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- Linux SMP FAQ
- David Mentr, David.Mentre@irisa.fr
- v0.22, 17 april 1998
-
- This FAQ review main issues (and I hope solutions) related to SMP con-
- figuration under Linux.
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- Table of Contents
-
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- 2. Questions related to any architectures
-
- 2.1 Kernel side
- 2.2 User side
-
- 3. Intel architecture specific questions
-
- 3.1 Why it doesn't work on my machine?
- 3.2 Possible causes of crash
- 3.3 Motherboard specific information
- 3.3.1 Motherboards with known problems
- 3.3.2 Motherboards with no known problems
-
- 4. Useful pointers
-
- 4.1 Various
- 4.2 SMP specific patches
-
- 5. Glossary
-
- 6. List of contributors
-
-
-
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- 11.. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
-
- Linux can work on SMP (Symetric Multi-Processors) machines. SMP
- support has started with the 2.0 family and has been improved in the
- 2.1 (future 2.2) saga.
-
-
- FAQ maintained by David Mentr (David.Mentre@irisa.fr). The latest
- edition of this FAQ can be found at
- http://www.irisa.fr/prive/mentre/smp-faq/.
-
-
- If you want to contribute to this FAQ, I would prefer a diff against
- the SGML version http://www.irisa.fr/prive/mentre/smp-faq/smp-
- faq.sgml> of this document, but any remarks (in plain text) will be
- greatly appreciated.
-
-
- This FAQ is an improvement of a first draft made by CChhrriiss PPiirriihh.
-
-
- All information contained in this FAQ is provided "as is." All
- warranties, expressed, implied or statutory, concerning the accuracy
- of the information of the suitability for any particular use are
- hereby specifically disclaimed. While every effort has been taken to
- ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this FAQ, the
- authors assume(s) no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for
- damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
-
-
- 22.. QQuueessttiioonnss rreellaatteedd ttoo aannyy aarrcchhiitteeccttuurreess
-
-
- 22..11.. KKeerrnneell ssiiddee
-
-
- 1. DDooeess LLiinnuuxx ssuuppppoorrtt mmuullttii--tthhrreeaaddiinngg?? IIff II ssttaarrtt ttwwoo oorr mmoorree
- pprroocceesssseess,, wwiillll tthheeyy bbee ddiissttrriibbuutteedd aammoonngg tthhee aavvaaiillaabbllee CCPPUUss??
-
- Yes.
-
-
- 2. WWhhaatt kkiinndd ooff aarrcchhiitteeccttuurreess aarree ssuuppppoorrtteedd iinn SSMMPP??
-
-
- FFrroomm AAllaann CCooxx:
- SMP is supported in 2.0 on the hypersparc (SS20, etc.) systems
- and Intel 486, Pentium or higher machines which are Intel
- MP1.1/1.4 compliant.
-
- SMP support for UltraSparc, SparcServer, Alpha and PowerPC
- machines is in progress in 2.1.x.
-
-
- FFrroomm RRaallff BBcchhllee:
- MIPS, m68k and ARM does not support SMP; the latter two probly
- won't ever.
-
- That is, I'm going to hack on MIPS-SMP as soon as I get a SMP
- box ...
-
-
- 3. HHooww ddoo II mmaakkee aa LLiinnuuxx SSMMPP kkeerrnneell??
-
- Uncomment the SMP=1 line in the main Makefile
- (/usr/src/linux/Makefile).
-
- AND
-
- enable "RTC support" (from RRoobbeerrtt GG.. BBrroowwnn). Note that inserting
- RTC support actually doesn't afaik prevent drift, but according to
- a discussion [Robert G. Brown] remember from a year ago or so it
- can prevent lockup when the clock is read at boot time.
-
- AND
-
- do NOT enable APM! APM and SMP are not compatible, and your system
- will almost certainly (or at least probably ;)) crash under boot if
- APM is enabled (JJaakkoobb OOeesstteerrggaaaarrdd). AAllaann CCooxx confirms this : 2.1.x
- turns APM off for SMP boxes. Basically APM is undefined in the
- presence of SMP systems, and anything could occur.
-
-
-
- You must rebuild all your kernel and kernel modules when changing
- to and from SMP mode. Remember to make modules and make
- modules_install (from AAllaann CCooxx).
-
-
- 4. HHooww ddoo II mmaakkee aa LLiinnuuxx nnoonn-SMP kernel?
-
- CCoommmmeenntt the SMP=1 line in the Makefile (and not set SMP to 0).
