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<TITLE>PubMed</A>  [<I>PubMed</I>] </TITLE><PRE>

UI  - 98061425
AU  - Fitch KR
AU  - Yasuda GK
AU  - Owens KN
AU  - Wakimoto BT
TI  - Paternal effects in Drosophila: implications for mechanisms of early
development [In Process Citation]
LA  - Eng
ID  - T32 GM07735/GM/NIGMS
DA  - 19971216
DP  - 1998
IS  - 0070-2153
TA  - Curr Top Dev Biol
PG  - 1-34
SB  - M
CY  - UNITED STATES
VI  - 38
JC  - DWN
AA  - AUTHOR
AB  - The study of paternal effects on development provides a means to
identify sperm-supplied products required for fertilization and the
initiation of embryogenesis. This review describes paternal effects on
animal development and discusses their implications for the role of the
sperm in egg activation, centrosome activity, and biparental
inheritance in different animal species. Paternal effects observed in
Caenorhabditis elegans and in mammals are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is
placed on paternal effects in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic and
cytologic evidence for paternal imprinting on chromosome behavior and
gene expression in Drosophila are summarized. These effects are
compared to chromosome imprinting that leads to paternal chromosome
loss in sciarid and coccid insects and mammalian gametic imprinting
that results in differential expression of paternal and maternal loci.
The phenotypes caused by several early-acting maternal effect mutations
identify specific maternal factors that affect the behavior of paternal
components during fertilization and the early embryonic mitotic
divisions. In addition, maternal effect defects suggest that two types
of regulatory mechanisms coordinate parental components and synchronize
their progression through mitosis. Some activities are coordinated by
independent responses of parental components to shared regulatory
factors, while others require communication between paternal and
maternal components. Analyses of the paternal effects mutations sneaky,
K81, paternal loss, and Horka have identified paternal products that
play a role in mediating the initial response of the sperm to the egg
cytoplasm, participation of the male pronucleus in the first mitosis,
and stable inheritance of the paternal chromosomes in the early embryo.
AD  - Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
RO  - O:099
PMID- 0009399075
SO  - Curr Top Dev Biol 1998;38:1-34

UI  - 98059904
AU  - Liu MY
AU  - Bull DL
AU  - Plapp FW Jr
TI  - Effects of exposure to cypermethrin on saxitoxin binding in susceptible
and pyrethroid-resistant houseflies [In Process Citation]
LA  - Eng
DA  - 19971213
DP  - 1998
IS  - 0739-4462
TA  - Arch Insect Biochem Physiol
PG  - 73-9
SB  - M
CY  - UNITED STATES
IP  - 1
VI  - 37
JC  - A9G
AA  - AUTHOR
AB  - Saxitoxin (STX) binding was measured in susceptible (SBO) and
pyrethroid-resistant (KDR) female houseflies having only target site
insensitivity as a resistance mechanism. In KDR flies, there was a
quantitative decrease in STX binding capacity (Bmax) relative to SBO
flies coupled with an increase in binding affinity (Kd). Treatment of
SBO flies with sublethal doses of cypermethrin resulted in a large
decrease in the number of STX binding sites and an increase in STX
binding affinity. In KDR flies, identical treatments had the opposite
effects. Treatment of both strains with higher doses of cypermethrin
resulted in smaller decreases in Bmax values coupled with decreases in
binding affinities. The results show that physiological changes in STX
binding occur upon exposure to extremely low doses of cypermethrin. The
data suggest that the kdr resistant gene may be expressed as changes in
STX binding kinetics and that measurements of STX binding in pyrethroid-
treated insects may be a useful approach for studying pyrethroid's mode
of action and resistance.
AD  - Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng
Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
[e-mail]
RO  - O:099
PMID- 0009397515
SO  - Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 1998;37(1):73-9

UI  - 0
AU  - Gibbs A
AU  - LouieÝ A
AU  - j
TI  - Effects of temperature on cuticular lipids and water balance in a
desert Drosophila: is thermal acclimation beneficial?
LA  - ENG
PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
DA  - 19971209
DP  - 1998
IS  - 0022-0949
TA  - J Exp Biol
PG  - 71-80
IP  - 1
VI  - 201
JC  - I2F
AB  - The desert fruit fly Drosophila mojavensis experiences environmental
conditions of high temperature and low humidity. To understand the
physiological mechanisms allowing these small insects to survive in
such stressful conditions, we studied the effects of thermal
acclimation on cuticular lipids and rates of water loss of adult D.
mojavensis. Mean hydrocarbon chain length increased at higher
temperatures, but cuticular lipid melting temperature (Tm) did not.
Lipid quantity doubled in the first 14 days of adult life, but was
unaffected by acclimation temperature. Despite these changes in
cuticular properties, organismal rates of water loss were unaffected by
either acclimation temperature or age. Owing to the smaller body size
of warm-acclimated flies, D. mojavensis reared for 14 days at 33 °C
lost water more rapidly on a mass-specific basis than flies acclimated
to 25 °C or 17 °C. Thus, apparently adaptive changes in
cuticular lipids do not necessarily result in reduced rates of water
loss. Avoidance of high temperatures and desiccating conditions is more
likely to contribute to survival in nature than changes in water
balance mediated by surface lipids.
PMID- 0009390938
SO  - J Exp Biol 1998;201(1):71-80

