications, Troubleshooting,
  and Cross-Platform Publishing. It is available from the Ghostscript
  Home Page (see the section ``Ghosctscript V. 5.03''), or from Merz's
  home page, http://www.muc.de/~tm/.

  There are, of course, other guides available to using TeX and LaTeX.
  They cover different aspects of these systems to varying degrees.  The
  reference documents cited above, however, are the most comprehensive
  in scope that I have seen and are aimed at beginners (or near-
  beginners).


  If the going gets especially tough, you can probably do a little extra
  shopping at Office Max, Office Depot, Staples, or your local
  stationer, and pick up several reams of three-hole punched, photocopy
  paper, two or three, three-inch binders, and some index tabs.  When it
  comes time to print the documents, you'll need a place to keep them,
  and they seem to be more useful if they are kept on paper.  This must
  be one of the stranger phenomena of technical documentation.

  You will note, however, that the references mentioned above are
  hardware-independent.  They won't tell you a thing about running teTeX
  specifically.  Many of them, in fact, refer to some mythical ``Local
  Guide.''  This, and several of the documents that come bundled with
  teTeX, comprise the less-than-mythical Local Guide to installing and
  operating teTeX with Linux.


  3.  Installation notes.

  All of the major Linux distributions include packaged versions of
  teTeX, and each distribution has its own idiosyncrasies.  The
  packaging methods of each distribution are, for the most part,
  incompatible.  If you try to install teTeX from another distribution,
  you may succeed in installing the package, but you're certain to mess
  up the package-management database on your system.  When installing
  teTeX, please consult the section below that corresponds to your Linux
  distribution.

  Installing teTeX is surprisingly easy for a package of this magnitude.
  This document covers only the major free U.S. Linux distributions,
  because I haven't had time to obtain or install European Linux
  distributions like S.u.S.E.

  However, the generic, teTeX distribution isn't any harder to install
  than the Linux packages.  See section ``Generic CTAN distribution'',
  below.

  You should consider installing the generic teTeX distribution from the
  CTAN archives if:

  o  Your system isn't based on one of the standard Linux distributions.

  o  You don't have root privileges on your system.

  o  You want or need to have the very latest version of teTeX, or
     LaTeX.

  o  You don't have enough disk space available for a full installation.

  o  You want to install teTeX somewhere instead of the /usr file
     system.

  o  You would like to share your teTeX installation with other UNIX
     variants or platforms on a network.  In this case, you should
     strongly consider installing from the source distribution.  See
     section ``Installing the source distribution'', below.

  o  You want the latest versions of teTeX's public domain Type 1 fonts,
     which are significantly better than the fonts included in earlier
     releases.

  A complete installation of the binary distribution requires 40-50 Mb
  of disk space, and building the distribution from the source code
  takes about 75 Mb, so you should make sure that the disk space is
  available before you start.  You don't need to have the gcc(1)
  compiler or the X Windows System installed (although X certainly helps
  because it is much easier to preview documents on-screen).  All you
  need is an editor that is capable of producing plain ASCII, text (see
  section 2).  What could be simpler?

  Ghostscript V. 5.03 allows printing of PostScript documents on non-
  PostScript printers, and allows previewing of PostScript documents on
  VGA monitors and X Window System displays.  If you already have a
  PostScript printer, you won't need Ghostscript simply to print
  PostScript documents.  Ghostscript has many other capabilities,
  however, which are beyond the scope of this HOWTO.

  APSFILTER can automate document post processing and printing, and make
  life with your printer a lot easier.  See the section titled
  ``APSFILTER''.

  For information on how to install a printer daemon and generally
  configure printers for Linux, see the section titled ``The lpd(8)
  daemon'', and consult the Printing-HOWTO.


  3.1.  Generic CTAN distribution, V. 0.4.

  You can retrieve the files from one of the CTAN archives listed in
  section ``Appendix A''.  In the examples below, the files were
  retrieved from the CTAN archive at ftp.tex.ac.uk.
  3.1.1.  Installing the binary distribution.


  3.1.1.1.  Minimal installation.

  First, FTP to ftp.tex.ac.uk and cd to the directory

  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/


  Retrieve the files

  INSTALL.bin
  install.sh


  and place them in the top-level directory where you want to install
  teTeX, for example, /var/teTeX if you plan to install teTeX in the
  /var file system.

  Print out the INSTALL.bin file.  Keep this file handy, because it
  describes how to install a minimal teTeX installation.  The minimal
  installation requires only 10-15 MB of disk space, but it is
  recommended that you install the complete teTeX package if at all
  possible.  For a minimum installation, you'll need the files

  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/base/latex-base.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/base/tetex-base.tar.gz


  You'll also need one of two archives which contain the executable
  teTeX programs.  Retrieve the archive file

  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/binaries/i386-linux.tar.gz


  if your system uses the Linux ELF shared libraries, ld.so(1) of at
  least version 1.73, and clibs of at least version 5.09.  If it
  doesn't, retrieve the archive

  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/binaries/i386-linuxaout.tar.gz


  which is compiled for systems that use the older, a.out-format static
  libraries.

  Then, following the instructions in the file INSTALL.bin, execute the
  command

  sh ./install.sh


  while in the top-level teTeX installation directory. (Make sure that
  the teTeX archives are located there, too.)  After a few moments, the
  installation program will warn you that you are missing some of the
  teTeX packages.  However, if you're planning only a minimal teTeX
  installation, you should ignore the warnings and proceed.  To config-
  ure the basic teTeX system, see section ``Base system configuration'',
  below.

  To install the remaining packages, see the next section.





  3.1.1.2.  Complete installation.

  To perform a complete teTeX installation, retrieve the archive files
  listed in the previous section, as well as the following files:

  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/ams-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/bibtex-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/eplain-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/fonts-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/general-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/generic-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/latex-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/makeindex-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/metapost-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/doc/programs-doc.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/ams-fonts.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/dc-fonts.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/ec-fonts.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/misc-fonts.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/postscript-fonts.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/fonts/sauter-fonts.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/amstex.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/bibtex.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/eplain.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/latex-extra.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/metapost.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/pictex.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/pstricks.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/texdraw.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/goodies/xypic.tar.gz


  All of these files should be placed in the top-level directory where
  you want teTeX to reside.  As with the minimal installation, execute
  the command

  sh ./install.sh



  3.1.1.3.  Base system configuration.

  The install.sh script, after determining which teTeX archive series
  are present, will present you with a menu of options.  The only
  setting you need to make at this point is to set the top-level
  directory where you want teTeX installed, by selecting the ``D''
  option.  You must, of course, choose a directory in whose parent
  directory you have write permissions.  For example, if you are
  installing teTeX in your home directory, you would specify the teTeX
  installation directory as

  /home/john.q.public/teTeX


  and, after returning to the main menu, select ``I'' to proceed with
  the installation.  Note that the directory must not exist already: the
  install.sh script must be able to create it.

  An option which you should consider enabling, is setting an
  alternative directory for generated fonts.  Even if you plan to use
  only PostScript-format, Type 1 scalable fonts, occasionally you'll
  process a file that requires the Computer Modern fonts.  Enabling this
  option requires that you enter the directory to use.  You must have
  write permissions for the parent directory.  Following the example
  above, you could specify

  /home/john.q.public/texfonts


  or, if you want the generated fonts to be accessible by all users on
  the system, specify a directory like

  /var/texfonts


  I would recommend that you not, however, use the default /var/tmp/tex-
  fonts directory for this option, because the generated fonts could be
  deleted after the next reboot, and the fonts will need to be generated
  again the next time they're needed.