-
- You must rebuild all your kernel and kernel modules when changing
- to and from SMP mode. Remember to make modules and make
- modules_install.
-
-
-
- 5. HHooww ccaann II tteellll iiff iitt wwoorrkkeedd??
-
-
- cat /proc/cpuinfo
-
-
-
-
- Typical output (dual PentiumII):
-
- ______________________________________________________________________
- processor : 0
- cpu : 686
- model : 3
- vendor_id : GenuineIntel
- stepping : 3
- fdiv_bug : no
- hlt_bug : no
- fpu : yes
- fpu_exception : yes
- cpuid : yes
- wp : yes
- flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic 11 mtrr pge mca cmov mmx
- bogomips : 267.06
-
- processor : 1
- cpu : 686
- model : 3
- vendor_id : GenuineIntel
- stepping : 3
- fdiv_bug : no
- hlt_bug : no
- fpu : yes
- fpu_exception : yes
- cpuid : yes
- wp : yes
- flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic 11 mtrr pge mca cmov mmx
- bogomips : 267.06
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
-
-
-
- 6. WWhhaatt iiss tthhee ssttaattuuss ooff ccoonnvveerrttiinngg tthhee kkeerrnneell ttoowwaarrdd ffiinneerr ggrraaiinneedd
- lloocckkiinngg aanndd mmuullttiitthhrreeaaddiinngg??
-
- 2.1.x has signal handling, interrupts and some I/O stuff fine grain
- locked. The rest is gradually migrating. All the scheduling is SMP
- safe
-
-
- 7. DDooeess LLiinnuuxx SSMMPP ssuuppppoorrtt pprroocceessssoorr aaffffiinniittyy??
-
- No and Yes. There is no way to force a process onto specific CPU's
- but the linux scheduler has a processor bias for each process,
- which tends to keep processes tied to a specific CPU.
-
-
-
-
- 22..22.. UUsseerr ssiiddee
-
-
- 1. DDoo II rreeaallllyy nneeeedd SSMMPP??
-
- If you have to ask, you probably don't. :)
-
-
- 2. HHooww ddooeess oonnee ddiissppllaayy mmuuttiippllee ccppuu ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee??
-
- Thanks to SSaammuueell SS.. CChheessssmmaann, here is some useful utilities:
-
- CChhaarraacctteerr bbaasseedd::
- http://www.cs.inf.ethz.ch/~rauch/procps.html
-
- Basically, it's procps v1.12.2 (top, ps, et. al.) and some
- patches to support SMP.
-
-
- GGrraapphhiicc::
- xosview-1.5.1 supports SMP. And kernels above 2.1.85 (included)
- have the /proc/stat/cpuX entry.
-
- The official homepage for xosview is:
- http://lore.ece.utexas.edu/~bgrayson/xosview.html
-
- The various forissier's kernel patches are at: http://www-
- isia.cma.fr/~forissie/smp_kernel_patch/
-
-
- 3. HHooww ccaann II pprrooggrraamm ttoo uussee ttwwoo ((oorr mmoorree CCPPUUss)) ??
-
- Use a kernel-thread library. A good library, the pthread library
- made by Xavier Leroy
- http://pauillac.inria.fr/~xleroy/linuxthreads/>.
-
- LinuxThread is now integrated with glibc2 (aka libc6).
-
- From JJaakkoobb OOeesstteerrggaaaarrdd: Also consider using MPI. It's the industry
- standard message passing interface. It doesn't give you shared
- memory like threads, but it allows you to use your program in a
- cluster too.
-
-
- 4. WWhhaatt hhaass cchhaannggeedd iinn tthhee tthhrreeaaddss ppaacckkaaggeess,, lliinnuuxxtthhrreeaadd,, eettcc..
-
- Glibc is the big change. glibc is threadsafe and includes
- linuxthreads Posix.4 threads by default. Real time signals are also
- in glibc so POSIX AIO should also be in glibc2.1 (I hope).
-
-
- 5. HHooww ccaann II eennaabbllee mmoorree tthhaann 11 pprroocceessss ffoorr mmyy kkeerrnneell ccoommppiillee??
-
- use:
-
- ___________________________________________________________________
- # make [modules|zImage|bzImages] MAKE="make -jX"
- where X=max number of processes.
- WARNING: This won't work for "make dep".
- ___________________________________________________________________
-
-
-
- With a 2.1.x like kernel, see also the file
- /usr/src/linux/Documentation/smp for specific instruction.
