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- From: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca (Alex Lopez-Ortiz)
- Subject: sci.math FAQ: Formula for Compound Interest
- Summary: Part 36 of many, New version,
- Originator: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca
- Message-ID: <DI76nM.M59@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca>
- Sender: news@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca (news spool owner)
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
- Date: Fri, 17 Nov 1995 17:16:34 GMT
- Expires: Fri, 8 Dec 1995 09:55:55 GMT
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- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu sci.math:124603 sci.answers:3457 news.answers:57893
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- Archive-Name: sci-math-faq/compoundInterest
- Last-modified: December 8, 1994
- Version: 6.2
-
-
-
-
-
- Formula to compute compound interest.
-
-
-
- Here's a formula which can be used in 123, Excel, Wings and Dynaplan:
-
-
- ------- Input this data -------------------------------
- principal amount = E9 ( in dollars )
- Amortization Period = d10 ( in years ie 6 mon = .5 )
- Payments / year = D11 ( 12 = monthly, 52 = weekly )
- Published Interest rate = D12 ( ie 9 % = 0.09 )
- Times per year Int calculated = d13 ( CDN mortgage use 2
- US mortgage use 12
- all other loans use 12 )
- ----- Calculate the proper rate of interest -----------
- e14 = Effective annual rate = EXP(D13*LN(1+(D12/D13)))-1
- e15 = Interest rate per payment = (EXP(LN(E14+1)/(D10*D11))-1)*D10*D11
- e17 = Payments = APMT(E9,E15/D11,D10*D11) ( both these functions are
- = PMT (E9,E15/D11,D10*D11) ( identical,diff spreadsheet)
- APMT( principal amount,interest rate per period,# periods )
- ( this is a standard function on any true commercial spreadsheet)
- OR use the following if done using a calculator
- = Payments = P*I/[1-(I+1)^-T]
- = E9*(E15/D11)/(1-((E15/D11) +1)**(-1*D10*D11))
- Total interest cost = E17*D10*D11-E9
- -- Use these formulas if you wish to generate an amortization table --
- always add up to 'Payments (e17)'
- Interest per payment = current balance * ( E15 / D11 )
- Principal per payment = current balance - Interest per payment
- new current balance = current balance - Principal per payment -
- (extra payment)
- keep repeating until 'new current balance' = 0
-
-
-
- Derivation of Compound Interest Rate Formula
-
- Suppose you deposited a fixed payment into an interest bearing account
- at regular intervals, say monthly, at the end of each month. How much
- money would there be in the account at the end of the nth month (at
- which point you've made n payments)?
-
- Let i be the monthly interest rate as a fraction of principle.
- Let x be the amount deposited each month.
- Let n be the total number of months.
- Let p[k] be the principle after k months.
- So the recursive formula is:
-
- p[n] = x + ((1 + i) p[n - 1]) eq 1
-
- This yields the summation:
-
- p[n] = sum_(k = 0)^(n - 1)x (1 + i)^k
-
- The way to solve this is to multiply through by (1 + i) and subtract
- the original equation from the resulting equation. Observe that all
- terms in the summation cancel except the last term of the multiplied
- equation and the first term of the original equation:
-
- pi p[n] = x ((1 + i)^n - 1)
-
- or
-
- p[n] = x ((1 + i)^n - 1)/i
-
- Now suppose you borrow p at constant interest rate i . You make
- monthly payments of x . It turns out that this problem is identical to
- taking out a balloon loan of p (that is it's all due at the end of
- some term) and putting payments of x into a savings account. At the
- end of the term you use the principle in the savings account to pay
- off the balance of the loan. The loan and the savings account, of
- course, must be at the same interest rate. So what we want to know is:
- what monthly payment is needed so that the balance of the savings
- account will be identical to the balance of the balloon loan after n
- payments?
-
- The formula for the principal of the balloon loan at the end of the n
- th month is:
-
- p[n] = p[0] (1 + i)^n
-
- So we set this expression equal to the expression for the the savings
- account, and we get:
-
- p[0] (1 + i)^n = x ((1 + i)^n - 1)/i
-
- or solving for x:
-
- x = p[0] (1 + i)^n i/((1 + i)^n - 1)
-
- If (1 + i)^n is large enough (say greater than 5), here is an
- approximation for determining n from x , p , and i :
-
- n ~= -ln(ln(x/(ip)))/ln(1 + i)
-
- The above approximation is based upon the following approximation:
-
- ln(y - 1) ~= ln y - 1/y
-
- Which is within 2 For example, a $100000loan at 1%monthly, paying
- $1028.61 per month should be paid in 360 months. The approximation
- yields 358.9 payments.
-
- If this were your 30 year mortgage and you were paying $1028.61 per
- month and you wanted to see the effect of paying $1050per month, the
- approximation tells you that it would be paid off in 303.5 months (25
- years and 3.5 months). If you stick 304 months into the equation for y
- >= 5 , you get $1051.04, so it is fairly close. This approximation
- does not work, though, for very small interest rates or for a small
- number of payments. The rule is to get a rough idea first of what x
- is. If that is greater than 5, the approximation works pretty well. In
- the examples given, (1 + i)^n is about 36.
-
- Finding (1 + i)^n given i , n , and x is not as easy. If i is less
- than 5%per payment period, the following equation approximately holds
- for i:
-
- p
-
- There is no direct solution to this, but you can do it by
- Newton-Raphson approximation. Begin with a guess, i[0]. Then apply:
-
- i = -(1/n) ln(1 - ip/x)
-
- You must start with i[k + 1] = i[k] - (x(1 - i[k]p/x) (ni[k] + ln(1 -
- i[k]p/x)))/(xn(1 - i[k]p/x) - p) too big, because the equation for i
- has a solution at i , and that's not the one you want to end up with.
-
- Example: Let the loan be for i = 0 , p = $10000 per week for 5 years (
- x = $50 ). Let n = 260 %per annum or 0.3846%per week. Since i[0] = 20
- must be a fraction rather than a percent, i . Then, applying eq 11:
-
-
-
- i[0] = 0.003846
-
-
-
- The series is clearly beginning to converge here.
-
- To get i[1] = 0.003077 ; i[2] = 0.002479 ; i[3] = 0.002185 ; i[4] =
- 0.002118 ; i[5] = 0.002115 ; as an annual percentage rate, multiply by
- 52 weeks in a year and then by 100%, so i[5] %per annum. Substituting
- i[5] = 10.997 back into eq 7, we get i[5] , so it works pretty well.
-
-
-
- References
-
- The theory of interest. Stephen G. Kellison. Homewood, Ill., R. D.
- Irwin, 1970.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- _________________________________________________________________
-
-
-
- alopez-o@barrow.uwaterloo.ca
- Tue Apr 04 17:26:57 EDT 1995
-
-
-
-