  After you've selected the option ``I'', and install.sh has installed
  the archives, set various permissions, and generated its links and
  format files, the program will exit with a message telling you to add
  the teTeX binary directory to your $PATH environment variable, and the
  directories where the man pages and info files reside to your $MANPATH
  and $INFOPATH environment variables.  For example, add the statements

  export PATH=$PATH:"/home/john.q.public/teTeX/bin"
  export MANPATH=$MANPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/man"
  export INFOPATH$=INFOPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/info"


  to your ~/.bash_profile if you use bash(1) as your shell, or to your
  ~/.profile if you use another shell for logins.

  Log out, and then log in again, so the environment variables are
  registered.  Then, run the command

  texconfig confall


  to insure that the installation is correct.

  Next, you can configure teTeX for you specific hardware.  See section
  ``Post-installation configuration details'', below.


  3.1.2.  Installing the source distribution.

  To install teTeX V. 0.4 from the source code, ftp to a CTAN site like
  ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk and retrieve the files

  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/INSTALL.src
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/sources/README.texmf-src
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/sources/teTeX-lib-0.4pl8.tar.gz
  ctan/tex-archive/systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/sources/teTeX-src-0.4pl7.tar.gz



  Read over the instructions in INSTALL.src, then su to root and unpack
  the files in a directory for which you have read-write-execute
  permissions.

  Remember to use the p argument to tar(1), and also remember to unset
  the noclobber option of bash(1).  You can do this with the
  counterintuitive command

  set +o noclobber


  Note that the argument +o to set unsets a variable, just exactly back-
  wards from what you might expect.
  The file teTeX-lib-0.4pl8.tar.gz will create the directory ./teTeX.
  The file teTeX-src-0.4pl7.tar.gz will create the directory teTeX-
  src-0.4 Print out the file INSTALL.src and keep it nearby for the
  following steps. cd to the ./teTeX-src-0.4 directory, and, per the
  instructions in the INSTALL.src file, edit ./Makefile.  You need to
  set the TETEXDIR variable to the absolute path of the parent teTeX
  directory.  This will be the subdirectory teTeX of the directory where
  you unpacked the source and library archives.  For example, if you
  unpacked the archives in your home directory, you would set TETEXDIR
  to

  /home/john.q.public/teTeX


  The rest of the Makefile options are pretty generic.  With gcc(1) ver-
  sion 2.7.2 and later, you should not need to make any further adjust-
  ments unless you have a non-standard compiler and library setup, or
  want the compiler to perform some further optimizations, or for some
  other reason.  Check that the USE_DIALOG, USE_NCURSES, and
  HAVE_NCURSES variables are set correctly for your system, because the
  dialog program needs the ncurses library to be installed.  A
  ncurses(3x) library is included in the source distribution, so the
  default values in the Makefile should work fine.  If you can't get
  ncurses(3x) to compile or link, texconfig(1) can also be run from the
  command line.

  If you've done everything correctly up to this point, you should be
  able to type make world in the top-level source directory, and relax
  until the teTeX executables are built.  This can take a few hours.

  After the build has completed, set the environment variables $PATH,
  $MANPATH, and $INFOPATH to include the teTeX directories.  The
  statements which would be added to the file ~/.bash_profile, in the
  example, above, would be

  export PATH=$PATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/bin/i386-linux"
  export MANPATH=$MANPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/man"
  export INFOPATH=$INFOPATH":/home/john.q.public/teTeX/info"


  The $PATH variable is different in the source distribution than in the
  binary distribution.  Note that here the path to the binaries is
  teTeX/bin/i386-linux instead of simply teTeX/bin as in the binary dis-
  tribution.

  At this point you can run texconfig confall to ensure that the paths
  have been set correctly, and then proceed to configure teTeX as in the
  binary distribution.  See the section ``Post-installation
  configuration details'', below.



  3.2.  Linux packages.


  3.2.1.  Slackware 3.2.

  First, ftp to your nearest Linux archive site.  Mine is
  wuarchive.wustl.edu. Then find the directory with the Slackware
  distribution diskettes.  On wuarchive.wustl.edu, this is

  systems/linux/sunsite/distributions/Slackware/slakware/.


  Linux sites which mirror sunsite.unc.edu will store these diskettes in
  the directory distributions/Slackware/slakware/.  teTeX, the full
  package, is contained on the Slackware disk series t. So, grab all
  nine disks' worth of the t series, disks t1 - t9. Be sure to keep them
  in order, too.  Either store the files in separate subdirectories
  labeled t1 - t9 on a hard drive partition, or on diskettes, and label
  the diskettes t1 through t9. We're going to install them by hand.

  This isn't difficult.  The Slackware installer creates the directories
  and unpacks the files.  It also provides descriptions of each module
  in the distribution, which allows you to decide whether you want to
  install it or not.  In the case of teTeX, however, you are simply
  going to install everything, because that's what you should do anyway.

  Let's assume that you have all nine diskettes' worth of the Slackware
  teTeX distribution ready at hand, organized as described above.
  You'll have a lot of files which have the extension .tgz.  This is
  shorthand for a tar(1) archive compressed with gzip(1). The names all
  fit the 8+3 filename limitations of MS-DOG.  Aren't you glad you
  decided to scrap your DOG partitions and install Linux instead?  You
  can use a MS-DOG hard disk partition or DOG-format diskettes to store
  the files.  The archives also begin with the letters tb, td, or tm,
  and so on, which is the implementors' shorthand for TeX binary, TeX
  documentation, TeX macro, and so on.  The difference to you is
  academic, because you'll be installing everything anyway.

  Simply fire up the Slackware install utility.  You needn't concern
  yourself with reconfiguring the system, so select the option to add
  new software.  Select the appropriate source media (diskettes, HD
  partition, or CD-ROM), specify that you want to install the Slackware
  t series, and that you do not want to be prompted -- simply install
  all the archives on the Slackware t series diskettes.  You'll be
  prompted to insert each diskette in the floppy drive if you're
  installing from diskettes.  If you're installing from a hard drive or
  CD-ROM, no more intervention is required by you.


  3.2.1.1.  Manual Slackware install.

  This section is for people who, for one reason or another, would like
  to install teTeX manually from a Linux package.

  Let's assume that you've assembled the Slackware teTeX distribution on
  floppy diskettes labelled t1 thru t9. Mount the t1 diskette like this

  mount /dev/fd0 /mnt


  if your Linux configuration is a standard configuration.  Actually,
  any mount point will do.  You'll simply need to substitute the appro-
  priate path spec in the next few steps.

  The next thing you want to do is create the teTeX top-level directory.
  teTeX's internal paths are specified relative to its binary program
  files, but the Slackware distribution is archived relative to the root
  directory.  So the top-level teTeX directory is:

  /usr/lib/teTeX


  For each of the .tgz archive files in the distribution, copy the
  archive file to the /usr/lib/teTeX directory and repeat the following
  commands:

  You should be logged in as root and in the top-level directory, /, for
  these steps.  I've used the tb-xfig.tgz archive for demonstration
  purposes.  Of course, you'll want to substitute the name of whichever
  archive you're unpacking.
  cp /mnt/tb-xfig.tgz /usr/lib/teTeX
  tar -zxvf /usr/lib/teTeX/tb-xfig.tar  # v to see what's going on!
  rm /usr/lib/teTeX/tb-xfig.tgz



  Most Slackware packages that I've seen also include an install script,
  which the Slackware installer executes after unpacking the files.
  Look in the directory /install after you've unpacked the files.  If
  there's a script there called doinst.sh, execute that, as root, by
  typing

  sh < /install/doinst.sh


  It may be alarming to watch all those filenames scrolling of the top
  of the screen as the archives are unpacked.  Relax!  Take a break, and
  freshen up your coffee (or grab another JOLT from the refrigerator, or
  otherwise replenish whatever you're drinking).  There's only a few
  more steps you need to perform to install teTeX.  They're covered in
  Section 4.