-
- BTW, since running multiple compilers allows a machine with sufficient
- memory to use use the otherwise wasted CPU time during I/O caused
- delays make MAKE="make -j 2" -j 2 actually even helps on uniprocessor
- boxes (from RRaallff BBcchhllee).
-
-
- 6. WWhhyy tthhee ttiimmee ggiivveenn bbyy tthhee time command is false ? (from JJooeell
- MMaarrcchhaanndd)
-
- In the 2.0 series, the result given by the time command is false.
- The sum user+system is right *but* the spreading between user and
- system time is false.
-
- This bug in corrected in 2.1 series.
-
-
- 7. HHooww wwiillll mmyy aapppplliiccaattiioonn ppeerrffoorrmm uunnddeerr SSMMPP??
-
- Look at SMP Performance of Linux
- http://www.interlog.com/~mackin/linux-smp.html> which gives useful
- hints how to bench a specific machine (from a post made by CCaammeerroonn
- MMaaccKKiinnnnoonn).
-
-
- 8. WWhheerree ccaann II ffoouunndd mmoorree iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn aabboouutt ppaarraalllleell pprrooggrraammmmiinngg??
-
- Look at the Linux Parallel Processing HOWTO
- http://yara.ecn.purdue.edu/~pplinux/PPHOWTO/pphowto.html>
-
- Lots of useful information can be found at Parallel Processing
- using Linux http://yara.ecn.purdue.edu/~pplinux/>
-
-
-
-
- 33.. IInntteell aarrcchhiitteeccttuurree ssppeecciiffiicc qquueessttiioonnss
-
-
- 33..11.. WWhhyy iitt ddooeessnn''tt wwoorrkk oonn mmyy mmaacchhiinnee??
-
-
- 1. CCaann II uussee mmyy CCyyrriixx//AAMMDD//nnoonn--IInntteell CCPPUU iinn SSMMPP??
-
- SShhoorrtt aannsswweerr:: no.
-
- LLoonngg aannsswweerr:: Intel claims ownership to the APIC SMP scheme, and
- unless a company licenses it from Intel they may not use it. There
- are currently no companies that have done so. (This of course can
- change in the future) FYI - Both Cyrix and AMD support the non-
- proprietary OpenPIC SMP standard but currently there are no
- motherboards that use it.
-
-
- 2. WWhhyy ddooeessnn''tt mmyy oolldd CCoommppaaqq wwoorrkk??
-
- Put it into MP1.1/1.4 compliant mode.
-
-
- 3. WWhhyy ddooeessnntt mmyy AALLRR wwoorrkk??
-
- From RRoobbeerrtt HHyyaatttt : ALR Revolution quad-6 seems quite safe, while
- some older revolution quad machines without P6 processors seem
- "iffy"...
-
-
-
- 4. WWhhyy ddooeess SSMMPP ggoo ssoo sslloowwllyy?? or WWhhyy ddooeess oonnee CCPPUU sshhooww aa vveerryy llooww
- bbooggoommiippss vvaalluuee wwhhiillee tthhee ffiirrsstt oonnee iiss nnoorrmmaall??
-
- From AAllaann CCooxx: If one of your CPU's is reporting a very low
- bogomips value the cache is not enabled on it. Your vendor probably
- provides a buggy BIOS. Get the patch to work around this or better
- yet send it back and buy a board from a competent supplier.
-
-
- 5. II''vvee hheeaarrdd IIBBMM mmaacchhiinneess hhaavvee pprroobblleemmss
-
-
- Some IBM machines have the MP1.4 bios block in the EBDA, allowed
- but not supported by < 2.1.80. Please update to the right kernel.
-
- There is an old 486SLC based IBM SMP box. Linux/SMP requires
- hardware FPU support.
-
-
- 6. IIss tthheerree aannyy aaddvvaannttaaggee ooff IInntteell MMPP 11..44 oovveerr 11..11 ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn??
-
- Nope (according to Alan :) ), 1.4 is just a stricker specs of 1.1.
-
-
- 7. WWhhyy ddooeess tthhee cclloocckk ddrriifftt ssoo rraappiiddllyy wwhheenn II rruunn lliinnuuxx SSMMPP??
-
-
- This is known problem with IRQ handling and long kernel locks in
- the 2.0 series kernels. Consider upgrading to a later 2.1 kernel
- (not garenteed to work).