UI  - 98013442
AU  - Moens PB
AU  - Pearlman RE
AU  - Heng HH
AU  - Traut W
TI  - Chromosome cores and chromatin at meiotic prophase.
LA  - Eng
MH  - Animal
MH  - Chromatin/*physiology
MH  - Chromosomes/*ultrastructure
MH  - DNA/analysis
MH  - Meiosis/*physiology
MH  - Microscopy, Electron
MH  - Prophase/*physiology
MH  - Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MH  - Synaptonemal Complex/*physiology
MH  - Transcription, Genetic
RN  - 0 (Chromatin)
RN  - 9007-49-2 (DNA)
PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
PT  - REVIEW
PT  - REVIEW, TUTORIAL
DA  - 19971209
DP  - 1998
IS  - 0070-2153
TA  - Curr Top Dev Biol
PG  - 241-62
SB  - M
CY  - UNITED STATES
VI  - 37
JC  - DWN
AA  - Author
EM  - 199802
AB  - We review the synaptonemal complex, SC, of the synapsed homologous
chromosomes at meiotic prophase in insects and mammals in terms of its
formation, and the association of specific chromatin elements with the
synaptonemal complexes. The focus is: (1) The SC as visualized with a
variety of techniques; (2) The nature of the chromatin loops where they
are associated with the SCs--the bases of the loops may be instrumental
in recombinant events judging from the presence of Rad51 protein and
late recombination nodules at the SCs; (3) Differences in DNA content
of similarly sized loops; (4) Requirements for chromatin attachment to
the chromosome cores, requirements that are apparently lacking in
foreign DNA inserts; (5) Regulation of loop size by the position along
the chromosome; (6) The structural correlates of recombination at the
SCs--these comments are based on studies of SC structure, DNA-core
protein associations, fluorescent in situ hybridization to visualize
specific DNA segments, and fluorescent immunocytology to visualize the
chromosome core proteins.
AD  - Department of Biology, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada.
RF  - 55
PMID- 0009352188
SO  - Curr Top Dev Biol 1998;37:241-62

UI  - 0
AU  - Lemaitre B
AU  - Reichhart JM
AU  - Hoffmann JA
TI  - Drosophila host defense: Differential induction of antimicrobial
peptide genes after infection by various classes of microorganisms
LA  - ENG
PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
DA  - 19971223
DP  - 1997 Dec 23
IS  - 0027-8424
TA  - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PG  - 14614-9
IP  - 26
VI  - 94
JC  - PV3
AB  - Insects respond to microbial infection by the rapid and transient
expression of several genes encoding potent antimicrobial peptides.
Herein we demonstrate that this antimicrobial response of Drosophila is
not aspecific but can discriminate between various classes of
microorganisms. We first observe that the genes encoding antibacterial
and antifungal peptides are differentially expressed after injection of
distinct microorganisms. More strikingly, Drosophila that are naturally
infected by entomopathogenic fungi exhibit an adapted response by
producing only peptides with antifungal activities. This response is
mediated through the selective activation of the Toll pathway.
AD  - Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité
Propre de Recherche 9022 du Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex,
France
PMID- 0009405661
SO  - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 23;94(26):14614-9

UI  - 98054262
AU  - Jones G
AU  - Sharp PA
TI  - Ultraspiracle: An invertebrate nuclear receptor for juvenile hormones
[In Process Citation]
LA  - Eng
DA  - 19971213
DP  - 1997 Dec 9
IS  - 0027-8424
TA  - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PG  - 13499-503
SB  - M
SB  - X
CY  - UNITED STATES
IP  - 25
VI  - 94
JC  - PV3
AA  - AUTHOR
AB  - Juvenile hormones (JH), a sesquiterpenoid group of ligands that
regulate developmental transitions in insects, bind to the nuclear
receptor ultraspiracle (USP). In fluorescence-based binding assays, USP
protein binds JH III and JH III acid with specificity, adopting for
each ligand a different final conformational state. JH III treatment of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a LexA-USP fusion protein
stabilizes an oligomeric association containing this protein, as
detected by formation of a protein-DNA complex, and induces USP-
dependent transcription in a reporter assay. We propose that regulation
of morphogenetic transitions in invertebrates involves binding of JH or
JH-like structures to USP.
AD  - School of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Section,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
RO  - O:099
PMID- 0009391054
SO  - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13499-503