  3.2.2.  Debian GNU/Linux, V. 1.3.

  Installing teTeX from Debian packages is truly trivial.  ftp the most
  recent stable versions of the teTeX archive files from ftp.debian.org.
  The teTeX distribution is located in the directory

  pub/debian/bo/binary-i386/tex


  Retrieve the following Debian archive files via anonymous FTP (remem-
  bering to set binary mode for the transfers).

  tetex-base_0.4pl6-5.deb
  tetex-bin_0.4pl6-8.deb
  tetex-dev_0.4pl6-8.deb
  tetex-doc_0.4pl6-1.deb
  tetex-extra_0.4pl6-4.deb


  Once the files are safely transferred to your local hard disk, su to
  root, and install them using the dpkg(1) utility:

  dpkg -i tetex-base_0.4pl6-5.deb
  dpkg -i tetex-bin_0.4pl6-8.deb
  dpkg -i tetex-dev_0.4pl6-8.deb
  dpkg -i tetex-doc_0.4pl6-1.deb
  dpkg -i tetex-extra_0.4pl6-4.deb


  Installation will take some time, because the Debian archives contain
  the shell scripts necessary to check for old TeX installations, build
  the TeX and LaTeX .fmt files, build the path-searching database, and
  see to other configuration details.  However, once they are finished,
  you should have an operational teTeX installation that needs only to
  be configured for the details of your local system; see section
  ``Post-installation configuration details''.


  3.2.3.  RedHat V. 4.2.

  Presumably, you could install only selected portions of the teTeX
  RedHat distribution, but consistent with the philosophy of the other
  sections, it is assumed that you will eventually need all of the
  facilities provided by teTeX, and so you should install the complete
  distribution.

  To install teTeX from RedHat Linux RPM packages, under RedHat Linux v.
  4.2, ftpto sunsite.unc.edu and cd to the directory

  pub/Linux/distributions/redhat/current/i386/RedHat/RPMS/


  Set binary mode for the transfers and retrieve the following files:

  tetex-0.4pl8-5.i386.rpm
  tetex-latex-0.4pl8-5.i386.rpm
  tetex-afm-0.4pl8-5.i38 6.rpm
  tetex-dvilj-0.4pl8-5.i386.rpm
  tetex-dvips-0.4pl8-5.i386.rpm
  tetex-xdvi-0.4pl8-5.i386.rpm
  tetex-texmf-src-0.4pl8-5.i386.rpm


  This last file may not be strictly necessary.  It contains the LaTeX
  sources, if you want to install LaTeX yourself.  If you're thinking of
  upgrading LaTeX independently of the binaries in the future, this
  archive could be useful to have around:

  Simply install the files above in the order given, using the rpm -i
  command, and proceed to the section, ``Post-installation configuration
  details''.


  3.3.  Ghostscript V. 5.03.

  Ghostscript development is rapid, and the changes which are
  incorporated into every new version are significant.  Therefore, it's
  worth the effort to install the version of Ghostscript that is
  available on its home page, http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost.

  At the time of this writing, the current version is 5.03.  The
  Ghostscript archive for Linux is composed of the following files:

  ghostscript-5.03gnu.tar.gz
  ghostscript-5.03jpeg.tar.gz
  ghostscript-5.03libpng.tar.gz
  ghostscript-5.03zlib.tar.gz
  ghostscript-fonts-std-5.03.tar.gz
  ghostscript-fonts-other-5.03.tar.gz


  What is Ghostscript, and why do you need it?  Technically, Ghostscript
  is a Raster Image Processor.  It translates PostScript code into many
  common, bit-mapped formats, like those understood by your printer or
  screen, whether or not they are equipped with PostScript.  In practi-
  cal terms, Ghostscript allows you to use Type 1 fonts, and mix text
  and graphics on any printer or video display that Ghostscript knows
  about.

  The quality of the fonts which come with the program have improved
  steadily in the last several versions as well.  Or maybe it's that
  more recent versions of Ghostscript have improved font rendering.  In
  either case, this is of real benefit for Linux users, who may not be
  able to spend hundreds of dollars on commercial fonts.  Because
  Ghostscript is able to read the font requests made by dvips(1),
  Ghostscript's font library provides the fonts, not teTeX.  But the
  font metrics files for Ghostscript's font library, which have the
  extension .afm, are already included in the teTeX distribution.

  For information about using Ghostscript, see the file use.txt in the
  Ghostscript distribution, and the Linux Documentation Project's
  Printing-HOWTO.  There's also a Ghostscript manual available from the
  Internet.  See section ``Resources for further information''

  Or, install APSFILTER and let that run Ghostscript automatically.
  (See section ``APSFILTER'').

  A final, significant note: I would recommend that you compile
  Ghostscript for your own system, if possible.  Combining different
  versions of Ghostscript and svgalib can quickly become confusing.  The
  version of Ghostscript which is included in the Slackware AP set is
  version 2.6.2 and does not have X support compiled in.  You might also
  have trouble finding the correct svgalib versions for it.  There is
  supposedly a version of Ghostscript with X11 support in the Slackware
  XAP distribution series, and presumably in the other Linux
  distributions, though I haven't tried them.  Compiling Ghostscript for
  your own system is far easier, it seems to me.

  It's also important to remember that there are two Ghostscript
  releases in distribution: the commercial, Aladdin Ghostscript, and GNU
  Ghostscript, which lags behind Aladdin Ghostscript by several years.
  This is due to Ghostscript's unique licensing arrangement.  See the
  Printing-HOWTO for more information about Ghostscript licensing.

  svgalib support for GNU Ghostscript 3.33 is included in a small
  archive which contains a .diff file.  Ghostscript 3.33 for X is also
  configured for JPEG support, so you should include the JPEG library
  sources as well.  The relevant archives can be found at any GNU
  distribution site, like ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu.


  3.4.  APSFILTER.

  There are software packages which will simplify your life, and
  APSFILTER is one of them.  Written by Andreas Klemm, APSFILTER works
  with any BSD-compatible printer daemon (which means that you have the
  lpd(8) program and an /etc/printcap file; see below), and provides
  transparent printer support for ASCII, DVI, and PostScript files, as
  well as files compressed by gzip(1), compress(1), and other data
  compression software.

  Once you have successfully installed APSFILTER, you can print a
  PostScript file to whatever printer you have, by typing

  lpr file.ps


  Or, to print an ASCII file without PostScript translation, you can
  type

  lpr -Praw file.asc


  Amazing.

  APSFILTER is surprisingly easy to install, considering that it works
  with many disparate elements of your system.  Installing the generic
  APSFILTER distribution, however, does require that you have a current
  gcc(1) compiler on hand, because APSFILTER builds some of its filters
  during installation.  Some distributions of Linux, however, provide a
  pre-built version, so check your specific distribution first.

  In any event, you will need a correctly installed Ghostscript and
  lpd(8) installation for APSFILTER to work.  The most recent APSFILTER
  is located in the Linux Archives at
  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/printing/.



  3.5.  The lpd(8)  daemon.

  There are wide variations in printers and configurations.  Setting up
  a working printer daemon is no mean feat.  If you're using teTeX on an
  individual system, you could simply dump the output to the printer
  device driver file, but this is less than desirable.  You lose the
  filtering capabilities of the printer daemon.  If you're printing on a
  network, having a working printer daemon is a must.

  The basic UNIX program for printer management on BSD-style systems is
  lpd(8).  When you print a file with lpr(1) you are really sending the
  file to a print queue.  lpd(8) prints files in the order they're
  queued.  Other printer utilities include lpq(1), which displays the
  contents of the print queue, and lprm(1), which removes (dequeues)
  files from the print queue.

  The printer daemon can perform other tasks, like transparently
  filtering output from various programs (using filter programs like
  APSFILTER, above), accept print jobs from other machines on a network,
  send print jobs to various printers if you have more than one
  connected, and hold print output until you've refilled the paper feed
  tray.