-
- From JJaakkoobb OOeesstteerrggaaaarrdd: Or, consider running xntpd. That should
- keep your clock right on time. (I think that I've heard that
- enabling RTC in the kernel also fixes the clock drift. It works for
- me! but I'm not sure whether that's general or I'm just being
- lucky)
-
-
-
- 8. WWhhyy aarree mmyy CCPPUU''ss nnuummbbeerreedd 00 aanndd 22 iinnsstteeaadd ooff 00 aanndd 11 ((oorr ssoommee ootthheerr
- oodddd nnuummbbeerriinngg))??
-
- The CPU number is assigned by the MB manufacturer and doesn't mean
- anything. Ignore it.
-
-
-
- 9. MMyy SSMMPP ssyysstteemm iiss lloocckkiinngg uupp aallll tthhee ttiimmee.. BBllaacckk ssccrreeeenn,, nnootthhiinngg iinn
- tthhee llooggss.. HHeellpp!!
-
- If you're running a 2.0 kernel, consider upgrading to later 2.0.32+
- kernels or apply Leonard Zubkoff's deadlock patch. If you still
- have deadlocks, apply Ingo Molnar's deadlock detection patch and
- post the results (against your System.map) to linux-smp or linux-
- kernel. You might also consider running a 2.1 kernel.
-
-
-
-
-
- 33..22.. PPoossssiibbllee ccaauusseess ooff ccrraasshh
-
- You'll find in this section some ppoossssiibbllee reasons for a crash of an
- SMP machine (credits are due to JJaakkoobb OOeesstteerrggaaaarrdd for this part). As
- far as I (david) know, theses problems are Intel specific.
-
- +o CCoooolliinngg pprroobblleemmss
-
- From RRaallff BBcchhllee: [Related to case size and fans] It's important
- that the air is flowing. It of course can't where cables etc. are
- preventing this like in too small cases. On the other side I've
- seen oversized cases causing big problems. There are some tower
- cases on the market that actually are worse for cooling than
- desktops. In short, the right thing is thinking about aerodynamics
- in the case. Extra cases for hot peripherals are usefull as well.
-
-
-
- +o BBaadd mmeemmoorryy
-
- Don't buy too cheap RAM and don't use mixed RAM modules on a
- motherboard that is picky about it.
-
- Especially Tyan motherboards are known to be picky about RAM speed.
-
-
- +o BBaadd ccoommbbiinnaattiioonn ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt sstteeppppiinngg CCPPUUss
-
- Check /proc/cpuinfo to see that your CPUs are same stepping.
-
-
- +o YYoouu aarree rruunnnniinngg 22..00..3333 aarreenn''tt yyoouu ??
-
- If you run 2.0.31 or 2.1.xx you can't be sure that SMP is stable.
- 2.0.33 is the right kernel for a production system. 2.1.xx kernels
- perform better, but they are development releases and should NOT be
- considered stable!
-
-
- +o IIff yyoouurr ssyysstteemm iiss uunnssttaabbllee,, tthheenn DDOONN''TT oovveerrcclloocckk iitt!!
-
- ...and even if it is stable, DON'T overclock.
-
- From RRaallff BBcchhllee: Overclocking causes very subtile problems. I have
- a nice example, one of my overclocked old machines misscomputes a
- couple of pixels of a 640 x 400 fractal. The problem is only
- visible when comparing them using tools. So better say _n_e_v_e_r_,
- _n_u_n_c_a_s_, _j_a_m_a_i_s_, _n_i_e_m_a_l_s overclock.
-
-
-
- +o 22..00..xx kkeerrnneell aanndd ffaasstt eetthheerrnneett (from RRoobbeerrtt GG.. BBrroowwnn)
-
- 2.0.X kernels on high performance fast ethernet systems have
- significant (and known) problems with a race/deadlock condition in
- the networking interrupt handler.
-
- The solution is to get the latest 100BT development drivers from
- CESDIS (ones that define SMPCHECK).
-
-
- +o AA bbuugg iinn tthhee 444400FFXX cchhiippsseett (from EEmmiill BBrriiggggss)
-
- If you had a system using the 440FX chipset then your problem with
- the lockups was possibly due to a documented errata in the chipset.
- Here is a reference
-
- References: Intel 440FX PCIset 82441FX (PMC) and 82442FX (DBX)
- Specification Update. pg. 13
-
- http://www.intel.com/design/pcisets/specupdt/297654.htm
-
- The problem can be fixed with a bios workaround (Or a kernel patch)
- and in fact David Wragg wrote a patch that's included with Richard
- Gooch's mttr patch. For more information and a fix look here.