UI  - 98069483
AU  - Ben-Dov E
AU  - Zaritsky A
AU  - Dahan E
AU  - Barak Z
AU  - Sinai R
AU  - Manasherob R
AU  - Khamraev A
AU  - Troitskaya E
AU  - Dubitsky A
AU  - Berezina N
AU  - Margalith Y
TI  - Extended screening by PCR for seven cry-group genes from field-
collected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis [In Process Citation]
LA  - Eng
DA  - 19971223
DP  - 1997 Dec
IS  - 0099-2240
TA  - Appl Environ Microbiol
PG  - 4883-90
SB  - M
CY  - UNITED STATES
IP  - 12
VI  - 63
JC  - 6K6
AA  - AUTHOR
AB  - An extended multiplex PCR method was established to rapidly identify
and classify Bacillus thuringiensis strains containing cry (crystal
protein) genes toxic to species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and
Diptera. The technique enriches current strategies and simplifies the
initial stages of large-scale screening of cry genes by pinpointing
isolates that contain specific genes or unique combinations of interest
with potential insecticidal activities, thus facilitating subsequent
toxicity assays. Five pairs of universal primers were designed to probe
the highly conserved sequences and classify most (34 of about 60) genes
known in the following groups: 20 cry1, 3 cry2, 4 cry3, 2 cry4, 2 cry7,
and 3 cry8 genes. The DNA of each positive strain was probed with a set
of specific primers designed for 20 of these genes and for cry11A.
Twenty-two distinct cry-type profiles were identified from 126 field-
collected B. thuringiensis strains. Several of them were found to be
different from all published profiles. Some of the field-collected
strains, but none of the 16 standard strains, were positive for cry2Ac.
Three standard and 38 field-collected strains were positive by
universal primers but negative by specific primers for all five known
genes of cry7 and cry8. These field-collected strains seem to contain a
new gene or genes that seem promising for biological control of insects
and management of resistance.
AD  - Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-
Sheva, Israel.
RO  - O:099
PMID- 0009406409
SO  - Appl Environ Microbiol 1997 Dec;63(12):4883-90

UI  - 98066353
AU  - Lathe WC 3rd
AU  - Eickbush TH
TI  - A single lineage of r2 retrotransposable elements is an active,
evolutionarily stable component of the Drosophila rDNA locus [In
Process Citation]
LA  - Eng
DA  - 19971218
DP  - 1997 Dec
IS  - 0737-4038
TA  - Mol Biol Evol
PG  - 1232-41
SB  - M
CY  - UNITED STATES
IP  - 12
VI  - 14
JC  - MOB
AA  - AUTHOR
AB  - R2 elements are non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons
that insert specifically in the 28S rRNA genes of many insects.
Previous reports concerning this element in the genus Drosophila have
suggested that R2 elements are absent from many species of this genus,
particularly those species from the subgenus Drosophila. In this
report, we present an extensive study of the distribution and evolution
of R2 elements in Drosophila. A PCR survey of 59 species from 23
species groups of the two major Drosophila subgenera found that R2
elements are present in all but two species of the melanogaster species
subgroup. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleotide sequences
of R2 elements from 23 species demonstrates that the relationships of
R2 elements are congruent with those of the Drosophila species
phylogeny, suggesting that these elements have been vertically
inherited since the divergence of this genus some 60 MYA. Sequence
variation between different copies of R2 elements within each species
was less than 0.16%, indicating that these elements are undergoing
concerted evolution similar to that of the 28S genes. Several
properties of the R2 sequences suggest that these elements depend on
retrotransposition in addition to simple recombination to remain within
the rDNA locus: the rates of synonymous substitutions averaged 4.8
times the rate of replacement substitutions, 82 of 83 R2 copies
partially sequenced contained intact open reading frames, and, finally,
length variation associated with the poly(A) 3' tails indicated that
many R2 copies are the direct result of retrotransposition.
AD  - Department of Biology, University of Rochester.
RO  - O:099
PMID- 0009402733
SO  - Mol Biol Evol 1997 Dec;14(12):1232-41

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