  The Printing-HOWTO explains the process of setting up a working
  printer daemon in detail.  Many Linux distributions already have
  configured lpd(8) suites.  Check there first, because it will save you
  considerable work.  They're usually archived, strangely enough, using
  the name lpr, so search for that program.  There is also a printer
  daemon suite available from the Linux archives, at
  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/printing.


  4.  Post-installation configuration details.

  The first thing you'll want to do is look at Thomas Esser's README
  file.  It contains a lot of hints on how to configure teTeX for your
  output device (i.e., printer).  The README file is located in the
  directory

  /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex


  Read the file over with the command (the path in the following exam-
  ples is that of the Slackware distribution):

  less /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex/README


  or, print it out with the command

  cat /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex/README >/dev/lp0


  assuming that your printer is connected to /dev/lp0.  Substitute the
  device driver file that your printer is connected to, as appropriate.

  Or, better still, print it using the lpr(1) command:

  lpr /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex/README



  You should have installed the printer daemon that is included with
  your distribution of Linux.  If not, do that now, per the instructions
  that come with the package.  If you don't have one of the packages, or
  want to install a printer daemon yourself, see section ``The lpd(8)
  daemon''

  Print out the teTeX-FAQ. Keep the FAQ handy because it contains useful
  hints for configuring teTeX's output drivers for your printer.  We'll
  get to that in a moment.  In more recent releases of teTeX, the teTeX-
  FAQ is viewable via the texconfig utility.

  Next, you want to define a directory to store your own TeX format
  files.  teTeX searches the directories listed by the $TEXINPUTS
  environment variable for local TeX input files.  On Chanel3, I added
  the line

  export TEXINPUTS=".:~/texinputs:"


  to the system-wide /etc/profile file.  Individual users can set their
  own local $TEXINPUTS directory, by adding the line in their ~/.profile
  or ~/.bash_profile if bash(1) is the default shell.  The $TEXINPUTS
  environment variable tells teTeX to look for users' individual TeX
  style files in the ~/texinputs directories under each user's home
  directory.  It is critical that a colon appear before and after this
  directory.  teTeX is going to append its own directory searches to
  your own.  You want to have teTeX search the local format files first,
  so it uses the local versions of any of the standard files you have
  edited.

  Add the /usr/lib/teTeX/bin directory to the system-wide path if you're
  installing teTeX as root.  Again, if you're installing a personal copy
  of teTeX, add the directory where the teTeX binaries are located to
  the front your $PATH with the following line in your ~/.profile or
  ~/.bash_profile:

  export PATH="~/tetex/bin:"$PATH


  Now, log in as root and run texconfig per the instructions in the
  teTeX-FAQ and choose the printer that is attached to your system.
  Make sure that you configure teTeX for both the correct printer and
  printer resolution.

  Finally, run the texhash program.  This ensures that teTeX's internal
  database is up to date.  The database is actually a ls-lR file.  You
  must run texhash every time you change the system configuration, or
  teTeX will not be able to locate your changes.


  4.1.  What if my printer isn't included?

  The teTeX distribution comes with only a limited selection of DVI
  output drivers: dvips(1), drivers for Hewlett Packard LaserJets, and
  nothing else.  You have two options if you have a printer which isn't
  LaserJet-compatible: You can use dvips(1) and Ghostscript, which I
  would recommend anyway, for reasons already mentioned, or you can
  investigate other dviware sources.

  A limited number of DVI drivers have been ported to Linux and are
  available as pre-built binaries.  They are located in the Linux
  archives at ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/tex/dvi/.

  The master dviware libraries are maintained at the University of Utah
  archives.  If you can't find a DVI driver there that supports your
  printer, chances are that it doesn't exist.  You can also write your
  own DVI driver using the templates available there.  The library's URL
  is ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/dvi/.


  5.  Using teTeX.

  Theoretically, at least, everything is installed correctly and is
  ready to run.  teTeX is a very large software package.  As with any
  complex software package, you'll want to start by learning teTeX
  slowly, instead of being overwhelmed by its complexity.

  At the same time, we want the software to do something useful.  So
  instead of watching TeX typeset

  ``Hello, World!''


  as Professor Knuth suggests in the The TeXBook, we'll produce a couple
  of teTeX's own documents in order to test it.

  The next section, ``Printing the documentation'', is really a tutorial
  for operating teTeX.  It covers printing the documentation included
  with teTeX (which is in LaTeX and .dvi format, of course).  The
  following section, ``TeX and LaTeX commands'', is more of a
  ``cookbook'' than a tutorial.  It discusses how to format LaTeX
  documents, and covers a few of the commands and environments of the
  more commonly used document classes.

  The section ``LaTeX extension packages and other resources'' tells how
  to use the many pre-existing LaTeX packages to customize documents to
  your specifications.


  5.1.  Printing the documentation.

  You should be logged in as root the first few times you run teTeX.  If
  you aren't, metafont may not be able to create the necessary
  directories for its fonts.  The texconfig program includes an option
  to make the font directories world-writable, but if you're working on
  a multi-user system, security considerations may make this option
  impractical or undesirable.

  In either instance, if you don't have the appropriate permissions to
  write to the directories where the fonts are stored, metafont will
  complain loudly because it can't make the directories.  You won't see
  any output because you have a bunch of zero-length font characters.
  This is no problem.  Simply log out, re-login as root, and repeat the
  offending operation.

  The nice thing about teTeX is that, if you blow it, no real harm is
  done.  It's not like a compiler, where, say, you will trash the root
  partition if a pointer goes astray.  What, you haven't read the teTeX
  manual yet?  Of course you haven't.  It's still in the distribution,
  in source code form, waiting to be output.

  So, without further delay, you will want to read the teTeX manual.
  It's located in the directory

  /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/doc/tetex.



  The LaTeX source for the manual is called TETEXDOC.tex.  (The .tex
  extension is used for both TeX and LaTeX files.  Some editors, like
  emacs(1), can tell the difference.)  There is also a file TETEXDOC.dvi
  included with the distribution, which you might want to keep in a safe
  place---say, another directory ---in case you want to test your .dvi
  drivers later.  With that out of the way, type

  latex TETEXDOC.tex


  LaTeX will print several warnings.  The first,

  LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get the
  cross-references right.


  is standard.  It's common to build a document's Table of Contents by
  LaTeXing the document twice.  So, repeat the command.  The other warn-
  ings can be safely ignored.  They simply are informing you that some
  of the FTP paths mentioned in the documentation are too wide for their
  alloted spaces.  (If you're really inquisitive, look at one of the TeX
  references for a discussion of \hbox and \vbox.)

  teTeX will have generated several files from TETEXDOC.tex.  The one
  that we're interested in is TETEXDOC.dvi. This is the device-
  independent output which you can send either to the screen or the
  printer.  If you're running teTeX under the X Windows System, you can
  preview the document with xdvi(1).

  For the present, let's assume that you have a HP LaserJet II.  You
  would give the command

  dvilj2 TETEXDOC.dvi


  which will write a PCL output file from TETEXDOC.dvi, including soft
  fonts which will be downloaded to the LaserJet.  This is not a feature
  of TeX or LaTeX, but a feature provided by dvilj2(1). Other .dvi
  drivers provide features which are relevant to the devices they sup-
  port.  dvilj2(1) will fill the font requests which were made in the
  original LaTeX document with the the closest equivalents available on
  the system.  In the case of a plain-text document like TETEXDOC.tex,
  there isn't much difficulty.  All of the fonts requested by TETEX-
  DOC.tex will be generated by metafont, which is automatically invoked
  by dvilj2(1) and generates the fonts if they aren't already present.
  (If you're running dvilj2(1) for the first time, the program needs to
  generate all of the fonts, which could take up to several days if
  you're using a really slow machine.)  There are several options which
  control font generation via dvilj2(1); they're outlined in the manual
  page.  At this point, you shouldn't need to operate metafont directly.
  If you do, then something has gone awry with your installation.  All
  of the .dvi drivers will invoke metafont directly via the kpathsea
  path-searching library---also beyond the scope of this document---and
  you don't need to do any more work with metafont for the present---all
  of the metafont sources for the Computer Modern font library are pro-
  vided.