-
- http://nemo.physics.ncsu.edu/~briggs/vfix.html
-
-
-
- Some hardware is also known to cause problems. This includes:
-
- +o AAddaapptteecc SSCCSSII ccoonnttrroolllleerrss
-
- Don't buy them, Adaptec is unsupportive to the linux developers.
- This is not a SMP problem, but a general high-performance Linux
- problem.
-
-
- It also seems that aic7xxx driver is broken under SMP (from RRoobbeerrtt
- HHyyaatttt).
-
-
- (from DDoouugg LLeeddffoorrdd, author of the Adaptec driver) Just a quick
- note, the 5.0.11 version of my driver for 2.0.33 is the one I
- [Doug] personally recommend for SMP and/or PII systems. It's what
- I use here on a PII/266 dual system, although I'm running 2.1.92
- right now instead of 2.0.33. Second note, the patch will not go
- into 2.0.34-pre6 cleanly, but can be used, and it has not been
- submitted for any of the 34pre kernels because I don't think it's
- had enough testing yet.
-
-
- +o 33CCoomm 33cc990055 ccaarrddss
-
- Some work, some don't. Try disabling busmastering if your system is
- unstable.
-
-
-
-
- 33..33.. MMootthheerrbbooaarrdd ssppeecciiffiicc iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
-
- Some more specific information can be found with the survey of SMP
- motherboards http://styx.phy.vanderbilt.edu/smp/mainboards.html>
-
-
- 33..33..11.. MMootthheerrbbooaarrddss wwiitthh kknnoowwnn pprroobblleemmss
-
-
- +o Gigabyte
-
- Solution: BIOS upgrade
-
-
- +o SuperMicro
-
- Solution: BIOS upgrade
-
-
- +o EPoX KP6-LS (CChhrriissttoopphheerr AAlllleenn WWiinngg, 16 march 1998)
-
- It appears to have the same BIOS related BogoMIPS problem as other
- motherboards. (one CPU only gives about 3 BogoMIPS, the other gives
- the full amount) All 2.0.x kernels lock up soon after booting, late
- 2.1.x kernels run slowly but don't seem to lock up. There is no
- BIOS upgrade available (yet). I wrote the manufacturer but have not
- received a reply.
- +o Tyan
-
- Tyan motherboards are known to be picky about RAM speed (JJaakkoobb
- OOeesstteerrggaaaarrdd).
-
- From DDoouugg LLeeddffoorrdd about the onboard aic-7895 SCSI controller (for
- which he wrote the driver): "BTW, make sure you have at least BIOS
- version 1.16 on that Tyan motherboard. The 1.15 and below BIOS
- versions have a bug relating to IRQ allocation for the 7895 SCSI
- controller" (submitted by SSzzaakkaaccssiittss SSzzaabboollccss).
-
-
- +o GA686DLX (AAnnddrreeww CCrraannee)
-
- Same BIOS related BogoMIPS problem as other motherboards.
-
- Solution from Alan Cox: Congratulations, send the bill for your
- hair damage to the supplier. You have yet another SMP box with
- faulty bios. There is a patch for 2.0.x on www.uk.linux.org and
- there are people working on generic MTRR handling for 2.1.x
-
-
- +o MS-6114
-
- More details for this motherboard at
- http://www.msi.com.tw/product/6114/6114.htm
- http://www.msi.com.tw/product/6114/6114.htm>
-
- Solution: BIOS upgrade
-
- Somebody experienced solid hangs (nothing in the log files) under
- constant load of about 5 running processes within less than 12
- hours with AMI BIOS v1.1. v1.4b3 runs without problems.
-
-
-
-
-
- 33..33..22.. MMootthheerrbbooaarrddss wwiitthh nnoo kknnoowwnn pprroobblleemmss
-
-
- +o AIR P6NDP and P6NDI (LLeeoonnaarrdd NN.. ZZuubbkkooffff)
-
- My primary production machine is based on an AIR P6NDP and one of
- my test machines uses a P6NDI. Both seem to be fine motherboards
- in my experience. The P6NDI BIOS is a little conservative in its
- programming of the Natoma chipset for 50ns EDO, but a minor tweek
- to one register in rc.local took care of that.