  You can print TETEXDOC.lj with the command

  lpr TETEXDOC.lj


  You may need to install a printer filter that understands PCL.  Look
  at the Printing-HOWTO for details.

  The nine-page teTeX Guide provides some useful information for further
  configuring your system, some of which I have mentioned, much which
  this document doesn't cover.


  Some of the information in the next section I haven't been able to
  test, because I have a non-PostScript HP Deskjet 400 color ink jet
  printer connected to Chanel3's parallel port.  However, not owning a
  PostScript printer is no barrier to printing text and graphics from
  your text documents.  See the section ``Ghostscript'' to install
  Ghostscript, if it isn't already installed on your system.


  5.2.  TeX and LaTeX commands.


  5.2.1.  Document structure.

  Preparing documents for TeX typesetting is easy.  Make sure there's a
  blank line between the paragraphs of a plain text file, and run file
  through the TeX program with the command

  TeX your_text_file


  The result will be a file of the same base name and the extension
  .dvi.  The text is set in 10-point, Computer Modern Roman, single-
  spaced, with justified left and right margins.  If you receive error
  messages from special characters like dollar signs, escape them with a
  backslash character, \, and run TeX on the file again.  You should be
  able to process the resulting file with the .dvi file translator of
  your choice (see above) to get printed output.

  The only other peculiarity of TeX input files is to make sure that you
  use opening and closing quotes, which are denoted in the input file
  with the grave accent and single quote characters.  Emacs' TeX mode
  will do this for you automatically.

  "These are ascii-type quotes."
  ``These are `TeX-style' quotes.''


  You can consult a guide like A Gentle Introduction to TeX, described
  above, for hints on how to make modifications to the default TeX page
  format.

  Documents formatted for LaTeX have a few more rules, but with complex
  documents, LaTeX can greatly simplify the formatting process.

  Essentially, LaTeX is a document markup language which tries to
  separate the output style from the document's logical content.  For
  example, formatting a section heading with TeX would require
  specifying 36 points of white space above the heading, then the
  heading itself set in bold, 24-point type, then copying the heading
  text and page number to the Table of Contents, then leaving 24 points
  of white space after the heading.  By contrast, LaTeX has the
  \section{} command, which does all of the work for you.  If you need
  to change the format of the section headings throughout your document,
  you can change the definition of \section{} instead of the text in the
  document.  You can see where this would save hours of reformatting for
  documents of more than a dozen pages in length.

  All LaTeX documents have three sections: a preamble, the body text,
  and a postamble.  These terms are standard jargon and are widely used
  by TeXperts.

  The preamble, at a minimum, specifies the type of document to be
  produced---the document class---and a statement which signals the
  beginning of the document's body text.  For example:


  \documentclass{article}
  \begin{document}


  The document's postamble is usually very simple.  Except in special-
  ized cases, it contains only the statement:

  \end{document}


  Note the \begin{document} and \end{document} pairing.  In LaTeX, this
  is called an environment.  All text must appear within an environment,
  and many commands are effective only in the environments in which
  they're called.  The document environment is the only instance where
  LaTeX enforces this convention, however.  That is, it's the only envi-
  ronment that is required in a document.  (An exception is letter
  class, which also requires you to declare \begin{letter} and
  \end{letter}.  See the section ``Letters''.)  However, many formatting
  features are specified as environments.  They're described in the fol-
  lowing sections.

  The document classes can be called with arguments.  For example,
  instead of the default, 10-point type used as the base point size, as
  in the previous example, we could have specified

  \documentclass[12pt]{article}


  to produce the document using 12 points as the base point size.  The
  document class, article, makes the necessary adjustments.

  There are a few document classes which are commonly used.  They're
  described below.  The report class is similar to article class, but
  produces a title page and starts each section on a new page.  The
  letter class includes special definitions for addresses, salutations,
  and closings, a few of which are described below.

  You can include canned LaTeX code, commonly known as a package, with
  the \usepackage{} command.

  \usepackage{fancyhdr}


  The command above would include the LaTeX style file fancyhdr.sty from
  one of the TEXINPUTS directories, which you and teTeX specified during
  installation and setup processes.


  \documentclass{article}
  \usepackage{fancyhdr}
  \begin{document}



  Note that the \usepackage{} declarations are given before the
  \begin{document} statement; that is, in the document preamble.

  fancyhdr.sty extends the \pagestyle{} command so that you can create
  custom headers and footers.  Most LaTeX document classes provide
  headers and footers of the following standard page styles:






  \pagestyle{plain}       % default pages style -- page number centered at
                          % the bottom of the page.
  \pagestyle{empty}       % no headers or footers
  \pagestyle{headings}    % print section number and page number at the
                          % top of the page.
  \pagestyle{myheadings}  % print custom information in the page heading.


  Everything on a line to the right of the percent sign is a comment.

  The \pagestyle{} command doesn't take effect until the following page.
  To change the headers and footers on the current page, use the command

  \thispagestyle{the_pagestyle}



  5.2.2.  Characters and type styles.

  Character styles are partially a function of the fonts specified in
  the document.  However, bold and italic character emphasis should be
  available for every font present on the system.  Underlining, too, can
  be used, though its formatting presents special problems.  See section
  ``LaTeX extension packages and other resources'', below.

  You can specify text to be emphasized in several ways.  The most
  portable is the \em command.  All text within its scope is italicized
  by default.  For example:

  This word will be {\em emphasized.}


  If you have italicized text that runs into text which is not itali-
  cized, you can specify an italic correction factor to be used.  The
  command for this is \/; that is, a backslash and a forward slash.

  This example {\em will\/} print correctly.

  This example will {\em not} print correctly.


  Slightly less portable, but still acceptable in situations where
  they're used singly, are the commands \it, \bf, and \tt, which specify
  that the characters within their scope be printed using italic, bold,
  and monospaced (teletype) typefaces, respectively.

  {\tt This text will be printed monospaced,}
  {\it this text will be italic,} and
  {\bf this text will be bold\dots} all in one paragraph.


  The command \dots prints a series of three periods for ellipses, which
  will not break across a line.

  The most recent version of LaTeX, which is what you have, includes
  commands which account for instances where one emphasis command would
  supersede another.

  This is {\it not {\bf bold italic!}}


  What happens is that teTeX formats the text with the italic typeface
  until it encounters the \bf command, at which point it switches to
  boldface type.


  To get around this, the NFSS scheme of selecting font shapes requires
  three parameters for each typeface: shape, series, and family.  Not
  all font sets will include all of these styles.  LaTeX will print a
  warning, however, if it needs to substitute another font.

  You can specify the following font shapes:

  \textup{text}          % upright shape (the default)
  \textit{text}          % italic
  \textsl{text}          % slanted
  \textsc{text}          % small caps


  These are the two series that most fonts have:

  \textmd{text}          % medium series (the default)
  \textbf{text}          % boldface series.


  There are generally three families of type available.

  \textrm{text}          % roman (the default)
  \textsf{text}          % sans serif
  \texttt{text}          % typewriter (monospaced, Courier-like)


  Setting font styles using these parameters, you can combine effects.

  \texttt{\textit{This example likely will result in a font
  substitution, because many fonts don't include a typewriter italic
  typeface.}}


  The font family defaults to Computer Modern, which is a bit-mapped
  font.  Other font families are usually PostScript-format Type 1 fonts.
  See section ``Using PostScript fonts'' for details on how to specify
  them.

  There are also many forms of accents and special characters which are
  available for typesetting.  This is only a few of them.  (Try
  typesetting these on your own printer.)

  \'{o}  \`{e}  \^{o}  \"{u}        \={o}  \c{c}  `? `!
  \copyright     \pounds                \dag


  Finally, there are characters which are used as meta- or escape char-
  acters in TeX and LaTeX.  One of them, the dollar sign, is mentioned
  above.  The complete set of metacharacters, which need to be escaped
  with a backslash to be used literally, is:

  # $ % & _ { }



  There are also different alphabets available, like Greek and Cyrillic.
  LaTeX provides many facilities for setting non-English text, which are
  covered by some of the other references mentioned here


  5.2.3.  Margins and line spacing.


  Changing margins in a TeX or LaTeX document is not a straightforward
  task.  A lot depends on the relative indent of the text you're trying
  to adjust the margin for.  The placement of the margin-changing
  command is also significant.

  For document-wide changes to LaTeX documents, the \evensidemargin and
  \oddsidemargin commands are available.  They affect the left-hand
  margins of the even-numbered and odd-numbered pages, respectively.
  For example,

  \evensidemargin=1in
  \oddsidemargin=1in


  adds on inch to the left-hand margin of the even and odd pages in
  addition to the standard one-inch, left-hand margin.  These commands
  affect the entire document and will shift the entire body of the text
  right and left across a page, regardless of any local indent, so
  they're safe to use with LaTeX environments like verse and list.

  Below is a set of margin-changing macros which I wrote.  They have a
  different effect than the commands mentioned above.  Because they use
  plain TeX commands, they're not guaranteed to honor the margins of any
  LaTeX environments which may be in effect, but you can place them
  anywhere in a document and change the margins from that point on.

  %%  margins.sty -- v. 0.1   by Robert Kiesling
  %%  Copies of this code may be freely distributed in verbatim form.
  %%
  %%  Some elementary plain TeX margin-changing commands. Lengths are
  %%  in inches:
  %%  \leftmargin{1}   %% sets the document's left margin in 1 inch.
  %%  \leftindent{1}   %% sets the following paragraphs' indent in
  %%                     1 inch.
  %%  \rightindent{1}  %% sets the following paragraphs' right margins
  %%                   %% in 1 inch.
  %%  \llength{3}      %% sets the following lines' lengths to 3 inches.
  %%
  \message{Margins macros...}
  \def\lmargin#1{\hoffset = #1 in}
  \def\lindent#1{\leftskip = #1 in}
  \def\rindent#1{\rightskip = #1 in}
  \def\llength#1{\hsize = #1 in}
  %%
  %% (End of margins macros.}


  Place this code in a file called margins.sty in your local $TEXINPUTS
  directory.  The commands are explained in the commented section of the
  file.  To include them in a document, use the command

  \usepackage{margins}


  in the document preamble.

  While we're on the subject, if you don't want the right margin to be
  justified, which is the default, you can tell LaTeX to use ragged
  right margins by giving the command:

  \raggedright



  Setting line spacing also has its complexities.

  The baselineskip measurement is the distance between lines of text.
  It is given as an absolute measurement.  For example,

  \baselineskip=24pt


  or even better:

  \setlength{\baselineskip}{24pt}


  The difference between the two forms is that setlength will respect
  any scoping rules that may be in effect when you use the command.

  The problem with using baselineskip is that it also affects the
  distance between section headings, footnotes, and the like.  You need
  to take care that baselineskip is correct for whatever text elements
  you're formatting.  There are, however, LaTeX macro packages, like
  setspace.sty, which will help you in these circumstances.  See section
  ``LaTeX extension packages and other resources''.


  5.2.4.  Document classes.

  LaTeX provides document classes which provide standardized formats for
  documents.  They provide environments to format lists, quotations,
  footnotes, and other text elements.  Commonly used document classes
  are covered in the following sections.


  5.2.4.1.  Articles and reports.

  As mentioned above, the article class and the report class are
  similar.  The main differences are that the report class creates a
  title page by default and begins each section on a new page.  Mostly,
  though, the two document classes are similar.

  To create titles, abstracts, and bylines in these document classes,
  you can type, for example,

  \title{The Breeding Habits of Cacti}
  \author{John Q. Public}
  \abstract{Description of how common desert cacti search
  for appropriate watering holes to perform their breeding
  rituals.}


  in the document preamble.  Then, the command

  \maketitle


  given at the start of the text, will generate either a title page in
  the report class, or the title and abstract at the top of the first
  page, in the article class.

  Sections can be defined with commands that include the following:

  \section
  \subsection
  \subsubsection


  These commands will produce the standard, numbered sections used in
  technical documents.  For unnumbered sections, use




  \section*
  \subsection*
  \subsubsection*


  and so on.

  LaTeX provides many environments for formatting displayed material.
  You can include quoted text with the quotation environment.

  \begin{quotation}
  Start of paragraph to be quoted...

  ... end of paragraph.
  \end{quotation}


  For shorter quotes, you can use the quote environment.

  To format verse, use the verse environment.

  \begin{verse}
  Because I could not stop for death\\
  He kindly stopped for me
  \end{verse}


  Notice that you must use the double backslashes to break lines in the
  correct places.  Otherwise, LaTeX fills the lines in a verse environ-
  ment, just like any other environment.

  Lists come in several flavors.  To format a bulleted list, the list
  environment is used:

  \begin{list}
  \item
  This is the first item of the list.
  \item
  This is the second item of the list...
  \item
  ... and so on.
  \end{list}



  A numbered list uses the enumerate environment:

  \begin{enumerate}
  \item
  Item No. 1.
  \item
  Item No. 2.
  \item
  \dots
  \end{enumerate}



  A descriptive list uses the description environment.

  \begin{description}
  \item{Oven} Dirty, needs new burner.
  \item{Refrigerator}  Dirty.  Sorry.
  \item{Sink and drainboard}  Stained, drippy, cold water faucet.
  \end{description}

  5.2.4.2.  Letters.

  The letter class uses special definitions to format business letters.

  The letter environment takes one argument, the address of the letter's
  addressee.  The address command, which must appear in the document
  preamble, defines the return address.  The signature command defines
  the sender's name as it appears after the closing.

  The LaTeX source of a simple business letter might look like this.

  \documentclass[12pt]{letter}
  \signature{John Q. Public}
  \address{123 Main St.\\Los Angeles, CA.  96005\\Tel: [phone]}
  \begin{document}
  \begin{letter}{ACME Brick Co.\\100 Ash St.\\San Diego, CA 96403}
  \opening{Dear Sir/Madam:}

  With regard to one of your bricks that I found on my living room
  carpet surrounded by shards of my broken front window...

  (Remainder of the body of the letter.)

  \closing{Sincerely,}

  \end{letter}
  \end{document}


  Note that the addresses include double backslashes, which specify
  where the line breaks should occur.


  5.3.  LaTeX extension packages and other resources.

  We mentioned above that using underlining as a form of text emphasis
  presents special problems.  Actually, TeX has no problem underlining
  text, because it is a convention of mathematical typesetting.  In
  LaTeX, you can underline words with the command:

  \underline{text to be underlined}


  The problem is that underlining will not break across lines, and, in
  some circumstances, underlining can be uneven.  However, there is a
  LaTeX macro packagem, ready-made, that makes underlining the default
  mode of text emphasis.  It's called ulem.sty, and is one of the many
  contributed LaTeX packages that are freely available via the Internet.

  To use ulem.sty, include the command

  \usepackage{ulem}


  in the document preamble.

  The LaTeX Catalogue provides one-line descriptions of every LaTeX
  package available, their names and CTAN paths.  For the URL of the
  most current edition of the Catalogue, see the section ``Resources for
  further information''.

  The packages which are available for LaTeX include:

     ifthen
        Include conditional statements in your documents.

     initials
        Defines a font for initial dropped capitals.

     sanskrit
        Font and preprocessor for producing documents in Sanskrit.

     recipe
        A LaTeX2e class to typeset recipes.

     refman
        Variant report and article styles.