-
-
- +o AIR 54CDP (CChhrriiss MMaauurriittzz)
-
- You can also list the following motherboard as working with no
- problems:
-
- AIR 54CDP motherboard / EISA/PCI / onboard aic7870 / dual P120 /
- Redhat 5.0 (2.0.32 and 2.0.33 kernels)
-
-
- +o HP XU 6/200 (JJeeaann--FFrraannccooiiss MMiiccoouulleeaauu)
-
- Works with 2.0 and 2.1 kernels. Some problems under high network
- load with 2.0.x kernel. Works under 2.1.78 with Ingo Molnar IO-APIC
- patch.
-
-
- +o Elitegroup P6FX2-A (BBeenneeddiikktt HHeeiinneenn)
-
- Had this mainboard running with ONE PPro on it for several months,
- and since about a year, it's running without problems with TWO PPro
- 200MHz. The only crashes this machine ever experienced were before
- Leonard Zubkoff's deadlock-patches for Linux 2.0.30... ;)
-
- Elitegroup P6FX2-A / ISA/PCI / Dual PPro200 / Debian "hamm"
-
-
-
-
- 44.. UUsseeffuull ppooiinntteerrss
-
-
- 44..11.. VVaarriioouuss
-
-
- +o Parallel Processing using Linux
- http://yara.ecn.purdue.edu/~pplinux/>
-
- +o Linux Parallel Processing HOWTO
- http://yara.ecn.purdue.edu/~pplinux/PPHOWTO/pphowto.html>
-
- +o ((oouuttddaatteedd)) Linux SMP home page
- http://www.uk.linux.org/SMP/title.html>
-
- +o linux-smp mailing list
-
- To ssuubbssccrriibbee, send subscribe linux-smp in the message body at
- majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu
-
- To uunnssuubbssccrriibbee, send unsubscribe linux-smp in the message body at
- majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu
-
-
- +o pthread library made by Xavier Leroy
- http://pauillac.inria.fr/~xleroy/linuxthreads/>
-
- +o Linux SMP archives http://www.linuxhq.com/lnxlists/linux-smp/>
-
- +o Survey of SMP motherboards
- http://styx.phy.vanderbilt.edu/smp/mainboards.html>
-
- +o procps http://www.cs.inf.ethz.ch/~rauch/procps.html>
-
- +o xosview http://lore.ece.utexas.edu/~bgrayson/xosview.html>
-
- +o Pentium Pro Optimized BLAS and FFTs for Intel Linux
- http://www.cs.utk.edu/~ghenry/distrib/>
-
- +o SMP Performance of Linux http://www.interlog.com/~mackin/linux-
- smp.html>
-
- +o Multithreaded programs on linux
- http://www.e.kth.se/~e94_bek/mthread.html>
-
-
-
-
- 44..22.. SSMMPP ssppeecciiffiicc ppaattcchheess
-
-
- +o Forissier kernel patches http://www-
- isia.cma.fr/~forissie/smp_kernel_patch/>
-
- +o Patch for a bug in the 440FX chipset
- http://nemo.physics.ncsu.edu/~briggs/vfix.html>
-
- +o MTRR patch (latest version: 1.9)
- http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/kernel-patches.html>
-
-
-
- 55.. GGlloossssaarryy
-
-
- +o SSMMPP Symetric Multi-Processors
-
- +o AAPPIICC Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controler
-
- +o tthhrreeaadd A thread is a processor activity in a process. The same
- process can have multiple threads. Those threads share the process
- address space and can therefore share data.
-
- +o pptthhrreeaadd Posix thread, threads defined by the Posix standard.
-
-
-
- 66.. LLiisstt ooff ccoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss
-
- Many thanks to those who help me to maintain this FAQ.
-
-
- +o Emil Briggs
-
- +o Robert G. Brown
-
- +o Samuel S. Chessman
-
- +o Alan Cox
-
- +o Andrew Crane
-
- +o Jocelyne Erhel
-
- +o Byron Faber
-
- +o Benedikt Heinen
-
- +o Robert Hyatt
-
- +o Tony Kocurko
-
- +o Doug Ledford
-
- +o Cameron MacKinnon
-
- +o Joel Marchand
-
- +o Chris Mauritz
-
- +o Jean-Francois Micouleau
-
- +o Jakob Oestergaard
-
- +o Jean-Michel Rouet
-
- +o Ralf Bchle
-
- +o Sumit Roy
-
- +o Szakacsits Szabolcs
-
- +o El Warren
-
- +o Christopher Allen Wing
-
- +o Leonard N. Zubkoff
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