  To make the path given in the Catalogue into a fully-qualified URL,
  concatenate the path to the hostname URL and top-level path of the
  CTAN archive you wish to contact.  For example, the top-level CTAN
  directory of the site ftp.tex.ac.uk is ctan/tex-archive.  The complete
  URL of the directory of the refman package would be:

  ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/ctan/tex-archive/   +
  macros/latex/contrib/supported/refman   =

  ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/ctan/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/refman/


  Some packages have more than one file, so only the path to the pack-
  age's directory is given.

  When you have the URL in hand, you can retrieve the package from one
  of the CTAN archive sites listed in section ``Appendix A''.  You can
  download a complete list of the archive's contents as the file
  FILES.byname, in the archive's top-level directory.  You can also
  search the archive on line for a keyword with the ftp(1) command

  quote site index <keyword>





  6.  Mixing text and graphics with dvips(1) .

  In general, this section applies to any TeX or LaTeX document which
  mixes text and graphics.  teTeX, like most other TeX distributions, is
  configured to request Computer Modern fonts by default.  When printing
  documents with Type 1 scalable fonts or graphics, font and graphics
  imaging is the job of dvips(1). dvips(1) can use either Computer
  Modern bit mapped fonts or Type 1 scalable fonts, or any combination
  of the two.  First, let's concentrate on printing and previewing some
  graphics.

  In general, you will want to follow this procedure any time a LaTeX
  source document has the statement


  \includepackage{graphics}


  in the document preamble.  This statement tells LaTeX to include the
  text of the graphics.sty package in the source document.  There are
  other commands to perform graphics operations, and the statements in
  plain-TeX documents may not clue you in whether you need to use
  dvips(1). The difference will be apparent in the output, though, when
  the document is printed with missing figures and other graphics.

  So, for now, we'll concentrate on printing documents which use the
  LaTeX graphics.sty package.  You might want to take a look at the
  original TeX input.  It isn't included in the teTeX distribution, but
  it is available at

  ~CTAN/macros/latex/packages/graphics/grfguide.tex.


  What the teTeX distribution does include is the .dvi output file, and
  it is already TeXed for you.  There is a reason for this, and it has
  to do with the necessity of including Type 1 fonts in the output in
  order for the document to print properly.  If you want to LaTeX
  grfguide.tex, see the next section.  For now, however, we'll work on
  getting usable output using dvips(1).

  The file grfguide.dvi is located in the directory

  texmf/doc/latex/graphics


  The first step in outputting grfguide.dvi is to translate it to
  PostScript.  The program dvips(1) is used for this.  It does just
  exactly what its name implies.  There are many options available for
  invoking dvips(1), but the simplest (nearly) form is

  dvips -f -r <grfguide.dvi >grfguide.ps


  The -f command switch tells dvips(1) to operate as a filter, reading
  from standard input and writing to standard output.  dvips(1) output
  can be configured so its output defaults to lpr(1). (Mine does, which
  allows me to print directly from dvips(1).)  Post processors like
  Ghostscript and printing filters like APSFILTER (see section ``''
  name="APSFILTER"), can be configured for your own needs.  If you need
  to feed the output manually to a post-processor, the -f option is gen-
  erally the first you should include in the dvips(1) command line.
  This form also seems to be easier to use in shell scripts.

  If you can print PostScript directly to your printer via lpr(1), you
  can simply type

  dvips -r grfguide.dvi


  The -r option tells dvips to output the pages in reverse order so they
  stack correctly when they exit a printer.  Use it or not, as appropri-
  ate for your output device.

  Depending on whether you still have the fonts that dvilj2(1) generated
  from the last document, dvips(1) and metafont may or may not need to
  create new fonts needed by grfguide.dvi.  Eventually, though, dvips(1)
  will output a list of the pages translated to PostScript, and you will
  have your PostScript output ready to be rendered on whatever output
  device you have available.

  If you're lucky (and rich), then you have a PostScript-capable printer
  already and will be able to print grfguide.ps directly.  You can
  either spool the output to the printer using lpr(1).  If for some
  reason your printer software doesn't work right with PostScript files,
  you can, in a pinch, simply dump the file to printer, with

  cat grfguide.ps >/dev/lp0


  or whichever port your printer is attached to, though this is not rec-
  ommended for everyday use.


  If you want or need to invoke Ghostscript manually, this is the
  standard procedure for its operation.  The first thing you want to do
  is invoke Ghostscript to view its command line arguments, like this:

  gs -help | less


  You'll see a list of supported output devices and sundry other com-
  mands.  Pick the output device which most nearly matches your printer.
  On Chanel3, because I generally produce black-and-white text, I use
  the cdjmono driver, which drives a color Deskjet in monochrome (black
  and white) mode.

  The command line I would use is:

  gs -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=cdjmono -sOutputFile=/tmp/gs.out grfguide.ps -c quit


  This will produce my HP-compatible output in the /tmp directory.  It's
  a good idea to use a directory like /tmp, because gs(1) can be partic-
  ular about access permissions, and you can't (and shouldn't) always
  count on being logged in as root to perform these steps.  Now you can
  print the file:

  lpr /tmp/gs.out


  Obviously, this can all go into a shell script.  On my system, I have
  two simple scripts written, pv and pr, which simply outputs the
  PostScript file either to the display or the printer.  Screen preview-
  ing is possible without X, but it's far from ideal.  So, it's defi-
  nitely worth the effort to install XFree86, or TinyX (which is what I
  did) to view the output on the screen.

  The order of commands in a gs(1) command line is significant, because
  some of the options tell Ghostscript to look for pieces of PostScript
  code from its library.

  The important thing to remember is that grfguide.dvi makes requests
  for both Computer Modern bit mapped and Type 1 scaled fonts.  If you
  can mix scalable and bit mapped fonts in a document, you're well on
  the way to becoming a TeXpert.


  7.  Using PostScript fonts.


  It used to be that public domain, Type 1 fonts were much poorer
  quality than Computer Modern bit mapped fonts.  This situation has
  improved in the last several years, though, but matching the fonts is
  up to you.  Having several different font systems on one machine can
  seem redundant and an unnecessary waste of disk space.  And the
  Computer Modern fonts can seem, well, a little too formal to be
  suitable for everyday use.  It reminds me sometimes of bringing out
  the good China to feed the dog.  At least you don't need to spend a
  bundle on professional quality fonts any longer.

  One of the major improvements of LaTeX2e over its predecessor was the
  inclusion of the New Font Selection Scheme.  (It's now called PSNFSS.)
  Formerly, TeX authors would specify fonts with commands like

  \font=bodyroman = cmr10 scaled \magstep 1




  which provides precision but requires the skills of a type designer
  and mathematician to make good use of.  Also, it's not very portable.
  If another system didn't have the font cmr10 (this is TeX nomenclature
  for Computer Modern Roman, 10 point, with the default medium stroke
  weight), somebody would have to re-code the fonts specifications for
  the entire document.  PSNFSS, however, allows you specify fonts by
  family (Computer Modern, URW Nimbus, Helvetica, Utopia, and so forth),
  weight (light, medium, bold), orientation (upright or oblique), face
  (Roman, Italic), and base point size.  (See the section ``Characters
  and type styles'' for a description of the commands to specify
  typefaces.)  Many fonts are packaged as families.  For example, a
  Roman-type font may come packaged with a sans serif font, like
  Helvetica, and a monospaced font, like Courier.  You, as the author of
  a LaTeX document, can specify an entire font family with one command.

  There are, as I said, several high-quality font sets available in the
  public domain.  One of them is Adobe Utopia.  Another is Bitstream
  Charter.  Both are commercial quality fonts which have been donated to
  the public domain.

  These happen to be two of my favorites.  If you look around one of the
  CTAN sites, you will find these and other fonts archived there. There
  are enough fonts around that you'll be able to design documents the
  way you want them to look, and not just English text, either.  TeX was
  originally designed for mathematical typesetting, so there is a full
  range of mathematical fonts available, as well as Cyrillic, Greek,
  Kana, and other alphabets too numerous to mention.

  The important thing to look for is files which have either the .pfa or
  .pfb extension.  They indicate that these are the scalable fonts
  themselves, not simply the metrics files.  Type 1 fonts use .pfm
  metric files, as opposed to the .tfm metric files which bit mapped
  fonts use.  The two font sets I mentioned above are included in teTeX
  distributions, as well as separately.

  What I said above, concerning the ease of font selection under PSNFSS,
  is true in this instance.  If we want to use the Charter fonts in our
  document instead of Computer Modern bit mapped, all that is necessary
  is include the LaTeX statement

  \renewcommand{\familydefault}{bch}


  in the document preamble, where ``bch'' is the common designation for
  Bitstream Charter.  The Charter fonts reside in the directory

  /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/fonts/type1/bitstrea/charter



  There you'll see the .pfb files of the Charter fonts: bchb8a.pfb for
  Charter Bold, bchr8a.pfb for Charter Roman, bchbi8a.pfb for Charter
  Bold Italic.  The ``8a'' in the font names indicates the character
  encoding.  At this point you shouldn't need to worry much about them,
  because the encodings mostly differ for 8-bit characters, which have
  numeric values above 128 decimal.  They mostly define accents and non-
  English characters.  The Type 1 font encodings generally work well for
  Western alphabets because they conform to the ISO 8859 standards for
  international character sets, so this is an added benefit of using
  them.

  To typeset a document which has Charter fonts selected, you would give
  the command

  pslatex document.tex

  pslatex is a variant of teTeX's standard latex(1) command which
  defines the directories where the Type 1 fonts are, as well as some
  additional LaTeX code to load.  You'll see the notice screen for psla-
  tex followed by the status output of the TeX job itself.  In a moment,
  you'll have a .dvi file which includes the Charter font requests.  You
  can then print the file with dvips(1), and gs(1) if necessary.

  Installing a Type 1 font set is not difficult, as long as you follow a
  few basic steps.  You should unpack the fonts in a subdirectory of the
  /usr/lib/teTeX/texmf/fonts/type1 directory, where your other Type 1
  fonts are located, and then run texhash to let the directory search
  routines know that the fonts have been added.  Then you need to add
  the font descriptions to the file psfonts.map so dvips(1) knows
  they're on the system.  The format of the psfonts.map file is covered
  in a couple different places in the references mentioned above.
  Again, remember to run the texhash program to update the teTeX
  directory database.

  It is definitely an advantage to use the X Windows System with teTeX--
  XFree86 under Linux -- because it allows for superior document
  previewing.  It's not required, but in general, anything that allows
  for easier screen previewing is going to benefit your work, in terms
  of the quality of the output.  However, there is a tradeoff with speed
  of editing, which is much quicker on character-mode displays.  Having
  an editor which is slower than molasses in Minnesota can definitely
  hinder your work.

  Anyway, whether or not you are able to view documents easily on-
  screen, please recycle your paper, and use both sides of each sheet.
  If possible, purchase recycled photocopy paper to print on.  You don't
  want your workplace to look like a branch office of a paper company.

  Remember:  Save a tree... kill an editor.

  Robert Kiesling

  [e-mail]


  8.  Appendix: CTAN Site Listing

  This is the text of the file CTAN.sites, which is available in the
  top-level directory of each CTAN archive or mirror site.























  In order to reduce network load, it is recommended that you use the
  Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) host which is located in the
  closest network proximity to your site.  Alternatively, you may wish to
  obtain a copy of the CTAN via CD-ROM (see help/CTAN.cdrom for details).

  Known mirrors of the CTAN reside on (alphabetically):
    cis.utovrm.it (Italia)                /TeX
    ctan.unsw.edu.au (NSW, Australia)     /tex-archive
    dongpo.math.ncu.edu.tw (Taiwan)       /tex-archive
    ftp.belnet.be (Belgium)               /packages/TeX
    ftp.ccu.edu.tw (Taiwan)               /pub/tex
    ftp.cdrom.com (West coast, USA)       /pub/tex/ctan
    ftp.comp.hkbu.edu.hk (Hong Kong)      /pub/TeX/CTAN
    ftp.cs.rmit.edu.au  (Australia)       /tex-archive
    ftp.cs.ruu.nl (The Netherlands)       /pub/tex-archive
    ftp.cstug.cz (The Czech Republic)     /pub/tex/CTAN
    ftp.duke.edu (North Carolina, USA)    /tex-archive
    ftp.funet.fi (Finland)                /pub/TeX/CTAN
    ftp.gwdg.de (Deutschland)             /pub/dante
    ftp.jussieu.fr (France)               /pub4/TeX/CTAN
    ftp.kreonet.re.kr (Korea)             /pub/CTAN
    ftp.loria.fr (France)                 /pub/unix/tex/ctan
    ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de (Deutschland)       /pub/tex/mirror/ftp.dante.de
    ftp.nada.kth.se (Sweden)              /pub/tex/ctan-mirror
    ftp.oleane.net (France)               /pub/mirrors/CTAN/
    ftp.rediris.es (Espa\~na)             /mirror/tex-archive
    ftp.rge.com (New York, USA)           /pub/tex
    ftp.riken.go.jp (Japan)               /pub/tex-archive
    ftp.tu-chemnitz.de (Deutschland)      /pub/tex
    ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp (Japan)              /pub/tex/CTAN
    ftp.uni-augsburg.de (Deutschland)     /tex-archive
    ftp.uni-bielefeld.de (Deutschland)    /pub/tex
    ftp.unina.it (Italia)                 /pub/TeX
    ftp.uni-stuttgart.de (Deutschland)    /tex-archive (/pub/tex)
    ftp.univie.ac.at (\"Osterreich)       /packages/tex
    ftp.ut.ee (Estonia)                   /tex-archive
    ftpserver.nus.sg (Singapore)          /pub/zi/TeX
    src.doc.ic.ac.uk (England)            /packages/tex/uk-tex
    sunsite.auc.dk (Denmark)              /pub/tex/ctan
    sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch (Switzerland) /mirror/tex
    sunsite.icm.edu.pl (Poland)           /pub/CTAN
    sunsite.unc.edu (North Carolina, USA) /pub/packages/TeX
    wuarchive.wustl.edu (Missouri, USA)   /packages/TeX

  Known partial mirrors of the CTAN reside on (alphabetically):
    ftp.adfa.oz.au (Australia)            /pub/tex/ctan
    ftp.fcu.edu.tw (Taiwan)               /pub2/tex
    ftp.germany.eu.net (Deutschland)      /pub/packages/TeX
    ftp.gust.org.pl (Poland)              /pub/TeX
    ftp.jaist.ac.jp (Japan)               /pub/TeX/tex-archive
    ftp.uu.net (Virginia, USA)            /pub/text-processing/TeX
    nic.switch.ch (Switzerland)           /mirror/tex
    sunsite.dsi.unimi.it (Italia)         /pub/TeX
    sunsite.snu.ac.kr (Korea)             /shortcut/CTAN

  Please send updates to this list to <[e-mail]>.

  The participating hosts in the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network are:
    ftp.dante.de  (Deutschland)
         -- anonymous ftp                 /tex-archive (/pub/tex /pub/archive)
         -- gopher on node gopher.dante.de
         -- e-mail via [e-mail]
         -- World Wide Web access on www.dante.de
         -- Administrator: <[e-mail]>

    ftp.tex.ac.uk (England)
         -- anonymous ftp                 /tex-archive (/pub/tex /pub/archive)
         -- gopher on node gopher.tex.ac.uk
         -- NFS mountable from nfs.tex.ac.uk:/public/ctan/tex-archive
         -- World Wide Web access on www.tex.ac.uk
         -- Administrator: <[e-mail]>